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-247089316114118528	Employment discrimination law in the United States	Employment discrimination law in the United States - wikipedia Employment discrimination law in the United States Employment discrimination law in the United States derives from the common law , and is codified in numerous state and federal laws , particularly the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , as well as in the ordinances of counties and municipalities . These laws prohibit discrimination based on certain characteristics or protected categories . The United States Constitution also prohibits discrimination by federal and state governments against their public employees . Discrimination in the private sector is not directly constrained by the Constitution , but has become subject to a growing body of federal and state law . Federal law prohibits discrimination in a number of areas , including recruiting , hiring , job evaluations , promotion policies , training , compensation and disciplinary action . State laws often extend protection to additional categories or employers . Under Federal law , employers generally can not discriminate against employees on the basis of : Race Sex Pregnancy Religion National origin Disability ( physical or mental , including SOUP status ) Age ( for workers over 40 ) Military service or affiliation Bankruptcy or bad debts Genetic information Citizenship status ( for citizens , permanent residents , temporary residents , refugees , and asylees ) Some studies have found declining gaps in earnings by race as access to high quality education has improved and anti-discrimination and affirmative action policies have been implemented . Contents 1 Constitutional basis 2 History of federal laws 3 LGBT employment discrimination 4 State law 5 Government employees 6 Exceptions 6.1 Bona fide occupational qualifications 6.2 Religious Employment Discrimination 6.3 Members of the Communist Party 6.4 Military 7 Unintentional discrimination 8 Enforcing entities 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Constitutional basis ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The United States Constitution does not directly address employment discrimination , but its prohibitions on discrimination by the federal government have been held to protect federal government employees . The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution limit the power of the federal and state governments to discriminate . The Fifth Amendment has an explicit requirement that the federal government does not deprive individuals of `` life , liberty , or property '' , without due process of the law . It also contains an implicit guarantee that the Fourteenth Amendment explicitly prohibits states from violating an individual 's rights of due process and equal protection . In the employment context , these Constitutional provisions would limit the right of the state and federal governments to discriminate in their employment practices by treating employees , former employees , or job applicants unequally because of membership in a group ( such as a race or sex ) . Due process protection requires that government employees have a fair procedural process before they are terminated if the termination is related to a `` liberty '' ( such as the right to free speech ) or property interest . As both Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses are passive , the clause that empowers Congress to pass anti-discrimination bills ( so they are not unconstitutional under Tenth Amendment ) is Section 5 of Fourteenth Amendment . Employment discrimination or harassment in the private sector is not unconstitutional because Federal and most State Constitutions do not expressly give their respective government the power to enact civil rights laws that apply to the private sector . The Federal government 's authority to regulate a private business , including civil rights laws , stems from their power to regulate all commerce between the States . Some State Constitutions do expressly afford some protection from public and private employment discrimination , such as Article I of the California Constitution . However , most State Constitutions only address discriminatory treatment by the government , including a public employer . Absent of a provision in a State Constitution , State civil rights laws that regulate the private sector are generally Constitutional under the `` police powers '' doctrine or the power of a State to enact laws designed to protect public health , safety and morals . All States must adhere to the Federal Civil Rights laws , but States may enact civil rights laws that offer additional employment protection . For example , some State civil rights laws offer protection from employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation , gender identity or political affiliation , even though such forms of discrimination are not yet covered in federal civil rights laws . History of federal laws ( edit ) Federal law governing employment discrimination has developed over time . The Equal Pay Act amended the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1963 . It is enforced by the Wage and Hour Division of the Department of Labor . The Equal Pay Act prohibits employers and unions from paying different wages based on sex . It does not prohibit other discriminatory practices in hiring . It provides that where workers perform equal work in the corner requiring `` equal skill , effort , and responsibility and performed under similar working conditions , '' they should be provided equal pay . The Fair Labor Standards Act applies to employers engaged in some aspect of interstate commerce , or all of an employer 's workers if the enterprise is engaged as a whole in a significant amount of interstate commerce . Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in many more aspects of the employment relationship . `` Title VII created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( EEOC ) to administer the act '' . It applies to most employers engaged in interstate commerce with more than 15 employees , labor organizations , and employment agencies . Title VII prohibits discrimination based on race , color , religion , sex or national origin . It makes it illegal for employers to discriminate based upon protected characteristics regarding terms , conditions , and privileges of employment . Employment agencies may not discriminate when hiring or referring applicants , and labor organizations are also prohibited from basing membership or union classifications on race , color , religion , sex , or national origin . The Pregnancy Discrimination Act amended Title VII in 1978 , specifying that unlawful sex discrimination includes discrimination based on pregnancy , childbirth , and related medical conditions . A related statute , the Family and Medical Leave Act , sets requirements governing leave for pregnancy and pregnancy - related conditions . Executive Order 11246 in 1965 `` prohibits discrimination by federal contractors and subcontractors on account of race , color , religion , sex , or national origin ( and ) requires affirmative action by federal contractors '' . The Age Discrimination in Employment Act ( ADEA ) , enacted in 1968 and amended in 1978 and 1986 , prohibits employers from discriminating on the basis of age . The prohibited practices are nearly identical to those outlined in Title VII , except that the ADEA protects workers in firms with 20 or more workers rather than 15 or more . An employee is protected from discrimination based on age if he or she is over 40 . Since 1978 , the ADEA has phased out and prohibited mandatory retirement , except for high - powered decision - making positions ( that also provide large pensions ) . The ADEA contains explicit guidelines for benefit , pension and retirement plans . Though ADEA is the center of most discussion of age discrimination legislation , there is a longer history starting with the abolishment of `` maximum ages of entry into employment in 1956 '' by the United States Civil Service Commission . Then in 1964 , Executive Order 11141 `` established a policy against age discrimination among federal contractors '' . The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of disability by the federal government , federal contractors with contracts of more than $10,000 , and programs receiving federal financial assistance . It requires affirmative action as well as non-discrimination . Section 504 requires reasonable accommodation , and Section 508 requires that electronic and information technology be accessible to disabled employees . The Black Lung Benefits Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination by mine operators against miners who suffer from `` black lung disease '' ( pneumoconiosis ) . The Vietnam Era Readjustment Act of 1974 `` requires affirmative action for disabled and Vietnam era veterans by federal contractors '' . The Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of bankruptcy or bad debts . The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 prohibits employers with more than three employees from discriminating against anyone ( except an unauthorized immigrant ) on the basis of national origin or citizenship status . The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ) was enacted to eliminate discriminatory barriers against qualified individuals with disabilities , individuals with a record of a disability , or individuals who are regarded as having a disability . It prohibits discrimination based on real or perceived physical or mental disabilities . It also requires employers to provide reasonable accommodations to employees who need them because of a disability to apply for a job , perform the essential functions of a job , or enjoy the benefits and privileges of employment , unless the employer can show that undue hardship will result . There are strict limitations on when an employer can ask disability - related questions or require medical examinations , and all medical information must be treated as confidential . A disability is defined under the ADA as a mental or physical health condition that `` substantially limits one or more major life activities . '' The Nineteenth Century Civil Rights Acts , amended in 1993 , ensure all persons equal rights under the law and outline the damages available to complainants in actions brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the Americans with Disabilities Act , and the 1973 Rehabilitation Act . The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 bars employers from using individuals ' genetic information when making hiring , firing , job placement , or promotion decisions . The proposed US Equality Act of 2015 would ban discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity . As of June 2018 , 28 US states do not explicitly include sexual orientation and 29 US states do not explicitly include gender identity within anti-discrimination statutes . LGBT employment discrimination ( edit ) The regulation of LGBT employment discrimination in the United States varies by jurisdiction . Many states and localities prohibit bias in hiring , promotion , job assignment , termination , and compensation , as well as harassment on the basis of one 's sexual orientation . Fewer extend those protections to cover sexual identity . Some cover government employees but do not extend their protections to the private sector . Protections at the national level are limited . There is no federal statute addressing employment discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity . During President Obama 's tenure Congress came close to enactment of the Employment - Non-Discrimination Act ( ENDA ) , a federal statute explicitly prohibiting discrimination against LGBT workers . The Washington Blade noted that the Employment Non-Discrimination Act ( ENDA ) has had strong bipartisan support , and even Democratic leadership has signed on . Although the Senate passed ENDA it did not survive the House . In March 2014 , 195 lawmakers , 148 House members , and 47 Senators , all Democrats , signed an appeal to President Obama , encouraging him to enact protections for LGBT workers in an executive order . ( Executive Order 13672 . ) Federal courts have generally agreed that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which prohibits sex discrimination in the workplace , does not prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation although some courts following Pricewaterhouse v. Hopkins support protecting transgender employees from discrimination as a form of sex stereotyping . In early 2018 two federal appellate courts ( Second Circuit and Seventh Circuit ) reversed circuit precedent on sexual orientation discrimination to hold Title VII prohibits sexual orientation discrimination . The Sixth Circuit also reversed precedent finding Title VII prohibits transgender discrimination in the workplace . According to Crosby Burns and Jeff Krehely : `` Studies show that anywhere from 15 percent to 43 percent of gay people have experienced some form of discrimination and harassment at the workplace . Moreover , a staggering 90 percent of transgender workers report some form of harassment or mistreatment on the job . '' Many people in the LGBT community have lost their job , including Vandy Beth Glenn , a transgender woman who claims that her boss told her that her presence may make other people feel uncomfortable . Almost half of the United States has laws banning the discrimination of gender non-conforming and transgender people in both public and private workplaces . A few more states ban LGBT discrimination in only public workplaces . Some opponents of these laws believe that it would intrude on religious liberty , even though these laws are focused more on discriminatory actions , not beliefs . Courts have also identified that these laws do not infringe free speech or religious liberty . State law ( edit ) State statutes also provide extensive protection from employment discrimination . Some laws extend similar protection as provided by the federal acts to employers who are not covered by those statutes . Other statutes provide protection to groups not covered by the federal acts . Some state laws provide greater protection to employees of the state or of state contractors . The following table lists protected categories not included in federal law . Age is included as well , since federal law only covers workers over 40 . State or territory Sexual orientation Gender identity Marital status Medical condition Political affiliation Military discharge status Age Familial status Public assistance status Use of lawful product Alabama ( 40 + ) Alaska ( unknown age range ) ( parenthood ) Arizona Arkansas California ( gender identity or expression ) ( Does not apply to State employees who are members of the Communist Party ) ( and status as active duty military ) ( 40 + ) ( marital status only , although pregnancy and childbirth status are also protected ) Colorado ( included under sexual orientation ) ( unknown age range ) ( any lawful activity ) Connecticut ( gender identity or expression ) ( unknown age range ) Delaware ( gender identity ) ( 40 + ) District of Columbia ( gender identity or expression ) ( including domestic partnership ) ( 18 + ) `` family responsibilities '' , parenthood under `` marital status '' Florida ? ( in some cases under disability ) ( unknown age range ) Georgia ( 40 - 70 ) Hawaii ( gender identity or expression ) ( unknown age range ) Idaho ( 40 + ) Illinois ( included under sexual orientation ) ( `` unfavorable discharge from military service '' ) ( 40 + ) Indiana ( 40 - 75 ) use of tobacco Iowa ( included under sexual orientation ) ( 18 + or legal adult ) Kansas ( 18 + ) Kentucky ( 40 + ) ( smoker / nonsmoker ) Louisiana `` sickle cell trait '' ( 40 + ) Maine ( included under sexual orientation ) ( unknown age range ) Maryland ( gender identity ) ( unknown age range ) Massachusetts ( gender identity ) ( > 40 ) Michigan Minnesota ( included under sexual orientation ) ( over age of majority ) Mississippi Missouri ( 40 - 70 ) Montana Nebraska ( 40 + ) Nevada ( gender identity or expression ) ( 40 + ) New Hampshire ( gender identity ) ( which ages ? ) New Jersey ( affectional or sexual orientation ) ( gender identify or expression ) ( civil union status or domestic partnership status ) `` atypical hereditary cellular or blood trait '' ( 18 - 70 ) New Mexico ( included under sexual orientation ) ( `` spousal affiliation '' ) `` serious medical condition '' ( unknown age range ) New York ( Gender identity , gender dysphoria and the status of being transgender under New York state regulations ; covered by both `` sex '' and `` disability '' status ) `` political activities '' ( 18 + ) North Carolina ( sickle cell or hemoglobin C trait ) North Dakota ( 40 + ) ( `` lawful activity '' ) Ohio ( 40 + ) Oklahoma ( 40 + ) Oregon ( included under sexual orientation ) ( 18 + ) use of tobacco Pennsylvania ( 40 + ) Rhode Island ( gender identity or expression ) ( 40 + ) South Carolina ( 40 + ) South Dakota Tennessee ( 40 + ) Texas ( 40 + ) Utah ( gender identity ) ( 40 + ) Vermont ( gender identity ) ( 18 + ) Virginia ( 40 + ) Washington ( included under sexual orientation ) Hepatitis C ( 40 + ) West Virginia ( 40 + ) Wisconsin ( 40 + ) Wyoming ( 40 + ) Guam ( gender identity or expression ) ( 40 + ) Puerto Rico ( employment only ) ( employment only ; gender identity ) ( political affiliation or ideology ) ( legal working age+ ) US Virgin Islands ( unknown age range ) State or territory Sexual orientation Gender identity Marital status Medical condition Political affiliation Military discharge status Age Familial status Public assistance status Use of lawful product In addition , District of Columbia - matriculation , personal appearance Michigan - height , weight Texas - Participation in emergency evacuation order Vermont - Place of birth Government employees ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2009 ) Employees of federal and state governments have additional protections against employment discrimination . The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 prohibits discrimination in federal employment on the basis of conduct that does not affect job performance . The Office of Personnel Management has interpreted this as prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation . In June 2009 , it was announced that the interpretation would be expanded to include gender identity . Exceptions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bona fide occupational qualifications ( edit ) Main article : Bona fide occupational qualifications Employers are generally allowed to consider characteristics that would otherwise be discriminatory if they are bona fide occupational qualifications ( BFOQ ) . For example , a manufacturer of men 's clothing may lawfully advertise for male models . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2009 ) Religious employment discrimination ( edit ) `` Religious discrimination is treating individuals differently in their employment because of their religion , their religious beliefs and practices , and / or their request for accommodation ( a change in a workplace rule or policy ) of their religious beliefs and practices . It also includes treating individuals differently in their employment because of their lack of religious belief or practice '' ( Workplace Fairness ) . According to The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission , employers are prohibited from refusing to hire an individual based on their religion - alike race , sex , age , and disability . If an employee believes that they have experienced religious discrimination , they should address this to the alleged offender . On the other hand , employees are protected by the law for reporting job discrimination and are able to file charges with the EEOC . Some locations in the U.S. now have clauses that ban discrimination against atheists . The courts and laws of the United States give certain exemptions in these laws to businesses or institutions that are religious or religiously - affiliated , however , to varying degrees in different locations , depending on the setting and the context ; some of these have been upheld and others reversed over time . Members of the Communist Party ( edit ) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 explicitly permits discrimination against members of the Communist Party . Military ( edit ) The military has faced criticism for prohibiting females from serving in combat roles . In 2016 , however , the law was amended to allow them to do so . In the article posted on the PBS website , Henry Louis Gates Jr. writes about the way in which black men were treated in the military during the 1940s . According to Gates , during that time the whites gave the African Americans a chance to prove themselves as Americans by having them participate in the war . The National Geographic website states , however , that when black soldiers joined the Navy , they were only allowed to work as servants ; their participation was limited to the roles of mess attendants , stewards , and cooks . Even when African Americans wanted to defend the country they lived in , they were denied the power to do so . Unintentional discrimination ( edit ) Main article : Adverse impact Employment practices that do not directly discriminate against a protected category may still be illegal if they produce a disparate impact on members of a protected group . Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment practices that have a discriminatory impact , unless they are related to job performance . The Act requires the elimination of artificial , arbitrary , and unnecessary barriers to employment that operate invidiously to discriminate on the basis of race , and , if , as here , an employment practice that operates to exclude Negroes can not be shown to be related to job performance , it is prohibited , notwithstanding the employer 's lack of discriminatory intent . Height and weight requirements have been identified by the EEOC as having a disparate impact on national origin minorities . However , when defending against a disparate impact claim that alleges age discrimination , an employer does not need to demonstrate necessity ; rather , it must simply show that its practice is reasonable . Enforcing entities ( edit ) The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( EEOC ) interprets and enforces the Equal Pay Act , Age Discrimination in Employment Act , Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , Title I and V of the Americans With Disabilities Act , Sections 501 and 505 of the Rehabilitation Act , and the Civil Rights Act of 1991 . The Commission was established by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Its enforcement provisions are contained in section 2000e - 5 of Title 42 , and its regulations and guidelines are contained in Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations , part 1614 . Persons wishing to file suit under Title VII and / or the ADA must exhaust their administrative remedies by filing an administrative complaint with the EEOC prior to filing their lawsuit in court . The Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs enforces Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act , which prohibits discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities by federal contractors and subcontractors . Under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act , each agency has and enforces its own regulations that apply to its own programs and to any entities that receive financial assistance . The Office of Special Counsel for Immigration - Related Unfair Employment Practices ( OSC ) enforces the anti-discrimination provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( INA ) , 8 U.S.C. § 1324b , which prohibits discrimination based on citizenship status or national origin . State Fair Employment Practices ( FEP ) offices take the role of the EEOC in administering state statutes . See also ( edit ) Employment Non-Discrimination Act LGBT employment discrimination in the United States Employment discrimination against persons with criminal records in the United States Racial wage gap in the United States Gender pay gap in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ^ Jump up to : The Equal Pay Act of 1963 ^ Jump up to : Pregnancy Discrimination Act ^ Jump up to : AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT OF 1990 , AS AMENDED Jump up ^ Questions and Answers : The Americans with Disabilities Act and Persons with HIV / AIDS ^ Jump up to : The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 Jump up ^ Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 ^ Jump up to : 11 U.S.C. § 525 ^ Jump up to : `` Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov. 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ 8 U.S.C. § 1324b Jump up ^ McIntyre , Frank ; Simkovic , Michael ( 2018 ) . `` Are law degrees as valuable to minorities ? '' . International Review of Law & Economics . 53 : 23 -- 37 . doi : 10.1016 / j. irle. 2017.09. 004 . SSRN 3037749 . ^ Jump up to : Blankenship , Kim M ( 1993 ) . `` Bringing Gender and Race in : U.S. Employment Discrimination Policy '' . Gender and Society . 7 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 226 . JSTOR 189578 . Jump up ^ Family and Medical Leave Act ^ Jump up to : Rozmarin , George C ( 1980 ) . `` Employment Discrimination Laws and Their Application '' . Law Notes for the General Practitioner. 16 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 29 . JSTOR 44066330 . Jump up ^ Neumark , D. 2003 . Age discrimination legislations in the United States . Contemporary Economic Policy , 21 : 297 - 317 . ^ Jump up to : A Guide to Disability Rights Laws Jump up ^ 30 USC Sec. 938 Jump up ^ Summary of Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 Jump up ^ § 1981 . Equal rights under the law Jump up ^ § 1981a . Damages in cases of intentional discrimination in employment Jump up ^ Employment Non-Discrimination Act ( ENDA ) Jump up ^ Tilcsik , András ( 2011 ) . `` Pride and Prejudice : Employment Discrimination against Openly Gay Men in the United States '' ( Full text ) . American Journal of Sociology. 117 ( 2 ) : 586 -- 626 . doi : 10.1086 / 661653 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 661653 . Jump up ^ Nearly 200 lawmakers seek action from Obama for LGBT workers Jump up ^ 195 LAWMAKERS , ALL DEMS , SIGN LETTER URGING OBAMA TO PROTECT LGBT WORKERS IN EXECUTIVE ORDER Jump up ^ LGBT Executive Order Letter 3 / 18 / 14 Jump up ^ `` Are tides changes in favor of prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination under Title VII ? '' . Denver Labor Law . 2018 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Another appellate court holds Title VII bars LGBT discrimination as a form of sex discrimination '' . Denver Labor Law . 2018 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Burns , Crosby ; Krehely , Jeff . `` Gay and Transgender People Face High Rates of Workplace Discrimination and Harassment '' . Center for American Progress . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sexual Orientation Discrimination in the Workplace '' . FindLaw . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowndes , Coleman ; Maza , Carlos . `` The Top Five Myths About LGBT Non-Discrimination Laws Debunked '' . Media Matters for America . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Alabama Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Code of Alabama 25 - 1 - 21 ^ Jump up to : Alaska Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : AS 18.80. 220 . Unlawful Employment Practices ; Exception . ^ Jump up to : Arizona Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Arkansas Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : `` Fair Employment and Housing Act ( FEHA ) '' . California Department of Fair Employment and Housing . CA.gov. 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scope of Explicitly Transgender - Inclusive Discrimination Laws ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Colorado Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Colorado Civil Rights Division 2008 Statutes ^ Jump up to : Connecticut Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Chapter 814c Sec . 46a - 60 ^ Jump up to : Delaware Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Delaware Code Title 19 Chapter 7 Subchapter 2 Jump up ^ D.C. Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : District of Columbia Human Rights Act of 1977 ; Prohibited Acts of Discrimination Jump up ^ District of Columbia Human Rights Act of 1977 ; Table of Contents , General Provisions ^ Jump up to : Florida Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Florida Statutes Chapter 760.10 ^ Jump up to : Georgia Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Georgia Fair Employment Practices Act ^ Jump up to : Hawaii Rev Statutes 378 - 2 Jump up ^ Hawaii Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Idaho Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Idaho Commission on Human Rights : Age Discrimination '' ^ Jump up to : Illinois Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Illinois Human Rights Act ^ Jump up to : Indiana Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Indiana Code 22 - 9 - 2 Jump up ^ Indiana Code 22 - 5 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Iowa Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Iowa Code 216.6 ^ Jump up to : Kansas Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Kansas Age Discrimination in Employment Act ^ Jump up to : Kentucky Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Kentucky Revised Statutes 344.040 Archived 2009 - 10 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Louisiana Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Louisiana Revised Statutes 23 : 352 Jump up ^ Louisiana Revised Statutes 23 : 312 Jump up ^ Louisiana Revised Statutes 23 : 311 ^ Jump up to : Maine Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Maine Revised Statutes , Title 5 , Chapter 337 ^ Jump up to : Maryland Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Annotated Code of Maryland 49B. 16 ^ Jump up to : Maryland Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ M.G.L. 151B § 4 Jump up ^ M.G.L 151B § 1 ^ Jump up to : Michigan Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Elliott - Larsen Civil Rights Act Jump up ^ Minnesota Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Minnesota Statutes , section 363A. 08 ^ Jump up to : Mississippi Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Missouri Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ § 213.055 R.S. Mo . ^ Jump up to : Montana Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Montana Code Annotated 49 - 2 - 303 ^ Jump up to : Nebraska Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Nebraska Fair Employment Practices Act ^ Jump up to : Nevada Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : NRS 613 : 310 - 350 Jump up ^ New Hampshire Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : New Hampshire RSA 354 - A : 7 ^ Jump up to : New Jersey Law Against Discrimination ( N.J.S.A. 10 : 5 - 12 ) Jump up ^ New Mexico Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : New Mexico Code Section 28 - 1 - 7 ^ Jump up to : New York State Executive Law , Article 15 , Section 296 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : New York Labor Law Section 201 - d - Discrimination Against The Engagement In Certain Activities ^ Jump up to : North Carolina Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ N.C. Gen. Stat. § 95 ‐ 28.1 Jump up ^ N.C. Gen. Stat. § 95 ‐ 28.2 ^ Jump up to : North Dakota Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : North Dakota Human Rights Act ^ Jump up to : Ohio Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Ohio Code § 4112 ^ Jump up to : Oklahoma Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Oklahoma Human Rights Commission Jump up ^ Oregon Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Oregon Revised Statutes , Chapter 659A ^ Jump up to : Pennsylvania Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Laws Administered by the Pennsylvania Human Rights Commission Jump up ^ Rhode Island Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Fair Employment Practices ^ Jump up to : South Carolina Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ South Carolina Human Affairs Law ^ Jump up to : South Dakota Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Tennessee Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Tennessee Human Rights Act ^ Jump up to : Texas Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Texas Labor Code Chapter 21 ^ Jump up to : `` S.B. 296 Antidiscrimination and Religious Freedom Amendments '' . Utah State Legislature . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Utah Code 34A - 5 - 106 Jump up ^ Vermont Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : Vermont Fair Employment Practices Act ^ Jump up to : Virginia Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Virginia Human Rights Act Jump up ^ Washington Non-Discrimination Law ^ Jump up to : RCW 49.60. 180 Unfair practices of employers . Jump up ^ RCW 49.60. 172 Unfair practices with respect to HIV or hepatitis C infection . Jump up ^ RCW 49.60. 174 Evaluation of claim of discrimination -- Actual or perceived HIV or hepatitis C infection . Jump up ^ RCW 49.44. 090 Unfair practices in employment because of age of employee or applicant -- Exceptions . ^ Jump up to : West Virginia Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ West Virginia Human Rights Act ^ Jump up to : Wisconsin Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Wis . Stats . Chapter 111.36 Jump up ^ Wis . Stats . 111.355 Jump up ^ Wis . Stats . 111.33 Jump up ^ Wis . Stats . 111.35 ^ Jump up to : Wyoming Non-Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Wyoming Code 27 - 9 - 105 ^ Jump up to : ( 3 ) Jump up ^ 22 Guam Code Ann . Chapter 3 Jump up ^ 22 Guam Code Ann . Chapter 5 ^ Jump up to : ( 4 ) ^ Jump up to : Puerto Rico Laws 29 - I - 7 - 146 Jump up ^ Puerto Rico Laws PR 29 - I - 7 - 151 Jump up ^ Virgin Islands Code on Employment Discrimination § 451 Jump up ^ EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION FOR PARTICIPATING IN EMERGENCY EVACUATION Jump up ^ Addressing Sexual Orientation Discrimination In Federal Civilian Employment : A Guide to Employee 's Rights Archived 2007 - 01 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ New Protections for Transgender Federal Workers Jump up ^ http://www.workplacefairness.org/religion Jump up ^ http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/qanda_religion.html Jump up ^ http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/10/us/women-combat-us-military/index.html Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/what-was-black-americas-double-war/ http://www.militaryaerospace.com/blogs/mil-aero-blog/2012/12/conspicuous-gallantry-doris-miller-at-pearl-harbor-was-one-of-world-war-ii-s-first-heroes.html http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pearlharbor/ngbeyond/people/ Jump up ^ GRIGGS v. DUKE POWER CO. , 401 U.S. 424 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Shaping Employment Discrimination Law Jump up ^ Federal Equal Employment Opportunity ( EEO ) Laws Jump up ^ Pre 1965 : Events Leading to the Creation of EEOC Jump up ^ § 2000e -- 5 . Enforcement provisions Jump up ^ PART 1614 -- FEDERAL SECTOR EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY ^ Jump up to : Filing a Charge of Employment Discrimination Jump up ^ The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 , Section 503 Jump up ^ An Overview of the Office of Special Counsel for Immigration - Related Unfair Employment Practices External links ( edit ) Directory of state labor departments , from the U.S. Department of Labor Disability Discrimination , by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Sex - Based Discrimination , by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Your Rights At Work ( Connecticut ) Barnes , Patricia G. , ( 2014 ) , Betrayed : The Legalization of Age Discrimination in the Workplace . The author , an attorney and judge , argues that the U.S. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 fails to protect older workers . Weak to begin with , she states that the ADEA has been eviscerated by the U.S. Supreme Court . Tweedy , Ann E. and Karen Yescavage , Employment Discrimination Against Bisexuals : An Empirical Study , 21 Wm . & Mary J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the prohibited discrimination in hiring promotion and compensation	[]	[]
-2876077708402581276	Golden State Warriors	Golden State Warriors - wikipedia Golden State Warriors Jump to : navigation , search Golden State Warriors 2017 -- 18 Golden State Warriors season Nickname Dubs Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 1946 History Philadelphia Warriors 1946 -- 1962 San Francisco Warriors 1962 -- 1971 Golden State Warriors 1971 -- present Arena Oracle Arena Location Oakland , California Team colors Royal blue , California golden yellow , slate Main sponsor Rakuten President Rick Welts General manager Bob Myers Head coach Steve Kerr Ownership Joe Lacob ( majority ) , Peter Guber Affiliation ( s ) Santa Cruz Warriors Championships 5 ( 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 ) Conference titles 9 Eastern : 3 ( 1947 , 1948 , 1956 ) Western : 6 ( 1964 , 1967 , 1975 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Division titles 6 ( 1975 , 1976 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ) Retired numbers 6 ( 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 24 , 42 ) Website www.nba.com/warriors Uniforms Home Away The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in Oakland , California . The Warriors compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division . The Warriors play their home games at the Oracle Arena in Oakland . The Warriors have reached nine NBA Finals , winning five NBA championships in 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 and 2017 . Golden State 's five NBA championships are tied for fourth-most in NBA history with the San Antonio Spurs , and behind only the Boston Celtics ( 17 ) , Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 6 ) . As of 2017 , the Warriors are the third most valuable NBA franchise after the New York Knicks and LA Lakers according to Forbes , with an estimated value of $2.6 billion . The team was established in 1946 as the Philadelphia Warriors based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , a founding member of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . In 1962 , the franchise relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area and was renamed the San Francisco Warriors . In 1971 , the team changed its geographic moniker to Golden State , California 's state nickname . The team is nicknamed the Dubs as a shortening of `` W 's '' . Wilt Chamberlain and Stephen Curry have both been named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player while playing for the Warriors , for a total of three MVP awards . 18 Hall of Famers have played for the Warriors , while four have coached the team . Golden State holds the NBA records for best regular season with 73 -- 9 and most wins in a season ( regular season and postseason combined ) with 88 in 2015 -- 16 , as well as best postseason with 16 -- 1 (. 941 winning percentage ) in 2016 -- 17 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Team creation 1.2 1946 -- 1962 : Philadelphia Warriors 1.3 1962 -- 1971 : San Francisco Warriors 1.4 1971 -- 1978 1.5 1978 -- 1987 1.6 1987 -- 1997 1.7 1997 -- 2008 1.7. 1 2006 -- 07 : `` We believe '' season 1.7. 2 2007 -- 08 season 1.8 2008 -- 2011 1.9 2011 -- present : `` Splash Brothers '' era 1.9. 1 2013 -- 14 : Improvements 1.9. 2 2014 -- 15 : From turmoil to champions 1.9. 3 2015 -- 16 : Broken records 1.10 2016 -- present : The `` Fantastic Four '' era 1.11 Move from Oakland back to San Francisco 2 Rivalries 2.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 3 Media 3.1 Television 3.2 Radio 4 Season - by - season records 5 Home arenas 6 Head coaches 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retained draft rights 7.3 Retired numbers 7.4 Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame members 7.5 FIBA Hall of Famers 8 Statistical leaders and awards 8.1 Franchise leaders 8.2 Individual awards 8.3 NBA All - Star Weekend 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Golden State Warriors Team creation The Warriors were founded in 1946 as the Philadelphia Warriors , a charter member of the Basketball Association of America . They were owned by Peter A. Tyrrell , who also owned the Philadelphia Rockets of the American Hockey League . Tyrrell hired Eddie Gottlieb , a longtime basketball promoter in the Philadelphia area , as coach and general manager . The owners named the team after the Philadelphia Warriors , an old basketball team who played in the American Basketball League in 1925 . 1946 -- 1962 : Philadelphia Warriors Joe Fulks was the league 's first scoring champion . Led by early scoring sensation Joe Fulks , the team won the championship in the league 's inaugural 1946 -- 47 season by defeating the Chicago Stags , four games to one . The NBA , which was created by a 1949 merger , officially recognizes that as its own first championship . Gottlieb bought the team in 1951 . Wilt Chamberlain averaged 41.5 points per game and 25.1 rebounds per game during his five and a half seasons with the Warriors . The Warriors won its other championship in Philadelphia in the 1955 -- 56 season , defeating the Fort Wayne Pistons four games to one . The Warrior stars of this era were future Hall of Famers Paul Arizin , Tom Gola and Neil Johnston . In 1959 , the team signed draft pick Wilt Chamberlain . Known as `` Wilt the Stilt '' , he led the team in scoring six times , quickly began shattering NBA scoring records and changed the NBA style of play forever . On March 2 , 1962 , in a Warrior `` home '' game played on a neutral court in Hershey , Pennsylvania , Chamberlain scored 100 points against the New York Knicks , a single - game record the NBA ranks among its finest moments . 1962 -- 1971 : San Francisco Warriors In 1962 , Franklin Mieuli purchased the majority shares of the team and relocated the franchise to the San Francisco Bay Area , renaming them the San Francisco Warriors . The Warriors played most of their home games at the Cow Palace in Daly City ( the facility lies just south of the San Francisco city limits ) from 1962 to 1964 and the San Francisco Civic Auditorium from 1964 to 1966 , though occasionally playing home games in nearby cities such as Oakland and San Jose . Nate Thurmond averaged over 20 points per game during five different seasons and over 20 rebounds per game during two seasons while with the Warriors . Prior to the 1963 -- 64 NBA season , the Warriors drafted big man Nate Thurmond to go along with Chamberlain . The Warriors won the Western Division crown that season , but lost the 1964 NBA Finals to the Boston Celtics , four games to one . In the 1964 -- 65 season , the Warriors traded Chamberlain to the Philadelphia 76ers for Connie Dierking , Lee Shaffer , Paul Neumann and $150,000 and won only 17 games . In 1965 , they drafted Rick Barry in the first round who went on to become NBA Rookie of the Year that season and then led the Warriors to the NBA finals in the 1966 -- 67 season , losing ( four games to two ) to Chamberlain 's new team that had replaced the Warriors in Philadelphia , the 76ers . Angered by management 's failure to pay him certain incentive bonuses he felt were due him , Barry sat out the 1967 -- 68 season and signed with the Oakland Oaks of the rival American Basketball Association for the following year , but after four seasons in the ABA rejoined the Warriors in 1972 . During Barry 's absence , the Warriors were no longer title contenders , and the mantle of leadership fell to Thurmond , Jeff Mullins and Rudy LaRusso . They began scheduling more home games in Oakland with the opening of the Oakland Coliseum Arena in 1966 and the 1970 -- 71 season would be the team 's last as the San Francisco Warriors . 1971 -- 1978 The Warriors ' 1974 -- 75 championship banner . The franchise adopted its brand name Golden State Warriors prior to the 1971 -- 72 season , in order to suggest that the team represented the entire state of California . Almost all home games were played in Oakland that season ; six were played in San Diego , but none in San Francisco or Daly City . Oakland Arena became the team 's exclusive home court in 1971 . Rick Barry ( shown in 1976 ) was named the NBA Finals MVP in 1975 . The Warriors made the playoffs from 1971 to 1977 except in 1974 , and won their first NBA championship on the West Coast in 1974 -- 75 . In what many consider the biggest upset in NBA history , Golden State not only defeated the heavily favored Washington Bullets but humiliated them in a four - game sweep . That team was coached by former Warrior Al Attles , and led on the court by Rick Barry and Jamaal Wilkes . Barry was named MVP of the finals . At 59 - 23 , the Warriors had the league 's best record during the 1975 -- 76 season . They were upset , however , by the 42 - 40 Phoenix Suns in seven games in the Western Conference Finals . 1978 -- 1987 Because of the loss of key players such as Barry , Wilkes and Thurmond to trades and retirements , the Warriors struggled to put a competitive team on the court from 1978 to 1987 after being one of the NBA 's dominant teams in the 1960s and most of the 1970s . Through the NBA draft , however , they acquired some players such as high - scoring forward Purvis Short ( 1978 ) , former Purdue center Joe Barry Carroll ( 1980 ) and center Robert Parish ( 1976 ) , who was traded to the Boston Celtics in 1980 along with the draft pick that would become Kevin McHale for the pick used to draft Carroll . In 1983 , the Warriors matched the New York Knicks ' offer for free - agent Bernard King , but , unable to pay his high salary , quickly traded him to the Knicks for guard Micheal Ray Richardson , whom they soon shipped to New Jersey in exchange for former Georgetown Hoya point guard Eric `` Sleepy '' Floyd , and journeyman forward Mickey Johnson . ( Floyd once scored 29 points for the Warriors in the fourth quarter of a playoff game against the Lakers , though he was later traded to the Houston Rockets ) . The departure of these players for various reasons symbolized the franchise 's futility during this period , as head coach Attles moved up to the front office as general manager in 1980 and the team made several coaching changes . New owners Jim Fitzgerald and Dan Finane finally managed to return the team to respectability by hiring former Cleveland Cavaliers head coach George Karl as head coach in 1986 after selecting St. John 's small forward Chris Mullin in the 1985 NBA draft . 1987 -- 1997 A ticket for a 1988 -- 89 game between the Warriors and the Jazz . After a subpar stretch in the late 1970s and early 1980s , the team had a brief resurgence under coach Karl , culminating in a 1987 Western Conference Semifinal match against Magic Johnson and the Los Angeles Lakers which is still shown on TV in the NBA 's Greatest Games series . In the game , Warriors ' All - Star point guard Sleepy Floyd 's performance in the second half still stands as the NBA playoff record for points scored in a quarter ( 29 ) and in a half ( 39 ) . His six consecutive field goals in the fourth quarter led to a 51 - point finish for him and a victory for the Warriors . The `` Sleepy Floyd game '' was a catalyst for increased interest in the NBA in the Bay Area which was furthered by new coach Don Nelson , who engineered another successful string of wins in the late 1980s and early 1990s with the high - scoring trio of point guard Tim Hardaway , guard Mitch Richmond and forward Chris Mullin ( collectively known as `` Run TMC '' after the rap group Run - D.M.C. ) . But `` Run TMC '' stayed together for only two seasons ( winning only one playoff series ) , when coach Nelson , in a move to get a promising young front - court player to complement his run - and - gun system , sent Richmond to the Sacramento Kings for rookie power forward Billy Owens . Nelson had been brought to the Warriors from the Milwaukee Bucks by Jim Fitzgerald , who along with Dan Finnane owned the team between 1986 and 1995 . In 1993 -- 94 , with first - round draft pick and Rookie of the Year power forward Chris Webber playing alongside off - guard Latrell Sprewell , the Warriors made the playoffs . At the start of the next season , however , a rift formed between Webber and Sprewell on the one hand and Nelson on the other . All three soon left the team , and the organization went into a tailspin . 1994 -- 95 was the first season under new team owner Chris Cohan , who had bought out Fitzgerald and Finnane . The Warriors selected power forward prospect Joe Smith as their first overall draft pick in 1995 and hired Rick Adelman as the new head coach . They sent Tim Hardaway and Chris Gatling to the Miami Heat for Kevin Willis and Bimbo Coles midway through the 1995 -- 96 season , and ended up with a 36 -- 46 record , three wins short of making the playoffs . While their home court , the Oakland Coliseum Arena , was being extensively renovated , the 1996 -- 97 Warriors played their home games in the San Jose Arena and struggled to a 30 -- 52 finish . Longtime Seton Hall college coach P.J. Carlesimo , who had been recently fired by the Portland Trail Blazers , replaced Adelman as head coach for 1997 -- 98 . Sprewell was suspended for the remainder of the 1997 -- 98 season for losing his temper and choking Carlesimo during a team practice in December , generating the glaring newspaper headline `` WARRIORS HIT ROCK BOTTOM '' and the declaration by general manager Garry St. Jean that Sprewell would never play for the Warriors again . He would not play in the NBA again until he was dealt in January 1999 to the New York Knicks for John Starks , Chris Mills and Terry Cummings . 1997 -- 2008 St. Jean had become the new Warriors ' general manager in July 1997 ; he and his predecessor Dave Twardzik received much of the blame for the Warriors ' struggles early in Cohan 's turbulent tenure as owner in addition to Cohan himself . St. Jean brought in players such as Terry Cummings , John Starks and Mookie Blaylock who were well past their primes . Twardzik drafted several flops , such as Todd Fuller ( while Kobe Bryant was still available as well as Steve Nash and Jermaine O'Neal ) and Steve Logan ( who never played an NBA game ) . In the following draft , the team selected Adonal Foyle while Tracy McGrady was still available . St. Jean did , however , draft future two - time NBA slam dunk champion off - guard Jason Richardson ( from Michigan State ) , a Warriors ' star scorer through the 2006 -- 07 season . For a few years , with rising stars Richardson , small forward Antawn Jamison and point guard Gilbert Arenas leading the team , the Warriors seemed like a team on the rise ; but the young Warriors did not have enough in the competitive Western Conference to make the playoffs . After the 2002 -- 03 season , St. Jean 's earlier mistakes of committing money to players like Danny Fortson , Adonal Foyle and Erick Dampier were painfully felt by Warriors ' fans when the team was unable to re-sign Arenas despite his desire to stay in the Bay Area . A new rule was implemented in response to second - round draft picks who quickly become superstars . Chris Mullin succeeded St. Jean with the title of Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations in 2004 . He hoped to build a winning team around Jason Richardson , Mike Dunleavy Jr and Troy Murphy , and drafted 7 - foot center Andris Biedriņš from Latvia ( 11th overall ) . At the 2005 trading deadline , he bolstered to the team with the acquisition of point guard Baron Davis , bringing to the team its first superstar since Mullin himself . The Warriors enjoyed a great start to the 2005 -- 06 season , entering the new year with a plus . 500 winning percentage for the first time since 1994 , but managed to win only 13 more games through the end of March due to injuries . Davis often found himself at odds with new head coach Mike Montgomery ( used to dealing with college players in his long tenure at Stanford ) and failed to remain healthy , playing in just 54 games . On April 5 , 2006 , the Warriors were officially eliminated from playoff contention in a 114 -- 109 overtime loss to the Hornets , extending their playoff drought to 12 seasons . 2006 -- 07 : `` We Believe '' season Entering the 2006 -- 07 season , the Warriors held the active record ( 12 ) for the most consecutive seasons without a playoff appearance ( see Active NBA non-playoff appearance streaks ) . During the 2006 off - season , Golden State announced that it had bought out the remaining two years of coach Montgomery 's contract and hired previous Golden State and former Dallas Mavericks coach Don Nelson to take over for him . During training camp , small forward Matt Barnes established himself in the rotation . On January 17 , 2007 , the Warriors traded the disappointing Murphy and Dunleavy with promising young power forward Ike Diogu and Keith McLeod to the Indiana Pacers for forward Al Harrington , forward / guard Stephen Jackson , guard Šarūnas Jasikevičius and forward Josh Powell . This trade allowed the Warriors to `` run and gun '' their way to the playoffs with a more athletic and talented team . On March 4 , 2007 , the Warriors suffered a 106 -- 107 loss in Washington , the Wizards handing them their 6th straight loss when former Warrior Arenas hit a technical free throw with less than one second remaining after Nelson had protested a controversial call with the Warriors ahead by a slim margin . The loss dropped them to 26 -- 35 . March 4 marked the turning point for the Warriors . The Warriors closed out the regular season ( 42 -- 40 ) at 16 -- 5 in their last 21 games . `` We Believe '' became the Warriors ' slogan for the last two months of the season and the playoffs . Led by a healthy Baron Davis , an ever - improving Jason Richardson and young future star off - guard Monta Ellis as well as center Biedriņš , the Warriors immediately dashed the highly favored top - seed Dallas Mavericks ' expectations of a short and easy series win with a Game 1 victory in Dallas thanks to Davis ' frantic style of play . The Mavericks came back to win Game 2 easily to tie the series at a game apiece , but the Warriors won both Games 3 & 4 with a huge lift from the home crowd at Oracle Arena . A close Game 5 saw the Mavericks eke out a 118 -- 112 victory with a last - minute surge led by superstar forward Dirk Nowitzki to send the series back to California at 3 -- 2 . In Game 6 , the Warriors engineered a third - quarter 18 -- 0 run to eliminate the Mavericks and become the NBA 's first No. 8 seed to beat a No. 1 seed in a seven - game series ( and the first NBA No. 8 seed to beat the top seed since 1999 when the New York Knicks eliminated the Miami Heat ) . It was an upset in name only , given the fact that the Warriors had swept the Mavericks in the regular season series . The Warriors went on to play the Utah Jazz in the second round of the 2006 -- 07 playoffs , where they dropped two close games at EnergySolutions Arena to open the series . The series then shifted to the Oracle Arena , where the Warriors won Game 3 in a convincing blowout . Davis scored 32 points and electrified the crowd with a monster dunk on Jazz forward Andrei Kirilenko late in the fourth quarter , but they lost Game 4 at home , their first loss in Oakland in well over a month and the Jazz closed them out in Game 5 in Salt Lake City . 2007 -- 08 season The Warriors faced early difficulties in their attempt to return to the playoffs . Richardson was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats for rookie Brandan Wright . To make things even worse , Jackson was suspended for seven games over a firearm incident . They opened the 2007 -- 08 season with six straight losses , but Ellis ' rise , Davis ' solid injury - free season ( 21.6 points , 8 assists , 4.6 rebounds per game ) , and an overall improvement in team chemistry brought them back to playoff contention ; but in the end the Warriors failed to make the playoffs despite a 48 -- 34 season , which is the best record in NBA history for a non-playoff team since the NBA playoffs had expanded to eight teams per conference . The Western Conference was very strong that season ; every playoff team won 50 games , leaving the Warriors two games out of the last playoff spot . The Warriors sold out nearly every home game during the season averaging 19,631 per game , the highest in team history . 2008 -- 2011 In the offseason , Baron Davis opted to return to his home town and sign with the Los Angeles Clippers . With the 14th pick of the 2008 NBA draft , the Warriors selected and signed Anthony Randolph out of LSU . To compensate for the loss of Davis , the Warriors signed free agents Corey Maggette and Ronny Turiaf and re-signed Ellis and Andris Biedriņš to long - term contracts . The Warriors had a disappointing 2008 -- 2009 season , finishing 29 -- 53 . Ellis was injured in a moped accident , and suspended for 30 games for riding the vehicle against the terms of his contract , depriving the Warriors of their top player . They traded disenchanted forward Al Harrington to the New York Knicks for guard Jamal Crawford , and were undone by injuries and the minimal experience of their young players such as Anthony Morrow and Brandan Wright . Coach Nelson often had to make adjustments to the starting lineups since many of the original starters missed games due to injuries . Despite the team 's losing record , the Warriors were hard to beat when they had a healthy lineup and a strong bench . With leadership and improvement in their young players , they were sometimes able to defeat powerhouse teams such as the Boston Celtics , 99 - 89 . During the 2009 off - season , Warrior ownership declined to renew the contract of general manager Mullin . Larry Riley , Nelson 's longtime assistant coach , was promoted in his place and drafted Stephen Curry as an outstanding 7th lottery pick , but dubiously traded Jamal Crawford to the Atlanta Hawks for Acie Law and Speedy Claxton . The Warriors had another injury - prone year in 2009 -- 10 . as they were consistently unable to field their ideal starting lineup . In November , a malcontented Stephen Jackson and seldom - used Acie Law were traded to the Charlotte Bobcats for Raja Bell ( out for the season with an injury ) and Vladimir Radmanovic . Four days later , they signed center Chris Hunter . Starting in January 2010 , they issued multiple 10 - day contracts , most notably to power forward Anthony Tolliver from the Idaho Stampede . Due to their multiple injuries , they were granted an exception allowing them to sign Reggie Williams from the Sioux Falls Skyforce to a 10 - day contract on March 2 , making it their fifth D - League call - up that season , tying an NBA record . They eventually waived the injured Bell to sign Williams for the rest of the year , and finished the season 26 -- 56 , fourth in the Pacific Division . On June 24 , the Warriors selected Ekpe Udoh , a power forward from Baylor , as the 6th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also introduced a modernized version of their `` The City '' logo depicting the new eastern span of the San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge , and switched to a simplified color scheme of royal blue and gold . They also introduced new uniforms reminiscent of the 1969 -- 71 `` The City '' uniforms . The Warriors made an offseason trade that sent Turiaf , Randolph and Kelenna Azubuike to the New York Knicks in return for star high - scoring power forward David Lee via a sign - and - trade . Lee agreed to a six - year , $80 million deal , on a framework contingent on the decision of superstar forward LeBron James to leave the Cleveland Cavaliers to sign with the Miami Heat that same day . Following Morrow 's departure after he signed the New Jersey Nets ' offer sheet , the Warriors signed Dorell Wright , formerly with the Miami Heat , to a three - year , $11 million deal . On July 15 , owner Chris Cohan sold the Warriors to Peter Guber of Mandalay Entertainment and his partner Joe Lacob for a then - record $450 million . On November 15 , the Warriors announced the new 19 - person ownership group composed of Joe Lacob , Peter Guber , Vivek Ranadivé , Erika Glazer , Fred Harman , Bob Piccinini , Larry Bowman , Danny German , Marty Glick , Chad Hurley , Craig R. Johnson , Bruce Karsh , Jeffrey A. Miller , Paul Schaeffer , David Scially , Nick Swinmurn , Harry Tsao , John Walecka and Dennis Wong . The Warriors gathered together during the team 's starting lineup ceremony prior to their 2011 -- 12 exhibition opener against the Sacramento Kings . The Warriors continued their signing spree by adding Harvard guard Jeremy Lin to their roster with a one - year partially guaranteed contract containing a second - year team option , the first Taiwanese - American player in NBA history . Louis Amundson was then added for little under $5 million in mid-September . Keith Smart was hired as head coach that same month after Nelson had resigned before the start of training camp . In February 2011 , the Warriors traded Brandan Wright and Dan Gadzuric for Troy Murphy and a 2011 second - round pick . On February 27 , Murphy and the Warriors reached a buyout agreement and he was waived . During a steady season without making any real ground in the playoff race , the Warriors broke franchise records with 21 made 3 's in a win against the Orlando Magic . In April 2011 , Dorell Wright made a franchise record of 184 3 's in a season in a home win versus Los Angeles Lakers , surpassing Richardson 's 183 in 2005 -- 06 . He then broke another NBA record , as the first player to have scored more points in his seventh season than in all his first six seasons combined in a win against the Portland Trail Blazers . He ended the season with the most three - pointers made in the NBA that season with 194 , as well as the most 3s attempted with 516 , both of which set new Warrior franchise records . The Warriors failed to make the playoffs after a 36 - win season in 2010 -- 11 , and coach Smart was dismissed on April 27 due to the change in ownership . 17 - year NBA veteran and former ABC and ESPN commentator Mark Jackson replaced him as head coach on June 6 . On December 19 , they traded Amundson to the Indiana Pacers for small forward Brandon Rush . 2011 -- present : `` Splash Brothers '' era The `` Splash Brothers '' : Stephen Curry ( left ) and Klay Thompson ( right ) The Warriors did not improve in the 2011 -- 12 NBA season under coach Jackson , finishing the lockout - shorted season with a 23 -- 43 record , 13th in the conference . The team suffered several injuries to key players , and due to the lockout , Jackson could not establish his system in training camp . They then entered into another chaotic rebuilding phase . Team leader Monta Ellis was traded in mid-March 2012 , along with Kwame Brown and Ekpe Udoh , to the Milwaukee Bucks for center Andrew Bogut ( out injured for the season ) and former Warrior small forward Stephen Jackson , who without playing a game for the Warriors was quickly traded to the San Antonio Spurs for Richard Jefferson and a conditional first - round pick on March 15 . These moves saw the rise of Stephen Curry and David Lee to team co-captains , and saw off - guard Klay Thompson , the 11th overall pick of the 2011 NBA draft , move into a starting role . On July 11 , they acquired point guard Jarrett Jack from the New Orleans Hornets in a three - team trade also including the Philadelphia 76ers , who received Dorell Wright from Golden State . On August 1 , they signed forward Carl Landry on the termination of his one - year contract with the Hornets . In the 2012 NBA draft , they selected small forward Harrison Barnes with the 7th overall pick , center Festus Ezeli with the 30th pick , small forward Draymond Green 35th overall , and 7 - foot 1 - inch center Ognjen Kuzmic 52nd overall . In early November , swingman Rush was lost for the year with a torn ACL after falling awkwardly on the court early in the second game of the season , and less than a month later the team announced that Bogut was out indefinitely with a foot injury that was more serious than originally reported . Bogut did not return to regular play until late in the season . Coming out of this maelstrom of trades and injuries with a team starting two rookies ( Barnes and Ezeli ) , the Warriors had one of their best starts in decades , earning their 20th win before hitting the 30 - game mark for the first time since 1992 . The Warriors also achieved a milestone by completing their first ever 6 -- 1 road trip in franchise history , including a 97 -- 95 win over the defending champion Heat in Miami . On April 9 , 2013 , with a win over the Minnesota Timberwolves , the Warriors clinched the playoffs for the second time in 19 years and the first time since the 2006 -- 07 `` We Believe '' Warriors . This time , the local battlecry was `` We Belong '' . The team finished the season with a record of 47 -- 35 , earning the sixth seed in the Western Conference , and defeated the Denver Nuggets in the first round of the playoffs by winning four out of six games . They lost in the second round to the San Antonio Spurs , four games to two . This was the first playoff experience for all of the starters of this group except for Andrew Bogut . Other highlights of the season included Stephen Curry 's 272 three - point baskets to set an NBA single - season record , giving him the nickname `` baby - faced assassin '' , and the naming of forward David Lee to the 2013 NBA All - Star Game as a reserve , ending the team 's 16 - year drought without an All Star selection , dating back to Latrell Sprewell in the 1997 season . Curry and Klay Thompson , dubbed the `` Splash Brothers '' by team employee Brian Witt for their backcourt shooting prowess , combined for 483 three - pointers during the season , easily besting the prior record of 435 set by the Orlando Magic 's Nick Anderson and Dennis Scott in 1995 -- 96 . 2013 -- 14 : improvements With their lone selection in the 2013 NBA draft , the Warriors made 22 - year - old Serbian combo - guard Nemanja Nedovic the 30th and final pick of the first round . In early July 2013 , Golden State signed former Denver Nuggets swingman and free agent Andre Iguodala to a four - year , $48 million deal . To make room under their salary cap , the Warriors traded Richard Jefferson , Andris Biedriņš and Brandon Rush , along with multiple draft picks , including their 2014 and 2017 first - round picks , to the Utah Jazz . The Warriors lost free - agent guard Jarrett Jack , who departed for the Cleveland Cavaliers , and free agent power forward Carl Landry , who went to the Sacramento Kings . To help fill the void left by Landry , the Warriors signed forward - center Marreese Speights to a three - year , $10 million contract . The team also signed one - year deals with veteran center Jermaine O'Neal ( $2 million ) and point guard Toney Douglas ( $1.6 million ) . On August 21 , the Warriors signed 7 ft 1 in Serbian center Ognjen Kuzmic , who had been playing in Europe since his selection in the 2012 NBA draft , to a guaranteed two - year deal . The Warriors began the 2013 -- 14 season showing flashes of brilliance and also plenty of lapses . In early December their record was 12 -- 9 , as compared to 17 -- 4 the year before . One challenging factor was a tough starting schedule that saw them play 14 of their first 22 games on the road , including 10 games against teams holding playoff spots in the standings . A stream of injuries also held the team back , including injuries to Festus Ezeli ( off - season surgery to repair the right knee , out for the season ) , Toney Douglas ( left tibia stress reaction , out nearly a month from mid-November to December ) , and Jermaine O'Neal ( right wrist injury and surgery , out from mid-November to early February ) . Stephen Curry and Harrison Barnes were also out for at least four games before the all - star break , each with minor injuries . Most prominently of all , Iguodala suffered a hamstring pull in late November that kept him out for over a month , during which time the Warriors ' performance suffered significantly on both the defensive and offensive ends of the court , and the team posted a losing 5 -- 7 record while revealing a lack of depth on their bench . With Iguodala back in the lineup , the Warriors went on a 10 - game winning streak , which included six consecutive wins on a single road trip , tying an NBA record . The winning streak was the longest for the franchise since the 1975 championship year , and just one short of the team record of 11 consecutive wins , set in the 1971 -- 72 season . To strengthen their underperforming bench , the Warriors made a three - team trade on January 15 , sending Douglas to the Miami Heat and picking up guards Jordan Crawford and MarShon Brooks from the Boston Celtics and then , a day before the trade deadline , trading Kent Bazemore and Brooks to the Los Angeles Lakers in exchange for veteran point guard Steve Blake . Thanks in part to the improved effectiveness of their backup squad , boosted by the additions of Blake and Crawford and the play of 35 - year - old Jermaine O'Neal ( who returned sooner than expected from wrist surgery ) , the Warriors were one of the winningest teams in the NBA after the all - star break . Nonetheless , and despite several victories over top contenders , the team displayed a pattern of losing games to inferior teams even at their home arena . On April 11 , in a 112 -- 95 stomping of the Los Angeles Lakers at the Staples Center , the Warriors clinched a playoff berth in consecutive seasons for the first time since 1991 and 1992 . However , just one day earlier in a loss against the Portland Trail Blazers , Andrew Bogut suffered a cracked rib that would keep him out of the post-season , a big blow to the sixth - seed Warriors ' playoff hopes . The Warriors ended the season 51 -- 31 , winning more than 50 games for only the fourth time in franchise history , finishing 20 games over . 500 for the first time in 22 years , and tying the 1991 -- 92 squad for the franchise 's all - time mark of 24 wins on the road . Even without Bogut , in the first round of the playoffs the Warriors battled the third - seed Los Angeles Clippers to a seventh and deciding game , which the Warriors lost , bringing their 2013 -- 14 season to an end . It was season of many thrilling moments in which the Warriors ' played in 17 regular - season games decided by 2 points or less , 6 games with winning shots in the final 3 seconds , and 7 comeback wins in which the Warriors had been behind by 15 points or more . In other noteworthy occurrences for the season , Curry was named to the starting lineup for the 2014 NBA All - Star Game . For Curry , the only Warrior named to the team , this was his first all - star appearance in five seasons as an NBA player . Curry hit another notable milestone in posting 4 triple - doubles for the season , tying a franchise record unequaled since Wilt Chamberlain in 1963 -- 64 . Curry also averaged career - bests in points and assists ; averaging 24.0 points and 8.5 assists in the season . Curry and Klay Thompson continued to set league records in three - point shooting . On February 7 , in a 102 -- 87 win over the Chicago Bulls , the backcourt duo became the first teammates to each make a three - pointer in 30 consecutive games . Curry , who finished the season with 261 threes , set an individual record for most three - pointers in a span of two seasons with 533 , surpassing the previous mark of 478 set by Seattle Supersonic Ray Allen in 2004 -- 05 and 2005 -- 06 . Together , Thompson and Curry combined for 484 threes on the year , besting by one the NBA record they had set the year before . 2014 -- 15 : from turmoil to champions Even as the team rolled towards the post-season , signs emerged of trouble in the Warriors ' front office . On March 25 , the team reassigned assistant coach Brian Scalabrine to the team 's NBA Development League Affiliate in Santa Cruz because of what head coach Mark Jackson called a `` difference in philosophies '' and what unnamed league sources cited by Yahoo ! Sports called `` an increasingly dysfunctional atmosphere '' on the Warriors ' coaching staff . Fewer than two weeks later , assistant coach Darren Erman was fired for secretly recording conversations between coaches , staff and players . During the post season , rumors persisted in the press that Mark Jackson 's job as head coach was in jeopardy , leading the players to make a unanimous declaration of support for Jackson 's return only minutes after the Warriors ' first - round , game seven playoff loss to the Clippers . Nonetheless , three days later , on May 6 , the team announced the firing of Mark Jackson as head coach . In his three - season tenure as head coach , Jackson compiled a 121 - 109 (. 526 ) record , overseeing a terrific turnaround . When Jackson took the helm in 2011 , the franchise had made the playoffs only one time over the prior 17 seasons , averaging 30.2 wins per season during that period . Jackson , 49 , became just the third head coach in franchise history to lead a team to at least 50 wins in a season , joining Don Nelson and Alvin Attles , who both hit the mark twice with the Warriors . With 121 wins overall , Jackson ranks fourth on the franchise 's all - time wins list , trailing Attles ( 557 ) , Nelson ( 422 ) and Eddie Gottlieb ( 263 ) . On May 14 , 2014 , the Golden State Warriors named Steve Kerr the team 's head coach , in a reported $25 million deal over five years . It was a first - time head - coaching position for Kerr , 48 , a five - time NBA champion point guard who holds the all - time career record for accuracy in three - point shooting (. 454 ) . Kerr formerly served as president and general manager for the Phoenix Suns basketball team ( 2007 to 2010 ) , and had most recently been working as an NBA broadcast analyst for Turner Network Television ( TNT ) . The Warriors completed the regular season with a record of 67 - 15 , the best in the league and the most wins in franchise history . The Warriors also finished with a home record of 39 -- 2 , the second best in NBA history . They were first in defensive efficiency for the season and second in offensive efficiency , barely missing the mark that the Julius Erving led Sixers achieved by being first in both offensive and defensive efficiency . On May 4 , Stephen Curry was named the 2014 -- 15 NBA Most Valuable Player , the first Warrior to do so since Wilt Chamberlain in 1960 . In the first round of the playoffs , they swept the New Orleans Pelicans , defeated Memphis Grizzlies in the second round in six games and defeated Houston Rockets in five games of the Western Conference Finals . The Warriors advanced to their first NBA Finals since 1975 , where they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games to win their fourth NBA title , and their first in 40 years . Andre Iguodala was named Finals MVP . Other highlights of the season included Stephen Curry breaking his own record for three - pointers made in a single season with 286 . He and Klay Thompson made a combined 525 three - pointers , the most by a duo in NBA history . In the postseason , Curry shattered Reggie Miller 's record of 58 made three - pointers in a single postseason with 98 . On January 23 , 2015 , Klay Thompson broke an NBA record for points in a quarter with 37 in the third . Curry was also the leader in the voting polls for the 2015 NBA All - Star Game , won the 2014 -- 15 NBA Most Valuable Player award and the 2015 ESPYs Best Male Athlete award . 2015 -- 16 : broken records Draymond Green was an All - NBA Second Team member in 2015 -- 16 The Warriors began the season by winning their first 24 games , eclipsing the previous best start in NBA history , set by the 1993 -- 94 Houston Rockets and the 1948 -- 49 Washington Capitols at 15 -- 0 . The Warriors surpassed the 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks for the best road start in NBA history at 14 -- 0 , which is also the joint - third longest road win streak . Their record - setting start ended when they were defeated by the Milwaukee Bucks on December 12 , 2015 . The Warriors broke a 131 - year - old record of 20 -- 0 set by the 1884 St. Louis Maroons baseball team , to claim the best start to a season in all of the major professional sports in America . Golden State also won 28 consecutive regular - season games dating back to the 2014 -- 15 season , eclipsing the 2012 -- 13 Miami Heat for the second longest winning streak in NBA history . The team set an NBA record 54 - straight regular season home game winning streak , which spanned from January 31 , 2015 to March 29 , 2016 . The previous record of 44 was held by the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls team led by Michael Jordan . Stephen Curry , Draymond Green and Klay Thompson were all named to the All - Star Game , the first time the Warriors have had three All - Stars since 1976 . Green broke the Golden State franchise record of nine triple - doubles in a season . Curry broke numerous three - point records during the season , including his own NBA record for made three - pointers in a season of 286 ; he finished the season with 402 three pointers . He made a three - pointer in 151 consecutive games , which broke the NBA record of 127 set by Kyle Korver in 2014 . On February 27 , 2016 , Curry also tied the NBA record of twelve three - pointers made in a single game , jointly holding it with Donyell Marshall and Kobe Bryant . On April 13 , 2016 , Golden State set the record for most wins in a single season , beating Memphis , and finishing 73 -- 9 . On May 10 , 2016 , Stephen Curry was named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) for the second straight season . Curry is the 11th player to win back - to - back MVP honors and became the first player in NBA history to win the MVP award by unanimous vote , winning all 131 first - place votes . The Golden State Warriors went to their second consecutive appearance in the finals with a rematch against the Cleveland Cavaliers . The Warriors went to a 3 -- 1 advantage but the Cavaliers made a comeback to tie the series at 3 wins apiece . In Game 7 the Golden State Warriors lost the championship series on their homecourt , and earned the unfortunate distinction of becoming the first team to give up a 3 -- 1 lead in the NBA finals . 2016 -- present : the `` fantastic four '' era On July 4 , 2016 , Kevin Durant announced he would leave the Oklahoma City Thunder in order to sign a two - year contract with the Golden State Warriors . On July 7 , Durant signed his contract , which gave the Warriors a fourth All - NBA player on their team . The Durant signing made the Warriors the prohibitive favorites to win the NBA championship , according to oddsmakers . The Warriors posted many notable achievements during the 2016 -- 17 regular season . On November 7 , 2016 , Stephen Curry set the NBA record for most 3 - pointers in a game with 13 , in a 116 -- 106 win over the Pelicans . On December 5 , 2016 , Klay Thompson scored 60 points in 29 minutes , in a 142 -- 106 victory over the Pacers . In doing so , Thompson became the first player in NBA history to score 60 or more points in fewer than 30 minutes of playing time . Stephen Curry , Kevin Durant , Draymond Green , and Klay Thompson were all named to the 2017 NBA All - Star Game , making the Warriors only the eighth team in NBA history to have four All - Stars . On February 10 , 2017 , Draymond Green recorded a triple - double with 12 rebounds , 10 assists , and 10 steals , becoming the first player in NBA history to post a triple - double with fewer than 10 points . On March 2 , 2017 , the Warriors ' streak for most games without back - to - back losses ended at 146 with a 94 -- 87 loss to the Chicago Bulls . The streak eclipsed the previous record of 95 held by the Utah Jazz . The Warriors earned home - court advantage throughout the 2017 playoffs , thanks to a 2016 -- 17 regular season record of 67 -- 15 . They were the first team in NBA playoff history to start 12 -- 0 , defeating in order the Trail Blazers , the Jazz , and the Spurs . The 2017 Finals once again pitted the Warriors against the Cavaliers , becoming the first time in NBA history that two teams met in the Finals for three consecutive years . The Warriors won the championship after going 4 -- 1 in the Finals , and their 16 -- 1 playoff record garnered the best winning percentage (. 941 ) in NBA playoffs history . After the Warriors announced that they were uncertain if they would make the customary visit to the White House by playoff champions , President Donald Trump rescinded his invitation . The team still planned to travel to Washington , D.C. to `` celebrate equality , diversity and inclusion . '' Planned activities include meeting with local youth and a visit to the National Museum of African - American History and Culture . Move from Oakland back to San Francisco In April 2014 , the Warriors began the purchase process for a 12 - acre site in Mission Bay , San Francisco , to hold a new 18,000 - seat arena which is expected to be ready for the 2019 -- 20 NBA season , with construction to begin in early 2016 . The sale was finalized in October 2015 . The location was selected after an original proposal to construct the arena on Piers 30 and 32 , just south of the Bay Bridge , met with vocal opposition due to concerns about traffic , environmental impacts and obstruction of views . The new location , which still faces some vocal opposition in San Francisco , apparently eliminates the need for any voter approval , which would have been required with the original site . Some type of waterfront park is planned across from the projected arena , which will be located at an already - existing Muni T - Third stop . The Central Subway , planned to open in 2018 , may provide a direct connection between the new site and the downtown Powell Street Muni / BART station . The Golden State Warriors may consider a concurrent name change , possibly returning to their former name of San Francisco Warriors , although the team 's recent success has them reconsidering that decision . On January 27 , 2016 , it was announced that the Warriors ' new arena would be called Chase Center as part of an agreement with JPMorgan Chase . Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Main article : Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry Media Television Bob Fitzgerald has done television play - by - play , and former Warrior guard Jim Barnett has done color commentary for the Warriors for more than 15 years , currently on NBC Sports Bay Area , where they telecast more than 70 Warrior games a year . They also host Roundtable Live , a half - hour pre-game show leading up to the broadcast of select Golden State home games . Fitzgerald is in his 20th season as the Warriors ' play - by - play man , while Barnett is in his 32nd season as color man . Greg Papa , Garry St. Jean , and Kelenna Azubuike are also members of the telecast team , specializing in in - game , halftime and post-game analysis , while Kerith Burke serves as the sideline reporter . Radio Tim Roye has done the radio play - by - play for Warrior games since 1995 . He is joined in the booth by former Warriors forward Tom Tolbert for home games only . On August 25 , 2016 , the Warriors announced they were leaving long time station KNBR and all of their games will be broadcast on KGMZ . After each game , Roye , Fitzgerald and Barnett get together for post-game radio analysis and a next - game preview . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Golden State Warriors seasons Home arenas Philadelphia Arena ( 1946 -- 1962 ) Philadelphia Convention Hall ( 1952 -- 1962 ) Cow Palace ( 1962 -- 1964 , 1966 -- 1971 and two games in 1975 NBA Finals ) San Francisco Civic Auditorium ( 1964 -- 1966 ) USF War Memorial Gymnasium ( 1964 -- 1966 ) San Diego Sports Arena ( 1971 -- 1972 -- six games ) San Jose Arena ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Coliseum Arena / The Arena in Oakland / Oracle Arena ( 1966 -- 1967 , 1971 -- 1996 and 1997 -- present ) Chase Center ( 2019 , planned ) Head coaches Main article : List of Golden State Warriors head coaches Players Main article : Golden State Warriors all - time roster Current roster Golden State Warriors roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 4.0 ! F 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Bell , Jordan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 224 lb ( 102 kg ) 1995 - 01 - 07 Oregon 4.0 ! F 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Boucher , Chris ( TW ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1993 - 01 - 11 Oregon 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Cook , Quinn ( TW ) 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 179 lb ( 81 kg ) 1993 -- 03 -- 23 Duke 1.5 ! G 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Curry , Stephen ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1988 - 03 - 14 Davidson 4.0 ! F 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Durant , Kevin 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1988 - 09 - 29 Texas 4.0 ! F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Green , Draymond 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1990 - 03 - 04 Michigan State 2.5 ! G / F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Iguodala , Andre 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1984 - 01 - 28 Arizona 6.0 ! C 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Jones , Damian 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1995 - 06 - 30 Vanderbilt 1.5 ! G 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Livingston , Shaun 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) 1985 - 09 - 11 Peoria Central HS ( IL ) 4.0 ! F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Looney , Kevon 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 - 02 - 06 UCLA 1.5 ! G 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 McCaw , Patrick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1995 - 10 - 25 UNLV 6.0 ! C 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 McGee , JaVale 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1988 - 01 - 19 Nevada 6.0 ! C 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Pachulia , Zaza 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1984 - 02 - 10 Georgia 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Thompson , Klay 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1990 - 02 - 08 Washington State 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 West , David 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1980 - 08 - 29 Xavier 2.5 ! G / F 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Young , Nick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1985 - 06 - 01 Southern California Head coach Steve Kerr Assistant coach ( es ) Mike Brown ( associate HC ) Ron Adams Jarron Collins Chris DeMarco ( player development ) Bruce Fraser ( player development ) Willie Green ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 - 04 - 07 Retained draft rights The Warriors hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee , who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref Retired numbers Golden State Warriors retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Date 13 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain 1959 -- 1965 000000001999 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1999 14 Meschery , Tom Tom Meschery 1961 -- 1967 000000001967 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 1967 16 Attles , Al Al Attles 1960 -- 1971 000000001977 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1977 17 Mullin , Chris Chris Mullin G / F 1985 -- 1997 2000 -- 2001 000000002012 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2012 24 Barry , Rick Rick Barry 1965 -- 1967 1972 -- 1978 000000001988 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1988 42 Thurmond , Nate Nate Thurmond 1963 -- 1974 000000001978 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1978 Notes : Includes Chamberlain 's tenure ( 1959 -- 1962 ) in Philadelphia . Includes Meschery 's tenure ( 1961 -- 1962 ) in Philadelphia . Includes Attles ' tenure ( 1960 -- 1962 ) in Philadelphia . He also served as head coach from 1969 to 1983 . Also general manager from 2004 to 2009 . Meschery , Attles , Barry , Thurmond and Mullin are also members of the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame . Naismith memorial Basketball Hall of Fame members Golden State Warriors Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 17 Andy Phillip G / F 1950 -- 1953 1961 00 Robert Parish 1976 -- 1980 2003 14 Tom Gola F / G 1955 -- 1962 1976 17 Chris Mullin G / F 1985 -- 1997 2000 -- 2001 2011 10 Joe Fulks 1946 -- 1954 1978 41 Jamaal Wilkes 1974 -- 1977 2012 11 Paul Arizin F / G 1950 -- 1962 1978 50 Ralph Sampson C / F 1987 -- 1989 2012 13 Wilt Chamberlain 1959 -- 1965 1978 30 Bernard King 1980 -- 1982 2013 16 Jerry Lucas F / C 1969 -- 1971 1980 25 Guy Rodgers 1958 -- 1966 2014 42 Nate Thurmond F / C 1963 -- 1974 1985 23 Mitch Richmond 1988 -- 1991 2014 24 Rick Barry 1965 -- 1967 1972 -- 1978 13 Šarūnas Marčiulionis 1989 -- 1994 2014 6 Neil Johnston 1951 -- 1959 10 Jo Jo White 1979 -- 1980 2015 Coaches Name Position Tenure Inducted Name Position Tenure Inducted Frank McGuire Coach 1961 -- 1962 1977 Bill Sharman Coach 1966 -- 1968 Alex Hannum Coach 1963 -- 1966 1998 Don Nelson Coach 1988 -- 1995 2006 -- 2010 2012 Contributors Name Position Tenure Inducted Name Position Tenure Inducted Eddie Gottlieb Founder / Owner 1946 -- 1962 1972 Pete Newell Scout 1977 -- 1984 1979 Rick Welts President 2011 -- present 2018 Arizin , Fulks , Gola , Johnston and Phillip played all or most of their tenure with the Warriors in Philadelphia . Rodgers ' tenure was evenly divided between Philadelphia and San Francisco , and Chamberlain 's nearly so . King ( Knicks ) , Lucas ( Knicks ) , Parish ( Celtics ) , Richmond ( Kings ) , Sampson ( University of Virginia and Rockets ) , White ( Celtics ) , and Wilkes ( Lakers ) were elected mostly for their performances with other teams . Marčiulionis played most of his NBA career with Golden State , but his induction is also for his distinguished international career ( Statyba , USSR , and Lithuania ) . Of those elected to the hall primarily as Warriors , only Thurmond , Barry and Mullin spent significant time with the team since the 1971 move to Oakland and the name change to `` Golden State '' . FIBA Hall of Famers Golden State Warriors Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 13 Šarūnas Marčiulionis 1989 -- 1994 2015 Statistical leaders and awards Franchise leaders Career leaders Category Player Statistics Games played Chris Mullin 807 Points Wilt Chamberlain 17,783 Rebounds Nate Thurmond 12,771 Assists Guy Rodgers 4,855 Steals Chris Mullin 1,360 Blocks Adonal Foyle 1,140 Field goals Wilt Chamberlain 7,216 FG percentage Andris Biedriņš . 594 3P FGs Stephen Curry 1,917 3P FG Percentage Anthony Morrow . 460 Free throws Paul Arizin 5,010 FT percentage Stephen Curry . 902 Points per game Wilt Chamberlain 41.5 Rebounds per game Wilt Chamberlain 25.1 Assists per game Tim Hardaway 9.3 Steals per game Rick Barry 2.3 Blocks per game Manute Bol 3.7 Individual awards Most Valuable Player Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 Stephen Curry -- 2015 , 2016 NBA Finals MVP Rick Barry -- 1975 Andre Iguodala -- 2015 Kevin Durant -- 2017 NBA Scoring Champion Joe Fulks -- 1947 Paul Arizin -- 1952 , 1957 Neil Johnston -- 1953 -- 1955 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 -- 1964 Rick Barry -- 1967 Stephen Curry -- 2016 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Draymond Green -- 2017 NBA Rookie of the Year Woody Sauldsberry -- 1958 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 Rick Barry -- 1966 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1975 Mitch Richmond -- 1989 Chris Webber -- 1994 NBA Most Improved Player of the Year Gilbert Arenas -- 2003 Monta Ellis -- 2007 NBA Executive of the Year Dick Vertlieb -- 1975 Bob Myers - 2015 , 2017 NBA Coach of the Year Alex Hannum -- 1964 Don Nelson -- 1992 Steve Kerr -- 2016 NBA Sportsmanship Award Stephen Curry -- 2011 NBA Community Assist Award Stephen Curry -- 2014 All - NBA First Team Joe Fulks -- 1947 -- 1949 Howie Dallmar -- 1948 Paul Arizin -- 1952 , 1956 , 1957 Neil Johnston -- 1953 -- 1956 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 -- 1962 , 1964 Rick Barry -- 1966 , 1967 , 1974 -- 1976 Chris Mullin -- 1992 Latrell Sprewell -- 1994 Stephen Curry -- 2015 , 2016 All - NBA Second Team Joe Fulks -- 1951 Andy Phillip -- 1952 , 1953 Jack George -- 1956 Neil Johnston -- 1957 Tom Gola -- 1958 Paul Arizin -- 1959 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1963 Rick Barry -- 1973 Phil Smith -- 1976 Bernard King -- 1982 Chris Mullin -- 1989 , 1991 Tim Hardaway -- 1992 Stephen Curry -- 2014 , 2017 Draymond Green -- 2016 Kevin Durant -- 2017 All - NBA Third Team Chris Mullin -- 1990 Tim Hardaway -- 1993 David Lee -- 2013 Klay Thompson -- 2015 , 2016 Draymond Green -- 2017 NBA All - Defensive First Team Nate Thurmond -- 1969 , 1971 Andre Iguodala -- 2014 Draymond Green -- 2015 -- 2017 NBA All - Defensive Second Team Rudy LaRusso -- 1969 Nate Thurmond -- 1972 -- 1974 Phil Smith -- 1976 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1976 , 1977 E.C. Coleman -- 1978 Latrell Sprewell -- 1994 Andrew Bogut -- 2015 NBA All - Rookie First Team Nate Thurmond -- 1964 Fred Hetzel -- 1966 Rick Barry -- 1966 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1975 Gus Williams -- 1976 Joe Barry Carroll -- 1981 Larry Smith -- 1981 Mitch Richmond -- 1989 Tim Hardaway -- 1990 Billy Owens -- 1992 Chris Webber -- 1994 Joe Smith -- 1996 Marc Jackson -- 2001 Jason Richardson -- 2002 Stephen Curry -- 2010 Klay Thompson -- 2012 Harrison Barnes -- 2013 NBA All - Rookie Second Team Latrell Sprewell -- 1993 Donyell Marshall -- 1995 Antawn Jamison -- 1999 NBA All - Star Weekend NBA All - Star selections Paul Arizin -- 1951 , 1952 , 1955 -- 1962 Joe Fulks -- 1951 , 1952 Andy Phillip -- 1951 , 1952 Neil Johnston -- 1953 -- 1958 Jack George - 1956 , 1957 Woody Sauldsberry -- 1959 Tom Gola -- 1960 -- 1962 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 -- 1965 Tom Meschery -- 1963 Guy Rodgers -- 1963 , 1964 , 1966 Nate Thurmond -- 1965 -- 1968 , 1970 , 1973 , 1974 Rick Barry -- 1966 , 1967 , 1973 -- 1978 Jim King - 1968 Clyde Lee - 1968 Rudy LaRusso -- 1968 , 1969 Jeff Mullins -- 1969 -- 1971 Jerry Lucas -- 1971 Cazzie Russell -- 1972 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1976 Phil Smith -- 1976 , 1977 Bernard King - 1982 Sleepy Floyd -- 1987 Joe Barry Carroll -- 1987 Chris Mullin -- 1989 -- 1993 Tim Hardaway -- 1991 -- 1993 Latrell Sprewell -- 1994 , 1995 , 1997 David Lee -- 2013 Stephen Curry -- 2014 -- 2018 Klay Thompson -- 2015 -- 2018 Draymond Green -- 2016 -- 2018 Kevin Durant -- 2017 , 2018 NBA All - Star Game head coach Alex Hannum -- 1965 Bill Sharman -- 1968 Al Attles -- 1975 , 1976 Don Nelson -- 1992 Steve Kerr -- 2015 , 2017 NBA All - Star Game MVP Paul Arizin -- 1952 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 Rick Barry -- 1967 Slam Dunk Contest Jason Richardson -- 2002 , 2003 Three - Point Contest Stephen Curry -- 2015 Klay Thompson -- 2016 Notes Jump up ^ Philadelphia was 1947 league championship finalist -- and won the inaugural 1947 BAA Finals -- not as Eastern champion but as winner of the runners - up bracket . The Eastern and Western champions met in one best - of - seven semifinal series while four runners - up played best - of - three series to determine the other league finalist . The Warriors were second in the East , won the runners - up bracket , and defeated the Western champion Chicago . Next year the Baltimore Bullets won the runners - up bracket and defeated the Eastern champion Warriors in the 1948 BAA Finals . `` 1946 -- 47 BAA Season Summary '' . `` 1947 -- 48 BAA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : After three seasons the eastern BAA merged with the older , midwestern National Basketball League ( NBL ) to create the NBA prior to the 1949 -- 50 season . The NBA recognizes BAA history as the first stage of its own and begins its list of champions with the 1947 Warriors . `` NBA Season Recaps '' . NBA History ( nba.com/history ) . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : California made `` The Golden State '' its official state nickname in 1968 . `` California State Symbols '' . California State Library . May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . References ^ Jump up to : Sherwood Strauss , Ethan ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` To make splash , Dubs must break up duo '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Kale ; Lyons , Jenna ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Warriors fans delirious after basking in historic night '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors All - Time Yearly Results '' ( PDF ) . Golden State Warriors 2017 -- 18 Media Guide . NBA Properties , Inc . October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017 -- 18 . National Basketball Association . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Golden State Warriors seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Unveil New Logo , Color Scheme And Branding Elements '' . NBA.com/Warriors . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . June 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . The colors of the new logos and branding elements are Warriors Royal Blue and California Golden Yellow . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Reproduction Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors and Rakuten Form Jersey Partnership '' . NBA.com/Warriors ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mli45fhhid/3-golden-state-warriors/#2cad73613c68 ^ Jump up to : `` Behind The Name -- Warriors '' . National Basketball Association . May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia . Villard Books . 1994 . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43293 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia , . Villard Books . 1994 . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43293 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Name -- Warriors '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chamberlain scores 100 in 1962 game versus Knicks '' . National Basketball Association . March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Barry Bio '' . National Basketball Association . May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors 2014 - 15 Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . National Basketball Association . October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fainaru - Wada , Mark ( February 10 , 2002 ) . `` The man who owns the Warriors / Cohan 's rocky reign / An era marked by lost games , lost fans and endless litigation '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Pacers make 8 - player trade with Warriors '' . Indiana Pacers . January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warriors @ Trail Blazers Recap On April 18 , the Warriors clinched their first playoff berth since 1994 with a resounding 120 -- 98 win in the regular season finale at Portland . Jump up ^ Thompson , Marcus , II ( April 27 , 2007 ) . `` Warriors fan is behind ' We Believe ' campaign '' . Contra Costa Times . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Baron Davis Player Card '' . ESPN . April 13 , 1979 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Riley Q + A : Getting to Know GState 's GM '' . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Limp to Victory Is Fitting Finish '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Lacob , Guber have deal to buy Warriors '' . Associated Press . July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Lacob on the New Era Warriors : `` Something very special is happening already '' Talking Points `` . Blogs.mercurynews.com . November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kawakami , Tim ( February 27 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking news : Warriors buy out Troy Murphy ( and why it 's a wise move ) '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Murphy had to be waived before Tuesday to remain eligible for a playoff roster on a new team . CLARIFICATION : There is a later deadline for signing with a new team . Jump up ^ `` Warriors , Murphy reach buyout agreement '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ANTONIO GONZALEZ , AP Sports Writer Apr 27 , 6 : 19 pm EDT . `` Warriors promise change , cut ties with coach Smart -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Warriors Name Mark Jackson Head Coach '' . Golden State Warriors . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors head to Denver lacking playoff experience '' . NBA . April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Splash Brothers Take On the World '' . Golden State Warriors . October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of Stephen Curry 's and Klay Thompson 's ' Splash Brothers ' nickname '' . Yahoo ! Sports . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors get guard Nemanja Nedovic with 30th pick in draft '' . mercurynews.com . Jump up ^ Tafur , Vic ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Warriors Make Trade Agree to Deal with Iguodala '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Antonio ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` AP Source : Warriors to sign Marreese Speights '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Report : Jermaine O'Neal , Toney Douglas to Sign with Warriors '' . CBS Sports.com . Jump up ^ `` B&H Basketball Player Ognjen Kuzmić is the New Player of the Golden State Warriors '' . Sarajevo Times . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors closing in on being a defensive power '' . mercurynews.com . Jump up ^ JayPatt . `` Bosnian center Ognjen Kuzmic signs with Warriors , according to report '' . SBNation.com . Vox Media . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics trade Jordan Crawford , MarShon Brooks to Golden State Warriors '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Warriors acquire Steve Blake from Lakers '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 - 14 Top Games : Part 1 '' . Golden State Warriors . May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bleacher Report Milestones . `` Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson Each Make Three - Pointer in 30 Consecutive Games '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Assistant Scalabrine reassigned after clash with Jackson '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors coach Mark Jackson forces reassignment of assistant Brian Scalabrine '' . Yahoo ! Sports . March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Darren Erman fired from Warriors for secret recordings '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' players fully support their coach '' . SFGate . Jump up ^ `` Mark Jackson fired by Golden State Warriors '' . Golden State Warriors . Jump up ^ Zach Buckley . `` Golden State Warriors Firing Mark Jackson Would Be Massive Mistake '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Relieve Head Coach Mark Jackson of His Duties '' . Golden State Warriors . May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Kerr accepts reported five - year , $25 M offer from Warriors '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Franchise Index '' . Basketball Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors 105 - 97 Cleveland Cavaliers : LeBron James loses in NBA Finals for the fourth time as Warriors win first championship in 40 years '' . Daily Mail . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Make History With 16th `` Straight Win '' `` . New York Times . November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best NBA starts '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Road Win Streaks '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Over '' . NBA.com . December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Home Win Streaks '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Individual Regular Season Records for 3 - Point Field Goals '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies vs. Warriors - Game Recap - April 13 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com. April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named 2015 - 16 Kia NBA Most Valuable Player '' . Warriors.com . May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Advance to Second Consecutive NBA Finals -- Golden State Warriors '' . Jump up ^ `` Game 6 of the NBA Finals as it happened '' . Jump up ^ Gallo , D.J. ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers beat Golden State Warriors : NBA finals Game 7 -- as it happened '' . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant to sign with Warriors '' . ESPN . July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Sign Free Agent Forward Kevin Durant '' . Golden State Warriors . July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Durant Effect : Warriors heavy 2017 favourites '' . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry hits NBA - record 13 3 - pointers '' . Golden State Warriors . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson Pours In 60 Points , in Just 29 Minutes '' . New York Times . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Four all - stars ? ! ? Warriors join rare NBA company '' . Mercury News . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Draymond Green records one - of - a-kind triple - double with rebounds , assists and steals '' . NBA . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' historic streak snapped with loss to Bulls '' . SFGATE . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Purdy : Put a pause on the dynasty talk -- and just enjoy this Warriors title '' . Mercury News . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Javier . `` Trump takes on Stephen Curry and Colin Kaepernick -- and the sports world hits back '' . www.cnbc.com . CNBC.com . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Golden State Warriors to swap White House visit for trip to African - American History museum '' . TheHill . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors shift arena plans to Mission Bay '' . SFGate . Jump up ^ `` New San Francisco Golden State Warriors arena Chase Center '' . KRON4 . Jump up ^ Diamond Leung ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors expect to break ground on new San Francisco arena in 2016 '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . The Warriors are hoping to break ground on their new arena project shortly after the start of 2016 and have the venue completed in July or August 2018 , team president Rick Welts said Tuesday . Jump up ^ `` Warriors formally purchase Mission Bay site '' . SFGate . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knight Perrigan , Heather ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Golden State Warriors owners make a risky play '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Board gives Warriors ' arena initial green light '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Golden State Warriors consider name change '' . NBC sports . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ibarrola , Khristian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` NBA : Warriors exec says ' no final decision ' on ' San Francisco ' name change '' . Inquirer.net . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Future Warriors arena to be named Chase Center '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Fitzgerald '' . Golden State Warriors . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Saracevic , Al ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Warriors drop KNBR , head to 95.7 The Game '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dineen , J.K. `` Warriors arena to be named Chase Center -- bank buys naming rights '' . SFGate.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` Hanging From the Rafters '' . NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Mullin 's No. 17 jersey retired by Warriors in halftime ceremony '' , March 19 , 2012 External links National Basketball Association portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden State Warriors . 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-3483502258532680853	Korean drama	Korean drama - wikipedia Korean drama Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) MBC Dramia , a filming site where historical dramas for Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation are produced You may need rendering support to display the Korean text in this article correctly . Korean drama ( Hangul : 한국 드라마 ; RR : hanguk drama ) or K - drama refers to televised dramas ( Hangul : 드라마 ; RR : deurama ) in the Korean language , made in South Korea . Korean Dramas are extremely popular worldwide , partially due to the spread of the Korean Wave , with streaming services that offer multiple language subtitles . Some of the most famous dramas have been broadcast via traditional television channels ; for example , Dae Jang Geum ( 2003 ) was sold to 91 countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Sageuk 1.2 Contemporary 2 History 3 Production 3.1 Shooting 4 Crew 4.1 Actors 4.2 Scriptwriters and directors 5 Music 6 Rating system 7 Reception 7.1 International reception 7.1. 1 Asia 7.1. 2 North America 7.1. 3 Latin America and Arab Markets 8 Viewership ratings 8.1 List of highest - rated Korean dramas in public broadcast 8.2 List of highest - rated Korean dramas in cable television 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Format ( edit ) South Korea started to broadcast television series in the 1960s . In the 1990s traditional historical series transformed into present miniseries format , creating the notion of fusion sageuks . Korean dramas are usually helmed by one director and written by one screenwriter , thus having a distinct directing style and language , unlike American television series , where often several directors and writers work together . Series set in contemporary times usually run for one season , for 12 − 24 episodes of 60 minutes each . Historical series may be longer , with 50 to 200 episodes , but they also run for only one season . The broadcast time for dramas is 22 : 00 to 23 : 00 , with episodes on two consecutive nights : Mondays and Tuesdays , Wednesdays and Thursdays , and weekends . Different dramas appear on each of the nationwide networks , Seoul Broadcasting System ( SBS ) , Korean Broadcasting System ( KBS ) , Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation ( MBC ) and on the cable channels , Joongang Tongyang Broadcasting Company ( jTBC ) , Channel A , tvN , and Orion Cinema Network ( OCN ) . The 19 : 00 to 20 : 00 evening time slot is usually for daily dramas that run from Monday through Friday . Dramas in these slots are in the telenovela format , rarely running over 200 episodes . Unlike the American soap operas , these daily dramas are not also scheduled during the day - time . Instead , the day - time schedule often includes reruns of the flagship dramas . The night - time dailies can achieve very high ratings . For example , the evening series Temptation of Wife peaked at 40.6 % , according to TNS Korea . Korean dramas are usually shot within a very tight schedule , often a few hours before actual broadcast . Screenplays are flexible and may change anytime during production , depending on viewers ' feedback , putting actors in a difficult position . Production companies often face financial issues . Sageuk ( edit ) Main article : Sageuk Sageuk refers to any Korean television or film drama that is either based on historical figures , incorporates historical events , or uses a historical backdrop . While technically the word sageuk literally translates to `` historical drama , '' the term is typically reserved for dramas taking place during Korean history . Popular subjects of sageuks have traditionally included famous battles , royalty , famous military leaders and political intrigues . Since the mid-2000s sageuks have achieved major success outside of Korea . Sageuks including Dae Jang Geum ( aka Jewel in the Palace ) , Yi San , and Jumong enjoyed strong ratings and high satisfaction ratings in countries such Vietnam , Uzbekistan , Kazakhstan , Fiji and Iran . Jumong , which aired on IRIB ( Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting ) in 2008 had 85 % viewership . Contemporary ( edit ) Often centered on a love story , series set in contemporary times put family ties and relationships in the focus . Characters are mostly idealised , with Korean male protagonists described as handsome , intelligent , emotional and in search of `` one true love '' . This has also been a contributing factor to the popularity of Korean dramas among women , as the image of Korean men became different from that of other Asian men . History ( edit ) Actress Lee Young - ae played the titular Dae Jang Geum in the series of the same name . Radio broadcasting , including the broadcasting of radio dramas in Korea , began in 1927 under Japanese rule , with most programming in Japanese and around 30 % in Korean . After the Korean War , radio dramas such as Cheongsilhongsil ( 1954 ) reflected the country 's mood . Television broadcasting began in 1956 with the launch of an experimental station , HLKZ - TV , which was shut down a few years later due to a fire . The first national television channel was Korean Broadcasting System ( KBS ) , which started up in 1961 . The first Korean television film was a 15 - minute piece titled The Gate of Heaven ( 천국 의 문 , Cheongugui mun ) , on HLKZ - TV . The first television series was aired by KBS in 1962 . Their commercial competitor , ( Tongyang Broadcasting ) ) ( TBC ) , had a more aggressive program policy and aired controversial dramas as well . The first historical TV series aired was Gukto manri ( 국토 만리 ) , directed by Kim Jae - hyeong ( 김재형 ) , depicting the Goryeo era . In the 1960s , television sets were of limited availability , thus dramas could not reach a larger audience . In the 1970s , television sets started to spread among the general population , and dramas switched from portraying dramatic historical figures to introducing national heroes like Lee Sun - shin or Sejong the Great . Contemporary series dealt with personal sufferings , such as Kim Soo - hyun 's influential Stepmother ( 새엄마 , Saeeomma ) , aired by Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation ( MBC ) in 1972 and 1973 . As technology and funding was limited , Korean channels could not make series in resource - heavy genres like action and science fiction ; American and other foreign series were imported instead . The 1980s saw a turn in Korean television , as color TV became available . Modern dramas tried to evoke nostalgia from urban dwellers by depicting rural life . Kim Soo - hyun 's first real commercial success , Love and Ambition ( 사랑과 야망 , Saranggwa yamang ) , aired on MBC in 1987 is regarded as a milestone of Korean television , having recorded a 78 % viewership . `` Streets became quiet at around the airing time of the drama as ' practically everyone in the country ' was at home in front of the TV '' , according to The Korea Times . The most outstanding classical historical series of the era is considered to be 500 Years of Joseon ( 조선 왕조 500 년 , Joseonwangjo 500 nyeon ) , a serial that ran for eight years , consisting of 11 separate series . The serial was produced by Lee Byung - hoon , who later directed one of the biggest international successes of Korean drama , Dae Jang Geum . The 1990s brought another important milestone for Korean television . As technology developed , new opportunities arose , and the beginning of the decade marked the launch of a new commercial channel ; Seoul Broadcasting System ( SBS ) , which facilitated and re-initiated a race for catching viewers ' attention . The first real commercial success among Korean television series was Eyes of Dawn ( 여명 의 눈동자 , Yeomyeongui nundongja ) , aired in 1991 by MBC , starring Chae Shi - ra and Choi Jae - sung . The series led the viewers through turbulent times from the Japanese rule to the Korean War . New channel SBS also produced successful series , one of them being Sandglass in 1995 . Sandglass was a `` trendy drama '' , which the Korean Culture and Information Service considers an important milestone , having changed the way Korean dramas are made by introducing a new format . In this decade , the new miniseries format became widespread , with 12 to 24 episodes . This era marked the start of export for Korean dramas , setting off the Korean Wave . The beginning years of the 2000s gave birth to a new genre , called `` fusion sageuk '' , essentially changing the ways to produce historical series , with successful pieces such as Hur Jun , Damo and Dae Jang Geum . Production ( edit ) Song Joong - ki , of Descendants of the Sun is considered a top star . Korean series were originally produced in house by the television channels themselves , but have been outsourced to independent production companies since the 2000s . In 2012 , as much as 75 % of all K - dramas were produced this way . Competition is fierce among these companies ; out of 156 registered firms , only 34 produced dramas were actually aired in 2012 . The budget of the production is shared between the producing company and the broadcaster , with the broadcasting channel covering around 50 % of expenses usually . If top stars and famous scriptwriters are employed , they may cover even more . The rest of the budget has to be brought in by the production company with the help of sponsors . In the case of product placements , income is shared by the producer and the channel . The channel keeps 100 % of the advertisement income during airtime ; this could amount to ₩ 300 - 400 million . A typical Korean drama may cost as much as ₩ 250 million per episode , and historical dramas cost more than that . For example , Gu Family Book cost ₩ 500 million per episode . Producer Kim Jong - hak spent as much as ₩ 10 billion on Faith , which was considered a commercial failure , resulting in the inability of Kim to pay crew salaries and other overheads . Kim , who had produced successful dramas such as Eyes of Dawn and Sandglass , committed suicide after he was accused of embezzlement . In Korea , much of the budget is spent on the appearance fees of top stars . In some cases , the actors may take up as much as 55 - 65 % of the whole budget , while it is 20 -- 30 % in Japan and roughly 10 % in the United States . Everything else , including salaries of lesser - known actors , extras , and technical staff , location rent and other expenses , have to be covered from the remaining amount . Often , production companies overrun their budgets and can not pay salaries . In 2012 , actors held a demonstration in front of the headquarters of KBS , expressing their concerns . Actors are usually paid after the last episode is aired at the end of the month . In series made by smaller production companies for cable channels , there have been cases where the companies went bankrupt and could not pay their actors and crew , while the channel denied all responsibility , claiming all liability was with the bankrupt production firm . The biggest stars may earn as much as ₩ 100 million per episode . Bae Yong - joon , the star of Winter Sonata reportedly received ₩ 250 million per episode for The Legend in 2007 . Shooting ( edit ) Kim Soo - hyun in costume for the sageuk Moon Embracing the Sun , Soo - hyun is one of the most popular Korean actors . As producing a series involves high expenses , production companies seek to shoot the episodes in the shortest time possible . In contrast to practices elsewhere , the first four episodes of Korean series are usually shot in advance , but the rest are shot continuously as the series is being aired . Scripts are not finished in advance , and may change according to viewer feedback and viewership ratings . These changes may occur a few hours before daily shooting , and the crew might receive only a few ready pages . The production usually works with three camera crews , who work in a rotating manner to speed up filming . Because of unregulated script changes and tight shooting schedules , actors are almost continuously on standby , and have no time to leave the set or sleep properly . The Korean media have a separate word to describe irregular , short sleeps that actors resort to , in often uncomfortable positions , or within the set : jjok - jam ( 쪽잠 ) , or `` side - sleeping '' . Dramas usually air two episodes a week , one after the other , with the following episodes having to be shot within the intervening five days . Some Korean actors have admitted to receiving IV therapy during filming , due to extreme schedules and exhaustion . Production teams originally sent two tapes to the channels ; a primary copy and a backup copy . However , due to the tight filming schedules , a 70 - minute episode might arrive at the broadcasting station on seven separate tapes in ten - minute installments . It happens that while the episode is being broadcast , the crew would be still shooting the last minutes or cutting the rest of the episode . During the airing of the nineteenth episode of Man from the Equator , screens countrywide went black for 10 minutes . Actor Kwon Sang - woo was openly complaining that he was still shooting Queen of Ambition 30 minutes before the last episode began airing . In South Korea , some production teams still do planning and scheduling manually , instead of using dedicated software . From late 2015 onwards due to the popularity of Korean dramas abroad , especially the success of My Love from the Star in China , producers have increasingly been pitching and pre-selling the overseas broadcast and streaming rights of their dramas . This has given production teams the budget to move away form the live shoot basis to one in which the drama is completed before broadcast . In 2016 , dramas such as Descendants of the Sun , Uncontrollably Fond , Moon Lovers : Scarlet Heart Ryeo and Hwarang : The Poet Warrior Youth were all pre-produced before airing . The larger broadcasting companies have their own dedicated shooting locations for historical dramas , with extensive and elaborate sets . MBC 's series are shot at MBC Dramia in Gyeonggi , while KBS dramas utilise the Mungyeongsaejae Studio ( 문경 새재 KBS 촬영장 ) in North Gyeongsang and their studio in Suwon . Crew ( edit ) Actors ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of South Korean actors . The leading actors of Korean dramas have become popular outside of South Korea , due to the Korean Wave . In the 2000s , it became customary to cast popular K - pop idols in dramas . Their critical reception is mixed , however , some of them became successful as actors . Scriptwriters and directors ( edit ) Scriptwriters and directors of Korean dramas are often as well known as actors are . An overwhelming majority of scriptwriters ( 90 % according to the Beijing Metro Reader ) are women , who not only write love stories but action series as well . Compared to Korean cinema , television is more appealing for scriptwriters as contract conditions are better , acknowledgment is greater , and the salary is higher . Famous scriptwriters tend to have a say in their field . The most well - known scriptwriters include the Hong sisters , who wrote popular series such as My Girl , You 're Beautiful and My Girlfriend Is a Nine - Tailed Fox ; Kim Eun - sook , the screenwriter of Lovers in Paris , Secret Garden , The Heirs , Descendants of the Sun and Guardian : The Lonely and Great God ; Lee Kyung - hee , famous for I 'm Sorry , I Love You and The Innocent Man ; male writer Choi Wan - kyu of Midas and Triangle ; Noh Hee - kyung , the author of That Winter , the Wind Blows ; and It 's Okay , That 's Love ; and Park Ji - eun , who wrote My Husband Got a Family and My Love From the Star . Acknowledged TV directors include Lee Byung - hoon , who directed Dae Jang Geum and Yi San ; Kim Jong - hak , the director of Eyes of Dawn , and Sandglass ; and Pyo Min - soo , the director of Full House and Iris II . While scriptwriters are mostly women , directors are usually men . Some female directors rose to prominence , such as Lee Na - jeong ( 이나 정 ) , who directed The Innocent Man , and Lee Yun - jeong ( 이윤정 ) , whose most famous works are The 1st Shop of Coffee Prince and Heart to Heart . The latter director is also the first female television producer employed by Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation ( MBC ) . Music ( edit ) Balladeer Baek Ji - young has been named `` OST Queen '' after providing the songs for several hit dramas such as Secret Garden ( 2010 ) and Love in the Moonlight ( 2016 ) Music plays an important role in Korean dramas . Original soundtracks , abbreviated OST , are explicitly made for each series , and in contrast to American series , fans have a need to buy the soundtrack album of dramas . This trend started in the 1990s , when producers swapped purely instrumental soundtracks for songs performed by popular K - pop singers . Tom Larsen , director of YA Entertainment , a distributor of Korean TV series , thinks that Korean soundtracks are polished enough musically to be considered standalone hits . During the 2000s , it became customary for lead actors to participate in original soundtracks , also partially due to the employment of K - pop stars as actors . Actor Lee Min - ho , and leader of boy band SS501 , Kim Hyun - joong both recorded songs for Boys Over Flowers , while the actors of You 're Beautiful formed a fictional band and held concerts , where they perform the soundtracks live . OST songs of popular K - dramas can also become hits on regular music charts , with good sales of both physical and digital albums . The chart performance of the OST songs usually co-relate to the popularity of the drama . Songs from the OST of Secret Garden for example , had high digital sales and high rankings on music charts . My Destiny , performed by Lyn for My Love from the Star , led music charts in Hong Kong , Taiwan , South Korea , and other Asian countries . It also won the Best OST award at the 2014 Baeksang Arts Awards . The soundtrack album of You 're Beautiful sold 57,000 physical copies . Performers of OST songs for action series Iris held two concerts in Japan in front of an audience of 60,000 people . OST composers usually look for singers who have previously had success in the genre . Songs are written to reflect the mood of the series and their structure . Sometimes performers give their own songs for a series . For example , Baek Ji - young thought her song That Man , originally written for her own album , would fit Secret Garden . There are popular OST singers who are often employed , like Baek Ji - young , Lyn Seung - cheol , and Lee Seung - cheol . Sometimes , foreign singers are invited to perform songs for Korean OST . For instance , Swedish artist Lasse Lindh sang several songs for series like Angel Eyes , Soul Mate , I Need Romance , and Guardian : The Lonely and Great God . Rating System ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Television content rating systems § South Korea . The television rating system is regulated by the Korea Communications Commission , and was implemented in 2000 . According to the system , programs , including Korean dramas , are rated according to the following principles ( ratings irrelevant to dramas are omitted ) : : programs that may be inappropriate for children under 12 , such as mild violence , themes or language . : programs that may be inappropriate for children under 15 . Most dramas and talk shows are rated this way . These programs may include moderate or strong adult themes , language , sexual inference , and violence . : programs intended for adults only . These programs might include adult themes , sexual situations , frequent use of strong language and disturbing scenes of violence . Reception ( edit ) According to a researcher at the University of Vienna , popularity of Korean dramas have their foundation in Confucian values they transmit , which Asian viewers can easily identify with . Respect for elders , filial piety , family - orientedness , and the display of perceived `` Asian moral values '' play an important role in Korean series . YA Entertainment , the American distributor of Korean dramas , believes that part of the attractiveness of these series come from the quality of camera work , scenic locations , and spectacular costumes , which make the `` final product is very stylish and attractive , with arguably some of the highest TV production values in the world . '' Korean series follow their own formula , are innovative and do n't conform to Western television productions . Stephan Lee from Entertainment Weekly called Korean dramas `` fascinating and weirdly comforting '' . Exports of Korean series yielded US $ 37.5 million in 2003 , which was three times higher than the amount reached in 1999 . According to data from Korea Creative Content Agency , in 2013 K - dramas constituted 82 % of the culture content export of South Korea , with an income of $167 million , which is four times more than a decade before . Princess Hours teddy bear exhibition at N Seoul Tower , 2012 A driving force behind the rising popularity is the intense involvement of fans . Because of the live - shooting production of K - dramas , Korean - speaking fans have the opportunity to participate in their creation -- a unique phenomenon in the mass media world . They can influence the content of later shows in the series through complaints and suggestions , which are frequently adopted by the production teams . The global community of non-Korean - speaking fans , on the other hand , is more involved in the consumption aspects : Fans share their opinions through tweets and comments on newsgroups ( for example , the Soompi discussion forum ) as well as reviews and recaps on websites and blogs . However , the impact of their social media activity goes beyond the fan community . It spreads the word about the K - drama genre to social connections like acquaintances , friends and family ( e.g. Facebook friends or followers on Twitter ) and thereby generally raises its popularity . But it also has an effect on the creation of new dramas . It influences the popularity of certain dramas , leading to higher demand for those videos from streaming sites and additional income for broadcasters . When a substantial profit results , it raises not only the prestige of people involved in the production but also provides feedback for production teams and indirectly influences future productions . International reception ( edit ) Asia ( edit ) Won Bin gained wide popularity in 2000 after starring in the television drama Autumn in My Heart and has since gained critical acclaim for his performances in the films Taegukgi , Mother and The Man from Nowhere . Korean dramas have gained popularity in Bangladesh in recent years . Their rising popularity in the country has led to the Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange ( KOFICE ) , an organisation which aims to distribute Korean dramas for free to countries , cooperating with broadcasters to distribute Korean dramas for free in the country . In the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan , Korean dramas and entertainment have gained popularity particularly amongst youth . Prior to interest in Korean entertainment , Bollywood had largely been the most popular form of entertainment in the country . When the Bhutanese film industry launched in the mid-1990s , Bollywood was the only form of influence on the industry . However , in recent years Korean entertainment has made significant inroads in the country and influence the entertainment industry alongside Bollywood . Korean entertainment has managed to influence fashion , and many video shops now sell Korean dramas and movies alongside Bollywood films . The interest in Korean entertainment has also led to controversy with older generations voicing their concern that Korean entertainment will deteriorate Bhutanese culture and traditions . In recent times Korean dramas have experienced growing popularity in Brunei . The growing impact of Korean culture in Brunei led to the hosting of the ninth Korea Forum in the country at Universiti Brunei Darussalam in 2010 . Korean television dramas , movies , music and clothing have had a great impact on the people of Brunei . The first Korean drama to be broadcast in Cambodia was Winter Sonata ; it was , however , Full House that launched the interest in Korean dramas and entertainment in the country . Following the success of Full House , more Korean dramas have been dubbed into the Khmer language . Korean dramas have become popular particularly amongst youth in Cambodia . In China , South Korean programs on Chinese government TV networks accounted for more than all other foreign programs combined in 2006 . Hong Kong has its own channel for airing Korean dramas , TVB J2 , but ATV also airs Korean series in prime - time slots . My Love from the Star received enthusiastic feedback from China . It was viewed 40 billion times on numerous Chinese video sites . The drama also spurred interest about Korea , shown by China 's increased consumption of Korean products such as Chi Maek ( chicken and beer ) and Korean cosmetics . Due to the success of Korean dramas in China , some dramas have been compiled to create feature - length films by combining all episodes into one film . The prodigious popularity of Korean dramas in the country has , on some occasions , been caught in the crossfire over diplomatic issues between China and South Korea . Most notable being the THAAD deployment in South Korea which resulted in the blocking of Korean dramas on streaming services across the country in late February 2017 . Following the block , Chinese TV shows showcasing Chinese culture and other similar content replaced Korean content on TV networks ' prime time schedules in the country . Korean dramas have become popular in India , particularly in Northeast India in states such as Manipur , Assam , Meghalaya , Sikkim , Arunachal Pradesh , Tripura , Mizoram and Nagaland as well as parts of East India and more recently in Tamil Nadu . Hindi films and TV serials were banned in Manipur in 2000 . As a result , local television stations began broadcasting subtitled Korean dramas instead . Many young people in northeast India , West Bengal and Tamil Nadu mimic the hairstyles and clothes of Korean actors and Korean fashion has become very popular in the region . As a part of cultural exchange , Indian Public Broadcaster telecasted Emperor of the Sea and Dae Jang Geum . Korean dramas have aired in the Tamil language in Tamil Nadu on Puthuyugam TV . In Indonesia , Korean dramas have gained popularity and the popular Korean dramas Winter Sonata and Endless Love were aired on Surya Citra Media in 2002 . Some Korean dramas have also been remade into Indonesian versions such as Demi Cinta in 2005 which was a remake of the popular drama Autumn in My Heart and Cinta Sejati , a remake of Stairway to Heaven . RCTI and Indosiar are examples of Indonesian television networks that air Korean dramas . The first Korean drama to gain widespread popularity in Japan was Winter Sonata , which was broadcast on the NHK satellite channel NHK BS2 in 2003 . The program was aired twice in the same year due to high demand from viewers . NHK also hosted a classical concert featuring Winter Sonata 's tunes performed by Korean musicians . Korean dramas boost tourism between Korea and Japan , and is considered a possible way of improving strained relationships between the two countries , as series have become increasingly popular with Japanese viewers . Conversely , the series Iris had several pivotal scenes shot in Akita , Japan , which led to an increase of Korean tourists in that part of Japan . Actor Lee Jong - suk in 2016 , star of Pinocchio , W , and While You Were Sleeping The popularity of Korean dramas and pop culture in Laos has led to many Laotian tourists travelling to South Korea . Korean pop culture has gained popularity in Laos through the Thai TV channels broadcasting Korean dramas and K - pop bands in the country . In Malaysia , Winter Sonata began airing on TV3 in 2003 , which started an interest in Korean pop culture in the country . Dae Jang Geum and Autumn In My Heart were also aired in Malaysia . The popularity of Korean dramas have resulted in a positive reception of Korean expatriates in Malaysia . Korean dramas have become popular in the Maldives especially amongst youth and are broadcast on numerous television networks in the country . In Mongolia , Korean dramas have become popular and are broadcast at prime time . Dae Jang Geum achieved success in the country and was broadcast five times due to this . Autumn in My Heart , Winter Sonata and Stairway to Heaven were other popular dramas . Popularity in Korean dramas has resulted in interest in the learning of the Korean language as well as Mongolians travelling to South Korea . It has also led to increased mutually cooperative relations between Mongolia and South Korea . In Myanmar , the K - drama Autumn in My Heart was broadcast in the country in 2001 , which led to interest in Korean entertainment . When Dae Jang Geum was on air , the drama sparked an interest in Korean cuisine in the country . The rising popularity of Korean dramas and music in Myanmar has led to the Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange ( KOFICE ) distributing Korean dramas in the country for free . Interest for Korean dramas in the Nepal began when Winter Sonata aired on Kantipur Television Network in the mid-2000s . This led to the popularity of other K - dramas such as Boys Over Flowers , Autumn In My Heart , You Are Beautiful and Full House to name a few . Popularity of Korean media products has also led to interest of learning the Korean language and has resulted in the emergence of Korean language tutorials that air on ABC Television in the country . Korean dramas have become popular among Nepali youth and markets are often frequented by teenagers looking to buy the latest dramas . The hairstyles and fashion of Korean actors have influenced the fashion sense of Nepali youth . Fascinated by the lifestyle and food of Korea , restaurants serving Korean cuisine have also been established in the country . Watching films or TV dramas from South Korea is a serious offence in North Korea , punishable by execution , but people still manage to acquire them on CDs and DVDs . Hyeri and Park Bo - gum , stars of Reply 1988 ( tvN , 2016 ) which recorded a peak nationwide audience share of 18.8 % making it the highest rated drama in Korean cable television history In the Philippines , Autumn in My Heart ignited the interest in Korean dramas when it was aired on GMA Network in 2003 . Korean drama frenzy came to its peak point when Lovers In Paris was aired in ABS - CBN in 2004 . GMA Network , ABS - CBN and TV5 regularly air Korean dramas dubbed in the Filipino language . Korean dramas are popular both inside the country and with Filipinos abroad . In Singapore , Prime 12 ( now known as Suria ) originally aired the Korean drama Sandglass on a weekly basis in 1996 and aired Asphalt Man in 1997 . Since 2001 , they are shown on Chinese language channel MediaCorp Channel U daily . The launch of KBS World , ONE TV ASIA , Oh ! K , Channel M and streaming app , Viu in Singapore allows viewers to watch Korean dramas with a variety of subtitles in a matter of hours after the original South Korean telecast . In Sri Lanka , the Independent Television Network aired Full House in 2009 and it proved popular . Dae Jang Geum aired on Rupavahini in 2012 and was dubbed in Sinhala under the title Sujatha Diyani ( සුජාත දියණී ) , meaning `` The Pure , Valuable Daughter '' and received a viewer rate of over 90 % . The Independent Television Network , Rupavahini , TV Derana , Sirasa TV , Swarnavahini and TV1 air Korean dramas dubbed in the Sinhalese language . Streaming service , Iflix also streams many Korean dramas with English and Sinhalese subtitles in the country , some as early as 24 hours after their original Korean broadcast . Additionally , the popularity of Korean pop culture in the country has led to an increasingly warm reception towards Korean people . In Taiwan , interest in Korean dramas began when Star in My Heart aired in 1999 . Since then Korean dramas have become very popular and according to the South Korean mission 120 K - dramas had been broadcast in Taiwan in the first half of 2011 . When Dae Jang Geum was on air in Thailand , Korean food started gaining wide popularity . Due to the lop - sided nature of entertainment exports favoring South Korea , the Thai government requested increased introduction of popular Thai films to South Korean media outlets . This led to the signing of an Agreement of Cultural Cooperation between the two countries in August 2004 . Korean dramas have gained popularity particularly among women and young people in Vietnam . The fashion and hairstyles presented in Korean dramas have become very popular among the youth of the country . North America ( edit ) The Asian American - targeted cable TV channels AZN Television and ImaginAsian aired Korean dramas alongside content from China , Japan , India , Thailand and other parts of Asia . The dramas were aimed at the Asian American community before the channels dissolved in 2008 and 2011 respectively . In November 2008 , Netflix began offering several Korean dramas as part of its video selection . In August 2009 , DramaFever began offering free subtitled video streaming service , with video advertisements , in the United States . As of May 2010 , Korean dramas began airing on a DramaFever channel on Hulu . Singapore - based Viki streams popular Korean dramas across the world including North America , with subtitles in 70 languages . Companies in Asia have also designed streaming services available online and as mobile apps targeted towards overseas Asian communities . `` MobiTV '' created by the Sri Lankan company , Bhasha is a streaming service and mobile app aimed at the Sri Lankan community and streams Korean dramas dubbed in the Sinhalese language alongside other content aired in Sri Lanka . `` Roopa '' , created by the same company , is another service available as a mobile app also aimed at the Sri Lankan community , it too streams Korean dramas dubbed in the Sinhalese language . Chinese company PPTV is another example , a mobile app , `` PPTV 网络电视 HD '' streams Korean dramas aimed at the Chinese community alongside content that is primarily available in Mandarin , Cantonese and Korean but also increasingly in English . Additionally , Korean dramas are available at online DVD retailers . Some Korean dramas , however , are not available for region 1 ( North America ) encoding and NTSC video format . Amazon offers streaming of Winter Sonata for a fee . KBFD - DT in Honolulu , Hawaii broadcasts a majority of Korean dramas on its daily schedule , as well as offering the programs on sale at its website and on demand through its K - Life channel on Oceanic Time Warner Cable . Another Honolulu outlet , KFVE devotes three hours of its Sunday afternoon schedule to Korean dramas . KTSF , a channel aimed at the Asian American community in San Francisco , California airs Korean dramas as part of its schedule alongside content in Mandarin , Tagalog , Hindi , Korean , Vietnamese , Japanese , Taiwanese and Cantonese . Latin America and Arab markets ( edit ) The popularity of K - drama outside of Asia in Latin America and Arab area countries around the world is made possible through satellite television and online viewership which is a testament to how proactively people want to access this media . South Korean soap operas are also making headway in these markets . In the MENA region , K - drama airs on several channels , including : MBC 4 , MBC Drama , Lana TV , Programme National and A3 . Viewership ratings ( edit ) Viewership ratings are provided by two companies in South Korea , AGB Nielsen Media Research and TNmS . Originally Media Service Korea was the only company providing such information , and it was later acquired by Nielsen Media Research . In 1999 TNS Media Korea also began such service , and later changed its name to TNmS . AGB collects viewership data based on 2050 households , while TNmS has 2000 households with measuring devices . Drama ratings usually vary between the two companies by 2 - 3 % . List of highest - rated Korean dramas in public broadcast ( edit ) See also : List of South Korean dramas The list was compiled from data by AGB Nielsen Media Research , based on the episode of the highest viewership since 1992 , when AGB Nielsen entered the Korean market . Chae Shi - ra , the leading actress of Eyes of Dawn # Drama Channel Highest Nationwide AGB Nielsen Rating Final Episode Date Ref . You and I MBC 66.9 % 26 April 1998 First Love KBS2 65.8 % 20 April 1997 What is Love MBC 64.9 % 31 May 1992 Sandglass SBS 64.5 % 16 February 1995 5 Hur Jun MBC 63.5 % 27 June 2000 6 A Sunny Place of the Young KBS2 62.7 % 12 November 1995 7 Sons and Daughters MBC 61.1 % 9 May 1993 8 Taejo Wang Geon KBS1 60.2 % 24 February 2002 9 Eyes of Dawn MBC 58.4 % 6 February 1992 10 Dae Jang Geum 57.8 % 23 March 2004 11 See and See Again 57.3 % 2 April 1999 12 Truth 56.5 % 24 February 2000 13 Lovers in Paris SBS 56.3 % 15 August 2004 14 Jealousy MBC 56.1 % 21 July 1992 15 Blowing of the Wind KBS2 55.8 % 29 March 1996 16 Men of the Bath House 53.4 % 1 September 1996 17 Gook Hee MBC 53.1 % 16 November 1999 Trap of Youth SBS 53.1 % 15 April 1999 19 Tomato 52.7 % 10 June 1999 20 MBC 52.2 % 30 August 1994 21 Season of the Storm 52.1 % 30 December 1993 22 Jumong 51.9 % 6 March 2007 23 Rustic Period SBS 51.8 % 30 September 2003 24 My Mother 's Sea MBC 51.6 % 26 December 1993 25 Legend of Ambition KBS2 50.2 % 25 October 1998 26 Ladies of the Palace SBS 49.9 % 22 July 2002 27 My Son 's Woman MBC 49.7 % 13 April 1995 28 Tears of the Dragon KBS1 49.6 % 31 May 1998 29 Star in My Heart MBC 49.3 % 29 April 1997 Bread , Love and Dreams KBS2 49.3 % 16 September 2010 31 My Lovely Sam Soon MBC 49.1 % 21 July 2005 32 Ambition 49.0 % 13 October 1994 33 The Moon of Seoul 48.7 % 16 October 1994 34 The Last Match 48.6 % 22 February 1994 My Too Perfect Sons KBS2 48.6 % 11 October 2009 36 All About Eve MBC 48.3 % 6 July 2000 37 How is Your Husband ? SBS 48.2 % 19 October 1993 38 Cinderella MBC 48.0 % 13 July 1997 39 Miss Mermaid 47.9 % 27 June 2003 40 All In SBS 47.7 % 3 April 2003 41 Seoyoung , My Daughter KBS2 47.6 % 3 March 2013 42 Until We Can Love 47.1 % 28 February 1997 Brilliant Legacy SBS 47.1 % 26 July 2009 44 My Rosy Life KBS2 47.0 % 10 November 2005 45 Pilot MBC 46.2 % 2 November 1993 46 Autumn in My Heart KBS2 46.1 % 7 November 2000 47 Daughters of a Rich Family 45.9 % 30 April 1995 48 My Husband Got a Family 45.3 % 9 September 2012 49 Famous Princesses 44.4 % 31 December 2006 50 What Happens to My Family ? 43.3 % 15 February 2015 List of highest - rated Korean dramas in cable television ( edit ) Jung Eun - ji , star of the hit drama Reply 1997 The following dramas air on a cable channel / pay TV which normally has a relatively smaller audience compared to free - to - air TV / public broadcasters ( KBS , SBS , MBC & EBS ) . # Drama Channel Highest Nationwide AGB Nielsen Rating Final Episode Date Ref . Reply 1988 tvN 18.803 % 16 January 2016 Guardian : The Lonely and Great God 18.680 % 21 January 2017 Signal 12.544 % 12 March 2016 Woman of Dignity JTBC 12.065 % 19 August 2017 5 Reply 1994 tvN 11.509 % 28 December 2013 6 Childless Comfort JTBC 10.715 % 17 March 2013 7 Another Miss Oh tvN 9.991 % 28 June 2016 8 Strong Woman Do Bong - soon JTBC 9.668 % 15 April 2017 9 Misaeng tvN 8.240 % 20 December 2014 10 Dear My Friends 8.087 % 2 July 2016 11 Oh My Ghostess 7.337 % 22 August 2015 12 Twenty Again 7.233 % 17 October 2015 13 Cheese in the Trap 7.102 % 1 March 2016 14 Live Up to Your Name 6.907 % 1 October 2017 15 The K2 6.636 % 12 November 2016 16 Stranger 6.568 % 30 July 2017 17 Tunnel OCN 6.490 % 21 May 2017 18 The Good Wife tvN 6.232 % 27 August 2016 19 Reply 1997 6.120 % 18 September 2012 20 Voice OCN 5.406 % 12 March 2017 21 Secret Love Affair JTBC 5.372 % 13 May 2014 22 Avengers Social Club tvN 5.283 % ( currently airing ) 23 Emergency Couple 5.083 % 5 April 2014 24 Drinking Solo 5.020 % 25 October 2016 See also ( edit ) South Korea portal Television portal List of South Korean television series List of South Korean broadcasting networks Korean animation Webtoon References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chosun Ilbo 2007 . 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Jump up ^ `` Cosmetics ' Hallyu from My Love from the Star '' . The Korea Herald Economy. 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/thaad-row-china-blocks-streaming-of-korean-dramas Jump up ^ http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/english/news/industry/17875-hallyu-subsiding-china-china-becoming-increasingly-protective-culture-industry Jump up ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/seoul-curry-for-north-east-shah-rukh-khan-lee-min-ho/1/227460.html Jump up ^ Sunita , Akoijam ( 4 April 2012 ) . `` Korea Comes to Manipur '' . Caravan Magazine . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India 's northeast mesmerized by South Korea '' . Agence France - Presse. 4 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ https://campusdiaries.com/stories/the-ne-fashion-glory Jump up ^ `` KBS Drama `` Emperor of the Sea '' to Air in India `` . Hancinema. 2006 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ramya Kannan . `` Korean serials , the Tamil way '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` The Global Impact of South Korean Popular Culture '' . Jump up ^ `` Korean TV formats : a new Korean wave ? '' . Daehan Drama . Jump up ^ `` Improving Korea - Japan relations is possible : look at the Germany - Poland example '' . 2012 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Surfing the Korean Wave : Drama Tourism , Nationalism , and Gender via Ethnic Eroticisms '' ( PDF ) . Southeast Review of Asian Studies . 31 : 10 -- 38 . 2009 . Jump up ^ Inoue , Chihiro ( 13 April 2009 ) . `` Spy drama pulls S. Koreans to Akita '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ 이해리 ( 4 February 2009 ) . 아리 가 또 ∼ 아이리스 . Donga ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Akita sees huge increase in Korean tourists '' . Japan Probe . 16 January 2010 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lao tourists ride `` Korean wave '' `` . MindaNews . Jump up ^ `` Caught up in a Korean wave '' . The Star . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://news.mofat.go.kr/enewspaper/articleview.php?master=&aid=993&ssid=18&mvid=523 Jump up ^ http://blog.aseankorea.org/archives/11041 Jump up ^ http://thediplomat.com/2016/03/how-korea-is-conquering-myanmar-one-soap-opera-at-a-time/ Jump up ^ https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/02/113_60464.html Jump up ^ Annette Ekin . `` Nepal 's cool kids craving the South Korean cutting edge '' . Jump up ^ `` North Korea ' Publicly Executed 80 People , ' South Korean Paper Reports '' . The Huffington Post . 2013 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Young People Surfing the Korean Wave '' . The DailyNK. 2011 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' Respond 1988 ' writes a new rating history `` telecast end ' '' . Stoo Asaie . Jump up ^ `` January 16 , 2016 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 응답 하라 1988 < 본 > 18.803 % Jump up ^ https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/09/117_51344.html Jump up ^ `` Channel U '' ( in Chinese ) . XINMSN . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Singaporeans get quick access to Korean shows with TV channel Oh ! K '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Korean Culture and Information Service ( KOCIS ) . `` Popular soap ' Daejanggeum ' returns to air after 11 years '' . Jump up ^ `` K Wave in Sri Lanka '' . Wordpress . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Korean Wave is on its way '' . Ceylon Today . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://www.iflix.com/images/media/press/iflix_is_the_destination_for_Korean_content_SEA.pdf Jump up ^ http://m.koreapost.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=4343 Jump up ^ `` The Globalization Reader '' . Jump up ^ `` Korean drama gains popularity in Taiwan '' . HanCinema . Jump up ^ `` Hallyu ( Korean Wave ) in Thailand '' . KOFICE . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Thai Embassy , Seoul > Home > Thailand -- ROK Relations > Bilateral relations '' . Thaiembassy.or.kr . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Integrated Korean '' . Jump up ^ `` Television at Large in South Asia '' . Jump up ^ `` Drama on ImaginAsian TV '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Knock it off : Global treaty against media piracy wo n't work in Asia Jeff Yang , SFGate , 11 November 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.theaureview.com/features/hello-asia-article-the-success-of-k-drama Hello Asia : The success of K - drama , 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Can fans unravel the Babel of the world 's TV dramas ? '' . CNN . 2014 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` MobiTV.lk - Watch Sri Lankan TV shows on Internet '' . Jump up ^ `` Roopa '' . Jump up ^ `` PPTV 网络电视 HD - Android Apps on Google Play '' . PPLive Corporation . Jump up ^ `` PPTV ? ? HD ( ipad ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Winter Sonata '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` TV Stations Showing Korean TV Dramas '' . Jump up ^ `` South Korean TV Ratings : TNmS vs. AGB Nielsen '' . Soompi. 2011 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Nielsen Korea '' ( in Korean ) . AGB Nielsen Korea . Archived from the original on 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 최고의 인기 드라마 , 시청률 1 위 질주 '' . www.imbc.com . 최고의 인기 드라마 , 시청률 1 위 질주 Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reply 1988 Writes Cable Television History '' . Stoo Asaie . Jump up ^ `` January 16 , 2016 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 응답 하라 1988 < 본 > 18.803 % Jump up ^ `` January 21 , 2017 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 쓸쓸 하고 찬란 하신 도깨비 < 본 > 18.680 % Jump up ^ `` March 12 , 2016 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 시그널 < 본 > 12.544 % Jump up ^ `` 종영 ' 품위 녀 ' 12.1 % 로 자체 최고 기록 ... 무서운 뒷심 '' . Star News ( in Korean ) . Jump up ^ `` August 19 , 2017 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( JTBC ) 금토 드라마 ( 품위 있는 그녀 ) 12.065 % Jump up ^ `` December 28 , 2013 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 응답 하라 1994 11.509 % Jump up ^ Kim , Tong - hyung ( 25 February 2013 ) . `` Childless Comfort looks like TV game - changer '' . The Korea Times . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` February 24 , 2013 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( JTBC ) JTBC 특별 기획 드라마 ( 무자식 상팔자 ) 10.715 % Jump up ^ `` June 28 , 2016 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 월화 드라마 ( 또 오해영 < 본 > ) 9.991 % Jump up ^ `` March 25 , 2017 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( JTBC ) 금토 드라마 ( 힘쎈 여자 도봉순 ) 9.668 % Jump up ^ `` December 20 , 2014 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 미생 < 본 > 8.240 % Jump up ^ `` July 1 , 2016 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 2nd ( tvN ) 디어 마이 프렌즈 < 본 > 8.087 % Jump up ^ `` August 22 , 2015 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 금토 드라마 ( 오나 의 귀신 님 < 본 > ) 7.337 % Jump up ^ `` October 17 , 2015 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 금토 드라마 ( 두번째 스무 살 < 본 > ) 7.233 % Jump up ^ `` February 1 , 2016 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 월화 드라마 ( 치즈 인 더 트랩 < 본 > ) 7.102 % Jump up ^ `` October 01 , 2017 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 토일 드라마 ( 명불허전 조선 왕복 메디 활극 < 본 > ) 6.907 % Jump up ^ `` October 8 , 2016 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 더 케이투 < 본 > 6.636 % Jump up ^ `` July 30 , 2017 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 토일 드라마 ( 비밀 의 숲 < 본 > ) 6.568 % Jump up ^ `` May 21 , 2017 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( OCN ) 운명 과 시간 이 교차 하는 곳 터널 < 본 > 6.490 % Jump up ^ `` August 27 , 2016 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 굿 와이프 < 본 > 6.232 % Jump up ^ `` 응답 ' 키스 신 NG 만 16 번 ... 정은지 `` 당하는 입장 이라 가글 만 '' `` . Sports Chosun . ' 응답 하라 1997'은 전국 6.12 % ( AGB 닐슨 미디어 ) 로 자체 최고 시청률 Jump up ^ `` January 21 , 2017 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 3rd ( OCN ) 놓치지 말아야 할 소리 보이스 < 본 > 5.406 % Jump up ^ `` May 13 , 2014 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( JTBC ) 월화 미니 시리즈 ( 밀회 ) 5.372 % Jump up ^ `` October 25 , 2017 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 수목 드라마 ( 부암동 복수 자 들 < 본 > ) 5.283 % Jump up ^ `` April 5 , 2014 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 금토 드라마 ( 응급 남녀 < 본 > ) 5.083 % Jump up ^ `` October 25 , 2016 Nationwide Cable Ratings '' . Nielsen Korea . 1st ( tvN ) 월화 드라마 ( 혼술 남녀 < 본 > ) 5.020 % Bibliography ( edit ) Chosun Ilbo ( 8 January 2007 ) . `` Korean Vs. U.S. Soaps '' . The Chosun Ilbo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . Donga 1 ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` Inconvenient truth of the Korean drama industry '' . The Donga Ilbo . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Donga 2 ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` Interview with senior actors about Korean dramas '' . The Donga Ilbo . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Iwabuchi , Koichi ( 2008 ) . East Asian pop culture : analysing the Korean wave . Hong Kong University Press . Jeon , Won Kyung ( 2013 ) . The ' Korean Wave ' and television drama exports , 1995 -- 2005 ( PDF ) . University of Glasgow . Kim , Ju Young ( 2007 ) . Rethinking Media Flow under Globalisation : Rising Korean Wave and Korean TV and Film Policy Since 1980s ( Dissertation ) . Centre for Cultural Policy Studies , University of Warwick . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Kim , Yang - hee ( 27 July 2013 ) . `` TV producer 's suicide causes troubled industry to reflect '' . The Hankyoreh . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Kim , Yang - hee ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` The unglamorous lives of Korean drama actors '' . The Hankyoreh . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . KOCIS ( 2011 ) . K - Drama : A New TV Genre with Global Appeal ( pdf ) . KOCIS . ISBN 978 - 89 - 7375 - 167 - 9 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 02 . Korea.net ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` Korea 's fusion sageuk '' . Korea.net . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 19 . Larsen , Tom ( 24 April 2008 ) . `` Whetting U.S. appetite for Korean TV dramas '' . The Korea Herald via Hancinema . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . Lee , Yong - cheol ( 24 January 2014 ) . `` The Secret of PERIOD DRAMA '' . KOFIC . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 02 . Lee , Diana ( 2005 ) . `` Winter Sonata Drama fever '' . UNIORB . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . Oh , Youjeong ( 2015 ) . `` The Interactive Nature of Korean TV Dramas : Flexible Texts , Discursive Consumption , and Social Media . '' In Sangjoon Lee and Abe Mark Nornes . Hallyu 2.0 : The Korean Wave in the Age of Social Media . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 07252 - 1 . Robinson , Michael E. ( 1998 ) . `` 16 : Broadcasting in Korea , 1924 -- 1937 : Colonial Modernity and Cultural Hegemony '' . In Sharon A. Minichiello . Japan 's Competing Modernities : Issues in Culture and Democracy , 1900 -- 1930 . University of Hawai'i Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2080 - 0 . Russell , Mark James ( 2012 ) . Pop Goes Korea : Behind the Revolution in Movies , Music , and Internet Culture . Stone Bridge Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61172 - 542 - 1 . Shim , Doobo ( 2011 ) . Waxing The Korean Wave ( pdf ) . Asia Research Institute , National University of Singapore . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Sung , Sang - Yeon ( 4 February 2008 ) . `` The High Tide of the Korean Wave III : Why do Asian fans prefer Korean pop culture ? '' . Korea Herald . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . X ( November 2009 ) . `` 영원한 제국 ( Eternal Empire ) and Chungmuro 's Love - Hate for History '' . Twitch Film . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 02 . X ( 14 May 2007 ) . `` Sageuk , Korea 's 80 Year Long Love for History '' . Yumcha ! . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Television series of South Korea . 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-3317533357546148769	Sons of Liberty	Sons of Liberty - wikipedia Sons of Liberty Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sons of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . 1st row : Samuel Adams Benedict Arnold John Hancock Patrick Henry James Otis , Jr. 2nd row : Paul Revere James Swan Alexander McDougall Benjamin Rush Charles Thomson 3rd row : Joseph Warren Marinus Willett Oliver Wolcott Christopher Gadsden Haym Salomon Not pictured : Hercules Mulligan , Thomas Melvill , Isaac Sears Sons of Liberty Motto No taxation without representation Formation 1765 Dissolved 1776 Type Patriot , paramilitary , political organizations Legal status defunct Location Boston , Province of Massachusetts Bay , New York City , Province of New York , Providence , Rhode Island , Province of Rhode Island , Newport , Rhode Island , Province of New Hampshire , Province of New Jersey , Province of Maryland , Virginia Colony A 1765 broadside , regarding the `` Sons of Liberty '' organizations and their principles Nine stripe Sons of Liberty flag The Sons of Liberty was an organization that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies . The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government . They played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765 . The group officially disbanded after the Stamp Act was repealed . However , the name was applied to other local separatist groups during the years preceding the American Revolution . In the popular imagination , the Sons of Liberty was a formal underground organization with recognized members and leaders . More likely , the name was an underground term for any men resisting new Crown taxes and laws . The well - known label allowed organizers to make or create anonymous summons to a Liberty Tree , `` Liberty Pole '' , or other public meeting - place . Furthermore , a unifying name helped to promote inter-Colonial efforts against Parliament and the Crown 's actions . Their motto became `` No taxation without representation . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 New York 2 Flags 3 Notable Sons of Liberty 4 Later societies 5 Modern references 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 18th Century Sons 8.2 Later groups 9 External links History ( edit ) The Bostonian Paying the Excise - Man , 1774 British propaganda print , referring to the tarring and feathering , of Boston Commissioner of Customs John Malcolm four weeks after the Boston Tea Party . The men also poured hot tea down Malcolm 's throat ; note the noose hanging on the Liberty Tree and the Stamp Act posted upside - down In 1765 , the British government needed money to afford the 10,000 officers and soldiers living in the colonies , and intended that the colonists living there should contribute . The British passed a series of taxes aimed at the colonists , and many of the colonists refused to pay certain taxes ; they argued that they should not be held accountable for taxes which were decided upon without any form of their consent through a representative . This became commonly known as `` No Taxation without Representation . '' Parliament insisted on its right to rule the colonies despite the fact that the colonists had no representative in Parliament . The most incendiary tax was the Stamp Act of 1765 , which caused a firestorm of opposition through legislative resolutions ( starting in the colony of Virginia ) , public demonstrations , threats , and occasional hurtful losses . The organization spread hour by hour , after independent starts in several different colonies . In August 1765 , the group was founded in Boston , Massachusetts . By November 6 , a committee was set up in New York to correspond with other colonies . In December , an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut . January bore witness to a correspondence link between Boston and New York City , and by March , Providence had initiated connections with New York , New Hampshire , and Newport , Rhode Island . March also marked the emergence of Sons of Liberty organizations in New Jersey , Maryland , and Virginia . In Boston , another example of violence could be found in their treatment of local stamp distributor Andrew Oliver . They burned his effigy in the streets . When he did not resign , they escalated to burning down his office building . Even after he resigned , they almost destroyed the whole house of his close associate Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson . It is believed that the Sons of Liberty did this to excite the lower classes and get them actively involved in rebelling against the authorities . Their actions made many of the stamp distributors resign in fear . Early in the American Revolution , the former Sons of Liberty generally joined more formal groups , such as the Committee of Safety . The Sons of Liberty popularized the use of tar and feathering to punish and humiliate offending government officials starting in 1767 . This method was also used against British Loyalists during the American Revolution . This punishment had long been used by sailors to punish their mates . New York ( edit ) In December 1773 , a new group calling itself the Sons of Liberty issued and distributed a declaration in New York City called the Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York , which formally stated that they were opposed to the Tea Act and that anyone who assisted in the execution of the act was `` an enemy to the liberties of America '' and that `` whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions , we will not deal with , or employ , or have any connection with him '' . After the end of the American Revolutionary War , Isaac Sears , Marinus Willet , and John Lamb in New York City revived the Sons of Liberty . In March 1784 , they rallied an enormous crowd that called for the expulsion of any remaining Loyalists from the state starting May 1 . The Sons of Liberty were able to gain enough seats in the New York assembly elections of December 1784 to have passed a set of punitive laws against Loyalists . In violation of the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , they called for the confiscation of the property of Loyalists . Alexander Hamilton defended the Loyalists , citing the supremacy of the treaty . Flags ( edit ) In 1767 , the Sons of Liberty adopted a flag called the rebellious stripes flag with nine vertical stripes , four white and five red . A flag having 13 horizontal red and white stripes was used by Commodore Esek Hopkins ( Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Navy ) and by American merchant ships during the war . This flag was also associated with the Sons of Liberty . Red and white were common colors of the flags , although other color combinations were used , such as green and white or yellow and white . Notable Sons of Liberty ( edit ) Samuel Adams -- political writer , tax collector , cousin of John Adams , fire warden . Founded the Sons Of Liberty , Boston Joseph Allicocke -- One of the leaders of the Sons in New York , and possibly of African ancestry . Benedict Arnold -- businessman , later General in the Continental Army and then the British Army Timothy Bigelow -- blacksmith , Worcester John Brown -- business leader of Providence , Rhode Island John Crane -- carpenter , Colonel in command of the 3rd Continental Artillery Regiment , Braintree Benjamin Edes -- journalist / publisher Boston Gazette , Boston Christopher Gadsden -- merchant , Charleston , South Carolina John Hancock -- merchant , smuggler , fire warden , Boston Patrick Henry -- lawyer , Virginia John Lamb -- trader , New York City Alexander McDougall -- captain of privateers , New York City Hercules Mulligan -- tailor , spy under George Washington for the Continental Army , friend of Alexander Hamilton James Otis -- lawyer , Massachusetts Charles Willson Peale -- portrait painter and saddle maker , Annapolis , Maryland Paul Revere -- silversmith , fire warden , Boston Benjamin Rush -- physician , Philadelphia Isaac Sears -- captain of privateers , New York City Haym Salomon -- financial broker , New York and Philadelphia James Swan -- American patriot and financier , Boston Isaiah Thomas -- printer , Boston then Worcester , first to read Declaration of Independence in Massachusetts Charles Thomson -- tutor , secretary , Philadelphia Joseph Warren -- doctor , soldier , Boston Thomas Young -- doctor , Boston Marinus Willett -- cabinetmaker , soldier , New York Oliver Wolcott -- lawyer , Connecticut Later societies ( edit ) At various times , small secret organizations took the name `` sons of liberty '' . They generally left very few records . The name was also used during the American Civil War . By 1864 , the Copperhead group the Knights of the Golden Circle set up an offshoot called Order of the Sons of Liberty . They both came under federal prosecution in 1864 for treason , especially in Indiana . A radical wing of the Zionist movement launched a boycott in the U.S. against British films in 1948 , in response to British policies in Palestine . It called itself the `` Sons of Liberty . '' Modern references ( edit ) The patriotic spirit of the Sons of Liberty has been used by Walt Disney Pictures through their 1957 film adaptation of Esther Forbes ' novel Johnny Tremain . Within the movie , the Sons of Liberty sing a rousing song titled `` The Liberty Tree '' . This song raises the Liberty Tree to a national icon in a manner similar to the way in which George M. Cohan 's `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' revitalized respect for the American flag in the early twentieth century . In the 1995 alternative history novel The Two Georges , the Sons of Liberty are depicted as a nativist terrorist organisation whose aim is to make the North American Union independent of the British Empire ; their attempts include the theft of the titular portrait for a fifty million pound ransom and two assassination attempts on King - Emperor Charles III . The flag used by the Sons of Liberty and the Independence Party alike is a variation of the North American Jack and Stripes with the Union Jack in the canton being replaced by a bald eagle . The Sons of Liberty are referred to in the 2001 video game Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty . It refers to them in the title , and a group within the game calls itself the Sons of Liberty and models itself after them . In 2015 , a three - part mini-series aired on the History Channel with the same name . The Sons of Liberty are referred to in the 2015 Broadway show Hamilton . In the song `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) , '' the character Hercules Mulligan sings , `` I am runnin ' with the Sons of Liberty and I am lovin ' it . '' In an episode of the Claymation children 's TV show Gumby , entitled `` Son of Liberty '' ( first aired in 1966 ) , Gumby becomes a member of the Sons of Liberty . See also ( edit ) Loyal Nine , precursor to the Sons of Liberty Daughters of Liberty Stamp Act Congress Patriot ( American Revolution ) Sons of Liberty ( miniseries ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Phillips Resch , ed. , Americans at war : society , culture , and the homefront ( MacMillan Reference Library , 2005 ) 1 : 174 - 75 Jump up ^ Alan Axelrod ( 2000 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the American Revolution . Alpha Books . p. 89 . ISBN 9780028633794 . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes , Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies ( 2007 ) 1 : 688 Jump up ^ Frank Lambert ( 2005 ) . James Habersham : loyalty , politics , and commerce in colonial Georgia . U. of Georgia Press . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 2539 - 2 . Jump up ^ John C. Miller , Origins of the American Revolution ( Boston , 1943 ) p. 74 . Jump up ^ John C. Miller , Origins of the American Revolution ( Boston , 1943 ) Jump up ^ Such as by the local judges and Frederick , Maryland . See Thomas John Chew Williams ( 1979 ) . History of Frederick County , Maryland . Genealogical Publishing Co. pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 9780806379739 . Jump up ^ Miller , Origins of the American Revolution pp. 121 , 129 -- 130 Jump up ^ Anger , p. 135 Jump up ^ Benjamin H. Irvin , `` Tar , feathers , and the enemies of American liberties , 1768 - 1776 . '' New England Quarterly ( 2003 ) : 197 - 238 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ T.H. Breen ( 2004 ) . The Marketplace of Revolution : How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence . Oxford UP . p. 446 . ISBN 9780199840113 . Jump up ^ Schecter , pg. 382 Jump up ^ `` Colonial and Revolutionary War Flags ( U.S. ) '' . www.crwflags.com . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Liberty Flags ( U.S. ) '' . www.crwflags.com . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ansoff , Peter ; vexillologie , North American Vexillological Association / Association nord - américaine de ( 1 July 2004 ) . `` The First Navy Jack '' . Raven : A Journal of Vexillology. 11 : 1 -- 60 . doi : 10.5840 / raven2004111 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Donald A. Grinde Jr , `` Joseph Allicocke : African - American Leader of the Sons of Liberty . '' Afro - Americans in New York Life and History 14 #. 2 ( 1990 ) : 61 - 69 . Jump up ^ Dave R. Plamer ( 2010 ) . George Washington and Benedict Arnold : A Tale of Two Patriots . Regnery Publishing . p. 3 . ISBN 9781596981645 . Jump up ^ Ira Stoll ( 2008 ) . Samuel Adams : A Life . Free Press . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 9781416594567 . Jump up ^ David H. Fischer ( 1995 ) . Paul Revere 's ride . Oxford University Press . p. 22 . ISBN 9780195098310 . Jump up ^ Paul Della Valle ( 2009 ) . Massachusetts Troublemakers : Rebels , Reformers , and Radicals from the Bay State . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 57 . ISBN 9780762757954 . Jump up ^ Chris Alexander ( 2010 ) . Two Truths Two Justices . Xulon Press . p. 146 . ISBN 9781612154527 . Jump up ^ Daniel Elbridge Wager ( 1891 ) . Col. Marinus Willett , the Hero of Mohawk Valley . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Baker , pg. 341 Jump up ^ David C. Keehn ( 2013 ) . Knights of the Golden Circle : Secret Empire , Southern Secession , Civil War . Louisiana State UP . p. 173 . ISBN 9780807150047 . Jump up ^ Kerry Segrave ( 2004 ) . Foreign Films in America : A History . McFarland . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8162 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) 18th century Sons ( edit ) Becker , Carl ( 1901 ) , `` Growth of Revolutionary Parties and Methods in New York Province 1765 -- 1774 '' , American Historical Review , 7 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 76 , doi : 10.2307 / 1832532 , ISSN 0002 - 8762 , JSTOR 1832532 Carson , Clayborne , Jake Miller , and James Miller . `` Sons of Liberty . '' in Civil Disobedience : An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States ( 2015 ) : 276 + Champagne , Roger J. ( 1967 ) , `` Liberty Boys and Mechanics of New York City , 1764 -- 1774 '' , Labor History , 8 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 135 , ISSN 0023 - 656X Champagne , Roger J. ( 1964 ) , `` New York 's Radicals and the Coming of Independence '' , Journal of American History , 51 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 40 , doi : 10.2307 / 1917932 , ISSN 0021 - 8723 , JSTOR 1917932 Dawson , Henry Barton . The Sons of Liberty in New York ( 1859 ) 118 pages ; online edition Foner , Philip Sheldon . Labor and the American Revolution ( 1976 ) Westport , CN : Greenwood. 258 pages . Hoffer , Peter Charles ( 2006 ) , Seven Fires : The Urban Infernos The Reshaped America , New York : Public Affairs , ISBN 1 - 58648 - 355 - 2 Irvin , Benjamin H. ( 2003 ) , `` Tar , Feathers , and the Enemies of American Liberties , 1768 -- 1776 '' , New England Quarterly , 76 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 238 , doi : 10.2307 / 1559903 , ISSN 0028 - 4866 , JSTOR 1559903 Labaree , Benjamin Woods . The Boston Tea Party ( 1964 ) . Maier , Pauline ( 1972 ) , From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 , New York : W.W. Norton Maier , Pauline . `` Reason and Revolution : The Radicalism of Dr. Thomas Young , '' American Quarterly Vol. 28 , No. 2 , ( Summer 1976 ) , pp. 229 -- 249 in JSTOR Middlekauff , Robert ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 019531588X Miller , John C. ( 1943 ) , Origins of the American Revolution , Boston : Little , Brown and Company Morais , Herbert M. ( 1939 ) , `` The Sons of Liberty in New York '' , in Morris , Richard B. , The Era of the American Revolution , pp. 269 -- 289 , a Marxist interpretation Nash , Gary B. ( 2005 ) , The Unknown Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America , London : Viking , ISBN 0 - 670 - 03420 - 7 Schecter , Barnet ( 2002 ) , The Battle of New York , New York : Walker , ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1374 - 2 Unger , Harlow ( 2000 ) , John Hancock : Merchant King and American Patriot , Edison , NJ : Castle Books , ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2026 - 4 Walsh , Richard . Charleston 's Sons of Liberty : A Study of the Artisans , 1763 -- 1789 ( 1968 ) Warner , William B. Protocols of Liberty : Communication Innovation and the American Revolution ( University of Chicago Press , 2013 ) Later groups ( edit ) Baker , Jean ( 1983 ) , Affairs of Party : The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century , Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 1513 - 6 Churchill , Robert . `` Liberty , conscription , and a party divided - The Sons of Liberty conspiracy , 1863 - 1864 . '' Prologue - Quarterly of the National Archives 30 # 4 ( 1998 ) : 294 - 303 . Rodgers , Thomas E. `` Copperheads or a Respectable Minority : Current Approaches to the Study of Civil War - Era Democrats . '' Indiana Magazine of History 109 # 2 ( 2013 ) : 114 - 146 . in JSTOR External links ( edit ) The Sons of Liberty , ushistory.org The Sons of Liberty , u-s-history.com Albany Sons of Liberty Constitution Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York , December 15 , 1773 New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St. George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers ( hide ) American Revolutionary War Origins of the American Revolution Philosophy American Enlightenment John Locke Colonial history Liberalism Republicanism Freedom of religion Rights of Englishmen Common Sense Spirit of ' 76 `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Royalists Pitt -- Newcastle ministry Bute ministry Grenville ministry First Rockingham ministry Chatham ministry Grafton ministry North ministry Second Rockingham ministry Shelburne ministry Fox -- North coalition Loyalists Black Loyalist Related British Acts of Parliament Navigation Iron Molasses Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Currency Quartering Stamp Declaratory Townshend Tea Quebec Intolerable Conciliatory Resolution Restraining Proclamation of Rebellion Prohibitory Colonials Stamp Act Congress Declaration of Rights and Grievances Virginia Association Sons of Liberty Patriots Committees of correspondence Committees of safety Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Massachusetts Circular Letter First Continental Congress Continental Association Minutemen Second Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Events French and Indian War Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Boston Massacre Gaspee Affair Hutchinson Letters Affair Boston Tea Party Powder Alarm Combatants Campaigns Theaters Battles Events Colonies Combatants Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Army Navy Marines Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament British Army Royal Navy German allies Colonial allies France army navy Hortalez et Cie Campaigns and theaters Boston Canada New York and New Jersey Saratoga Philadelphia Northern Southern Western Yorktown Naval battles Major battles Lexington and Concord Boston Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Bunker Hill Quebec Valcour Island Long Island Harlem Heights Fort Washington Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Bennington Saratoga Brandywine Germantown Monmouth St. Lucia Grenada Stony Point Sullivan Expedition Savannah Gibraltar Cape St. Vincent Charleston Springfield Camden Kings Mountain Cowpens Guilford Court House Lochry 's Defeat Yorktown Saintes Cuddalore Other events Staten Island Peace Conference `` First Salute '' Washington 's crossing of the Delaware River Conway Cabal Valley Forge Entry of France into war Carlisle Peace Commission Gordon Riots Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 Sint Eustatius Newburgh Conspiracy Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Related conflicts Cherokee -- American wars Fourth Anglo - Dutch War Second Anglo - Mysore War Involvement ( by colony or location ) Rebel colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Virginia Loyal colonies East Florida Nova Scotia Quebec West Florida Leaders British Military Arbuthnot Brant Burgoyne Campbell Carleton Clinton Cornwallis Fraser Gage Graves Richard Howe William Howe Knyphausen Rodney Civilian King George III Amherst Barrington Germain North Rockingham Sandwich Shelburne Colonial Military Washington Alexander Allen Arnold Barry Claghorn Clark Duportail Gates Greene Hamilton Hopkins Jones de Kalb Knox Lafayette Charles Lee Lincoln Mercer Montgomery Nicholson Putnam Rodney St. Clair Schuyler von Steuben Sullivan Ward Wayne Civilian John Adams Samuel Adams Carroll Dickinson Franklin Hancock Hanson Henry Huntington Jay Jefferson Laurens Richard Henry Lee McKean Morris Revere Rush Witherspoon Colonial allies French Louis XVI Beaumarchais d'Estaing de Grasse de Guichen Luzerne de Rochambeau Suffren Vergennes Aftermath Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Constitutional Convention Constitution Bill of Rights The Federalist Papers Shays ' Rebellion Jay Treaty Related topics Categories Related topics Military Prisoners Society of the Cincinnati The Turtle Political Founding Fathers Diplomacy Liberty Tree Yankee Doodle Other topics African Americans Timeline Women Categories Casualties Diplomacy Films Flags Military operations Military personnel Military units and formations Museums Novels Ships Sites Sister projects American Revolutionary War at Wiktionary Source texts at Wikisource Textbooks at Wikibooks Images and media at the Commons Quotations at Wikiquote News stories at Wikinews American Revolutionary War Portal Samuel Adams 4th Governor of Massachusetts , 1794 -- 1797 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1781 First Continental Congress , 1774 Clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives , 1766 -- 1774 United States founding events The Independent Advertiser Boston Caucus 1764 Sugar Act response protests 1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter Probable author , 1768 -- 1769 `` Journal of Occurrences '' Arranged Christopher Seider funeral , 1770 Co-author , 1772 Boston Pamphlet Boston Committee of Correspondence , 1772 Hutchinson Letters Affair Co-inspired and publicized , Boston Tea Party Signed , 1774 Continental Association Massachusetts Provincial Congress Co-author , 1776 Letter to the inhabitants of Canada Signed , United States Declaration of Independence Signed , Articles of Confederation 1788 Massachusetts Compromise Life Early life Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Sons of Liberty 1789 U.S. House election 1796 presidential election Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule Granary Burying Ground Related American republicanism Boston Gazette American Revolution patriots Founding Father Faneuil Hall Old South Meeting House Legacy Samuel Adams ( Whitney ) Adams , Massachusetts Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Family John Adams ( second cousin ) John Hancock 1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts , 1780 -- 1785 , 1787 -- 1793 President , 2nd Continential Congress , 1775 -- 1777 Boston Board of Selectmen , 1766 -- 1775 United States Founding events HMS Liberty confiscation Sons of Liberty Co-inspired , Boston Tea Party 1774 Massacre Day speech President , Massachusetts Provincial Congress Chairman , Massachusetts Committee of Safety Presided over , signed , United States Declaration of Independence signing Dunlap broadside Signed , Articles of Confederation Life Early life Hancock - Clarke House Hancock Manor Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Boston Cadets Co-founder , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 Granary Burying Ground Related American Revolution patriots Founding Father Syng inkstand Legacy USS Hancock , 1775 USS Hancock , 1776 Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) John Hancock Center John Hancock Tower Family Dorothy Quincy ( wife ) John Hancock Jr. ( father ) Thomas Hancock ( uncle ) John Hancock , Sr. ( grandfather ) Edmund Quincy ( father - in - law ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&oldid=829788172 '' Categories : 1765 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies American Revolution National liberation movements New York ( state ) in the American Revolution Patriotic societies Patriots in the American Revolution American secret societies Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 20 : 31 . About Wikipedia	association of the sons of liberty in new york	[]	[]
-7369251266313045959	National Honor Society	National Honor Society - wikipedia National Honor Society This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) National Honor Society Formation 1921 ; 97 years ago ( 1921 ) Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , U.S. Location United States Website www.nhs.us The National Honor Society ( NHS ) is a nationwide organization for high school students in the United States and outlying territories , which consists of many chapters in high schools . Selection is based on four criteria : scholarship ( academic achievement ) , leadership , service , and character . The National Honor Society requires some sort of service to the community , school , or other organizations . The time spent working on these projects contributes towards the monthly service hour requirement . The National Honor Society was founded in 1921 by the National Association of Secondary School Principals . The Alpha chapter of NHS was founded at Fifth Avenue High School by Principal Edward S. Rynearson in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . National Honor Society groups are commonly active in community service activities both in the community and at the school . Many chapters maintain a requirement for participation in such service activities . In addition , NHS chapters typically elect officers , who , under the supervision of the chapter adviser , coordinate and manage the chapter as a student organization . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Membership 3 Motto 4 Scholarship 5 Parent and sister organizations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The National Association of Secondary School Principals ( NASSP ) officially established NHS in 1921 . Though many local and regional honor societies existed prior to 1921 , no nationwide organization had been founded . Under the leadership of Dr. Edward Rynearson , principal of the Fifth Avenue High School in Pittsburgh , the organization grew from the original Alpha Chapter at the Fifth Avenue School to more than 1,000 chapters by 1930 . Equipped with a constitution , an emblem and motto , and a group of dedicated principals as coordinators , the new NHS organization quickly developed into one of the country 's leading educational groups . Four main purposes have guided chapters of NHS from the beginning : 1 . To create enthusiasm for scholarship . 2 . To stimulate a desire to render service . 3 . To promote leadership . 4 . To develop character in the students of secondary school . Membership ( edit ) Over one million students are estimated to participate in the National Honor Society . NHS and NJHS chapters are found in all 50 states , the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , many U.S. territories , and Canada . They can also be found in areas of Asia ; Pakistan has three schools maintaining an active chapter . They further can be found in international and American schools throughout the globe . Motto ( edit ) The NHS motto is noblesse oblige . This is French for `` nobility obligates '' . The Dictionnaire de l'Académie française defines it thus : Whoever claims to be noble must conduct himself nobly . ( Figuratively ) One must act in a fashion that conforms to one 's position , and with the reputation that one has earned . Scholarship ( edit ) Since 1946 , the National Honor Society has given out more than $15 million in scholarship awards . Parent and sister organizations ( edit ) National Association of Secondary School Principals National Junior Honor Society National Elementary Honor Society National Student Council See also ( edit ) Arista -- National Honor Society German National Honor Society French National Honor Society Spanish National Honor Society Mu Alpha Theta National Art Honor Society National Beta Club National Junior Honor Society National Technical Honor Society Quill and Scroll Tri-M References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.nhs.us/AboutUs/tabid/2126/Default.aspx Jump up ^ NASSP . `` History of NJHS and NHS '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` National Honor Society '' . Jump up ^ http://www.nhs.us External links ( edit ) National Honor Society National Junior Honor Society National Elementary Honor Society National Association of Secondary School Principals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Honor_Society&oldid=840623884 '' Categories : 1921 establishments in the United States Student organizations established in 1921 Organizations based in Virginia School terminology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 01 : 55 . About Wikipedia	what are the values of the national honor society	[]	[]
1689496916881541971	Suffrage	Suffrage - wikipedia Suffrage right to vote Not to be confused with Universal suffrage . Suffrage universel dédié à Ledru - Rollin , Frédéric Sorrieu , 1850 Suffrage , political franchise , or simply franchise is the right to vote in public , political elections ( although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote ) . In some languages , and occasionally in English , the right to vote is called active suffrage , as distinct from passive suffrage , which is the right to stand for election . The combination of active and passive suffrage is sometimes called full suffrage . Suffrage is often conceived in terms of elections for representatives . However , suffrage applies equally to referenda and initiatives . Suffrage describes not only the legal right to vote , but also the practical question of whether a question will be put to a vote . The utility of suffrage is reduced when important questions are decided unilaterally without extensive , conscientious , full disclosure and public review . In most democracies , eligible voters can vote in elections of representatives . Voting on issues by referendum may also be available . For example , in Switzerland this is permitted at all levels of government . In the United States , some states such as California and Washington have exercised their shared sovereignty to offer citizens the opportunity to write , propose , and vote on referendums and initiatives ; other states and the federal government have not . Referendums in the United Kingdom are rare . Suffrage is granted to qualifying citizens once they have reached the voting age . What constitutes a qualifying citizen depends on the government 's decision . Resident non-citizens can vote in some countries , which may be restricted to citizens of closely linked countries ( e.g. , Commonwealth citizens and European Union citizens ) or to certain offices or questions . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Types 2.1 Universal suffrage 2.2 Women 's suffrage 2.3 Equal suffrage 2.4 Census suffrage 2.5 Compulsory suffrage 2.6 Business vote 3 Forms of exclusion from suffrage 3.1 Religion 3.2 Wealth , tax class , social class 3.3 Knowledge 3.4 Race 3.5 Age 3.6 Criminality 3.7 Residency 3.8 Nationality 3.9 Naturalization 3.10 Function 4 History around the world 4.1 Australia 4.2 Brazil 4.3 Canada 4.4 European Union 4.5 Finland 4.6 France 4.7 Kingdom of Hawai'i 4.8 Hong Kong 4.9 India 4.10 Ireland 4.11 Isle of Man 4.12 Italy 4.13 Japan 4.14 New Zealand 4.15 Norway 4.16 Poland 4.17 Singapore 4.18 South Africa 4.19 Sweden 4.20 United Kingdom 4.21 United States 4.22 Majority - Muslim countries 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word suffrage comes from Latin suffragium , meaning `` vote '' , `` political support '' , and the right to vote . The etymology of the Latin word is uncertain , with some sources citing Latin suffragari `` lend support , vote for someone '' , from sub `` under '' + fragor `` crash , din , shouts ( as of approval ) '' , related to frangere `` to break '' ( related to fraction and fractious `` quarrelsome '' ) . Other sources say that attempts to connect suffragium with fragor can not be taken seriously . Some etymologists think the word may be related to suffrago and may have originally meant an ankle bone or knuckle bone . Types ( edit ) Universal suffrage ( edit ) Main article : Universal suffrage Universal suffrage consists of the right to vote without restriction due to sex , race , social status , education level , or wealth . It typically does not extend the right to vote to all residents of a region ; distinctions are frequently made in regard to citizenship , age , and occasionally mental capacity or criminal convictions . The short - lived Corsican Republic ( 1755 -- 1769 ) was the first country to grant limited universal suffrage to all citizens over the age of 25 . This was followed by other experiments in the Paris Commune of 1871 and the island republic of Franceville ( 1889 ) . The 1840 constitution of the Kingdom of Hawai'i granted universal suffrage to all male and female adults . In 1893 , when the Kingdom of Hawai'i was overthrown in a coup , New Zealand became the only independent country to practice universal ( active ) suffrage , and the Freedom in the World index lists New Zealand as the only free country in the world in 1893 . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) German election poster from 1919 : Equal rights -- equal duties ! Main article : Women 's suffrage Women 's suffrage is , by definition , the right of women to vote . This was the goal of the suffragists , who believed in using legal means and the suffragettes , who used extremist measures . Short - lived suffrage equity was drafted into provisions of the State of New Jersey 's first , 1776 Constitution , which extended the Right to Vote to unwed female landholders & black land owners . `` IV . That all inhabitants of this Colony , of full age , who are worth fifty pounds proclamation money , clear estate in the same , and have resided within the county in which they claim a vote for twelve months immediately preceding the election , shall be entitled to vote for Representatives in Council and Assembly ; and also for all other public officers , that shall be elected by the people of the county at large . '' New Jersey 1776 However , the document did not specify an Amendment procedure , and the provision was subsequently replaced in 1844 by the adoption of the succeeding constitution , which reverted to `` all white male '' suffrage restrictions . Although the Kingdom of Hawai'i granted female suffrage in 1840 , the right was rescinded in 1852 . Limited voting rights were gained by some women in Sweden , Britain , and some western U.S. states in the 1860s . In 1893 , the British colony of New Zealand became the first self - governing nation to extend the right to vote to all adult women . In 1894 the women of South Australia achieved the right to both vote and stand for Parliament . The autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire was the first nation to allow all women to both vote and run for parliament . Equal suffrage ( edit ) See also : Weighted voting Equal suffrage is sometimes confused with Universal suffrage , although the meaning of the former is the removal of graded votes , wherein a voter could possess a number of votes in accordance with income , wealth or social status . Census suffrage ( edit ) Also known as `` censitary suffrage '' , the opposite of equal suffrage , meaning that the votes cast by those eligible to vote are not equal , but are weighed differently according to the person 's rank in the census ( e.g. , people with higher education have more votes than those with lower education , or a stockholder in a company with more shares has more votes than someone with fewer shares ) . Suffrage may therefore be limited , but can still be universal . Compulsory suffrage ( edit ) Main article : Compulsory suffrage Where compulsory suffrage exists , those who are eligible to vote are required by law to do so . Thirty - two countries currently practise this form of suffrage . Business vote ( edit ) See also : Plural voting In local government in England and some of its ex-colonies , businesses formerly had , and in some places still have , a vote in the urban area in which they paid rates . This is an extension of the historical property - based franchise from natural persons to other legal persons . In the United Kingdom , the Corporation of the City of London has retained and even expanded business vote , following the passing of the City of London ( Ward Elections ) Act 2002 . This has given business interests within the City of London , which is a major financial centre with few residents , the opportunity to apply the accumulated wealth of the corporation to the development of an effective lobby for UK policies . This includes having the City Remembrancer , financed by the City 's Cash , as a Parliamentary agent , provided with a special seat in the House of Commons located in the under - gallery facing the Speaker 's chair . In a leaked document from 2012 , an official report concerning the City 's Cash revealed that the aim of major occasions such as set - piece sumptious banquets featuring national politicians was `` to increase the emphasis on complementing hospitality with business meetings consistent with the City corporation 's role in supporting the City as a financial centre '' . The first issue taken up by the Northern Ireland civil rights movement was the business vote , abolished in 1968 . In the Republic of Ireland , commercial ratepayers can vote in local plebiscites , for changing the name of the locality or street , or delimiting a business improvement district . From 1930 to 1935 , 5 of 35 members of Dublin City Council were `` commercial members '' . In cities in most Australian states , voting is optional for businesses but compulsory for individuals . Forms of exclusion from suffrage ( edit ) Religion ( edit ) In the aftermath of the Reformation it was common in European countries for people of disfavored religious denominations to be denied civil and political rights , often including the right to vote , to stand for election or to sit in parliament . In Great Britain and Ireland , Roman Catholics were denied the right to vote from 1728 to 1793 , and the right to sit in parliament until 1829 . The anti-Catholic policy was justified on the grounds that the loyalty of Catholics supposedly lay with the Pope rather than the national monarch . In England and Ireland , several Acts practically disenfranchised non-Anglicans or non-Protestants by imposing an oath before admission to vote or to stand for office . The 1672 and 1678 Test Acts forbade non-Anglicans to hold public offices , and the 1727 Disenfranchising Act took away Catholics ' voting rights in Ireland , which were restored only in 1788 . Jews could not even be naturalized . An attempt was made to change this situation , but the Jewish Naturalization Act 1753 provoked such reactions that it was repealed the following year . Nonconformists ( Methodists and Presbyterians ) were only allowed to run for election to the British House of Commons starting in 1828 , Catholics in 1829 ( following the Catholic Relief Act 1829 , which extended the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791 ) , and Jews in 1858 ( with the Emancipation of the Jews in England ) . Benjamin Disraeli could only begin his political career in 1837 because he had been converted to Anglicanism at the age of 12 . In several states in the U.S. after the Declaration of Independence , Jews , Quakers or Catholics were denied voting rights and / or forbidden to run for office . The Delaware Constitution of 1776 stated that `` Every person who shall be chosen a member of either house , or appointed to any office or place of trust , before taking his seat , or entering upon the execution of his office , shall ( ... ) also make and subscribe the following declaration , to wit : I , A B. do profess faith in God the Father , and in Jesus Christ His only Son , and in the Holy Ghost , one God , blessed for evermore ; and I do acknowledge the holy scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by divine inspiration . '' This was repealed by article I , section 2 of the 1792 Constitution : `` No religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office , or public trust , under this State '' . The 1778 Constitution of the State of South Carolina stated that `` No person shall be eligible to sit in the house of representatives unless he be of the Protestant religion '' , the 1777 Constitution of the State of Georgia ( art . VI ) that `` The representatives shall be chosen out of the residents in each county ( ... ) and they shall be of the Protestent ( sic ) religion '' . In Maryland , voting rights and eligibility were extended to Jews in 1828 . In Canada , several religious groups ( Mennonites , Hutterites , Doukhobors ) were disenfranchised by the wartime Elections Act of 1917 , mainly because they opposed military service . This disenfranchisement ended with the closure of the First World War , but was renewed for Doukhobors from 1934 ( via the Dominion Elections Act ) to 1955 . The first Constitution of modern Romania in 1866 provided in article 7 that only Christians could become Romanian citizens . Jews native to Romania were declared stateless persons . In 1879 , under pressure from the Berlin Peace Conference , this article was amended , granting non-Christians the right to become Romanian citizens , but naturalization was granted on a case - by - case basis and was subject to Parliamentary approval . An application took over ten years to process . Only in 1923 was a new constitution adopted , whose article 133 extended Romanian citizenship to all Jewish residents and equality of rights to all Romanian citizens . In the Republic of Maldives , only Muslim citizens have voting rights and are eligible for parliamentary elections . Wealth , tax class , social class ( edit ) Until the nineteenth century , many Western proto - democracies had property qualifications in their electoral laws ; e.g. only landowners could vote ( because the only tax for such countries was the property tax ) , or the voting rights were weighted according to the amount of taxes paid ( as in the Prussian three - class franchise ) . Most countries abolished the property qualification for national elections in the late nineteenth century , but retained it for local government elections for several decades . Today these laws have largely been abolished , although the homeless may not be able to register because they lack regular addresses . In the United Kingdom , until the House of Lords Act 1999 , peers who were members of the House of Lords were excluded from voting for the House of Commons because they were not commoners . Although there is nothing to prevent the monarch from voting it is considered unconstitutional for the monarch to vote in an election . Knowledge ( edit ) Sometimes the right to vote has been limited to people who had achieved a certain level of education or passed a certain test , e.g. `` literacy tests '' were previously implemented in some U.S. states . Under the 1961 constitution of Rhodesia , voting on the `` A '' roll , which elected up to 50 of the 65 members of parliament , was restricted based on education requirements , which in practice led to an overwhelming white vote . Voting on the `` B '' roll had universal suffrage , but only appointed 15 members of parliament . Race ( edit ) Various countries , usually countries with a dominant race within a wider population , have historically denied the vote to people of particular races , or to all but the dominant race . This has been achieved in a number of ways : Official -- laws and regulations passed specifically disenfranchising people of particular races ( for example , the Antebellum United States , Boer republics , pre-apartheid and apartheid South Africa , or many colonial political systems , who provided suffrage only for white settlers and some privileged non-white groups ) . Canada and Australia denied suffrage for their indigenous populations until the 1960s . Indirect -- nothing in law specifically prevents anyone from voting on account of their race , but other laws or regulations are used to exclude people of a particular race . In southern states of the United States of America before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , poll taxes , literacy and other tests were used to disenfranchise African - Americans . Property qualifications have tended to disenfranchise a minority race , particularly if tribally owned land is not allowed to be taken into consideration . In some cases this was an unintended ( but usually welcome ) consequence . Many African colonies after World War II until decolonization had tough education and property qualifications which practically gave meaningful representation only for rich European minorities . Unofficial -- nothing in law prevents anyone from voting on account of their race , but people of particular races are intimidated or otherwise prevented from exercising this right . This was a common tactic employed by white Southerners against Freedmen during the Reconstruction Era and the following period before more formal methods of disenfranchisement became entrenched . Age ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Age of marriage Behavior modification facility Child labour Children in the military Child marriage Child marriage in the US Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion Restavec School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in the US Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Main articles : Voting age and Age of candidacy All modern democracies require voters to meet age qualifications to vote . Worldwide voting ages are not consistent , differing between countries and even within countries , though the range usually varies between 16 and 21 years . Demeny voting would extend voting rights to everyone including children regardless of age . The movement to lower the voting age is known as the Youth rights movement . Criminality ( edit ) Many countries restrict the voting rights of convicted criminals . Some countries , and some U.S. states , also deny the right to vote to those convicted of serious crimes even after they are released from prison . In some cases ( e.g. the felony disenfranchisement laws found in many U.S. states ) the denial of the right to vote is automatic upon a felony conviction ; in other cases ( e.g. France and Germany ) deprivation of the vote is meted out separately , and often limited to perpetrators of specific crimes such as those against the electoral system or corruption of public officials . In the Republic of Ireland , prisoners are allowed the right to vote , following the Hirst v UK ( No2 ) ruling , which was granted in 2006 . Canada allowed only prisoners serving a term of less than 2 years the right to vote , but this was found to be unconstitutional in 2002 by the Supreme Court of Canada in Sauvé v. Canada ( Chief Electoral Officer ) , and all prisoners have been allowed to vote as of the 2004 Canadian federal election . Residency ( edit ) Under certain electoral systems elections are held within subnational jurisdictions , thus preventing persons from voting who would otherwise be eligible on the basis that they do not reside within such a jurisdiction , or because they live in an area that can not participate . In the United States , residents of Washington , D.C. receive no voting representation in Congress , although they do have full representation in presidential elections , based on the Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution adopted in 1961 . Residents of Puerto Rico enjoy neither . Sometimes citizens become ineligible to vote because they are no longer resident in their country of citizenship . For example , Australian citizens who have been outside Australia for more than one and fewer than six years may excuse themselves from the requirement to vote in Australian elections while they remain outside Australia ( voting in Australia is compulsory for resident citizens ) . Danish citizens that reside permanently outside Denmark lose their right to vote . In some cases , a certain period of residence in a locality may required for the right to vote in that location . For example , in the United Kingdom up to 2001 , each 15 February a new electoral register came into effect , based on registration as of the previous 10 October , with the effect of limiting voting to those resident five to seventeen months earlier depending on the timing of the election . Nationality ( edit ) Main article : Right of foreigners to vote In most countries , suffrage is limited to citizens and , in many cases , permanent residents of that country . However , some members of supra - national organisations such as the Commonwealth of Nations and the European Union have granted voting rights to citizens of all countries within that organisation . Until the mid-twentieth century , many Commonwealth countries gave the vote to all British citizens within the country , regardless of whether they were normally resident there . In most cases this was because there was no distinction between British and local citizenship . Several countries qualified this with restrictions preventing non-white British citizens such as Indians and British Africans from voting . Under European Union law , citizens of European Union countries can vote in each other 's local and European Parliament elections on the same basis as citizens of the country in question , but usually not in national elections . Naturalization ( edit ) In some countries , naturalized citizens do not have the right to vote or to be a candidate , either permanently or for a determined period . Article 5 of the 1831 Belgian Constitution made a difference between ordinary naturalization , and grande naturalisation . Only ( former ) foreigners who had been granted grande naturalisation were entitled to vote , be a candidate for parliamentary elections , or be appointed minister . However , ordinary naturalized citizens could vote for municipal elections . Ordinary naturalized citizens and citizens who had acquired Belgian nationality through marriage could vote , but not run as candidates for parliamentary elections in 1976 . The concepts of ordinary and grande naturalization were suppressed from the Constitution in 1991 . In France , the 1889 Nationality Law barred those who had acquired the French nationality by naturalization or marriage from voting , and from eligibility and access to several public jobs . In 1938 the delay was reduced to five years . ( clarification needed ) These instances of discrimination , as well as others against naturalized citizens , were gradually abolished in 1973 ( 9 January 1973 law ) and 1983 . In Morocco , a former French protectorate , and in Guinea , a former French colony , naturalized citizens are prohibited from voting for five years following their naturalization . In the Federated States of Micronesia , one must be a Micronesian citizen for at least 15 years to run for parliament . In Nicaragua , Peru and the Philippines , only citizens by birth are eligible for being elected to the national legislature ; naturalized citizens enjoy only voting rights . In Uruguay , naturalized citizens have the right of eligibility to the parliament after five years . In the United States , the President and Vice President must be natural - born citizens . All other governmental offices may be held by any citizen , although citizens may only run for Congress after an extended period of citizenship ( seven years for the House of Representatives and nine for the Senate ) . Function ( edit ) In France , an 1872 law , rescinded only by a 1945 decree , prohibited all army personnel from voting . In Ireland , police ( the Garda Síochána and , before 1925 , the Dublin Metropolitan Police ) were barred from voting in national elections , though not local elections , from 1923 to 1960 . The 1876 Constitution of Texas ( article VI , section 1 ) stated that `` The following classes of persons shall not be allowed to vote in this State , to wit : ( ... ) Fifth -- All soldiers , marines and seamen , employed in the service of the army or navy of the United States . '' In many countries with a presidential system of government a person is forbidden to be a legislator and an official of the executive branch at the same time . Such provisions are found , for example , in Article I of the U.S. Constitution . History around the World ( edit ) In 1840 , the Kingdom of Hawai'i adopted full suffrage to all adults , including women , but in 1852 rescinded female voting . In 1902 the Commonwealth Franchise Act enabled women to vote federally in Australia and in the state of New South Wales . This legislation also allowed women to run for government , making Australia the first in the world to allow this . In 1906 Finland became the next nation in the world to give all adult citizens full suffrage , in other words the right to vote and to run for office . New Zealand granted all adult citizens the right to vote ( in 1893 ) , but women did not get the right to run for the New Zealand legislature until 1919 . Australia ( edit ) See also : Suffrage in Australia and Voting rights of Australian Aboriginals 1855 -- South Australia is first colony to allow all male suffrage to British subjects ( later extended to Indigenous males ) over the age of 21 . 1894 -- South Australian women eligible to vote . 1896 -- Tasmania becomes last colony to allow all male suffrage . 1899 -- Western Australian women eligible to vote . 1902 -- The Commonwealth Franchise Act enables women to vote federally and in the state of New South Wales . This legislation also allows women to run for government , making Australia the first democratic state in the world to allow this . 1921 -- Edith Cowan is elected to the West Australian Legislative Assembly as member for West Perth , the first woman elected to any Australian Parliament . 1962 -- Aboriginal peoples guaranteed the right to vote in Commonwealth elections . Brazil ( edit ) 1824 -- The first Brazilian constitution allows free men over the age of 25 to vote , but there are income restrictions . The House of Deputies ' representatives are chosen via electoral colleges . 1881 -- The Saraiva Law implements direct voting , but there are income restrictions . Women and slaves do not have the right to vote . 1932 -- Voting becomes obligatory for all adults over 21 years of age , unlimited by gender or income . 1955 -- Adoption of standardized voting ballots and identification requirements to mitigate frauds . 1964 -- Military regime established . From then on , presidents were elected by members of the congress , chosen by regular vote . 1989 -- Reestablishment of universal suffrage for all citizens over 16 years of age . People considered illiterate are not obliged to vote , nor are people younger than 18 and older than 70 years of age . People under the obligation rule shall file a document to justify their absence should they not vote . 2000 -- Brazil becomes the first country to fully adopt electronic ballots in their voting process . Canada ( edit ) See also : The Famous Five ( Canada ) 1871 -- One of the first acts of the new Province of British Columbia strips the franchise from First Nations , and ensures Chinese and Japanese people are prevented from voting . 1916 -- Manitoba becomes the first province in which women have the right to vote in provincial elections . 1917 -- Wartime Elections Act gives voting rights to women with relatives fighting overseas . Voting rights are stripped from all `` enemy aliens '' ( those born in enemy countries who arrived in Canada after 1902 ; see also Ukrainian Canadian internment ) . Military Voters Act gives the vote to all soldiers , even non-citizens , ( with the exception of Indian and Metis veterans ) and to females serving as nurses or clerks for the armed forces , but the votes are not for specific candidates but simply for or against the government . 1918 -- Women gain full voting rights in federal elections . 1919 -- Women gain the right to run for federal office . 1940 -- Quebec becomes the last province where women 's right to vote is recognized . ( see Canadian women during the world wars for more information on Canadian suffrage ) 1947 -- Racial exclusions against Chinese and Indo - Canadians lifted . 1948 -- Racial exclusions against Japanese Canadians lifted . 1955 -- Religious exclusions are removed from election laws . 1960 -- Right to vote is extended unconditionally to First Nations peoples . ( Previously they could vote only by giving up their status as First Nations people . ) 1960 -- Right to vote in advance is extended to all electors willing to swear they would be absent on election day . 1965 -- First Nations people granted the right to vote in Alberta provincial elections , starting with the Alberta general election , 1967 . 1969 -- First Nations people granted the right to vote in Quebec provincial elections , starting with the Quebec general election , 1970 . 1970 -- Voting age lowered from 21 to 18 . 1982 -- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees all adult citizens the right to vote . 1988 -- Supreme Court of Canada rules mentally ill patients have the right to vote . 1993 -- Any elector can vote in advance . 2000 -- Legislation is introduced making it easier for people of no fixed address to vote . 2002 -- Prisoners given the right to vote in the riding ( voting district ) where they were convicted . All adult Canadians except the Chief and Deputy Electoral Officers can now vote in Canada . European Union ( edit ) The European Union has given the right to vote in municipal elections to the citizen of another EU country by the Council Directive 94 / 80 / EG from the 19th of December 1994 . Finland ( edit ) 1906 -- Full suffrage for all citizens adults aged 24 or older at beginning of voting year . 1921 -- Suppression of property - based number of votes on municipal level ; equal vote for everybody . 1944 -- Voting age lowered to 21 years . 1969 -- Voting age lowered to 20 years . 1972 -- Voting age lowered to 18 years . 1981 -- Voting and eligibility rights were granted to Nordic Passport Union country citizens without residency condition for municipal elections . 1991 -- Voting and eligibility rights were extended to all foreign residents in 1991 with a two - year residency condition for municipal elections . 1995 -- Residency requirement abolished for EU residents , in conformity with European legislation ( Law 365 / 95 , confirmed by Electoral Law 714 / 1998 ) . 1996 -- Voting age lowered to 18 years at date of voting . 2000 -- Section 14 , al. 2 of the 2000 Constitution of Finland states that `` Every Finnish citizen and every foreigner permanently resident in Finland , having attained eighteen years of age , has the right to vote in municipal elections and municipal referendums , as provided by an Act . Provisions on the right to otherwise participate in municipal government are laid down by an Act . '' France ( edit ) 11 August 1792 : Introduction of universal suffrage ( men only ) 1795 : Universal suffrage for men is replaced with indirect Census suffrage 13 December 1799 : The French Consulate re-establishes male universal sufte increased from 246,000 to over 9 million . In 1850 ( 31 May ) : The number of people eligible to vote is reduced by 30 % by excluding criminals and the homeless . Napoleon III calls a referendum in 1851 ( 21 December ) , all men aged 21 and over are allowed to vote . Male universal suffrage is established thereafter . As of 21 April 1944 the franchise is extended to women over 21 On 5 July 1974 the minimum age to vote is reduced to 18 years old . Kingdom of Hawai'i ( edit ) In 1840 , the king of Hawai'i issued a constitution that granted universal suffrage , both for females and males , but later amendments added restrictions , as the influence of Caucasian settlers increased : 1852 - Women lost the right to vote , and the minimum voting age was specified as 20 . 1864 - Voting was restricted on the basis of new qualifications -- literacy and either a certain level of income or property ownership . 1887 - Citizens of Hawai'i with Asian descent were disqualified . There was an increase in the minimum value of income or owned property . Hawai'i lost its independence in 1893 , when American marines landed and forced the reigning queen to abdicate . Hong kong ( edit ) Minimum age to vote was reduced from 21 to 18 years in 1995 . The Basic Law , the constitution of the territory since 1997 , stipulates that all permanent residents ( a status conferred by birth or by seven years of residence ) have the right to vote . The right of permanent residents who have right of abode in other countries to stand in election is , however , restricted to 12 functional constituencies by the Legislative Council Ordinance of 1997 . The right to vote and the right to stand in elections are not equal . Fewer than 250,000 of the electorate are eligible to run in the 30 functional constituencies , of which 23 are elected by fewer than 80,000 of the electorate , and in the 2008 Legislative Council election 14 members were elected unopposed from these functional constituencies . The size of the electorates of some constituencies is fewer than 200 . Only persons who can demonstrate a connection to the sector are eligible to run in a functional constituency . The Legislative Council ( Amendment ) Bill 2012 , if passed , amends the Legislative Council Ordinance to restrict the right to stand in Legislative Council by - elections in geographical constituencies and the District Council ( Second ) functional constituency . In addition to those persons who are mentally disabled , bankrupt , or imprisoned , members who resign their seats will not have the right to stand for six months ' time from their resignation . The bill is currently passing through the committee stage . India ( edit ) Since the very first Indian general election held in 1951 -- 52 , universal suffrage for all adult citizens aged 21 or older was established under Article 326 of the Constitution of India . The minimum voting age was reduced to 18 years by the 61st Amendment , effective 28 March 1989 . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : History of the franchise in Ireland Isle of man ( edit ) 1866 - The House of Keys Election Act makes the House of Keys an elected body . The vote is given to men over the age of 21 who own property worth at least £ 8 a year or rent property worth at least £ 12 a year . Candidates must be male , with real estate of an annual value of £ 100 , or of £ 50 along with a personal estate producing an annual income of £ 100 . 1881 - The House of Keys Election Act is amended so that the property qualification is reduced to a net annual value of not less than £ 4 . Most significantly , the Act is also amended to extend the franchise to unmarried women and widows over the age of 21 who own property , making the Isle of Man the first place to give some women the vote in a national election . The property qualification for candidates is modified to allow the alternative of personal property producing a year income of £ 150 . 1892 - The franchise is extended to unmarried women and widows over the age of 21 who rent property worth a net annual value of at least £ 4 , as well as to male lodgers . The property qualification for candidates is removed . 1903 - A residency qualification is introduced in addition to the property qualification for voters . The time between elections is reduced from 7 to 5 years . 1919 - Universal adult suffrage based on residency is introduced : all male and female residents over the age of 21 may vote . The entire electorate ( with the exception of clergy and holders of office of profit ) becomes eligible to stand for election . 1970 - Voting age lowered to 18 . 2006 - Voting age lowered to 16 . The age of eligibility for candidates remains at 18 . Italy ( edit ) The Supreme Court states that `` the rules derogating from the passive electoral law must be strictly interpreted '' . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Suffrage in Japan 1947 -- Universal Suffrage instituted with the establishment of Post-war Constitution . New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : History of voting in New Zealand 1853 -- British government passes the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 , granting limited self - rule , including a bicameral parliament , to the colony . The vote was limited to male British subjects aged 21 or over who owned or rented sufficient property and were not imprisoned for a serious offence . Communally owned land was excluded from the property qualification , thus disenfranchising most Māori ( indigenous ) men . 1860 -- Franchise extended to holders of miner 's licenses who met all voting qualifications except that of property . 1867 -- Māori seats established , giving Māori four reserved seats in the lower house . There was no property qualification ; thus Māori men gained universal suffrage before other New Zealanders . The number of seats did not reflect the size of the Māori population , but Māori men who met the property requirement for general electorates were able to vote in them or in the Māori electorates but not both . 1879 -- Property requirement abolished . 1893 -- Women won equal voting rights with men , making New Zealand the first nation in the world to allow adult women to vote . 1969 -- Voting age lowered to 20 . 1974 -- Voting age lowered to 18 . 1975 -- Franchise extended to permanent residents of New Zealand , regardless of whether they have citizenship . 1996 -- Number of Māori seats increased to reflect Māori population . 2010 -- Prisoners imprisoned for one year or more denied voting rights while serving the sentence . Norway ( edit ) 1814 - The constitution gave male landowners or officials above the age of 25 full voting rights . 1885 - Male taxpayers that paid at least 500 NOK of tax ( 800 NOK in towns ) got voting rights . 1900 - Universal suffrage for men over 25 . 1901 - Women , over 25 , paying tax or having common household with a man paying tax , got the right to vote in local elections . 1909 - Women , over 25 , paying tax or having common household with a man paying tax , got full voting rights . 1913 - Universal suffrage for all over 25 , applying from the election in 1915 . 1920 - Voting age lowered to 23 . 1946 - Voting age lowered to 21 . 1967 - Voting age lowered to 20 . 1978 - Voting age lowered to 18 . Poland ( edit ) 1918 -- In its first days of independence in 1918 , after 123 years of partition , voting rights were granted to both men and women . Eight women were elected to the Sejm in 1919 . 1952 -- Voting age lowered to 18 . Singapore ( edit ) See also : Voting rights in Singapore South Africa ( edit ) 1910 -- The Union of South Africa is established by the South Africa Act 1909 . The House of Assembly is elected by first - past - the - post voting in single - member constituencies . The franchise qualifications are the same as those previously existing for elections of the legislatures of the colonies that comprised the Union . In the Transvaal and the Orange Free State the franchise is limited to white men . In Natal the franchise is limited to men meeting property and literacy qualifications ; it was theoretically colour - blind but in practise nearly all non-white men were excluded . The traditional `` Cape Qualified Franchise '' of the Cape Province is limited to men meeting property and literacy qualifications and is colour - blind ; nonetheless 85 % of voters are white . The rights of non-white voters in the Cape Province are protected by an entrenched clause in the South Africa Act requiring a two - thirds vote in a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament . 1930 -- The Women 's Enfranchisement Act , 1930 extends the right to vote to all white women over the age of 21 . 1931 -- The Franchise Laws Amendment Act , 1931 removes the property and literacy qualifications for all white men over the age of 21 , but they are retained for non-white voters . 1936 -- The Representation of Natives Act , 1936 removes black voters in the Cape Province from the common voters ' roll and instead allows them to elect three `` Native Representative Members '' to the House of Assembly . Four Senators are to be indirectly elected by chiefs and local authorities to represent black South Africans throughout the country . The act is passed with the necessary two - thirds majority in a joint sitting . 1951 -- The Separate Representation of Voters Act , 1951 is passed by Parliament by an ordinary majority in separate sittings . It purports to remove coloured voters in the Cape Province from the common voters ' roll and instead allow them to elect four `` Coloured Representative Members '' to the House of Assembly . 1952 -- In Harris v Minister of the Interior the Separate Representation of Voters Act is annulled by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court because it was not passed with the necessary two - thirds majority in a joint sitting . Parliament passes the High Court of Parliament Act , 1952 , purporting to allow it to reverse this decision , but the Appellate Division annuls it as well . 1956 -- By packing the Senate and the Appellate Division , the government passes the South Africa Act Amendment Act , 1956 , reversing the annulment of the Separate Representation of Voters Act and giving it the force of law . 1958 -- The Electoral Law Amendment Act , 1958 reduces the voting age for white voters from 21 to 18 . 1959 -- The Promotion of Bantu Self - government Act , 1959 repeals the Representation of Natives Act , removing all representation of black people in Parliament . 1968 -- The Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act , 1968 repeals the Separate Representation of Voters Act , removing all representation of coloured people in Parliament . 1969 -- The first election of the Coloured Persons Representative Council ( CPRC ) , which has limited legislative powers , is held . Every Coloured citizen over the age of 21 can vote for its members , in first - past - the - post elections in single - member constituencies . 1978 -- The voting age for the CPRC is reduced from 21 to 18 . 1981 -- The first election of the South African Indian Council ( SAIC ) , which has limited legislative powers , is held . Every Indian South African citizen over the age of 18 can vote for its members , in first - past - the - post elections in single - member constituencies . 1984 -- The Constitution of 1983 establishes the Tricameral Parliament . Two new Houses of Parliament are created , the House of Representatives to represent coloured citizens and the House of Delegates to represent Indian citizens . Every coloured and Indian citizen over the age of 18 can vote in elections for the relevant house . As with the House of Assembly , the members are elected by first - past - the - post voting in single - member constituencies . The CPRC and SAIC are abolished . 1994 -- With the end of apartheid , the Interim Constitution of 1993 abolishes the Tricameral Parliament and all racial discrimination in voting rights . A new National Assembly is created , and every South African citizen over the age of 18 has the right to vote for the assembly . The right to vote is also extended to long term residents . It is estimated the 500 000 foreign nationals voted in the 1994 national and provincial elections . Elections of the assembly are based on party - list proportional representation . The right to vote is enshrined in the Bill of Rights . 1999 -- In August and Another v Electoral Commission and Others the Constitutional Court rules that prisoners can not be denied the right to vote without a law that explicitly does so . 2003 -- The Electoral Laws Amendment Act , 2003 purports to prohibit convicted prisoners from voting . 2004 -- In Minister of Home Affairs v NICRO and Others the Constitutional Court rules that prisoners can not be denied the right to vote , and invalidates the laws that do so . 2009 -- In Richter v Minister for Home Affairs and Others the Constitutional Court rules that South African citizens outside the country can not be denied the right to vote . Sweden ( edit ) 1809 -- New constitution adopted and separation of powers outlined in the Instrument of Government . 1810 -- The Riksdag Act , setting out the procedures of functioning of the Riksdag , is introduced . 1862 -- Under the municipal laws of 1862 , some women were entitled to vote in local elections . 1865 -- Parliament of Four Estates abolished and replaced by a bicameral legislature . The members of the First Chamber were elected indirectly by the county councils and the municipal assemblies in the larger towns and cities . 1909 -- All men who had done their military service and who paid tax were granted suffrage . 1918 -- Universal , and equal suffrage were introduced for local elections . 1919 -- Universal , equal , and women 's suffrage granted for general elections . 1921 -- First general election with universal , equal , and women 's suffrage enacted , although some groups were still unable to vote . 1922 -- Requirement that men had to have completed national military service to be able to vote abolished . 1937 -- Interns in prisons and institutions granted suffrage . 1945 -- Individuals who had gone into bankruptcy or were dependent on welfare granted suffrage . 1970 -- Indirectly elected upper chamber dismantled . 1974 -- Instrument of Government stopped being enforced. . 1989 -- The final limitations on suffrage abolished along with the Riksdag 's decision to abolish the ' declaration of legal incompetency ' . United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : Elections in the United Kingdom § History , and Parliamentary franchise in the United Kingdom 1885 -- 1918 From 1265 , a few percent of the adult male population in the Kingdom of England ( of which Wales was a full and equal member from 1542 ) were able to vote in parliamentary elections that occurred at irregular intervals to the Parliament of England . The franchise for the Parliament of Scotland developed separately . King Henry VI of England established in 1432 that only owners of property worth at least forty shillings , a significant sum , were entitled to vote in an English county . The franchise was restricted to males by custom rather than statute . Changes were made to the details of the system , but there was no major reform until the Reform Act 1832 . A series of Reform Acts and Representation of the People Acts followed . In 1918 , all men over 21 and some women over 30 won the right to vote , and in 1928 all women over 21 won the right to vote resulting in universal suffrage . Reform Act 1832 -- extended voting rights to adult males who rented propertied land of a certain value , so allowing 1 in 7 males in the UK voting rights . Reform Act 1867 -- extended the franchise to men in urban areas who met a property qualification , so increasing male suffrage . Representation of the People Act 1884 -- addressed imbalances between the boroughs and the countryside ; this brought the voting population to 5,500,000 , although 40 % of males were still disenfranchised because of the property qualification . Between 1885 and 1918 moves were made by the women 's suffrage movement to ensure votes for women . However , the duration of the First World War stopped this reform movement . Representation of the People Act 1918 -- the consequences of World War I persuaded the government to expand the right to vote , not only for the many men who fought in the war who were disenfranchised , but also for the women who worked in factories , agriculture and elsewhere as part of the war effort , often substituting for enlisted men and including dangerous work such as in munitions factories . All men aged 21 and over were given the right to vote . Property restrictions for voting were lifted for men . Votes were given to 40 % of women , with property restrictions and limited to those over 30 years old . This increased the electorate from 7.7 million to 21.4 million with women making up 8.5 million of the electorate . Seven percent of the electorate had more than one vote . The first election with this system was the 1918 general election . Representation of the People Act 1928 -- equal suffrage for women and men , with voting possible at 21 with no property restrictions . Representation of the People Act 1948 -- the act was passed to prevent plural voting . Representation of the People Act 1969 -- extension of suffrage to those 18 and older . United States ( edit ) Main article : Voting rights in the United States The Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote , allowing each state to decide this status . In the early history of the U.S. , most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote ( about 6 % of the population ) . By 1856 property ownership requirements were eliminated in all states , giving suffrage to most adult white males . However , tax - paying requirements remained in five states until 1860 and in two states until the 20th century . After the Civil War , five amendments to the Constitution were expressly addressed to the `` right to vote '' ; these amendments limit the basis upon which the right to vote in any U.S. state or other jurisdiction may be abridged or denied . 15th Amendment ( 1870 ) : `` The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race , color , or previous condition of servitude . '' 19th Amendment ( 1920 ) : `` The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex . '' 23rd Amendment ( 1961 ) : provides that residents of the District of Columbia can vote for the President and Vice President . 24th Amendment ( 1964 ) : `` The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President , for electors for President or Vice President , or for Senator or Representative in Congress , shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax . '' 26th Amendment ( 1971 ) : `` The right of citizens of the United States , who are eighteen years of age or older , to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age . '' Full removal of racial disenfranchisement of citizens was not secured until the Voting Rights Act of 1965 gained passage through Congress following the Civil Rights Movement . For state elections , it was not until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6 - 3 in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections ( 1966 ) that all state poll taxes were declared unconstitutional as violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . This removed a burden on the poor , including some poor whites who had been disenfranchised . Majority - Muslim countries ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of first women 's suffrage in majority - Muslim countries See also ( edit ) Suffrage Suffrage portal Voting system § See also List of suffragists and suffragettes Youth suffrage Voting age Timeline of women 's suffrage List of suffragists and suffragettes § Women 's suffrage publications Unsorted Constituency Democracy Direct democracy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strictly speaking , all ratepayers ; however , domestic rates were abolished after the 1977 election . Jump up ^ For example South Dublin County Council produced lists of addresses of residences and ratepayers within Palmerstown for the 2014 plebiscite on changing the district 's spelling . Jump up ^ Until this Act specified ' male persons ' , a few women had been able to vote in parliamentary elections through property ownership , although this was rare . Jump up ^ The 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) altered the way each state is represented in the House of Representatives . It counted all residents for apportionment including former slaves , overriding the three - fifths compromise of the original Constitution ; it also reduced a state 's apportionment if it wrongfully denied the right to vote to males over age 21 . However , this sanction was not enforced in practice . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . `` American Heritage Dictionary Entry : suffrage '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of `` suffrage '' -- Collins English Dictionary `` . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` suffrage -- definition of suffrage in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deprivation of the Right to Vote -- ACE Electoral Knowledge Network '' . Aceproject.org . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` > > social sciences > > Women 's Suffrage Movement '' . glbtq . Archived from the original on 14 June 2015 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ See for example , `` Who is eligible to vote at a UK general election ? '' . The Electoral Commission ; `` Can I vote ? '' . European Parliament Information Office in the United Kingdom ; `` Why Can Commonwealth Citizens Vote in the U.K. ? An Expat Asks '' . The Wall Street Journal . 27 April 2015 . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` suffrage -- Dictionary definition and pronunciation -- Yahoo ! Education '' . Education.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2013 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suffrage -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com. 31 August 2012 . 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Retrieved 8 December 2015 . ; Blaney , Neil ( 6 December 1960 ) . `` Electoral Bill , 1960 -- Second Stages '' . Dáil Éireann debates . Oireachtas . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . One of the important proposals is contained in Section 3 and in the Schedule which provides for the repeal of the prohibition on the registration of Gardaí as voters at Dáil elections . In future , if this provision is enacted , Gardaí can vote at Dáil and Presidential elections and at referenda . Jump up ^ Constitution of the State of Texas ( 1876 ) , Tarlton Law Library , The University of Texas School of Law , archived from the original on 29 January 2008 , retrieved 8 December 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Women and the Right to Vote in Australia '' . Australian Electoral Commission . 28 January 2011 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral Milestones for Women '' . Australian Electoral Commission . 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Women win the vote : Digital Resources on Manitoba History '' . manitobia.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Canada , Elections . `` A History of the Vote in Canada '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Five -- Timeline '' . Abheritage.ca. 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Indian Act of Canada S.C. 1938 chap 46 sec 14 ( 2 ) ( i ) / Dominion Elections Act S.C. 1948 chap 46 ^ Jump up to : `` Canada -- Women 's Vote -- Women Suffrage '' . Faculty.marianopolis.edu. 27 January 1916 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Digital Archives '' . Archives.cbc.ca . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Canada , Elections . `` A History of the Vote in Canada '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Noel Dyck Revised : Tonio Sadik ( 18 December 1970 ) . `` Aboriginal People , Political Organization and Activism '' . Thecanadianencyclopedia.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Canada , Elections . `` The Evolution of the Federal Franchise '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of the Federal Franchise '' . Elections Canada . Jump up ^ `` CBC Digital Archives '' . Archives.cbc.ca . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Sauvé v. Canada ( Chief Electoral Officer ) Jump up ^ `` Council Directive 94 / 80 / EG '' . EUR - Lex . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of Finland '' ( PDF ) . 11 June 1999 . Retrieved 10 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Buonomo , Giampiero ( 2000 ) . `` Nel passaggio Usl - Asl solo tre dirigenti restano ineleggibili negli enti locali '' . Diritto&Giustizia edizione online . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Stemmerettens historie i Norge , Espend Søbye Jump up ^ Stemmerettens historie , Laila Ø . Bakken , NRK Jump up ^ Ruin , Olof ( 1990 ) . Tage Erlander : serving the welfare state , 1946 - 1969 . Pitt series in policy and institutional studies , 99 - 0818751 - 1 . Pittsburgh , Pa. : University of Pittsburgh Press . p. 93 . ISBN 9780822936312 . LIBRIS 5791923 . Jump up ^ ( ( History of the Riksdag Official Riksdag Website , Retrieved 2018 May 19 ) ) Jump up ^ `` Origins and growth of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Getting the vote '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient voting rights '' , The History of the Parliamentary Franchise , House of Commons Library , 1 March 2013 , p. 6 , retrieved 16 March 2016 Jump up ^ Heater , Derek ( 2006 ) . Citizenship in Britain : A History . Edinburgh University Press . p. 107 . ISBN 9780748626724 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Parliamentary Franchise '' . House of Commons Library . 1 March 2013 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Expansion of Rights and Liberties - The Right of Suffrage '' . Online Exhibit : The Charters of Freedom . National Archives . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Janda , Kenneth ; Berry , Jeffrey M. ; Goldman , Jerry ( 2008 ) . The challenge of democracy : government in America ( 9 . ed. , update ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin . p. 207 . ISBN 9780618990948 ; Murrin , John M. ; Johnson , Paul E. ; McPherson , James M. ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2012 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People ( 6th ed . ) . Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 296 . ISBN 9780495904991 . Jump up ^ Stanley L. Engerman , University of Rochester and NBER ; Kenneth L. Sokoloff , University of California , Los Angeles and NBER ( February 2005 ) . `` The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World '' ( PDF ) : 16 , 35 . By 1840 , only three states retained a property qualification , North Carolina ( for some state - wide offices only ) , Rhode Island , and Virginia . In 1856 North Carolina was the last state to end the practice . Tax - paying qualifications were also gone in all but a few states by the Civil War , but they survived into the 20th century in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Voting Rights '' . Infoplease . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scher , Richard K. ( 2015 ) . The Politics of Disenfranchisement : Why is it So Hard to Vote in America ? . Routledge . p. viii - ix . ISBN 9781317455363 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights in America : Racial Voting Rights '' ( PDF ) . A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study . 2009 . Bibliography ( edit ) Neill Atkinson , Adventures in Democracy : A History of the Vote in New Zealand ( Dunedin : University of Otago Press , 2003 ) . Michael Haas , Racial Harmony Is Achievable : Lessons from the Kingdom of Hawai'i ( London : Palgrave Macmillan , 2017 ) , pp. 70 -- 72 . Alexander Keyssar , The Right to Vote : The Contested History of Democracy in the United States ( New York : Basic Books , 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02968 - X . U.S. Commission on Civil Rights : Reports on Voting ( 2005 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 3103 - 2 . `` Smallest State in the World '' , The New York Times , 19 June 1896 , p. 6 A History of the Vote in Canada , Chief Electoral Officer of Canada , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Suffrage Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suffrage . SNCC Digital Gateway : Voting Rights Digital documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University , telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside - out Suffrage in Canada Women 's suffrage in Germany -- 19 January 1919 -- first suffrage ( active and passive ) for women in Germany `` Suffrage '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Hong Kong 1 July marches 2014 Hong Kong protests UK WSPU march ( 1906 ) Mud March ( 1907 ) Women 's Sunday ( 1908 ) Black Friday ( 1910 ) Battle of Downing Street ( 1910 ) Women 's Coronation Procession ( 1911 ) Great Pilgrimage ( 1913 ) Open Christmas Letter ( 1914 ) US Seneca Falls Convention ( 1848 ) Declaration of Sentiments ( 1848 ) Rochester Convention ( 1848 ) Ohio Women 's Convention ( 1850 ) National Women 's Rights Convention ( 1850 -- 1869 ) Suffrage Hikes ( 1912 -- 1914 ) Woman Suffrage Procession ( 1913 ) Silent Sentinels ( 1917 -- 1919 ) Night of Terror ( 1917 ) `` Give Us the Ballot '' ( 1957 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women ( memorials ) Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument Kate Sheppard National Memorial International Women 's Day Susan B. Anthony Day Women 's Equality Day Eagle House Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. 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-5701495550645355567	Our Lady of Guadalupe	Our Lady of Guadalupe - wikipedia Our Lady of Guadalupe This article is about the Mexican Marian title . For the Spanish Marian title , see Our Lady of Guadalupe , Extremadura . Our Lady of Guadalupe Location Tepeyac Hill , Mexico City Date 12 December 1531 Witness Saint Juan Diego Type Marian apparition Holy See approval 12 October 1895 , during the Canonical coronation granted by Pope Leo XIII Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe , Tepeyac Hill , Mexico City , Mexico Patronage Mexico ( 2018 ) The Americas ( 12 October 1945 ) Attributes A contemplating woman clothed in a pink tunic robe covered by a cerulean mantle emblazoned with eight - point stars ; while she stands atop a darkened crescent moon , carried by a cherubic angel . Our Lady of Guadalupe ( Spanish : Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe ) , also known as the Virgin of Guadalupe ( Spanish : Virgen de Guadalupe ) , is a Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary associated with a venerated image enshrined within the Minor Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City . The basilica is the most visited Catholic pilgrimage site in the world , and the world 's third most - visited sacred site . Pope Leo XIII granted the venerated image a Canonical Coronation on 12 October 1895 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Marian apparitions 2 Early history 2.1 First printed accounts 3 The crown ornament 3.1 Marian title 4 The venerated image as artifact 4.1 Iconographic description 4.2 Physical description 4.3 Technical analyses 5 Trans - religious significance 6 Cultural significance 6.1 Symbol of Mexico 6.2 Mexican culture 6.3 In Literature and Film 7 Catholic Church 7.1 Papal Honors 8 Pious Beliefs and Devotions 8.1 Protection from damage 8.2 Other Supernatural Qualities 8.3 Veneration 8.4 Churches named in honor of Our Lady of Guadalupe 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Primary sources 11.2 Secondary sources 12 External links Marian apparitions ( edit ) Official Catholic accounts state that the Virgin Mary appeared four times before Juan Diego and one more before Juan Diego 's uncle . According to these accounts the first apparition occurred on the morning of December 9 , 1531 , when a native Mexican peasant named Juan Diego saw a vision of a maiden at a place called the Hill of Tepeyac , which would become part of Villa de Guadalupe , a suburb of Mexico City . Speaking to Juan Diego in his native Nahuatl language ( the language of the Aztec empire ) , the maiden identified herself as the Virgin Mary , `` mother of the very true deity '' and asked for a church to be built at that site in her honor . Based on her words , Juan Diego then sought out the archbishop of Mexico City , Fray Juan de Zumárraga , to tell him what had happened . As the bishop did not believe Diego , on the same day , Juan Diego saw the Virgin Mary for a second time ( the second apparition ) ; she asked him to keep insisting . On Sunday , December 10 , Juan Diego talked to the archbishop for a second time . The latter instructed him to return to Tepeyac Hill , and ask the lady for a miraculous sign to prove her identity . That same day , the third apparition occurred when Diego returned to Tepeyac and encountering the Virgin Mary , reported the bishop 's request for a sign ; she consented to provide one on the following day ( December 11 ) . By Monday , December 11 , however , Juan Diego 's uncle Juan Bernardino had fallen sick and Juan Diego was obliged to attend to him . In the very early hours of Tuesday , December 12 , Juan Bernardino 's condition having deteriorated overnight , Juan Diego set out to Tlatelolco to fetch a priest to hear Juan Bernardino 's confession and minister to him on his death - bed . Preliminary drawing of the Mexican Coat of arms , ca . 1743 In order to avoid being delayed by the Virgin and ashamed at having failed to meet her on the Monday as agreed , Juan Diego chose another route around the hill , but the Virgin intercepted him and asked where he was going ( fourth apparition ) ; Juan Diego explained what had happened and the Virgin gently chided him for not having had recourse to her . In the words which have become the most famous phrase of the Guadalupe event and are inscribed over the main entrance to the Basilica of Guadalupe , she asked , `` ¿ No estoy yo aquí que soy tu madre ? '' ( Am I not here , I who am your mother ? ) . She assured him that Juan Bernardino had now recovered and she told him to gather flowers from the top of Tepeyac Hill , which was normally barren , especially in December . Juan followed her instructions and he found Castilian roses , not native to Mexico , blooming there . The Virgin arranged the flowers in Juan 's tilma , or cloak , and when Juan Diego opened his cloak before archbishop Zumárraga on December 12 , the flowers fell to the floor , and on the fabric was the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe . The next day , on December 13 , Juan Diego found his uncle fully recovered , as the Virgin had assured him , and Juan Bernardino recounted that he too had seen her , at his bed - side ( fifth apparition ) ; that she had instructed him to inform the bishop of this apparition and of his miraculous cure ; and that she had told him she desired to be known under the title of Guadalupe . The bishop kept Juan Diego 's mantle first in his private chapel and then in the church on public display where it attracted great attention . On December 26 , 1531 a procession formed for taking the miraculous image back to Tepeyac where it was installed in a small hastily erected chapel . In course of this procession , the first miracle was allegedly performed when an Indian was mortally wounded in the neck by an arrow shot by accident during some stylized martial displays executed in honour of the Virgin . In great distress , the Indians carried him before the Virgin 's image and pleaded for his life . Upon the arrow being withdrawn , the victim made a full and immediate recovery . Juan Diego 's tilma has become Mexico 's most popular religious and cultural symbol , and has received widespread ecclesiastical and popular support . In the 19th century it became the rallying call of American - born Spaniards in New Spain , who saw the story of the apparition as legitimizing their own Mexican origin and infusing it with an almost messianic sense of mission and identity -- thus also legitimizing their armed rebellion against Spain . Historically the devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe did not lack clerical opponents within Mexico , especially in the early years , and in more recent times some Catholic scholars , and even a former abbot of the basilica , Monsignor Guillermo Schulenburg , have openly doubted the historical existence of Juan Diego , referring to the devotion as merely symbolic , propagated by a sensational cult . Nonetheless , Juan Diego was canonized in 2002 , under the name Saint Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin . While the image garners much religious devotion and Mexican patriotism , scholarly criticism on the image is also notable , considering the artistic disproportion of the image , the similarity of the image to Spanish pre-colonial artwork closely related to the Aztec colony at the time , the alleged relationship of Marcos Cipac de Aquino in either inventing or amending the tilma cloak , and the public declaration of the abbot of the Guadalupe shrine pertaining to the false existence of the Marian apparitions . Early history ( edit ) Main article : Juan Diego A relief of the Madonna and Child installed in the year 1499 within the chapel of the choir in the Monastery of Guadalupe , in Caceres , Extramadura , Spain , allegedly serving as inspiration for Marcos Cipac de Aquino 's invention of the Mexican image . Note the similarity of the aureola and cherub underneath the Virgin . Following the Conquest in 1519 -- 21 , the Spanish destroyed a temple of the mother goddess Tonantzin at Tepeyac outside Mexico City , and built a chapel dedicated to the Virgin on the site . Tonantzin ( the beloved mother of the gods ) was celebrated each winter solstice which occurred on different dates , the winter solstice of 1531 occurred on December 12 , 1531 according to the UNAM . Newly converted natives continued to come from afar to worship there , often addressing the Virgin Mary as Tonantzin . What is purported by some to be the earliest mention of the miraculous apparition of the Virgin is a page of parchment ( the Codex Escalada ) which was discovered in 1995 and , according to investigative analysis , dates from the sixteenth century . This document bears two pictorial representations of Juan Diego and the apparition , several inscriptions in Nahuatl referring to Juan Diego by his Aztec name , and the date of his death : 1548 , as well as the year that the Virgin Mary appeared : 1531 . It also contains the glyph of Antonio Valeriano ; and finally , the signature of Fray Bernardino de Sahagun that was authenticated by experts from the Banco de Mexico and Charles E. Dibble . Scholarly doubts have been cast on the authenticity of the document , however . A more complete early description of the apparition occurs in a 16 - page manuscript called the Nican mopohua , which was acquired by the New York Public Library in 1880 , and has been reliably dated in 1556 . This document , written in Nahuatl , but in Latin script , tells the story of the apparitions and the supernatural origin of the image . It was probably composed by a native Aztec man , called Antonio Valeriano , who had been educated by Franciscans . The text of this document was later incorporated into a printed pamphlet which was widely circulated in 1649 . In spite of these documents , there are no written accounts of the Guadalupe vision by Catholic clergymen of the 16th century , as there ought to have been if the event had the importance it is claimed to have had . In particular , the canonical account of the vision features archbishop Juan de Zumárraga as a major player in the story , but , although Zumárraga was a prolific writer , there is nothing in his extant writings that can confirm the story . The written record that does exist suggests the Catholic clergy in 16th century Mexico were deeply divided as to the orthodoxy of the cult springing up around the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe , with the Franciscan order ( who had custody of the chapel at Tepeyac ) being strongly opposed to the cult , while the Dominicans supported it . The main promoter of the cult was the Dominican Alonso de Montúfar , who succeeded the Franciscan Juan de Zumárraga as archbishop of Mexico . In a 1556 sermon Montúfar commended popular devotion to `` Our Lady of Guadalupe , '' referring to a painting on cloth ( a tilma ) in the chapel of the Virgin Mary at Tepeyac , where certain miracles had occurred . Days later , Fray Francisco de Bustamante , local head of the Franciscan order , delivered a sermon denouncing the cult . He expressed concern that the Archbishop was promoting a superstitious regard for an image : `` The devotion at the chapel ... to which they have given the name Guadalupe was prejudicial to the Indians because they believed that the image itself worked miracles , contrary to what the missionary friars had been teaching them , and because many were disappointed when it did not . '' The banner of conquistador Hernan Cortes from year 1521 , which remained within the Archbishop 's villa during the time of the Guadalupe apparitions , allegedly serving as inspiration for Marcos Cipac de Aquino 's invention of the image . Note the disproportionate , uncentered hairline and separated little finger . The next day Archbishop Montúfar opened an inquiry into the matter . At the inquiry , the Franciscans repeated their position that the image encouraged idolatry and superstition , and four witnesses testified to Bustamante 's claim that the image was painted by an Indian , with one witness naming him `` the Indian painter Marcos '' . This could refer to the Aztec painter Marcos Cipac de Aquino , who was active at that time . But `` if he did , he did so without making a preliminary sketch -- in itself a near - miraculous procedure. ( ... ) Cipac may well have had a hand in painting the Image , but only in painting the additions , such as the angel and moon at the Virgin 's feet '' , claims Prof. Jody Brant Smith ( referring to Philip Serna Callahan 's examination of the tilma using infrared photography in 1979 ) . Ultimately Archbishop Montúfar ( himself a Dominican ) decided to end Franciscan custody of the shrine . From then on the shrine was served by diocesan priests under the authority of the archbishop . Moreover , Archbishop Montúfar authorized the construction of a much larger church at Tepeyac , in which the tilma was mounted and displayed . The report of this 1556 inquiry is the most extensive documentation concerning the Virgin of Guadalupe from the 16th century , and significantly , it makes no mention of Juan Diego , the miraculous apparition , or any other element from the legend . In the late 1570s , the Franciscan historian Bernardino de Sahagún denounced the cult at Tepeyac and the use of the name `` Tonantzin '' to call Our Lady in a personal digression in his General History of the Things of New Spain , in the version known as the Florentine Codex . At this place ( Tepeyac ) , ( the Indians ) had a temple dedicated to the mother of the gods , whom they called Tonantzin , which means Our Mother . There they performed many sacrifices in honor of this goddess ... And now that a church of Our Lady of Guadalupe is built there , they also call her Tonantzin , being motivated by the preachers who called Our Lady , the Mother of God , Tonantzin . It is not known for certain where the beginning of this Tonantzin may have originated , but this we know for certain , that , from its first usage , the word means that ancient Tonantzin . And it is something that should be remedied , for the correct ( native ) name of the Mother of God , Holy Mary , is not Tonantzin , but Dios inantzin . It appears to be a Satanic invention to cloak idolatry under the confusion of this name , Tonantzin . Sahagún 's criticism of the cult seems to have stemmed primarily from his concern about a syncretistic application of the native name Tonantzin to the Virgin Mary . However , Sahagún often used the same name in his sermons as late as the 1560s . In the 16th century and probably continuing into the early 17th century , the image was modified by adding the mandorla - shaped sunburst around the Virgin , the stars on her cloak , the moon under her feet , and the angel with folded cloth supporting her -- as was determined by an infrared and ocular study of the tilma in 1979 . First printed accounts ( edit ) Virgin of Guadalupe circa 1700s featuring a novelty crown on the Virgin 's head , later removed on 23 February 1888 One of the first printed accounts of the history of the apparitions and image occurs in Imagen de la Virgen Maria , Madre de Dios de Guadalupe , published in 1648 by Miguel Sánchez , a diocesan priest of Mexico City . Other account is the Codex Escalada dated from the sixteenth century that is a sheet of parchment containing some apparitions of the Virgin Mary and the figure of Juan Diego , the glyph of Antonio Valeriano and the signature of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún . It also contains the following glosses : `` 1548 Also in that year of 1531 appeared to Cuahtlatoatzin our beloved mother the Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico . Cuahtlatoatzin died worthily '' The next printed account was a 36 - page tract in the Nahuatl language , Huei tlamahuiçoltica ( `` The Great Event '' ) , which was published in 1649 . This tract contains a section called the Nican mopohua ( `` Here it is recounted '' ) , which we have already touched on above . The composition and authorship of the Huei tlamahuiçoltica is assigned by a majority of scholars to Luis Laso de la Vega , vicar of the sanctuary of Tepeyac from 1647 -- 1657 . Nevertheless , the most important section of the tract , the Nican Mopohua , appears to be much older . It has been attributed since the late 1600s to Antonio Valeriano ( ca . 1531 -- 1605 ) , a native Aztec man who had been educated by the Franciscans and who collaborated extensively with Bernardino de Sahagún . A manuscript version of the Nican Mopohua , now held by the New York Public Library , appears to be datable to the mid-1500s , and may have been the original work by Valeriano that was used by Laso in composing the Huei tlamahuiçoltica . Most authorities agree on the dating and on Valeriano 's authorship . On the other hand , in 1666 , the scholar Luis Becerra Tanco published in Mexico a book about the history of the apparitions under the name `` Origen milagroso del santuario de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe , '' which was republished in Spain in 1675 as `` Felicidad de Mexico en la admirable aparición de la virgen María de Guadalupe y origen de su milagrosa Imagen , que se venera extramuros de aquella ciudad . '' In the same way , in 1688 , Jesuit Father Francisco de Florencia published `` La Estrella del Norte de México '' with the history of the same apparitions . Two separate accounts , one in Nahuatl from Juan Bautista del Barrio de San Juan from the 16th century , and the other in Spanish by Servando Teresa de Mier date the original apparition and native celebration on September 8 of the Julian calendar , but also note that the Spaniards celebrate it on December 12 instead . With the help of the Informaciones Jurídicas de 1666 , a feast day in name of Our Lady of Guadalupe was requested and approved , as well as the transfer of the date of the feast of the Virgin of Guadalupe from September 8 to December 12 , the latest date on which the Virgin supposedly appeared to Juan Diego . The initiative to perform them was made by Francisco de Siles who proposed to ask the Church of Rome a Mass itself with allusive text to the apparitions and stamping of the image , along with the divine office itself , and the precept of hearing Mass on December 12 , the last date of the apparitions of the Virgin to Juan Diego as the new date to commemorate the apparitions ( which until then was on September 8 , the birth of the Virgin ) . In 1666 , the Church in México began gathering information from people who reported having known Juan Diego , and in 1723 a formal investigation into his life was ordered , where more data was gathered to support veneration . Because of the Informaciones Jurídicas de 1666 in the year 1754 , the Sacred Congregation of Rites confirmed the true value of the apparitions and granted celebrating Mass and Office for the feast of Guadalupe on December 12 . These published accounts of the origin of the image venerated in Tepeyac increased interest in the identity of Juan Diego , the original recipient of the vision . A new Basilica church was built to house the image . Completed in 1709 , it is now known as the Old Basilica . The crown ornament ( edit ) The image had originally featured a 12 - point crown on the Virgin 's head , but this disappeared in 1887 -- 88 . The change was first noticed on 23 February 1888 , when the image was removed to a nearby church . Eventually a painter confessed on his deathbed that he had been instructed by a clergyman to remove the crown . This may have been motivated by the fact that the gold paint was flaking off of the crown , leaving it looking dilapidated . But according to the historian David Brading , `` the decision to remove rather than replace the crown was no doubt inspired by a desire to ' modernize ' the image and reinforce its similarity to the nineteenth - century images of the Immaculate Conception which were exhibited at Lourdes and elsewhere ... What is rarely mentioned is that the frame which surrounded the canvas was adjusted to leave almost no space above the Virgin 's head , thereby obscuring the effects of the erasure . '' it is unclear why the frame was lowered , which makes the covering of the crown not easily noticeable . An 18th - century hagiographic painting of God the Father fashioning the image A different crown was installed to the image . On 8 February 1887 , a Papal bull from Pope Leo XIII granted permission a Canonical Coronation of the image , which occurred on 12 October 1895 . Since then the Virgin of Guadalupe has been proclaimed `` Queen of Mexico '' , `` Patroness of the Americas '' , `` Empress of Latin America '' , and `` Protectress of Unborn Children '' ( the latter two titles given by Pope John Paul II in 1999 ) . Under this title , she was also proclaimed `` Heavenly Patroness of the Philippines '' on 16 July 1935 by Pope Pius XI both witnessed and signed by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli , a designation he later rescinded on 12 September 1942 upon becoming Pope Pius XII . On 25 March 1966 , Pope Paul VI presented a Golden Rose to the sacred image . Finally , under Pope John Paul II the move to beatify Juan Diego intensified . John Paul II took a special interest in non-European Catholics and saints . During his leadership , the Congregation for the Causes of Saints declared Juan Diego `` venerable '' ( in 1987 ) , and the pope himself announced his beatification on 6 May 1990 , during a Mass at the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City , declaring him `` protector and advocate of the indigenous peoples , '' with December 9 established as his feast day . At that time historians revived doubts as to the quality of the evidence regarding Juan Diego . The writings of bishop Zumárraga , into whose hands Juan purportedly delivered the miraculous image , did not refer to him or the event . The record of the 1556 ecclesiastical inquiry omitted him , and he was not mentioned in documentation before the mid-17th century . In 1996 the 83 - year - old abbot of the Basilica of Guadalupe , Guillermo Schulenburg , was forced to resign following an interview published in the Catholic magazine Ixthus , in which he was quoted as saying that Juan Diego was `` a symbol , not a reality '' , and that his canonization would be the `` recognition of a cult . It is not recognition of the physical , real existence of a person . '' In 1883 Joaquín García Icazbalceta , historian and biographer of Zumárraga , in a confidential report on the Lady of Guadalupe for Bishop Labastida , had been hesitant to support the story of the vision . He concluded that Juan Diego had not existed . In 1995 , Father Xavier Escalada , a Jesuit whose four volume Guadalupe encyclopedia had just been published , announced the existence of a sheet of parchment ( known as Codex Escalada ) , which bore an illustrated account of the vision and some notations in Nahuatl concerning the life and death of Juan Diego . Previously unknown , the document was dated 1548 . It bore the signatures of Antonio Valeriano and Bernardino de Sahagún , which are considered to verify its contents . The codex was the subject of an appendix to the Guadalupe enciclopedia , published in 1997 . Some scholars remained unconvinced , one describing the discovery of the Codex as `` rather like finding a picture of St. Paul 's vision of Christ on the road to Damascus , drawn by St. Luke and signed by St. Peter . '' Marian title ( edit ) Virgin of Guadalupe , 1 September 1824 . Oil on canvas by Isidro Escamilla . Brooklyn Museum . In the earliest account of the apparition , the Nican Mopohua , the Virgin Mary tells Juan Bernardino , the uncle of Juan Diego , that the image left on the tilma is to be known by the name `` the Perfect Virgin , Holy Mary of Guadalupe . '' Scholars do not agree as to how the name `` Guadalupe '' was ascribed to the image . Some believe that the Spanish transcribed or transliterated a Nahuatl name , as the site had long been an important sacred spot . Others hold that the Spanish name Guadalupe is the original name , and refers to the Spanish Our Lady of Guadalupe , Extremadura , whose cult had been important in Spain in the 16th century and had been brought to the New World with the Spanish conquest . The first theory to promote a Nahuatl origin was that of Luis Becerra Tanco . In his 1675 work Felicidad de Mexico , Becerra Tanco claimed that Juan Bernardino and Juan Diego would not have been able to understand the name Guadalupe because the `` d '' and `` g '' sounds do not exist in Nahuatl . He proposed two Nahuatl alternative names that sound similar to `` Guadalupe '' , Tecuatlanopeuh ( tekwat͡ɬaˈnopeʍ ) , which he translates as `` she whose origins were in the rocky summit '' , and Tecuantlaxopeuh ( tekwant͡ɬaˈʃopeʍ ) , `` she who banishes those who devoured us . '' Ondina and Justo Gonzalez suggest that the name is a Spanish version of the Nahuatl term , Coātlaxopeuh ( koaːt͡ɬaˈʃopeʍ ) , which they interpret as meaning `` the one who crushes the serpent , '' and that it may be referring to the feathered serpent Quetzalcoatl . In addition , Mary was portrayed in European art as crushing the serpent of the Garden of Eden . According to another theory the juxtaposition of Guadalupe and a snake may indicate a nexus with the Aztec goddess of love and fertility , Tonantzin ( in Nahuatl , `` Our Revered Mother '' ) , who was also known by the name Coatlícue ( `` The Serpent Skirt '' ) . This appears to be borne out by the fact that this goddess had had a temple dedicated to her on the very Tepeyac Hill where Juan Diego had his vision , temple which had recently been destroyed at the behest of the new Catholic authorities . In the 16th century the Franciscans were suspicious that the cult of Guadalupe showed , or was susceptible to , elements of syncretism , i.e. the importation of an object of reverence in one belief system into another ( see above ) . The theory promoting the Spanish language origin of the name claims that : Juan Diego and Juan Bernardino would have been familiar with the Spanish language `` g '' and `` d '' sounds since their baptismal names contain those sounds . There is no documentation of any other name for the Virgin during the almost 144 years between the apparition being recorded in 1531 and Becerra Tanco 's proposed theory in 1675 . Documents written by contemporary Spaniards and Franciscan friars argue that for the name to be changed to a native name , such as Tepeaca or Tepeaquilla , would not make sense if a Nahuatl name were already in use , and suggest the Spanish Guadalupe was the original . The venerated image as artifact ( edit ) Iconographic description ( edit ) The image features a full - length representation of a mestiza girl or young woman with high cheek - bones , delicate features , and straight , unbraided black hair simply parted in the middle framing her face . The subject matter is in a standing posture showing in contemplative prayer with hands joined and little finger separated and head slightly inclined ; she gazes with heavy - lidded eyes at a spot below and to her right , and to left in viewpoint of the observer . She is dressed from neck to feet in a pink robe and blue - green cerulean mantle , one side folded within the arms , emblazoned with eight - point stars with two black tassels tied at high waist , wearing a neck brooch featuring a colonial styled cross . The robe is spangled with a small gold quatrefoil motif ornamented with vines and flowers , its sleeves reaching to her wrists where the cuffs of a white undergarment appear . The subject stands on a crescent moon , allegedly color silver in the past and now have turned dark . A feathered cherubic angel with outstretched arms carries the robe on her exposed feet which is uncolored . A sunburst of straight and wavy gold rays interchange behind while projecting behind the Virgin are enclosed within a mandorla . Beyond the mandorla to right and left is an unpainted expanse , white in colour with a faint blue tinge . The present image shows the 1791 nitric acid spill on the top right side , unaffecting the subject matter 's aureola . Physical description ( edit ) The portrait was executed on a fabric support of natural material constituted by two pieces ( originally three ) joined together . The join is clearly visible as a seam passing from top to bottom , with the Virgin 's face and hands and the head of the angel on the left piece . It passes through the left wrist of the Virgin . The fabric is mounted on a large metal sheet to which it has been glued for some time . The image , currently set in a massive frame protected behind bullet - proof glass , hangs inclined at a slight angle on the wall of the basilica behind the altar . At this point , there is a wide gap between the wall and the sanctuary facilitating closer viewing from moving walkways set on the floor beneath the main level of the basilica , carrying people a short distance in either direction . Viewed from the main body of the basilica , the image is located above and to the right of the altar and is retracted at night into a small vault ( accessible by steps ) set into the wall . An intricate metal crown designed by the painter Salomé Pina according to plans devised by Rómulo Escudero and Pérez Gallardo , and executed by the Parisian goldsmith , Edgar Morgan , is fixed above the image by a rod , and a massive Mexican flag is draped around and below the frame . The nature of the fabric is discussed below . Its measurements were taken by José Ignacio Bartolache on December 29 , 1786 in the presence of Joseph Bernardo de Nava , a public notary : height 170 cm ( 67 in ) , width 105 cm ( 41 in ) . The original height ( before it was first shielded behind glass in the late 18th century , at which time the unpainted portion beyond the Virgin 's head must have been cut down ) was 229 cm ( 90 in ) . Technical analyses ( edit ) The original tilma of Saint Juan Diego , which hangs above the high altar of the Guadalupe Basilica . The suspended crown atop the image dates back to its Canonical Coronation on October 12 , 1895 . The image is protected by bulletproof glass and low - oxygen atmosphere . Neither the fabric ( `` the support '' ) nor the image ( together , `` the tilma '' ) has been analyzed using the full range of resources now available to museum conservationists . Four technical studies have been conducted so far . Of these , the findings of at least three have been published . Each study required the permission of the custodians of the tilma in the Basilica . However , Callahan 's study was taken at the initiative of a third party : the custodians did not know in advance what his research would reveal . MC -- in 1756 a prominent artist , Miguel Cabrera , published a report entitled Maravilla Americana , containing the results of the ocular and manual inspections by him and six other painters in 1751 and 1752 . G -- José Antonio Flores Gómez , an art restorer , discussed in a 2002 interview with the Mexican journal Proceso , certain technical issues relative to the tilma . He had worked on it in 1947 and 1973 . PC -- in 1979 Philip Callahan , ( biophysicist , USDA entomologist , NASA consultant ) specializing in infrared imaging , was allowed direct access to visually inspect , and photograph , the image . He took numerous infrared photographs of the front of the tilma . Taking notes that were later published , his assistant noted that the original art work was neither cracked nor flaked , while later additions ( gold leaf , silver plating the moon ) showed serious signs of wear , if not complete deterioration . Callahan could not explain the excellent state of preservation of the un-retouched areas of the image on the tilma , particularly the upper two - thirds of the image . His findings , with photographs , were published in 1981 . R -- In 2002 Proceso published an interview with José Sol Rosales , formerly director of the Center for the Conservation and Listing of Heritage Artifacts ( Patrimonio Artístico Mueble ) of the National Institute of Fine Arts ( INBA ) in México City . The article included extracts from a report which Rosales had written in 1982 of his findings from his inspection of the tilma that year using raking and UV light . It was done at low magnification with a stereo microscope of the type used for surgery . Summary conclusions ( `` contra '' indicates a contrary finding ) Canvas Support : The material of the support is soft to the touch ( almost silken : MC ; something like cotton : G ) but to the eye it suggested a coarse weave of palm threads called `` pita '' or the rough fiber called `` cotense '' ( MC ) , or a hemp and linen mixture ( R ) . It was traditionally held to be made from ixtle , an agave fiber . Ground , or primer : R asserted ( MC and PC contra ) by ocular examination that the tilma was primed , though with primer `` applied irregularly . '' R does not clarify whether his observed `` irregular '' application entails that majorly the entire tilma was primed , or just certain areas -- such as those areas of the tilma extrinsic to the image -- where PC agrees had later additions . MC , alternatively , observed that the image had soaked through to the reverse of the tilma . Detail of the face . Note the discoloration on the top part of the head , where a crown is claimed to have been present at some point , now obscured by an enlarged frame for unknown reasons . Under - drawing : PC asserted there was no under - drawing . Brush - work : R suggested ( PC contra ) there was some visible brushwork on the original image , but in a minute area of the image ( `` her eyes , including the irises , have outlines , apparently applied by a brush '' ) . Condition of the surface layer : PC reports that the un-retouched portions of the image , particularly the blue mantle and the face , are in a very good state of preservation , with no flaking or peeling . The three most recent inspections ( G , PC and R ) agree ( i ) that additions have been made to the image ( gold leaf added to the sun 's rays -- which has flaked off ; silver paint or other material to depict the moon -- which has discolored ; and the re-construction or addition of the angel supporting the Marian image ) , and ( ii ) that portions of the original image have been abraded and re-touched in places . Some flaking is visible , though only in retouched areas ( mostly along the line of the vertical seam , or at passages considered to be later additions ) . Varnish : The tilma has never been varnished . Binding Medium : R provisionally identified the pigments and binding medium ( distemper ) as consistent with 16th - century methods of painting sargas ( MC , PC contra for different reasons ) , but the color values and luminosity are in good condition . The technique of painting on fabric with water - soluble pigments ( with or without primer or ground ) is well - attested . The binding medium is generally animal glue or gum arabic ( see : Distemper ) . Such an artifact is variously discussed in the literature as a tüchlein or sarga . Tüchlein paintings are very fragile , and are not well preserved , so the tilma 's color values and state of preservation are very good . Trans - religious significance ( edit ) Religious imagery of Our Lady of Guadalupe appears in Roman Catholic parishes , especially those with Latin American heritage . In addition , due to the growth of Hispanic communities in the United States , religious imagery of Our Lady of Guadalupe has started appearing in some Anglican , Lutheran , and Methodist churches . The iconography of the Virgin is fully Catholic : Miguel Sanchez , the author of the 1648 tract Imagen de la Virgen María , described her as the Woman of the Apocalypse from the New Testament 's Revelation 12 : 1 , `` clothed with the sun , and the moon under her feet , and upon her head a crown of twelve stars . '' She is described as a representation of the Immaculate Conception . Virgil Elizondo says the image also had layers of meaning for the indigenous people of Mexico who associated her image with their polytheistic deities , which further contributed to her popularity . Her blue - green mantle was the color reserved for the divine couple Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl ; her belt is interpreted as a sign of pregnancy ; and a cross-shaped image , symbolizing the cosmos and called nahui - ollin , is inscribed beneath the image 's sash . She was called `` mother of maguey , '' the source of the sacred beverage pulque . Pulque was also known as `` the milk of the Virgin . '' The rays of light surrounding her are seen to also represent maguey spines . Cultural significance ( edit ) Symbol of Mexico ( edit ) Luis de Mena , Virgin of Guadalupe and castas , 1750 , a frequently reproduced painting , uniquely uniting the image Virgin and a depiction of the casta system Allegory of the papal declaration in 1754 by pope Benedict XIV of Our Lady of Guadalupe patronage over the New Spain in the presence of the viceroyal authorities . Anonymous ( Mexican ) author , 18th century . Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe became the recognized symbol of Catholic Mexicans . Miguel Sánchez , the author in 1648 of the first published account of the vision , identified Guadalupe as Revelation 's Woman of the Apocalypse , and said : `` ... this New World has been won and conquered by the hand of the Virgin Mary ... ( who had ) prepared , disposed , and contrived her exquisite likeness in this her Mexican land , which was conquered for such a glorious purpose , won that there should appear so Mexican an image . '' Throughout the Mexican national history of the 19th and 20th centuries , the Guadalupan name and image have been unifying national symbols ; the first President of Mexico ( 1824 -- 29 ) changed his name from José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix to Guadalupe Victoria in honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe . Father Miguel Hidalgo , in the Mexican War of Independence ( 1810 ) , and Emiliano Zapata , in the Mexican Revolution ( 1910 ) , led their respective armed forces with Guadalupan flags emblazoned with an image of Our Lady of Guadalupe . In 1999 , the Church officially proclaimed her the Patroness of the Americas , the Empress of Latin America , and the Protectress of Unborn Children . The revolutionary banner carried by Miguel Hidalgo and his insurgent army during the Mexican War of Independence In 1810 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla initiated the bid for Mexican independence with his Grito de Dolores , with the cry `` Death to the Spaniards and long live the Virgin of Guadalupe ! '' When Hidalgo 's mestizo - indigenous army attacked Guanajuato and Valladolid , they placed `` the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe , which was the insignia of their enterprise , on sticks or on reeds painted different colors '' and `` they all wore a print of the Virgin on their hats . '' After Hidalgo 's death leadership of the revolution fell to a zambo / mestizo priest named José María Morelos , who led insurgent troops in the Mexican south . Morelos adopted the Virgin as the seal of his Congress of Chilpancingo , inscribing her feast day into the Chilpancingo constitution and declaring that Guadalupe was the power behind his victories : New Spain puts less faith in its own efforts than in the power of God and the intercession of its Blessed Mother , who appeared within the precincts of Tepeyac as the miraculous image of Guadalupe that had come to comfort us , defend us , visibly be our protection . Simón Bolívar noticed the Guadalupan theme in these uprisings , and shortly before Morelos 's execution in 1815 wrote : `` the leaders of the independence struggle have put fanaticism to use by proclaiming the famous Virgin of Guadalupe as the queen of the patriots , praying to her in times of hardship and displaying her on their flags ... the veneration for this image in Mexico far exceeds the greatest reverence that the shrewdest prophet might inspire . '' In 1912 , Emiliano Zapata 's peasant army rose out of the south against the government of Francisco Madero . Though Zapata 's rebel forces were primarily interested in land reform -- `` tierra y libertad '' ( ' land and liberty ' ) was the slogan of the uprising -- when his peasant troops penetrated Mexico City they carried Guadalupan banners . More recently , the contemporary Zapatista National Liberation Army ( EZLN ) named their `` mobile city '' in honor of the Virgin : it is called Guadalupe Tepeyac . EZLN spokesperson Subcomandante Marcos wrote a humorous letter in 1995 describing the EZLN bickering over what to do with a Guadalupe statue they had received as a gift . Mexican culture ( edit ) Reliquary in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles , California , containing a fragment of the tilma of Juan Diego Harringon argues that : The Aztecs ... had an elaborate , coherent symbolic system for making sense of their lives . When this was destroyed by the Spaniards , something new was needed to fill the void and make sense of New Spain ... the image of Guadalupe served that purpose . Hernán Cortés , the Conquistador who overthrew the Aztec empire in 1521 , was a native of Extremadura , home to Our Lady of Guadalupe . By the 16th century the Extremadura Guadalupe , a statue of the Virgin said to be carved by Saint Luke the Evangelist , was already a national icon . It was found at the beginning of the 14th century when the Virgin appeared to a humble shepherd and ordered him to dig at the site of the apparition . The recovered Virgin then miraculously helped to expel the Moors from Spain , and her small shrine evolved into the great Guadalupe monastery . According to the traditional account , the name of Guadalupe was chosen by the Virgin herself when she appeared on the hill outside Mexico City in 1531 , ten years after the Conquest . Guadalupe continues to be a mixture of the cultures which blended to form Mexico , both racially and religiously , `` the first mestiza '' , or `` the first Mexican '' . `` bringing together people of distinct cultural heritages , while at the same time affirming their distinctness . '' As Jacques Lafaye wrote in Quetzalcoatl and Guadalupe , `` as the Christians built their first churches with the rubble and the columns of the ancient pagan temples , so they often borrowed pagan customs for their own cult purposes . '' The author Judy King asserts that Guadalupe is a `` common denominator '' uniting Mexicans . Writing that Mexico is composed of a vast patchwork of differences -- linguistic , ethnic , and class - based -- King says `` The Virgin of Guadalupe is the rubber band that binds this disparate nation into a whole . '' The Mexican novelist Carlos Fuentes once said that `` you can not truly be considered a Mexican unless you believe in the Virgin of Guadalupe . '' Nobel Literature laureate Octavio Paz wrote in 1974 that `` the Mexican people , after more than two centuries of experiments , have faith only in the Virgin of Guadalupe and the National Lottery '' . In literature and film ( edit ) One notable reference in literature to La Virgen of Guadalupe and her predecessor , the Aztec Earth goddess Tonantzín , is in Sandra Cisneros ' short story `` Little Miracles , Kept Promises , '' from her collection Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories ( 1991 ) . Cisneros ' story is constructed out of brief notes that people give Our Lady of Guadalupe in thanks for favors received , which in Cisneros ' hands becomes a portrait of an extended Chicano community living throughout Texas . `` Little Miracles '' ends with an extended narrative ( pp. 124 -- 29 ) of a feminist artist , Rosario `` Chayo '' De Leon , who at first did n't allow images of La Virgen de Guadalupe in her home because she associated her with subservience and suffering , particularly by Mexican women . But when she learns that Guadalupe 's shrine is built on the same hill in Mexico City that had a shrine to Tonantzín , the Aztec Earth goddess and serpent destroyer , Chayo comes to understand that there 's a deep , syncretic connection between the Aztec goddess and the Mexican saint ; together they inspire Chayo 's new artistic creativity , inner strength , and independence . In Chayo 's words , `` I finally understood who you are . No longer Mary the mild , but our mother Tonantzín . Your church at Tepeyac built on the site of her temple '' ( 128 ) . Our Lady of Guadalupe , Juan Diego , and the tilma have been investigated through film several times in recent history . One of the most notable and thorough filmic investigations was done by director Tim Watkins in the 2013 film The Blood & The Rose . Documentarians have been portraying the message of Our Lady of Guadalupe since the 1990s in an attempt to bring the message of the apparition to the North American audience . Catholic church ( edit ) Papal honors ( edit ) Several Pontiffs have honored the image , specifically : Pope Benedict XIV , in the Papal bull Non Est Equidem of 25 May 1754 , declared Our Lady of Guadalupe patroness of what was then named New Spain , corresponding to Spanish Central and Northern America , and approved liturgical texts for the Mass and the Breviary in her honor . Pope Leo XIII granted new texts in 1891 and on 8 February 1887 authorized the canonical coronation of the image , which occurred on 12 October 1895 . Pope Pius X proclaimed her patron of Latin America in 1910 . Pope Pius XI declared Our Lady of Guadalupe the `` Heavenly Patroness of the Philippines '' on 16 July 1935 and the relevant Apostolic Letter was signed by Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli ( later Pope Pius XII ) . This was revised on 12 September 1942 , when Pope Pius XII , by the Apostolic Letter Impositi Nobis constituted and declared the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title Immaculate Conception as `` Principal and Universal Patroness of the Philippine Islands '' , with Saint Pudentiana and Saint Rose of Lima constituted and declared to be the secondary patronesses . Pope Pius XII accorded her the title `` Queen of Mexico and Empress of the Americas '' in 1945 , and `` Patroness of the Americas '' in 1946 . Pope John XXIII invoked her as `` Mother of the Americas '' in 1961 , referring to her as Mother and Teacher of the Faith of All American populations . Pope Paul VI gave the image a Golden Rose on 20 March 1966 . Pope John Paul II visited her shrine on 26 January 1979 , and again when he beatified Juan Diego there on 6 May 1990 . In 1992 , he dedicated to Our Lady of Guadalupe a chapel within Saint Peter 's Basilica in the Vatican . At the request of the Special Assembly for the Americas of the Synod of Bishops , he reiterated her title of Patroness of the Americas on 22 January 1999 and granted the rank of solemnity in that region . The same Supreme Pontiff included in the General Roman Calendar as an optional memorial the liturgical celebration of Our Lady of Guadalupe on 12 December . Pope Francis granted the image a second Golden Rose via Cardinal Marc Ouellet for presentation at the Basilica on 18 November 2013 . The same Supreme Pontiff granted a new gold - plated silver crown with an accompanying prayer to the image during his apostolic visit to the Basilica on 13 February 2016 . On the crown was inscribed `` Mater Mea , Spes Mea '' ( `` My Mother ( and ) My Hope '' ) . This crown is stored within the chancery and is not publicly worn by the image enshrined at the altar . Pious beliefs and devotions ( edit ) Protection from damage ( edit ) Altar in a market of Mexico City Roman Catholic sources claim that the original image has many miraculous and supernatural properties , including that the tilma has maintained its structural integrity for approximately 500 years despite exposure to soot , candle wax , incense , constant manual veneration by devotees , the historical fact that the image was displayed without any protective glass for its first 115 years , while replicas normally endure for only circa 15 years before degrading , and that it repaired itself with no external assistance after a 1791 accident in which nitric acid was spilled on its top right , causing considerable damage but leaving the aureola of the Virgin intact . Furthermore , on 14 November 1921 a bomb hidden within a basket of flowers and left under the tilma by an anti-Catholic secularist exploded and damaged the altar of the Basilica that houses the original image , but the tilma was unharmed . A brass standing crucifix , bent by the explosion , is now preserved at the shrine 's museum and is believed to be miraculous by devotees . Other supernatural qualities ( edit ) In 1929 and 1951 photographers claimed to have found a figure reflected in the Virgin 's eyes ; upon inspection they said that the reflection was tripled in what is called the Purkinje effect , commonly found in human eyes . An ophthalmologist , Dr. Jose Aste Tonsmann , later enlarged an image of the Virgin 's eyes by 2500x and claimed to have found not only the aforementioned single figure , but images of all the witnesses present when the tilma was first revealed before Zumárraga in 1531 , plus a small family group of mother , father , and a group of children , in the center of the Virgin 's eyes , fourteen people in all . Numerous Catholic websites repeat the claim that in 1936 biochemist Richard Kuhn analyzed a sample of the fabric and announced that the pigments used were from no known source , whether animal , mineral , or vegetable. . According to The Wonder of Guadalupe by Francis Johnston , this was requested by Professor Hahn and Professor Marcelino Junco , retired professor of organic chemistry at the National University of Mexico . Dr. Philip Serna Callahan , who photographed the icon under infrared light , declared from his photographs that portions of the face , hands , robe , and mantle had been painted in one step , with no sketches or corrections and no visible brush strokes . Veneration ( edit ) The shrine of the Virgin of Guadalupe is the most visited Catholic pilgrimage destination in the world . Over the Friday and Saturday of December 11 to 12 , 2009 , a record number of 6.1 million pilgrims visited the Basilica of Guadalupe in Mexico City to commemorate the anniversary of the apparition . The Virgin of Guadalupe is considered the Patroness of Mexico and the Continental Americas ; she is also venerated by Native Americans , on the account of the devotion calling for the conversion of the Americas . Replicas of the tilma can be found in thousands of churches throughout the world , and numerous parishes bear her name . Due to a claim that her black girdle indicates pregnancy on the image , the Blessed Virgin Mary , under this title is popularly invoked as Patroness of the Unborn and a common image for the Pro-Life movement . Churches named in honor of Our Lady of Guadalupe ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) El Santuario de Guadalupe , Santa Fe , New Mexico , United States North America The Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe , the shrine founded on the original site on Tepeyac Hill in Mexico City , Mexico . The Basílica of Guadalupe in Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico . The Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Zamora , Michoacán , Mexico . The Cathedral Santuario de Guadalupe in Dallas , Texas , United States . The Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe , in La Crosse , Wisconsin , United States . Our Lady of Guadalupe Seminary , the English - language seminary of the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter in Denton , Nebraska , United States . El Santuario de Guadalupe , Santa Fe , New Mexico : the oldest extant shrine to Our Lady of Guadalupe in the United States . The Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe , Guadalupe , California . The Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Basse - Terre , on the Lesser Antillian island and French overseas department Guadeloupe , which is also denominated in her honor . The Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Ponce , Puerto Rico . The Diocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe , Pagsanjan , Laguna , Philippines . The National Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe , Makati City , Philippines . The Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe , Puchong , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The Abbey of the Dormition in Jerusalem , Israel houses a mosaic of Our Lady of Guadalupe in its interior . See also ( edit ) Book : Mary and Mariology Mexico portal Catholicism portal Christianity portal Marian apparition Mariology Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe Marcos Cipac de Aquino Miracle of the roses Lord of Miracles of Buga Acheiropoieta References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World 's Most - Visited Sacred Sites '' , Travel and Leisure , January 2012 Jump up ^ `` Shrine of Guadalupe Most Popular in the World '' , Zenit , June 13 , 1999 Jump up ^ Sousa , Lisa ; Stafford Poole ; James Lockhart ( trans . and trans . ) ( 1998 ) . The Story of Guadalupe : Luis Laso de la Vega 's Huei tlamahuiçoltica of 1649 . UCLA Latin American studies , vol. 84 ; Nahuatl studies series , no . 5 . Stanford & Los Angeles , California : Stanford University Press , UCLA Latin American Center Publications . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3482 - 8 . OCLC 39455844 . p. 65 . Jump up ^ This apparition is somewhat elided in the Nican Mopohua but is implicit in three brief passages ( Sousa et al. , pp. 75 , 77 , 83 ) . It is fully described in the Imagen de la Virgen María of Miguel Sánchez published in 1648 . Jump up ^ English translation of the Nican Mopohua , a 17th - century account written in the native Nahuatl language . Jump up ^ The date does not appear in the Nican Mopohua , but in Sanchez 's Imagen . Jump up ^ The procession and miracle are not part of the Nican Mopohua proper , but introduce the Nican Mopectana which immediately follows the Nican Mopohua in the Huei tlamahuiçoltica . Jump up ^ Poole , Stafford . Our Lady of Guadalupe : The Origins and Sources of a Mexican National Symbol , 1531 -- 1797 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Taylor , William B. , Shrines and Miraculous Images : Religious Life in Mexico Before the Reforma ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Mansueto , Anthony E. , Religion and Dialectics , p. 110 , University Press of America , 2002 ^ Jump up to : Flores Segura , Joaquín , Tonantzin , Guadalupe , p. 74 , Editorial Progreso , 1997 ^ Jump up to : Campos , Jorge . Guadalupe : Symbol of Evangelization , Ibukku , 2017 Jump up ^ Fee , Christopher R. and Webb , Jeffrey B. , American Myths , Legends , and Tall Tales : An Encyclopedia of American Folklore , p. 747 , ABC - CLIO , 2016 Jump up ^ D.A. Brading , Mexican Phoenix : Our Lady of Guadalupe , ( Cambridge University Press , 2001 , ) pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Castaño , Victor Manuel : coordinador general , `` Estudio físico - químico y técnico del códice 1548 '' , Colección Privada Herdez ( 1997 ) ; Ciencia Hoy , `` La detectivesca ciencia de los documentos antiguos : el caso de códice 1548 '' , ( a ) 29 April , ( b ) 6 May , and ( c ) 13 May 2008 Jump up ^ Códice 1548 o `` Escalada '' ^ Jump up to : Peralta , Alberto ( 2003 ) . `` El Códice 1548 : Crítica a una supuesta fuente Guadalupana del Siglo XVI '' . Artículos ( in Spanish ) . Proyecto Guadalupe . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2007 . Retrieved December 1 , 2006 . , Poole , Stafford ( July 2005 ) . `` History vs. Juan Diego '' . The Americas . 62 : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1353 / tam. 2005.0133 . , Poole , Stafford ( 2006 ) . The Guadalupan Controversies in Mexico . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5252 - 7 . OCLC 64427328 . ^ Jump up to : D. Brading ( 2001 ) , Mexican Phoenix : Our Lady of Guadalupe : Image and Tradition Across Five Centuries , Cambridge University Press , pp. 117 -- 118 , cf . p. 359 . ^ Jump up to : León - Portilla , Miguel ; Antonio Valeriano ( 2000 ) . Tonantzin Guadalupe : pensamiento náhuatl y mensaje cristiano en el `` Nicān mopōhua '' ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : Colegio Nacional : Fondo de Cultura Económico . ISBN 968 - 16 - 6209 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Burrus S.J. , Ernest J. ( 1981 ) . `` The Oldest Copy of the Nican Mopohua '' . Cara Studies in Popular Devotion . Washington D.C. : Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate ( Georgetown University ) . II , Guadalupan Studies ( 4 ) . OCLC 9593292 . ^ Jump up to : O'Gorman , Edmundo ( 1991 ) . Destierro de sombras : luz en el origen de la imagen y culto de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe del Tepeyac ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México . ISBN 968 - 837 - 870 - 4 . Jump up ^ Robert Ricard , The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico . Translated by Lesley Byrd Simpson . Berkeley : University of California Press 1966 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Ricard , Spiritual Conquest , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Poole , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Poole , pp. 60 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Dunning , Brian ( 13 April 2010 ) . `` Skeptoid # 201 : The Virgin of Guadalupe '' . Skeptoid . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ J. Nickell , `` Image of Guadalupe : myth -- perception '' . Skeptical Inquirer 21 : 1 ( January / February 1997 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Jody Brant Smith , The image of Guadalupe , Mercer University Press , 1994 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Francis Johnston , The Wonder of Guadalupe , TAN Books , 1981 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Ricard , Spiritual Conquest , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Bernardino de Sahagún , Florentine Codex : Introduction and Indices , Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble , translators . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press , 1982 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ L. Burkhart ( 2001 ) . Before Guadalupe : the Virgin Mary in early colonial Nahuatl literature . Austin : University of Texas Press . Jump up ^ P. Callahan ( 1981 ) . The Tilma under Infrared Radiation : CARA Studies in Popular Devotion , vol. II , Guadalupe Studies , n ° 3 . Washington D.C. : Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate , pp. 6 -- 13 , esp . conclusions at pp. 9 , 10 , 13 ; summary conclusions 2 and 3 at p. 18 ; and speculations at p. 19 as to the circumstances in which the additions were made Jump up ^ D.A. Brading , Mexican Phoenix : Our Lady of Guadalupe , ( Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) p. 5 Jump up ^ `` Insigne y Nacional Basílica de Santa María de Guadalupe '' . basilica.mxv.mx . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Sousa , Lisa ; Stafford Poole ; James Lockhart ( trans . and trans . ) ( 1998 ) . The Story of Guadalupe : Luis Laso de la Vega 's Huei tlamahuiçoltica of 1649 . UCLA Latin American studies , vol. 84 ; Nahuatl studies series , no . 5 . Stanford & Los Angeles , California : Stanford University Press , UCLA Latin American Center Publications . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3482 - 8 . OCLC 39455844 . pp. 42 -- 47 . Jump up ^ The Story of Guadalupe : Luis Laso de la Vega 's Huei tlamahuiçoltica of 1649 . UCLA Latin American studies , vol. 84 ; Nahuatl studies series , no . 5 . Stanford University Press , UCLA Latin American Center Publications ; pp. 42 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Story of the manuscript , as told by Thomas Lannon , assistant curator of the New York Public Library . A digital scan of the manuscript is available here . Jump up ^ Brading , p. 344 Jump up ^ Treviño , Eduardo Chávez ; translated from Spanish by Carmen ; Montaño , Veronica ( 2006 ) . Our Lady of Guadalupe and Saint Juan Diego : the historical evidence . Lanham , Md. : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 121 of 212 . ISBN 0742551059 . Jump up ^ Anales de Juan Bautista Folio 6r Jump up ^ Cartas Sobre la Tradición de Ntra . Sra . de Guadalupe de México , Servando Teresa De Mier 1797 p 53 Jump up ^ Informaciones sobre la Milagrosa Aparición de la Santísima Virgen de Guadalupe , recibidas en 1666 y 1723 , Amecameca , Imprenta Católica , 1889 , por Fortino Hipólito Vera Jump up ^ GUADALUPE ; Informaciones jurídicas de 1666 Archived December 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Informaciones de 1666 Jump up ^ Stafford Poole , The Guadalupan Controversies in Mexico , Stanford University Press , 2006 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Brading ( 2002 ) , Mexican Phoenix , p. 307 Jump up ^ Enciclopedia Guadalupana , p. 267 ( vol. II ) ^ Jump up to : `` Virgen de Guadalupe '' . Mariologia.org . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Britannica.com Jump up ^ Daily Catholic , December 7 , 1999 , accessed November 30 , 2006 Jump up ^ Juan Diego y las Apariciones el pimo Tepeyac ( Paperback ) by Joaquín García Icazbalceta ISBN 970 - 92771 - 3 - 8 ^ Jump up to : D.A. Brading , Mexican Phoenix Our Lady of Guadalupe : Image and Tradition Across Five Centuries ( 2001 ) p 58 Jump up ^ `` Nican Mopohua : Here It Is Told , '' , p. 208 , UC San Diego ^ Jump up to : Anderson Carl and Chavez Eduardo , Our Lady of Guadalupe : Mother of the Civilization of Love , Doubleday , New York , 2009 , p. 205 Jump up ^ González , Ondina E. and Justo L. González , Christianity in Latin America : A History , p. 59 , Cambridge University Press , 2008 Jump up ^ See Callahan Philip Serna , The Tilma under Infrared Radiation , CARA Studies on Popular Devotion , vol. II : Guadalupanan Studies No. 3 , pp. 6 -- 16 Jump up ^ Callahan , Philip Serna , The Tilma under Infrared Radiation , CARA Studies on Popular Devotion , vol. II : Guadalupanan Studies No. 3 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ For a brief description of the vault , see Callahan , Philip Serna , The Tilma under Infrared Radiation , CARA Studies on Popular Devotion , vol. II : Guadalupanan Studies No. 3 , at p. 6 Jump up ^ See Enciclopedia Guadalupana , p. 267 ( vol. 2 ) . Jump up ^ See Enciclopedia Guadalupana , p. 536f . ( vol. 3 ) . The December 2001 issue ( special edition ) of Guia México Desconocido ( p. 86 ) dedicated to the Virgen de Guadalupe has a fact box on p. 21 which gives slightly different dimensions : height 178 by 103 cm wide ( 70 by 41 in ) . Jump up ^ See Fernández de Echeverría y Veytia ( 1718 -- 1780 ) , Baluartes de México , ( publ . posthumously , 1820 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Cabrera , Miguel : Maravilla Americana y conjunto de varias maravillas observadas con la direccíon de las reglas del arte de la pintura en la prodigiosa imagen de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe , Mexico , 1756 , facs . ed . Mexico , 1977 ; summary in Brading , D.A. : Mexican Phoenix : Our Lady of Guadalupe : Image and Tradition Across Five Centuries , Cambridge University Press , 2001 , pp. 169 -- 172 Jump up ^ Vera , Rodrigo : `` Un restaurador de la guadalupana expone detalles técnicos que desmitifican a la imagen '' , Revista Proceso N ° 1343 , July 27 , 2002 , pp. 17 -- 18 , cf. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Callahan , Philip : `` The Tilma under Infrared Radiation '' , CARA Studies in Popular Devotion , vol. II , Guadalupan Studies , No . III ( March 1981 , 45pp . ) , Washington , D.C. ; cf . Leatham , Miguel ( 2001 ) . `` Indigenista Hermeneutics and the Historical Meaning of Our Lady of Guadalupe of Mexico , '' Folklore Forum , Google Docs . pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Vera , Rodrigo : `` el análisis que ocultó el vaticano '' , Revista Proceso N ° 1333 , May 18 , 2002 ; cf. ( 2 ) and cf . idem , `` manos humanas pintaron la guadalupana '' , Revista Proceso N ° 1332 , May 11 , 2002 , cf . http://www.ecultura.gob.mx/patrimonio/index.php?lan= Jump up ^ Brading ( 2001 ) , Mexican Phoenix , p. 170 Jump up ^ Bomford , David and Roy , Ashok : `` The Technique of Two Paintings by Dieric Bouts , '' National Gallery Technical Bulletin vol. 10 , 1986 , pp. 42 -- 57 ; Santos Gómez , Sonia and San Andrés Moya , Margarita : `` La Pintura de Sargas , '' Archivo Español de Arte , LXXVII , 2004 , 305 , pp. 59 -- 74 Jump up ^ Doherty , T. , & Woollett , A.T. ( 2009 ) . Looking at paintings : a guide to technical terms . Getty Publications . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Maxwell E. ( 1 April 2015 ) . The Church in Act : Lutheran Liturgical Theology in Ecumenical Conversation . Fortress Press . p. 187 . ISBN 9781451496680 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McMenamin , M. ( 2006 ) . `` Our Lady of Guadalupe and Eucharistic Adoration '' . Numismatics International Bulletin . 41 ( 5 ) : 91 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Elizondo , Virgil . Guadalupe , Mother of a New Creation . Maryknoll , New York : Orbis Books , 1997 Jump up ^ UTPA.edu , `` La Virgen de Guadalupe '' , accessed November 30 , 2006 Jump up ^ Tonantzin Guadalupe , by Joaquín Flores Segura , Editorial Progreso , 1997 , ISBN 970 - 641 - 145 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 970 - 641 - 145 - 7 , pp. 66 -- 77 ^ Jump up to : Taylor , William B. ( 1979 ) . `` Drinking , Homicide , and Rebellion in Colonial Mexican Villages '' . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Jump up ^ Del Maguey , Single Village Mezcal . `` What if Pulque ? '' . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bushnell , John ( 1958 ) . `` La Virgen de Guadalupe as Surrogate Mother in San Juan Aztingo '' . American Anthropologist. 60 ( 2 ) : 261 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1958.60. 2.02 a00050 . ^ Jump up to : Krauze , Enrique . Mexico , Biography of Power . A History of Modern Mexico 1810 -- 1996 . HarperCollins : New York , 1997 . Jump up ^ Documentary footage of Zapata and Pancho Villa 's armies entering Mexico City can be seen at YouTube.com , Zapata 's men can be seen carrying the flag of the Guadalupana about 38 seconds in . Jump up ^ Subcomandante Marcos , Flag.blackened.net , `` Zapatistas Guadalupanos and the Virgin of Guadalupe '' March 24 , 1995 , accessed December 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Patricia . `` Mother of Death , Mother of Rebirth : The Virgin of Guadalupe . '' Journal of the American Academy of Religion . Vol. 56 , Issue 1 , pp. 25 -- 50 . 1988 Jump up ^ Sancta.org , `` Why the name ' of Guadalupe ' ? '' , accessed November 30 , 2006 Jump up ^ Elizondo , Virgil . AmericanCatholic.org , `` Our Lady of Guadalupe . A Guide for the New Millennium '' St. Anthony Messenger Magazine Online . December 1999 ; accessed December 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Lydia . `` ' Undocumented Virgin . ' Guadalupe Narrative Crosses Borders for New Understanding . '' Episcopal News Service . December 10 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : King , Judy . MexConnect.com , `` La Virgen de Guadalupe -- Mother of All Mexico '' Accessed November 29 , 2006 Jump up ^ O'Connor , Mary . `` The Virgin of Guadalupe and the Economics of Symbolic Behavior . '' The Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion . Vol. 28 , Issue 2 . pp. 105 -- 119 . 1989 . Jump up ^ Lafaye , Jacques . Quetzalcoatl and Guadalupe . The Formation of Mexican National Consciousness . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . 1976 Jump up ^ Demarest , Donald . `` Guadalupe Cult ... In the Lives of Mexicans . '' p. 114 in A Handbook on Guadalupe , Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate , eds . Waite Park MN : Park Press Inc , 1996 Jump up ^ Paz , Octavio . Introduction to Jacques Lafaye 's Quetzalcalcoatl and Guadalupe . The Formation of Mexican National Consciousness 1531 -- 1813 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1976 Jump up ^ Cisneros , Sandra . `` Little Miracles , Kept Promises . '' Woman Hollering Creed and Other Stories . New York : Random House , 1991 . 116 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www.thebloodandtherose.com Jump up ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis 28 ( 1936 ) , pp. 63f. -- 16 Iulii ( July ) 1935 . Pius XI . Beatissima Virgo Maria Sub Titulo de Guadalupa Insularum Philippinarum Coelestis Patrona Declaratur . Jump up ^ http://lifestyle.inquirer.net Archived July 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , `` Our Lady of Guadalupe is secondary patroness of the Philippines '' Jump up ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis 34 ( 1942 ) , pp. 336f . ^ Jump up to : In accordance with tradition he blessed the rose , the work of the Roman sculptor Giuseppe Pirrone , on Laetare Sunday , 20 March 1966 and consigned it to Cardinal Confalonieri as his legate , who presented it at the Basilica on 31 May 1966 ; Notitiae , bulletin of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments , 2002 , pages 194 -- 195 Jump up ^ See the speeches delivered by Bl . Pope Paul VI on each occasion . Jump up ^ Catholic News Agency report of 22 November 2013 ( 3 ) , accessed 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Guerra , Giulio Dante . AlleanzaCattolica.org , `` La Madonna di Guadalupe '' . ' Inculturazione ' Miracolosa . Christianita . n . 205 -- 206 , 1992 ; accessed December 1 , 2006 Jump up ^ D.A. Brading , Mexican Phoenix . Our Lady of Guadalupe : Image and Tradition Across Five Centuries , Cambridge University Press : Cambridge , ( 2001 ) , p. 314 ; Stafford Poole , The Guadalupan Controversies in Mexico , Stanford , California : Stanford University Press ( 2006 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Web.archive.org . `` The Eyes '' Interlupe . Accessed December 3 ^ Jump up to : `` Science Sees What Mary Saw From Juan Diego 's Tilma '' , catholiceducation.org Archived June 20 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Experiencefestival.com Archived July 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sennott , Br . Thomas Mary . MotherOfAllPeoples.com , `` The Tilma of Guadalupe : A Scientific Analysis '' . Jump up ^ Znit.org Archived November 13 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) Primary sources ( edit ) Cabrera , Miguel , Maravilla americana y conjunto de raras maravillas ... en la prodigiosa imagen de Nuestra Srs . de Guadalupe de México ( 1756 ) . Facsimile edition , Mexico City : Editorial Jus 1977 . Cabrera y Quintero , Cayetano de . Escudo de armas de México : Celestial protección de esta nobilissima ciudad de la Nueva - España Ma . Santissima en su portentosa imagen del Mexico Guadalupe . Mexico City : Impreso por la Viuda de don Joseph Bernardo de Hogal 1746 . The Story of Guadalupe : Luis Laso de la Vega 's `` Huei tlmahuiçoltica '' of 1649 . edited and translated by Lisa Sousa , Stafford Poole , and James Lockhart . Vol. 84 of UCLA Latin American Center Publications . Stanford : Stanford University Press 1998 . Noguez , Xavier . Documentos Guadalupanos . Mexico City : El Colegio Mexiquense and Fondo de Cultura Económia 1993 . Secondary sources ( edit ) Brading , D.A. , Mexican Phoenix : Our Lady of Guadalupe : Image and Tradition across Five Centuries . New York : Cambridge University Press 2001 . Burkhart , Louise . `` The Cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico '' in South and Meso - American Native Spirituality , ed . Gary H. Gossen and Miguel León - Portilla , pp. 198 -- 227 . New York : Crossroad Press 1993 . Burkhart , Louise . Before Guadalupe : The Virgin Mary in Early Colonial Nahuatl Literature . Albany : Institute for Mesoamerican Studies and the University of Texas Press 2001 . Cline , Sarah . `` Guadalupe and the Castas : The Power of a Singular Colonial Mexican Painting . '' Mexican Studies / Esudios Mexicanos Vol. 31 , Issue 2 , Summer 2015 , pages 218 - 46 . Deutsch , James . `` A New Way to Show Your Devotion in Mexico City : Wear a T - Shirt . A Smithsonian folklorist makes the pilgrimage to the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe and discovers an emerging tradition , '' Smithsonian Magazine , December 11 , 2017 , http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/new-way-show-your-devotion-mexico-city-wear-t-shirt-180967464/#AZkZXWlh8PMyKRSG.99 Elizondo , Virgil . Guadalupe , Mother of a New Creation . Maryknoll , New York : Orbis Books , 1997 Lafaye , Jacques . Quetzalcoatl and Guadalupe : The Formation of Mexican National Consciousness , 1532 - 1815 . Trans . Benjamin Keen . Chicago : University of Chicago Press 1976 . Maza , Francisco de la . El Guadalupismo mexicano . Mexico City : Fondo de Cultura Económica 1953 , 1981 . O'Connor , Mary . `` The Virgin of Guadalupe and the Economics of Symbolic Behavior . '' The Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion . Vol. 28 , Issue 2 . pp. 105 -- 119 . 1989 . Peterson , Jeanette Favrot . Visualizing Guadalupe : From Black Madonna to Queen of the Americas . Austin : University of Texas Press 2014 . Poole , Stafford , Our Lady of Guadalupe : The Origins and Sources of a Mexican National Symbol , 1531 - 1797 . Tucson : University of Arizona Press 1995 . Poole , Stafford , `` History Versus Juan Diego , '' The Americas 62 , no . 1 ( July 2005 ) , 1 - 16 . Taylor , William B. , `` The Virgin of Guadalupe in New Spain : An Inquiry into the Social History of Marian Devotion . '' American Ethnologist 14 , no 1 ( 1987 ) : 9 - 33 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Our Lady of Guadalupe ( Tepeyac ) . NEWS.BBC.co.uk , BBC photo essay of December 12 festivities in San Miguel de Allende , Gto . `` Shrine of Guadalupe '' on the Catholic Encyclopedia Coordinates : 19 ° 29 ′ 04 '' N 99 ° 07 ′ 02 '' W / 19.48444 ° N 99.11722 ° W / 19.48444 ; - 99.11722 Mary , mother of Jesus Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church People Joseph ( husband ) Jesus ( son ) Joachim ( father ) Anne ( mother ) Elizabeth ( relative ) Brothers of Jesus Mariology Anglicanism Catholicism Christianity ( ecumenical ) Orthodoxy Islam Protestantism Lutheranism Life In the Bible Annunciation Visitation Magnificat Nativity Presentation of Jesus at the Temple Flight into Egypt Finding in the Temple Marriage at Cana Crucifixion Deposition Resurrection Pentecost In Tradition History of Roman Catholic Mariology Nativity of Mary Theotokos : Mother of God Dormition Akathist Hodegetria Panagia Presentation of Mary Virgin birth of Jesus Assumption Immaculata Perpetual Virginity Immaculate Heart Woman of the Apocalypse Queen of 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Christ Sacred Heart of Jesus apparitions to Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque Sacred Heart of Jesus apparitions to Blessed Mary of the Divine Heart Droste zu Vischering Revelation of the Divine Mercy to Saint Faustina Kowalska Revelation of the Scapular of the Sacred Heart to Estelle Faguete Jesus to Blessed Alexandrina of Balazar Virgin Mary Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Laus Our Lady of Lourdes Our Lady of Fátima Our Lady of Graces of the Miraculous Medal Our Lady of Mount Carmel Angels Apparition of Monte Sant'Angelo Apparition of Saint Michael the Archangel to Sister Antónia d'Astónaco Guardian Angel of Portugal Episcopal approved Virgin Mary Our Lady of all Nations Our Lady Mediatrix of All Graces Our Lady of Kibeho Our Lady of Knock Saints Apparitions of Saint Nicholas Catholicism portal Private revelation portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe&oldid=845703649 '' Categories : Mexican Roman Catholic saints Marian shrines Virgin 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-7524809213557946404	National Space Research and Development Agency	National space Research and development Agency - wikipedia National space Research and development Agency Jump to : navigation , search The National Space Research and Development Agency ( NASRDA ) is the national space agency of Nigeria . It is a part of the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology and it is overseen by the National Council on Space Science Technology . The Agency based in the Nigerian capital Abuja has a ground receiving station . Nigeria has cooperation in space technology with the United Kingdom , China , Ukraine and Russia . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Scope 3 Satellites 4 Future projects 4.1 Satellites 4.2 Satellite build technology 4.3 Satellite launch vehicle and spaceport 4.4 Planetary researches 4.5 Astronauts 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) NASRDA was established on 1 August 2001 after preparation period since in 1998 by Nigerian president Olusegun Obasanjo and the Nigerian government with a primary objective of establishing a `` fundamental policy for the development of space science and technology '' with an initial budget of $93 million . In May 2006 , the new extended national space program was adopted . Scope ( edit ) The initial scope of the Nigerian Space Programme ( NSP ) to be implemented by the National Space Research and Development Agency ( NASRDA ) should include : The study of basic space science in order to lay the foundation for deriving maximum benefits from the nation 's participation in the space enterprise ; For the attainment of space capabilities , Nigeria 's efforts should focus on research and rigorous education , engineering development , design and manufacture , particularly in the areas of instrumentation , rocketry and small satellites as well as in satellite data acquisition , processing , analysis and management of related software ; The establishment of a national earth observation station for remote sensing and satellite meteorology data acquisition . Such an infrastructure will enhance the indigenous ability to adopt , modify and create new techniques for national resources inventories , monitoring , evaluation and management ; The provision of efficient , reliable and adequate telecommunications services in Nigeria in order to enhance the growth of the industrial , commercial and administrative sectors of the economy . The focus areas of the National Space Programme ( NSP ) include : Basic Space Science and Technology to provide the understanding of how the universe works and what its impact is on the world . This will enable us to lay the foundation for deriving maximum benefits from the nation 's participation in the space enterprise . Remote Sensing to help Nigerians understand and manage our environment and natural resources using space - acquired information . This technology will enable us to better understand our land , air and water resources and their associated problems . Satellite Meteorology to study atmospheric and weather sciences using satellite data to facilitate the effective management of our environment . Communication and Information Technology to provide efficient and reliable telecommunications services for Nigeria in order to enhance the growth of the industrial , commercial and administrative sectors of the economy . Defence and Security . The Federal Government shall develop a necessary Space Science Technology ( SST ) programme that will address the national needs of Nigeria . For this purpose the government shall establish a Defence Space Command in the Ministry of Defence . The Command shall comprise representatives of the defence , intelligence , security and law enforcement services and report through the Ministry of Defence to the National Space Council . Satellites ( edit ) Five satellites have been launched by the Nigerian government into outer space . Early plans to launch a national satellite in 1976 were not executed . The NigeriaSat - 1 was the first Nigerian satellite and built by a United Kingdom - based satellite technology company , Surrey Space Technology Limited ( SSTL ltd ) under the Nigerian government sponsorship for $30 million . The satellite was launched by Kosmos - 3M rocket from Russian Plesetsk spaceport on 27 September 2003 . Nigeriasat - 1 was part of the world - wide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System . The primary objectives of the Nigeriasat - 1 were : to give early warning signals of environmental disaster ; to help detect and control desertification in the northern part of Nigeria ; to assist in demographic planning ; to establish the relationship between vectors and the environment that breeds malaria and to give early warning signals on future outbreaks of meningitis using remote sensing technology ; to provide the technology needed to bring education to all parts of the country through distant learning ; and to aid in conflict resolution and border disputes by mapping out state and International borders . NigeriaSat - 2 and NigeriaSat - X , Nigeria 's third and fourth satellites , were built as a high - resolution earth satellite by SSTL for DMC system also . It has 2.5 - metre resolution panchromatic ( very high resolution ) , 5 - metre multispectral ( high resolution , NIR red , green and red bands ) , and 32 - metre multispectral ( medium resolution , NIR red , green and red bands ) antennas . The NigeriaSat - 2 / X spacecraft was built at a cost of over £ 35 million . This satellite was launched into orbit by Ukrainian Dnepr rocket from a Yasny military base in Russia on 17 August 2011 . NigComSat - 1 , a Nigerian satellite ordered and built in China in 2004 , was Nigeria 's second satellite and Africa 's first communication satellite . It was launched on 13 May 2007 , aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket , from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China . The spacecraft was operated by NigComSat and the Nigerian Space Agency , NASRDA . On 11 November 2008 , NigComSat - 1 failed in orbit after running out of power due to an anomaly in its solar array . It was based on the Chinese DFH - 4 satellite bus , and carries a variety of transponders : 4 C band ; 14 K band ; 8 K band ; and 2 L band . It was designed to provide coverage to many parts of Africa , and the K band transponders would also cover Italy . On 10 November 2008 ( 0900 GMT ) , the satellite was reportedly switched off for analysis and to avoid a possible collision with other satellites . According to Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited , it was put into `` emergency mode operation in order to effect mitigation and repairs '' . The satellite eventually failed after losing power on 11 November 2008 . On 24 March 2009 , the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Technology , NigComSat Ltd. and CGWIC signed a further contract for the in - orbit delivery of the NigComSat - 1R satellite . NigComSat - 1R was also a DFH - 4 satellite , and is expected to be delivered in the fourth quarter of 2011 as a replacement for the failed NigComSat - 1 . On 19 December 2011 , a new Nigerian communications satellite was launched into orbit by China in Xichang. The satellite according to Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan which was paid for by the insurance policy on NigComSat - 1 which de-orbited in 2009 , would have a positive impact on national development in various sectors such as communications , internet services , health , agriculture , environmental protection and national security . NigeriaSat - 1 is a satellite of the standard Disaster Monitoring Constellation ( DMC ) design . It has 100 kg mass and carries an optical imaging payload developed by SSTL to provide 32 m ground resolution with an exceptionally wide swath width of over 640 km . The payload uses green , red and near infrared bands equivalent to Landsat TM+ bands 2 , 3 and 4 . Images are stored in a 1 - gigabyte solid - state data recorder and returned via an 8 - Mbit / s S - band downlink . NigeriaSat - 1 can image scenes as large as 640 x 560 km , providing unparalleled wide - area , medium - resolution data . The data will be used within Nigeria to monitor pollution , land use and other medium - scale phenomena . Launched on 27 September 2003 . NigeriaSat - 2 and NigeriaSat - X with 300 kg mass each - to replace NigeriaSat - 1 , commenced November 6 , 2006 , launched 17 August 2011 . NigComSat - 1 Communications satellite providing rural internet access - launched on 13 May 2007 , aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket , from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China . The satellite was the second Nigerian satellite to be placed into orbit . On 10 November 2008 ( 0900 GMT ) , the satellite was reportedly switched off , because it lost both of its solar arrays . The satellite is a total loss . The satellite was owned and operated by Nigerian Communication Satellite limited , an SPV , incorporated as a state owned enterprise , fully funded and owned by Federal Government of Nigeria . NigComSat Limited is currently being supervised by the Newly created Ministry of communications Technology and regulated by NCC and NBC . NigComSat - 1R - to replace the lost NigComSat - 1 , launched by China on 19 December 2011 with no cost to Nigeria . Future projects ( edit ) Satellites ( edit ) NigComSat - 2 and NigComSat - 3 - more communications satellites to extend Nigerian Communication Satellite ltd capacity , planning to launch in 2012 and 2013 . NigeriaSAT - 1 - dual - aimed military / civil Earth monitoring satellite with synthetic aperture radar , planning to launch in 2015 . Satellite build technology ( edit ) Robert Ajayi Boroffice announced at a public lecture on space technology development that Nigeria will be able to build indigenous satellites in the country without foreign assistance by 2018 . Satellite launch vehicle and spaceport ( edit ) Robert Ajayi Boroffice disclosed also that Nigeria will take advantage of its geographic location to launch into near - equatorial orbit by indigenous developed space launcher from a national spaceport to be built near 2025 - 2028 with possible help from the Ukraine . Planetary researches ( edit ) A Moon planetary probe is planned for launch in 2030 . Astronauts ( edit ) The first Nigerian astronaut is scheduled to launch abroad a foreign spacecraft sometime between 2015 and 2020 . Negotiations with Russia were held in the 2000s for astronaut transportation . Moreover , after Nigerian space partner China launched the Shenzhou rocket in 2011 , China has been planning to take on foreign astronauts . China is seen as a more likely country of choice for flying a Nigerian astronaut to space than Russia given current relations . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Nigeria has a Satellite in Orbit ! ( NigeriaSat - 1 ) '' . Nairaland . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ NigeriaSat - 2 and NigeriaSat - X Satellites Launched Jump up ^ `` ' Technical problems ' shut down Nigerian satellite '' . AFP . 12 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nigcomsat - 1 Program -- In - Orbit Delivery Program -- Communications Satellite '' . CGWIC . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria Launches Satellite In China '' . African Spotlight . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ISC Kosmotras starts preparations for new launch campaign '' . ISC Kosmotras. 2011 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 因故失效的 '' 尼星 1 号 `` 替代星将于 2011 年发射升空 '' . 新华网. 2009 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria has joined the space race Others should join too '' . Nature . 456 : 35 . 2008 - 10 - 30 . doi : 10.1038 / twas08. 35a . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . GlobalSecurity.org article NigeriaSat - 1 information NigeriaSat - 2 information NigeriaSat - 2 signing press release Nigeria Aggressively Pursues Space Program -- Voice of America , 23 May 2006 External links ( edit ) NASRDA Homepage Space research in Africa Space agencies North Africa ASAL ( Algeria ) NARRS ( Egypt ) CRTS ( Morocco ) CNCT ( Tunisia ) Sub-Saharan GSSTC ( Ghana ) NASRDA ( Nigeria ) SANSA ( South Africa ) Initiatives African Space Agency ( ASA ) Kenya Lebanon Uganda Zambia Observatories in Algeria in Lebanon in Namibia in South Africa Astronomy Egyptian astronomy Astronomical Society of Southern Africa See also Timeline of first orbital launches by country Public - sector space agencies Africa ASAL GSSTC NARRS NASRDA SANSA Americas North America CSA AEM NASA AFSPC NRO USSTRATCOM South America CONAE AEB DCTA INPE ITA CCE ABAE IVIC Asia East Asia CNSA CALT CAST CCF CGWIC COSTIND JAXA ISAS NAL NASDA NICT USEF NRSC NADA KARI SaTReC NSPO Southeast Asia LAPAN MNSA PAGASA SSTA IN. Genius GISTDA South Asia SPARRSO ISRO Antrix Corp DoS SUPARCO Southwest Asia MAKA IAIO ISA SAHA ISA NCSR GORS TÜBİTAK UZAY UAESA Central Asia KazCosmos TNSA Europe ASA BSA BISA SRTI CSO DTU Space ECSS ESA EUMETSAT EUSC CNES DLR ISARS HSO ASI Luxinnovation SRON NSC CBK ROSA RKA SRI VKO SSP INTA SNSB SSO TÜBİTAK UZAY UKSA SSAU Oceania CSIRO NZSA World APSCO COSPAR IAA INTELSAT Interkosmos Intersputnik UNCOPUOS UNOOSA European Space Agency See also : Timeline of first orbital launches by country Preceded by the Soviet space program Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency&oldid=783439744 '' Categories : Space agencies Satellite operators Science and technology in Nigeria Government agencies of Nigeria Government agencies established in 1998 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Use British English from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2017 , at 09 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did nigeria launched its first satellite nigeriasat-1	[ "Five satellites have been launched by the Nigerian government into outer space. Early plans to launch a national satellite in 1976 were not executed. The NigeriaSat-1 was the first Nigerian satellite and built by a United Kingdom-based satellite technology company, Surrey Space Technology Limited (SSTL ltd) under the Nigerian government sponsorship for $30 million. The satellite was launched by Kosmos-3M rocket from Russian Plesetsk spaceport on 27 September 2003. Nigeriasat-1 was part of the world-wide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System.[1] The primary objectives of the Nigeriasat-1 were: to give early warning signals of environmental disaster; to help detect and control desertification in the northern part of Nigeria; to assist in demographic planning; to establish the relationship between vectors and the environment that breeds malaria and to give early warning signals on future outbreaks of meningitis using remote sensing technology; to provide the technology needed to bring education to all parts of the country through distant learning; and to aid in conflict resolution and border disputes by mapping out state and International borders." ]	[ "27 September 2003" ]
-8613969035310364657	Middle Ages	Middle Ages - wikipedia Middle Ages Jump to : navigation , search This article is about medieval Europe . For a global history of the period between the 5th and 15th centuries , see Post-classical history . For other uses , see Middle Ages ( disambiguation ) . The Cross of Mathilde , a crux gemmata made for Mathilde , Abbess of Essen ( 973 -- 1011 ) , who is shown kneeling before the Virgin and Child in the enamel plaque . The figure of Christ is slightly later . Probably made in Cologne or Essen , the cross demonstrates several medieval techniques : cast figurative sculpture , filigree , enamelling , gem polishing and setting , and the reuse of Classical cameos and engraved gems . In the history of Europe , the Middle Ages or Medieval Period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century . It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery . The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history : classical antiquity , the medieval period , and the modern period . The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early , High , and Late Middle Ages . Population decline , counterurbanisation , invasion , and movement of peoples , which had begun in Late Antiquity , continued in the Early Middle Ages . The large - scale movements of the Migration Period , including various Germanic peoples , formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire . In the seventh century , North Africa and the Middle East -- once part of the Byzantine Empire -- came under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate , an Islamic empire , after conquest by Muhammad 's successors . Although there were substantial changes in society and political structures , the break with classical antiquity was not complete . The still - sizeable Byzantine Empire survived in the east and remained a major power . The empire 's law code , the Corpus Juris Civilis or `` Code of Justinian '' , was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages . In the West , most kingdoms incorporated the few extant Roman institutions . Monasteries were founded as campaigns to Christianise pagan Europe continued . The Franks , under the Carolingian dynasty , briefly established the Carolingian Empire during the later 8th and early 9th century . It covered much of Western Europe but later succumbed to the pressures of internal civil wars combined with external invasions -- Vikings from the north , Hungarians from the east , and Saracens from the south . During the High Middle Ages , which began after 1000 , the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase . Manorialism , the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles , and feudalism , the political structure whereby knights and lower - status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors , were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages . The Crusades , first preached in 1095 , were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims . Kings became the heads of centralised nation states , reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant . Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism , a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason , and by the founding of universities . The theology of Thomas Aquinas , the paintings of Giotto , the poetry of Dante and Chaucer , the travels of Marco Polo , and the Gothic architecture of cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements toward the end of this period and into the Late Middle Ages . The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine , plague , and war , which significantly diminished the population of Europe ; between 1347 and 1350 , the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans . Controversy , heresy , and the Western Schism within the Catholic Church paralleled the interstate conflict , civil strife , and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms . Cultural and technological developments transformed European society , concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology and periodisation 2 Later Roman Empire 3 Early Middle Ages 3.1 New societies 3.2 Byzantine survival 3.3 Western society 3.4 Rise of Islam 3.5 Trade and economy 3.6 Church and monasticism 3.7 Carolingian Europe 3.8 Carolingian Renaissance 3.9 Breakup of the Carolingian Empire 3.10 New kingdoms and Byzantine revival 3.11 Art and architecture 3.12 Military and technological developments 4 High Middle Ages 4.1 Society and economic life 4.2 Rise of state power 4.3 Crusades 4.4 Intellectual life 4.5 Technology and military 4.6 Architecture , art , and music 4.7 Church life 5 Late Middle Ages 5.1 War , famine , and plague 5.2 Society and economy 5.3 State resurgence 5.4 Collapse of Byzantium 5.5 Controversy within the Church 5.6 Scholars , intellectuals , and exploration 5.7 Technological and military developments 5.8 Late medieval art and architecture 6 Modern perceptions 7 Notes 8 Citations 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Terminology and periodisation ( edit ) The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history : classical civilisation , or Antiquity ; the Middle Ages ; and the Modern Period . Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the `` Six Ages '' or the `` Four Empires '' , and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world . When referring to their own times , they spoke of them as being `` modern '' . In the 1330s , the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua ( or `` ancient '' ) and to the Christian period as nova ( or `` new '' ) . Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his History of the Florentine People ( 1442 ) . Bruni and later historians argued that Italy had recovered since Petrarch 's time , and therefore added a third period to Petrarch 's two . The `` Middle Ages '' first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas or `` middle season '' . In early usage , there were many variants , including medium aevum , or `` middle age '' , first recorded in 1604 , and media saecula , or `` middle ages '' , first recorded in 1625 . The alternative term `` medieval '' ( or occasionally `` mediaeval '' or `` mediæval '' ) derives from medium aevum . Tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th - century historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods : Ancient , Medieval , and Modern . The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476 , first used by Bruni . For Europe as a whole , 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages , but there is no universally agreed upon end date . Depending on the context , events such as Christopher Columbus 's first voyage to the Americas in 1492 , the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 , or the Protestant Reformation in 1517 are sometimes used . English historians often use the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 to mark the end of the period . For Spain , dates commonly used are the death of King Ferdinand II in 1516 , the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504 , or the conquest of Granada in 1492 . Historians from Romance - speaking countries tend to divide the Middle Ages into two parts : an earlier `` High '' and later `` Low '' period . English - speaking historians , following their German counterparts , generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals : `` Early '' , `` High '' , and `` Late '' . In the 19th century , the entire Middle Ages were often referred to as the `` Dark Ages '' , but with the adoption of these subdivisions , use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages , at least among historians . Later Roman Empire ( edit ) Further information : Late Antiquity , Roman Empire , Fall of the Western Roman Empire , and Byzantium under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties A late Roman sculpture depicting the four Tetrarchs , now in Venice The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the second century AD ; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories . Economic issues , including inflation , and external pressure on the frontiers combined to create the Crisis of the Third Century , with emperors coming to the throne only to be rapidly replaced by new usurpers . Military expenses increased steadily during the third century , mainly in response to the war with the Sasanian Empire , which revived in the middle of the third century . The army doubled in size , and cavalry and smaller units replaced the Roman legion as the main tactical unit . The need for revenue led to increased taxes and a decline in numbers of the curial , or landowning , class , and decreasing numbers of them willing to shoulder the burdens of holding office in their native towns . More bureaucrats were needed in the central administration to deal with the needs of the army , which led to complaints from civilians that there were more tax - collectors in the empire than tax - payers . The Emperor Diocletian ( r . 284 -- 305 ) split the empire into separately administered eastern and western halves in 286 ; the empire was not considered divided by its inhabitants or rulers , as legal and administrative promulgations in one division were considered valid in the other . In 330 , after a period of civil war , Constantine the Great ( r . 306 -- 337 ) refounded the city of Byzantium as the newly renamed eastern capital , Constantinople . Diocletian 's reforms strengthened the governmental bureaucracy , reformed taxation , and strengthened the army , which bought the empire time but did not resolve the problems it was facing : excessive taxation , a declining birthrate , and pressures on its frontiers , among others . Civil war between rival emperors became common in the middle of the 4th century , diverting soldiers from the empire 's frontier forces and allowing invaders to encroach . For much of the 4th century , Roman society stabilised in a new form that differed from the earlier classical period , with a widening gulf between the rich and poor , and a decline in the vitality of the smaller towns . Another change was the Christianisation , or conversion of the empire to Christianity , a gradual process that lasted from the 2nd to the 5th centuries . Map of the approximate political boundaries in Europe around 450 In 376 , the Goths , fleeing from the Huns , received permission from Emperor Valens ( r . 364 -- 378 ) to settle in the Roman province of Thracia in the Balkans . The settlement did not go smoothly , and when Roman officials mishandled the situation , the Goths began to raid and plunder . Valens , attempting to put down the disorder , was killed fighting the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople on 9 August 378 . As well as the threat from such tribal confederacies from the north , internal divisions within the empire , especially within the Christian Church , caused problems . In 400 , the Visigoths invaded the Western Roman Empire and , although briefly forced back from Italy , in 410 sacked the city of Rome . In 406 the Alans , Vandals , and Suevi crossed into Gaul ; over the next three years they spread across Gaul and in 409 crossed the Pyrenees Mountains into modern - day Spain . The Migration Period began , when various peoples , initially largely Germanic peoples , moved across Europe . The Franks , Alemanni , and the Burgundians all ended up in northern Gaul while the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes settled in Britain , and the Vandals went on to cross the strait of Gibraltar after which they conquered the province of Africa . In the 430s the Huns began invading the empire ; their king Attila ( r . 434 -- 453 ) led invasions into the Balkans in 442 and 447 , Gaul in 451 , and Italy in 452 . The Hunnic threat remained until Attila 's death in 453 , when the Hunnic confederation he led fell apart . These invasions by the tribes completely changed the political and demographic nature of what had been the Western Roman Empire . By the end of the 5th century the western section of the empire was divided into smaller political units , ruled by the tribes that had invaded in the early part of the century . The deposition of the last emperor of the west , Romulus Augustulus , in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire . By 493 the Italian peninsula was conquered by the Ostrogoths . The Eastern Roman Empire , often referred to as the Byzantine Empire after the fall of its western counterpart , had little ability to assert control over the lost western territories . The Byzantine emperors maintained a claim over the territory , but while none of the new kings in the west dared to elevate himself to the position of emperor of the west , Byzantine control of most of the Western Empire could not be sustained ; the reconquest of the Mediterranean periphery and the Italian Peninsula ( Gothic War ) in the reign of Justinian ( r . 527 -- 565 ) was the sole , and temporary , exception . Early Middle Ages ( edit ) Main article : Early Middle Ages New societies ( edit ) Main articles : Migration Period and fall of the Western Roman Empire The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire . Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as `` invasions '' , they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire . Such movements were aided by the refusal of the Western Roman elites to support the army or pay the taxes that would have allowed the military to suppress the migration . The emperors of the 5th century were often controlled by military strongmen such as Stilicho ( d . 408 ) , Aetius ( d . 454 ) , Aspar ( d . 471 ) , Ricimer ( d . 472 ) , or Gundobad ( d . 516 ) , who were partly or fully of non-Roman background . When the line of Western emperors ceased , many of the kings who replaced them were from the same background . Intermarriage between the new kings and the Roman elites was common . This led to a fusion of Roman culture with the customs of the invading tribes , including the popular assemblies that allowed free male tribal members more say in political matters than was common in the Roman state . Material artefacts left by the Romans and the invaders are often similar , and tribal items were often modelled on Roman objects . Much of the scholarly and written culture of the new kingdoms was also based on Roman intellectual traditions . An important difference was the gradual loss of tax revenue by the new polities . Many of the new political entities no longer supported their armies through taxes , instead relying on granting them land or rents . This meant there was less need for large tax revenues and so the taxation systems decayed . Warfare was common between and within the kingdoms . Slavery declined as the supply weakened , and society became more rural . A coin of the Ostrogothic leader Theoderic the Great , struck in Milan , circa AD 491 -- 501 Between the 5th and 8th centuries , new peoples and individuals filled the political void left by Roman centralised government . The Ostrogoths , a Gothic tribe , settled in Roman Italy in the late fifth century under Theoderic the Great ( d . 526 ) and set up a kingdom marked by its co-operation between the Italians and the Ostrogoths , at least until the last years of Theodoric 's reign . The Burgundians settled in Gaul , and after an earlier realm was destroyed by the Huns in 436 formed a new kingdom in the 440s . Between today 's Geneva and Lyon , it grew to become the realm of Burgundy in the late 5th and early 6th centuries . Elsewhere in Gaul , the Franks and Celtic Britons set up small polities . Francia was centred in northern Gaul , and the first king of whom much is known is Childeric I ( d . 481 ) . His grave was discovered in 1653 and is remarkable for its grave goods , which included weapons and a large quantity of gold . Under Childeric 's son Clovis I ( r . 509 -- 511 ) , the founder of the Merovingian dynasty , the Frankish kingdom expanded and converted to Christianity . The Britons , related to the natives of Britannia -- modern - day Great Britain -- settled in what is now Brittany . Other monarchies were established by the Visigothic Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula , the Suebi in northwestern Iberia , and the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa . In the sixth century , the Lombards settled in Northern Italy , replacing the Ostrogothic kingdom with a grouping of duchies that occasionally selected a king to rule over them all . By the late sixth century , this arrangement had been replaced by a permanent monarchy , the Kingdom of the Lombards . The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe , although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others . In Gaul for instance , the invaders settled much more extensively in the north - east than in the south - west . Slavs settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula . The settlement of peoples was accompanied by changes in languages . The Latin of the Western Roman Empire was gradually replaced by languages based on , but distinct from , Latin , collectively known as Romance languages . These changes from Latin to the new languages took many centuries . Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire , but the migrations of the Slavs added Slavic languages to Eastern Europe . Byzantine survival ( edit ) Main articles : Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty and Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty A mosaic showing Justinian with the bishop of Ravenna , bodyguards , and courtiers . As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms , the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century . There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire ; most occurred in the Balkans . Peace with the Sasanian Empire , the traditional enemy of Rome , lasted throughout most of the 5th century . The Eastern Empire was marked by closer relations between the political state and Christian Church , with doctrinal matters assuming an importance in Eastern politics that they did not have in Western Europe . Legal developments included the codification of Roman law ; the first effort -- the Codex Theodosianus -- was completed in 438 . Under Emperor Justinian ( r . 527 -- 565 ) , another compilation took place -- the Corpus Juris Civilis . Justinian also oversaw the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and the reconquest of North Africa from the Vandals and Italy from the Ostrogoths , under Belisarius ( d . 565 ) . The conquest of Italy was not complete , as a deadly outbreak of plague in 542 led to the rest of Justinian 's reign concentrating on defensive measures rather than further conquests . At the Emperor 's death , the Byzantines had control of most of Italy , North Africa , and a small foothold in southern Spain . Justinian 's reconquests have been criticised by historians for overextending his realm and setting the stage for the early Muslim conquests , but many of the difficulties faced by Justinian 's successors were due not just to over-taxation to pay for his wars but to the essentially civilian nature of the empire , which made raising troops difficult . In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian 's successors . It began gradually , but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium , and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551 . In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their base on the north bank of the Danube ; by the end of the 6th century they were the dominant power in Central Europe and routinely able to force the Eastern emperors to pay tribute . They remained a strong power until 796 . An additional problem to face the empire came as a result of the involvement of Emperor Maurice ( r . 582 -- 602 ) in Persian politics when he intervened in a succession dispute . This led to a period of peace , but when Maurice was overthrown , the Persians invaded and during the reign of Emperor Heraclius ( r . 610 -- 641 ) controlled large chunks of the empire , including Egypt , Syria , and Anatolia until Heraclius ' successful counterattack . In 628 the empire secured a peace treaty and recovered all of its lost territories . Western society ( edit ) See also : Early medieval European dress and Medieval cuisine In Western Europe , some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with ecclesiastical than secular affairs . Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared , and while literacy remained important , it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status . In the 4th century , Jerome ( d . 420 ) dreamed that God rebuked him for spending more time reading Cicero than the Bible . By the 6th century , Gregory of Tours ( d . 594 ) had a similar dream , but instead of being chastised for reading Cicero , he was chastised for learning shorthand . By the late 6th century , the principal means of religious instruction in the Church had become music and art rather than the book . Most intellectual efforts went towards imitating classical scholarship , but some original works were created , along with now - lost oral compositions . The writings of Sidonius Apollinaris ( d . 489 ) , Cassiodorus ( d. c. 585 ) , and Boethius ( d.c. 525 ) were typical of the age . Changes also took place among laymen , as aristocratic culture focused on great feasts held in halls rather than on literary pursuits . Clothing for the elites was richly embellished with jewels and gold . Lords and kings supported entourages of fighters who formed the backbone of the military forces . Family ties within the elites were important , as were the virtues of loyalty , courage , and honour . These ties led to the prevalence of the feud in aristocratic society , examples of which included those related by Gregory of Tours that took place in Merovingian Gaul . Most feuds seem to have ended quickly with the payment of some sort of compensation . Women took part in aristocratic society mainly in their roles as wives and mothers of men , with the role of mother of a ruler being especially prominent in Merovingian Gaul . In Anglo - Saxon society the lack of many child rulers meant a lesser role for women as queen mothers , but this was compensated for by the increased role played by abbesses of monasteries . Only in Italy does it appear that women were always considered under the protection and control of a male relative . Reconstruction of an early medieval peasant village in Bavaria Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility . Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology ; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century . Most of the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the upper classes . Landholding patterns in the West were not uniform ; some areas had greatly fragmented landholding patterns , but in other areas large contiguous blocks of land were the norm . These differences allowed for a wide variety of peasant societies , some dominated by aristocratic landholders and others having a great deal of autonomy . Land settlement also varied greatly . Some peasants lived in large settlements that numbered as many as 700 inhabitants . Others lived in small groups of a few families and still others lived on isolated farms spread over the countryside . There were also areas where the pattern was a mix of two or more of those systems . Unlike in the late Roman period , there was no sharp break between the legal status of the free peasant and the aristocrat , and it was possible for a free peasant 's family to rise into the aristocracy over several generations through military service to a powerful lord . Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages . Although Italian cities remained inhabited , they contracted significantly in size . Rome , for instance , shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century . Roman temples were converted into Christian churches and city walls remained in use . In Northern Europe , cities also shrank , while civic monuments and other public buildings were raided for building materials . The establishment of new kingdoms often meant some growth for the towns chosen as capitals . Although there had been Jewish communities in many Roman cities , the Jews suffered periods of persecution after the conversion of the empire to Christianity . Officially they were tolerated , if subject to conversion efforts , and at times were even encouraged to settle in new areas . Rise of Islam ( edit ) Main article : Early Muslim conquests The early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad , 622 -- 632 Expansion during the Patriarchal Caliphate , 632 -- 661 Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate , 661 -- 750 Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Iran were in flux during the late sixth and early seventh centuries . Judaism was an active proselytising faith , and at least one Arab political leader converted to it . Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians ' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts , especially among residents of the Arabian Peninsula . All these strands came together with the emergence of Islam in Arabia during the lifetime of Muhammad ( d . 632 ) . After his death , Islamic forces conquered much of the Eastern Empire and Persia , starting with Syria in 634 -- 635 and reaching Egypt in 640 -- 641 , Persia between 637 and 642 , North Africa in the later seventh century , and the Iberian Peninsula in 711 . By 714 , Islamic forces controlled much of the peninsula in a region they called Al - Andalus . The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-eighth century . The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks , but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate and its replacement by the Abbasid Caliphate . The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad and were more concerned with the Middle East than Europe , losing control of sections of the Muslim lands . Umayyad descendants took over the Iberian Peninsula , the Aghlabids controlled North Africa , and the Tulunids became rulers of Egypt . By the middle of the 8th century , new trading patterns were emerging in the Mediterranean ; trade between the Franks and the Arabs replaced the old Roman economy . Franks traded timber , furs , swords and slaves in return for silks and other fabrics , spices , and precious metals from the Arabs . Trade and economy ( edit ) Main article : Medieval economic history The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean . African goods stopped being imported into Europe , first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples . By the end of the 7th century , under the impact of the Muslim conquests , African products were no longer found in Western Europe . The replacement of goods from long - range trade with local products was a trend throughout the old Roman lands that happened in the Early Middle Ages . This was especially marked in the lands that did not lie on the Mediterranean , such as northern Gaul or Britain . Non-local goods appearing in the archaeological record are usually luxury goods . In the northern parts of Europe , not only were the trade networks local , but the goods carried were simple , with little pottery or other complex products . Around the Mediterranean , pottery remained prevalent and appears to have been traded over medium - range networks , not just produced locally . The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms . Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century , when it was replaced by silver coins . The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier , while the Anglo - Saxon version was called a penny . From these areas , the denier or penny spread throughout Europe during the centuries from 700 to 1000 . Copper or bronze coins were not struck , nor were gold except in Southern Europe . No silver coins denominated in multiple units were minted . Church and monasticism ( edit ) An 11th - century illustration of Gregory the Great dictating to a secretary Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests , but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas . Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language , practices , and liturgy from the Western Church . The Eastern Church used Greek instead of the Western Latin . Theological and political differences emerged , and by the early and middle 8th century issues such as iconoclasm , clerical marriage , and state control of the Church had widened to the extent that the cultural and religious differences were greater than the similarities . The formal break , known as the East -- West Schism , came in 1054 , when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and excommunicated each other , which led to the division of Christianity into two Churches -- the Western branch became the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern branch the Eastern Orthodox Church . The ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact , but the papacy was little regarded , and few of the Western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership . Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned with Byzantine affairs and Eastern theological controversies . The register , or archived copies of the letters , of Pope Gregory the Great ( pope 590 -- 604 ) survived , and of those more than 850 letters , the vast majority were concerned with affairs in Italy or Constantinople . The only part of Western Europe where the papacy had influence was Britain , where Gregory had sent the Gregorian mission in 597 to convert the Anglo - Saxons to Christianity . Irish missionaries were most active in Western Europe between the 5th and the 7th centuries , going first to England and Scotland and then on to the continent . Under such monks as Columba ( d . 597 ) and Columbanus ( d . 615 ) , they founded monasteries , taught in Latin and Greek , and authored secular and religious works . The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West . The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria . Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life , called cenobitism , which was pioneered by Pachomius ( d . 348 ) in the 4th century . Monastic ideals spread from Egypt to Western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries through hagiographical literature such as the Life of Anthony . Benedict of Nursia ( d . 547 ) wrote the Benedictine Rule for Western monasticism during the 6th century , detailing the administrative and spiritual responsibilities of a community of monks led by an abbot . Monks and monasteries had a deep effect on the religious and political life of the Early Middle Ages , in various cases acting as land trusts for powerful families , centres of propaganda and royal support in newly conquered regions , and bases for missions and proselytisation . They were the main and sometimes only outposts of education and literacy in a region . Many of the surviving manuscripts of the Latin classics were copied in monasteries in the Early Middle Ages . Monks were also the authors of new works , including history , theology , and other subjects , written by authors such as Bede ( d . 735 ) , a native of northern England who wrote in the late 7th and early 8th centuries . Carolingian Europe ( edit ) Main articles : Francia and Carolingian Empire Map showing growth of Frankish power from 481 to 814 The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia , Neustria , and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries , all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty , who were descended from Clovis . The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria . Such warfare was exploited by Pippin ( d . 640 ) , the Mayor of the Palace for Austrasia who became the power behind the Austrasian throne . Later members of his family inherited the office , acting as advisers and regents . One of his descendants , Charles Martel ( d . 741 ) , won the Battle of Poitiers in 732 , halting the advance of Muslim armies across the Pyrenees . Great Britain was divided into small states dominated by the kingdoms of Northumbria , Mercia , Wessex , and East Anglia , which were descended from the Anglo - Saxon invaders . Smaller kingdoms in present - day Wales and Scotland were still under the control of the native Britons and Picts . Ireland was divided into even smaller political units , usually known as tribal kingdoms , under the control of kings . There were perhaps as many as 150 local kings in Ireland , of varying importance . The Carolingian dynasty , as the successors to Charles Martel are known , officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III ( r . 752 -- 768 ) . A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought , and gained , authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II ( pope 752 -- 757 ) . Pippin 's takeover was reinforced with propaganda that portrayed the Merovingians as inept or cruel rulers , exalted the accomplishments of Charles Martel , and circulated stories of the family 's great piety . At the time of his death in 768 , Pippin left his kingdom in the hands of his two sons , Charles ( r . 768 -- 814 ) and Carloman ( r . 768 -- 771 ) . When Carloman died of natural causes , Charles blocked the succession of Carloman 's young son and installed himself as the king of the united Austrasia and Neustria . Charles , more often known as Charles the Great or Charlemagne , embarked upon a programme of systematic expansion in 774 that unified a large portion of Europe , eventually controlling modern - day France , northern Italy , and Saxony . In the wars that lasted beyond 800 , he rewarded allies with war booty and command over parcels of land . In 774 , Charlemagne conquered the Lombards , which freed the papacy from the fear of Lombard conquest and marked the beginnings of the Papal States . Charlemagne 's palace chapel at Aachen , completed in 805 The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history , marking a return of the Western Roman Empire , since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the Western emperors . It also marks a change in Charlemagne 's relationship with the Byzantine Empire , as the assumption of the imperial title by the Carolingians asserted their equivalence to the Byzantine state . There were several differences between the newly established Carolingian Empire and both the older Western Roman Empire and the concurrent Byzantine Empire . The Frankish lands were rural in character , with only a few small cities . Most of the people were peasants settled on small farms . Little trade existed and much of that was with the British Isles and Scandinavia , in contrast to the older Roman Empire with its trading networks centred on the Mediterranean . The empire was administered by an itinerant court that travelled with the emperor , as well as approximately 300 imperial officials called counts , who administered the counties the empire had been divided into . Clergy and local bishops served as officials , as well as the imperial officials called missi dominici , who served as roving inspectors and troubleshooters . Carolingian Renaissance ( edit ) Main article : Carolingian Renaissance Charlemagne 's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the `` Carolingian Renaissance '' . Literacy increased , as did development in the arts , architecture and jurisprudence , as well as liturgical and scriptural studies . The English monk Alcuin ( d . 804 ) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria . Charlemagne 's chancery -- or writing office -- made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule , allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe . Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy , imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains , as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches . An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying , correcting , and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics , with the aim of encouraging learning . New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced . Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language , changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the Church and government . By the reign of Charlemagne , the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin . Breakup of the Carolingian Empire ( edit ) Main articles : Holy Roman Empire and Viking Age Territorial divisions of the Carolingian Empire in 843 , 855 , and 870 Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs , but was unable to do so as only one son , Louis the Pious ( r . 814 -- 840 ) , was still alive by 813 . Just before Charlemagne died in 814 , he crowned Louis as his successor . Louis 's reign of 26 years was marked by numerous divisions of the empire among his sons and , after 829 , civil wars between various alliances of father and sons over the control of various parts of the empire . Eventually , Louis recognised his eldest son Lothair I ( d . 855 ) as emperor and gave him Italy . Louis divided the rest of the empire between Lothair and Charles the Bald ( d . 877 ) , his youngest son . Lothair took East Francia , comprising both banks of the Rhine and eastwards , leaving Charles West Francia with the empire to the west of the Rhineland and the Alps . Louis the German ( d . 876 ) , the middle child , who had been rebellious to the last , was allowed to keep Bavaria under the suzerainty of his elder brother . The division was disputed . Pepin II of Aquitaine ( d. after 864 ) , the emperor 's grandson , rebelled in a contest for Aquitaine , while Louis the German tried to annex all of East Francia . Louis the Pious died in 840 , with the empire still in chaos . A three - year civil war followed his death . By the Treaty of Verdun ( 843 ) , a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy , and his imperial title was recognised . Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern - day Germany . Charles the Bald received the western Frankish lands , comprising most of modern - day France . Charlemagne 's grandsons and great - grandsons divided their kingdoms between their descendants , eventually causing all internal cohesion to be lost . In 987 the Carolingian dynasty was replaced in the western lands , with the crowning of Hugh Capet ( r . 987 -- 996 ) as king . In the eastern lands the dynasty had died out earlier , in 911 , with the death of Louis the Child , and the selection of the unrelated Conrad I ( r . 911 -- 918 ) as king . The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions , migrations , and raids by external foes . The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings , who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland . In 911 , the Viking chieftain Rollo ( d.c. 931 ) received permission from the Frankish King Charles the Simple ( r . 898 -- 922 ) to settle in what became Normandy . The eastern parts of the Frankish kingdoms , especially Germany and Italy , were under continual Magyar assault until the invader 's defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 . The breakup of the Abbasid dynasty meant that the Islamic world fragmented into smaller political states , some of which began expanding into Italy and Sicily , as well as over the Pyrenees into the southern parts of the Frankish kingdoms . New kingdoms and Byzantine revival ( edit ) Main articles : Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty , Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty , First Bulgarian Empire , Christianisation of Bulgaria , Kingdom of Germany , Christianisation of Scandinavia , and Christianisation of Kievan Rus ' See also : Byzantine -- Arab wars ( 780 -- 1180 ) and Byzantine -- Bulgarian wars Europe in 814 Efforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities . In Anglo - Saxon England , King Alfred the Great ( r . 871 -- 899 ) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century , resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria , Mercia , and parts of East Anglia . By the middle of the 10th century , Alfred 's successors had conquered Northumbria , and restored English control over most of the southern part of Great Britain . In northern Britain , Kenneth MacAlpin ( d.c. 860 ) united the Picts and the Scots into the Kingdom of Alba . In the early 10th century , the Ottonian dynasty had established itself in Germany , and was engaged in driving back the Magyars . Its efforts culminated in the coronation in 962 of Otto I ( r . 936 -- 973 ) as Holy Roman Emperor . In 972 , he secured recognition of his title by the Byzantine Empire , which he sealed with the marriage of his son Otto II ( r . 967 -- 983 ) to Theophanu ( d . 991 ) , daughter of an earlier Byzantine Emperor Romanos II ( r . 959 -- 963 ) . By the late 10th century Italy had been drawn into the Ottonian sphere after a period of instability ; Otto III ( r . 996 -- 1002 ) spent much of his later reign in the kingdom . The western Frankish kingdom was more fragmented , and although kings remained nominally in charge , much of the political power devolved to the local lords . Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden , Denmark , and Norway , which gained power and territory . Some kings converted to Christianity , although not all by 1000 . Scandinavians also expanded and colonised throughout Europe . Besides the settlements in Ireland , England , and Normandy , further settlement took place in what became Russia and in Iceland . Swedish traders and raiders ranged down the rivers of the Russian steppe , and even attempted to seize Constantinople in 860 and 907 . Christian Spain , initially driven into a small section of the peninsula in the north , expanded slowly south during the 9th and 10th centuries , establishing the kingdoms of Asturias and León . 10th - century Ottonian ivory plaque depicting Christ receiving a church from Otto I In Eastern Europe , Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I ( r . 867 -- 886 ) and his successors Leo VI ( r . 886 -- 912 ) and Constantine VII ( r . 913 -- 959 ) , members of the Macedonian dynasty . Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a uniform administration to all the provinces . The military was reorganised , which allowed the emperors John I ( r . 969 -- 976 ) and Basil II ( r . 976 -- 1025 ) to expand the frontiers of the empire on all fronts . The imperial court was the centre of a revival of classical learning , a process known as the Macedonian Renaissance . Writers such as John Geometres ( fl . early 10th century ) composed new hymns , poems , and other works . Missionary efforts by both Eastern and Western clergy resulted in the conversion of the Moravians , Bulgars , Bohemians , Poles , Magyars , and Slavic inhabitants of the Kievan Rus ' . These conversions contributed to the founding of political states in the lands of those peoples -- the states of Moravia , Bulgaria , Bohemia , Poland , Hungary , and the Kievan Rus ' . Bulgaria , which was founded around 680 , at its height reached from Budapest to the Black Sea and from the Dnieper River in modern Ukraine to the Adriatic Sea . By 1018 , the last Bulgarian nobles had surrendered to the Byzantine Empire . Art and architecture ( edit ) Main articles : Medieval art and Medieval architecture See also : Migration Period art , Pre-Romanesque art and architecture , and Carolingian art A page from the Book of Kells , an illuminated manuscript created in the British Isles in the late 8th or early 9th century Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century , although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries . By the beginning of the 8th century , the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture . One feature of the basilica is the use of a transept , or the `` arms '' of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave . Other new features of religious architecture include the crossing tower and a monumental entrance to the church , usually at the west end of the building . Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court , and the monasteries and churches they supported . It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art , but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles . Insular art integrated the energy of Irish Celtic and Anglo - Saxon Germanic styles of ornament with Mediterranean forms such as the book , and established many characteristics of art for the rest of the medieval period . Surviving religious works from the Early Middle Ages are mostly illuminated manuscripts and carved ivories , originally made for metalwork that has since been melted down . Objects in precious metals were the most prestigious form of art , but almost all are lost except for a few crosses such as the Cross of Lothair , several reliquaries , and finds such as the Anglo - Saxon burial at Sutton Hoo and the hoards of Gourdon from Merovingian France , Guarrazar from Visigothic Spain and Nagyszentmiklós near Byzantine territory . There are survivals from the large brooches in fibula or penannular form that were a key piece of personal adornment for elites , including the Irish Tara Brooch . Highly decorated books were mostly Gospel Books and these have survived in larger numbers , including the Insular Book of Kells , the Book of Lindisfarne , and the imperial Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram , which is one of the few to retain its `` treasure binding '' of gold encrusted with jewels . Charlemagne 's court seems to have been responsible for the acceptance of figurative monumental sculpture in Christian art , and by the end of the period near life - sized figures such as the Gero Cross were common in important churches . Military and technological developments ( edit ) During the later Roman Empire , the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops . The creation of heavily armoured cataphract - type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th - century Roman military . The various invading tribes had differing emphasis on types of soldiers -- ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo - Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths , who had a high proportion of cavalry in their armies . During the early invasion period , the stirrup had not been introduced into warfare , which limited the usefulness of cavalry as shock troops because it was not possible to put the full force of the horse and rider behind blows struck by the rider . The greatest change in military affairs during the invasion period was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier , and weaker , Scythian composite bow . Another development was the increasing use of longswords and the progressive replacement of scale armour by mail armour and lamellar armour . The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period , with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry . The use of militia - type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period . Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted , a large proportion during the early period appear to have been mounted infantry , rather than true cavalry . One exception was Anglo - Saxon England , where the armies were still composed of regional levies , known as the fyrd , which were led by the local elites . In military technology , one of the main changes was the return of the crossbow , which had been known in Roman times and reappeared as a military weapon during the last part of the Early Middle Ages . Another change was the introduction of the stirrup , which increased the effectiveness of cavalry as shock troops . A technological advance that had implications beyond the military was the horseshoe , which allowed horses to be used in rocky terrain . High Middle Ages ( edit ) Main article : High Middle Ages Society and economic life ( edit ) Medieval French manuscript illustration of the three classes of medieval society : those who prayed ( the clergy ) those who fought ( the knights ) , and those who worked ( the peasantry ) . The relationship between these classes was governed by feudalism and manorialism . ( Li Livres dou Sante , 13th century ) The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population . The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347 , although the exact causes remain unclear : improved agricultural techniques , the decline of slaveholding , a more clement climate and the lack of invasion have all been suggested . As much as 90 per cent of the European population remained rural peasants . Many were no longer settled in isolated farms but had gathered into small communities , usually known as manors or villages . These peasants were often subject to noble overlords and owed them rents and other services , in a system known as manorialism . There remained a few free peasants throughout this period and beyond , with more of them in the regions of Southern Europe than in the north . The practice of assarting , or bringing new lands into production by offering incentives to the peasants who settled them , also contributed to the expansion of population . Other sections of society included the nobility , clergy , and townsmen . Nobles , both the titled nobility and simple knights , exploited the manors and the peasants , although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a manor or other lands by an overlord through the system of feudalism . During the 11th and 12th centuries , these lands , or fiefs , came to be considered hereditary , and in most areas they were no longer divisible between all the heirs as had been the case in the early medieval period . Instead , most fiefs and lands went to the eldest son . The dominance of the nobility was built upon its control of the land , its military service as heavy cavalry , control of castles , and various immunities from taxes or other impositions . Castles , initially in wood but later in stone , began to be constructed in the 9th and 10th centuries in response to the disorder of the time , and provided protection from invaders as well as allowing lords defence from rivals . Control of castles allowed the nobles to defy kings or other overlords . Nobles were stratified ; kings and the highest - ranking nobility controlled large numbers of commoners and large tracts of land , as well as other nobles . Beneath them , lesser nobles had authority over smaller areas of land and fewer people . Knights were the lowest level of nobility ; they controlled but did not own land , and had to serve other nobles . The clergy was divided into two types : the secular clergy , who lived out in the world , and the regular clergy , who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks . Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population , usually less than one per cent . Most of the regular clergy were drawn from the nobility , the same social class that served as the recruiting ground for the upper levels of the secular clergy . The local parish priests were often drawn from the peasant class . Townsmen were in a somewhat unusual position , as they did not fit into the traditional three-fold division of society into nobles , clergy , and peasants . During the 12th and 13th centuries , the ranks of the townsmen expanded greatly as existing towns grew and new population centres were founded . But throughout the Middle Ages the population of the towns probably never exceeded 10 per cent of the total population . 13th - century illustration of a Jew ( in pointed Jewish hat ) and the Christian Petrus Alphonsi debating Jews also spread across Europe during the period . Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries , but Spanish Jews , long settled in Spain under the Muslims , came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity . Most Jews were confined to the cities , as they were not allowed to own land or be peasants . Besides the Jews , there were other non-Christians on the edges of Europe -- pagan Slavs in Eastern Europe and Muslims in Southern Europe . Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male , whether their father , husband , or other kinsman . Widows , who were often allowed much control over their own lives , were still restricted legally . Women 's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks . Peasant women were usually responsible for taking care of the household , child - care , as well as gardening and animal husbandry near the house . They could supplement the household income by spinning or brewing at home . At harvest - time , they were also expected to help with field - work . Townswomen , like peasant women , were responsible for the household , and could also engage in trade . What trades were open to women varied by country and period . Noblewomen were responsible for running a household , and could occasionally be expected to handle estates in the absence of male relatives , but they were usually restricted from participation in military or government affairs . The only role open to women in the Church was that of nuns , as they were unable to become priests . In central and northern Italy and in Flanders , the rise of towns that were to a degree self - governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations . Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League , and the Italian Maritime republics such as Venice , Genoa , and Pisa expanded their trade throughout the Mediterranean . Great trading fairs were established and flourished in northern France during the period , allowing Italian and German merchants to trade with each other as well as local merchants . In the late 13th century new land and sea routes to the Far East were pioneered , famously described in The Travels of Marco Polo written by one of the traders , Marco Polo ( d . 1324 ) . Besides new trading opportunities , agricultural and technological improvements enabled an increase in crop yields , which in turn allowed the trade networks to expand . Rising trade brought new methods of dealing with money , and gold coinage was again minted in Europe , first in Italy and later in France and other countries . New forms of commercial contracts emerged , allowing risk to be shared among merchants . Accounting methods improved , partly through the use of double - entry bookkeeping ; letters of credit also appeared , allowing easy transmission of money . Rise of state power ( edit ) Main articles : England in the Middle Ages , France in the Middle Ages , Germany in the Middle Ages , Italy in the Middle Ages , Scotland in the Middle Ages , Spain in the Middle Ages , and Poland in the Middle Ages Europe and the Mediterranean Sea in 1190 The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state . Kings in France , England , and Spain consolidated their power , and set up lasting governing institutions . New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland , after their conversion to Christianity , became Central European powers . The Magyars settled Hungary around 900 under King Árpád ( d.c. 907 ) after a series of invasions in the 9th century . The papacy , long attached to an ideology of independence from secular kings , first asserted its claim to temporal authority over the entire Christian world ; the Papal Monarchy reached its apogee in the early 13th century under the pontificate of Innocent III ( pope 1198 -- 1216 ) . Northern Crusades and the advance of Christian kingdoms and military orders into previously pagan regions in the Baltic and Finnic north - east brought the forced assimilation of numerous native peoples into European culture . During the early High Middle Ages , Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty , which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period . In 1024 , they were replaced by the Salian dynasty , who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henry IV ( r . 1084 -- 1105 ) over Church appointments as part of the Investiture Controversy . His successors continued to struggle against the papacy as well as the German nobility . A period of instability followed the death of Emperor Henry V ( r . 1111 -- 25 ) , who died without heirs , until Frederick I Barbarossa ( r . 1155 -- 90 ) took the imperial throne . Although he ruled effectively , the basic problems remained , and his successors continued to struggle into the 13th century . Barbarossa 's grandson Frederick II ( r . 1220 -- 1250 ) , who was also heir to the throne of Sicily through his mother , clashed repeatedly with the papacy . His court was famous for its scholars and he was often accused of heresy . He and his successors faced many difficulties , including the invasion of the Mongols into Europe in the mid-13th century . Mongols first shattered the Kievan Rus ' principalities and then invaded Eastern Europe in 1241 , 1259 , and 1287 . The Bayeux Tapestry ( detail ) showing William the Conqueror ( centre ) , his half - brothers Robert , Count of Mortain ( right ) and Odo , Bishop of Bayeux in the Duchy of Normandy ( left ) Under the Capetian dynasty the French monarchy slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility , growing out of the Île - de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries . They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy , who in 1066 under William the Conqueror ( duke 1035 -- 1087 ) , conquered England ( r . 1066 -- 87 ) and created a cross-channel empire that lasted , in various forms , throughout the rest of the Middle Ages . Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy , when Robert Guiscard ( d . 1085 ) landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily . Under the Angevin dynasty of Henry II ( r . 1154 -- 89 ) and his son Richard I ( r . 1189 -- 99 ) , the kings of England ruled over England and large areas of France , brought to the family by Henry II 's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine ( d . 1204 ) , heiress to much of southern France . Richard 's younger brother John ( r . 1199 -- 1216 ) lost Normandy and the rest of the northern French possessions in 1204 to the French King Philip II Augustus ( r . 1180 -- 1223 ) . This led to dissension among the English nobility , while John 's financial exactions to pay for his unsuccessful attempts to regain Normandy led in 1215 to Magna Carta , a charter that confirmed the rights and privileges of free men in England . Under Henry III ( r . 1216 -- 72 ) , John 's son , further concessions were made to the nobility , and royal power was diminished . The French monarchy continued to make gains against the nobility during the late 12th and 13th centuries , bringing more territories within the kingdom under the king 's personal rule and centralising the royal administration . Under Louis IX ( r . 1226 -- 70 ) , royal prestige rose to new heights as Louis served as a mediator for most of Europe . In Iberia , the Christian states , which had been confined to the north - western part of the peninsula , began to push back against the Islamic states in the south , a period known as the Reconquista . By about 1150 , the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of León , Castile , Aragon , Navarre , and Portugal . Southern Iberia remained under control of Islamic states , initially under the Caliphate of Córdoba , which broke up in 1031 into a shifting number of petty states known as taifas , who fought with the Christians until the Almohad Caliphate re-established centralised rule over Southern Iberia in the 1170s . Christian forces advanced again in the early 13th century , culminating in the capture of Seville in 1248 . Crusades ( edit ) Main articles : Crusades , Reconquista , and Northern Crusades See also : Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty and Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty Krak des Chevaliers was built during the Crusades for the Knights Hospitallers . In the 11th century , the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East , occupying Persia during the 1040s , Armenia in the 1060s , and Jerusalem in 1070 . In 1071 , the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV ( r . 1068 -- 71 ) . The Turks were then free to invade Asia Minor , which dealt a dangerous blow to the Byzantine Empire by seizing a large part of its population and its economic heartland . Although the Byzantines regrouped and recovered somewhat , they never fully regained Asia Minor and were often on the defensive . The Turks also had difficulties , losing control of Jerusalem to the Fatimids of Egypt and suffering from a series of internal civil wars . The Byzantines also faced a revived Bulgaria , which in the late 12th and 13th centuries spread throughout the Balkans . The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control . The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II ( pope 1088 -- 99 ) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos ( r . 1081 -- 1118 ) for aid against further Muslim advances . Urban promised indulgence to anyone who took part . Tens of thousands of people from all levels of society mobilised across Europe and captured Jerusalem in 1099 . One feature of the crusades was the pogroms against local Jews that often took place as the crusaders left their countries for the East . These were especially brutal during the First Crusade , when the Jewish communities in Cologne , Mainz , and Worms were destroyed , and other communities in cities between the rivers Seine and Rhine suffered destruction . Another outgrowth of the crusades was the foundation of a new type of monastic order , the military orders of the Templars and Hospitallers , which fused monastic life with military service . The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states . During the 12th and 13th centuries , there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states . Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades , such as the Third Crusade , called to try to regain Jerusalem , which had been captured by Saladin ( d . 1193 ) in 1187 . In 1203 , the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Holy Land to Constantinople , and captured the city in 1204 , setting up a Latin Empire of Constantinople and greatly weakening the Byzantine Empire . The Byzantines recaptured the city in 1261 , but never regained their former strength . By 1291 all the crusader states had been captured or forced from the mainland , although a titular Kingdom of Jerusalem survived on the island of Cyprus for several years afterwards . Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land : in Spain , southern France , and along the Baltic . The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims . Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades , similar Spanish military religious orders were founded , most of which had become part of the two main orders of Calatrava and Santiago by the beginning of the 12th century . Northern Europe also remained outside Christian influence until the 11th century or later , and became a crusading venue as part of the Northern Crusades of the 12th to 14th centuries . These crusades also spawned a military order , the Order of the Sword Brothers . Another order , the Teutonic Knights , although founded in the crusader states , focused much of its activity in the Baltic after 1225 , and in 1309 moved its headquarters to Marienburg in Prussia . Intellectual life ( edit ) Main articles : Renaissance of the 12th century , Medieval philosophy , Medieval literature , Medieval poetry , and Medieval medicine of Western Europe During the 11th century , developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity . There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of `` universals '' . Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism . Scholars such as Peter Abelard ( d . 1142 ) and Peter Lombard ( d . 1164 ) introduced Aristotelian logic into theology . In the late 11th and early 12th centuries cathedral schools spread throughout Western Europe , signalling the shift of learning from monasteries to cathedrals and towns . Cathedral schools were in turn replaced by the universities established in major European cities . Philosophy and theology fused in scholasticism , an attempt by 12th - and 13th - century scholars to reconcile authoritative texts , most notably Aristotle and the Bible . This movement tried to employ a systemic approach to truth and reason and culminated in the thought of Thomas Aquinas ( d . 1274 ) , who wrote the Summa Theologica , or Summary of Theology . A medieval scholar making precise measurements in a 14th - century manuscript illustration Chivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts . This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin , and comprised poems , stories , legends , and popular songs spread by troubadours , or wandering minstrels . Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste , or `` songs of great deeds '' , such as The Song of Roland or The Song of Hildebrand . Secular and religious histories were also produced . Geoffrey of Monmouth ( d.c. 1155 ) composed his Historia Regum Britanniae , a collection of stories and legends about Arthur . Other works were more clearly history , such as Otto von Freising 's ( d . 1158 ) Gesta Friderici Imperatoris detailing the deeds of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa , or William of Malmesbury 's ( d.c. 1143 ) Gesta Regum on the kings of England . Legal studies advanced during the 12th century . Both secular law and canon law , or ecclesiastical law , were studied in the High Middle Ages . Secular law , or Roman law , was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century , and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna . This led to the recording and standardisation of legal codes throughout Western Europe . Canon law was also studied , and around 1140 a monk named Gratian ( fl . 12th century ) , a teacher at Bologna , wrote what became the standard text of canon law -- the Decretum . Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra , which allowed more advanced mathematics . Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy 's Almagest from Greek into Latin in the late 12th century . Medicine was also studied , especially in southern Italy , where Islamic medicine influenced the school at Salerno . Technology and military ( edit ) Main articles : Medieval technology , Medieval warfare , and History of science § Science in the Middle Ages Further information : List of medieval European scientists Portrait of Cardinal Hugh of Saint - Cher by Tommaso da Modena , 1352 , the first known depiction of spectacles In the 12th and 13th centuries , Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production . Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill , the first mechanical clocks , the manufacture of distilled spirits , and the use of the astrolabe . Concave spectacles were invented around 1286 by an unknown Italian artisan , probably working in or near Pisa . The development of a three - field rotation system for planting crops increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two - field system to two - thirds under the new system , with a consequent increase in production . The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more efficiently , aided by the spread of the horse collar , which led to the use of draught horses in place of oxen . Horses are faster than oxen and require less pasture , factors that aided the implementation of the three - field system . The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology , leading to the development of large stone buildings . Ancillary structures included new town halls , houses , bridges , and tithe barns . Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and tenon . Other improvements to ships included the use of lateen sails and the stern - post rudder , both of which increased the speed at which ships could be sailed . In military affairs , the use of infantry with specialised roles increased . Along with the still - dominant heavy cavalry , armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen , as well as sappers and engineers . Crossbows , which had been known in Late Antiquity , increased in use partly because of the increase in siege warfare in the 10th and 11th centuries . The increasing use of crossbows during the 12th and 13th centuries led to the use of closed - face helmets , heavy body armour , as well as horse armour . Gunpowder was known in Europe by the mid-13th century with a recorded use in European warfare by the English against the Scots in 1304 , although it was merely used as an explosive and not as a weapon . Cannon were being used for sieges in the 1320s , and hand - held guns were in use by the 1360s . Architecture , art , and music ( edit ) Further information : Medieval architecture , Medieval art , and Medieval music The Romanesque Church of Maria Laach , Germany In the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms , from which the term `` Romanesque '' is derived . Where available , Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials . From the tentative beginnings known as the First Romanesque , the style flourished and spread across Europe in a remarkably homogeneous form . Just before 1000 there was a great wave of building stone churches all over Europe . Romanesque buildings have massive stone walls , openings topped by semi-circular arches , small windows , and , particularly in France , arched stone vaults . The large portal with coloured sculpture in high relief became a central feature of façades , especially in France , and the capitals of columns were often carved with narrative scenes of imaginative monsters and animals . According to art historian C.R. Dodwell , `` virtually all the churches in the West were decorated with wall - paintings '' , of which few survive . Simultaneous with the development in church architecture , the distinctive European form of the castle was developed , and became crucial to politics and warfare . Romanesque art , especially metalwork , was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art , in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun ( d . 1205 ) become apparent , and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège , contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Gloucester Candlestick . Large illuminated bibles and psalters were the typical forms of luxury manuscripts , and wall - painting flourished in churches , often following a scheme with a Last Judgement on the west wall , a Christ in Majesty at the east end , and narrative biblical scenes down the nave , or in the best surviving example , at Saint - Savin - sur - Gartempe , on the barrel - vaulted roof . The Gothic interior of Laon Cathedral , France From the early 12th century , French builders developed the Gothic style , marked by the use of rib vaults , pointed arches , flying buttresses , and large stained glass windows . It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals , and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe . Classic examples of Gothic architecture include Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral in France as well as Salisbury Cathedral in England . Stained glass became a crucial element in the design of churches , which continued to use extensive wall - paintings , now almost all lost . During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops , so that according to Janetta Benton `` by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops '' , and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay - people . Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious form of art , with Limoges enamel a popular and relatively affordable option for objects such as reliquaries and crosses . In Italy the innovations of Cimabue and Duccio , followed by the Trecento master Giotto ( d . 1337 ) , greatly increased the sophistication and status of panel painting and fresco . Increasing prosperity during the 12th century resulted in greater production of secular art ; many carved ivory objects such as gaming - pieces , combs , and small religious figures have survived . Church life ( edit ) Main articles : Gregorian Reform and Church and state in medieval Europe Francis of Assisi , depicted by Bonaventura Berlinghieri in 1235 , founded the Franciscan Order . Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century , as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life . Cluny Abbey , founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909 , was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms , a larger movement of monastic reform in response to this fear . Cluny quickly established a reputation for austerity and rigour . It sought to maintain a high quality of spiritual life by placing itself under the protection of the papacy and by electing its own abbot without interference from laymen , thus maintaining economic and political independence from local lords . Monastic reform inspired change in the secular Church . The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX ( pope 1049 -- 1054 ) , and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century . This involved Pope Gregory VII ( pope 1073 -- 85 ) and Emperor Henry IV , who initially clashed over episcopal appointments , a dispute that turned into a battle over the ideas of investiture , clerical marriage , and simony . The emperor saw the protection of the Church as one of his responsibilities as well as wanting to preserve the right to appoint his own choices as bishops within his lands , but the papacy insisted on the Church 's independence from secular lords . These issues remained unresolved after the compromise of 1122 known as the Concordat of Worms . The dispute represents a significant stage in the creation of a papal monarchy separate from and equal to lay authorities . It also had the permanent consequence of empowering German princes at the expense of the German emperors . Sénanque Abbey , Gordes , France The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements . Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms , people sought to participate in new forms of religious life . New monastic orders were founded , including the Carthusians and the Cistercians . The latter especially expanded rapidly in their early years under the guidance of Bernard of Clairvaux ( d . 1153 ) . These new orders were formed in response to the feeling of the laity that Benedictine monasticism no longer met the needs of the laymen , who along with those wishing to enter the religious life wanted a return to the simpler hermetical monasticism of early Christianity , or to live an Apostolic life . Religious pilgrimages were also encouraged . Old pilgrimage sites such as Rome , Jerusalem , and Compostela received increasing numbers of visitors , and new sites such as Monte Gargano and Bari rose to prominence . In the 13th century mendicant orders -- the Franciscans and the Dominicans -- who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging , were approved by the papacy . Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centuries , but they were condemned as heretical by the papacy . Others joined the Cathars , another heretical movement condemned by the papacy . In 1209 , a crusade was preached against the Cathars , the Albigensian Crusade , which in combination with the medieval Inquisition , eliminated them . Late Middle Ages ( edit ) Main article : Late Middle Ages War , Famine , and plague ( edit ) Main article : Crisis of the Late Middle Ages The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines , culminating in the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 . The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age , which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures . The years 1313 -- 14 and 1317 -- 21 were excessively rainy throughout Europe , resulting in widespread crop failures . The climate change -- which resulted in a declining average annual temperature for Europe during the 14th century -- was accompanied by an economic downturn . Execution of some of the ringleaders of the jacquerie , from a 14th - century manuscript of the Chroniques de France ou de St Denis These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death , a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years . The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe , about one - third of the population . Towns were especially hard - hit because of their crowded conditions . Large areas of land were left sparsely inhabited , and in some places fields were left unworked . Wages rose as landlords sought to entice the reduced number of available workers to their fields . Further problems were lower rents and lower demand for food , both of which cut into agricultural income . Urban workers also felt that they had a right to greater earnings , and popular uprisings broke out across Europe . Among the uprisings were the jacquerie in France , the Peasants ' Revolt in England , and revolts in the cities of Florence in Italy and Ghent and Bruges in Flanders . The trauma of the plague led to an increased piety throughout Europe , manifested by the foundation of new charities , the self - mortification of the flagellants , and the scapegoating of Jews . Conditions were further unsettled by the return of the plague throughout the rest of the 14th century ; it continued to strike Europe periodically during the rest of the Middle Ages . Society and economy ( edit ) Society throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death . Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned , as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas . Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe , as landlords imposed it on those of their tenants who had previously been free . Most peasants in Western Europe managed to change the work they had previously owed to their landlords into cash rents . The percentage of serfs amongst the peasantry declined from a high of 90 to closer to 50 per cent by the end of the period . Landlords also became more conscious of common interests with other landholders , and they joined together to extort privileges from their governments . Partly at the urging of landlords , governments attempted to legislate a return to the economic conditions that existed before the Black Death . Non-clergy became increasingly literate , and urban populations began to imitate the nobility 's interest in chivalry . Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306 . Although some were allowed back into France , most were not , and many Jews emigrated eastwards , settling in Poland and Hungary . The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492 , and dispersed to Turkey , France , Italy , and Holland . The rise of banking in Italy during the 13th century continued throughout the 14th century , fuelled partly by the increasing warfare of the period and the needs of the papacy to move money between kingdoms . Many banking firms loaned money to royalty , at great risk , as some were bankrupted when kings defaulted on their loans . State resurgence ( edit ) Map of Europe in 1360 Strong , royalty - based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages , particularly in England , France , and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula : Aragon , Castile , and Portugal . The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely hard on the peasantry . Kings profited from warfare that extended royal legislation and increased the lands they directly controlled . Paying for the wars required that methods of taxation become more effective and efficient , and the rate of taxation often increased . The requirement to obtain the consent of taxpayers allowed representative bodies such as the English Parliament and the French Estates General to gain power and authority . Joan of Arc in a 15th - century depiction Throughout the 14th century , French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility . They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France , leading to the Hundred Years ' War , waged from 1337 to 1453 . Early in the war the English under Edward III ( r . 1327 -- 77 ) and his son Edward , the Black Prince ( d . 1376 ) , won the battles of Crécy and Poitiers , captured the city of Calais , and won control of much of France . The resulting stresses almost caused the disintegration of the French kingdom during the early years of the war . In the early 15th century , France again came close to dissolving , but in the late 1420s the military successes of Joan of Arc ( d . 1431 ) led to the victory of the French and the capture of the last English possessions in southern France in 1453 . The price was high , as the population of France at the end of the Wars was likely half what it had been at the start of the conflict . Conversely , the Wars had a positive effect on English national identity , doing much to fuse the various local identities into a national English ideal . The conflict with France also helped create a national culture in England separate from French culture , which had previously been the dominant influence . The dominance of the English longbow began during early stages of the Hundred Years ' War , and cannon appeared on the battlefield at Crécy in 1346 . In modern - day Germany , the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule , but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form . Further east , the kingdoms of Poland , Hungary , and Bohemia grew powerful . In Iberia , the Christian kingdoms continued to gain land from the Muslim kingdoms of the peninsula ; Portugal concentrated on expanding overseas during the 15th century , while the other kingdoms were riven by difficulties over royal succession and other concerns . After losing the Hundred Years ' War , England went on to suffer a long civil war known as the Wars of the Roses , which lasted into the 1490s and only ended when Henry Tudor ( r . 1485 -- 1509 as Henry VII ) became king and consolidated power with his victory over Richard III ( r . 1483 -- 85 ) at Bosworth in 1485 . In Scandinavia , Margaret I of Denmark ( r. in Denmark 1387 -- 1412 ) consolidated Norway , Denmark , and Sweden in the Union of Kalmar , which continued until 1523 . The major power around the Baltic Sea was the Hanseatic League , a commercial confederation of city states that traded from Western Europe to Russia . Scotland emerged from English domination under Robert the Bruce ( r . 1306 -- 29 ) , who secured papal recognition of his kingship in 1328 . Collapse of Byzantium ( edit ) Main articles : Decline of the Byzantine Empire , Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty , Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty , Byzantine -- Ottoman Wars , and Rise of the Ottoman Empire Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261 , they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands . They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople , the city itself , and some coastal lands on the Black Sea and around the Aegean Sea . The former Byzantine lands in the Balkans were divided between the new Kingdom of Serbia , the Second Bulgarian Empire and the city - state of Venice . The power of the Byzantine emperors was threatened by a new Turkish tribe , the Ottomans , who established themselves in Anatolia in the 13th century and steadily expanded throughout the 14th century . The Ottomans expanded into Europe , reducing Bulgaria to a vassal state by 1366 and taking over Serbia after its defeat at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 . Western Europeans rallied to the plight of the Christians in the Balkans and declared a new crusade in 1396 ; a great army was sent to the Balkans , where it was defeated at the Battle of Nicopolis . Constantinople was finally captured by the Ottomans in 1453 . Controversy within the Church ( edit ) Guy of Boulogne crowning Pope Gregory XI in a miniature from Froissart 's Chroniques During the tumultuous 14th century , disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1309 -- 76 , also called the `` Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy '' ( a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews ) , and then to the Great Schism , lasting from 1378 to 1418 , when there were two and later three rival popes , each supported by several states . Ecclesiastical officials convened at the Council of Constance in 1414 , and in the following year the council deposed one of the rival popes , leaving only two claimants . Further depositions followed , and in November 1417 the council elected Martin V ( pope 1417 -- 31 ) as pope . Besides the schism , the Western Church was riven by theological controversies , some of which turned into heresies . John Wycliffe ( d . 1384 ) , an English theologian , was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to Church doctrine . Wycliffe 's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages : Lollardy in England and Hussitism in Bohemia . The Bohemian movement initiated with the teaching of Jan Hus , who was burned at the stake in 1415 after being condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance . The Hussite Church , although the target of a crusade , survived beyond the Middle Ages . Other heresies were manufactured , such as the accusations against the Knights Templar that resulted in their suppression in 1312 and the division of their great wealth between the French King Philip IV ( r . 1285 -- 1314 ) and the Hospitallers . The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages , holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist . This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy . The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages , veneration of relics , and belief in the power of the Devil . Mystics such as Meister Eckhart ( d . 1327 ) and Thomas à Kempis ( d . 1471 ) wrote works that taught the laity to focus on their inner spiritual life , which laid the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation . Besides mysticism , belief in witches and witchcraft became widespread , and by the late 15th century the Church had begun to lend credence to populist fears of witchcraft with its condemnation of witches in 1484 and the publication in 1486 of the Malleus Maleficarum , the most popular handbook for witch - hunters . Scholars , intellectuals , and exploration ( edit ) See also : Europeans in Medieval China During the Later Middle Ages , theologians such as John Duns Scotus ( d . 1308 ) and William of Ockham ( d.c. 1348 ) , led a reaction against scholasticism , objecting to the application of reason to faith . Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of `` universals '' . Ockham 's insistence that reason operates independently of faith allowed science to be separated from theology and philosophy . Legal studies were marked by the steady advance of Roman law into areas of jurisprudence previously governed by customary law . The lone exception to this trend was in England , where the common law remained pre-eminent . Other countries codified their laws ; legal codes were promulgated in Castile , Poland , and Lithuania . Clerics studying astronomy and geometry , French , early 15th century Education remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy . The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest , but the secondary subjects of the trivium -- grammar , rhetoric , logic -- were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by cities . Commercial secondary schools spread , and some Italian towns had more than one such enterprise . Universities also spread throughout Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries . Lay literacy rates rose , but were still low ; one estimate gave a literacy rate of ten per cent of males and one per cent of females in 1500 . The publication of vernacular literature increased , with Dante ( d . 1321 ) , Petrarch ( d . 1374 ) and Giovanni Boccaccio ( d . 1375 ) in 14th - century Italy , Geoffrey Chaucer ( d . 1400 ) and William Langland ( d.c. 1386 ) in England , and François Villon ( d . 1464 ) and Christine de Pizan ( d.c. 1430 ) in France . Much literature remained religious in character , and although a great deal of it continued to be written in Latin , a new demand developed for saints ' lives and other devotional tracts in the vernacular languages . This was fed by the growth of the Devotio Moderna movement , most prominently in the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life , but also in the works of German mystics such as Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler ( d . 1361 ) . Theatre also developed in the guise of miracle plays put on by the Church . At the end of the period , the development of the printing press in about 1450 led to the establishment of publishing houses throughout Europe by 1500 . In the early 15th century , the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe . Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal ( d . 1460 ) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands , the Azores , and Cape Verde during his lifetime . After his death , exploration continued ; Bartolomeu Dias ( d . 1500 ) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama ( d . 1524 ) sailed around Africa to India in 1498 . The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus ( d . 1506 ) in 1492 that discovered the Americas . The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot ( d . 1498 ) in 1497 , which landed on Cape Breton Island . Technological and military developments ( edit ) Agricultural calendar , c. 1470 , from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi Further information : History of agriculture § Europe One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry . The English also employed longbowmen , but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success . Armour continued to advance , spurred by the increasing power of crossbows , and plate armour was developed to protect soldiers from crossbows as well as the hand - held guns that were developed . Pole arms reached new prominence with the development of the Flemish and Swiss infantry armed with pikes and other long spears . In agriculture , the increased usage of sheep with long - fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun . In addition , the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool , tripling production . A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures for garments , which allowed for better fitting without having to lace clothing on the wearer . Windmills were refined with the creation of the tower mill , allowing the upper part of the windmill to be spun around to face the direction from which the wind was blowing . The blast furnace appeared around 1350 in Sweden , increasing the quantity of iron produced and improving its quality . The first patent law in 1447 in Venice protected the rights of inventors to their inventions . Late Medieval art and architecture ( edit ) February scene from the 15th - century illuminated manuscript Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy . Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles , which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century , until almost the end of the period . International Gothic was a courtly style that reached much of Europe in the decades around 1400 , producing masterpieces such as the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry . All over Europe secular art continued to increase in quantity and quality , and in the 15th century the mercantile classes of Italy and Flanders became important patrons , commissioning small portraits of themselves in oils as well as a growing range of luxury items such as jewellery , ivory caskets , cassone chests , and maiolica pottery . These objects also included the Hispano - Moresque ware produced by mostly Mudéjar potters in Spain . Although royalty owned huge collections of plate , little survives except for the Royal Gold Cup . Italian silk manufacture developed , so that Western churches and elites no longer needed to rely on imports from Byzantium or the Islamic world . In France and Flanders tapestry weaving of sets like The Lady and the Unicorn became a major luxury industry . The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building , as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved , as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea . Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common , especially as churches created many side - chapels . Early Netherlandish painting by artists such as Jan van Eyck ( d . 1441 ) and Rogier van der Weyden ( d . 1464 ) rivalled that of Italy , as did northern illuminated manuscripts , which in the 15th century began to be collected on a large scale by secular elites , who also commissioned secular books , especially histories . From about 1450 printed books rapidly became popular , though still expensive . There were around 30,000 different editions of incunabula , or works printed before 1500 , by which time illuminated manuscripts were commissioned only by royalty and a few others . Very small woodcuts , nearly all religious , were affordable even by peasants in parts of Northern Europe from the middle of the 15th century . More expensive engravings supplied a wealthier market with a variety of images . Modern perceptions ( edit ) See also : Dark Ages ( historiography ) and Medieval studies Medieval illustration of the spherical Earth in a 14th - century copy of L'Image du monde The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a `` time of ignorance and superstition '' that placed `` the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity . '' This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment , when scholars favourably contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the medieval period . Renaissance scholars saw the Middle Ages as a period of decline from the high culture and civilisation of the Classical world ; Enlightenment scholars saw reason as superior to faith , and thus viewed the Middle Ages as a time of ignorance and superstition . Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages . Science historian Edward Grant writes , `` If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed ( in the 18th century ) , they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities '' . Also , contrary to common belief , David Lindberg writes , `` the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the Church and would have regarded himself as free ( particularly in the natural sciences ) to follow reason and observation wherever they led '' . The caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions . One misconception , first propagated in the 19th century and still very common , is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat . This is untrue , as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argued that evidence showed the Earth was a sphere . Lindberg and Ronald Numbers , another scholar of the period , state that there `` was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge ( Earth 's ) sphericity and even know its approximate circumference '' . Other misconceptions such as `` the Church prohibited autopsies and dissections during the Middle Ages '' , `` the rise of Christianity killed off ancient science '' , or `` the medieval Christian Church suppressed the growth of natural philosophy '' , are all cited by Numbers as examples of widely popular myths that still pass as historical truth , although they are not supported by current historical research . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is the year the last Western Roman Emperors were driven from Italy . Jump up ^ A reference work published in 1883 equates the Dark Ages with the Middle Ages , but beginning with William Paton Ker in 1904 , the term `` Dark Ages '' is generally restricted to the early part of the Medieval period . For example , the 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica defines the Dark Ages this way . See Dark Ages for a more complete historiography of this term . Jump up ^ This system , which eventually encompassed two senior co-emperors and two junior co-emperors , is known as the Tetrarchy . Jump up ^ The commanders of the Roman military in the area appear to have taken food and other supplies intended to be given to the Goths and instead sold them to the Goths . The revolt was triggered when one of the Roman military commanders attempted to take the Gothic leaders hostage but failed to secure all of them . Jump up ^ An alternative date of 480 is sometimes given , as that was the year Romulus Augustulus ' predecessor Julius Nepos died ; Nepos had continued to assert that he was the Western emperor while holding onto Dalmatia . Jump up ^ The English word `` slave '' derives from the Latin term for Slavs , slavicus . Jump up ^ Brittany takes its name from this settlement by Britons . Jump up ^ Such entourages are named comitatus by historians , although it is not a contemporary term . It was adapted in the 19th century from a word used by the 2nd - century historian Tacitus to describe the close companions of a lord or king . The comitatus comprised young men who were supposed to be utterly devoted to their lord . If their sworn lord died , they were expected to fight to the death also . Jump up ^ Dhu Nuwas , ruler of present - day Yemen , converted in 525 and his subsequent persecution of Christians led to the invasion and conquest of his kingdom by the Axumites of Ethiopia . Jump up ^ Muslim armies had earlier conquered the Visigothic kingdom of Spain , after defeating the last Visigothic King Ruderic ( d . 711 or 712 ) at the Battle of Guadalete in 711 , finishing the conquest by 719 . Jump up ^ The Papal States endured until 1870 , when the Kingdom of Italy seized most of them . Jump up ^ The Carolingian minuscule was developed from the uncial script of Late Antiquity , which was a smaller , rounder form of writing the Latin alphabet than the classical forms . Jump up ^ There was a brief re-uniting of the Empire by Charles III , known as `` the Fat '' , in 884 , although the actual units of the empire were not merged and retained their separate administrations . Charles was deposed in 887 and died in January 888 . Jump up ^ The Carolingian dynasty had earlier been displaced by King Odo ( r . 888 -- 898 ) , previously Count of Paris , who took the throne in 888 . Although members of the Carolingian dynasty became kings in the western lands after Odo 's death , Odo 's family also supplied kings -- his brother Robert I became king for 922 -- 923 , and then Robert 's son - in - law Raoul was king from 929 to 936 -- before the Carolingians reclaimed the throne once more . Jump up ^ Hugh Capet was a grandson of Robert I , an earlier king . Jump up ^ This settlement eventually expanded and sent out conquering expeditions to England , Sicily , and southern Italy . Jump up ^ This inheritance pattern is known as primogeniture . Jump up ^ Heavy cavalry had been introduced into Europe from the Persian cataphract of the 5th and 6th centuries , but the addition of the stirrup in the 7th allowed the full force of horse and rider to be used in combat . Jump up ^ In France , Germany , and the Low Countries there was a further type of `` noble '' , the ministerialis , who were in effect unfree knights . They descended from serfs who had served as warriors or government officials , which increased status allowed their descendants to hold fiefs as well as become knights while still being technically serfs . Jump up ^ A few Jewish peasants remained on the land under Byzantine rule in the East as well as some on Crete under Venetian rule , but they were the exception in Europe . Jump up ^ These two groups -- Germans and Italians -- took different approaches to their trading arrangements . Most German cities co-operated in the Hanseatic League , in contrast with the Italian city - states who engaged in internecine strife . Jump up ^ This grouping of lands is often called the Angevin Empire . Jump up ^ Eleanor had previously been married to Louis VII of France ( r . 1137 -- 80 ) , but their marriage was annulled in 1152 . Jump up ^ Louis was canonised in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII . Jump up ^ Military religious orders such as the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller were formed and went on to play an integral role in the crusader states . Jump up ^ It had spread to Northern Europe by 1000 , and had reached Poland by the 12th century . Jump up ^ Crossbows are slow to reload , which limits their use on open battlefields . In sieges the slowness is not as big a disadvantage , as the crossbowman can hide behind fortifications while reloading . Jump up ^ The historical consensus for the last 100 years has been that the Black Death was a form of bubonic plague , but some historians have begun to challenge this view in recent years . Jump up ^ One town , Lübeck in Germany , lost 90 per cent of its population to the Black Death . Jump up ^ As happened with the Bardi and Peruzzi firms in the 1340s when King Edward III of England repudiated their loans to him . Jump up ^ Edward 's nickname probably came from his black armour , and was first used by John Leland in the 1530s or 1540s . Jump up ^ Calais remained in English hands until 1558 . Jump up ^ The word `` dunce '' derives from Duns Scotus ' name . Jump up ^ This wheel was still simple , as it did not yet incorporate a treadle - wheel to twist and pull the fibres . That refinement was not invented until the 15th century . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Power Central Middle Ages p. 304 ^ Jump up to : Mommsen `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' '' Speculum pp. 236 -- 237 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. x Jump up ^ Knox `` History of the Idea of the Renaissance '' ^ Jump up to : Bruni History of the Florentine people p. xvii Jump up ^ Miglio `` Curial Humanism '' Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism p. 112 Jump up ^ Albrow Global Age p. 205 ^ Jump up to : Murray `` Should the Middle Ages Be Abolished ? '' Essays in Medieval Studies p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Flexner ( ed . ) Random House Dictionary p. 1194 Jump up ^ `` Mediaeval '' Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Middle Ages '' Dictionary.com ^ Jump up to : Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 86 Jump up ^ See the titles of Watts Making of Polities Europe 1300 -- 1500 or Epstein Economic History of Later Medieval Europe 1000 -- 1500 or the end date used in Holmes ( ed . ) Oxford History of Medieval Europe ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe pp. 291 -- 293 Jump up ^ See the title of Saul Companion to Medieval England 1066 -- 1485 Jump up ^ Kamen Spain 1469 -- 1714 p. 29 Jump up ^ Mommsen `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' '' Speculum p. 226 Jump up ^ Tansey , et al. Gardner 's Art Through the Ages p. 242 Jump up ^ Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 391 -- 393 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 3 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Heather Fall of the Roman Empire p. 111 ^ Jump up to : Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 24 -- 25 ^ Jump up to : Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 9 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 24 Jump up ^ Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 405 -- 406 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 31 -- 33 Jump up ^ Brown World of Late Antiquity p. 34 Jump up ^ Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 65 -- 68 Jump up ^ Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 82 -- 94 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 51 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 47 -- 49 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 56 -- 59 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 80 -- 83 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 59 -- 60 ^ Jump up to : Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans p. 417 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 80 Jump up ^ James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 67 -- 68 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 117 -- 118 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 79 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 107 -- 109 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 116 -- 134 Jump up ^ Brown , World of Late Antiquity , pp. 122 -- 124 Jump up ^ Wickham , Inheritance of Rome , pp. 95 -- 98 Jump up ^ Wickham , Inheritance of Rome , pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Collins , Early Medieval Europe , p. 100 ^ Jump up to : Collins , Early Medieval Europe , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Wickham , Inheritance of Rome , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Backman , Worlds of Medieval Europe , pp. 86 -- 91 Jump up ^ Coredon Dictionary of Medieval Terms p. 261 Jump up ^ James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 82 -- 88 ^ Jump up to : James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 79 -- 80 ^ Jump up to : James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 78 -- 81 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 196 -- 208 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 235 -- 238 Jump up ^ Adams History of Western Art pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 81 -- 83 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 200 -- 202 ^ Jump up to : Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 206 -- 213 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 126 , 130 Jump up ^ Brown `` Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ James Europe 's Barbarians pp. 95 -- 99 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 140 -- 143 Jump up ^ Brown World of Late Antiquity pp. 174 -- 175 Jump up ^ Brown World of Late Antiquity p. 181 Jump up ^ Brown `` Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 45 -- 49 Jump up ^ Coredon Dictionary of Medieval Terms p. 80 Jump up ^ Geary Before France and Germany pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 189 -- 193 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 195 -- 199 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 204 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 205 -- 210 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 211 -- 212 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome p. 215 Jump up ^ Brown `` Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 24 -- 26 Jump up ^ Gies and Gies Life in a Medieval City pp. 3 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Loyn `` Jews '' Middle Ages p. 191 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 138 -- 139 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 143 -- 145 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 149 -- 151 Jump up ^ Reilly Medieval Spains pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Brown `` Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 15 Jump up ^ Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp. 427 -- 428 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 218 -- 219 Jump up ^ Grierson `` Coinage and currency '' Middle Ages Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 218 -- 233 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 328 -- 332 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 170 -- 172 Jump up ^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 62 -- 63 Jump up ^ Lawrence Medieval Monasticism pp. 10 -- 13 Jump up ^ Lawrence Medieval Monasticism pp. 18 -- 24 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 185 -- 187 Jump up ^ Hamilton Religion in the Medieval West pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 64 -- 65 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 246 -- 253 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 347 -- 349 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World p. 344 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 164 -- 165 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 371 -- 378 Jump up ^ Brown `` Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 20 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 824 Jump up ^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture p. 73 ^ Jump up to : Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 109 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 117 -- 120 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 302 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 241 Jump up ^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 66 -- 70 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Language and dialect '' Middle Ages p. 204 ^ Jump up to : Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 427 -- 431 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 139 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 356 -- 358 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 358 -- 359 ^ Jump up to : Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 360 -- 361 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 397 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 141 -- 144 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 336 -- 339 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Bauer History of the Medieval World pp. 147 -- 149 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 378 -- 385 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe p. 387 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 309 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 394 -- 404 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 317 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 435 -- 439 Jump up ^ Whitton `` Society of Northern Europe '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 152 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 439 -- 444 Jump up ^ Collins Early Medieval Europe pp. 385 -- 389 Jump up ^ Wickham Inheritance of Rome pp. 500 -- 505 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 318 -- 320 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 321 -- 326 Jump up ^ Crampton Concise History of Bulgaria p. 12 Jump up ^ Curta Southeastern Europe pp. 246 -- 247 Jump up ^ Nees Early Medieval Art p. 145 Jump up ^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 29 -- 35 Jump up ^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Cosman Medieval Wordbook p. 247 Jump up ^ Stalley Early Medieval Architecture pp. 45 , 49 Jump up ^ Kitzinger Early Medieval Art pp. 36 -- 53 , 61 -- 64 Jump up ^ Henderson Early Medieval pp. 18 -- 21 , 63 -- 71 Jump up ^ Henderson Early Medieval pp. 36 -- 42 , 49 -- 55 , 103 , 143 , 204 -- 208 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 41 -- 49 Jump up ^ Lasko Ars Sacra pp. 16 -- 18 Jump up ^ Henderson Early Medieval pp. 233 -- 238 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 30 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 34 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 39 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 58 -- 59 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 76 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 67 ^ Jump up to : Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 80 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 88 -- 91 Jump up ^ Whitton `` Society of Northern Europe '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 134 Jump up ^ Gainty and Ward Sources of World Societies p. 352 Jump up ^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 5 -- 12 ^ Jump up to : Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 156 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 164 -- 165 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 37 -- 41 Jump up ^ Cosman Medieval Wordbook p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe pp. 311 -- 315 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Singman Daily Life p. 8 Jump up ^ Hamilton Religion on the Medieval West p. 33 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 143 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 171 ^ Jump up to : Epstein Economic and Social History p. 54 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Singman Daily Life pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History p. 81 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 82 -- 83 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 60 -- 67 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 160 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 74 -- 76 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 283 -- 284 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 365 -- 380 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 296 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 262 -- 279 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 371 -- 372 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 181 -- 186 Jump up ^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 143 -- 147 Jump up ^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 250 -- 252 Jump up ^ Denley `` Mediterranean '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 235 -- 238 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 364 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 187 -- 189 Jump up ^ Jordan Europe in the High Middle Ages pp. 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 189 -- 196 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 294 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 263 Jump up ^ Barlow Feudal Kingdom pp. 285 -- 286 ^ Jump up to : Loyn `` Eleanor of Aquitaine '' Middle Ages p. 122 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 286 -- 289 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 289 -- 293 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 355 -- 357 Jump up ^ Hallam and Everard Capetian France p. 401 ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe p. 345 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities p. 341 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 350 -- 351 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 353 -- 355 Jump up ^ Kaufmann and Kaufmann Medieval Fortress pp. 268 -- 269 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 332 -- 333 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 386 -- 387 ^ Jump up to : Riley - Smith `` Crusades '' Middle Ages pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 397 -- 399 ^ Jump up to : Barber Two Cities pp. 145 -- 149 Jump up ^ Payne Dream and the Tomb pp. 204 -- 205 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 353 -- 356 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 156 -- 161 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 299 -- 300 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades p. 122 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 205 -- 213 Jump up ^ Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp. 213 -- 224 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 232 -- 237 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 247 -- 252 ^ Jump up to : Loyn `` Scholasticism '' Middle Ages pp. 293 -- 294 Jump up ^ Colish Medieval Foundations pp. 295 -- 301 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 252 -- 260 ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe p. 349 Jump up ^ Saul Companion to Medieval England pp. 113 -- 114 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 237 -- 241 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 241 -- 246 Jump up ^ Ilardi , Renaissance Vision , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 246 Jump up ^ Ilardi , Renaissance Vision , pp. 4 -- 5 , 49 ^ Jump up to : Epstein Economic and Social History p. 45 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 156 -- 159 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities p. 68 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities p. 73 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 125 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 124 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 130 ^ Jump up to : Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom pp. 296 -- 298 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages p. 55 Jump up ^ Adams History of Western Art pp. 181 -- 189 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 58 -- 60 , 65 -- 66 , 73 -- 75 Jump up ^ Dodwell Pictorial Arts of the West p. 37 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 295 -- 299 Jump up ^ Lasko Ars Sacra pp. 240 -- 250 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 91 -- 92 Jump up ^ Adams History of Western Art pp. 195 -- 216 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 185 -- 190 ; 269 -- 271 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages p. 250 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 135 -- 139 , 245 -- 247 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 264 -- 278 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 248 -- 250 Jump up ^ Hamilton Religion in the Medieval West p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Rosenwein Rhinoceros Bound pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 143 -- 144 Jump up ^ Morris `` Northern Europe '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe p. 199 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 155 -- 167 Jump up ^ Barber Two Cities pp. 185 -- 192 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Famine '' Middle Ages p. 128 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 373 -- 374 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History p. 41 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe p. 370 ^ Jump up to : Schove `` Plague '' Middle Ages p. 269 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 171 -- 172 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 189 Jump up ^ Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp. 374 -- 380 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 412 -- 413 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 246 -- 247 ^ Jump up to : Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp. 234 -- 237 Jump up ^ Vale `` Civilization of Courts and Cities '' Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe pp. 346 -- 349 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Jews '' Middle Ages p. 192 ^ Jump up to : Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp. 237 -- 239 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 201 -- 219 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 224 -- 233 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 233 -- 238 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities p. 166 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities p. 169 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Hundred Years ' War '' Middle Ages p. 176 Jump up ^ Barber Edward pp. 242 -- 243 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 545 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 180 -- 181 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 317 -- 322 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 423 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 186 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 170 -- 171 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 173 -- 175 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities p. 173 Jump up ^ Watts Making of Polities pp. 327 -- 332 ^ Jump up to : Watts Making of Polities p. 340 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 425 -- 426 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 431 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 408 -- 409 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 385 -- 389 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 446 Jump up ^ Thomson Western Church pp. 170 -- 171 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Avignon '' Middle Ages p. 45 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Great Schism '' Middle Ages p. 153 Jump up ^ Thomson Western Church pp. 184 -- 187 Jump up ^ Thomson Western Church pp. 197 -- 199 Jump up ^ Thomson Western Church p. 218 Jump up ^ Thomson Western Church pp. 213 -- 217 Jump up ^ Loyn `` Knights of the Temple ( Templars ) '' Middle Ages pp. 201 -- 202 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 436 -- 437 ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe pp. 433 -- 434 ^ Jump up to : Davies Europe pp. 438 -- 439 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 224 Jump up ^ Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp. 282 -- 283 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 445 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 451 Jump up ^ Davies Europe pp. 454 -- 455 Jump up ^ Davies Europe p. 511 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 180 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 183 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 188 Jump up ^ Nicolle Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom p. 185 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 193 -- 194 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 36 Jump up ^ Singman Daily Life p. 38 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 200 -- 201 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History pp. 203 -- 204 Jump up ^ Epstein Economic and Social History p. 213 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 253 -- 256 Jump up ^ Lightbown Secular Goldsmiths ' Work p. 78 Jump up ^ Benton Art of the Middle Ages pp. 257 -- 262 Jump up ^ British Library Staff `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue '' British Library Jump up ^ Griffiths Prints and Printmaking pp. 17 -- 18 ; 39 -- 46 Jump up ^ Lindberg `` Medieval Church Encounters '' When Science & Christianity Meet p. 8 Jump up ^ Grant God and Reason p. 9 Jump up ^ Quoted in Peters `` Science and Religion '' Encyclopedia of Religion p. 8182 ^ Jump up to : Russell Inventing the Flat Earth pp. 49 -- 58 Jump up ^ Grant Planets , Stars , & Orbs pp. 626 -- 630 Jump up ^ Lindberg and Numbers `` Beyond War and Peace '' Church History p. 342 Jump up ^ Numbers `` Myths and Truths in Science and Religion : A historical perspective '' Lecture archive References ( edit ) Adams , Laurie Schneider ( 2001 ) . A History of Western Art ( Third ed . ) . Boston , MA : McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 231717 - 5 . Albrow , Martin ( 1997 ) . The Global Age : State and Society Beyond Modernity . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2870 - 4 . Backman , Clifford R. ( 2003 ) . The Worlds of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512169 - 8 . Barber , Malcolm ( 1992 ) . The Two Cities : Medieval Europe 1050 -- 1320 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09682 - 0 . Barber , Richard ( 1978 ) . Edward , Prince of Wales and Aquitaine : A Biography of the Black Prince . New York : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 684 - 15864 - 7 . Barlow , Frank ( 1988 ) . The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042 -- 1216 ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 49504 - 0 . Bauer , Susan Wise ( 2010 ) . The History of the Medieval World : From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05975 - 5 . 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Europe : A History . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 520912 - 5 . Denley , Peter ( 1998 ) . `` The Mediterranean in the Age of the Renaissance , 1200 -- 1500 '' . In Holmes , George . The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 235 -- 296 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285220 - 5 . Dodwell , C.R. ( 1993 ) . The Pictorial Arts of the West : 800 -- 1200 . Pellican History of Art . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06493 - 4 . Eastwood , Bruce ( 2007 ) . Ordering the Heavens : Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance . History of Science and Medicine Library . Boston , MA : Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16186 - 3 . Epstein , Steven A. ( 2009 ) . An Economic and Social History of Later Medieval Europe , 1000 -- 1500 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 70653 - 7 . Flexner , Stuart Berg ( ed . ) . The Random House Dictionary of the English Language : Unabridged ( Second ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 50050 - 4 . Gainty , Denis ; Ward , Walter D. ( 2009 ) . Sources of World Societies : Volume 2 : Since 1500 . Boston , MA : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 0 - 312 - 68858 - X . Geary , Patrick J. ( 1988 ) . Before France and Germany : The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504458 - 4 . Gies , Joseph ; Gies , Frances ( 1973 ) . Life in a Medieval City . New York : Thomas Y . Crowell . ISBN 0 - 8152 - 0345 - 4 . Grant , Edward ( 2001 ) . God and Reason in the Middle Ages . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80279 - 6 . Grant , E. ( 1994 ) . Planets , Stars , & Orbs : The Medieval Cosmos , 1200 -- 1687 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43344 - 0 . Grierson , Philip ( 1989 ) . `` Coinage and currency '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Griffiths , Antony ( 1996 ) . Prints and Printmaking . London : British Museum Press . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2608 - X . Hallam , Elizabeth M. ; Everard , Judith ( 2001 ) . Capetian France 987 -- 1328 ( Second ed . ) . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 40428 - 2 . Hamilton , Bernard ( 2003 ) . Religion in the Medieval West ( Second ed . ) . London : Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 80839 - X . Heather , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Fall of the Roman Empire : A New History of Rome and the Barbarians . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 532541 - 6 . Henderson , George ( 1977 ) . Early Medieval ( Revised ed . ) . New York : Penguin . OCLC 641757789 . Holmes , George , ed. ( 1988 ) . The Oxford History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285272 - 8 . Ilardi , Vincent ( 2007 ) . Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87169 - 259 - 7 . James , Edward ( 2009 ) . Europe 's Barbarians : AD 200 -- 600 . The Medieval World . Harlow , UK : Pearson Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 77296 - 0 . Jordan , William C. ( 2003 ) . Europe in the High Middle Ages . Penguin History of Europe . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03202 - 0 . Kamen , Henry ( 2005 ) . Spain 1469 -- 1714 ( Third ed . ) . New York : Pearson / Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 78464 - 6 . Kaufmann , J.E. ; Kaufmann , H.W. ( 2001 ) . The Medieval Fortress : Castles , Forts and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages ( 2004 ed . ) . Cambridge , MA : De Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81358 - 0 . Keen , Maurice ( 1988 ) ( 1968 ) . The Pelican History of Medieval Europe . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 021085 - 7 . Kitzinger , Ernst ( 1955 ) . Early Medieval Art at the British Museum ( Second ed . ) . London : British Museum . OCLC 510455 . Knox , E.L. `` History of the Idea of the Renaissance '' . Europe in the Late Middle Ages . Boise State University . Archived from the original on 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Lasko , Peter ( 1972 ) . Ars Sacra , 800 -- 1200 . Penguin History of Art ( now Yale ) . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 056036 - X . Lawrence , C.H ( 2001 ) . Medieval Monasticism : Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages ( Third ed . ) . Harlow , UK : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 40427 - 4 . Lightbown , Ronald W. ( 1978 ) . Secular Goldsmiths ' Work in Medieval France : A History . Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 99027 - 1 . Lindberg , David C. ; Numbers , Ronald L. ( 1986 ) . `` Beyond War and Peace : A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science '' . Church History . 55 ( 3 ) : 338 -- 354 . JSTOR 3166822 . doi : 10.2307 / 3166822 . Lindberg , David C. ( 2003 ) . `` The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition : Saint Augustine , Roger Bacon , and the Handmaiden Metaphor '' . In Lindberg , David C. and Numbers , Ronald L. When Science & Christianity Meet . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 48214 - 6 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Lock , Peter ( 2006 ) . Routledge Companion to the Crusades . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39312 - 4 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Avignon '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Eleanor of Aquitaine '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Famine '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Great Schism '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 153 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Hundred Years ' War '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 176 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Jews '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 190 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Knights of the Temple ( Templars ) '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 201 -- 202 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Language and dialect '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 204 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Loyn , H.R. ( 1989 ) . `` Scholasticism '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 293 -- 294 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . `` Mediaeval '' . The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary : Complete Text Arranged Micrographically : Volume I A-0 . Glascow : Oxford University Press . 1971 . p . M290 . LCCN 72177361 . OCLC 490339790 . `` Middle Ages '' . Dictionary.com. 2004 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Miglio , Massimo ( 2006 ) . `` Curial Humanism seen through the Prism of the Papal Library '' . In Mazzocco , Angelo . Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism . Brill 's Studies in Intellectual History . Leiden : Brill . pp. 97 -- 112 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 15244 - 1 . Mommsen , Theodore ( April 1942 ) . `` Petrarch 's Conception of the ' Dark Ages ' '' . Speculum. 17 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 242 . JSTOR 2856364 . doi : 10.2307 / 2856364 . Morris , Rosemary ( 1998 ) . `` Northern Europe invades the Mediterranean , 900 -- 1200 '' . In Holmes , George . The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 175 -- 234 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285220 - 5 . Murray , Alexander ( 2004 ) . `` Should the Middle Ages Be Abolished ? '' . Essays in Medieval Studies . 21 : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1353 / ems. 2005.0010 . Nees , Lawrence ( 2002 ) . Early Medieval Art . Oxford History of Art . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284243 - 5 . Nicolle , David ( 1999 ) . Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare In Western Christendom . London : Brockhampton Press . ISBN 1 - 86019 - 889 - 9 . Numbers , Ronald ( 11 May 2006 ) . `` Myths and Truths in Science and Religion : A historical perspective '' ( PDF ) . Lecture archive . The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Payne , Robert ( 2000 ) . The Dream and the Tomb : A History of the Crusades ( First paperback ed . ) . New York : Cooper Square Press . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1086 - 7 . Peters , Ted ( 2005 ) . `` Science and Religion '' . In Jones , Lindsay . Encyclopedia of Religion . 12 ( Second ed . ) . Detroit , MI : MacMillan Reference . p. 8182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865980 - 0 . Power , Daniel ( 2006 ) . The Central Middle Ages : Europe 950 -- 1320 . The Short Oxford History of Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925312 - 8 . Reilly , Bernard F. ( 1993 ) . The Medieval Spains . Cambridge Medieval Textbooks . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39741 - 3 . Riley - Smith , Jonathan ( 1989 ) . `` Crusades '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 106 -- 107 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Rosenwein , Barbara H. ( 1982 ) . Rhinoceros Bound : Cluny in the Tenth Century . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 7830 - 5 . Russell , Jeffey Burton ( 1991 ) . Inventing the Flat Earth - Columbus and Modern Historians . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95904 - X . Saul , Nigel ( 2000 ) . A Companion to Medieval England 1066 -- 1485 . Stroud , UK : Tempus . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 2969 - 8 . Schove , D. Justin ( 1989 ) . `` Plague '' . In Loyn , H.R. The Middle Ages : A Concise Encyclopedia . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 267 -- 269 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27645 - 5 . Singman , Jeffrey L. ( 1999 ) . Daily Life in Medieval Europe . Daily Life Through History . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30273 - 1 . Stalley , Roger ( 1999 ) . Early Medieval Architecture . Oxford History of Art . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284223 - 7 . Tansey , Richard G. ; Gardner , Helen Louise ; De la Croix , Horst ( 1986 ) . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages ( Eighth ed . ) . San Diego , CA : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 503763 - 3 . Thomson , John A.F. ( 1998 ) . The Western Church in the Middle Ages . London : Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 60118 - 3 . Vale , Malcolm ( 1998 ) . `` The Civilization of Courts and Cities in the North , 1200 -- 1500 '' . In Holmes , George . The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 297 -- 351 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285220 - 5 . Watts , John ( 2009 ) . The Making of Polities : Europe , 1300 -- 1500 . Cambridge Medieval Textbooks . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79664 - 4 . Whitton , David ( 1998 ) . `` The Society of Northern Europe in the High Middle Ages , 900 -- 1200 '' . In Holmes , George . The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 115 -- 174 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285220 - 5 . Wickham , Chris ( 2009 ) . The Inheritance of Rome : Illuminating the Dark Ages 400 -- 1000 . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311742 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Ames , Christine Caldwell ( February 2005 ) . `` Does Inquisition Belong to Religious History ? '' . American Historical Review . 110 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 37 . doi : 10.1086 / 531119 . Cantor , Norman F. ( 1991 ) . Inventing the Middle Ages : The Lives , Works , and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth Century . New York : W. Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 09406 - 5 . Davis , R.H.C. , ed. ( 1981 ) . The Writing of History in the Middle Ages : Essays Presented to Richard William Southern . 0 - 19 - 822556 - 3 : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822556 - 3 . Fleischman , Suzanne ( October 1983 ) . `` On the Representation of History and Fiction in the Middle Ages '' . History and Theory . 23 ( 3 ) : 278 -- 310 . JSTOR 2504985 . Gurevich , Aron ( 1992 ) . Howlett , Janet ( translator ) , ed . Historical Anthropology of the Middle Ages . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 31083 - 1 . Spiegel , Gabrielle M. ( January 1990 ) . `` History , Historicism , and the Social Logic of the Text in the Middle Ages '' . Speculum. 65 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 86 . JSTOR 2864472 . doi : 10.2307 / 2864472 . Smith , Julia ( 2005 ) . Europe After Rome : A New Cultural History , 500 -- 1000 . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924427 - 0 . Stuard , Susan Mosher ( 1987 ) . Women in Medieval History and Historiography . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1290 - 7 . Sullivan , Richard E. ( April 1989 ) . `` The Carolingian Age : Reflections on its Place in the History of the Middle Ages '' . Speculum. 64 ( 2 ) : 267 -- 306 . JSTOR 2851941 . doi : 10.2307 / 2851941 . Van Engen , John ( June 1986 ) . `` The Christian Middle Ages as an Historiographical Problem '' . American Historical Review . 91 ( 3 ) : 519 -- 552 . JSTOR 1869130 . doi : 10.2307 / 1869130 . External links ( edit ) ORB The Online Reference Book of Medieval Studies Academic peer reviewed articles and encyclopedia . The Labyrinth Resources for Medieval Studies . NetSERF The Internet Connection for Medieval Resources . De Re Militari : The Society for Medieval Military History Medievalmap.org Interactive maps of the Medieval era ( Flash plug - in required ) . Medieval Realms Learning resources from the British Library including studies of beautiful medieval manuscripts . Medievalists.net News and articles about the period . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the medieval times start and finish	[ "In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or Medieval Period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages." ]	[ "5th to the 15th century" ]
4212925858497563166	Aqueous solution	Aqueous solution - wikipedia Aqueous solution Jump to : navigation , search `` Aqueous '' redirects here . For the fluid in the eye , see Aqueous humour . The first solvation shell of a sodium ion dissolved in water . An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water . It is usually shown in chemical equations by appending ( aq ) to the relevant chemical formula . For example , a solution of table salt , or sodium chloride ( NaCl ) , in water would be represented as Na ( aq ) + Cl ( aq ) . The word aqueous means pertaining to , related to , similar to , or dissolved in , water . As water is an excellent solvent and is also naturally abundant , it is a ubiquitous solvent in chemistry . Substances that are hydrophobic ( ' water - fearing ' ) often do not dissolve well in water , whereas those that are hydrophilic ( ' water - friendly ' ) do . An example of a hydrophilic substance is sodium chloride . Acids and bases are aqueous solutions , as part of their Arrhenius definitions . The ability of a substance to dissolve in water is determined by whether the substance can match or exceed the strong attractive forces that water molecules generate between themselves . If the substance lacks the ability to dissolve in water the molecules form a precipitate . Reactions in aqueous solutions are usually metathesis reactions . Metathesis reactions are another term for double - displacement ; that is , when a cation displaces to form an ionic bond with the other anion . The cation bonded with the latter anion will dissociate and bond with the other anion . Aqueous solutions that conduct electric current efficiently contain strong electrolytes , while ones that conduct poorly are considered to have weak electrolytes . Those strong electrolytes are substances that are completely ionized in water , whereas the weak electrolytes exhibit only a small degree of ionization in water . Nonelectrolytes are substances that dissolve in water yet maintain their molecular integrity ( do not dissociate into ions ) . Examples include sugar , urea , glycerol , and methylsulfonylmethane ( MSM ) . When writing the equations of aqueous reactions , it is essential to determine the precipitate . To determine the precipitate , one must consult a chart of solubility . Soluble compounds are aqueous , while insoluble compounds are the precipitate . Remember that there may not always be a precipitate . When performing calculations regarding the reacting of one or more aqueous solutions , in general one must know the concentration , or molarity , of the aqueous solutions . Solution concentration is given in terms of the form of the solute prior to it dissolving . See also ( edit ) Look up aqueous solution in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Metal ions in aqueous solution Solubility Dissociation ( chemistry ) Acid - base reaction theories Properties of water References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Zumdahl S. 1997 . Chemistry . 4th ed . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . p 133 - 145 . 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3307172842236517630	Lake ecosystem	Lake ecosystem - wikipedia Lake ecosystem Look up lentic in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . A lake ecosystem includes biotic ( living ) plants , animals and micro-organisms , as well as abiotic ( nonliving ) physical and chemical interactions . Lake ecosystems are a prime example of lentic ecosystems . Lentic refers to stationary or relatively still water , from the Latin lentus , which means sluggish . Lentic waters range from ponds to lakes to wetlands , and much of this article applies to lentic ecosystems in general . Lentic ecosystems can be compared with lotic ecosystems , which involve flowing terrestrial waters such as rivers and streams . Together , these two fields form the more general study area of freshwater or aquatic ecology . Lentic systems are diverse , ranging from a small , temporary rainwater pool a few inches deep to Lake Baikal , which has a maximum depth of 1740 m . The general distinction between pools / ponds and lakes is vague , but Brown states that ponds and pools have their entire bottom surfaces exposed to light , while lakes do not . In addition , some lakes become seasonally stratified ( discussed in more detail below . ) Ponds and pools have two regions : the pelagic open water zone , and the benthic zone , which comprises the bottom and shore regions . Since lakes have deep bottom regions not exposed to light , these systems have an additional zone , the profundal . These three areas can have very different abiotic conditions and , hence , host species that are specifically adapted to live there . Contents 1 Important abiotic factors 1.1 Light 1.2 Temperature 1.3 Wind 1.4 Chemistry 2 Lentic system biota 2.1 Bacteria 2.2 Primary producers 2.3 Invertebrates 2.4 Fish and other vertebrates 3 Trophic relationships 3.1 Primary producers 3.2 Bacteria 3.3 Benthic Invertebrates 3.4 Fish 3.5 Lentic food webs 4 Community patterns and diversity 4.1 Local species richness 4.2 Succession patterns in plankton communities -- the PEG model 4.3 Latitudinal patterns 5 Natural lake lifecycles 5.1 Lake creation 5.2 Natural extinction 6 Human impacts 6.1 Acidification 6.2 Eutrophication 6.3 Invasive species 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography Important abiotic factors ( edit ) Light ( edit ) Light provides the solar energy required to drive the process of photosynthesis , the major energy source of lentic systems . The amount of light received depends upon a combination of several factors . Small ponds may experience shading by surrounding trees , while cloud cover may affect light availability in all systems , regardless of size . Seasonal and diurnal considerations also play a role in light availability because the shallower the angle at which light strikes water , the more light is lost by reflection . This is known as Beer 's law . Once light has penetrated the surface , it may also be scattered by particles suspended in the water column . This scattering decreases the total amount of light as depth increases . Lakes are divided into photic and aphotic regions , the prior receiving sunlight and latter being below the depths of light penetration , making it void of photosynthetic capacity . In relation to lake zonation , the pelagic and benthic zones are considered to lie within the photic region , while the profundal zone is in the aphotic region . Temperature ( edit ) Temperature is an important abiotic factor in lentic ecosystems because most of the biota are poikilothermic , where internal body temperatures are defined by the surrounding system . Water can be heated or cooled through radiation at the surface and conduction to or from the air and surrounding substrate . Shallow ponds often have a continuous temperature gradient from warmer waters at the surface to cooler waters at the bottom . In addition , temperature fluctuations can be very great in these systems , both diurnally and seasonally . Temperature regimes are very different in large lakes ( Fig. 2 ) . In temperate regions , for example , as air temperatures increase , the icy layer formed on the surface of the lake breaks up , leaving the water at approximately 4 ° C . This is the temperature at which water has the highest density . As the season progresses , the warmer air temperatures heat the surface waters , making them less dense . The deeper waters remain cool and dense due to reduced light penetration . As the summer begins , two distinct layers become established , with such a large temperature difference between them that they remain stratified . The lowest zone in the lake is the coldest and is called the hypolimnion . The upper warm zone is called the epilimnion . Between these zones is a band of rapid temperature change called the thermocline . During the colder fall season , heat is lost at the surface and the epilimnion cools . When the temperatures of the two zones are close enough , the waters begin to mix again to create a uniform temperature , an event termed lake turnover . In the winter , inverse stratification occurs as water near the surface cools freezes , while warmer , but denser water remains near the bottom . A thermocline is established , and the cycle repeats . Fig. 2 Seasonal stratification in temperate lakes Wind ( edit ) Fig. 3 Illustration of Langmuir rotations ; open circles = positively buoyant particles , closed circles = negatively buoyant particles In exposed systems , wind can create turbulent , spiral - formed surface currents called Langmuir circulations ( Fig. 3 ) . Exactly how these currents become established is still not well understood , but it is evident that it involves some interaction between horizontal surface currents and surface gravity waves . The visible result of these rotations , which can be seen in any lake , are the surface foamlines that run parallel to the wind direction . Positively buoyant particles and small organisms concentrate in the foamline at the surface and negatively buoyant objects are found in the upwelling current between the two rotations . Objects with neutral buoyancy tend to be evenly distributed in the water column . This turbulence circulates nutrients in the water column , making it crucial for many pelagic species , however its effect on benthic and profundal organisms is minimal to non-existent , respectively . The degree of nutrient circulation is system specific , as it depends upon such factors as wind strength and duration , as well as lake or pool depth and productivity . Chemistry ( edit ) See also : Aquatic respiration Oxygen is essential for organismal respiration . The amount of oxygen present in standing waters depends upon : 1 ) the area of transparent water exposed to the air , 2 ) the circulation of water within the system and 3 ) the amount of oxygen generated and used by organisms present . In shallow , plant - rich pools there may be great fluctuations of oxygen , with extremely high concentrations occurring during the day due to photosynthesis and very low values at night when respiration is the dominant process of primary producers . Thermal stratification in larger systems can also affect the amount of oxygen present in different zones . The epilimnion is oxygen rich because it circulates quickly , gaining oxygen via contact with the air . The hypolimnion , however , circulates very slowly and has no atmospheric contact . Additionally , fewer green plants exist in the hypolimnion , so there is less oxygen released from photosynthesis . In spring and fall when the epilimnion and hypolimnion mix , oxygen becomes more evenly distributed in the system . Low oxygen levels are characteristic of the profundal zone due to the accumulation of decaying vegetation and animal matter that `` rains '' down from the pelagic and benthic zones and the inability to support primary producers . Phosphorus is important for all organisms because it is a component of DNA and RNA and is involved in cell metabolism as a component of ATP and ADP . Also , phosphorus is not found in large quantities in freshwater systems , limiting photosynthesis in primary producers , making it the main determinant of lentic system production . The phosphorus cycle is complex , but the model outlined below describes the basic pathways . Phosphorus mainly enters a pond or lake through runoff from the watershed or by atmospheric deposition . Upon entering the system , a reactive form of phosphorus is usually taken up by algae and macrophytes , which release a non-reactive phosphorus compound as a byproduct of photosynthesis . This phosphorus can drift downwards and become part of the benthic or profundal sediment , or it can be remineralized to the reactive form by microbes in the water column . Similarly , non-reactive phosphorus in the sediment can be remineralized into the reactive form . Sediments are generally richer in phosphorus than lake water , however , indicating that this nutrient may have a long residency time there before it is remineralized and re-introduced to the system . Lentic system biota ( edit ) Bacteria ( edit ) Bacteria are present in all regions of lentic waters . Free - living forms are associated with decomposing organic material , biofilm on the surfaces of rocks and plants , suspended in the water column , and in the sediments of the benthic and profundal zones . Other forms are also associated with the guts of lentic animals as parasites or in commensal relationships . Bacteria play an important role in system metabolism through nutrient recycling , which is discussed in the Trophic Relationships section . Primary producers ( edit ) Nelumbo nucifera , an aquatic plant . Algae , including both phytoplankton and periphyton are the principle photosynthesizers in ponds and lakes . Phytoplankton are found drifting in the water column of the pelagic zone . Many species have a higher density than water which should make them sink and end up in the benthos . To combat this , phytoplankton have developed density changing mechanisms , by forming vacuoles and gas vesicles or by changing their shapes to induce drag , slowing their descent . A very sophisticated adaptation utilized by a small number of species is a tail - like flagellum that can adjust vertical position and allow movement in any direction . Phytoplankton can also maintain their presence in the water column by being circulated in Langmuir rotations . Periphytic algae , on the other hand , are attached to a substrate . In lakes and ponds , they can cover all benthic surfaces . Both types of plankton are important as food sources and as oxygen providers . Aquatic plants live in both the benthic and pelagic zones and can be grouped according to their manner of growth : 1 ) emergent = rooted in the substrate but with leaves and flowers extending into the air , 2 ) floating - leaved = rooted in the substrate but with floating leaves , 3 ) submersed = growing beneath the surface and 4 ) free - floating macrophytes = not rooted in the substrate and floating on the surface . These various forms of macrophytes generally occur in different areas of the benthic zone , with emergent vegetation nearest the shoreline , then floating - leaved macrophytes , followed by submersed vegetation . Free - floating macrophytes can occur anywhere on the system 's surface . Aquatic plants are more buoyant than their terrestrial counterparts because freshwater has a higher density than air . This makes structural rigidity unimportant in lakes and ponds ( except in the aerial stems and leaves ) . Thus , the leaves and stems of most aquatic plants use less energy to construct and maintain woody tissue , investing that energy into fast growth instead . In order to contend with stresses induced by wind and waves , plants must be both flexible and tough . Light , water depth and substrate types are the most important factors controlling the distribution of submerged aquatic plants . Macrophytes are sources of food , oxygen , and habitat structure in the benthic zone , but can not penetrate the depths of the euphotic zone and hence are not found there . Invertebrates ( edit ) Water striders are predatory insects which rely on surface tension to walk on top of water . They live on the surface of ponds , marshes , and other quiet waters . They can move very quickly , up to 1.5 m / s . Zooplankton are tiny animals suspended in the water column . Like phytoplankton , these species have developed mechanisms that keep them from sinking to deeper waters , including drag - inducing body forms and the active flicking of appendages such as antennae or spines . Remaining in the water column may have its advantages in terms of feeding , but this zone 's lack of refugia leaves zooplankton vulnerable to predation . In response , some species , especially Daphnia sp. , make daily vertical migrations in the water column by passively sinking to the darker lower depths during the day and actively moving towards the surface during the night . Also , because conditions in a lentic system can be quite variable across seasons , zooplankton have the ability to switch from laying regular eggs to resting eggs when there is a lack of food , temperatures fall below 2 ° C , or if predator abundance is high . These resting eggs have a diapause , or dormancy period that should allow the zooplankton to encounter conditions that are more favorable to survival when they finally hatch . The invertebrates that inhabit the benthic zone are numerically dominated by small species and are species rich compared to the zooplankton of the open water . They include Crustaceans ( e.g. crabs , crayfish , and shrimp ) , molluscs ( e.g. clams and snails ) , and numerous types of insects . These organisms are mostly found in the areas of macrophyte growth , where the richest resources , highly oxygenated water , and warmest portion of the ecosystem are found . The structurally diverse macrophyte beds are important sites for the accumulation of organic matter , and provide an ideal area for colonization . The sediments and plants also offer a great deal of protection from predatory fishes . Very few invertebrates are able to inhabit the cold , dark , and oxygen poor profundal zone . Those that can are often red in color due to the presence of large amounts of hemoglobin , which greatly increases the amount of oxygen carried to cells . Because the concentration of oxygen within this zone is low , most species construct tunnels or borrows in which they can hide and make the minimum movements necessary to circulate water through , drawing oxygen to them without expending much energy . Fish and other vertebrates ( edit ) Fish have a range of physiological tolerances that are dependent upon which species they belong to . They have different lethal temperatures , dissolved oxygen requirements , and spawning needs that are based on their activity levels and behaviors . Because fish are highly mobile , they are able to deal with unsuitable abiotic factors in one zone by simply moving to another . A detrital feeder in the profundal zone , for example , that finds the oxygen concentration has dropped too low may feed closer to the benthic zone . A fish might also alter its residence during different parts of its life history : hatching in a sediment nest , then moving to the weedy benthic zone to develop in a protected environment with food resources , and finally into the pelagic zone as an adult . Other vertebrate taxa inhabit lentic systems as well . These include amphibians ( e.g. salamanders and frogs ) , reptiles ( e.g. snakes , turtles , and alligators ) , and a large number of waterfowl species . Most of these vertebrates spend part of their time in terrestrial habitats and thus are not directly affected by abiotic factors in the lake or pond . Many fish species are important as consumers and as prey species to the larger vertebrates mentioned above . Trophic relationships ( edit ) Primary producers ( edit ) Lentic systems gain most of their energy from photosynthesis performed by aquatic plants and algae . This autochthonous process involves the combination of carbon dioxide , water , and solar energy to produce carbohydrates and dissolved oxygen . Within a lake or pond , the potential rate of photosynthesis generally decreases with depth due to light attenuation . Photosynthesis , however , is often low at the top few millimeters of the surface , likely due to inhibition by ultraviolet light . The exact depth and photosynthetic rate measurements of this curve are system specific and depend upon : 1 ) the total biomass of photosynthesizing cells , 2 ) the amount of light attenuating materials and 3 ) the abundance and frequency range of light absorbing pigments ( i.e. chlorophylls ) inside of photosynthesizing cells . The energy created by these primary producers is important for the community because it is transferred to higher trophic levels via consumption . Bacteria ( edit ) The vast majority of bacteria in lakes and ponds obtain their energy by decomposing vegetation and animal matter . In the pelagic zone , dead fish and the occasional allochthonous input of litterfall are examples of coarse particulate organic matter ( CPOM > 1 mm ) . Bacteria degrade these into fine particulate organic matter ( FPOM < 1 mm ) and then further into usable nutrients . Small organisms such as plankton are also characterized as FPOM . Very low concentrations of nutrients are released during decomposition because the bacteria are utilizing them to build their own biomass . Bacteria , however , are consumed by protozoa , which are in turn consumed by zooplankton , and then further up the trophic levels . Nutrients , including those that contain carbon and phosphorus , are reintroduced into the water column at any number of points along this food chain via excretion or organism death , making them available again for bacteria . This regeneration cycle is known as the microbial loop and is a key component of lentic food webs . The decomposition of organic materials can continue in the benthic and profundal zones if the matter falls through the water column before being completely digested by the pelagic bacteria . Bacteria are found in the greatest abundance here in sediments , where they are typically 2 - 1000 times more prevalent than in the water column . Benthic invertebrates ( edit ) Benthic invertebrates , due to their high level of species richness , have many methods of prey capture . Filter feeders create currents via siphons or beating cilia , to pull water and its nutritional contents , towards themselves for straining . Grazers use scraping , rasping , and shredding adaptations to feed on periphytic algae and macrophytes . Members of the collector guild browse the sediments , picking out specific particles with raptorial appendages . Deposit feeding invertebrates indiscriminately consume sediment , digesting any organic material it contains . Finally , some invertebrates belong to the predator guild , capturing and consuming living animals . The profundal zone is home to a unique group of filter feeders that use small body movements to draw a current through burrows that they have created in the sediment . This mode of feeding requires the least amount of motion , allowing these species to conserve energy . A small number of invertebrate taxa are predators in the profundal zone . These species are likely from other regions and only come to these depths to feed . The vast majority of invertebrates in this zone are deposit feeders , getting their energy from the surrounding sediments . Fish ( edit ) Fish size , mobility , and sensory capabilities allow them to exploit a broad prey base , covering multiple zonation regions . Like invertebrates , fish feeding habits can be categorized into guilds . In the pelagic zone , herbivores graze on periphyton and macrophytes or pick phytoplankton out of the water column . Carnivores include fishes that feed on zooplankton in the water column ( zooplanktivores ) , insects at the water 's surface , on benthic structures , or in the sediment ( insectivores ) , and those that feed on other fish ( piscivores ) . Fish that consume detritus and gain energy by processing its organic material are called detritivores . Omnivores ingest a wide variety of prey , encompassing floral , faunal , and detrital material . Finally , members of the parasitic guild acquire nutrition from a host species , usually another fish or large vertebrate . Fish taxa are flexible in their feeding roles , varying their diets with environmental conditions and prey availability . Many species also undergo a diet shift as they develop . Therefore , it is likely that any single fish occupies multiple feeding guilds within its lifetime . Lentic food webs ( edit ) As noted in the previous sections , the lentic biota are linked in complex web of trophic relationships . These organisms can be considered to loosely be associated with specific trophic groups ( e.g. primary producers , herbivores , primary carnivores , secondary carnivores , etc . ) . Scientists have developed several theories in order to understand the mechanisms that control the abundance and diversity within these groups . Very generally , top - down processes dictate that the abundance of prey taxa is dependent upon the actions of consumers from higher trophic levels . Typically , these processes operate only between two trophic levels , with no effect on the others . In some cases , however , aquatic systems experience a trophic cascade ; for example , this might occur if primary producers experience less grazing by herbivores because these herbivores are suppressed by carnivores . Bottom - up processes are functioning when the abundance or diversity of members of higher trophic levels is dependent upon the availability or quality of resources from lower levels . Finally , a combined regulating theory , bottom - up : top - down , combines the predicted influences of consumers and resource availability . It predicts that trophic levels close to the lowest trophic levels will be most influenced by bottom - up forces , while top - down effects should be strongest at top levels . Community patterns and diversity ( edit ) Lake zones Littoral zone Limnetic zone Profundal zone Benthic zone Lake stratification Epilimnion Metalimnion Hypolimnion Destratification Lake types Holomictic lake Monomictic lake Dimictic lake Polymictic lake Meromictic lake Amictic lake See also Aquatic ecosystems Wild fisheries Local species richness ( edit ) The biodiversity of a lentic system increases with the surface area of the lake or pond . This is attributable to the higher likelihood of partly terrestrial species of finding a larger system . Also , because larger systems typically have larger populations , the chance of extinction is decreased . Additional factors , including temperature regime , pH , nutrient availability , habitat complexity , speciation rates , competition , and predation , have been linked to the number of species present within systems . Succession patterns in plankton communities -- the PEG model ( edit ) Phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in lake systems undergo seasonal succession in relation to nutrient availability , predation , and competition . Sommer et al. described these patterns as part of the Plankton Ecology Group ( PEG ) model , with 24 statements constructed from the analysis of numerous systems . The following includes a subset of these statements , as explained by Brönmark and Hansson illustrating succession through a single seasonal cycle : Winter 1 . Increased nutrient and light availability result in rapid phytoplankton growth towards the end of winter . The dominant species , such as diatoms , are small and have quick growth capabilities . 2 . These plankton are consumed by zooplankton , which become the dominant plankton taxa . Spring 3 . A clear water phase occurs , as phytoplankton populations become depleted due to increased predation by growing numbers of zooplankton . Summer 4 . Zooplankton abundance declines as a result of decreased phytoplankton prey and increased predation by juvenile fishes . 5 . With increased nutrient availability and decreased predation from zooplankton , a diverse phytoplankton community develops . 6 . As the summer continues , nutrients become depleted in a predictable order : phosphorus , silica , and then nitrogen . The abundance of various phytoplankton species varies in relation to their biological need for these nutrients . 7 . Small - sized zooplankton become the dominant type of zooplankton because they are less vulnerable to fish predation . Fall 8 . Predation by fishes is reduced due to lower temperatures and zooplankton of all sizes increase in number . Winter 9 . Cold temperatures and decreased light availability result in lower rates of primary production and decreased phytoplankton populations . 10 . Reproduction in zooplankton decreases due to lower temperatures and less prey . The PEG model presents an idealized version of this succession pattern , while natural systems are known for their variation . Latitudinal patterns ( edit ) There is a well - documented global pattern that correlates decreasing plant and animal diversity with increasing latitude , that is to say , there are fewer species as one moves towards the poles . The cause of this pattern is one of the greatest puzzles for ecologists today . Theories for its explanation include energy availability , climatic variability , disturbance , competition , etc . Despite this global diversity gradient , this pattern can be weak for freshwater systems compared to global marine and terrestrial systems . This may be related to size , as Hillebrand and Azovsky found that smaller organisms ( protozoa and plankton ) did not follow the expected trend strongly , while larger species ( vertebrates ) did . They attributed this to better dispersal ability by smaller organisms , which may result in high distributions globally . Natural lake lifecycles ( edit ) Lake creation ( edit ) Lakes can be formed in a variety of ways , but the most common are discussed briefly below . The oldest and largest systems are the result of tectonic activities . The rift lakes in Africa , for example are the result of seismic activity along the site of separation of two tectonic plates . Ice - formed lakes are created when glaciers recede , leaving behind abnormalities in the landscape shape that are then filled with water . Finally , oxbow lakes are fluvial in origin , resulting when a meandering river bend is pinched off from the main channel . Natural extinction ( edit ) All lakes and ponds receive sediment inputs . Since these systems are not really expanding , it is logical to assume that they will become increasingly shallower in depth , eventually becoming wetlands or terrestrial vegetation . The length of this process should depend upon a combination of depth and sedimentation rate . Moss gives the example of Lake Tanganyika , which reaches a depth of 1500 m and has a sedimentation rate of 0.5 mm / yr . Assuming that sedimentation is not influenced by anthropogenic factors , this system should go extinct in approximately 3 million years . Shallow lentic systems might also fill in as swamps encroach inward from the edges . These processes operate on a much shorter timescale , taking hundreds to thousands of years to complete the extinction process . Human impacts ( edit ) Acidification ( edit ) Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are naturally released from volcanoes , organic compounds in the soil , wetlands , and marine systems , but the majority of these compounds come from the combustion of coal , oil , gasoline , and the smelting of ores containing sulfur . These substances dissolve in atmospheric moisture and enter lentic systems as acid rain . Lakes and ponds that contain bedrock that is rich in carbonates have a natural buffer , resulting in no alteration of pH . Systems without this bedrock , however , are very sensitive to acid inputs because they have a low neutralizing capacity , resulting in pH declines even with only small inputs of acid . At a pH of 5 -- 6 algal species diversity and biomass decrease considerably , leading to an increase in water transparency -- a characteristic feature of acidified lakes . As the pH continues lower , all fauna becomes less diverse . The most significant feature is the disruption of fish reproduction . Thus , the population is eventually composed of few , old individuals that eventually die and leave the systems without fishes . Acid rain has been especially harmful to lakes in Scandinavia , western Scotland , west Wales and the north eastern United States . Eutrophication ( edit ) Eutrophic systems contain a high concentration of phosphorus ( ~ 30 μg / L ) , nitrogen ( ~ 1500 μg / L ) , or both . Phosphorus enters lentic waters from sewage treatment effluents , discharge from raw sewage , or from runoff of farmland . Nitrogen mostly comes from agricultural fertilizers from runoff or leaching and subsequent groundwater flow . This increase in nutrients required for primary producers results in a massive increase of phytoplankton growth , termed a plankton bloom . This bloom decreases water transparency , leading to the loss of submerged plants . The resultant reduction in habitat structure has negative impacts on the species ' that utilize it for spawning , maturation and general survival . Additionally , the large number of short - lived phytoplankton result in a massive amount of dead biomass settling into the sediment . Bacteria need large amounts of oxygen to decompose this material , reducing the oxygen concentration of the water . This is especially pronounced in stratified lakes when the thermocline prevents oxygen rich water from the surface to mix with lower levels . Low or anoxic conditions preclude the existence of many taxa that are not physiologically tolerant of these conditions . Invasive species ( edit ) Invasive species have been introduced to lentic systems through both purposeful events ( e.g. stocking game and food species ) as well as unintentional events ( e.g. in ballast water ) . These organisms can affect natives via competition for prey or habitat , predation , habitat alteration , hybridization , or the introduction of harmful diseases and parasites . With regard to native species , invaders may cause changes in size and age structure , distribution , density , population growth , and may even drive populations to extinction . Examples of prominent invaders of lentic systems include the zebra mussel and sea lamprey in the Great Lakes . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lakes . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ponds . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swamps . Ecology portal United States Environmental Protection Agency -- Great Lakes Ecosystems United States Environmental Protection Agency -- Limnology Primer ( PDF file ) Freshwater environmental quality parameters Limnology Lake aeration Man - made lentic water bodies of Maharashtra References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brown , A.L. ( 1987 ) . Freshwater Ecology . Heinimann Educational Books , London . p. 163 . ISBN 0435606220 . ^ Jump up to : Brönmark , C. ; L.A. Hansson ( 2005 ) . The Biology of Lakes and Ponds . Oxford University Press , Oxford . p. 285 . ISBN 0198516134 . ^ Jump up to : Kalff , J. ( 2002 ) . Limnology . Prentice Hall , Upper Saddle , NJ . p. 592 . ISBN 0130337757 . ^ Jump up to : Giller , S. ; B. Malmqvist ( 1998 ) . The Biology of Streams and Rivers . Oxford University Press , Oxford . p. 296 . ISBN 0198549776 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , B. ( 1998 ) . Ecology of Freshwaters : man and medium , past to future . Blackwell Science , London . p. 557 . ISBN 0632035129 . ^ Jump up to : Keddy , P.A. ( 2010 ) . Wetland Ecology : Principles and Conservation ( 2nd edition ) . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK . ISBN 0521739675 . ^ Jump up to : Gliwicz , Z.M. `` Zooplankton '' , pp. 461 -- 516 in O'Sullivan ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Jónasson , P.M. `` Benthic Invertebrates '' , pp. 341 -- 416 in O'Sullivan ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Winfield , I.J. `` Fish Population Ecology '' , pp. 517 -- 537 in O'Sullivan ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Browne , R.A. ( 1981 ) . `` Lakes as islands : biogeographic distribution , turnover rates , and species composition in the lakes of central New York '' . Journal of Biogeography. 8 1 : 75 -- 83 . doi : 10.2307 / 2844594 . JSTOR 2844594 . Jump up ^ Sommer , U. ; Z.M. Gliwicz ; W. Lampert ; A. Duncan ( 1986 ) . `` The PEG - model of seasonal succession of planktonic events in freshwaters '' . Archiv für Hydrobiologie. 106 : 433 -- 471 . Jump up ^ Hillebrand , H. ( 2004 ) . `` On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient '' . American Naturalist. 163 ( 2 ) : 192 -- 211 . doi : 10.1086 / 381004 . PMID 14970922 . Jump up ^ Hillebrand , H. ; A.I. Azovsky ( 2001 ) . `` Body size determines the strength of the latitudinal diversity gradient '' . Ecography. 24 ( 3 ) : 251 -- 256 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 0587.2001. 240302. x . Bibliography ( edit ) O'Sullivan , Patrick ; Reynolds , C.S. ( 2005 ) . The Lakes Handbook : Lake Restoration and Rehabilitation . Wiley . 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-7380557936813971574	Day of the Dead	Day of the Dead - wikipedia Day of the Dead This article is about the Mexican holiday . For other uses , see Day of the Dead ( disambiguation ) . Day of the Dead Día de Muertos altar commemorating a deceased man in Milpa Alta , México DF Observed by Mexico , and regions with large Hispanic populations Type Cultural Syncretic Christian Significance Prayer and remembrance of friends and family members who have died Celebrations Creation of altars to remember the dead , traditional dishes for the Day of the Dead Begins October 31 Ends November 2 Date October 31 Next time 31 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 31 ) Frequency Annual Related to All Saints ' Day The Day of the Dead ( Spanish : Día de Muertos ) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico , in particular the Central and South regions , and by people of Mexican heritage elsewhere . The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died , and help support their spiritual journey . In 2008 , the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . The holiday is sometimes called Día de los Muertos in Anglophone countries , a back - translation of its original name , Día de Muertos . It is particularly celebrated in Mexico where the day is a public holiday . Prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century , the celebration took place at the beginning of summer . Gradually , it was associated with October 31 , November 1 , and November 2 to coincide with the Western Christianity triduum of Allhallowtide : All Saints ' Eve , All Saints ' Day , and All Souls ' Day . Traditions connected with the holiday include building private altars called ofrendas , honoring the deceased using calaveras , aztec marigolds , and the favorite foods and beverages of the departed , and visiting graves with these as gifts . Visitors also leave possessions of the deceased at the graves . Scholars trace the origins of the modern Mexican holiday to indigenous observances dating back hundreds of years and to an Aztec festival dedicated to the goddess Mictecacihuatl . The holiday has spread throughout the world , being absorbed into other deep traditions in honor of the dead . It has become a national symbol and as such is taught ( for educational purposes ) in the nation 's schools . Many families celebrate a traditional `` All Saints ' Day '' associated with the Catholic Church . Originally , the Day of the Dead as such was not celebrated in northern Mexico , where it was unknown until the 20th century because its indigenous people had different traditions . The people and the church rejected it as a day related to syncretizing pagan elements with Catholic Christianity . They held the traditional ' All Saints ' Day ' in the same way as other Christians in the world . There was limited Mesoamerican influence in this region , and relatively few indigenous inhabitants from the regions of Southern Mexico , where the holiday was celebrated . In the early 21st century in northern Mexico , Día de Muertos is observed because the Mexican government made it a national holiday based on educational policies from the 1960s ; it has introduced this holiday as a unifying national tradition based on indigenous traditions . The Mexican Day of the Dead celebration is similar to other societies ' observances of a time to honor the dead . The Spanish tradition , for instance , includes festivals and parades , as well as gatherings of families at cemeteries to pray for their deceased loved ones at the end of the day . Contents 1 Observance in Mexico 1.1 Origins 1.2 Beliefs 1.3 Food 2 Observances outside Mexico 2.1 Americas 2.1. 1 Belize 2.1. 2 Bolivia 2.1. 3 Brazil 2.1. 4 Guatemala 2.1. 5 Ecuador 2.1. 6 Peru 2.1. 7 United States 2.1. 7.1 California 2.2 Europe 2.3 Oceania 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Notes 6 Further reading Observance in Mexico Origins Woman lighting copal incense at the cemetery during the `` Alumbrada '' vigil in San Andrés Mixquic The Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico developed from ancient traditions among its pre-Columbian cultures . Rituals celebrating the deaths of ancestors had been observed by these civilizations perhaps for as long as 2,500 -- 3,000 years . The festival that developed into the modern Day of the Dead fell in the ninth month of the Aztec calendar , about the beginning of August , and was celebrated for an entire month . The festivities were dedicated to the goddess known as the `` Lady of the Dead '' , corresponding to the modern La Calavera Catrina . By the late 20th century in most regions of Mexico , practices had developed to honor dead children and infants on November 1 , and to honor deceased adults on November 2 . November 1 is generally referred to as Día de los Inocentes ( `` Day of the Innocents '' ) but also as Día de los Angelitos ( `` Day of the Little Angels '' ) ; November 2 is referred to as Día de los Muertos or Día de los Difuntos ( `` Day of the Dead '' ) . Beliefs This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frances Ann Day summarizes the three - day celebration , the Day of the Dead : `` On October 31 , All Hallows Eve , the children make a children 's altar to invite the angelitos ( spirits of dead children ) to come back for a visit . November 1 is All Saints Day , and the adult spirits will come to visit . November 2 is All Souls Day , when families go to the cemetery to decorate the graves and tombs of their relatives . The three - day fiesta is filled with marigolds , the flowers of the dead ; muertos ( the bread of the dead ) ; sugar skulls ; cardboard skeletons ; tissue paper decorations ; fruit and nuts ; incense , and other traditional foods and decorations . '' -- Frances Ann Day , Latina and Latino Voices in Literature People go to cemeteries to be with the souls of the departed and build private altars containing the favorite foods and beverages , as well as photos and memorabilia , of the departed . The intent is to encourage visits by the souls , so the souls will hear the prayers and the comments of the living directed to them . Celebrations can take a humorous tone , as celebrants remember funny events and anecdotes about the departed . Mexican cempasúchil ( marigold ) is the traditional flower used to honor the dead Cempasúchil , alfeñiques and papel picado used to decorate an altar Plans for the day are made throughout the year , including gathering the goods to be offered to the dead . During the three - day period families usually clean and decorate graves ; most visit the cemeteries where their loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with ofrendas ( altars ) , which often include orange Mexican marigolds ( Tagetes erecta ) called cempasúchil ( originally named cempoaxochitl , Nāhuatl for `` twenty flowers '' ) . In modern Mexico the marigold is sometimes called Flor de Muerto ( Flower of Dead ) . These flowers are thought to attract souls of the dead to the offerings . It is also believed the bright petals with a strong scent can guide the souls from cemeteries to their family homes . Toys are brought for dead children ( los angelitos , or `` the little angels '' ) , and bottles of tequila , mezcal or pulque or jars of atole for adults . Families will also offer trinkets or the deceased 's favorite candies on the grave . Some families have ofrendas in homes , usually with foods such as candied pumpkin , pan de muerto ( `` bread of dead '' ) , and sugar skulls ; and beverages such as atole . The ofrendas are left out in the homes as a welcoming gesture for the deceased . Some people believe the spirits of the dead eat the `` spiritual essence '' of the ofrendas food , so though the celebrators eat the food after the festivities , they believe it lacks nutritional value . Pillows and blankets are left out so the deceased can rest after their long journey . In some parts of Mexico , such as the towns of Mixquic , Pátzcuaro and Janitzio , people spend all night beside the graves of their relatives . In many places , people have picnics at the grave site , as well . Families tidying and decorating graves at a cemetery in Almoloya del Río in the State of Mexico , 1995 Some families build altars or small shrines in their homes ; these sometimes feature a Christian cross , statues or pictures of the Blessed Virgin Mary , pictures of deceased relatives and other people , scores of candles , and an ofrenda . Traditionally , families spend some time around the altar , praying and telling anecdotes about the deceased . In some locations , celebrants wear shells on their clothing , so when they dance , the noise will wake up the dead ; some will also dress up as the deceased . Public schools at all levels build altars with ofrendas , usually omitting the religious symbols . Government offices usually have at least a small altar , as this holiday is seen as important to the Mexican heritage . Those with a distinctive talent for writing sometimes create short poems , called calaveras ( skulls ) , mocking epitaphs of friends , describing interesting habits and attitudes or funny anecdotes . This custom originated in the 18th or 19th century after a newspaper published a poem narrating a dream of a cemetery in the future , `` and all of us were dead '' , proceeding to read the tombstones . Newspapers dedicate calaveras to public figures , with cartoons of skeletons in the style of the famous calaveras of José Guadalupe Posada , a Mexican illustrator . Theatrical presentations of Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla ( 1817 -- 1893 ) are also traditional on this day . Modern representations of La Catrina José Guadalupe Posada created a famous print of a figure he called La Calavera Catrina ( `` The Elegant Skull '' ) as a parody of a Mexican upper - class female . Posada 's striking image of a costumed female with a skeleton face has become associated with the Day of the Dead , and Catrina figures often are a prominent part of modern Day of the Dead observances . A common symbol of the holiday is the skull ( in Spanish calavera ) , which celebrants represent in masks , called calacas ( colloquial term for skeleton ) , and foods such as sugar or chocolate skulls , which are inscribed with the name of the recipient on the forehead . Sugar skulls can be given as gifts to both the living and the dead . Other holiday foods include pan de muerto , a sweet egg bread made in various shapes from plain rounds to skulls and rabbits , often decorated with white frosting to look like twisted bones . The traditions and activities that take place in celebration of the Day of the Dead are not universal , often varying from town to town . For example , in the town of Pátzcuaro on the Lago de Pátzcuaro in Michoacán , the tradition is very different if the deceased is a child rather than an adult . On November 1 of the year after a child 's death , the godparents set a table in the parents ' home with sweets , fruits , pan de muerto , a cross , a rosary ( used to ask the Virgin Mary to pray for them ) and candles . This is meant to celebrate the child 's life , in respect and appreciation for the parents . There is also dancing with colorful costumes , often with skull - shaped masks and devil masks in the plaza or garden of the town . At midnight on November 2 , the people light candles and ride winged boats called mariposas ( butterflies ) to Janitzio , an island in the middle of the lake where there is a cemetery , to honor and celebrate the lives of the dead there . In contrast , the town of Ocotepec , north of Cuernavaca in the State of Morelos , opens its doors to visitors in exchange for veladoras ( small wax candles ) to show respect for the recently deceased . In return the visitors receive tamales and atole . This is done only by the owners of the house where someone in the household has died in the previous year . Many people of the surrounding areas arrive early to eat for free and enjoy the elaborate altars set up to receive the visitors . In some parts of the country ( especially the cities , where in recent years other customs have been displaced ) children in costumes roam the streets , knocking on people 's doors for a calaverita , a small gift of candies or money ; they also ask passersby for it . This relatively recent custom is similar to that of Halloween 's trick - or - treating in the United States . Another peculiar tradition involving kids is La Danza de los Viejitos ( the dance of the old men ) when boy and young men dressed as granpas crouch and then jump in an energetic dance . Some people believe possessing Day of the Dead items can bring good luck . Many people get tattoos or have dolls of the dead to carry with them . They also clean their houses and prepare the favorite dishes of their deceased loved ones to place upon their altar or ofrenda . Food During Day of the Dead festivities , food is both eaten by living people and given to the spirits of their departed ancestors as ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) . Tamales are one of the most common dishes prepared for this day for both purposes . Pan de muerto and calaveras are associated specifically with Day of the Dead . Pan de muerto is a type of sweet roll shaped like a bun , topped with sugar , and often decorated with bone - shaped phalanges pieces . Calaveras , or sugar skulls , display colorful designs to represent the vitality and individual personality of the departed . In addition to food , drink is also important to the tradition of Day of the Dead . Historically , the main alcoholic drink was pulque while today families will commonly drink the favorite beverage of their deceased ancestors . Other drinks associated with the holiday are atole and champurrado , warm , thick , non-alcoholic masa drinks . Jamaican iced tea is a popular herbal tea made of the flowers and leaves of the Jamaican hibiscus plant ( Hibiscus sabdariffa ) , known as flor de Jamaica in Mexico . It is served cold and quite sweet with a lot of ice . The ruby - red beverage is called hibiscus tea in English - speaking countries and called agua de Jamaica ( water of Jamaica ) in Spanish . Observances outside Mexico See also : Festival of the Dead Americas Belize In Belize , Day of the Dead is practiced by people of the Yucatec Maya ethnicity . The celebration is known as Hanal Pixan which means `` food for the souls '' in their language . Altars are constructed and decorated with food , drinks , candies , and candles put on them . Bolivia Día de las Ñatitas ( `` Day of the Skulls '' ) is a festival celebrated in La Paz , Bolivia , on May 5 . In pre-Columbian times indigenous Andeans had a tradition of sharing a day with the bones of their ancestors on the third year after burial . Today families keep only the skulls for such rituals . Traditionally , the skulls of family members are kept at home to watch over the family and protect them during the year . On November 9 , the family crowns the skulls with fresh flowers , sometimes also dressing them in various garments , and making offerings of cigarettes , coca leaves , alcohol , and various other items in thanks for the year 's protection . The skulls are also sometimes taken to the central cemetery in La Paz for a special Mass and blessing . Brazil The Brazilian public holiday of Finados ( Day of the Dead ) is celebrated on November 2 . Similar to other Day of the Dead celebrations , people go to cemeteries and churches with flowers and candles and offer prayers . The celebration is intended as a positive honoring of the dead . Memorializing the dead draws from indigenous , African and European Catholic origins . Guatemala Guatemalan celebrations of the Day of the Dead , on November 1 , are highlighted by the construction and flying of giant kites in addition to the traditional visits to grave sites of ancestors . A big event also is the consumption of fiambre , which is made only for this day during the year . Ecuador In Ecuador the Day of the Dead is observed to some extent by all parts of society , though it is especially important to the indigenous Kichwa peoples , who make up an estimated quarter of the population . Indigena families gather together in the community cemetery with offerings of food for a day - long remembrance of their ancestors and lost loved ones . Ceremonial foods include colada morada , a spiced fruit porridge that derives its deep purple color from the Andean blackberry and purple maize . This is typically consumed with guagua de pan , a bread shaped like a swaddled infant , though variations include many pigs -- the latter being traditional to the city of Loja . The bread , which is wheat flour - based today , but was made with masa in the pre-Columbian era , can be made savory with cheese inside or sweet with a filling of guava paste . These traditions have permeated mainstream society , as well , where food establishments add both colada morada and gaugua de pan to their menus for the season . Many non-indigenous Ecuadorians visit the graves of the deceased , cleaning and bringing flowers , or preparing the traditional foods , too . Perú Usually people visit the cemetery and bring flowers to decorate the graves of dead relatives . Sometimes people play music at the cemetery . United States An ánima for the dead Women with calaveras makeup celebrating Dia de Muertos in the Mission District of San Francisco , California In many American communities with Mexican residents , Day of the Dead celebrations are very similar to those held in Mexico . In some of these communities , in states such as Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona , the celebrations tend to be mostly traditional . The All Souls Procession has been an annual Tucson , Arizona event since 1990 . The event combines elements of traditional Day of the Dead celebrations with those of pagan harvest festivals . People wearing masks carry signs honoring the dead and an urn in which people can place slips of paper with prayers on them to be burned . Likewise , Old Town San Diego , California annually hosts a traditional two - day celebration culminating in a candlelight procession to the historic El Campo Santo Cemetery . In Missoula , Montana , celebrants wearing skeleton costumes and walking on stilts , riding novelty bicycles , and traveling on skis parade through town . The festival also is held annually at historic Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston 's Jamaica Plain neighborhood . Sponsored by Forest Hills Educational Trust and the folkloric performance group La Piñata , the Day of the Dead festivities celebrate the cycle of life and death . People bring offerings of flowers , photos , mementos , and food for their departed loved ones , which they place at an elaborately and colorfully decorated altar . A program of traditional music and dance also accompanies the community event . The Smithsonian Institution , in collaboration with the University of Texas at El Paso and Second Life , have created a Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum and accompanying multimedia e-book : Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead . The project 's website contains some of the text and images which explain the origins of some of the customary core practices related to the Day of the Dead , such as the background beliefs and the offrenda ( the special altar commemorating one 's deceased loved one ) . The Made For iTunes multimedia e-book version provides additional content , such as further details ; additional photo galleries ; pop - up profiles of influential Latino artists and cultural figures over the decades ; and video clips of interviews with artists who make Dia de Muertos - themed artwork , explanations and performances of Aztec and other traditional dances , an animation short that explains the customs to children , virtual poetry readings in English and Spanish . California Corazon del Pueblo in Fruitvale , Oakland , California , 2016 Santa Ana , California is said to hold the `` largest event in Southern California '' honoring Día de Muertos , called the annual Noche de Altares , which began in 2002 . The celebration of the Day of the Dead in Santa Ana has grown to two large events with the creation of an event held at the Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center for the first time on November 1 , 2015 . In other communities , interactions between Mexican traditions and American culture are resulting in celebrations in which Mexican traditions are being extended to make artistic or sometimes political statements . For example , in Los Angeles , California , the Self Help Graphics & Art Mexican - American cultural center presents an annual Day of the Dead celebration that includes both traditional and political elements , such as altars to honor the victims of the Iraq War , highlighting the high casualty rate among Latino soldiers . An updated , intercultural version of the Day of the Dead is also evolving at Hollywood Forever Cemetery . There , in a mixture of Native Californian art , Mexican traditions and Hollywood hip , conventional altars are set up side - by - side with altars to Jayne Mansfield and Johnny Ramone . Colorful native dancers and music intermix with performance artists , while sly pranksters play on traditional themes . Similar traditional and intercultural updating of Mexican celebrations are held in San Francisco . For example , the Galería de la Raza , SomArts Cultural Center , Mission Cultural Center , de Young Museum and altars at Garfield Square by the Marigold Project . Oakland is home to Corazon Del Pueblo in the Fruitvale district . Corazon Del Pueblo has a shop offering handcrafted Mexican gifts and a museum devoted to Day of the Dead artifacts . Also , the Fruitvale district in Oakland serves as the hub of the Dia de Muertos annual festival which occurs the last weekend of October . Here , a mix of several Mexican traditions come together with traditional Aztec dancers , regional Mexican music , and other Mexican artisans to celebrate the day . Europe As part of a promotion by the Mexican embassy in Prague , Czech Republic , since the late 20th century , some local citizens join in a Mexican - style Day of the Dead . A theatre group produces events featuring masks , candles , and sugar skulls . Oceania Mexican - style Day of the Dead celebrations occur in major cities in Australia , Fiji , and Indonesia . Additionally , prominent celebrations are held in Wellington , New Zealand , complete with altars celebrating the deceased with flowers and gifts . In the Philippines `` Undás '' , `` Araw ng mga Yumao '' ( Tagalog , Day of those who have passed away ) , coincides with the Roman Catholic 's celebration of All Saint 's Day and continues on to the following day of All Soul 's Day . Filipinos traditionally observe this day by visiting the family dead to clean and repair their tombs . Offerings of prayers , flowers , candles , and even food , while Chinese Filipinos additionally burn joss sticks and kim . Many also spend the day and ensuing night holding reunions at the cemetery , having feasts and merriment . In popular culture Disneyland Resorts ' annual `` Halloween Time '' celebrates the art and traditions of Dias de los Muertos located at Frontierland . The 1998 Grim Fandango video game features Mexican Day of the Dead iconography with Aztec and Egyptian influences . The 1993 Taylor Hackford film Blood In Blood Out ( also known as Bound by Honor ) features a major plot point involving the annual Dia de los Muertos celebration during the film . The 2014 The Book of Life film follows a bullfighter who , on the Day of the Dead , embarks on an afterlife adventure . In the 2015 James Bond film , Spectre , the opening sequence features a Day of the Dead parade in Mexico City . At the time , no such parade took place in Mexico City ; one year later , due to the interest in the film and the government desire to promote the pre-Hispanic Mexican culture , the federal and local authorities decided to organize an actual `` Día de Muertos '' parade through Paseo de la Reforma and Centro Historico on October 29 , 2016 , which was attended by 250,000 people . The 2016 Elena of Avalor season one episode `` A Night to Remember '' focused on Dias de los Muertos . The 2017 Pixar film Coco features the Dia de los Muertos holiday as a major element in its plot . See also Literary Calaverita Danse Macabre Samhain Skull art Thursday of the Dead Veneration of the dead Walpurgis Night References Notes Jump up ^ `` Indigenous festivity dedicated to the dead '' . UNESCO . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . El Museo del Barrio . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Days of the Dead '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Frances Ann ( 2003 ) . Latina and Latino Voices in Literature . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0313323942 . Jump up ^ Lumaban , Weely A. ( October -- November 2008 ) . `` All Soul 's Day '' . The Bread Basket . Vol . V no . 3 . Rex Bookstore , Inc . pp. 23 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . National Geographic Society . Jump up ^ Lee , Stacy ( 2002 ) . Mexico and the United States . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 0761474021 . Jump up ^ Cazares , Eduardo ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Día de Muertos en Nuevo León '' . Diario Cultura . Diario Cultura.mx . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Gustavo . `` Hasta en el velorio , las penas con pan son menos '' . Milenio . Jump up ^ `` Dia de Todos los Santos : All Saints ' Day in Spain '' . don Quijote . Ideal Education Group S.L . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Carlos ( 2005 ) . `` History : Indigenous people would n't let ' Day of the Dead ' die '' . The Arizona Republic . Day of the Dead -- Día De Los Muertos . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Salvador , R.J. ( 2003 ) . John D. Morgan and Pittu Laungani , ed . Death and Bereavement Around the World : Death and Bereavement in the Americas . Death , Value and Meaning Series , Vol. II . Amityville , New York : Baywood Publishing Company . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 0 - 89503 - 232 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Palfrey , Dale Hoyt ( 1995 ) . `` The Day of the Dead '' . Día de los Muertos Index . Access Mexico Connect . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Facts About Día de los Muertos ( The Day of the Dead ) '' . Smithsonian Insider. 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Día de los Muertos or Day of the Dead '' . Jump up ^ Turim , Gayle ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Day of the Dead Sweets and Treats '' . History Stories . History Channel . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Godoy , Maria . `` Sugar Skulls , Tamales And More : Why Is That Food On The Day Of The Dead Altar ? '' . NPR . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castella , Krystina ( October 2010 ) . `` Pan de Muerto Recipe '' . Epicurious . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica iced tea '' . Cooking in Mexico . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Guidi , Ruxandra ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` Las Natitas '' . BBC . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Fiona ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Bolivians Honor Skull - Toting Tradition '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` All Saints day in Bolivia -- `` The skull festival '' `` . Bolivia Line ( May 2005 ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Betsy ; Wood , Joshua . `` Visit to cemetery in Guatemala '' . Expatexchange.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Gonzalo ( October 30 , 2010 ) . `` Diversity in Remembering the Dead '' . InterPress Service News Agency . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Perú : así se vivió Día de todos los santos en cementerios de Lima '' . Peru . peru.com . January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wise , Danno. `` Port Isabel 's Day of the Dead Celebration '' . Texas Travel . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . visitalbuquerque.org . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hedding , Judy . `` Day of the Dead '' . Phoenix . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ White , Erin ( November 5 , 2006 ) . `` All Souls Procession '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Old Town San Diego 's Dia de los Muertos '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saroff , Steve S. ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Missoula Day of the Dead Parade , November 2nd 2006 , 6pm . Intersection of Higgins and Broadway '' . Saroff Photography . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead ( Version 1.2 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum '' . Ustream . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . `` Day of the Dead '' . Theater of the Dead . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Institution . `` Smithsonian - UTEP Día de los Muertos Festival : A 2D and 3D Experience ! '' . Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum Press Release . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Less - scary holiday : Some faith groups offer alternatives to Halloween trick - or - treating '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Viva la Vida or Noche de Altares ? Santa Ana 's downtown division fuels dueling Day of the Dead events '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Making a night of Day of the Dead '' Los Angeles Times October 18 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos ( Day of the Dead ) -- San Francisco '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Vicky ( October 27 , 2000 ) . `` Lively Petaluma festival marks Day of the Dead '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Day of the Dead in Prague , Radio Czech . Jump up ^ `` Day of the Dead in Wellington , New Zealand '' . Scoop.co.nz . October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Saints Day around the world '' , Guardian Weekly , November 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Día de los Muertos '' . Disneyland . Disney . 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Celebrate Día de los Muertos During Halloween Time at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Dia de los Muertos at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Senior , Tom ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Grim Fandango Remastered Review '' . PC Gamer . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` El Tigre '' Creator Jorge Gutierrez Moves Into Features with `` Book of Life '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico City stages first Day of the Dead parade '' . BBC . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fotogalería : Desfile por Día de Muertos reúne a 250 mil personas '' . Excélsior ( in Spanish ) . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Galerías Archivo '' . Televisa News . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Announces Its Coming Slate of Animated Films at D23 Expo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Day of the Dead . Andrade , Mary J. Day of the Dead A Passion for Life -- Día de los Muertos Pasión por la Vida . La Oferta Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791624 - 04 Anguiano , Mariana , et al. Las tradiciones de Día de Muertos en México . Mexico City 1987 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1997 ) . `` Sugar , Colonialism , and Death : On the Origins of Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 39 ( 2 ) : 270 -- 299 . doi : 10.1017 / S0010417500020624 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` The Day of the Dead , Halloween , and the Quest for Mexican National Identity '' . Journal of American Folklore. 442 : 359 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 541045 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` Iconography in Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Ethnohistory . Duke University Press . 45 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 218 . doi : 10.2307 / 483058 . Brandes , Stanley ( December 15 , 2006 ) . Skulls to the Living , Bread to the Dead . Blackwell Publishing . p. 232 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 5247 - 8 . Cadafalch , Antoni . The Day of the Dead . Korero Books , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907621 - 01 - 7 Carmichael , Elizabeth ; Sayer , Chloe . The Skeleton at the Feast : The Day of the Dead in Mexico . Great Britain : The Bath Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2503 - 2 Conklin , Paul ( 2001 ) . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic . 66 : 38 -- 41 . Garcia - Rivera , Alex ( 1997 ) . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic . 62 : 50 . Haley , Shawn D. ; Fukuda , Curt . Day of the Dead : When Two Worlds Meet in Oaxaca . Berhahn Books , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 083 - 3 Lane , Sarah and Marilyn Turkovich , Días de los Muertos / Days of the Dead . Chicago 1987 . Lomnitz , Claudio . Death and the Idea of Mexico . Zone Books , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 890951 - 53 - 6 Matos Moctezuma , Eduardo , et al. `` Miccahuitl : El culto a la muerte , '' Special issue of Artes de México 145 ( 1971 ) Nutini , Hugo G. Todos Santos in Rural Tlaxcala : A Syncretic , Expressive , and Symbolic Analysis of the Cult of the Dead . Princeton 1988 . Oliver Vega , Beatriz , et al . The Days of the Dead , a Mexican Tradition . Mexico City 1988 . Roy , Ann ( 1995 ) . `` A Crack Between the Worlds '' . Commonwealth . 122 : 13 -- 16 . UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage : representative list Africa Aka music Chopi timbila Garifuna culture Afounkaha Gbofe Gẹlẹdẹ Gule Wamkulu Ifá Ijele Masquerade Kamablon re-roofing Kankurang Manden Charter Mbende Jerusarema Sosso Bala Ugandan barkcloth making Vimbuza healing dance Yaaral and Degal Zafimaniry woodcrafting Zambian Makishi Festival Arab States Ahellil Al - Sirah Al - Hilaliyyah Bedu culture at Petra and Wadi Rum Iraqi maqam Jemaa el - Fnaa Palestinian Hikaye Shashmaqam Song of Sana'a Taghribat Bani Hilal Tan - Tan Moussem Asia and Pacific Acupuncture & Moxibustion Ainu dance Akiu no Taue Odori Akyn Angklung `` Arirang '' Bakhshi music Batik Baul Beijing opera Boysun District Bunraku Cantonese opera Ca trù Chakkirako Cheoyongmu Chhau dance Chinese architecture Chinese block printing Chinese calligraphy Chinese paper cutting Chinese seal engraving Chinese shadow puppetry Daemokjang Daimokutate Dainichido Bugaku Darangen Epic Dragon Boat Festival Drametse Ngacham Epic of King Gesar Gagaku Gagok Ganggangsullae Gangneung Danoje Festival Gimjang Gióng Festival Gong culture Grand Song Guqin Guqin music Hayachine Kagura Hitachi Furyumono Hua'er Hudhud Chants Indonesian kris Jamdani Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut Jultagi Kabuki Kalbelia Kashan rug Katta Ashula Khoomei Koshikijima no Toshidon Kumiodori Kunqu Kutiyattam Ladakh chant Lakalaka Lenj boats Lhamo Longquan celadon Mak yong Mangal Shobhajatra Mazu belief Meshrep Mibu no Hana Taue Morin khuur Mosie ramie Mudiyett Muqam Naadam Namsadang Nori Nanyin Naqqāli Nhã nhạc Noh Oku - noto no Aenokoto Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals Pansori Pungmul Quan họ Radif Ramlila Ramman Royal ballet of Cambodia Regong arts Royal Ancestral Ritual Sada Shin Noh Saman dance Sand drawing Sbek Toch Sekishu - Banshi Shiraz rug Taekkyeon Ta'zīye Urtiin Duu Vedic chanting Wayang Xi'an ensemble Xuan paper Yamahoko Yeongsanjae Yūki - tsumugi Yunjin Europe and North America Albanian iso - polyphony Ashik Ashiqs of Azerbaijan Aubusson tapestry Azerbaijani rug weaving Azerbaijani tar Baltic song and dance celebrations Bećarac Busójárás Călușari Cante Alentejano Cantu a tenore Carnival of Aalst Carnival of Binche Castell Chovgan Christmas Tsars Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia and Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia Copper craftsmanship of Lahij Cremona violins Croatian lacemaking Daina Daredevils of Sassoun Doina Duduk Fado Falconry Falles of the Pyrenees La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival Festivity of Saint Blaise Flamenco French timber framing scribing Fujara Georgian vocal polyphony Horezu ceramics Houtem Jaarmarkt Hrvatsko Zagorje toys Istrian scale Jem Karagöz and Hacivat Kelaghayi Keşkek Khachkar Kihnu culture Kırkpınar Klapa Kryždirbystė Kvevri wine La Patum Lefkaritika Licitar Ljelje / Kraljice Makishi Festival Maldovan Christmas Carols Maloya Manas Meddah Mediterranean diet Mesir Macunu Mugham Mystery Play of Elche Nestinarstvo Nijemo Kolo Nowruz Azerbaijani Indian Iranian Turkish Ojkanje Olonkho Opera dei Pupi Petrykivka decorative painting Procession of the Holy Blood Sama Semeiskie culture Seto Leelo Silbo Gomero Sinjska alka Slovácko Verbuňk Turkish Sohbet The Song of the Sibyl Suiti culture Sutartinės Táncház Turkish coffee Viennese cafes Wajãpi culture Za križen Zvončari Caribbean and Latin America Carnaval de Barranquilla Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella Candombe Carnaval de Negros y Blancos Carnaval de Oruro Círio de Nazaré Cocolo Costa Rican oxherding Dancing Devils of Yare Danza de los Voladores Danza de tijeras Frevo Garifuna culture Gióng Festival Harakmbut Huaconada Indigenous Day of the Dead Kallawaya culture Mexican cuisine Moore Town 's Maroon Heritage Panama hat Parachico Peña de Bernal Pirekua Popayán Holy Week processions Pütchipü'ü Quyllurit'i Rabinal Achí Samba de Roda San Basilio de Palenque South Pacific Colombian marimba Tango Taquile textiles Tumba francesa Vallenato Wajãpi culture Yaokwa Záparo culture Ghosts and ghostlore List of ghosts Manifestations Haunted locations Haunted highways Haunted house Haunted trains Haunted ships Hungry ghost Phantom vehicle Poltergeist Residual haunting Vengeful ghost By continent and culture African South Africa Asian South Asian Bengali Burmese Chinese locations Ghost Festival Filipino locations India Japanese Onryō Korean Malay Thai locations Tibetan Vietnamese Europe France Slavic religion Romania United Kingdom Scotland North America Canada Caribbean Navajo Ghost sickness Mexican locations Day of the Dead United States District of Columbia South America Colombia Oceania Maori Polynesian History Mesopotamian Ancient Egyptian culture Classical Antiquity Ghosts in English - speaking cultures Ghosts in Spanish - speaking cultures Parapsychology Apparitional experience Electronic voice phenomenon kaidan Ghost hunting Séance Mediumship Spirit photography Popular culture Films about ghosts India Stories about ghosts Halloween Samhain Paranormal television Court cases Booty v Barnaby Related Fear of ghosts Spectrophilia Spiritualism Spiritism The Ghost Club Halloween Main topics History Samhain Allhallowtide Symbols Activities Trick - or - treating Geography Christian observances Traditions Abstinence from meat Apple bobbing Cards Costumes Food Ghost tours Jack - o ' - lantern Lighting candles on graves Prayer for the dead Soul cake Trick - or - treating Events Bonfire Great Pumpkin Haunted attraction Pumpkin queen Media Television Films Books Music Albums Songs Related events Festival of the Dead Bon Festival Chuseok Día de Muertos Gai Jatra Pitri Paksha Qingming Festival Totensonntag Zhōng yuán jié Veneration of the dead Death anniversary Death customs Kaddish Yizkor Other events Allantide Beggars Night Devil 's Night Dziady Eid il - Burbara Hop - tu - Naa Korochun Krampus Mischief Night Namahage Old Halloween Saci day Superstition Walpurgis Night Will - o ' - the - wisp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Day_of_the_Dead&oldid=866472872 '' Categories : Day of the Dead Folk festivals in Mexico Religious holidays Mexican culture Mexican - American culture Latin American culture Latin American folklore November observances Mexican folklore Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity October observances Observances honoring the dead Religious festivals in Mexico Parades in Mexico Festivals in El Salvador Allhallowtide Autumn events in Mexico Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2017 Infobox holiday fixed day Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with attributed pull quotes Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Ladino Latina മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 15 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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803090243273997697	Democratic-Republican Party	Democratic - Republican party - wikipedia Democratic - Republican party Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Democratic or the Republican Party of the United States . `` Democratic Republican '' redirects here . For other uses , see Democratic Republican ( disambiguation ) . Democratic - Republican Party Other name Jefferson Republicans Leader Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Quincy Adams Founded 1792 ( 1792 ) Dissolved 1825 ( 1825 ) Preceded by Anti-Administration party Succeeded by Democratic Party ( Jacksonians ) National Republican Party ( Anti-Jacksonians ) Ideology Agrarianism Anti-Federalism Jeffersonianism Proto - liberalism Republicanism Colors Red , white , blue Politics of United States Political parties Elections The Democratic - Republican Party was an American political party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison between 1791 and 1793 to oppose the centralizing policies of the new Federalist Party run by Alexander Hamilton , who was secretary of the treasury and chief architect of George Washington 's administration . From 1801 to 1825 , the new party controlled the presidency and Congress as well as most states during the First Party System . It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress and included many politicians who had been opposed to the new constitution . They called themselves `` Republicans '' after their ideology , republicanism . They distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism . The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement ( which became the Democratic Party in 1828 ) and the short - lived National Republican Party ( later succeeded by the Whig Party ) . The term `` Democratic - Republican '' is used especially by modern political scientists for the first `` Republican Party '' ( as opposed to the modern Republican Party founded in 1854 ) . It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans . Historians typically use the title `` Republican Party '' . An `` Anti-Administration '' faction met secretly in the national capital ( Philadelphia ) to oppose Hamilton 's financial programs . Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism . Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists , which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities . Foreign affairs took a leading role in 1794 -- 1795 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain , which was then at war with France . Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution , while Britain represented the hated monarchy . The party denounced many of Hamilton 's measures as unconstitutional , especially the national bank . The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast . It demanded states ' rights as expressed by the `` Principles of 1798 '' articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law . Above all , the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers . Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism , which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonian Federalists . The party came to power in 1801 with the election of Jefferson in the 1800 presidential election . The Federalists -- too elitist to appeal to most people -- faded away and totally collapsed after 1815 . Despite internal divisions , the Republicans dominated the First Party System until partisanship itself withered away during the Era of Good Feelings after 1816 . The party selected its presidential candidates in a caucus of members of Congress . They included Thomas Jefferson ( nominated 1796 ; elected 1800 -- 1801 , 1804 ) , James Madison ( 1808 , 1812 ) and James Monroe ( 1816 , 1820 ) . By 1824 , the caucus system had practically collapsed . After 1800 , the party dominated Congress and most state governments outside New England . By 1824 , the party was also split four ways and lacked a center , as the First Party System collapsed . The emergence of the Second Party System in the 1830s realigned the old factions . One remnant followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren into the new Democratic Party by 1828 . Another remnant led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay formed the National Republicans in 1828 , which developed into the Whig Party by 1835 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding 2 Presidential elections of 1792 and 1796 3 Strength in Congress over time 4 Organizational strategy 5 Revolution of 1800 5.1 National debt 6 Monroe and Adams ( 1816 -- 1828 ) 7 Republican Party name 8 Legacy 9 Presidents 10 Electoral history 10.1 Presidential elections 10.2 Congressional elections 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 13.1 Biographies 13.2 State studies 13.3 Newspapers 13.4 Primary sources 14 External links Founding ( edit ) Thomas Jefferson James Madison Congressman James Madison started the party among Representatives in Philadelphia ( then the national capital ) as the `` Republican Party '' . Then he , Jefferson and others reached out to include state and local leaders around the country , especially New York and the South . The precise date of founding is disputed , but 1791 is a reasonable estimate and some time by 1792 is certain . The new party set up newspapers that made withering critiques of Hamiltonianism , extolled the yeoman farmer , argued for strict construction of the Constitution , favored the French Revolution , strongly opposed Great Britain and called for stronger state governments than the Federalist Party was proposing . Presidential elections of 1792 and 1796 ( edit ) The elections of 1792 were the first ones to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis . In most states the congressional elections were recognized , as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it , as a `` struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest '' . In New York , the candidates for governor were John Jay , a Federalist ; and incumbent George Clinton , who was allied with Jefferson and the Republicans . Four states ' electors voted for Clinton and one ( Kentucky ) for Jefferson for Vice President in opposition to incumbent John Adams as well as casting their votes for President Washington . Before 1804 , electors cast two votes together without differentiation as to which office was to be filled by which candidate . In the 1796 election , the party made its first bid for the presidency with Jefferson as its presidential candidate and Aaron Burr as its vice presidential candidate . Jefferson came in second in the electoral college ( at the time , its balloting could not distinguish between President and Vice President ) and became Vice President . He would become a consistent and strong opponent of the policies of the John Adams administration . Jefferson and Madison were deeply upset by the unconstitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 and they secretly wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions , which called on state legislatures to nullify unconstitutional laws . However , the other states did not follow suit and several rejected the notion that states could nullify federal law . The Republican critique of federalism became wrapped in the slogan of `` Principles of 1798 '' , which became the hallmark of the party . The most important of these principles were states ' rights , opposition to a strong national government , distrust of the federal courts and opposition to the navy and the national bank . The party saw itself as a champion of republicanism and denounced the Federalists as supporters of monarchy and aristocracy . The party coalesced around Jefferson , who diligently maintained extensive correspondence with like - minded Republican leaders throughout the country . Washington frequently decried the growing sense of `` party '' emerging from the internal battles among Jefferson , Madison , Hamilton , Adams and others in his administration . As warfare in Europe increased , the two factions increasingly made foreign policy the central political issue of the day . The Republicans wanted to maintain the 1778 alliance with France , which had overthrown the monarchy and aristocracy and become a republic . Even though Britain was by far United States ' leading trading partner , Republicans feared that increased trade would undermine republicanism . The Republicans distrusted Hamilton 's national bank and rejected his premise that a national debt was good for the country as Republicans said they were both forms of corruption . They strongly distrusted the elitism of Hamilton 's circle , denouncing it as `` aristocratic '' ; and they called for states ' rights lest the Federalists centralize ever more power in the national governments . The intense debate over the Jay Treaty in 1794 -- 1795 transformed those opposed to Hamilton 's policies from a loose movement into a true political party . To fight the treaty , the Jeffersonians `` established coordination in activity between leaders at the capital , and leaders , actives and popular followings in the states , counties and towns '' . However , they were defeated when Washington mobilized public opinion in favor of the treaty . Strength in Congress over time ( edit ) Historians have used statistical techniques to estimate the party breakdown in Congress . Many Congressmen were hard to classify in the first few years , but after 1796 there was less uncertainty . Federalist and Democratic - Republican strength in Congress by election year Election year House 1788 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 Federalist 37 39 51 47 57 60 38 39 25 24 Republican 28 30 54 59 49 46 65 103 116 118 Percentage Republican 43 % 43 % 51 % 56 % 46 % 43 % 63 % 73 % 82 % 83 % Senate 1788 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 Federalist 18 16 16 21 22 22 15 9 7 6 Republican 8 13 14 11 10 10 17 25 17 28 Percentage Republican 31 % 45 % 47 % 34 % 31 % 31 % 53 % 74 % 71 % 82 % The affiliation of many Congressmen in the earliest years is an assignment by later historians ; these were slowly coalescing groups with initially considerable independent thinking and voting . Cunningham noted that only about a quarter of the House of Representatives up until 1794 voted with Madison as much as two - thirds of the time and another quarter against him two - thirds of the time , leaving almost half as fairly independent . Albert Gallatin recalled only two caucuses on legislative policy between 1795 and 1801 , one over appropriations for Jay 's Treaty and the other over the Quasi-War , but in neither case did the party decide to vote unanimously . Organizational strategy ( edit ) The new party invented some of the campaign and organizational techniques which were later adopted by the Federalists and became standard American practice . It was especially effective in building a network of newspapers in major cities to broadcast its statements and editorialize its policies . Fisher Ames , a leading Federalist , used the term `` Jacobin '' to link members of Jefferson 's party to the radicals of the French Revolution . He blamed the newspapers for electing Jefferson and wrote they were `` an overmatch for any Government ... The Jacobins owe their triumph to the unceasing use of this engine ; not so much to skill in use of it as by repetition '' . As one historian explained : `` It was the good fortune of the Republicans to have within their ranks a number of highly gifted political manipulators and propagandists . Some of them had the ability ... to not only see and analyze the problem at hand but to present it in a succinct fashion ; in short , to fabricate the apt phrase , to coin the compelling slogan and appeal to the electorate on any given issue in language it could understand '' . Outstanding propagandists included editor William Duane ( 1760 -- 1835 ) and party leaders Albert Gallatin , Thomas Cooper and Jefferson himself . Just as important was effective party organization of the sort that John J. Beckley pioneered . In 1796 , he managed the Jefferson campaign in Pennsylvania , blanketing the state with agents who passed out 30,000 hand - written tickets , naming all 15 electors ( printed tickets were not allowed ) . Beckley told one agent : `` In a few days a select republican friend from the City will call upon you with a parcel of tickets to be distributed in your County . Any assistance and advice you can furnish him with , as to suitable districts & characters , will I am sure be rendered '' . Beckley was the first American professional campaign manager and his techniques were quickly adopted in other states . The emergence of the new organizational strategies can be seen in the politics of Connecticut around 1806 , which have been well documented by Cunningham . The Federalists dominated Connecticut , so the Republicans had to work harder to win . In 1806 , the state leadership sent town leaders instructions for the forthcoming elections . Every town manager was told by state leaders `` to appoint a district manager in each district or section of his town , obtaining from each an assurance that he will faithfully do his duty '' . Then the town manager was instructed to compile lists and total the number of taxpayers and the number of eligible voters , find out how many favored the Republicans and how many the Federalists and to count the number of supporters of each party who were not eligible to vote but who might qualify ( by age or taxes ) at the next election . These highly detailed returns were to be sent to the county manager and in turn were compiled and sent to the state manager . Using these lists of potential voters , the managers were told to get all eligible people to town meetings and help the young men qualify to vote . The state manager was responsible for supplying party newspapers to each town for distribution by town and district managers . This highly coordinated `` get - out - the - vote '' drive would be familiar to modern political campaigners , but was the first of its kind in world history . Revolution of 1800 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1800 The party 's electors secured a majority in the 1800 election , but an equal number of electors cast votes for Jefferson and Aaron Burr . The tie sent the election to the House and Federalists there blocked any choice . Hamilton , believing that Burr would be a poor choice for president , intervened and let Jefferson win , a move that would result in the collapse of the Federalist Party and Hamilton 's death four years later at the hands of Burr himself in a pistol duel . Starting in 1800 in what Jefferson called the `` Revolution of 1800 '' , the party took control of the presidency and both houses of Congress , beginning a quarter century of control of those institutions . A faction called `` Old Republicans '' opposed the nationalism that grew popular after 1815 as they were stunned when party leaders started a Second Bank of the United States in 1816 . The first official Republican Congressional Caucus meeting took place at Marache 's boarding house on May 11 , 1800 in Philadelphia . The January 26 , 1799 letter Thomas Jefferson wrote to Elbridge Gerry became the party 's platform . In the Senate chamber on February 25 , 1804 , a `` Convention of Republican members of both houses of Congress '' met . Senator Stephen Bradley presided , a Committee on Presidential Electors was formed and it was resolved that Thomas Jefferson be nominated for President and George Clinton be nominated Vice President . The party held a convention by the same name on January 23 , 1808 , again in the Senate chamber at 6 : 00 pm on a Saturday . Senator Stephen Bradley , who was the President pro tempore of the Senate , again served as President of the convention with Representative Richard Johnson as the Secretary . A Committee on Correspondence was formed , James Madison was nominated for President and George Clinton was re-nominated for Vice President . Legislative issues were handled by the Committee of the Whole and the elected Speaker of the House of Representatives and floor leaders , who at that time were the Chairman for the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives and Chairman for the Committee on Finance of the Senate . The state legislatures often instructed Members of Congress how to vote on specific issues . More exactly , they `` instructed '' the Senators ( who were elected by the legislatures ) and `` requested '' the Representatives ( who were elected by the people ) . On rare occasions a Senator resigned rather than follow instructions . The opposition Federalist Party quickly declined , suffering from a lack of leadership after the death of Hamilton and the retirement of John Adams . It revived briefly in opposition to the War of 1812 , but the extremism of its Hartford Convention of 1815 utterly destroyed it as a political force . National debt ( edit ) Jefferson and Albert Gallatin focused on the danger that the public debt , unless it was paid off , would be a threat to republican values . They were appalled that Hamilton was increasing the national debt and using it to solidify his Federalist base . Gallatin was the Republican Party 's chief expert on fiscal issues and as Treasury Secretary under Jefferson and Madison worked hard to lower taxes and lower the debt , while at the same time paying cash for the Louisiana Purchase and funding the War of 1812 . Burrows says of Gallatin : His own fears of personal dependency and his small shopkeeper 's sense of integrity , both reinforced by a strain of radical republican thought that originated in England a century earlier , convinced him that public debts were a nursery of multiple public evils -- corruption , legislative impotence , executive tyranny , social inequality , financial speculation , and personal indolence . Not only was it necessary to extinguish the existing debt as rapidly as possible , he argued , but Congress would have to ensure against the accumulation of future debts by more diligently supervising government expenditures . However , after examining at Jefferson 's direction the economic structures that Hamilton had created , Gallatin reported : I have found the most perfect system ever formed , and any change that should be made , would only injure it - Hamilton made no blunders , commited no frauds - he did nothing wrong . Fear of a large debt is a major legacy of the party . Andrew Jackson believed the national debt was a `` national curse '' and he took special pride in paying off the entire national debt in 1835 . Politicians ever since have used the issue of a high national debt to denounce the other party for profligacy and a threat to fiscal soundness and the nation 's future . Monroe and Adams ( 1816 -- 1828 ) ( edit ) In rapidly expanding western states , the Federalists had few supporters . Every state had a distinct political geography that shaped party membership . In Pennsylvania , the Republicans were weakest around Philadelphia and strongest in Scots - Irish settlements in the west . Members came from all social classes , but came predominantly from the poor , subsistence farmers , mechanics and tradesmen . After the War of 1812 , partisanship subsided across the young republic -- people called it the Era of Good Feelings . James Monroe narrowly won the party 's nomination for President in Congress over William Crawford in 1816 and defeated Federalist Rufus King in the general election . In the early years of the party , the key central organization grew out of caucuses of Congressional leaders in Washington . However , the key battles to choose electors occurred in the states , not in the caucus . In many cases , legislatures still chose electors ; and in others , the election of electors was heavily influenced by local parties that were heavily controlled by relatively small groups of officials . Without a significant Federalist opposition , the need for party unity was greatly diminished and the party 's organization faded away . James Monroe ran under the party 's banner in the 1820 election and built support by consensus . Monroe faced no serious rival and was nearly unanimously elected by the electoral college . The party 's historic domination by the Virginian delegation faded as New York and Pennsylvania became more important . In the 1824 election , most of the party in Congress boycotted the caucus ; only a small rump group backed William Crawford . The Crawford faction included most `` Old Republicans '' -- those who remained committed to states ' rights and the Principles of 1798 and were distrustful of the nationalizing program promoted by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun . Thomas Jefferson wrote on the state of party politics in the early 1820s : An opinion prevails that there is no longer any distinction , that the republicans & Federalists are completely amalgamated but it is not so . The amalgamation is of name only , not of principle . All indeed call themselves by the name of Republicans , because that of Federalists was extinguished in the battle of New Orleans . But the truth is that finding that monarchy is a desperate wish in this country , they rally to the point which they think next best , a consolidated government . Their aim is now therefore to break down the rights reserved by the constitution to the states as a bulwark against that consolidation , the fear of which produced the whole of the opposition to the constitution at its birth . Hence new Republicans in Congress , preaching the doctrines of the old Federalists , and the new nick - names of Ultras and Radicals . But I trust they will fail under the new , as the old name , and that the friends of the real constitution and union will prevail against consolidation , as they have done against monarchism . I scarcely know myself which is most to be deprecated , a consolidation , or dissolution of the states . The horrors of both are beyond the reach of human foresight . In the aftermath of the disputed 1824 presidential election , the separate factions took on many characteristics of parties in their own right . Adams ' supporters , in league with Clay , favored modernization , banks , industrial development and federal spending for roads and other internal improvements , which the Old Republicans and the Jackson men usually opposed . Writing in his personal journal on December 13 , 1826 , President Adams noted the difficulty he faced in attempting to be nonpartisan in appointing men to office : And it is upon the occasion of appointments to office that all the wormwood and the gall of the old party hatred ooze out . Not a vacancy to any office occurs but there is a distinguished federalist started and pushed home as a candidate to fill it -- always well qualified , sometimes in an eminent degree , and yet so obnoxious to the Republican party that he can not be appointed without exciting a vehement clamor against him and against the Administration . It becomes thus impossible to fill any appointment without offending one - half the community -- the federalists , if their associate is overlooked ; the Republicans , if he is preferred . Presidential electors were now all chosen by direct election , except in South Carolina , where the state legislatures chose them . White manhood suffrage was the norm throughout the West and in most of the East as well . The voters thus were much more powerful , and to win their votes required complex party organization . Under the leadership of Martin Van Buren , a firm believer in political organization , the Jacksonians built strong state and local organizations throughout the country . The Old Republicans , or `` Radicals '' , mostly supported Jackson and joined with supporters of incumbent Vice President Calhoun in an alliance . President Adams was defeated by Andrew Jackson in the election of 1828 . Republican party name ( edit ) Political parties were new in the United States , and people were not accustomed to having formal names for them . There was no single , official name for the party . Party members generally called themselves `` Republicans '' and voted for what they called the `` Republican party '' , `` republican ticket '' or `` republican interest '' . Jefferson and Madison often used the terms `` republican '' and `` Republican party '' in their letters . The 1804 Convention of Republican members of Congress that renominated Jefferson described itself as a `` regular republican caucus '' . The name Democratic - Republican was used by contemporaries only occasionally . The term `` republican '' was in widespread usage from the 1770s to describe the type of government the break - away colonies wanted to form : a republic of three separate branches of government derived from some principles and structure from ancient republics ; especially the emphasis on civic duty and the opposition to corruption , elitism , aristocracy and monarchy . The word is used in the United States Constitution . Legacy ( edit ) Further information : First Party System and Second Party System A split appeared in the then Republican party during the 1824 elections ( at the end of the Monroe administration ) . When the election was thrown to the House of Representatives , Henry Clay backed John Quincy Adams to deny the presidency to Andrew Jackson , a longtime political rival . Jackson defeated Adams in 1828 and in the next election the first Democratic national convention took place in Baltimore , Maryland on May 21 -- 23 , 1832 . It nominated Andrew Jackson for a second term and he went on to win the presidential election . The Adams / Clay alliance became the basis of the National Republican Party , a rival to the Jackson 's Democracy and one of the successors of the Democratic - Republican Party . This party favored a higher tariff in order to protect U.S. manufacturers , as well as public works , especially roads . Many former members of the defunct Federalist Party , including Daniel Webster , joined the party . After Clay 's defeat by Jackson in the 1832 presidential election , the National Republicans were absorbed into the Whig Party , a diverse group of Jackson opponents . Taking a leaf from the Jacksonians , the Whigs tended to nominate non-ideological war heroes as their presidential candidates . The Whig party fell apart in the 1850s over the question of whether to allow the expansion of slavery into new territories . The modern Republican Party was formed in 1854 to oppose the expansion of slavery . Many former Whig party leaders ( such as Abraham Lincoln -- modern Republican Party supporters still sometimes refer to themselves as `` the party of Lincoln '' ) and former Free Soil Party leaders joined the newly formed anti-slavery party . The party sought to combine Jefferson 's ideals of liberty and equality with Clay 's program of using an active government to modernize the economy . Presidents ( edit ) Four United States Presidents were elected following a process that selected them as a national nominee of the Democratic - Republican party : # Name Portrait State Presidency start date Presidency end date Thomas Jefferson Virginia March 4 , 1801 March 4 , 1809 James Madison Virginia March 4 , 1809 March 4 , 1817 5 James Monroe Virginia March 4 , 1817 March 4 , 1825 6 John Quincy Adams Massachusetts March 4 , 1825 March 4 , 1829 Electoral History ( edit ) Presidential elections ( edit ) Election Candidate Running mate Votes Vote % Electoral votes + / - Outcome of election 1796 Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr 31,115 46.6 68 / 138 New Lost 1800 41,330 61.4 73 / 138 5 Victory 1804 George Clinton 104,110 72.8 162 / 176 89 Victory 1808 James Madison 124,732 64.7 122 / 176 40 Victory 1812 Elbridge Gerry 140,431 50.4 128 / 217 95 Victory DeWitt Clinton Jared Ingersoll 132,781 47.6 89 / 217 Lost 1816 James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins 76,592 68.2 183 / 217 34 Victory 1820 87,343 80.6 231 / 232 55 Victory 1824 Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun 151,271 41.4 99 / 261 30 Lost John Quincy Adams 113,122 30.9 84 / 261 Victory William H. Crawford Nathaniel Macon 40,856 11.2 41 / 261 Lost Henry Clay Nathan Sanford 47,531 13 37 / 261 Lost ^ b : In his first presidential run , Jefferson did not win the presidency , and Burr did not win the vice presidency . However , under the pre-12th Amendment election rules , Jefferson won the vice presidency due to dissension among Federalist electors . ^ c : In their second presidential run , Jefferson and Burr received the same number of electoral votes . Jefferson was subsequently chosen as President by the House of Representatives . ^ d : While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate , Clinton technically ran as a Democratic - Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist party itself , the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate . This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties ( such as in Pennsylvania ) , but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic - Republicans as well . ^ e : William H. Crawford and Albert Gallatin were nominated for president and vice-president by a group of 66 Congressmen that called itself the `` Democratic members of Congress '' . Gallatin later withdrew from the contest . Andrew Jackson , John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay ran as Republicans , although they were not nominated by any national body . While Jackson won a plurality in the electoral college and popular vote , he did not win the constitutionally required majority of electoral votes to be elected president . The contest was thrown to the House of Representatives , where Adams won with Clay 's support . The electoral college chose John C. Calhoun for vice president . Congressional elections ( edit ) United States House of Representatives Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- House Speaker 1794 59 / 105 New Jonathan Dayton 1796 49 / 106 10 1798 46 / 106 Theodore Sedgwick 1800 68 / 106 22 Nathaniel Macon 1802 103 / 142 35 1804 114 / 142 11 1806 116 / 142 Joseph Bradley Varnum 1808 94 / 142 22 1810 107 / 143 13 Henry Clay 1812 114 / 182 7 1814 119 / 183 5 1816 145 / 185 26 1818 162 / 186 15 1820 155 / 187 5 Philip Barbour 1822 189 / 213 34 Henry Clay United States Senate Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Senate President 1794 / 1795 10 / 30 New John Adams 1796 / 1797 10 / 32 0 Thomas Jefferson 1798 / 1799 9 / 32 1800 / 1801 15 / 32 6 Aaron Burr 1802 / 1803 22 / 32 7 1804 / 1805 27 / 34 18 George Clinton 1806 / 1807 28 / 34 1808 / 1809 26 / 34 1810 / 1811 27 / 34 1812 / 1813 28 / 36 Elbridge Gerry 1814 / 1815 22 / 36 6 1816 / 1817 25 / 36 Daniel D. Tompkins 1818 / 1819 30 / 42 5 1820 / 1821 39 / 46 9 1822 / 1823 33 / 48 6 See also ( edit ) Anti-Federalism History of the United States Democratic Party Jacksonian democracy Jeffersonian democracy List of political parties in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ohio History Connection . `` Democratic - Republican Party '' . Ohio History Central . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Democratic - Republicans favored keeping the U.S. economy based on agriculture and said that the U.S. should serve as the agricultural provider for the rest of the world ( ... ) . Economically , the Democratic - Republicans wanted to remain a predominantly agricultural nation , ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` Anti-Federalist vs. Federalist '' . Diffen . Jump up ^ Rich Rubino ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Democratic and Republican Ideologies Undergo Dramatic Role Reversal '' . HuffPost . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica ( July 20 , 1998 ) . `` Democratic - Republican Party '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . The Republicans contended that the Federalists harboured aristocratic attitudes and that their policies placed too much power in the central government and tended to benefit the affluent at the expense of the common man . Jump up ^ `` Democratic - Republican Party '' . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Susan Dunn ( 2004 ) . Jefferson 's Second Revolution : The Election of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 279 . ISBN 0618131647 . Jump up ^ Paul Kleppner , et . al . The Evolution of American Electoral Systems ( 1981 ) , ch 3 Jump up ^ James Madison to Thomas Jefferson , March 2 , 1794 `` I see by a paper of last evening that even in New York a meeting of the people has taken place , at the instance of the Republican Party , and that a committee is appointed for the like purpose . '' Thomas Jefferson to President Washington , May 23 , 1792 `` The republican party , who wish to preserve the government in its present form , are fewer in number . They are fewer even when joined by the two , three , or half dozen anti-federalists ... '' Jump up ^ William Nesbit Chambers , Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) pp 81 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Saul Cornell , The Other Founders : Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America , 1788 -- 1828 ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick , The Age of Federalism p 288 . Jump up ^ James Roger Sharp , American Politics in the Early Republic : The New Nation in Crisis ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Lance Banning , The Jeffersonian Persuasion : Evolution of a Party Ideology ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Chambers , Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) p 80 . Jump up ^ Source : Kenneth C. Martis , The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress , 1789 -- 1989 ( 1989 ) . The numbers are estimates . Jump up ^ Cunningham ( 1957 ) , 82 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey L. Pasley . `` The Tyranny of Printers '' : Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Cunningham ( 1957 ) , 167 . Jump up ^ Tinkcom , 271 . Jump up ^ Noble E. Cunningham , Jr. , `` John Beckley : An Early American Party Manager '' , William and Mary Quarterly , 13 ( Jan. 1956 ) , 40 -- 52 , in JSTOR Jump up ^ Cunningham ( 1963 ) , 129 . Jump up ^ Citation : Edwin G. Burrows . `` Gallatin , Albert '' in American National Biography Online ( 2000 ) Accessed Dec 03 2013 Jump up ^ Citation : Reminiscences of James A. Hamilton : Or , Men and Events , at Home and Abroad , During Three Quarters of a Century Publisher C. Scribner & Company , 1869 Original from the New York Public Library Digitized Jul 17 , 2007 Page 23 Google Books Accessed Feb 22 2018 Jump up ^ Robert V. Remini ( 2008 ) . Andrew Jackson . Macmillan . p. 180 . ISBN 9780230614703 . Jump up ^ Stuart Nagel ( 1994 ) . Encyclopedia of Policy Studies ( 2nd ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . pp. 503 -- 04 . ISBN 9780824791421 . Jump up ^ Klein , 44 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson to William Johnson , October 27 , 1822 '' . Retrieved October 2 , 2006 . See also : `` Thomas Jefferson to William Johnson , June 12 , 1823 '' . Transcript . `` Thomas Jefferson to Edward Livingston , April 4 , 1824 '' . Transcript . `` Thomas Jefferson to William Short , January 8 , 1825 '' . `` Thomas Jefferson to William B. Giles , December 26 , 1825 '' . Transcript . Jump up ^ Adams , John Quincy ( 1875 ) . Charles Francis Adams , ed . Memoirs of John Quincy Adams : Comprising Portions of His Diary ... , Volume 7 . J.B. Lippincott & Company . pp. 207 -- 08 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ For examples of original quotes and documents from various states , see Cunningham , Noble E. , Jeffersonian Republicans : The Formation of Party Organization : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1957 ) , pp. 48 , 63 -- 66 , 97 , 99 , 103 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 144 , 151 , 153 , 156 , 157 , 161 , 163 , 188 , 196 , 201 , 204 , 213 , 218 and 234 . See also `` Address of the Republican committee of the County of Gloucester , New - Jersey '' , Gloucester County , December 15 , 1800 Jefferson used the term `` republican party '' in a letter to Washington in May 1792 to refer to those in Congress who were his allies and who supported the existing republican constitution . `` Thomas Jefferson to George Washington , May 23 , 1792 '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2006 . At a conference with Washington a year later , Jefferson referred to `` what is called the republican party here '' . Bergh , ed . Writings of Thomas Jefferson ( 1907 ) 1 : 385 , 8 : 345 Jump up ^ `` James Madison to Thomas Jefferson , March 2 , 1794 '' . Retrieved October 14 , 2006 . `` I see by a paper of last evening that even in New York a meeting of the people has taken place , at the instance of the Republican party , and that a committee is appointed for the like purpose . '' See also : Smith , 832 . `` James Madison to William Hayward , March 21 , 1809 . Address to the Republicans of Talbot Co . Maryland '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . `` Thomas Jefferson to John Melish , January 13 , 1813 '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . `` The party called republican is steadily for the support of the present constitution '' `` James Madison to Baltimore Republican Committee , April 22 , 1815 '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . `` James Madison to William Eustis , May 22 , 1823 '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Transcript . `` The people are now able every where to compare the principles and policy of those who have borne the name of Republicans or Democrats with the career of the adverse party and to see and feel that the former are as much in harmony with the Spirit of the Nation as the latter was at variance with both . '' Jump up ^ See The Aurora General Advertiser ( Philadelphia ) , April . 30 , 1795 , p. 3 ; New Hampshire Gazette ( Portsmouth ) , October 15 , 1796 , p. 3 ; Claypoole 's American Daily Advertiser ( Philadelphia ) , October 10 , 1797 , p. 3 ; Columbian Centinel ( Boston ) , September 15 , 1798 , p. 2 ; Alexandria ( VA ) Times , October 8 , 1798 , p. 2 ; Daily Advertiser ( New York ) , September 22 , 1800 , p. 2 & November 25 , 1800 , p. 2 ; The Oracle of Dauphin ( Harrisburg ) , October 6 , 1800 , p. 3 ; Federal Gazette ( Baltimore ) , October 23 , 1800 , p. 3 ; The Spectator ( New York ) , October 25 , 1800 , p. 3 ; Poulson 's American Daily Advertiser ( Philadelphia ) , November 19 , 1800 , p. 3 ; Windham ( CT ) Herald , November 20 , 1800 , p. 2 ; City Gazette ( Charleston ) , November 22 , 1800 , p. 2 ; The American Mercury ( Hartford ) , November 27 , 1800 , p. 3 ; and Constitutional Telegraphe ( Boston ) , November 29 , 1800 , p. 3 . After 1802 , some local organizations slowly began merging `` Democratic '' into their own name and became known as the `` Democratic Republicans '' . Examples include 1802 , 1803 , 1804 , 1804 , 1805 , 1806 , 1807 , 1808 , 1809 . Jump up ^ Banning , 79 -- 90 . Jump up ^ `` The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government '' ( Constitution of the United States , Art . 4 . Sect. 4 . ) Jump up ^ `` The Origin of the Republican Party , A.F. Gilman , Ripon College , 1914 '' . Content.wisconsinhistory.org . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gould , 14 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Caucus / Caucus '' . Washington Republican . February 6 , 1824 . Bibliography ( edit ) Adams , Henry , History of the United States during the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson ( 1889 ; Library of America ed. 1987 ) Adams , Henry , History of the United States during the Administrations of James Madison ( 1891 ; Library of America ed. 1986 ) Banning , Lance . The Jeffersonian Persuasion : Evolution of a Party Ideology ( 1980 ) Beard , Charles A. Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy ( 1915 ) Brown , Stuart Gerry . The First Republicans : Political Philosophy and Public Policy in the Party of Jefferson and Madison 1954 . Chambers , Wiliam Nisbet . Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) Cornell , Saul . The Other Founders : Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America , 1788 -- 1828 ( 1999 ) ( ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2503 - 4 ) Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr . Jeffersonian Republicans : The formation of Party Organization : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1957 ) Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr . The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power : Party Operations 1801 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr . The Process of Government Under Jefferson ( 1978 Dawson , Matthew Q. Partisanship and the Birth of America 's Second Party , 1796 -- 1800 : Stop the Wheels of Government . Greenwood , 2000 . Elkins , Stanley M. and Eric McKitrick . The Age of Federalism ( 1995 ) , detailed political history of 1790s Ferling , John . Adams Vs. Jefferson : The Tumultuous Election of 1800 ( 2004 ) ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 516771 - 6 ) Gammon , Samuel Rhea . The Presidential Campaign of 1832 ( 1922 ) Gould , Lewis . Grand Old Party : A History of the Republicans ( 2003 ) ( ISBN 0 - 375 - 50741 - 8 ) concerns the party founded in 1854 Onuf , Peter S. , ed . Jeffersonian Legacies. ( 1993 ) ( ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1462 - 0 ) Pasley , Jeffrey L. et al. eds . Beyond the Founders : New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic ( 2004 ) Ray , Kristofer . `` The Republicans Are the Nation ? Thomas Jefferson , William Duane , and the Evolution of the Republican Coalition , 1809 -- 1815 . '' American Nineteenth Century History 14.3 ( 2013 ) : 283 -- 304 . Risjord , Norman K. ; The Old Republicans : Southern Conservatism in the Age of Jefferson ( 1965 ) on the Randolph faction . Sharp , James Roger . American Politics in the Early Republic : The New Nation in Crisis ( 1993 ) detailed narrative of 1790s Smelser , Marshall . The Democratic Republic 1801 -- 1815 ( 1968 ) , survey of political history Van Buren , Martin . Van Buren , Abraham , Van Buren , John , ed . Inquiry Into the Origin and Course of Political Parties in the United States ( 1867 ) ( ISBN 1 - 4181 - 2924 - 0 ) Wiltse , Charles Maurice . The Jeffersonian Tradition in American Democracy ( 1935 ) Wilentz , Sean . The Rise of American Democracy : Jefferson to Lincoln ( 2005 ) , detailed narrative history , 1800 -- 1860 Wills , Garry . Henry Adams and the Making of America ( 2005 ) , a close reading of Henry Adams ( 1889 -- 91 ) Biographies ( edit ) Cunningham , Noble E. In Pursuit of Reason The Life of Thomas Jefferson ( ISBN 0 - 345 - 35380 - 3 ) ( 1987 ) Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr . `` John Beckley : An Early American Party Manager '' , William and Mary Quarterly , 13 ( Jan. 1956 ) , 40 -- 52 , in JSTOR Miller , John C. Alexander Hamilton : Portrait in Paradox ( 1959 ) , full - scale biography Peterson ; Merrill D. Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation : A Biography ( 1975 ) , full - scale biography Remini , Robert . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1991 ) , a standard biography Rutland , Robert A. , ed . James Madison and the American Nation , 1751 -- 1836 : An Encyclopedia . ( 1994 ) Schachner , Nathan . Aaron Burr : A Biography ( 1961 ) , full - scale biography Wiltse , Charles Maurice . John C. Calhoun , Nationalist , 1782 -- 1828 ( 1944 ) State Studies ( edit ) Beeman , Richard R . The Old Dominion and the New Nation , 1788 -- 1801 ( 1972 ) , on Virginia politics Formisano , Ronald P . The Transformation of Political Culture . Massachusetts Parties , 1790s -- 1840s ( 1984 ) ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 503509 - 7 ) Gilpatrick , Delbert Harold . Jeffersonian Democracy in North Carolina , 1789 -- 1816 ( 1931 ) Goodman , Paul . The Democratic - Republicans of Massachusetts ( 1964 ) Klein , Philip Shriver . Pennsylvania Politics , 1817 -- 1832 : A Game without Rules 1940 . Prince , Carl E. New Jersey 's Jeffersonian Republicans : The Genesis of an Early Party Machine , 1789 -- 1817 ( 1967 ) Risjord ; Norman K. Chesapeake Politics , 1781 -- 1800 ( 1978 ) on Virginia and Maryland Tinkcom , Harry M. The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania , 1790 -- 1801 ( 1950 ) Young , Alfred F. The Democratic Republicans of New York : The Origins , 1763 -- 1797 ( 1967 ) Newspapers ( edit ) Humphrey , Carol Sue The Press of the Young Republic , 1783 -- 1833 ( 1996 ) Knudson , Jerry W. Jefferson And the Press : Crucible of Liberty ( 2006 ) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist papers covered election of 1800 ; Thomas Paine ; Louisiana Purchase ; Hamilton - Burr duel ; impeachment of Chase ; and the embargo Jeffrey L. Pasley . `` The Tyranny of Printers '' : Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic ( 2003 ) ( ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2177 - 5 ) Stewart , Donald H. The Opposition Press of the Federalist Era ( 1968 ) , highly detailed study of Republican newspapers National Intell & Washington Advertister . January 16 , 1801 . Issue XXXIII COl . B The complete text , searchable , of all early American newspapers are online at Readex America 's Historical Newspapers , available at research libraries . Primary sources ( edit ) Adams , John Quincy . Memoirs of John Quincy Adams : Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848 Volume VII ( 1875 ) edited by Charles Francis Adams ; ( ISBN 0 - 8369 - 5021 - 6 ) . Adams , son of the Federalist president , switched and became a Republican in 1808 Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr. , ed . The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809 ( 1965 ) excerpts from primary sources Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr. , ed . Circular Letters of Congressmen to Their Constituents 1789 -- 1829 ( 1978 ) , 3 vol ; reprints the political newsletters sent out by congressmen Kirk , Russell ed . John Randolph of Roanoke : A study in American politics , with selected speeches and letters , 4th ed. , Liberty Fund , 1997 , 588 pp. ISBN 0 - 86597 - 150 - 1 ; Randolph was a leader of the `` Old Republican '' faction Smith , James Morton , ed . 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8375781324200741448	Ten Days of Repentance	Ten days of Repentance - wikipedia Ten days of Repentance Jump to : navigation , search Repentance in Judaism Teshuva `` Return '' Repentance , atonement and higher ascent in Judaism In the Hebrew Bible Altars Korban Temple in Jerusalem Prophecy within the Temple Aspects Confession Atonement Love of God Awe of God Mystical approach Ethical approach Meditation Services Torah study Tzedakah Mitzvot In the Jewish calendar Month of Elul Selichot Rosh Hashanah Shofar Tashlikh Ten Days of Repentance Kapparot Mikveh Yom Kippur Sukkot Simchat Torah Ta'anit Tisha B'Av Passover The Omer Shavuot In contemporary Judaism Baal Teshuva movement Jewish Renewal Musar movement The Ten Days of Repentance ( Hebrew : עשרת ימי תשובה ‎ , Aseret Yemei Teshuva ) are the first ten days of the Hebrew month of Tishrei , usually sometime in the month of September , beginning with the Jewish holiday of Rosh Hashanah and ending with the conclusion of Yom Kippur . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 The days 3 Observances 3.1 Rosh Hashanah rituals 3.2 Fasting 3.3 Daily selichot 3.4 Shabbat Shuvah 3.5 Kapparot 3.6 Five prohibitions of Yom Kippur 3.7 Changes and additions in the prayers 3.8 Services in synagogue 3.9 Additional customs 4 Origins of the Ten Days of Repentance 4.1 Reasons of Maimonides 5 References Introduction ( edit ) Main articles : Repentance in Judaism and Baal teshuva During this time it is considered appropriate for Jews to practice Teshuvah ( literally : `` returning '' or `` repentance '' ) which is examining one 's ways , engaging in repentance and the improvement of their ways in anticipation of Yom Kippur . A `` penitent '' is referred to as a baal teshuva ( `` master ( of ) repentance '' ) . This repentance can be expressed in early morning prayers , known as selichot , which capture the penitential spirit appropriate to the occasion and charity , acts of Hesed ( `` loving - kindness '' ) , or self - reflection . The days ( edit ) Main articles : High Holidays , Rosh Hashanah , Fast of Gedalia , Special Shabbat § Shabbat Shuvah , and Yom Kippur The first two days of a Ten Days of Repentance are on Rosh Hashanah . One of those days may occur on a Shabbat as well , making that day of Rosh Hashanah on which Shabbat occurs stricter in observance , meaning the observances of Shabbat are followed than a Rosh Hashanah that occurs on any other day but Shabbat ( Saturday ) . When Rosh Hashanah occurs on a Shabbat a few additional prayers in the mahzor ( `` prayer book '' ) are added as well as excluded in keeping with the combined theme of a Rosh Hashanah and Shabbat combination . The third day is always Fast of Gedalia , it follows Rosh HaShanah . It is a half day fast , meaning it is only observed from dawn of the third day until dusk of that same day . After Rosh Hashanah ends and before Yom Kippur starts the next notable day is the special Shabbat that has its own name Shabbat Shuvah ( `` Sabbath ( of ) Return '' ) meaning the Sabbath devoted to `` teshuva '' which means `` repentance '' in Judaism . The tenth day is the last and it is always the serious Biblically mandated fast of Yom Kippur . Leviticus 23 : 27 decrees that Yom Kippur is a strict day of rest and of fasting . Yom Kippur can also fall out ( meaning be observed ) on a Shabbat , one of the rare times when fasting is allowed on that day . Even when it is on a regular weekday , Yom Kippur is still observed as a `` Shabbat '' because in the Torah it is referred to as a שבת שבתון `` Sabbath ( of ) Sabbaths '' Leviticus 23 : 32 . Observances ( edit ) Main articles : Repentance in Judaism , Jewish services , and Tzedakah Three of the main observances are themes that are repeated in both the Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur prayer services and printed in every mahzor ( `` holiday prayer book '' ) of those two holy days : `` Repentance , Prayer and Charity ( teshuva , tefila , tzedaka ) remove the evil decree '' : `` In almost all editions of the Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur machzor , the words ותשובה ותפלה וצדקה repentance , prayer , and charity , are crowned in smaller type with the words ( respectively ) צום קול ממון , fast , voice , money . These superscripts are meant to indicate that sincere repentance includes fasting , prayer recited in a loud voice , and donations to charity . Rosh Hashanah rituals ( edit ) Main articles : Rosh Hashanah , Shofar , and Tashlikh There are many observances , customs , rituals and prayers said and performed on Rosh Hashanah , such as : Shofar the blowing of the ram 's horn that is mandated by the Torah Leviticus 23 : 24 and Numbers 29 : 1 . Tashlikh the symbolic `` casting off '' of one sins at a river , lake or ocean , only a custom , not mandated by the Torah . Kittel , white robe worn by some men as custom during day time services , also worn on night and day on Yom Kippur . A custom not required in the Torah . Avinu Malkeinu `` Our Father Our King '' prayer is recited . Piyyutim , extra poetical prayers added by the rabbis of the Middle Ages known as the Rishonim . Symbolic fruits and foods known as `` simanim '' or `` signs '' in Hebrew , eaten as symbolic good signs to evoke good omens and benevolent Divine providence at the festive night meals , as customs but not required by the Torah . Lekach a symbolic honey cake eaten by some , as a custom . Not required by the Torah or the rabbis . Fasting ( edit ) Main articles : Fast of Gedalia and Yom Kippur Fasting is done partially only on Fast of Gedalia and for the full day of Yom Kippur . Money in any form is not handled or carried on Jewish holidays according to Jewish law , but promises to make donations are allowed . Daily Selichot ( edit ) Main article : Selichot In contemporary Judaism , many congregations offer a Selichot service near midnight on the Saturday night preceding the Ten Days of Repentance . This , often short , prayer service serves as a preamble to the High Holy Days ( Yom Kippur in particular ) . The service itself comprises prayers of atonement , the liturgy of which may be found in many machzorim ( prayer books for the High Holy Days ) or in special prayer books or pamphlets known as `` slechot . '' Shabbat Shuvah ( edit ) Shabbat Shuvah ( `` Sabbath ( of ) Return '' שבת שובה ) or Shabbat Teshuvah ( `` Sabbath ( of ) Repentance '' שבת תשובה ) refers to the Shabbat that occurs during the Ten Days of Repentance between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur . This Shabbat is named after the first word of the Haftarah that is read on that day , Hosea 14 : 2 - 10 , and literally means `` Return ! '' The alternative name , Shabbat Teshuvah ( Sabbath of Repentance ) , is due to its being one of the Aseret Yemei Teshuvah ( Ten Day of Repentance ) . Kapparot ( edit ) Main article : Kapparot Some Jews and communities have the custom of performing Kapparot during a weekday , a ritual in which either a chicken or money is swung over one 's head usually three times as a symbolic atonement by the chicken or the money `` assuming the sins '' of the one performing the ritual . This custom is not required by the Torah . Five prohibitions of Yom Kippur ( edit ) On Yom Kippur additional prohibitions are observed similar to the fast of Tisha B'Av , as detailed in the Jewish oral tradition ( Mishnah tractate Yoma 8 : 1 ) because the Torah Leviticus 23 : 27 stipulates that ועניתם את נפשתיכם `` and you shall afflict your souls '' and the Talmud therefore defines self - imposed `` affliction '' during Yom Kippur only , as follows : No eating and drinking No wearing of shoes with leather soles No bathing or washing No anointing oneself with perfumes or lotions No sexual relations making the culmination of the ten days a very serious set of observances . Yom Kippur is over at sundown on the tenth day at nightfall but is ' confirmed ' as concluded after the recitation of the Kaddish following the end of ne'ila ( `` closing '' ) prayer and the shofar is sounded . The services end in joy with the hope that all have been inscribed in the Book of Life . Changes and additions in the prayers ( edit ) Main articles : Avinu Malkeinu , Selichot , Piyyut , Mahzor , and Ne'ila As detailed in the Jewish Encyclopedia : The Talmud ( Berakhot 12b ) mentions that on these days the close of the third benediction in the `` ' Amidah '' reads `` the Holy King '' instead of `` the Holy God '' ; and that on work - days the close of the eighth benediction reads `` the King of Judgment '' ( lit . `` the King , the Judgment '' ) instead of `` King loving righteousness and judgment . '' The treatise Soferim , dating from the seventh or eighth century , mentions ( xix. 8 ) some insertions which were made in the first and second benedictions and in the last two , and which are now found in all prayer - books ; in the first ( after `` for the sake of His Name in love '' ) : `` Remember us for life , King who delights in life ; and inscribe us in the book of life , for Your sake , living God '' ; in the second ( after `` make salvation to grow '' ) : `` Who is like You , merciful Father , remembering His creatures in mercy for life '' ; in the last but one , near the end : `` And inscribe for life all the sons of Your covenant '' ; in the last benediction immediately before the close : `` May we be remembered and inscribed before You in the book of life , of blessing , of peace , and of good sustenance . '' In the last service of Day of Atonement ( Yom Kippur ) `` seal '' is used in the place of `` inscribe '' throughout . In the Ashkenazi Jews ' ritual , at the close of the last benediction , the words `` who blesseth his people Israel with peace '' are shortened into `` the Maker of Peace . '' The invocations beginning `` Avinu Malkeinu '' ( Our Father , our King ) are read in the morning and afternoon services of the Ten Days , except on the Sabbath , Friday afternoons , and the 9th of Tishrei , the eve of the Day of Atonement , which is a sort of semi-holy day , and on which the penitential psalm with all its incidents is also omitted . In the early morning of work - days , before the regular morning service , Selichot are read in a form or order very much like that observed on the night of Day of Atonement . The poetical pieces , at least in the Ashkenazi ritual , differ for each of the days , those for the 9th of Tishri being the fewest and shortest . Separate prayer - books containing these selihot along with those for certain days preceding New - Year and for the morning , the additional , and the afternoon services of the Day of Atonement known as Mahzorim are published , and are indispensable to those attending the early morning services . Services in synagogue ( edit ) Main articles : Jewish services § Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur , Kol Nidre , and Ne'ila The services for the Days of Awe -- Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur -- take on a solemn tone as befits these days . Traditional solemn tunes are used in the prayers . The musaf service on Rosh Hashana has nine blessings ; the three middle blessings include biblical verses attesting to sovereignty , remembrance and the shofar , which is sounded 100 times during the service . Additional customs ( edit ) During these days some are stricter and eat only baked goods produced with a Jew involved in the baking process known as Pat Yisrael even though during the year they eat any kosher baked goods known as pat paltar . If while traveling it is not possible to obtain Pat Yisrael , then being stricter is not a requirement . There are conflicting customs whether weddings should be held during the weekdays of the Ten Days : some Orthodox Jews avoid holding weddings during this more serious period , while other Orthodox Jews as well as non-Orthodox Jews may do so . Origins of the Ten days of Repentance ( edit ) Maimonides ' ( 1135 -- 1204 ) Laws of Repentance in his Mishneh Torah is one of the most authoritative sources for the name and function of these days , but he draws on earlier sources : `` The term ... is not found in the Talmud Bavli , although the days referred to are mentioned there . The expression used in the Bavli is `` the ten days between Rosh HaShanah and Yom HaKippurim . '' In the literature of the Geonim , we also find `` the ten days from the beginning of Tishrei to Yom HaKippurim , '' `` the first ten days of the month of Tishrei , '' `` ( the time ) between Rosh HaShanah and Yom HaKippurim . '' But the term commonly used now , `` Aseret Yemai Teshuvah , '' is also found in early sources . It is used in the Talmud Yerushalmi , by Pesikta Rabbati , a Midrash , and it is also found in the literature of the Geonim . But ever since the days of the Rishonim , literally the `` first '' or the `` early '' ones , referring to post-Talmudic and Geonic times ; actually Torah scholars from approximately the eleventh century through the fifteenth , `` Aseret Yemai Teshuvah '' is the most popular title for this period of time in the Hebrew Calendar . The special character of these days ... in emphasis on `` Teshuvah , '' Repentance , `` Tefilla , '' Prayer and `` Zehirut , '' Spiritual Vigilance . '' Reasons of Maimonides ( edit ) The most serious and comprehensive reasons behind the Ten Days of Repentance are derived from the works of Maimonides ( known in Hebrew as the RAMBAM ) : RAMBAM in `` Hilchot Teshuvah , '' `` The Laws of Repentance '' ( 2 : 6 ) , `` Despite the fact that `` Teshuvah '' and crying out to HaShem are always timely , during the Ten Days between Rosh HaShanah and Yom HaKippurim it is exceedingly appropriate , and is accepted immediately , as it says , ' Seek HaShem when He is to be found ' ( Yeshayahu 55 : 6 ) ( Isaiah 55 : 6 ) . '' The source of this statement of the RAMBAM is Masechet Rosh HaShanah ( 18a ) where it is written , `` Seek HaShem when He is to be found - these are the days between Rosh HaShanah and Yom HaKippurim . '' The RAMBAM continues in `` Hilchot Teshuvah '' ( 3 : 4 ) `` ... Every person should view himself all year as if he were half innocent and half guilty . And that is the way he should look at the world as well , as if it were half innocent and half guilty ... as it says `` The Righteous Person is the Foundation of the World '' - because his being righteous tipped the world for good , and saved it . '' `` And because of this , the whole House of Israel have accustomed themselves to give more `` Tzedakah '' ( Charity ) , and to do more good deeds , and to engage in `` Mitzvot , '' from Rosh HaShanah through Yom HaKippurim more than the rest of the year . And they have all adopted the custom of rising at night during this ten - day period and praying in the synagogues prayers of supplication and entreaties until daylight . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Complete ArtScroll Machzor : Yom Kippur : Mussaf for Yom Kippur , p. 533 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Cyrus Adler and Lewis N. Dembitz ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Penitential Days '' . In Singer , Isidore ; et al. Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . Jump up ^ `` The Traveler 's Companion : Aseres Yemei Teshuvah '' . Chabad . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The `` Aseret Yemai Teshuvah , '' Ten Days of Repentance : In `` Halachah , '' Jewish Law and `` Machashavah , '' Jewish Thought `` . Orthodox Union . 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-3236884192174229550	India at the 2016 Summer Olympics	India at the 2016 Summer Olympics - wikipedia India at the 2016 Summer Olympics Jump to : navigation , search India at the 2016 Summer Olympics IOC code IND NOC Indian Olympic Association Website www.olympic.ind.in in Rio de Janeiro Competitors 117 in 15 sports Flag bearer Abhinav Bindra ( opening ) Sakshi Malik ( closing ) Medals Ranked 67th Gold 0 Silver Bronze Total Summer Olympics appearances ( overview ) 1900 1904 -- 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 India competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , from 5 to 21 August 2016 . Indian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympics since 1920 , although they made their official debut at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris . 117 Indian athletes participated in Rio 2016 , 63 men and 54 women , across 15 sports at the Games . It was the nation 's largest ever delegation sent to the Olympics , due to the historic comeback of the women 's field hockey squad after 36 years and the proliferation of track and field athletes making the cut . Among the sporting events represented by its athletes , India made its Olympic debut in golf ( new to the 2016 Games ) and women 's artistic gymnastics . The Indian roster featured three Olympic medalists from London , including badminton star Saina Nehwal , freestyle wrestler and four - time Olympian Yogeshwar Dutt , and rifle shooter Gagan Narang . Tennis ace and 1996 bronze medalist Leander Paes topped the roster lineup by competing at his record seventh Olympics , while air rifle marksman Abhinav Bindra , who became the nation 's first and only individual gold medalist in history ( 2008 ) , led the Indian delegation as the flag bearer in the opening ceremony at his fifth consecutive Games . Other notable Indian athletes also included tennis player Sania Mirza in the women 's doubles , artistic gymnast and Commonwealth Games bronze medalist Dipa Karmakar , and multiple - time world medalist Jitu Rai in men 's pistol shooting . India left Rio de Janeiro with only two medals , saving its pride from the humiliation of returning empty - handed for the first time since Barcelona 1992 . These medals were awarded only to female athletes for the first time in history , a silver to badminton player P.V. Sindhu in the women 's singles , and a bronze to freestyle wrestler Sakshi Malik in the women 's 58 kg . Several Indian athletes came close to increasing the medal haul , including tennis tandem Mirza and Rohan Bopanna in the mixed doubles ; Bindra , who narrowly missed out the podium by a half - point in the men 's 10 m air rifle before retiring from the sport ; and Karmakar , who surprised the global audience with her high - risk Produnova routine in the women 's vault . For the first time , the Indian shooters failed to earn a single medal since 2004 , and the boxers for the first time since 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medalists 2 Competitors 3 Archery 4 Athletics 5 Badminton 6 Boxing 7 Field hockey 7.1 Men 's tournament 7.2 Women 's tournament 8 Golf 9 Gymnastics 9.1 Artistic 10 Judo 11 Rowing 12 Shooting 13 Swimming 14 Table tennis 15 Tennis 16 Weightlifting 17 Wrestling 18 See also 19 References Medalists ( edit ) Further information : 2016 Summer Olympics medal table Medal Name Sport Event Date 02 ! Silver Sindhu , P.V. P.V. Sindhu Badminton Women 's singles 000000002018 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 03 ! Bronze Malik , Sakshi Sakshi Malik Wrestling Women 's freestyle 58 kg 000000002018 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 Medals by sport Sport 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Badminton 0 0 Wrestling 0 0 Total 0 Medals by gender Gender 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Male 0 0 0 0 Female 0 Total 0 Competitors ( edit ) The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games . Note that reserves in fencing , field hockey , football , and handball are not counted as athletes : Sports Men Women Total Events Archery Athletics 17 17 34 19 Badminton 7 Boxing 0 Field hockey 16 16 32 Golf Gymnastics 0 5 Judo 0 Rowing 0 Shooting 9 12 11 Swimming Table tennis Tennis Weightlifting Wrestling 7 7 Total 63 54 117 67 Archery ( edit ) Main article : Archery at the 2016 Summer Olympics Three Indian women 's archers & One Indian men 's archer qualified after having secured top eight finish in the women 's team recurve event & men 's individual event at the 2015 World Archery Championships in Copenhagen , Denmark . Athlete Event Ranking round Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Score Seed Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Atanu Das Men 's individual 683 5 Muktan ( NEP ) W 6 -- 0 Puentes ( CUB ) W 6 -- 4 Lee S-y ( KOR ) L 4 -- 60 Did not advance Bombayla Devi Women 's individual 638 24 Baldauff ( AUT ) W 6 -- 2 Lin S-c ( TPE ) W 6 -- 2 Valencia ( MEX ) L 2 -- 6 Did not advance Deepika Kumari 640 20 Esebua ( GEO ) W 6 -- 40 Guendalina ( ITA ) W 6 -- 2 Tan Y-t ( TPE ) L 0 -- 6 Did not advance Laxmirani Majhi 614 43 Longová ( SVK ) L 1 -- 7 Did not advance Deepika Kumari Bombayla Devi Laxmirani Majhi Women 's team 1892 7 N / A Colombia ( COL ) W 5 -- 3 Russia ( RUS ) L 4 -- 5 Did not advance Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics Indian athletes have been able to achieve qualifying standard in the following athletic events ( up to maximum of 3 athletes in each event ) Indian shot putter Inderjeet Singh and 200 metres sprinter Dharambir Singh were suspended from participating in the Olympics after having failed both of the administered doping tests . Key Note -- Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only Q = Qualified for the next round q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target NR = National record SB = Seasonal best N / A = Round not applicable for the event Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round Men Track & road events Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Muhammad Anas 400 m 45.95 6 Did not advance Jinson Johnson 800 m 1 : 47.27 5 Did not advance Mohammad Anas Ayyasamy Dharun Lalit Mathur * Kunhu Muhammed Mohan Kumar Raja * Arokia Rajiv 4 × 400 m relay DSQ N / A Did not advance Thonakal Gopi Marathon N / A 2 : 15 : 25 PB 25 Kheta Ram N / A 2 : 15 : 26 PB 26 Nitendra Singh Rawat N / A 2 : 22 : 52 84 Ganapathi Krishnan 20 km walk N / A DSQ Manish Singh N / A 1 : 21.21 13 Gurmeet Singh N / A DSQ Sandeep Kumar 50 km walk N / A 4 : 07 : 55 35 * Reserves in the relay team . Field events Athlete Event Qualification Final Distance Position Distance Position Ankit Sharma Long jump 7.67 24 Did not advance Renjith Maheshwary Triple jump 16.13 30 Did not advance Vikas Gowda Discus throw 58.99 28 Did not advance Women Track & road events Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Dutee Chand 100 m 11.69 7 Did not advance Srabani Nanda 200 m 23.58 6 Did not advance Nirmala Sheoran 400 m 53.03 6 Did not advance Tintu Lukka 800 m 2 : 00.58 6 Did not advance Lalita Babar 3000 m steeplechase 9 : 19.76 NR 4 q N / A 9 : 22.74 10 Sudha Singh 9 : 43.29 9 N / A Did not advance Ashwini Akkunji * Tintu Lukka Jisna Mathew * Debashree Mazumdar * M.R. Poovamma Nirmala Sheoran Anilda Thomas 4 × 400 m relay 3 : 29.53 7 N / A Did not advance O.P. Jaisha Marathon N / A 2 : 47 : 19 89 Kavita Raut N / A 2 : 59 : 29 120 Khushbir Kaur 20 km walk N / A 1 : 40 : 33 54 Sapna Punia N / A Did not finish * Reserves in the relay team . Field events Athlete Event Qualification Final Distance Position Distance Position Manpreet Kaur Shot put 17.06 23 Did not advance Seema Antil Discus throw 57.58 20 Did not advance Badminton ( edit ) Main article : Badminton at the 2016 Summer Olympics India has qualified seven badminton players for each of the following events into the Olympic based on their BWF World Rankings as of 5 May 2016 : Men Athlete Event Group stage Elimination Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Srikanth Kidambi Singles Muñoz ( MEX ) W ( 21 -- 11 , 21 -- 17 ) Hurskainen ( SWE ) W ( 21 -- 6 , 21 -- 18 ) N / A 1 Q Jørgensen ( DEN ) W ( 21 -- 19 , 21 -- 19 ) Lin D ( CHN ) 0L ( 6 -- 21 , 21 -- 11 , 18 -- 21 ) Did not advance Manu Attri B. Sumeeth Reddy Doubles Ahsan / Setiawan ( INA ) L ( 18 -- 21 , 13 -- 21 ) Chai B / Hong W ( CHN ) L ( 13 -- 21 , 15 -- 21 ) Endo / Hayakawa ( JPN ) 0W ( 23 -- 21 , 21 -- 11 ) N / A Did not advance Women Athlete Event Group stage Elimination Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Saina Nehwal Singles Vicente ( BRA ) W ( 21 -- 17 , 21 -- 17 ) Ulitina ( UKR ) L ( 18 -- 21 , 19 -- 21 ) N / A Did not advance Pusarla Sindhu Sárosi ( HUN ) W ( 21 -- 8 , 21 -- 9 ) Li ( CAN ) W ( 19 -- 21 , 21 -- 15 , 21 -- 17 ) N / A 1 Q Tai t-y ( TPE ) W ( 21 -- 13 , 21 -- 15 ) Wang Y ( CHN ) W ( 22 -- 20 , 21 -- 19 ) Okuhara ( JPN ) W ( 21 -- 19 , 21 -- 10 ) Marín ( ESP ) L ( 21 -- 19 , 12 -- 21 , 15 -- 21 ) 02 ! Jwala Gutta Ashwini Ponnappa Doubles Matsutomo / Takahashi ( JPN ) L ( 15 -- 21 , 10 -- 21 ) Muskens / Piek ( NED ) L ( 16 -- 21 , 21 -- 16 , 17 -- 21 ) Supajirakul / Taerattanachai ( THA ) L ( 17 -- 21 , 15 -- 21 ) N / A Did not advance Boxing ( edit ) Main article : Boxing at the 2016 Summer Olympics India has entered three boxers to compete in each of the following classes into the Olympic boxing tournament . London 2012 Olympian Shiva Thapa had claimed his Olympic spot with a semifinal victory at the 2016 Asia & Oceania Qualification Tournament in Qian'an , China , while Manoj Kumar and Vikas Krishan Yadav secured additional places on the Indian roster with their quarterfinal triumphs at the 2016 AIBA World Qualifying Tournament in Baku , Azerbaijan . Athlete Event Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Shiva Thapa Men 's bantamweight Ramírez ( CUB ) 0L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Manoj Kumar Men 's light welterweight Petrauskas ( LTU ) W 2 -- 1 Gaibnazarov ( UZB ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Vikas Krishan Yadav Men 's middleweight Conwell ( USA ) W 3 -- 0 Şipal ( TUR ) W 3 -- 0 Melikuziev ( UZB ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Field hockey ( edit ) Main article : Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics Summary Key : FT -- After full time . P -- Match decided by penalty - shootout . Team Event Group Stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank India men 's Men 's tournament Ireland W 3 -- 2 Germany L 1 -- 2 Argentina W 2 -- 1 Netherlands L 1 -- 2 Canada D 2 -- 2 Belgium L 1 -- 3 Did not advance 8 India women 's Women 's tournament Japan D 2 -- 2 Great Britain L 0 -- 3 Australia L 1 -- 6 United States L 0 -- 3 Argentina L 0 -- 5 6 Did not advance 12 Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics -- Men 's tournament India men 's field hockey team qualified for the Olympics by receiving a berth and earning the gold medal from the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon . Team roster The following is the India roster in the men 's field hockey tournament of the 2016 Summer Olympics . view talk Head coach : Roelant Oltmans Harmanpreet Singh Rupinder Pal Singh Kothajit Singh Surender Kumar Manpreet Singh Sardara Singh V.R. Raghunath S.K. Uthappa P.R. Shreejesh ( C & GK ) Danish Mujtaba Devinder Walmiki S.V. Sunil Akashdeep Singh Chinglensana Singh Ramandeep Singh Nikkin Thimmaiah Reserves : Vikas Dahiya Pardeep Mor Group play Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 5 0 17 10 + 7 13 Quarter - finals Netherlands 5 18 6 + 12 10 Argentina 5 14 12 + 2 8 India 5 9 9 0 7 5 Ireland 5 0 10 16 − 6 6 Canada 5 0 7 22 − 15 Source : Rio2016 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Goals scored ; 4 ) Head - to - head result . 6 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 06 ) 11 : 00 India 3 -- 2 Ireland Raghunath 15 + ' Ru . Singh 27 ' , 49 ' Report Shimmins 45 ' Harte 56 ' Umpires : Murray Grime ( AUS ) Paco Vázquez ( ESP ) 8 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 11 : 00 Germany 2 -- 1 India Wellen 18 ' Rühr 60 ' Report Ru . Singh 23 ' Umpires : Tim Pullman ( AUS ) Martin Madden ( GBR ) 9 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 11 : 00 Argentina 1 -- 2 India Peillat 49 ' Report C. Singh 8 ' K. Singh 35 ' Umpires : Paco Vázquez ( ESP ) Simon Taylor ( NZL ) 11 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 10 : 00 Netherlands 2 -- 1 India Hofman 35 ' Van der Weerden 54 ' Report Raghunath 38 ' Umpires : Murray Grime ( AUS ) Martin Madden ( GBR ) 12 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) 12 : 30 India 2 -- 2 Canada A. Singh 33 ' Ra . Singh 41 ' Report Tupper 33 ' , 52 ' Umpires : Nathan Stagno ( GBR ) Adam Kearns ( AUS ) Quarterfinal 14 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) 12 : 30 Belgium 3 -- 1 India Dockier 34 ' , 45 ' Boon 50 ' Report A. Singh 15 ' Umpires : Simon Taylor ( NZL ) Nathan Stagno ( GBR ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics -- Women 's tournament India women 's field hockey team qualified for the Olympics by having achieved a top five finish at the 2014 -- 15 Women 's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals , signifying its historic Olympic comeback after 36 years . Team roster The following is the Indian roster in the women 's field hockey tournament of the 2016 Summer Olympics . view talk Head coach : Neil Hawgood Navjot Kaur Deep Grace Ekka Monika Malik Nikki Pradhan Anuradha Devi Savita Punia ( GK ) Poonam Rani Vandana Kataria Deepika Thakur Namita Toppo Renuka Yadav Sunita Lakra Sushila Chanu ( C ) Rani Rampal Preeti Dubey Lilima Minz Reserves : Rajani Etimarpu Group play Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Great Britain 5 5 0 0 12 + 8 15 Quarter - finals United States 5 0 14 5 + 9 12 Australia 5 0 11 5 + 6 9 Argentina 5 0 12 6 + 6 6 5 Japan 5 0 16 − 13 6 India 5 0 19 − 16 Source : Rio2016 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Goals scored ; 4 ) Head - to - head result . 7 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) 11 : 00 Japan 2 -- 2 India Nishikori 15 ' Nakashima 28 ' Report Rani 31 ' Minz 40 ' Umpires : Kylie Seymour ( AUS ) Kelly Hudson ( NZL ) 8 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 18 : 00 India 0 -- 3 Great Britain Report Ansley 25 ' White 27 ' Danson 33 ' Umpires : Chieko Soma ( JPN ) Amy Baxter ( USA ) 10 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) 11 : 00 India 1 -- 6 Australia Thokchom 60 ' Report Slattery 5 ' Morgan 9 ' Claxton 35 ' Parker 36 ' Kenny 43 ' , 46 ' Umpires : Soledad Iparraguiree ( ARG ) Sarah Wilson ( GBR ) 11 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 19 : 30 United States 3 -- 0 India O'Donnell 14 ' , 42 ' Gonzalez 52 ' Report Umpires : Melissa Trivic ( AUS ) Chieko Soma ( JPN ) 13 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 13 ) 10 : 00 Argentina 5 -- 0 India Cavallero 16 ' , 29 ' Granatto 23 ' Rebecchi 26 ' Albertario 27 ' Report Umpires : Chieko Soma ( JPN ) Sarah Wilson ( GBR ) Golf ( edit ) Main article : Golf at the 2016 Summer Olympics India has entered three golfers into the Olympic . Anirban Lahiri ( Rank 62 ) , Shiv Chawrasia ( Rank 207 ) , and Aditi Ashok ( Rank 444 ) qualified directly among top 60 players for their respective individual events based on IGF World Rankings as of 11 July 2016 . Athlete Event Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Total Score Score Score Score Score Par Rank Shiv Chawrasia Men 's 71 71 69 78 289 + 5 = 50 Anirban Lahiri 74 73 75 72 294 + 10 57 Aditi Ashok Women 's 68 68 79 76 291 + 7 41 Gymnastics ( edit ) Main article : Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics Artistic ( edit ) India has qualified one artistic gymnast into the Olympic competition for the first time since 1964 . Dipa Karmakar became the first Indian female ever to book an Olympic spot in the apparatus ( vault , balance beam , uneven bars and floor exercise ) events and all - around event at the Olympic Test Event in Rio de Janeiro . Women Athlete Event Qualification Final Apparatus Total Rank Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB V UB BB Dipa Karmakar All - around 15.100 11.666 12.866 12.033 51.665 51 Did not advance Vault 14.850 N / A 14.850 8 Q 15.066 N / A 15.066 Judo ( edit ) Main article : Judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics India has qualified one judoka for men 's middleweight category ( 90 kg ) for the olympic . Avtar Singh earned a continental quota from the Asian region , as the highest - ranked Indian judoka outside of direct qualifying position in the IJF World Ranking List of 30 May 2016 . Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Repechage Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Avtar Singh Men 's − 90 kg Bye Misenga ( ROT ) L 000 -- 001 Did not advance Rowing ( edit ) Main article : Rowing at the 2016 Summer Olympics India has qualified one boat in the men 's single sculls for the Olympics at the 2016 Asia & Oceania Continental Qualification Regatta in Chungju , South Korea . Athlete Event Heats Repechage Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Dattu Baban Bhokanal Men 's single sculls 7 : 21.67 3 QF Bye 6 : 59.89 4 SC / D 7 : 19.02 2 FC 6 : 54.96 13 Qualification Legend : FA = Final A ( medal ) ; FB = Final B ( non-medal ) ; FC = Final C ( non-medal ) ; FD = Final D ( non-medal ) ; FE = Final E ( non-medal ) ; FF = Final F ( non-medal ) ; SA / B = Semifinals A / B ; SC / D = Semifinals C / D ; SE / F = Semifinals E / F ; QF = Quarterfinals ; R = Repechage Shooting ( edit ) Main article : Shooting at the 2016 Summer Olympics Indian shooters have achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finish at the 2014 and 2015 ISSF World Championships , the 2015 ISSF World Cup series and Asian Championships , as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score ( MQS ) by 31 March 2016 . On 19 March 2016 , National Rifle Association of India ( NRAI ) had announced the squad of eleven Indian shooters for the Games , featuring four - time Olympian and Beijing 2008 air rifle champion Abhinav Bindra , London 2012 bronze medalist Gagan Narang , and multiple - time Worlds medalist Jitu Rai . Aiming to appear at his fourth Olympics , Manavjit Singh Sandhu became the twelfth Indian to join the team , as the NRAI decided to exchange a spot in the 50 m rifle 3 positions ( won by Sanjeev Rajput ) with the men 's trap . Men Athlete Event Qualification Semifinal Final Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Abhinav Bindra 10 m air rifle 625.7 7 Q N / A 163.8 Kynan Chenai Trap 114 19 Did not advance Mairaj Ahmad Khan Skeet 121 ( + 3 ) 9 Did not advance Prakash Nanjappa 50 m pistol 547 25 N / A Did not advance Gagan Narang 10 m air rifle 621.7 23 N / A Did not advance 50 m rifle prone 623.1 13 N / A Did not advance 50 m rifle 3 positions 1162 33 N / A Did not advance Jitu Rai 10 m air pistol 580 6 Q N / A 78.7 8 50 m pistol 554 12 N / A Did not advance Chain Singh 50 m rifle prone 619.6 36 N / A Did not advance 50 m rifle 3 positions 1169 23 N / A Did not advance Gurpreet Singh 10 m air pistol 576 20 N / A Did not advance 25 m rapid fire pistol 581 7 N / A Did not advance Manavjit Singh Sandhu Trap 115 16 Did not advance Women Athlete Event Qualification Semifinal Final Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Apurvi Chandela 10 m air rifle 411.6 34 N / A Did not advance Ayonika Paul 407.0 43 N / A Did not advance Heena Sidhu 10 m air pistol 380 14 N / A Did not advance 25 m pistol 576 20 Did not advance Qualification Legend : Q = Qualify for the next round ; q = Qualify for the bronze medal ( shotgun ) Swimming ( edit ) Main article : Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics India has received a Universality invitation from FINA to send two swimmers ( one male and one female ) to the Olympics . Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Sajan Prakash Men 's 200 m butterfly 1 : 59.37 28 Did not advance Shivani Kataria Women 's 200 m freestyle 2 : 09.30 41 Did not advance Table tennis ( edit ) Main article : Table tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics India has entered four athletes into the table tennis competition at the Games . 2012 Olympian Soumyajit Ghosh and Manika Batra secured the Olympic spot each in the men 's and women 's singles as the highest - ranked player coming from the South Asia zone , while Sharath Kamal Achanta and 2004 Olympian Mouma Das scored a second - stage draw victory each to take the remaining spots on the Indian team at the Asian Qualification Tournament in Hong Kong . Athlete Event Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Sharath Kamal Achanta Men 's singles Crişan ( ROU ) L 1 -- 4 Did not advance Soumyajit Ghosh Tanviriyavechakul ( THA ) L 1 -- 4 Did not advance Manika Batra Women 's singles Grzybowska ( POL ) L 2 -- 4 Did not advance Mouma Das Dodean ( ROU ) L 0 -- 4 Did not advance Tennis ( edit ) Main article : Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics India has entered four tennis players into the Olympic tournament . Sania Mirza ( world no . 1 ) and Rohan Bopanna ( world no . 10 ) teamed up with their partners Prarthana Thombare and six - time Olympian Leander Paes , respectively , in the men 's and women 's doubles by virtue of their top - 10 ATP and WTA Ranking as of 6 June 2016 . Athlete Event Round 32 Round 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Rohan Bopanna Leander Paes Men 's doubles Kubot / Matkowski ( POL ) L 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 Did not advance Sania Mirza Prarthana Thombare Women 's doubles Peng S / Zhang S ( CHN ) L 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 5 -- 7 Did not advance Sania Mirza Rohan Bopanna Mixed doubles N / A Stosur / Peers ( AUS ) W 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 Watson / Murray ( GBR ) W 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 V Williams / Ram ( USA ) L 6 -- 2 , 2 -- 6 , ( 3 -- 10 ) Hradecká / Štěpánek ( CZE ) L 1 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 Weightlifting ( edit ) Main article : Weightlifting at the 2016 Summer Olympics India has qualified one male and one female weightlifter for the Rio Olympics by virtue of a top seven national finish ( for men ) & top six ( for women ) , respectively , at the 2016 Asian Championships . Athlete Event Snatch Clean & Jerk Total Rank Result Rank Result Rank Sathish Sivalingam Men 's − 77 kg 148 12 181 11 329 11 Saikhom Mirabai Chanu Women 's − 48 kg 82 6 106 DNF 82 DNF Wrestling ( edit ) Main article : Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics India has qualified eight wrestlers for each of the following weight category into the Olympic . One Olympic spot in the men 's freestyle 74 kg at the 2015 World Championships , while two more Olympic places were awarded to Indian wrestlers , who progressed to the top two finals at the 2016 Asian Qualification Tournament . Three further wrestlers had claimed the remaining Olympic slots in separate World Qualification Tournaments ; one of them in men 's freestyle 57 kg at the initial meet in Ulaanbaatar , and two more each in women 's freestyle 48 & 58 kg at the final meet in Istanbul . On 11 May 2016 , United World Wrestling awarded two additional Olympic licenses to India in men 's Greco - Roman 85 kg and women 's freestyle 53 kg , after doping violations were discovered among the seven qualified wrestlers Freestyle wrestler Narsingh Pancham Yadav , who had qualified for the men 's 74 kg event , failed both the A and B sample doping tests on 25 June and 5 July . He was provisionally replaced by Parveen Rana , but was later reinstated on 3 August when the National Anti-Doping Agency of India gave him a clean record on grounds that he had been a victim of sabotage . However the World Anti-Doping Agency appealed against this decision to drop the doping charges , following which Yadav was suspended for four years and disqualified from the Olympics by the Court of Arbitration on 18 August . Key : VT -- Victory by Fall . PP -- Decision by Points -- the loser with technical points . PO -- Decision by Points -- the loser without technical points . ST -- Technical superiority -- the loser without technical points and a margin of victory of at least 8 ( Greco - Roman ) or 10 ( freestyle ) points . VB -- Victory by Injury Men 's freestyle Athlete Event Qualification Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Repechage 1 Repechage 2 Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Sandeep Tomar − 57 kg Bye Lebedev ( RUS ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance 15 Yogeshwar Dutt − 65 kg Ganzorig ( MGL ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance 21 Men 's Greco - Roman Athlete Event Qualification Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Repechage 1 Repechage 2 Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Ravinder Khatri − 85 kg Bye Lőrincz ( HUN ) L 0 -- 4 Did not advance 20 Hardeep Singh − 98 kg Bye İldem ( TUR ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance 13 Women 's freestyle Athlete Event Qualification Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Repechage 1 Repechage 2 Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Vinesh Phogat − 48 kg Bye Vuc ( ROU ) W 4 -- 0 Sun Yn ( CHN ) L 1 -- 5 Did not advance 10 Babita Kumari − 53 kg Bye Prevolaraki ( GRE ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance 13 Sakshi Malik − 58 kg J Mattsson ( SWE ) W 3 -- 1 Cherdivara ( MDA ) W 3 -- 1 Koblova ( RUS ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Bye Pürevdorj ( MGL ) W 3 -- 1 Tynybekova ( KGZ ) W 3 -- 1 03 ! See also ( edit ) India at the 2016 Summer Paralympics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Abhinav Bindra chosen as India 's flagbearer at Rio 2016 Olympics '' . The Indian Express . 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sakshi Malik to be Indian flagbearer at Rio 2016 Olympics closing ceremony '' . The Indian Express . 21 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Singh Bedi , Harpal ( 30 July 2016 ) . `` India 's biggest contingent faces biggest challenge at Rio '' . ABP News . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Narsingh Yadav under provisional suspension , 119 athletes to represent India at Rio 2016 Olympics '' . The Indian Express . 28 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Caderas , Ursin ; Bishara , Motez ( 2 August 2016 ) . `` Rio 2016 : Indian ace Leander Paes competing in record seventh Olympics '' . CNN . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` India 's Olympics report card : Sindhu , Sakshi save the blushes '' . Rediff.com. 22 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Olympics : Sindhu , Sakshi shine as India end campaign with two medals '' . Times of India . 22 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Abhinav Bindra misses 10m air rifle medal by 0.5 , settles for fourth position at Rio 2016 Olympics '' . The Indian Express . 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dipa Karmakar narrowly misses medal in Rio 2016 , best Indian gymnast in Olympic history '' . Firstpost. 15 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio 2016 Indian Women archers disappoint ; Deepika Kumari finishes 20th as India take seventh spot '' . 2016 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Archery : Women 's recurve team seals qualification for Rio 2016 , enters final of World Championships '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rio 2016 team quota places awarded in Copenhagen '' . World Archery Federation . 28 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India adds Atanu Das to Rio squad '' . World Archery Federation . 27 June 2016 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iaaf.org -- Top Lists '' . IAAF . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IAAF Games of the XXX Olympiad -- Rio 2016 Entry Standards '' ( PDF ) . IAAF . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dharambir Singh , Olympic - bound sprinter , faces life ban after failing second dope test '' . firstpost.com . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sukumar , Dev ( 5 May 2016 ) . `` Provisional List of Olympic Qualifiers Published '' . Badminton World Federation . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden day for Uzbekistan as boxers win four golds in China while Kyrgyzstan claims its first Rio 2016 qualification spot '' . AIBA. 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Olympic Qualifier Quarter - Finals see Haiti , Iraq , Tajikistan and Turkmenistan among 23 nations to confirm quota places at Rio 2016 '' . AIBA. 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Games : India beat Pakistan to clinch gold , qualify for Rio Olympics '' . Deccan Chronicle . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sreejesh replaces Sardar as hockey skipper in India 's Rio squad '' . Hindustan Times . 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Regulations Jump up ^ `` Indian women hockey team bags 2016 Rio Olympic berth '' . The Times of India . 29 August 2015 . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hardly any surprises in Rio squads '' . thehindu.com. 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Regulations Jump up ^ `` Olympic Rankings -- Men '' . International Golf Federation . 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Rankings -- Women '' . International Golf Federation . 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anirban Lahiri , SSP Chawrasia , Aditi Ashok to fly Indian flag in golf at Rio Olympics '' . 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio 2016 Olympic qualifiers in the Women 's Artistic Gymnastics : See the updated list ! '' . FIG. 17 April 2016 . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IJF Officially Announces Qualified Athletes for Rio 2016 Olympic Games '' . International Judo Federation . 23 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Singh Kawal , Kamaljit ( 19 May 2016 ) . `` Gurdaspur judoka Avtar makes it to Rio Olympics 2016 '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India rower Dattu Bhokanal qualifies for Rio Olympics 2016 '' . The Indian Express . 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quota Places by Nation and Number '' . www.issf-sports.org/ . ISSF. 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manavjit Singh Sandhu in for Sanjeev Rajput in Indian shooting team for Rio Olympic Games '' . The Indian Express . 19 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swimming World Rankings '' . FINA . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rio 2016 -- FINA Swimming Qualification System '' ( PDF ) . Rio 2016 . FINA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 February 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Ian ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` India Secures Olympic Games Places but Surprise Name En Route to Rio de Janeiro '' . ITTF . Archived from the original on 15 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ITF announces entries for Rio 2016 Olympics '' . International Tennis Federation . 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Cunha , Zenia ( 11 June 2016 ) . `` AITA got it right : Why Leander Paes and Rohan Bopanna are India 's best bet for Rio Olympics '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Continental Qualification current standing '' . International Weightlifting Federation . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio 2016 Weightlifting -- List of Athletes by Bodyweight Category '' ( pdf ) . International Weightlifting Federation . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling for Rio 2016 '' . United World Wrestling . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Narsingh Yadav gets clean chit from NADA , allowed to participate in Rio 2016 Olympics '' . indianexpress.com . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Olympics 2016 : Narsingh Yadav gets four - year suspension '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Nations at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Chinese Taipei East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Others Independent Olympic Athletes Refugee Olympic Team India at the Olympics Summer Olympic Games 1900 1904 -- 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1964 1968 1972 -- 1984 1988 1992 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 ' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics&oldid=833759212 '' Categories : 2016 in Indian sport India at the Summer Olympics by year Nations at the 2016 Summer Olympics Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2016 Articles with hCards Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 08 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	list of indian athletes qualified for rio olympics	[]	[]
-4954118483075841548	Withers	Withers - wikipedia Withers Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Withers ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The location of the withers on a horse The withers is the ridge between the shoulder blades of an animal , typically a quadruped . In many species it is the tallest point of the body , and in horses and dogs it is the standard place to measure the animal 's height ( in contrast , cattle are normally measured to the top of the hips ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Horses 1.1 Conformational issues 2 Dogs 3 Zebras 4 Medical problems 5 References 6 External links Horses ( edit ) The withers in horses are formed by the dorsal spinal processes of roughly the 3rd through 11th thoracic vertebrae ( most horses have 18 thoracic vertebrae ) , which are unusually long in this area . The processes at the withers can be more than 12 inches ( 30 cm ) long . Since they do not move relative to the ground ( as the horse 's head does ) , the withers are used as the measuring point for the height of a horse . Horses are commonly measured in hands -- one hand is 4 inches ( 10.16 cm ) . Horse heights are extremely variable , from small pony breeds to large draft breeds . The height at the withers of an average Thoroughbred is 16 hands ( 64 inches , 163 cm ) , and ponies are up to 14.2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) . Conformational issues ( edit ) The withers of the horse are considered in evaluating conformation . Generally , a horse should have well - defined withers , as they are considered an important attachment point for the muscles of the torso . Withers of medium height are preferred , as high withers make it difficult to fit a saddle and are often associated with a narrow chest , and low withers ( known as `` mutton withers '' ) do not provide a ridge to help keep the saddle in place . More importantly , the dorsal spinal processes provide an attachment for the muscles that support the shoulder and neck . Horses do not have a clavicle , so the shoulder can freely rotate backwards . If the vertebrae of the withers are long ( front to back ) , the shoulder is more free to move backwards . This allows for an increase of stride length ( and so it can increase the horse 's speed ) . It is also important in jumping , as the shoulder must rotate back for the horse to make his forearm more parallel to the ground , which will then raise the animal 's knees upward and get the lower legs out of the way . Therefore , the withers have a direct impact on one of the most important points of conformation : the shoulder . Dogs ( edit ) In dogs , the height of the withers is often used to determine the dog 's jump height in various dog sports . It is also often a determining factor in whether the dog conforms to the show - quality standards for its breed . Zebras ( edit ) Zebras have very low withers , making it far more difficult for a saddle to stay in place . Medical problems ( edit ) Inflammation of the bursae ( bursitis ) in this region is called fistulous withers . beginning inflammation , not ( yet ) fistulous 20 - day - old fistula ( side ) same , showing lateral emptying first exploration of fistula fistula is narrow , about 8 cm deep References ( edit ) Jump up ^ D. Caroline Coile ( 18 April 2011 ) . Pit Bulls For Dummies . John Wiley & Sons . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 06937 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hartwell , Sarah ( 2013 ) . Hybrid Equines . Messy Beast . ( `` Textual content is licensed under the GFDL . '' ) Retrieved from http://www.messybeast.com/genetics/hybrid-equines.htm . Jump up ^ McIlwraith , C. Wayne ( 2012 - 03 ) . Bursitis in Large Animals : Fistulous Withers and Poll Evil . Merck Veterinary Manual . Merck & Co. , Inc , , March 2012 . Retrieved from http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/90410.htm . External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Withers&oldid=835117216 '' Categories : Dog anatomy Horse anatomy Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Walon 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 17 : 22 . About Wikipedia	where are the withers located on a horse	[ "The withers is the ridge between the shoulder blades of an animal, typically a quadruped. In many species it is the tallest point of the body, and in horses and dogs it is the standard place to measure the animal's height (in contrast, cattle are normally measured to the top of the hips)." ]	[ "the ridge between the shoulder blades" ]
1037960166364352347	Henry Cavill	Henry Cavill - wikipedia Henry Cavill Jump to : navigation , search Henry Cavill Cavill at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con Henry William Dalgliesh Cavill ( 1983 - 05 - 05 ) 5 May 1983 ( age 34 ) St. Helier , Jersey , Channel Islands Residence Kensington , London , England Nationality British Education St Michael 's Preparatory School Stowe School Occupation Actor Years active 2001 -- present Height 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) Henry William Dalgliesh Cavill ( / ˈkævɪl / ; born 5 May 1983 ) is a British actor . Cavill began his career starring in the film adaptations of The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) and I Capture the Castle ( 2003 ) . He later appeared in minor and supporting roles in television shows such as BBC 's The Inspector Lynley Mysteries , ITV 's Midsomer Murders and Showtime 's The Tudors , then crossed to mainstream Hollywood films such as Tristan & Isolde ( 2006 ) , Stardust ( 2007 ) , Blood Creek ( 2009 ) and Immortals ( 2011 ) . Cavill starred as Charles Brandon , 1st Duke of Suffolk in the Showtime television series The Tudors ; and in 2008 became the official spokesman for the Dunhill fragrance collection for men . Cavill gained further prominence and international fame playing the titular superhero Superman in the DC Extended Universe starting with the 2013 reboot film Man of Steel , originally the highest - grossing Superman film of all time until it was surpassed by 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , where he reprised his role as Superman ; making it his highest - grossing film to date . In 2015 , he co-starred with Armie Hammer in the spy film The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 In the media 4 Charity work 5 Personal life 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Cavill was born the fourth of five boys on Jersey in the Channel Islands , a self - governing possession of the Crown ( Crown dependency ) . His mother , Marianne ( Dalgliesh ) , was a secretary in a bank , and his father , Colin Cavill , was a stockbroker . He was educated at St Michael 's Preparatory School in Saint Saviour , Jersey , before attending Stowe School in Stowe , Buckinghamshire , England . Career ( edit ) Cavill at the Whatever Works premiere in 2009 Cavill began his film career with a role in Laguna ( 2001 ) and the following year in Kevin Reynolds ' 2002 adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo . He continued with appearances in BBC 's The Inspector Lynley Mysteries ( 2002 ) , the television film Goodbye , Mr. Chips ( 2002 ) , and the television series Midsomer Murders ( 2003 ) . In 2003 , he had a supporting role in I Capture the Castle , followed by Hellraiser : Hellworld ( 2005 ) , Red Riding Hood ( 2006 ) and Tristan & Isolde ( 2006 ) . He had a minor role in Matthew Vaughn 's adaptation of Stardust ( 2007 ) . From 2007 to 2010 , Cavill had a leading role in Showtime 's television series , The Tudors , as Charles Brandon , 1st Duke of Suffolk . The series was well - received : it was nominated for a Golden Globe in 2007 and won an Emmy in 2008 . Cavill gave the show credit for bolstering his career : `` It 's done the most for me to date . ( ... ) Now that there 's an audience somewhere in America that 's aware of who I am , I have more sell - ability , because of The Tudors . '' Entertainment Weekly named him the `` Most Dashing Duke '' and praised his work on The Tudors for displaying `` charm , depth and a killer bod '' . Cavill had been set to play Superman in McG 's 2004 film , Superman : Flyby . However , McG pulled out of the project and direction was taken over by director Bryan Singer , who recast Brandon Routh as the lead in Superman Returns . Cavill was also the cause of a write - in effort from fans to see him cast as Cedric Diggory in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) . The role eventually went to Robert Pattinson . Stephenie Meyer , the author of the Twilight series , was outspokenly in favour of Cavill playing the character of Edward Cullen in the Twilight film , calling him her `` perfect Edward '' . However , by the time production of the film began , Cavill was too old to play the character , and again the role went to Pattinson . Cavill in 2011 In 2005 , Cavill was a final choice for the role of James Bond in Casino Royale . The producers and director Martin Campbell were torn between him and Daniel Craig ; reportedly Campbell supported Cavill but the producers preferred an older Bond . Craig ultimately landed the role . Despite reports that he was a contender for Batman in Batman Begins , Cavill confirmed that he never auditioned for , nor was offered , the role . He starred in director Joel Schumacher 's horror film , Blood Creek ( 2008 ) , and in 2009 , he had a supporting role in Woody Allen 's comedy film , Whatever Works . Cavill played the lead role of Theseus in Tarsem Singh 's mythological film , Immortals , released 11 November 2011 . In 2012 , Cavill starred , alongside Bruce Willis , in The Cold Light of Day . Cavill at the 2013 San Diego Comic Con , promoting Man of Steel On 30 January 2011 , it was announced that Cavill had been cast in the role of Clark Kent / Superman in director Zack Snyder 's Man of Steel . Snyder called Cavill `` the perfect choice to don the cape and S shield . '' Entertainment media applauded Henry Cavill on his road to success . On being chosen for the role , Cavill commented , `` In the pantheon of superheroes , Superman is the most recognized and revered character of all time , and I am honoured to be a part of his return to the big screen . '' Cavill reprised the role of Superman in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , a 2016 sequel which featured a crossover with Batman and Wonder Woman . Cavill will reprise the role of Superman for the upcoming Justice League film . According to his new manager Dany Garcia , Cavill is working on a new standalone Superman movie . Cavill is signed onto a psychological thriller Nomis alongside Alexandra Daddario and Sir Ben Kingsley , which began filming on February 25th 2017 in Winnipeg , Canada . Cavill has also signed onto Mission : Impossible 6 . Cavill has expressed interest in taking over the role of James Bond when Daniel Craig gives it up . He co-starred with Armie Hammer in the film version of spy series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. , after Tom Cruise had to drop out to work on Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation . He appeared at the San Diego Comic - Con in disguise to surprise the cast of Suicide Squad . In the media ( edit ) Cavill was named one of GQ 's 50 best dressed British men in 2012 . In December 2013 , Cavill was named `` World 's Sexiest Man '' by British Glamour magazine . The same year , Empire magazine placed him third on their list of `` The 100 Sexiest Movie Stars 2013 '' . In early 2008 , Cavill became the face of the British fragrance Dunhill . A television commercial for the brand featured a suited - up Cavill walking through the Union Jack , before mounting a helicopter . A second television commercial featured Cavill driving a car through a deserted London at night , and meeting with a young woman . In August 2014 , Cavill took part in an Ice Bucket Challenge in support of the ALS Association , where he was soaked with six large buckets of water ( doing the challenge in his full Superman costume ) . Charity work ( edit ) Cavill is a spokesman for the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust , and an ambassador for The Royal Marines Charity . He launched the running phase of the Royal Marines 1664 Challenge and took part in The Gibraltar Rock Run 2014 . Personal life ( edit ) Cavill was engaged to English showjumper Ellen Whitaker , however they split in 2012 . Cavill lives in South Kensington , London . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Laguna Thomas Aprea 2002 The Count of Monte Cristo Albert Mondego 2003 I Capture the Castle Stephen Colley 2005 Hellraiser : Hellworld Mike 2006 Tristan & Isolde Melot 2006 Red Riding Hood The Hunter 2007 Stardust Humphrey 2009 Whatever Works Randy Lee James 2009 Blood Creek Evan Marshall 2011 Immortals Theseus 2012 The Cold Light of Day Will Shaw 2013 Man of Steel Kal - El / Clark Kent / Superman 2015 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Napoleon Solo 2016 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Clark Kent / Superman 2017 Sand Castle Captain Syverson 2017 Justice League Clark Kent / Superman Post-production 2018 Nomis Marshall Post-production 2018 Mission : Impossible 6 Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 Inspector Lynley Mysteries , The The Inspector Lynley Mysteries Chas Quilter Episode : `` Well - Schooled in Murder '' 2002 Goodbye , Mr. Chips Soldier Colley Television film 2003 Midsomer Murders Simon Mayfield Episode : `` The Green Man '' 2007 -- 2010 Tudors , The The Tudors Charles Brandon 38 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Organization Award Work Result 2012 NewNowNext Award Cause You 're Hot The Tudors Nominated 2013 Cause You 're Hot Man of Steel Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Nominated Choice Liplock ( shared with Amy Adams ) Nominated 2014 Critics ' Choice Movie Award Best Actor in an Action Movie Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Hero Won 2016 Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Nominated Choice Liplock ( shared with Amy Adams ) Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Nominated Favorite Butt - Kicker Nominated Favorite Frenemies ( shared with Ben Affleck ) Nominated Razzie Awards Worst Actor Nominated Worst Screen Combo ( shared with Ben Affleck ) Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill Gets Real About the Financial Perks of Being an Actor : ' I 'm Not Just Doing This for the Art ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill & Ben Affleck visit EJ , Charles , Kenny & Shaq on TNT NBA Tip - Off '' . Jump up ^ `` Why Superman Can Be Played By A British Actor , According To Henry Cavill '' . Jump up ^ `` Another British superhero : Henry Cavill to play Superman '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill , Part 1 - The Tonight Show with Jay Leno '' . 7 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill - Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Things About ... Henry Cavill '' . Digital Spy. 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill Biography '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Tudors Interview . '' Filmed interview . Retrieved 18 February 2011 Jump up ^ Svetkey , Benjamin , `` Must List 2009 : TV . '' Entertainment Weekly 26 June 2009 . Print . Retrieved 18 February 2011 from Entertainment Weekly online , ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Jeff `` Doc '' . `` Superman Soars Again . '' Entertainment Weekly 25 February 2011 : 54 -- 57 . Print . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh . `` ' Tudors ' Star Henry Cavill Was So Close To Playing Superman , He Even Wore The Cape ! '' . MTV , 6 May 2009 . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill for Cedric Diggory . '' Henry Cavill at IntenseVibe.org . IntenseVibe , 22 February 2008 . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ Morris , W.M. `` Interview : Twilight author Stephenie Meyer . '' A Motley Vision ... A Motley Vision , 26 Oct. 2005 . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 ^ Jump up to : Meyer , Stephenie . `` Twilight the Movie ( archives ) . '' . stepheniemeyer.com . The Official Website of Stephenie Meyer , 7 July 2007 . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill Talks Twilight '' . By Josh Horowitz . MTV Movies . Filmed interview . Retrieved 19 February 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Cavill Interview . '' Filmed interview . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` David Arnold discusses screentesting the new James Bond , and Daniel Craig 's competition . '' MI6 . MI6 , 22 March 2007 . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' Whatever ' makes Henry Cavill tick '' . USA Today . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( 17 May 2010 ) . `` First Look : Tarsem Singh 's ' Immortals ' Epic with Henry Cavill '' . firstshowing.net First Showing . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill to Play Superman '' . superherohype.com . SuperHeroHype. 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Venutolo , Anthony ( 30 January 2011 ) . `` Henry Cavill cast as Superman in Zack Snyder 's reboot '' . NJ . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` ' Superman ' Star Henry Cavill Will Be ' Amazing ' , Christopher Nolan Says '' . MTV . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` ' Superman ' Star Henry Cavill Had Long Road To Landing The Role '' . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill : The Next Superman '' . CBSNews.com / CelebrityCircuit . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Bettinger , Brendan . `` Henry Cavill is SUPERMAN ! '' . Collider . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman vs Superman : first pictures from the film '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot to Play Wonder Woman in ' Batman vs. Superman ' '' . Variety . 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pictures Pushes Batman vs. Superman Back to 2016 '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` DWAYNE JOHNSON 'S ROCK : MEET DANY GARCIA , THE WOMAN BEHIND HOLLYWOOD 'S HIGHEST EARNER '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ http://www.chrisd.ca/2017/02/10/sir-ben-kingsley-henry-cavill-nomis-winnipeg/ Jump up ^ Wilding , Josh . `` JUSTICE LEAGUE Star Henry Cavill Joins Tom Cruise In MISSION : IMPOSSIBLE 6 '' . ComicBookMovie . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Superman star keen to try Bond '' . 3 News NZ. 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man of Steel ' star Henry Cavill needs nerves of steel '' . Jump up ^ Patricia Didelot ( 5 June 2013 ) . `` Henry Cavill Confirms His Role In ' The Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' And Shares More About ' Man Of Steel ' '' . Inquisitr.com . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From ' Man of Steel ' to ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' Inquirer Entertainment '' . Entertainment.inquirer.net. 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Henry Cavill makes surprising visit to San Diego Comic - on '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tinie Tempah and Mario Balotelli GQ 's best dressed men '' . BBC . 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill voted world 's sexiest man in Glamour poll '' . BBC . 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 3 . Henry Cavill - The 100 Sexiest Movie Stars 2013 '' . Empire . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dunhill London . ' . Dunhill . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Dunhill London Fragrance with Henry Cavill . '' . Television ad . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill -- Dunhill Black . '' . Television ad . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ Olivia B. Waxman ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` Superman Proves He 's Superman By Hardly Wincing During The Ice Bucket Challenge '' . Time . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirsty McCormack ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` He really is Superman ! Henry Cavill gets drenched several times in Ice Bucket Challenge '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ David Crow ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` Henry Cavill And Amy Adams Take The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge As Superman and Lois Lane '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Superman actor Cavill joins wildlife trust '' . 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man of Steel ' Henry Cavill launches the Royal Marines 1664 Challenge '' . YouTube . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man of Steel ' Henry Cavill joins fundraisers and Gibraltarians to celebrate a very important birthday '' . rmctf.org.uk . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Showjumper Ellen Whitaker splits from Superman Henry Cavill as he heads to Hollywood '' . Jump up ^ `` Why Henry Cavill is more Clark Kent than Superman '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill Gets Real About the Financial Perks of Being an Actor : ' I 'm Not Just Doing This for the Art ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill on Batman v Superman , Dunhill suits and stockbroking '' . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NewNowNext Awards Nominees -- Cause You 're Hot '' . NewNowNext Awards . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Nominees -- Cause You 're Hot '' . NewNowNext Awards . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 : Full Nominees and Winners List '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Cavill . Henry Cavill on IMDb Preceded by Brandon Routh Actor to portray Clark Kent / Superman 2013 - present Succeeded by Tyler Hoechlin VIAF : 163733385 LCCN : no2008178715 ISNI : 0000 0001 1483 2439 GND : 141252286 SUDOC : 134013603 BNF : cb16587284m ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Cavill&oldid=801722335 '' Categories : 1983 births 21st - century British male actors British expatriate male actors in the United States British male film actors British male television actors British people of English descent British people of Irish descent British people of Scottish descent Jersey male actors Living people People educated at Stowe School People from Saint Saviour , Jersey Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use British English from July 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar मैथिली მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 12 : 39 . 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9133458603689503538	I Just Want to Be Your Everything	I Just Want to Be Your Everything - wikipedia I Just Want to Be Your Everything `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' Single by Andy Gibb from the album Flowing Rivers B - side `` In the End '' Released April 1977 Format 7 '' Recorded Criteria Studios , Miami , Florida October 1976 Genre Disco Length 3 : 45 ( album version ) 3 : 32 ( single edit ) Label RSO Songwriter ( s ) Barry Gibb Producer ( s ) Gibb - Galuten - Richardson Andy Gibb singles chronology `` Words and Music '' ( 1975 ) `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' ( 1977 ) `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' ( 1977 ) `` Words and Music '' ( 1975 ) `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' ( 1977 ) `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' ( 1977 ) `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' is a song recorded by Andy Gibb , initially released in 1977 . It reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks , starting on the week ending 30 July 1977 , and again for the week ending 17 September 1977 . It was Gibb 's first single released in the United Kingdom and United States . His previous single , `` Words and Music '' was only released in Australia . It is ranked number 26 on Billboard 's 55th anniversary All Time Top 100 list . The song became a gold record . Contents 1 Writing and recording 2 Release 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 All - time charts 5 Connie Smith 's version 5.1 Chart performance 6 Other versions 7 References 8 External links Writing and recording ( edit ) `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' was written by Barry Gibb in Bermuda as well as `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' with Andy Gibb credited as co-writer on the latter . It was recorded in October 1976 ; the sessions were produced mainly by Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson and with Barry on this track and `` ( Love Is ) Thicker than Water '' ; Galuten also played keyboards and piano . Eagles guitarist Joe Walsh contributed guitar on this song . The track is a fairly dramatic love song , with the singer declaring his unending passion and stating that without her , he would die . Andy reveals , `` ' I Just Want to Be Your Everything ' was one of the most meaningful of all form , you know '' . He later recalls on Barry Gibb 's writing style : `` So , once we discussed it all and got the deal together , me and Barry locked ourselves in a bedroom and Barry just started writing . When Barry writes , it is very hard to collaborate with him , because he is so quick . And before I knew it he was starting to do the chorus of ( ' I Just Want to Be Your Everything ' ) , and I thought , ' Wow what a hook ! ' . He 's an expert at his craft . Within about 20 minutes , he 'd written a number one record ; and then we went right into another one , ( ' ( Love Is ) Thicker than Water ' ) Two mixes were prepared for the song , the more popular mix was released on the album & as the single version and the earlier mix was used for promotional uses . The promotional version had an additional keyboard that at times competed with the lead vocal . The drummer 's high - hat count during both breakdowns was completely mixed out and Gibb 's harmony vocal is more prevalent during add - libs . Release ( edit ) The song spent a cumulative four weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song first reached the top of the chart on July 30 for the first of three consecutive weeks . Then , The Emotions went to No. 1 with `` Best of My Love '' on August 20 for the first of four straight weeks . However , the song maintained strong popularity , remaining in the Top 10 before returning to No. 1 for one final week on September 17 . `` Everything '' then fell out of the top spot for good , being replaced once again by `` Best of My Love . '' The song spent a then record sixteen weeks in the top ten of the Billboard chart , a record it would hold until The Bee Gees spent seventeen weeks in the top ten with their song `` How Deep is Your Love '' starting near the end of 1977 . `` I Just Want to be Your Everything '' was Gibb 's longest - running chart single . It enjoyed one of the longest runs in the Billboard Hot 100 to that time ; its 31 - week run spanned from the end of April through the end of November . Billboard ranked it as the No. 2 song for 1977 . The song also appeared on the Soul Singles chart , peaking at number 19 . The song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male at the 20th Grammy Awards . Personnel ( edit ) Andy Gibb -- vocals Barry Gibb -- background and harmony vocals Joey Murcia -- electric guitar Joe Walsh -- electric guitar Paul Harris -- keyboards Albhy Galuten -- synthesizer Harold Cowart -- bass Ron Ziegler -- drums Nelson `` Flaco '' Padrón -- percussion Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 - 78 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Brazilian Singles Chile Singles Canada ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 24 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 26 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 8 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles 19 US Cash Box US Radio & Records US Record World Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Australia Canada New Zealand 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening 21 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Rank US Billboard Hot 100 29 Connie Smith 's version ( edit ) `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' Single by Connie Smith from the album New Horizons Released October 1977 Format 7 '' Recorded 1977 Genre Country , Country pop Length 3 : 16 Label Monument Records Songwriter ( s ) Barry Gibb Connie Smith singles chronology `` Coming Around '' ( 1977 ) `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' ( 1977 ) `` Lovin ' You Baby '' ( 1978 ) `` Coming Around '' ( 1977 ) `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' ( 1977 ) `` Lovin ' You Baby '' ( 1978 ) The best - known cover version of `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' was recorded by American country music artist Connie Smith . Released in the autumn of 1977 , Smith 's version , according to AMG reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine , was `` relatively faithful '' to Gibb 's version and -- given its disco - influenced sound -- also a departure from her honky - tonk songs of the 1960s and early 1970s . `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' peaked at # 14 on Billboard Magazine 's Hot Country Songs chart in 1978 , becoming her last significant hit , as her further hits for Monument Records , such as `` Lovin ' You Baby '' and `` They 'll Never Be Another for Me , '' peaked in progressively lower positions on the country chart between 1978 and 1979 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot Country Singles 14 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 23 Other versions ( edit ) Bunny Maloney recorded this song in a reggae version in 1979 , produced by Harry Mudie on Gull Records , released only in the United Kingdom backed by `` Ethiopia '' . Thea Austin recorded this song ( 1997 ) , on the single release includes the extended mix , club dub , Irene Eats Thunderpass Dub ( mixed by DJ Irene and Thunderpuss ) and Barry Harris Tribal Trip ( mixed by Barry Harris ) on Priority Records . Kimberley Locke of American Idol covered this song during season 2 , for the Bee Gees themed week ( Top 4 ) . Jason Castro of American Idol covered this song during season 7 , for the 70s themed week . In the early 80 's , Cuban duet Maggie Carlés and Luis Nodal ( Maggie y Luis ) covered the song under the name `` Solo por ti '' ( Only for you ) , keeping the rhythm , but with different lyrics written by them . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2 August 2012 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Island Ignited Bee Gees ' Musical `` Fever '' `` . Bernews . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Joseph . `` Gibb Songs : 1976 '' . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Gibb - I Just Want to Be Your Everything Songfacts '' . Songfacts . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Andrew . The Bee Gees - Tales of the Brothers Gibb . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 ) Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1977 Jump up ^ David Kent ( 1993 ) . Australian Charts Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book Pty Ltd , Turramurra , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songs Written by the Gibb Family on the International Charts '' ( PDF ) . brothergibb.org . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CAN Charts > Andy Gibb '' . RPM . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Gibb - I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' . chart.org.nz . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Gibb Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Gibb - Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Gibb - Chart History on the Adult Contemporary Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Charts > Andy Gibb '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cashbox Magazine : July 30 , 1977 '' . Cashbox . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1977 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1977 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1977 / Top 100 Songs of 1977 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Easy Listening Charts Singles '' . Billboard Magazine . 24 December 1977 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Erlewine , Stephen Thomas , Greatest Hits on Monument by Connie Smith , Allmusic Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc . pp. 387 -- 388 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Search results for `` Connie Smith '' `` . RPM . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bunny Maloney -- I Just Want To Be Your Everything '' . Discogs . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thea Austin -- I Just Want To Be Your Everything '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Andy Gibb Studio albums Flowing Rivers Shadow Dancing After Dark Singles `` Words and Music '' `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' `` Shadow Dancing '' `` An Everlasting Love '' `` ( Our Love ) Do n't Throw it All Away '' `` Why '' `` Desire '' `` I Ca n't Help It '' `` Time Is Time '' `` Me ( Without You ) '' `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' Compilations Andy Gibb 's Greatest Hits Andy Gibb ( Hits Collection ) 20th Century Masters - The Millennium Collection Mythology Other songs `` Warm Ride '' `` Rest Your Love on Me '' `` Arrow Through the Heart '' Related articles Bee Gees RSO Records Polydor Records Solid Gold ( TV series ) Warner Music Group Universal Music Group Book Portal Connie Smith singles Albums Singles 1960s 1964 `` Once a Day '' 1965 `` Then and Only Then '' `` I Ca n't Remember '' `` If I Talk to Him '' 1966 `` Nobody But a Fool ( Would Love You ) '' `` Ai n't Had No Lovin ' '' `` The Hurtin 's All Over '' 1967 `` I 'll Come Runnin ' '' `` Cincinnati , Ohio '' `` Burning a Hole in My Mind '' `` Baby 's Back Again '' 1968 `` Run Away Little Tears '' `` Cry , Cry , Cry '' 1969 `` Ribbon of Darkness '' `` Young Love '' ( with Nat Stuckey ) `` You and Your Sweet Love '' 1970s 1970 `` I Never Once Stopped Loving You '' `` Louisiana Man '' `` Where Is My Castle '' 1971 `` Just One Time '' `` I 'm Sorry If My Love Got in Your Way '' 1972 `` Just for What I Am '' `` If It Ai n't Love ( Let 's Leave It Alone ) '' `` Love Is the Look You 're Looking For '' 1973 `` Ai n't Love a Good Thing '' `` I Never Knew ( What That Song Meant Before ) '' `` I 've Got My Baby on My Mind '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' 1976 `` ( Till ) I Kissed You '' `` So Sad ( To Watch Good Love Go Bad ) '' `` I Do n't Wanna Talk It Over Anymore '' 1977 `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' 1980s 1985 `` A Far Cry from You '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Just_Want_to_Be_Your_Everything&oldid=861372052 '' Categories : 1977 singles Songs written by Barry Gibb Andy Gibb songs Connie Smith songs Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles RSO Records singles Monument Records singles 1976 songs Disco songs Funk songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2018 , at 23 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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6929164560067838119	Camel	Camel - wikipedia Camel This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Camel ( disambiguation ) . Camel Dromedary ( Camelus dromedarius ) Bactrian camel ( Camelus bactrianus ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Family : Camelidae Tribe : Camelini Genus : Camelus Linnaeus , 1758 Species Camelus bactrianus Camelus dromedarius Camelus ferus † Camelus gigas ( fossil ) † Camelus moreli ( fossil ) † Camelus sivalensis ( fossil ) Synonyms List ( show ) Camellus Molina , 1782 Dromedarius Gloger , 1841 A camel is an even - toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as `` humps '' on its back . Camels have long been domesticated and , as livestock , they provide food ( milk and meat ) and textiles ( fiber and felt from hair ) . As working animals , camels -- who are uniquely suited to their desert habitats -- are a vital means of transport for passengers and cargo . There are three surviving species of camel . The one - humped dromedary makes up 94 % of the world 's camel population , and the two - humped Bactrian camel makes up the remainder . The Wild Bactrian camel is a separate species and is now critically endangered . The word camel is derived via Latin : camelus and Greek : κάμηλος ( kamēlos ) from Hebrew or Phoenician : gāmāl . Used informally , `` camel '' ( or , more correctly , `` camelid '' ) refers to any of the seven members of the family Camelidae : the dromedary , the Bactrian , and the wild Bactrian ( the true camels ) plus the llama , the alpaca , the guanaco , and the vicuña ( the `` New World '' camelids ) . The dromedary ( C. dromedarius ) , also known as the Arabian camel , inhabits the Middle East and the Horn of Africa , while the Bactrian ( C. bactrianus ) inhabits Central Asia , including the historical region of Bactria . The critically endangered wild Bactrian ( C. ferus ) is found only in remote areas of northwest China and Mongolia . An extinct species of camel in the separate genus Camelops , known as C. hesternus , lived in western North America before humans entered the continent at the end of the Pleistocene . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biology 1.1 Ecological and behavioral adaptations 1.2 Genetics 1.3 Evolution 2 Domestication 2.1 Textiles 2.2 Military uses 2.2. 1 19th and 20th centuries 2.3 Food uses 2.3. 1 Dairy 2.3. 2 Meat 2.4 Religion 2.4. 1 Islam 2.4. 2 Judaism 2.5 Depictions in culture 3 Distribution and numbers 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Biology ( edit ) The average life expectancy of a camel is 40 to 50 years . A full - grown adult camel stands 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) at the shoulder and 2.15 m ( 7 ft 1 in ) at the hump . Camels can run at up to 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) in short bursts and sustain speeds of up to 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) . Bactrian camels weigh 300 to 1,000 kg ( 660 to 2,200 lb ) and dromedaries 300 to 600 kg ( 660 to 1,320 lb ) . The widening toes on a camel 's hoof provide supplemental grip for varying soil sediments . The male dromedary camel has an organ called a dulla in its throat , a large , inflatable sac he extrudes from his mouth when in rut to assert dominance and attract females . It resembles a long , swollen , pink tongue hanging out of the side of its mouth . Camels mate by having both male and female sitting on the ground , with the male mounting from behind . The male usually ejaculates three or four times within a single mating session . Camelids are the only ungulates to mate in a sitting position . Ecological and behavioral adaptations ( edit ) Camels do not directly store water in their humps as was once commonly believed . The humps are reservoirs of fatty tissue : concentrating body fat in their humps minimizes the insulating effect fat would have if distributed over the rest of their bodies , helping camels survive in hot climates . When this tissue is metabolized , it yields more than one gram of water for every gram of fat processed . This fat metabolization , while releasing energy , causes water to evaporate from the lungs during respiration ( as oxygen is required for the metabolic process ) : overall , there is a net decrease in water . A camel 's thick coat is one of its many adaptations that aid it in desert - like conditions . Somalia has the world 's largest population of camels . Camels have a series of physiological adaptations that allow them to withstand long periods of time without any external source of water . The dromedary camel can drink as seldom as once every 10 days even under very hot conditions , and can lose up to 30 % of its body mass due to dehydration . Unlike other mammals , camels ' red blood cells are oval rather than circular in shape . This facilitates the flow of red blood cells during dehydration and makes them better at withstanding high osmotic variation without rupturing when drinking large amounts of water : a 600 kg ( 1,300 lb ) camel can drink 200 L ( 53 US gal ) of water in three minutes . Camels are able to withstand changes in body temperature and water consumption that would kill most other animals . Their temperature ranges from 34 ° C ( 93 ° F ) at dawn and steadily increases to 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) by sunset , before they cool off at night again . In general , to compare between camels and the other livestock , camels lose only 1.3 liters of fluid intake every day while the other livestock lose 20 to 40 liters per day ( Breulmann , et al. , 2007 ) Maintaining the brain temperature within certain limits is critical for animals ; to assist this , camels have a rete mirabile , a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other which utilizes countercurrent blood flow to cool blood flowing to the brain . Camels rarely sweat , even when ambient temperatures reach 49 ° C ( 120 ° F ) . Any sweat that does occur evaporates at the skin level rather than at the surface of their coat ; the heat of vaporization therefore comes from body heat rather than ambient heat . Camels can withstand losing 25 % of their body weight to sweating , whereas most other mammals can withstand only about 12 -- 14 % dehydration before cardiac failure results from circulatory disturbance . When the camel exhales , water vapor becomes trapped in their nostrils and is reabsorbed into the body as a means to conserve water . Camels eating green herbage can ingest sufficient moisture in milder conditions to maintain their bodies ' hydrated state without the need for drinking . Domesticated camel calves lying in sternal recumbency , a position that aids heat loss The camels ' thick coats insulate them from the intense heat radiated from desert sand ; a shorn camel must sweat 50 % more to avoid overheating . During the summer the coat becomes lighter in color , reflecting light as well as helping avoid sunburn . The camel 's long legs help by keeping its body farther from the ground , which can heat up to 70 ° C ( 158 ° F ) . Dromedaries have a pad of thick tissue over the sternum called the pedestal . When the animal lies down in a sternal recumbent position , the pedestal raises the body from the hot surface and allows cooling air to pass under the body . Camels ' mouths have a thick leathery lining , allowing them to chew thorny desert plants . Long eyelashes and ear hairs , together with nostrils that can close , form a barrier against sand . If sand gets lodged in their eyes , they can dislodge it using their transparent third eyelid . The camels ' gait and widened feet help them move without sinking into the sand . The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at reabsorbing water . Camels ' kidneys have a 1 : 4 cortex to medulla ratio . Thus medullary part of camel 's kidneys occupy twice as much area as a cow 's kidney . Secondly , renal corpuscles have a smaller diameter , which reduces surface area for filtration . These two major anatomical characteristics enable camel to conserve water and limit the volume of urine in extreme desert conditions . Camel urine comes out as a thick syrup , and camel feces are so dry that they do not require drying when the Bedouins use them to fuel fires . The camels are able to live in difficult conditions without drinking water due to their ability to produce small and dry droppings as well as they use the water to maintain their body 's temperature to fit with the region surrounding them ( Breulmann , et al. , 2007 ) . The camel immune system differs from those of other mammals . Normally , the Y - shaped antibody molecules consist of two heavy ( or long ) chains along the length of the Y , and two light ( or short ) chains at each tip of the Y . Camels , in addition to these , also have antibodies made of only two heavy chains , a trait that makes them smaller and more durable . These `` heavy - chain - only '' antibodies , discovered in 1993 , are thought to have developed 50 million years ago , after camelids split from ruminants and pigs . Genetics ( edit ) Caravan of dromedaries Pyramids of Giza , Egypt The karyotypes of different camelid species have been studied earlier by many groups , but no agreement on chromosome nomenclature of camelids has been reached . A 2007 study flow sorted camel chromosomes , building on the fact that camels have 37 pairs of chromosomes ( 2n = 74 ) , and found that the karyotime consisted of one metacentric , three submetacentric , and 32 acrocentric autosomes . The Y is a small metacentric chromosome , while the X is a large metacentric chromosome . Skull of an F1 hybrid camel Museum of Osteology , Oklahoma The hybrid camel , a hybrid between Bactrian and dromedary camels , has one hump , though it has an indentation 4 -- 12 cm ( 1.6 -- 4.7 in ) deep that divides the front from the back . The hybrid is 2.15 m ( 7 ft 1 in ) at the shoulder and 2.32 m ( 7 ft 7 in ) tall at the hump . It weighs an average of 650 kg ( 1,430 lb ) and can carry around 400 to 450 kg ( 880 to 990 lb ) , which is more than either the dromedary or Bactrian can . According to molecular data , the New World and Old World camelids diverged about 11 million years ago . In spite of this , these species can hybridize and produce viable offspring . The cama is a camel - lama hybrid bred by scientists to see how closely related the parent species are . Scientists collected semen from a camel via an artificial vagina and inseminated a llama after stimulating ovulation with gonadotrophin injections . The cama is halfway in size between a camel and a llama and lacks a hump . It has ears intermediate between those of camels and llamas , longer legs than the llama , and partially cloven hooves . Like the mule , camas are sterile , despite both parents having the same number of chromosomes . The wild Bactrian camel ( C. ferus ) separated from the domestic Bactrian camel ( C. bactrianus ) about 1 million years ago . Evolution ( edit ) Antelope - like ancient camel , Stenomylus The earliest known camel , called Protylopus , lived in North America 40 to 50 million years ago ( during the Eocene ) . It was about the size of a rabbit and lived in the open woodlands of what is now South Dakota . By 35 million years ago , the Poebrotherium was the size of a goat and had many more traits similar to camels and llamas . The hoofed Stenomylus , which walked on the tips of its toes , also existed around this time , and the long - necked Aepycamelus evolved in the Miocene . The direct ancestor of all modern camels , Procamelus , existed in the upper Miocene and lower Pliocene . Around 3 -- 5 million years ago , the North American Camelidae spread to South America as part of the Great American Interchange via the newly formed Isthmus of Panama , where they gave rise to guanacos and related animals , and to Asia via the Bering land bridge . Surprising finds of fossil Paracamelus on Ellesmere Island beginning in 2006 in the high Canadian Arctic indicate the dromedary is descended from a larger , boreal browser whose hump may have evolved as an adaptation in a cold climate . This creature is estimated to have stood around nine feet tall . The last camel native to North America was Camelops hesternus , which vanished along with horses , short - faced bears , mammoths and mastodons , ground sloths , sabertooth cats , and many other megafauna , coinciding with the migration of humans from Asia . Domestication ( edit ) A camel serving as a draft animal Pakistan ( 2009 ) A camel in a ceremonial procession , its rider playing kettledrums Mughal Empire ( c. 1840 ) Petroglyph of a camel Negev , southern Israel ( prior to c. 5300 BC ) `` Joseph Sells Grain '' by Bartholomeus Breenbergh ( 1655 ) ( Note camel with rider , at left ) Like the horse , before their extinction in their native land , camels spread across the Bering land bridge , moving the opposite direction from the Asian immigration to America , to survive in the Old World and eventually be domesticated and spread globally by humans . Most camels surviving today are domesticated . Along with many other megafauna in North America , the original wild camels were wiped out during the spread of Native Americans from Asia into North America , 12,000 to 10,000 years ago . Although feral populations exist in Australia , India and Kazakhstan , the only wild camels left are the wild Bactrian camels of the Gobi Desert . Dromedaries may have first been domesticated by humans in Somalia and southern Arabia , around 3,000 BC , the Bactrian in central Asia around 2,500 BC , as at Shar - i Sokhta ( also known as the Burnt City ) , Iran . Discussions concerning camel domestication in Mesopotamia are often related to mentions of camels in the Hebrew Bible . The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : E-J for instance mentions that `` In accord with patriarchal traditions , cylinder seals from Middle Bronze Age Mesopotamia showed riders seated upon camels . '' Martin Heide 's 2010 work on the domestication of the camel tentatively concludes that the bactrian camel was domesticated by at least the middle of the third millennium somewhere east of the Zagros Mountains , then moving into Mesopotamia , and suggests that mentions of camels `` in the patriarchal narratives may refer , at least in some places , to the Bactrian camel . '' while noting that the camel is not mentioned in relationship to Canaan . Recent excavations in the Timna Valley by Lidar Sapir - Hen and Erez Ben - Yosef discovered what may be the earliest domestic camel bones found in Israel or even outside the Arabian Peninsula , dating to around 930 BC . This garnered considerable media coverage as it was described as evidence that the stories of Abraham , Jacob , Esau , and Joseph were written after this time . The existence of camels in Mesopotamia but not in Israel is not a new idea . The historian Richard Bulliet did not think that the occasional mention of camels meant that the domestic camels were common in the Holy Land at that time . The archaeologist William F. Albright writing even earlier saw camels in the Bible as an anachronism . The official report by Sapir - Hen and Ben - Joseph notes that `` The introduction of the dromedary camel ( Camelus dromedarius ) as a pack animal to the southern Levant ... substantially facilitated trade across the vast deserts of Arabia , promoting both economic and social change ( e.g. , Kohler 1984 ; Borowski 1998 : 112 -- 116 ; Jasmin 2005 ) . This ... has generated extensive discussion regarding the date of the earliest domestic camel in the southern Levant ( and beyond ) ( e.g. , Albright 1949 : 207 ; Epstein 1971 : 558 -- 584 ; Bulliet 1975 ; Zarins 1989 ; Köhler - Rollefson 1993 ; Uerpmann and Uerpmann 2002 ; Jasmin 2005 ; 2006 ; Heide 2010 ; Rosen and Saidel 2010 ; Grigson 2012 ) . Most scholars today agree that the dromedary was exploited as a pack animal sometime in the early Iron Age ( not before the 12th century ( BC ) ) '' and concludes that `` Current data from copper smelting sites of the Aravah Valley enable us to pinpoint the introduction of domestic camels to the southern Levant more precisely based on stratigraphic contexts associated with an extensive suite of radiocarbon dates . The data indicate that this event occurred not earlier than the last third of the 10th century ( BC ) and most probably during this time . The coincidence of this event with a major reorganization of the copper industry of the region -- attributed to the results of the campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I -- raises the possibility that the two were connected , and that camels were introduced as part of the efforts to improve efficiency by facilitating trade . '' Textiles ( edit ) Main article : Camel hair Desert tribes and Mongolian nomads use camel hair for tents , yurts , clothing , bedding and accessories . Camels have outer guard hairs and soft inner down , and the fibers are sorted by color and age of the animal . The guard hairs can be felted for use as waterproof coats for the herdsmen , while the softer hair is used for premium goods . The fiber can be spun for use in weaving or made into yarns for hand knitting or crochet . Pure camel hair is recorded as being used for western garments from the 17th century onwards , and from the 19th century a mixture of wool and camel hair was used . Military uses ( edit ) Main article : Camel cavalry A special BSF camel contingent Republic Day Parade , New Delhi ( 2004 ) `` Camel Corps at Magdhaba '' Egypt , 23 December 1916 by Harold Septimus Power ( 1925 ) By at least 1200 BC , the first camel saddles had appeared , and Bactrian camels could be ridden . The first saddle was positioned to the back of the camel , and control of the Bactrian camel was exercised by means of a stick . However , between 500 -- 100 BC , Bactrian camels attained military use . New saddles , which were inflexible and bent , were put over the humps and divided the rider 's weight over the animal . In the seventh century BC , the military Arabian saddle appeared , which again improved the saddle design slightly . Camel cavalries have been used in wars throughout Africa , the Middle East , and into modern - day Border Security Force of India ( though as of July 2012 , the BSF has planned the replacement of camels with ATVs ) . The first use of camel cavalries was in the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC . Armies have also used camels as freight animals instead of horses and mules . In the East Roman Empire , the Romans used auxiliary forces known as dromedarii , whom they recruited in desert provinces . The camels were used mostly in combat because of their ability to scare off horses at close ranges ( horses are afraid of the camels ' scent ) , a quality famously employed by the Achaemenid Persians when fighting Lydia in the Battle of Thymbra . 19th and 20th centuries ( edit ) A camel caravan of the Bulgarian military during the First Balkan War , 1912 The United States Army established the U.S. Camel Corps , which was stationed in California in the late 19th century . One may still see stables at the Benicia Arsenal in Benicia , California , where they nowadays serve as the Benicia Historical Museum . Though the experimental use of camels was seen as a success ( John B. Floyd , Secretary of War in 1858 , recommended that funds be allocated towards obtaining a thousand more camels ) , the outbreak of the American Civil War saw the end of the Camel Corps : Texas became part of the Confederacy , and most of the camels were left to wander away into the desert . France created a méhariste camel corps in 1912 as part of the Armée d'Afrique in the Sahara in order to exercise greater control over the camel - riding Tuareg and Arab insurgents , as previous efforts to defeat them on foot had failed . The Free French Camel Corps fought during World War II and camel - mounted units remained in service until the end of French rule over Algeria in 1962 . In 1916 , the British created the Imperial Camel Corps . It was originally used to fight the Senussi , but was later used in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I . The Imperial Camel Corps comprised infantrymen mounted on camels for movement across desert , though they dismounted at battle sites and fought on foot . After July 1918 , the Corps began to become run down , receiving no new reinforcements , and was formally disbanded in 1919 . In World War I , the British Army also created the Egyptian Camel Transport Corps , which consisted of a group of Egyptian camel drivers and their camels . The Corps supported British war operations in Sinai , Palestine , and Syria by transporting supplies to the troops . The Somaliland Camel Corps was created by colonial authorities in British Somaliland in 1912 ; it was disbanded in 1944 . Bactrian camels were used by Romanian forces during World War II in the Caucasian region . The Bikaner Camel Corps of British India fought alongside the British Indian Army in World Wars I and II . The Tropas Nómadas ( Nomad Troops ) were an auxiliary regiment of Sahrawi tribesmen serving in the colonial army in Spanish Sahara ( today Western Sahara ) . Operational from the 1930s until the end of the Spanish presence in the territory in 1975 , the Tropas Nómadas were equipped with small arms and led by Spanish officers . The unit guarded outposts and sometimes conducted patrols on camelback . Food uses ( edit ) Dairy ( edit ) Camels at the Khan and old bridge , Lajjun , Palestine ( now in Israel ) - 1870 's drawing A camel calf nursing on camel milk Main article : Camel milk Camel milk is a staple food of desert nomad tribes and is sometimes considered a meal itself ; a nomad can live on only camel milk for almost a month . Camel milk is rich in vitamins , minerals , proteins , and immunoglobulins ; compared to cow 's milk , it is lower in fat and lactose , and higher in potassium , iron , and vitamin C. Bedouins believe the curative powers of camel milk are enhanced if the camel 's diet consists of certain desert plants . Camel milk can readily be made into a drinkable yogurt , as well as butter or cheese , though the yields for cheese tend to be low . Camel milk can not be made into butter by the traditional churning method . It can be made if it is soured first , churned , and a clarifying agent is then added . Until recently , camel milk could not be made into camel cheese because rennet was unable to coagulate the milk proteins to allow the collection of curds . Developing less wasteful uses of the milk , the FAO commissioned Professor J.P. Ramet of the École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires , who was able to produce curdling by the addition of calcium phosphate and vegetable rennet . The cheese produced from this process has low levels of cholesterol and is easy to digest , even for the lactose intolerant . The sale of camel cheese is limited owing to the small output of the few dairies producing camel cheese and the absence of camel cheese in local ( West African ) markets . Cheese imports from countries that traditionally breed camels are difficult to obtain due to restrictions on dairy imports from these regions . Additionally , camel milk has been made into ice cream in a Netherlands camel farm . Meat ( edit ) A Somali camel meat and rice dish . Camel meat pulao , from Pakistan . Camels are the ultimate pillars that support national economies of many developing countries , because they are useful for transport , and provide food in the form of meat and milk ( Tariq et al. , 2010 ) . A camel carcass can provide a substantial amount of meat . The male dromedary carcass can weigh 300 -- 400 kg ( 661 -- 882 lb ) , while the carcass of a male Bactrian can weigh up to 650 kg ( 1,433 lb ) . The carcass of a female dromedary weighs less than the male , ranging between 250 and 350 kg ( 550 and 770 lb ) . The brisket , ribs and loin are among the preferred parts , and the hump is considered a delicacy . The hump contains `` white and sickly fat '' , which can be used to make the khli ( preserved meat ) of mutton , beef , or camel . On the other hand , camel milk and meat are rich in protein , vitamins , glycogen , and other nutrients making them essential in the diet of many people . From chemical composition to meat quality , the dromedary camel is the preferred breed for meat production . It does well even in arid areas due to its unusual physiological behaviors and characteristics , which include tolerance to extreme temperatures , radiation from the sun , water paucity , rugged landscape and low vegetation ( Aleme , 2013 ) . Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef , but older camels can prove to be very tough , although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked . The Abu Dhabi Officers ' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste . In Karachi , Pakistan , some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat . In Syria and Egypt , there are specialist camel butchers . Camel meat has been eaten for centuries . It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia , usually roasted whole . The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel 's heel . Camel meat is still eaten in certain regions , including Eritrea , Somalia , Djibouti , Saudi Arabia , Egypt , Syria , Libya , Sudan , Ethiopia , Kazakhstan , and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history . Camel blood is also consumable , as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya , where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron , vitamin D , salts and minerals . Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine : for example , a camel lasagna is available in Alice Springs . A 2005 report issued jointly by the Saudi Ministry of Health and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details cases of human bubonic plague resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver . Religion ( edit ) Islam ( edit ) Camel meat is halal ( Arabic : حَـلَال ‎ , ' allowed ' ) for Muslims . However , according to some Islamic schools of thought , a state of impurity is brought on by the consumption of it . Consequently , these schools hold that Muslims must perform wudhu ( ablution ) before the next time they pray after eating camel meat . Also , some Islamic schools of thought consider it haram ( Arabic : حَـرَام ‎ , ' forbidden ' ) for a Muslim to perform Salat in places where camels lie , as it is said to be a dwelling place of the Shaytan ( Arabic : شَـيْـطَـان ‎ , ' Devil ' ) . According to Abu Yusuf , the urine of camel may be used for medical treatment if necessary , but according to Abū Ḥanīfah , the drinking of camel urine is discouraged . The Islamic texts contain several stories featuring camels . In the story of the people of Thamud , the Prophet Salih miraculously brings forth a naqat ( Arabic : نَـاقَـة ‎ , ' she - camel ' ) out of a rock . After the Prophet Muhammad migrated from Mecca to Medina , he allowed his she - camel to roam there ; the location where the camel stopped to rest determined the location where he would build his house in Medina . Judaism ( edit ) See also : Food and drink prohibitions According to Jewish tradition , camel meat and milk are not kosher . Camels possess only one of the two kosher criteria ; although they chew their cud , they do not possess cloven hooves : `` But these you shall not eat among those that bring up the cud and those that have a cloven hoof : the camel , because it brings up its cud , but does not have a ( completely ) cloven hoof ; it is unclean for you . '' Depictions in culture ( edit ) Bowl depicting Bahram Gur and Azada , c. early 13th century , Brooklyn Museum Vessel in the form of a recumbent camel with jugs , 250 BC -- 224 AD , Brooklyn Museum Maru Ragini ( Dhola and Maru riding on a camel ) , c. 1750 , Brooklyn Museum The Magi journeying ( Les rois mages en voyage ) - James Tissot , c. 1886 , Brooklyn Museum Distribution and numbers ( edit ) Camels in the Guelta d'Archei , in northeastern Chad There are around 14 million camels alive as of 2010 , with 90 % being dromedaries . Dromedaries alive today are domesticated animals ( mostly living in the Horn of Africa , the Sahel , Maghreb , Middle East and South Asia ) . The Horn region alone has the largest concentration of camels in the world , where the dromedaries constitute an important part of local nomadic life . They provide nomadic people in Somalia ( which has the largest camel herd in the world ) and Ethiopia with milk , food , and transportation . Commercial camel market headcount in 2003 Around 700,000 dromedary camels are now feral in Australia , descended from those introduced as a method of transport in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This population is growing about 8 % per year . Representatives of the Australian government have culled more than 100,000 of the animals in part because the camels use too much of the limited resources needed by sheep farmers . A small population of introduced camels , dromedaries and Bactrians , wandered through Southwestern United States after having been imported in the 19th century as part of the U.S. Camel Corps experiment . When the project ended , they were used as draft animals in mines and escaped or were released . Twenty - five U.S. camels were bought and imported to Canada during the Cariboo Gold Rush . The Bactrian camel is , as of 2010 , reduced to an estimated 1.4 million animals , most of which are domesticated . The Wild Bactrian camel is a separate species and is the only truly wild ( as opposed to feral ) camel in the world . The wild camels are critically endangered and number approximately 1400 , inhabiting the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts in China and Mongolia . See also ( edit ) Animals portal Dromedary Bactrian camel Wild Bactrian camel Camel howdah Camel racing Camel train ( caravan ) Camel wrestling Camelops ( Walmart camel ) Australian feral camel Camel farming in Sudan Camelus moreli Xerocole Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Camelus gigas '' . ZipcodeZoo . BayScience Foundation , Inc . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Falconer , Hugh ( 1868 ) . Palæontological Memoirs and Notes of the Late Hugh Falconer : Fauna antiqua sivalensis . R. Hardwicke . p. 231 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` camel '' . The New Oxford American Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press , Inc. 2005 . 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Jump up ^ Kindersley , Dorling ( 2 June 2008 ) . `` Camels '' . Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life . Penguin . pp. 266 -- 7 . ISBN 9780756682415 . Jump up ^ Singh ; Tomar . Evolutionary Biology ( 8th revised ed . ) . New Delhi : Rastogi Publications . p. 334 . ISBN 9788171336395 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kate Camel fossils discovered in Canada 's Arctic shed light on animal 's evolution Archived 2017 - 09 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , Toronto Star . 5 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rybczynski , Natalia ; Gosse , John C. ; Harington , C. Richard ; Wogelius , Roy A. ; Hidy , Alan J. ; Buckley , Mike ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Mid-Pliocene warm - period deposits in the High Arctic yield insight into camel evolution '' . Nature Communications . 4 ( 3 ) : 1550 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms2516 . PMC 3615376 . PMID 23462993 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Gates , Sara ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` Camel Fossils Found In Arctic Suggest Ancient Creatures Roamed Region 3.5 Million Years Ago '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Worboys , Graeme L. ; Francis , Wendy L. ; Lockwood , Michael ( 30 March 2010 ) . Connectivity Conservation Management : A Global Guide . Earthscan . p. 142 . ISBN 9781844076048 . ^ Jump up to : MacPhee , Ross D.E. ; Sues , Hans - Dieter ( 30 June 1999 ) . Extinctions in Near Time : Causes , Contexts , and Consequences . Springer . pp. 18 , 20 , 26 . ISBN 9780306460920 . Jump up ^ Walker , Matt ( 22 July 2009 ) . `` Wild camels ' genetically unique ' '' . Earth News . BBC . Archived from the original on 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Scarre , Chris ( 15 September 1993 ) . Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World . London : D. Kindersley . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56458 - 305 - 5 . Both the dromedary ( the seven - humped camel of Arabia ) and the Bactrian camel ( the two - humped camel of Central Asia ) had been domesticated since before 2000 BC . Jump up ^ Bulliet , Richard ( 20 May 1990 ) ( 1975 ) . The Camel and the Wheel . Morningside Book Series . Columbia University Press . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 07235 - 9 . As has already been mentioned , this type of utilization ( camels pulling wagons ) goes back to the earliest known period of two - humped camel domestication in the third millennium B.C. -- Note that Bulliet has many more references to early use of camels Jump up ^ `` Near Eastern Archaeology : A Reader '' . Books.google.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hirst , K. Kris . `` Camels '' . About.com Archaeology . Archived from the original on 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Bromiley , ed . Geoffrey W. ( 1982 ) . E -- J ( Fully rev. , ( Nachdr . ) . ed . ) . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans . p. 442 . ISBN 978 - 0802837820 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 29 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bulliet , Richard W. ( 1990 ) . The camel and the wheel ( Morningside ed . ) . New York : Columbia university press . pp. 63 , 64 . ISBN 978 - 0231072342 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Heide , Martin ( 2011 ) . `` The Domestication of the Camel : Biological , Archaeological and Inscriptional Evidence from Mesopotamia , Egypt , Israel and Arabia , and Literary Evidence from the Hebrew Bible '' . Ugarit - Forschungen. 42 : 367 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Hasson , Nir ( Jan 17 , 2014 ) . `` Hump stump solved : Camels arrived in region much later than biblical reference '' . Haaretz . Archived from the original on 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sapir - Hen , Lidar ; Erez Ben - Yosef ( 2013 ) . `` The Introduction of Domestic Camels to the Southern Levant : Evidence from the Aravah Valley '' ( PDF ) . Tel Aviv. 40 : 277 -- 285 . doi : 10.1179 / 033443513x13753505864089 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Dias , Elizabeth ( Feb 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Mystery of the Bible 's Phantom Camels '' . Time . Archived from the original on 15 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Heide , Martin ( 2011 ) . `` The Domestication of the Camel : Biological , Archaeological and Inscriptional Evidence from Mesopotamia , Egypt , Israel and Arabia , and Literary Evidence from the Hebrew Bible '' . Ugarit - Forschungen. 42 : 368 . Jump up ^ Petrie , OJ ( 1995 ) . `` Harvesting of textile animal fibres '' . FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No. 122 . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . ISBN 92 - 5 - 103759 - 0 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumming , Cunnington , Cunnington , Valerie , CW and PE ( 2010 ) . The Dictionary of Fashion History . Oxford : Bloomsbury . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fagan , Brian M , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` Transportation '' . The Seventy Great Inventions of the Ancient World . London : Thames & Hudson . pp. 150 -- 152 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05130 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gabriel , Richard A. ( 2007 ) . Soldiers ' Lives Through History : The Ancient World . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. xvi . ISBN 9780313333484 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Vimal ( 23 July 2012 ) . `` BSF to ditch camels to ride sand scooters '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Gann , Lewis Henry ; Duignan , Peter ( 1972 ) . Africa and the World : An Introduction to the History of Sub-Saharan Africa from Antiquity to 1840 . University Press of America . p. 156 . ISBN 9780761815204 . The camel was acclimatized in Egypt long before the time of Christ and was subsequently adopted by the Berbers of the desert , who used camel cavalry to fight the Romans . The Berbers spread the use of the camel across the Sahara . Jump up ^ Fleming , Walter L. ( February 1909 ) . `` Jefferson Davis 's Camel Experiment '' . The Popular Science Monthly . 74 ( 8 ) . Bonnier Corporation . p. 150 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 04 . Other trials of the camel were made in 1859 by Major D.H. Vinton , who used twenty - four of them in carrying burdens for a surveying party ... All in all , he concluded , the camel was much superior to the mule . ^ Jump up to : Mantz , John ( 20 April 2006 ) . `` Camels in the Cariboo '' . In Basque , Garnet . Frontier Days in British Columbia . Heritage House Publishing Co. pp. 51 -- 54 . ISBN 9781894384018 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Southern , Pat ( 1 October 2007 ) . The Roman Army : A Social and Institutional History . Oxford University Press . p. 123 . ISBN 9780195328783 . Jump up ^ Nicolle , David ( 26 March 1991 ) . The Desert Frontier . Rome 's Enemies. 5 ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . Osprey Publishing . p. 4 . ISBN 9781855321663 . Nevertheless the military prowess of desert peoples impressed the Romans , who recruited large numbers as auxiliary cavalry and archers . In addition to providing the Roman Army with its best archers , the Easterners ( largely Arabs but generally known as ' Syrians ' ) served as Rome 's most effective dromedarii or camel - mounted troops . Jump up ^ Herodotus ( 440 BC ) . The History of Herodotus . Rawlinson , George ( trans . ) . Archived from the original on 1 December 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . He collected together all the camels that had come in the train of his army to carry the provisions and the baggage , and taking off their loads , he mounted riders upon them accoutred as horsemen . These he commanded to advance in front of his other troops against the Lydian horse ; behind them were to follow the foot soldiers , and last of all the cavalry . When his arrangements were complete , he gave his troops orders to slay all the other Lydians who came in their way without mercy , but to spare Croesus and not kill him , even if he should be seized and offer resistance . The reason why Cyrus opposed his camels to the enemy 's horse was because the horse has a natural dread of the camel , and can not abide either the sight or the smell of that animal . By this stratagem he hoped to make Croesus 's horse useless to him , the horse being what he chiefly depended on for victory . The two armies then joined battle , and immediately the Lydian war - horses , seeing and smelling the camels , turned round and galloped off ; and so it came to pass that all Croesus 's hopes withered away . Jump up ^ `` Cameliers and camels at war '' . New Zealand History online . History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 30 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Posts at Benicia '' . The California State Military Museum . Archived from the original on 28 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vitrine N ° 108 ( partie droite ) : LES PELOTONS MEHARISTES '' ( in French ) . Musée de l'infanterie . Archived from the original on 26 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall , Bruce S. ( 6 June 2011 ) . A History of Race in Muslim West Africa , 1600 -- 1960 . Cambridge University Press . p. 143 . ISBN 9781107002876 . Jump up ^ Guillaume , Philippe ( 16 June 2012 ) . `` L'incroyable épopée des méharistes français '' ( The incredible epic of the French méharistes ) . BDSphère ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cameliers and camels at war '' . New Zealand History online . History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 30 August 2009 . pp. 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Woodward , David R. ( 2006 ) . Hell in the Holy Land : World War I in the Middle East . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 36 , 39 , 43 , 56 , 133 . ISBN 9780813123837 . Jump up ^ Murray , Archibald James ( 1920 ) . Sir Archibald Murray 's despatches ( June 1916 -- June 1917 ) . J.M. Dent . p. 123 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 30 . A great deal of the work of supplying the troops on both fronts has been done by the Camel Transport Corps Jump up ^ McGregor , Andrew James ( 30 May 2006 ) . A Military History of Modern Egypt : From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 215 . ISBN 9780275986018 . Jump up ^ Federal Research Division ( 30 June 2004 ) . Somalia a Country Study . Area handbook series ( 3rd ed . ) . Kessinger Publishing . pp. 230 -- 231 . ISBN 9781419147999 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian troops using camels '' . WWII in Color . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jupiter Infomedia Ltd ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` Bikaner Camel Corps , Presidency Armies in British India '' . IndiaNetzone . Jump up ^ Shelley , Toby ( December 2007 ) . `` Sons of the Clouds '' . Red Pepper . Location . Archived from the original on 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hermandad de Veteranos Tropas Nómadas del Sáhara . `` Los Medios '' ( The Means ) . Historia : Agrupación de Tropas Nómadas ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Bulliet , Richard W. ( 1975 ) . The Camel and the Wheel . Columbia University Press . pp. 23 , 25 , 28 , 35 -- 36 , 38 -- 40 . ISBN 9780231072359 . ^ Jump up to : `` Camel Milk '' . Milk & Dairy Products . FAO 's Animal Production and Health Division . 25 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Amazing Benefits of Camel Milk Organic Facts '' . www.organicfacts.net . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fresh from your local drome'dairy ' ? '' . Food and Agriculture Organization . 6 July 2001 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Yagil . Milk Products and Their Uses . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 23 . The belief among the Bedouin of the Sinai Peninsula , is that any internal disease can be cured by drinking camel milk . The milk is said to be of such a strength , and to have such health - giving properties , that all the bacteria are driven from the body . This said to be true only for camels that eat certain shrubs and bushes . The shrubs and bushes are , themselves , used in the preparation of medicines . However , camels which eat straw are said to lose this ability . Jump up ^ Ramet . Camel milk and cheese making . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ramet . Methods of processing camel milk into cheese . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Young , Philippa . `` In Mongolian the Word ' Gobi ' Means ' Desert ' '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . As evening approaches we are offered camel meat boats , dumplings stuffed with a finely chopped mixture of meat and vegetables , followed by camel milk tea and finally , warm fresh camel 's milk to aid digestion and help us sleep . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 16 November 2003 ) . `` Camel cheese could enrich Sahara Desert herder '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Morris Communications LLC . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands ' ' crazy ' camel farmer '' . BBC . 5 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Tariq , M. , Rabia , R. , Jamil , A. , Sakhwat , A. , Aadil , A. , & Muhammad S. , 2010 . Minerals and Nutritional Composition of Camel ( Camelus Dromedarius ) Meat in Pakistan . Journal - Chemical Society of Pakistan , Vol 33 ( 6 ) . ^ Jump up to : Yagil . Camels Products Other Than Milk . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Madame Guinaudeau ( 2003 ) . Traditional Moroccan Cooking : Recipes from Fez . London : Serif . ISBN 1 - 897959 - 43 - 5 . Jump up ^ Aleme , A. , D. , 2013 . A Review of Camel Meat as a Precious Source of Nutrition in some part of Ethiopia . Agricultural Science , Engineering and Technology Research . Vol. 1 , No. 4 , December 2013 , PP : 40 -- 43 . Available online at `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 ... Jump up ^ Rubenstein , Dustin ( 23 July 2010 ) . `` How to Cook Camel '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . He cut the pieces very small and cooked them for a long time . I decided to try something a bit different the following night and cut the pieces a bit bigger and cooked them for less time , as I like my meat rarer than he does . This was a bad idea . It seems that the more you cook camel , the more tender it becomes . So we had what amounted to two pounds or more of rubber for dinner that night . Jump up ^ Arthur , Rick ( 4 January 2012 ) . `` The Instant Expert : camels , the ships of the desert '' . The National . UAE : Abu Dhabi Media . As the meat can be dry , however , the Abu Dhabi Officer 's Club , for one , serves camel burger with beef or lamb fat mixed in , improving texture and taste . Jump up ^ Jasra , Abdel Wahid ; Isani , G.B. ; Camel Applied Research and Development Network ( 2000 ) . Socio - economics of camel herders in Pakistan . The Camel Applied Research and Development Network . p. 164 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Anyone for camel meat ? One hump or two ? Archived 2017 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian , Word of Mouth ^ Jump up to : Sherwood , Andy ( 17 September 2012 ) . `` Camel burgers in Abu Dhabi '' . Time Out Abu Dhabi . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Webster , George ( 9 February 2010 ) . `` Dubai diners flock to eat new ' camel burger ' '' . CNN World . CNN . Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Bin Saeed , Abdulaziz A. ; Al - Hamdan , Nasser A. ; Fontaine , Robert E. ( 2005 ) . `` Plague from eating raw camel liver '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 11 ( 9 ) : 1456 -- 7 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1109. 050081 . PMC 3310619 . PMID 16229781 . ^ Jump up to : `` Book 1 , Number 0184 '' . Purification ( Kitab Al - Taharah ) . Partial Translation of Sunan Abu - Dawud , Book 1 . Center for Muslim - Jewish Engagement . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Narrated Al - Bara ' ibn Azib : The Messenger of Allah ( peace_be_upon_him ) was asked about performing ablution after eating the flesh of the camel . He replied : Perform ablution , after eating it . He was asked about performing ablution after eating meat . He replied : Do not perform ablution after eating it . He was asked about saying prayer in places where the camels lie down . He replied : Do not offer prayer in places where the camels lie down . These are the places of Satan . He was asked about saying prayer in the sheepfolds . He replied : You may offer prayer in such places ; these are the places of blessing . Jump up ^ Williams , John Alden ( 1994 ) . The Word of Islam . University of Texas Press . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 79076 - 6 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Campo , Juan Eduardo ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Islam . Infobase Publishing . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Heinemann , Moshe . `` Cholov Yisroel : Does a Neshama Good '' . Kashrus Kurrents . Star - K. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9912#v=41 Archived 2015 - 02 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Dolby , Karen ( 10 August 2010 ) . You Must Remember This : Easy Tricks & Proven Tips to Never Forget Anything , Ever Again . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 170 . ISBN 9780307716255 . Jump up ^ Abokor , Axmed Cali ( 1987 ) . The Camel in Somali Oral Tradition . Nordic Africa Institute . pp. 7 , 10 -- 11 . ISBN 9789171062697 . Jump up ^ `` Drought threatening Somali nomads , UN humanitarian office says '' . UN News Centre . 14 November 2003 . Archived from the original on 19 November 2011 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . A four - year drought is threatening the lives of Somali nomads , and those of the camel herds on which they depend for transportation and milk Jump up ^ Farah , K.O. ; Nyariki , D.M. ; Ngugi , R.K. ; Noor , I.M. ; Guliye , A.Y. ( 2004 ) . `` The Somali and the Camel : Ecology , Management and Economics '' . Anthropologist. 6 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 55 . Somali pastoralists are a camel community ... There is no other community in the world where the camel plays such a pivotal role in the local economy and culture as in the Somali community . According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO , 1979 ) estimates , there are approximately 15 million dromedary camels in the world Plain text version . Archived 2013 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Saalfeld , W.K. ; Edwards , GP ( 2008 ) . `` Ecology of feral camels in Australia '' . Managing the impacts of feral camels in Australia : a new way of doing business ( DKCRC Report 47 ) . Alice Springs : Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre . ISBN 1 - 74158 - 094 - 3 . ISSN 1832 - 6684 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Pople , A.R. ; McLeod , S.R. ( 2010 ) . `` Demography of feral camels in central Australia and its relevance to population control '' . The Rangeland Journal . 32 : 11 . doi : 10.1071 / RJ09053 . Jump up ^ Tsai , Vivian ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` Australia Culls 100,000 Feral Camels To Limit Environmental Damage , Many More Will Be Killed '' . U.S. Edition . International Business Times . Archived from the original on 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bactrian Camel '' ( PDF ) . Denver Zoo . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hare , J. `` Camelus ferus '' . IUCN Redlist . International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources . Archived from the original on 10 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . References ( edit ) Ramet , J.P. ( 2011 ) . The technology of making cheese from camel milk ( Camelus dromedarius ) . FAO Animal Production and Health Paper . Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . ISBN 92 - 5 - 103154 - 1 . ISSN 0254 - 6019 . OCLC 476039542 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Vannithone , S. ; Davidson , A. ( 1999 ) . `` Camel '' . The Oxford companion to food . Oxford Oxfordshire : Oxford University Press . p. 127 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 211579 - 0 . Camels and Camel Milk . Report Issued by FAO , United Nations . ( 1982 ) Wilson , R.T. ( 1984 ) . The camel . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 77512 - 4 . Yagil , R. ( 1982 ) . Camels and Camel Milk . FAO Animal Production and Health Paper . 26 . Rome : Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations . ISBN 92 - 5 - 101169 - 9 . ISSN 0254 - 6019 . Further reading ( edit ) Gilchrist , W. ( 1851 ) . A Practical Treatise on the Treatment of the Diseases of the Elephant , Camel & Horned Cattle : with instructions for improving their efficiency ; also , a description of the medicines used in the treatment of their diseases ; and a general outline of their anatomy ' . Calcutta : Military Orphan Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camelus . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Camels Wikispecies has information related to Camelus International Society of Camelid Research and Development Six Green Reasons to Drink Camel 's Milk Use of camels by South African police The Camel as a pet Extant Artiodactyla species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria Suborder Ruminantia Antilocapridae Antilocapra Pronghorn ( A. americana ) Giraffidae Okapia Okapi ( O. johnstoni ) Giraffa Northern giraffe ( G. camelopardalis ) Southern giraffe ( G. giraffa ) Reticulated giraffe ( G. reticulata ) Masai giraffe ( G. tippelskirchi ) Moschidae Moschus Anhui musk deer ( M. anhuiensis ) Dwarf musk deer ( M. berezovskii ) Alpine musk deer ( M. chrysogaster ) Kashmir musk deer ( M. cupreus ) Black musk deer ( M. fuscus ) Himalayan musk deer ( M. leucogaster ) Siberian musk deer ( M. moschiferus ) Tragulidae Hyemoschus Water chevrotain ( H. aquaticus ) Moschiola Indian spotted chevrotain ( M. indica ) Yellow - striped chevrotain ( M. kathygre ) Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( M. meminna ) Tragulus Java mouse - deer ( T. javanicus ) Lesser mouse - deer ( T. kanchil ) Greater mouse - deer ( T. napu ) Philippine mouse - deer ( T. nigricans ) Vietnam mouse - deer ( T. versicolor ) Williamson 's mouse - deer ( T. williamsoni ) Cervidae Large family listed below Bovidae Large family listed below Family Cervidae Cervinae Muntiacus Indian muntjac ( M. muntjak ) Reeves 's muntjac ( M. reevesi ) Hairy - fronted muntjac ( M. crinifrons ) Fea 's muntjac ( M. feae ) Bornean yellow muntjac ( M. atherodes ) Roosevelt 's muntjac ( M. rooseveltorum ) Gongshan muntjac ( M. gongshanensis ) Giant muntjac ( M. vuquangensis ) Truong Son muntjac ( M. truongsonensis ) Leaf muntjac ( M. putaoensis ) Sumatran muntjac ( M. montanus ) Pu Hoat muntjac ( M. puhoatensis ) Elaphodus Tufted deer ( E. cephalophus ) Dama Fallow deer ( D. dama ) Persian fallow deer ( D. mesopotamica ) Axis Chital ( A. axis ) Rucervus Barasingha ( R. duvaucelii ) Panolia Eld 's deer ( P. eldii ) Elaphurus Père David 's deer ( E. davidianus ) Hyelaphus Hog deer ( H. porcinus ) Calamian deer ( H. calamianensis ) Bawean deer ( H. kuhlii ) Rusa Sambar deer ( R. unicolor ) Rusa deer ( R. timorensis ) Philippine sambar ( R. mariannus ) Philippine spotted deer ( R. alfredi ) Cervus Red deer ( C. elaphus ) Elk ( C. canadensis ) Thorold 's deer ( C. albirostris ) Sika deer ( C. nippon ) Capreolinae Alces Moose ( A. alces ) Hydropotes Water deer ( H. inermis ) Capreolus Roe deer ( C. capreolus ) Siberian roe deer ( C. pygargus ) Rangifer Reindeer ( R. tarandus ) Hippocamelus Taruca ( H. antisensis ) South Andean deer ( H. bisulcus ) Mazama Red brocket ( M. americana ) Small red brocket ( M. bororo ) Merida brocket ( M. bricenii ) Dwarf brocket ( M. chunyi ) Gray brocket ( M. gouazoubira ) Pygmy brocket ( M. nana ) Amazonian brown brocket ( M. nemorivaga ) Yucatan brown brocket ( M. pandora ) Little red brocket ( M. rufina ) Central American red brocket ( M. temama ) Ozotoceros Pampas deer ( O. bezoarticus ) Blastocerus Marsh deer ( B. dichotomus ) Pudu Northern pudú ( P. mephistophiles ) Southern pudú ( P. pudu ) Odocoileus White - tailed deer ( O. virginianus ) Mule deer ( O. hemionus ) Family Bovidae Cephalophinae Cephalophus Abbott 's duiker ( C. spadix ) Aders 's duiker ( C. adersi ) Bay duiker ( C. dorsalis ) Black duiker ( C. niger ) Black - fronted duiker ( C. nigrifrons ) Brooke 's duiker ( C. brookei ) Harvey 's duiker ( C. harveyi ) Jentink 's duiker ( C. jentinki ) Ogilby 's duiker ( C. ogilbyi ) Peters 's duiker ( C. callipygus ) Red - flanked duiker ( C. rufilatus ) Red forest duiker ( C. natalensis ) Ruwenzori duiker ( C. rubidis ) Weyns 's duiker ( C. weynsi ) White - bellied duiker ( C. leucogaster ) White - legged duiker ( C. crusalbum ) Yellow - backed duiker ( C. Sylvicultor ) Zebra duiker ( C. zebra ) Philantomba Blue duiker ( P. monticola ) Maxwell 's duiker ( P. maxwellii ) Walter 's duiker ( P. walteri ) Sylvicapra Common duiker ( S. grimmia ) Hippotraginae Hippotragus Roan antelope ( H. equinus ) Sable antelope ( H. niger ) Oryx East African oryx ( O. beisa ) Scimitar oryx ( O. dammah ) Gemsbok ( O. gazella ) Arabian oryx ( O. leucoryx ) Addax Addax ( A. nasomaculatus ) Reduncinae Kobus Upemba lechwe ( K. anselli ) Waterbuck ( K. ellipsiprymnus ) Kob ( K. kob ) Lechwe ( K. leche ) Nile lechwe ( K. megaceros ) Puku ( K. vardonii ) Redunca Southern reedbuck ( R. arundinum ) Mountain reedbuck ( R. fulvorufula ) Bohor reedbuck ( R. redunca ) Aepycerotinae Aepyceros Impala ( A. melampus ) Peleinae Pelea Grey rhebok ( P. capreolus ) Alcelaphinae Beatragus Hirola ( B. hunteri ) Damaliscus Topi ( D. korrigum ) Common tsessebe ( D. lunatus ) Bontebok ( D. pygargus ) Bangweulu tsessebe ( D. superstes ) Alcelaphus Hartebeest ( A. buselaphus ) Red hartebeest ( A. caama ) Lichtenstein 's hartebeest ( A. lichtensteinii ) Connochaetes Black wildebeest ( C. gnou ) Blue wildebeest ( C. taurinus ) Pantholopinae Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Caprinae Large subfamily listed below Bovinae Large subfamily listed below Antilopinae Large subfamily listed below Family Bovidae ( subfamily Caprinae ) Ammotragus Barbary sheep ( A. lervia ) Budorcas Takin ( B. taxicolor ) Capra Wild goat ( C. aegagrus ) Domestic goat ( C. aegagrus hircus ) West Caucasian tur ( C. caucasia ) East Caucasian tur ( C. cylindricornis ) Markhor ( C. falconeri ) Alpine ibex ( C. ibex ) Nubian ibex ( C. nubiana ) Spanish ibex ( C. pyrenaica ) Siberian ibex ( C. sibirica ) Walia ibex ( C. walie ) Capricornis Japanese serow ( C. crispus ) Taiwan serow ( C. swinhoei ) Sumatran serow ( C. sumatraensis ) Mainland serow ( C. milneedwardsii ) Red serow ( C. rubidusi ) Himalayan serow ( C. thar ) Hemitragus Nilgiri tahr ( H. hylocrius ) Arabian tahr ( H. jayakari ) Himalayan tahr ( H. jemlahicus ) Naemorhedus Red goral ( N. baileyi ) Long - tailed goral ( N. caudatus ) Himalayan goral ( N. goral ) Chinese goral ( N. griseus ) Oreamnos Mountain goat ( O. americanus ) Ovibos Muskox ( O. moschatus ) Ovis Argali ( O. ammon ) Domestic sheep ( O. aries ) Bighorn sheep ( O. canadensis ) Dall sheep ( O. dalli ) Mouflon ( O. musimon ) Snow sheep ( O. nivicola ) Urial ( O. orientalis ) Pseudois Bharal ( P. nayaur ) Dwarf blue sheep ( P. schaeferi ) Rupicapra Pyrenean chamois ( R. pyrenaica ) Chamois ( R. rupicapra ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Bovinae ) Boselaphini Tetracerus Four - horned antelope ( T. quadricornis ) Boselaphus Nilgai ( B. tragocamelus ) Bovini Bubalus Water buffalo ( B. bubalis ) Wild Water Buffalo ( B. arnee ) Lowland anoa ( B. depressicornis ) Mountain anoa ( B. quarlesi ) Tamaraw ( B. mindorensis ) Bos Banteng ( B. javanicus ) Gaur ( B. gaurus ) Gayal ( B. frontalis ) Domestic yak ( B. grunniens ) Wild yak ( B. mutus ) Cattle ( B. taurus ) Kouprey ( B. sauveli ) Pseudonovibos Kting voar ( P. spiralis ) Pseudoryx Saola ( P. nghetinhensis ) Syncerus African buffalo ( S. caffer ) Bison American bison ( B. bison ) European bison ( B. bonasus ) Tragelaphini Tragelaphus ( including kudus ) Sitatunga ( T. spekeii ) Nyala ( T. angasii ) Kéwel ( T. scriptus ) Cape bushbuck ( T. sylvaticus ) Mountain nyala ( T. buxtoni ) Lesser kudu ( T. imberbis ) Greater kudu ( T. strepsiceros ) Bongo ( T. eurycerus ) Taurotragus Common eland ( T. oryx ) Giant eland ( T. derbianus ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Antilopinae ) Antilopini Ammodorcas Dibatag ( A. clarkei ) Antidorcas Springbok ( A. marsupialis ) Antilope Blackbuck ( A. cervicapra ) Eudorcas Mongalla gazelle ( E. albonotata ) Red - fronted gazelle ( E. rufifrons ) Thomson 's gazelle ( E. thomsonii ) Heuglin 's gazelle ( E. tilonura ) Gazella Mountain gazelle ( G. gazella ) Neumann 's gazelle ( G. erlangeri ) Speke 's gazelle ( G. spekei ) Dorcas gazelle ( G. dorcas ) Chinkara ( G. bennettii ) Cuvier 's gazelle ( G. cuvieri ) Rhim gazelle ( G. leptoceros ) Goitered gazelle ( G. subgutturosa ) Litocranius Gerenuk ( L. walleri ) Nanger Dama gazelle ( N. dama ) Grant 's gazelle ( N. granti ) Soemmerring 's gazelle ( N. soemmerringii ) Procapra Mongolian gazelle ( P. gutturosa ) Goa ( P. picticaudata ) Przewalski 's gazelle ( P. przewalskii ) Saigini Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Saiga Saiga antelope ( S. tatarica ) Neotragini Dorcatragus Beira ( D. megalotis ) Madoqua Günther 's dik - dik ( M. guentheri ) Kirk 's dik - dik ( M. kirkii ) Silver dik - dik ( M. piacentinii ) Salt 's dik - dik ( M. saltiana ) Neotragus Bates 's pygmy antelope ( N. batesi ) Suni ( N. moschatus ) Royal antelope ( N. pygmaeus ) Oreotragus Klipspringer ( O. oreotragus ) Ourebia Oribi ( O. ourebi ) Raphicerus Steenbok ( R. campestris ) Cape grysbok ( R. melanotis ) Sharpe 's grysbok ( R. sharpei ) Suborder Suina Suidae Babyrousa Buru babirusa ( B. babyrussa ) North Sulawesi babirusa ( B. celebensis ) Togian babirusa ( B. togeanensis ) Hylochoerus Giant forest hog ( H. meinertzhageni ) Phacochoerus Desert warthog ( P. aethiopicus ) Common warthog ( P. africanus ) Porcula Pygmy hog ( P. salvania ) Potamochoerus Bushpig ( P. larvatus ) Red river hog ( P. porcus ) Sus ( Pigs ) Palawan bearded pig ( S. ahoenobarbus ) Bornean bearded pig ( S. barbatus ) Indo - chinese warty pig ( S. bucculentus ) Visayan warty pig ( S. cebifrons ) Celebes warty pig ( S. celebensis ) Flores warty pig ( S. heureni ) Oliver 's warty pig ( S. oliveri ) Philippine warty pig ( S. philippensis ) Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Timor warty pig ( S. timoriensis ) Javan warty pig ( S. verrucosus ) Tayassuidae Tayassu White - lipped peccary ( T. pecari ) Catagonus Chacoan peccary ( C. wagneri ) Pecari Collared peccary ( P. tajacu ) Giant peccary ( P. maximus ) ( hide ) Suborder Tylopoda Camelidae Lama Llama ( L. glama ) Guanaco ( L. guanicoe ) Vicugna Vicuña ( V. vicugna ) Alpaca ( V. pacos ) Camelus Dromedary ( C. dromedarius ) Bactrian camel ( C. bactrianus ) Wild Bactrian camel ( C. ferus ) Whippomorpha ( unranked clade ) Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus Hippopotamus ( H. amphibius ) Choeropsis Pygmy hippopotamus ( C. liberiensis ) Camelids Afro - Asiatic Camelids Bactrian Camel Dromedary Wild Bactrian camel South American Camelids Alpaca Chilihueque Guanaco Llama Vicuña Hybrid Cama Bukht Huarizo ( hide ) Meat Main articles Entomophagy Fish Game Livestock Meat Poultry Seafood Poultry and game Alligator Bear Chicken Crocodile Duck Goose Grouse Kangaroo Monkey Ostrich Partridge Pheasant Bat Pigeon Quail Rabbit Seal Snake Turkey Turtle Venison Livestock and minilivestock Beef Bison Black soldier fly maggots Buffalo Camel Cat Crickets Dog Elephant Frog Goat Grasshoppers Guinea pig Horse Lamb and mutton Llama Mealworm Silkworm Mopane worm Palm grub Pork Veal Yak Fish and seafood Abalone Anchovy Basa Bass Calamari Carp Catfish Cod Crab Crappie Crayfish Dolphin Eel Flounder Grouper Haddock Halibut Herring Kingfish Lobster Mackerel Mahi Mahi Marlin Milkfish Mussel Octopus Orange roughy Oyster Pacific saury Perch Pike Pollock Salmon Sardine Scallop Shark Shrimp / prawn Sole Swai Swordfish Tilapia Trout Tuna Sea urchin Walleye Whale Cuts and preparation Aged Bacon Barbecued Braised Burger Charcuterie Chop Corned Cured Cutlet Dried Dum Fillet / Supreme Fried Ground Ham Kebab Liver Luncheon meat Marinated Meatball Meatloaf Offal Pickled Poached Roasted Salt - cured Salumi Sausage Smoked Steak Stewed Tandoor Tartare List articles Beef dishes Chicken dishes Countries by meat consumption Fish dishes Food and drink prohibitions Goat dishes Lamb dishes Meatball dishes Pork dishes Ham dishes Sausage dishes Sausages Seafood dishes Smoked foods Steaks Veal dishes Related subjects Animal rights Bushmeat Butcher Cannibalism Carnism Christian vegetarianism Cultured meat Ethics of eating meat Factory farming Feed conversion ratio Environmental impact of meat production List of meat dishes Meat cutter Meat tenderness Pescetarianism Pink slime Plant - based diet Preservation Psychology of eating meat Meat paradox Red meat Semi-vegetarianism Slaughter Slaughterhouse Veganism Vegetarianism White meat Taxon identifiers Wd : Q7375 ADW : Camelus EoL : 38902 EPPO : 1CMELG Fossilworks : 42521 GBIF : 2441236 ITIS : 624942 MSW : 14200111 NCBI : 9836 NDL : 00569261 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camel&oldid=835498538 '' Categories : Camels Camelids Livestock Arab cuisine African cuisine Middle Eastern cuisine Halal food Domesticated animals Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2011 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with dead external links from November 2016 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2018 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiquote Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Bislama Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when were camels introduced into the middle east	[ "The official report by Sapir-Hen and Ben-Joseph notes that \"The introduction of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a pack animal to the southern Levant ... substantially facilitated trade across the vast deserts of Arabia, promoting both economic and social change (e.g., Kohler 1984; Borowski 1998: 112–116; Jasmin 2005). This ... has generated extensive discussion regarding the date of the earliest domestic camel in the southern Levant (and beyond) (e.g., Albright 1949: 207; Epstein 1971: 558–584; Bulliet 1975; Zarins 1989; Köhler-Rollefson 1993; Uerpmann and Uerpmann 2002; Jasmin 2005; 2006; Heide 2010; Rosen and Saidel 2010; Grigson 2012). Most scholars today agree that the dromedary was exploited as a pack animal sometime in the early Iron Age (not before the 12th century [BC])\" and concludes that \"Current data from copper smelting sites of the Aravah Valley enable us to pinpoint the introduction of domestic camels to the southern Levant more precisely based on stratigraphic contexts associated with an extensive suite of radiocarbon dates. The data indicate that this event occurred not earlier than the last third of the 10th century [BC] and most probably during this time. The coincidence of this event with a major reorganization of the copper industry of the region—attributed to the results of the campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I—raises the possibility that the two were connected, and that camels were introduced as part of the efforts to improve efficiency by facilitating trade.\"[79]" ]	[ "not earlier than the last third of the 10th century [BC] and most probably during this time." ]
1728321028631002052	Computer hardware	Computer hardware - wikipedia Computer hardware PDP - 11 CPU board Computer hardware includes the physical parts or components of a computer , such as the central processing unit , monitor , keyboard , computer data storage , graphic card , sound card , speakers and motherboard . By contrast , software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware . Hardware is directed by the software to execute any command or instruction . A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system . Contents 1 Von Neumann architecture 2 Sales 3 Types of computer systems 3.1 Personal computer 3.1. 1 Case 3.1. 2 Power supply 3.1. 3 Motherboard 3.1. 4 Expansion cards 3.1. 5 Storage devices 3.1. 5.1 Fixed media 3.1. 5.2 Removable media 3.1. 6 Input and output peripherals 3.1. 6.1 Input 3.1. 6.2 Output device 3.2 Mainframe computer 3.3 Departmental computing 3.4 Supercomputer 4 Hardware upgrade 5 Recycling 5.1 Toxic computer components 5.2 Environmental effects 5.3 National services 6 See also 7 Sources 8 External links Von Neumann architecture ( edit ) Main article : Von Neumann architecture Von Neumann architecture scheme The template for all modern computers is the Von Neumann architecture , detailed in a 1945 paper by Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann . This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers , a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter , a memory to store both data and instructions , external mass storage , and input and output mechanisms . The meaning of the term has evolved to mean a stored - program computer in which an instruction fetch and a data operation can not occur at the same time because they share a common bus . This is referred to as the Von Neumann bottleneck and often limits the performance of the system . Sales ( edit ) For the third consecutive year , U.S. business - to - business channel sales ( sales through distributors and commercial resellers ) increased , ending up in 2013 at nearly 6 percent at $61.7 billion . The growth was the fastest sales increase since the end of the recession . Sales growth accelerated in the second half of the year peaking in fourth quarter with a 6.9 percent increase over the fourth quarter of 2012 . Types of computer systems ( edit ) Personal computer ( edit ) Basic hardware components of a modern personal computer , including a monitor , a motherboard , a CPU , a RAM , two expansion cards , a power supply , an optical disc drive , a hard disk drive , a keyboard and a mouse Inside a custom - built computer : power supply at the bottom has its own cooling fan The personal computer , also known as the PC , is one of the most common types of computer due to its versatility and relatively low price . Laptops are generally very similar , although they may use lower - power or reduced size components , thus lower performance . Case ( edit ) Main article : Computer case The computer case encloses most of the components of the system . It provides mechanical support and protection for internal elements such as the motherboard , disk drives , and power supplies , and controls and directs the flow of cooling air over internal components . The case is also part of the system to control electromagnetic interference radiated by the computer , and protects internal parts from electrostatic discharge . Large tower cases provide extra internal space for multiple disk drives or other peripherals and usually stand on the floor , while desktop cases provide less expansion room . All - in - one style designs from Apple , namely the iMac , and similar types , include a video display built into the same case . Portable and laptop computers require cases that provide impact protection for the unit . A current development in laptop computers is a detachable keyboard , which allows the system to be configured as a touch - screen tablet . Hobbyists may decorate the cases with colored lights , paint , or other features , in an activity called case modding . Power supply ( edit ) Main article : Power supply unit ( computer ) A power supply unit ( PSU ) converts alternating current ( AC ) electric power to low - voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer . Laptops are capable of running from a built - in battery , normally for a period of hours . Motherboard ( edit ) Main article : Motherboard The motherboard is the main component of a computer . It is a board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer including the CPU , the RAM , the disk drives ( CD , DVD , hard disk , or any others ) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots . Components directly attached to or to part of the motherboard include : The CPU ( central processing unit ) , which performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function , and is sometimes referred to as the brain of the computer . It is usually cooled by a heatsink and fan , or water - cooling system . Most newer CPUs include an on - die graphics processing unit ( GPU ) . The clock speed of CPUs governs how fast it executes instructions , and is measured in GHz ; typical values lie between 1 GHz and 5 GHz . Many modern computers have the option to overclock the CPU which enhances performance at the expense of greater thermal output and thus a need for improved cooling . The chipset , which includes the north bridge , mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system , including main memory . Random - access memory ( RAM ) , which stores the code and data that are being actively accessed by the CPU . For example , when a web browser is opened on the computer it takes up memory ; this is stored in the RAM until the web browser is closed . RAM usually comes on DIMMs in the sizes 2GB , 4GB , and 8GB , but can be much larger . Read - only memory ( ROM ) , which stores the BIOS that runs when the computer is powered on or otherwise begins execution , a process known as Bootstrapping , or `` booting '' or `` booting up '' . The BIOS ( Basic Input Output System ) includes boot firmware and power management firmware . Newer motherboards use Unified Extensible Firmware Interface ( UEFI ) instead of BIOS . Buses that connect the CPU to various internal components and to expand cards for graphics and sound . The CMOS battery , which powers the memory for date and time in the BIOS chip . This battery is generally a watch battery . The video card ( also known as the graphics card ) , which processes computer graphics . More powerful graphics cards are better suited to handle strenuous tasks , such as playing intensive video games . Expansion cards ( edit ) Main article : Expansion card An expansion card in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard or backplane to add functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus . Expansions cards can be used to obtain or expand on features not offered by the motherboard . Storage devices ( edit ) Main article : Computer data storage A storage device is any computing hardware and digital media that is used for storing , porting and extracting data files and objects . It can hold and store information both temporarily and permanently , and can be internal or external to a computer , server or any similar computing device . Data storage is a core function and fundamental component of computers . Fixed media ( edit ) Data is stored by a computer using a variety of media . Hard disk drives are found in virtually all older computers , due to their high capacity and low cost , but solid - state drives are faster and more power efficient , although currently more expensive than hard drives in terms of dollar per gigabyte , so are often found in personal computers built post-2007 . Some systems may use a disk array controller for greater performance or reliability . Removable media ( edit ) To transfer data between computers , a USB flash drive or optical disc may be used . Their usefulness depends on being readable by other systems ; the majority of machines have an optical disk drive , and virtually all have at least one USB port . Input and output peripherals ( edit ) Main article : Peripheral Input and output devices are typically housed externally to the main computer chassis . The following are either standard or very common to many computer systems . Input ( edit ) Input devices allow the user to enter information into the system , or control its operation . Most personal computers have a mouse and keyboard , but laptop systems typically use a touchpad instead of a mouse . Other input devices include webcams , microphones , joysticks , and image scanners . Output device ( edit ) Output devices display information in a human readable form . Such devices could include printers , speakers , monitors or a Braille embosser . Mainframe computer ( edit ) Main article : Mainframe Computer A mainframe computer is a much larger computer that typically fills a room and may cost many hundreds or thousands of times as much as a personal computer . They are designed to perform large numbers of calculations for governments and large enterprises . An IBM System z9 mainframe Departmental computing ( edit ) Main article : Minicomputer In the 1960s and 1970s , more and more departments started to use cheaper and dedicated systems for specific purposes like process control and laboratory automation . Supercomputer ( edit ) Main article : Supercomputer A supercomputer is superficially similar to a mainframe , but is instead intended for extremely demanding computational tasks . As of June 2016 , the fastest supercomputer in the world is the Sunway TaihuLight , in Jiangsu , China . The term supercomputer does not refer to a specific technology . Rather it indicates the fastest computations available at any given time . In mid 2011 , the fastest supercomputers boasted speeds exceeding one petaflop , or 1 quadrillion ( 10 ^ 15 or 1,000 trillion ) floating point operations per second . Super computers are fast but extremely costly so they are generally used by large organizations to execute computationally demanding tasks involving large data sets . Super computers typically run military and scientific applications . Although they cost millions of dollars , they are also being used for commercial applications where huge amounts of data must be analyzed . For example , large banks employ supercomputers to calculate the risks and returns of various investment strategies , and healthcare organizations use them to analyze giant databases of patient data to determine optimal treatments for various diseases and problems incurring to the country . Hardware upgrade ( edit ) When using computer hardware , an upgrade means adding new hardware to a computer that improves its performance , adds capacity or new features . For example , a user could perform a hardware upgrade to replace the hard drive with a SSD to get a boost in performance or increase the amount of files that may be stored . Also , the user could increase the RAM so the computer may run more smoothly . The user could add a USB 3.0 expansion card in order to fully use USB 3.0 devices , or could upgrade the GPU for extra rendering power . Performing such hardware upgrades may be necessary for older computers to meet a programs ' system requirements . Recycling ( edit ) Because computer parts contain hazardous materials , there is a growing movement to recycle old and outdated parts . Computer hardware contain dangerous chemicals such as : lead , mercury , nickel , and cadmium . According to the EPA these e-wastes have a harmful effect on the environment unless they are disposed of properly . Making hardware requires energy , and recycling parts will reduce air pollution , water pollution , as well as greenhouse gas emissions . Disposing unauthorized computer equipment is in fact illegal . Legislation makes it mandatory to recycle computers through the government approved facilities . Recycling a computer can be made easier by taking out certain reusable parts . For example , the RAM , DVD drive , the graphics card , hard drive or SSD , and other similar removable parts can be reused . Toxic computer components ( edit ) The central processing unit contains many toxic materials . It contains lead and chromium in the metal plates . Resistors , semi-conductors , infrared detectors , stabilizers , cables , and wires contain cadmium . The circuit boards in a computer contain mercury , and chromium . When these types of materials , and chemicals are disposed improperly will become hazardous for the environment . Environmental effects ( edit ) According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency only around 15 % of the e-waste actually is recycled . When e-waste byproducts leach into ground water , are burned , or get mishandled during recycling , it causes harm . Health problems associated with such toxins include impaired mental development , cancer , and damage to the lungs , liver , and kidneys . That 's why even wires have to be recycled . Different companies have different techniques to recycle a wire . The most popular one is the grinder that separates the copper wires from the plastic / rubber casing . When the processes is done there are two different piles left ; one containing the copper powder , and the other containing plastic / rubber pieces . Computer monitors , mice , and keyboards all have a similar way of being recycled . For example , first each of the parts are taken apart then all of the inner parts get separated and placed into its own bin . National services ( edit ) Recycling a computer is made easier by a few of the national services , such as Dell and Apple . Both companies will take back the computer of their make or any other make . Otherwise a computer can be donated to Computer Aid International which is an organization that recycles and refurbishes old computers for hospitals , schools , universities , etc . See also ( edit ) Information technology portal Computer architecture Electronic hardware Glossary of computer hardware terms History of computing hardware List of computer hardware manufacturers Open - source computing hardware Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Parts of computer '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 27 November 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ von Neumann , John ( 1945 ) . `` First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Markgraf , Joey D. ( 2007 ) . `` The Von Neumann bottleneck '' . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US B2B Channel sales reach nearly $62 Billion in 2013 , According to The NPD Group '' . NPD Group . 4 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How long should a laptop battery last ? '' . Computer Hope . Archived from the original on 21 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Domingo , Joel . `` SSD vs. HDD : What 's the Difference ? '' . PCMag . Archived from the original on 19 March 2017 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Benj . `` Evolution of the Solid - State Drive '' . PCWorld . Archived from the original on 25 March 2017 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Alba , Davey . `` China 's Tianhe - 2 Caps Top 10 Supercomputers '' . IEEE . Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How to recycle your old computer '' . Digital Trends . 18 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2017 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Inc , Chris Keenan - Newtech Recycling . `` Newtech Recycling Specializes in Computer Disposal , Laptop Disposal , Desktop Disposal Mainframe Disposal and Server Disposal '' . www.newtechrecycling.com . Archived from the original on 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Toxic Components of Computers and Monitors '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Going On with Electronic Waste ? -- Electronics TakeBack Coalition '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wire Recycling '' . All-Recycling-Facts.com . Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Computer equipment recycling -- Essential Guide '' . ComputerWeekly . Archived from the original on 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Jack ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` How can I safely recycle my old PCs ? '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Computer hardware at Wikimedia Commons Learning materials related to Computer hardware at Wikiversity Basic computer components Input devices Keyboard Image scanner Microphone Pointing device Graphics tablet Joystick Light pen Mouse Optical Pointing stick Touchpad Touchscreen Trackball Refreshable braille display Sound card Webcam Softcam Video card Output devices Monitor Refreshable braille display Printer Speakers Plotter Sound card Video card Removable data storage Optical disc CD DVD Blu - ray Disk pack Floppy disk Memory card USB flash drive Computer case Central processing unit ( CPU ) HDD / SSD / SSHD Motherboard Network interface controller Power supply Random - access memory ( RAM ) Fax modem Expansion card Ports Ethernet FireWire ( IEEE 1394 ) Parallel port Serial port PS / 2 port USB Thunderbolt HDMI / DVI / VGA eSATA Audio jack Major fields of computer science Note : This template roughly follows the 2012 ACM Computing Classification System . 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-1058151278382458574	Belle Black	Belle Black - wikipedia Belle Black Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Belle Black Martha Madison as Belle Black Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Brianna and Chalice Fischette ( 1993 -- 95 ) Brianna and Brittany McConnell ( 1995 -- 98 ) Ashlyn and Kaylyn Messick ( 1998 ) Chelsea Butler ( 1998 -- 99 ) Kirsten Storms ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Charity Rahmer ( 2004 ) Martha Madison ( 2004 -- 08 , 2015 -- 17 ) Duration 1993 -- 2008 2015 -- 17 First appearance October 21 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 21 ) Last appearance February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) Created by James E. Reilly Introduced by Ken Corday and Tom Langan Classification Former ; recurring ( returning ) Profile Other names Belle Brady Belle Kiriakis Isabella Black Isabella Brady Isabella Kiriakis Occupation Nightclub owner Attorney Fashion designer Nursing student Residence Hong Kong , China Kirsten Storms as Belle Black ( show ) Family Parents John Black Marlena Evans Stepfather Roman Brady ( 1993 -- 94 ) Stepmother Susan Banks ( 1997 ) Hope Williams Brady ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Half - brothers D.J. Craig Eric Brady Brady Black Paul Narita Half - sisters Sami Brady Spouse Philip Kiriakis ( 2005 -- 07 ) Shawn - Douglas Brady ( 2007 -- 16 ) Children Claire Brady Grandfathers Timothy Robicheaux Leopold Alamain ( adoptive ) Frank Evans Grandmothers Maude Robicheaux Philomena Alamain ( adoptive ) Martha Evans Aunts and uncles Lawrence Alamain ( adoptive ) Samantha Evans Nephews Will Horton Johnny DiMera Tate Black Nieces Allie Horton Sydney DiMera Grace Brady ( legal ) Belle Black is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives , an American soap opera on the NBC network . Created by head writer , James E. Reilly , she was born on October 21 , 1993 , as the only child of supercouple , John Black and Marlena Evans . She is also one half of the supercouple , Shawn Brady and Belle Black . Belle was rapidly aged to a teen when Kirsten Storms was hired to portray the character from August 5 , 1999 , to July 16 , 2004 . Charity Rahmer briefly played the role from July 19 to August 9 , 2004 . Martha Madison appeared in the role from August 10 , 2004 , to March 21 , 2008 . In June 2015 , Madison confirmed she would reprise the role of Belle in November , as part of the show 's fiftieth anniversary celebration . In March 2016 , it was revealed that Madison was among four actors who been let go from the soap . However , on September 7 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Madison had been re-hired shortly following her firing and would remain on the soap indefinitely . Madison returned on January 24 , 2017 . In July 2017 , it was announced that Madison would return to the serial . Storylines ( edit ) Belle is the daughter of John Black ( Drake Hogestyn ) and Dr. Marlena Evans ( Deidre Hall ) , making her the half - sister of Sami Brady ( Alison Sweeney ) , Eric Brady ( Greg Vaughan ) , Paul Narita ( Christopher Sean ) and Brady Black ( Eric Martsolf ) ( the only sibling with whom she was raised ) . Originally , the residents of Salem believe that Belle is the daughter of Marlena and Roman Brady ( Wayne Northrop ) . Belle however is conceived on John 's private jet on the night of Marlena 's wedding anniversary to Roman . John and Marlena 's airplane encounter also marks the beginning of a torrid affair which Sami witnesses when she sees the couple having sex several weeks later on the Titan Industries board room table . Aware of the affair , Sami , keeps the knowledge secret for several months . When Marlena discovers that she is pregnant , John asks for a blood test that will determine if he is the father of the unborn child . By then , Sami is working as a volunteer at Salem Hospital . She accesses the results of the paternity test that confirms John as the father and changes the results . Later , the distraught teen kidnaps Belle and tries to have her legally adopted . Stefano DiMera ( Joseph Mascolo ) eventually forces Marlena to confess to Roman and all of Salem the truth of her affair with John . Later still , Stefano reveals the truth of Belle 's paternity to the Brady family after reading Sami 's diary . As a teen at Salem High School , Belle begins an ill - fated relationship with bad boy Philip Kiriakis ( Jay Kenneth Johnson ) but soon falls in love with Shawn - Douglas Brady ( Jason Cook ) . Best friends with Mimi Lockhart ( Farah Fath ) , Belle 's peers are shocked to see her burgeoning friendship with `` Ghoul Girl '' Chloe Lane ( Nadia Bjorlin ) . In 2001 , Belle goes on a class trip to Puerto Rico . Belle , Shawn and Philip embark on their own on a missing - jewel hunt in search of a ruby that belongs to Alice Horton . After a near - drowning , the teens are successful and Shawn is able to return the ruby to his great - grandmother . Once back in Salem , a troubled classmate , Jan Spears ( Heather Lauren Olsen ) , confides to Shawn that she had been raped by the father of recent arrivals to Salem , siblings Nicole ( Arianne Zucker ) and Brandon Walker ( Matt Cedeño ) , and is now pregnant . Shawn agrees to claim paternity , thereby destroying his blossoming relationship with Belle . Despite her sense of loss , Belle is accepted to Columbia University , and makes it through her senior year as class valedictorian . Moreover , after Jan 's miscarriage and the truth of her rape comes out , Belle forgives Shawn and tentatively reunites with him at the `` Last Blast '' Dance . Later that summer , during meteor showers on the Fourth of July , Belle and Shawn rescue the faux - alien - Gemini - twins , Rex Brady and Cassie Brady ( Alexis Thorpe ) , who as it turns out were the children of Roman and Kate Roberts ( Lauren Koslow ) . Deciding not to move to New York City , Belle attends Salem University where she lives in the same campus dorm with Shawn , Rex and Cassie , while more economically challenged Mimi lives at home . Belle and Shawn commit to a future together , but suffer another setback during Victor and Nicole 's New Year 's Eve wedding when Colin Murphy ( Justin Melvey ) is murdered . Though Shawn shot at Colin and missed , he still felt responsible . Meanwhile , Belle works as an intern at her father 's company , Basic Black . Headed for success as a fashion designer , Basic Black opts to feature Belle 's designs , but Belle becomes increasingly disturbed when some of Salem 's most prominent citizens are murdered by the Salem Stalker . The killer murders nine people before police uncovered the killer 's identity , Belle 's own mother Marlena . A devastated Belle lies to Shawn to provide an alibi for her mother . When Alice Horton ( Frances Reid ) , Shawn 's great grandmother is murdered , Shawn leaves town . Unbeknownst to Belle at the time , Jan Spears held Shawn captive in a cage ; this allowed Belle to grow closer to Philip . Harboring a secret crush , Philip provides Belle with some much - needed solace and eventually persuades her to be with him . When Shawn returns , his personality undergoes a profound change . Philip and Belle agree to marry ; Shawn only realizes his true feelings for Belle on the eve of her wedding to Philip . Belle also realizes the true extent of her feelings for Shawn , but fails to tell Philip before he ships out with his Marine unit . Shawn then attempts to rescue his former friend when Philip is taken hostage . Belle stays married given the extent of Philip 's injuries . Later , Belle gives birth to Claire , who is really Shawn 's daughter . Eventually , Claire 's paternity is revealed , and Belle tells Phillip that she does not love him . Pregnant again , doctors tell Belle the baby would not survive . Philip makes the decision to terminate Belle 's pregnancy after assuring her that he would not let the baby die . Utterly devastated , Belle leaves Philip and moves in with her parents . Ready to resume her relationship with Shawn , Belle begins to pressure Shawn to be a more responsible father . Shawn opts to respond by sleeping with former prostitute , Willow Stark . After Victor kidnaps Claire , a custody battle ensues , pitting Brady against Kiriakis . The conflict came to a head while at sea when Philip loses hold of Claire and the baby is swept overboard . Belle and Shawn eventually reunite with Claire ; Shawn proposes marriage even as Belle and Philip grew closer . The passion - tossed triangle continues to undergo several more trials and predictable miscommunications when in November 23 , 2007 , Shawn and Belle marry even though Belle continued to have feelings for Philip . In March 2008 , Shawn and Belle once again reconcile and decide to sail the world , strengthen their marriage , and bond as a family by taking Claire with them ( as Bo and Hope did with Shawn ) , then together they are written off the daytime soap . Seven years later she returns to Salem with Shawn and their teenage daughter Claire . In September 2016 Belle and Shawn move to Hong Kong leaving Clare in Salem with Marlena and John . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kirsten Storms - Bio - General Hospital - Soap Opera Digest and Weekly '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Martha Madison Bio - Belle - DAYS OF OUR LIVES - Photos '' . Soapoperadigest.com. 2007 - 08 - 25 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` MARTHA MADISON BACK TO DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Martha Madison Returning To Days of our Lives ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . United States . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Days of Our Lives BLOODBATH : Brandon Beemer , Martha Madison , Marie Wilson and Sal Stowers All OUT ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` BLOODBATH AT DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Beemer , Martha Madison , Marie Wilson , Sal Stowers out at Days '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cushman , Dustin ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Days ' Martha Madison rehired soon after being let go several months ago '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Martha Madison , Brandon Beemer set to return to Days for the holidays '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Character Bio - Belle Black '' . Soapscafe.com. 2006 - 03 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 31 . See also ( edit ) Shawn Brady and Belle Black Brady family Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Nicole Walker Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Will Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Hattie Adams Brady Black John Black Tate Black Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Shane Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Bonnie Lockhart Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Holly Walker Nicole Walker Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Will Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle_Black&oldid=800462486 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional lawyers Fictional characters introduced in 1993 Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 18 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played belle on days of our lives	[]	[]
6135144381527794022	Make Your Own Kind of Music (song)	Make Your Own Kind of Music ( song ) - wikipedia Make Your Own Kind of Music ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Make Your Own Kind of Music '' Single cover Single by Mama Cass Elliot from the album Bubblegum , Lemonade , and ... Something for Mama B - side `` Lady Love '' Released September 1969 Genre Pop Length 2 : 25 Label Dunhill Songwriter ( s ) Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil Producer ( s ) Steve Barri Mama Cass Elliot singles chronology `` It 's Getting Better '' ( 1969 ) `` Make Your Own Kind of Music '' ( 1969 ) `` New World Coming '' ( 1970 ) `` It 's Getting Better '' ( 1969 ) `` Make Your Own Kind of Music '' ( 1969 ) `` New World Coming '' ( 1970 ) `` Make Your Own Kind of Music '' is a pop song written by Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil , first recorded in 1968 by the New York City - based trio the Will - O - Bees ( Janet Blossom , Steven Porter , and Robert Merchanthouse ) , who regularly performed Mann / Weil compositions . After Cass Elliot had a hit in the summer of 1969 with Mann / Weil 's `` It 's Getting Better '' , she recorded `` Make Your Own Kind of Music '' as the follow - up single , and her album Bubblegum , Lemonade , and ... Something for Mama was re-released as `` Make Your Own Kind Of Music / It 's Getting Better , '' the title cut having been added to the original track listing . However , Elliot 's `` Make Your Own Kind of Music '' single only reached No. 36 . The similar chart impact of the follow - up single , another Mann / Weil composition entitled `` New World Coming , '' which reached No. 42 , signaled Elliot 's challenges in maintaining a profile as a current hitmaker , as the 1960s turned into the 1970s . The Cass Elliot track is in the key of E major . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 2 Remixes 3 Other versions 4 References 5 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Australia KMR 72 Canada RPM Top Singles 20 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 7 US Billboard Hot 100 36 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 6 US Cash Box Top 100 25 Remixes ( edit ) A remixed version of the Cass Elliot track was featured in the 1997 Dance compilation Dance Across The Universe ( Part 1 ) , which was released by Universal Records , along with a separate club - only promo which featured four different mixes ( one of them dubbed `` The Mama Cass Mix '' ) . Other versions ( edit ) In 1972 , Barbra Streisand released `` Make Your Own Kind of Music '' as a single in a medley with `` Sing '' , which became an Easy Listening hit ( No. 28 ) but only reached No. 94 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Streisand also recorded parts of the song as a medley with The World is a Concerto for Barbra Streisand ... And Other Musical Instruments . A happy hardcore cover of the track was released in 1997 by DJ Daydream . In March 2018 , Paloma Faith released a cover of the song , which was also featured in a TV commercial for Škoda , promoting the Karoq crossover vehicle . It made it to No. 28 on the UK Singles Chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 17 July 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Item '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca. 17 July 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 11 / 29 / 69 '' . Tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Various - Dance Across The Universe Volume 1 ( CD ) '' . Discogs.com. 1997 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Mama Cass - Make Your Own Kind Of Music ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Paloma Faith features in Škoda TV commercial '' . Sounds-familiar.info. 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` make your own kind of music - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Discography for the song Remix by DJ Mathieu Bouthier and Muttonheads ( hide ) Cass Elliot Albums Dream a Little Dream Bubblegum , Lemonade , and ... Something for Mama Make Your Own Kind of Music Cass Elliot The Road Is No Place for a Lady Collaborations Dave Mason & Cass Elliot Compilations Mama 's Big Ones Live Do n't Call Me Mama Anymore Singles `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' `` California Earthquake '' `` Move in a Little Closer , Baby '' `` It 's Getting Better '' `` Make Your Own Kind of Music '' `` New World Coming '' `` One Way Ticket '' `` A Song That Never Comes '' `` The Good Times Are Coming '' `` Do n't Let the Good Life Pass You By '' `` Baby I 'm Yours '' `` That Song '' `` If You 're Gonna Break Another Heart '' `` Does Anybody Love You ? '' `` I Think a Lot About You '' Related articles The Mamas & the Papas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Make_Your_Own_Kind_of_Music_(song)&oldid=843097195 '' Categories : 1969 singles Songs written by Barry Mann Cass Elliot songs Barbra Streisand songs 1968 songs Dunhill Records singles Songs with lyrics by Cynthia Weil Songs about music Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 21 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-8178944209837473753	Full employment	Full employment - wikipedia Full employment Jump to : navigation , search Full employment , in macroeconomics , is the level of employment rates where there is no cyclical or . deficient - demand unemployment . It is defined by the majority of mainstream economists as being an acceptable level of unemployment somewhere above 0 % . The discrepancy from 0 % arises due to non-cyclical types of unemployment , such as frictional unemployment ( there will always be people who have quit or have lost a seasonal job and are in the process of getting a new job ) and structural unemployment ( mismatch between worker skills and job requirements ) . Unemployment above 0 % is seen as necessary to control inflation in capitalist economies , to keep inflation from accelerating , i.e. , from rising from year to year . This view is based on a theory centering on the concept of the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment ( NAIRU ) ; in the current era , the majority of mainstream economists mean NAIRU when speaking of `` full '' employment . The NAIRU has also been described by Milton Friedman , among others , as the `` natural '' rate of unemployment . Having many names , it has also been called the structural unemployment rate . The 20th century British economist William Beveridge stated that an unemployment rate of 3 % was full employment . For the United States , economist William T. Dickens found that full - employment unemployment rate varied a lot over time but equaled about 5.5 percent of the civilian labor force during the 2000s . Recently , economists have emphasized the idea that full employment represents a `` range '' of possible unemployment rates . For example , in 1999 , in the United States , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) gives an estimate of the `` full - employment unemployment rate '' of 4 to 6.4 % . This is the estimated unemployment rate at full employment , plus & minus the standard error of the estimate . The concept of full employment of labor corresponds to the concept of potential output or potential real GDP and the long run aggregate supply ( LRAS ) curve . In neoclassical macroeconomics , the highest sustainable level of aggregate real GDP or `` potential '' is seen as corresponding to a vertical LRAS curve : any increase in the demand for real GDP can only lead to rising prices in the long run , while any increase in output is temporary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Economic concept 2 Historical measurement and discussion 3 Unemployment and inflation 3.1 `` Ideal '' unemployment 3.2 Unemployment at Beveridge Full Employment 3.3 The Phillips curves 3.4 The NAIRU 3.5 Uncertainty 4 Policy 4.1 Australia 4.2 United States 4.3 Job guarantee 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External sources Economic concept ( edit ) What most neoclassical economists mean by `` full '' employment is a rate somewhat less than 100 % employment . Others , such as the late James Tobin , have been accused of disagreeing , considering full employment as 0 % unemployment . However , this was not Tobin 's perspective in his later work . Some see John Maynard Keynes as attacking the existence of rates of unemployment substantially above 0 % : `` The Conservative belief that there is some law of nature which prevents men from being employed , that it is ' rash ' to employ men , and that it is financially ' sound ' to maintain a tenth of the population in idleness for an indefinite period , is crazily improbable - the sort of thing which no man could believe who had not had his head fuddled with nonsense for years and years . The objections which are raised are mostly not the objections of experience or of practical men . They are based on highly abstract theories -- venerable , academic inventions , half misunderstood by those who are applying them today , and based on assumptions which are contrary to the facts ... Our main task , therefore , will be to confirm the reader 's instinct that what seems sensible is sensible , and what seems nonsense is nonsense . '' -- J.M. Keynes in a pamphlet to support Lloyd George in the 1929 election . Most readers would interpret this statement as referring to only cyclical , deficient - demand , or `` involuntary '' unemployment ( discussed below ) but not to unemployment existing as `` full employment '' ( mismatch and frictional unemployment ) . This is because , writing in 1929 , Keynes was discussing a period in which the unemployment rate had been persistently above most conceptions of what corresponds to full employment . That is , a situation where a tenth of the population ( and thus a larger percentage of the labor force ) is unemployed involves a disaster . One major difference between Keynes and the Classical economists was that while the latter saw `` full employment '' as the normal state of affairs with a free - market economy ( except for short periods of adjustment ) , Keynes saw the possibility of persistent aggregate - demand failure causing unemployment rates to exceed those corresponding to full employment . Put differently , while Classical economists saw all unemployment as `` voluntary , '' Keynes saw the possibility that involuntary unemployment can exist when the demand for final products is low compared to potential output . This can be seen in his later and more serious work . In his General Theory of Employment , Interest , and Money , chapter 2 , he used a definition that should be familiar to modern macroeconomics : This state of affairs we shall describe as ' full ' employment , both ' frictional ' and ' voluntary ' unemployment being consistent with ' full ' employment thus defined . The only difference from the usual definitions is that , as discussed below , most economists would add skill / location mismatch or structural unemployment as existing at full employment . More theoretically , Keynes had two main definitions of full employment , which he saw as equivalent . His first main definition of full employment involves the absence of `` involuntary '' unemployment : the equality of the real wage to the marginal disutility of employment ... realistically interpreted , corresponds to the absence of ' involuntary ' unemployment . Put another way , the full employment and the absence of involuntary unemployment correspond to the case where the real wage equals the marginal cost to workers of supplying labor for hire on the market ( the `` marginal disutility of employment '' ) . That is , the real wage rate and the amount of employment correspond to a point on the aggregate supply curve of labor that is assumed to exist . In contrast , a situation with less than full employment and thus involuntary unemployment would have the real wage above the supply price of labor . That is , the employment situation corresponds to a point above and to the left of the aggregate supply curve of labor : the real wage would be above the point on the aggregate supply curve of labor at the current level of employment ; alternatively , the level of employment would be below the point on that supply curve at the current real wage . Second , in chapter 3 , Keynes saw full employment as a situation where `` a further increase in the value of the effective demand will no longer be accompanied by any increase in output . '' In the previous chapter we have given a definition of full employment in terms of the behavior of labor . An alternative , though equivalent , criterion is that at which we have now arrived , namely a situation , in which aggregate employment is inelastic in response to an increase in the effective demand for its output . This means that at and above full employment , any increase in aggregate demand and employment corresponds primarily to increases in prices rather than output . Thus , full employment of labor corresponds to potential output . Whilst full employment is often an aim for an economy , most economists see it as more beneficial to have some level of unemployment , especially of the frictional sort . In theory , this keeps the labor market flexible , allowing room for new innovations and investment . As in the NAIRU theory , the existence of some unemployment is required to avoid accelerating inflation . Historical measurement and discussion ( edit ) For the United Kingdom , the OECD estimated the NAIRU ( or structural unemployment ) rate as being equal to 8.5 % on average between 1988 and 1997 , 5.9 % between 1998 and 2007 , 6.2 % , 6.6 % , and 6.7 in 2008 , 2009 , and 2010 , then staying at 6.9 % in 2011 - 2013 . For the United States , they estimate it as being 5.8 % on average between 1988 and 1997 , 5.5 % between 1998 and 2007 , 5.8 % in 2008 , 6.0 % in 2009 , and then staying at 6.1 % from 2010 to 2013 . They also estimate the NAIRU for other countries . The era after the 2007 - 2009 Great Recession shows the relevance of this concept , for example as seen in the United States . On the one hand , in 2013 Keynesian economists such as Paul Krugman of Princeton University see unemployment rates as too high relative to full employment and the NAIRU and thus favor increasing the aggregate demand for goods and services and thus labor in order to reduce unemployment . On the other hand , pointing to shortages of some skilled workers , some businesspeople and Classical economists suggest that the U.S. economy is already at full employment , so that any demand stimulus will lead to nothing but rising inflation rates . One example was Narayana Kocherlakota , President of the Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank , who has since changed his mind . Unemployment and inflation ( edit ) `` Ideal '' unemployment ( edit ) An alternative , more normative , definition ( used by some labor economists ) would see `` full employment '' as the attainment of the ideal unemployment rate , where the types of unemployment that reflect labor - market inefficiency ( such as mismatch or structural unemployment ) do not exist . That is , only some frictional or voluntary unemployment would exist , where workers are temporarily searching for new jobs and are thus voluntarily unemployed . This type of unemployment involves workers `` shopping '' for the best jobs at the same time that employers `` shop '' for the best possible employees to serve their needs . Its existence can allow the best possible correspondence between workers and jobs from the points of view of both employees and employers and thus promotes the economy 's efficiency . Unemployment at Beveridge full employment ( edit ) William Beveridge defined `` full employment '' as where the number of unemployed workers equaled the number of job vacancies available ( while preferring that the economy be kept above that full employment level in order to allow maximum economic production ) . But the point is that this definition allows for some unemployment . To see this , assume that frictional and mismatch unemployment can be separated . At Beveridge full employment , in the case of frictional unemployment the number of job - seekers corresponds to an equal number of job openings : as discussed above , the unemployed are `` shopping '' for the best possible jobs ( as long as the cost of job - search is less than the expected benefit ) at the same time that employers are `` shopping '' for the best possible employees to fill the vacancies . Similarly , at Beveridge full employment , the number of people suffering from mismatch or structural unemployment equals the number of vacancies . The problem here is that the skills and geographical locations of the unemployed workers does not correspond to the skill requirements and locations of the vacancies . In theory , Beveridge 's concept full employment corresponds to that of Keynes ( discussed above ) . The situation with less than full employment in Beveridge 's sense results either from `` Classical '' unemployment or `` neoclassical '' unemployment or from Keynesian deficient - demand unemployment . In terms of supply and demand , Classical or neoclassical unemployment results from the actual real wage exceeding the equilibrium real wage , so that the quantity of labor demanded ( and the number of vacancies ) is less than the quantity of labor supplied ( and the number of unemployed workers ) . In the Classical theory , the problem is that real wages are rigid , i.e. , do not fall due to an excess supply of labor . In theory , this might happen because of minimum wage laws and other interference with `` free markets '' that prevent the attainment of market perfection . Classical economists favor making labor markets more like the ideal competitive market -- and so making real wages more flexible -- in order to deal with this kind of unemployment . The neoclassical theory , in contrast , follows John Maynard Keynes and more importantly , Milton Friedman to blame inflexible money or nominal wages for low employment relative to full employment . If the money wage is fixed , the real wage is fixed for any given average price level , so that rigid money wages have the same effect as rigid real wages when the price level is given . In this case , however , real wages can be depressed ( and Beveridge full employment restored ) if prices rise relative to nominal wages . Alternatively , people could wait for the persistence of high unemployment to eventually cause money wages to fall . This would have the same effect , reducing real wages and increasing the quantity of labor demanded . One of the big debates in macroeconomics is whether it is better to deal with neoclassical unemployment using a small amount of inflation or by waiting for markets to adjust . In contrast , Keynesian deficient - demand unemployment ( as explained by Don Patinkin ) sees a situation with less than full employment ( following Beveridge 's definition ) as possibly prevailing even if the actual real wage is equal to the equilibrium real wage at full employment . The problem is that the demand for final products is limited by aggregate demand failure . Low demand for products ( below potential output ) implies that there is a sales constraint on the labor market to the left of equilibrium so that the quantity of labor demanded is below the amount that would be demanded if the aggregate demand for products was sufficient ( what Robert Clower called the notional demand for labor ) . In terms of neoclassical theory , the prevailing real wage is less than the marginal physical product of labor in this situation . In the absence of the sales constraint , profit - maximizing employers would hire unemployed workers as long as this inequality is true , moving the labor markets toward full employment . However , the sales constraint means that the extra product of these workers could not be sold . Thus , employers would not hire the unemployed until aggregate demand rose , which would shift the sales constraint to the right , allowing more employment of labor . In this situation , Keynesians recommend policies that raise the aggregate demand for final products and thus the aggregate demand for workers . The economic literature concerning the Phillips Curve and the NAIRU moved away from the direct examination of labor market to focus instead on the behavior of inflation rates at different unemployment rates . That is , while Beveridge and Keynes saw full - employment unemployment as where the supply of and the demand for labor were in balance , later views saw it as a threshold which should not be crossed , since low unemployment causes serious inflation . The Phillips curves ( edit ) The theories behind the Phillips curve pointed to the inflationary costs of lowering the unemployment rate . That is , as unemployment rates fell and the economy approached full employment , the inflation rate would rise . But this theory also says that there is no single unemployment number that one can point to as the `` full employment '' rate . Instead , there is a trade - off between unemployment and inflation : a government might choose to attain a lower unemployment rate but would pay for it with higher inflation rates . In essence , in this view , the meaning of `` full employment '' is really nothing but a matter of opinion based on how the benefits of lowering the unemployment rate compare to the costs of raising the inflation rate . Though their theory had been proposed by the Keynesian economist Abba Lerner several years before ( Lerner 1951 , Chapter 15 ) , it was the work of Milton Friedman , leader of the monetarist school of economics , and Edmund Phelps that ended the popularity of this concept of full employment . In 1968 , Friedman posited the theory that full employment rate of unemployment was ' ' ' unique ' ' ' at any given time . He called it the `` natural '' rate of unemployment . Instead of being a matter of opinion and normative judgment , it is something we are stuck with , even if it is unknown . As discussed further , below , inflation / unemployment trade - offs can not be relied upon . Further , rather than trying to attain full employment , Friedman argues that policy - makers should try to keep prices stable ( meaning a low or even a zero inflation rate ) . If this policy is sustained , he suggests that a free - market economy will gravitate to the `` natural '' rate of unemployment automatically . The NAIRU ( edit ) Main article : NAIRU Phillips Curve before and after Expansionary Policy , with Long - Run Phillips Curve ( NAIRU ) In an effort to avoid the normative connotations of the word `` natural , '' James Tobin ( following the lead of Franco Modigliani ) , introduced the term the `` Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment '' ( NAIRU ) , which corresponds to the situation where the real gross domestic product equals potential output . It has been called the `` inflation threshold '' unemployment rate or the inflation barrier . This concept is identical to Milton Friedman 's concept of the `` natural '' rate but reflects the fact that there is nothing `` natural '' about an economy . The level of the NAIRU depends on the degree of `` supply side '' unemployment , i.e. , joblessness that ca n't be abolished by high demand . This includes frictional , mismatch , and Classical unemployment . When the actual unemployment rate equals the NAIRU , there is no cyclical or deficient - demand unemployment . That is , Keynes ' involuntary unemployment does not exist . To understand this concept , start with the actual unemployment equal to the NAIRU . Then , assume that a country 's government and its central bank use demand - side policy to reduce the unemployment rate and then attempt to keep the rate at a specific low level : rising budget deficits or falling interest rates increase aggregate demand and raise employment of labor . Thus , the actual unemployment rate falls , as going from point A to B in the nearby graph . Unemployment then stays below the NAIRU for years or more , as at point B. In this situation , the theory behind the NAIRU posits that inflation will accelerate , i.e. get worse and worse ( in the absence of wage and price controls ) . As the short - run Phillips curve theory indicates , higher inflation rate results from low unemployment . That is , in terms of the `` trade - off '' theory , low unemployment can be `` bought , '' paid for by suffering from higher inflation . But the NAIRU theory says that this is not the whole story , so that the trade - off breaks down : a persistently higher inflation rate is eventually incorporated as higher inflationary expectations . Then , if workers and employers expect higher inflation , it results in higher inflation , as higher money wages are passed on to consumers as higher prices . This causes the short run Phillips curve to shift to the right and upward , worsening the trade - off between inflation and unemployment . At a given unemployment rate , inflation accelerates . But if the unemployment rate rises to equal the NAIRU , we see higher inflation than before the expansionary policies , as at point C in the nearby diagram . The fall of the unemployment rate was temporary because it could not be sustained . In sum , the trade - off between inflation and unemployment can not be relied upon to be stable : taking advantage of it causes it to disappear . This story fits the experience of the United States during the late 1960s , during which unemployment rates stayed low ( below 4 % of the civilian labor force ) and inflation rates rose significantly . Second , examine the other main case . Again start with the unemployment rate equal to the NAIRU . Then , either shrinking government budget deficits ( or rising government surpluses ) or rising real interest rates encourage higher unemployment . In this situation , the NAIRU theory says that inflation will get better ( decelerate ) if unemployment rates exceed the NAIRU for a long time . High unemployment leads to lower inflation , which in turn causes lower inflationary expectations and a further round of lower inflation . High unemployment causes the short - run inflation / unemployment trade - off to improve . This story fits the experience of the United States during the early 1980s ( Paul Volcker 's war against inflation ) , during which unemployment rates stayed high ( at about 10 % of the civilian labor force ) and inflation rates fell significantly . Finally , the NAIRU theory says that the inflation rate does not rise or fall when the unemployment equals the `` natural '' rate . This is where the term NAIRU is derived . In macroeconomics , the case where the actual unemployment rate equals the NAIRU is seen as the long - run equilibrium because there are no forces inside the normal workings of the economy that cause the inflation rate to rise or fall . The NAIRU corresponds to the long - run Phillips curve . While the short - run Phillips curve is based on a constant rate of inflationary expectations , the long - run Phillips curve reflects full adjustment of inflationary expectations to the actual experience of inflation in the economy . As mentioned above , Abba Lerner had developed a version of the NAIRU before the modern `` natural '' rate or NAIRU theories were developed . Unlike the currently dominant view , Lerner saw a range of `` full employment '' unemployment rates . Crucially , the unemployment rate depended on the economy 's institution . Lerner distinguished between `` high '' full employment , which was the lowest sustainable unemployment under incomes policies , and `` low '' full employment , i.e. , the lowest sustainable unemployment rate without these policies . Further , it is possible that the value of the NAIRU depends on government policy , rather than being `` natural '' and unvarying . A government can attempt to make people `` employable '' by both positive means ( e.g. using training courses ) and negative means ( e.g. cuts in unemployment insurance benefits ) . These policies do not necessarily create full employment . Instead , the point is to reduces the amount of mismatch unemployment by facilitating the linking of unemployed workers with the available jobs by training them and or subsidizing their moving to the geographic location of the jobs . In addition , the hysteresis hypothesis says that the NAIRU does not stay the same over time -- and can change due to economic policy . A persistently low unemployment rate makes it easier for those workers who are unemployed for `` mismatch '' reasons to move to where the jobs are and / or to attain the training necessary for the available vacancies ( often by getting those jobs and receiving on - the - job training ) . On the other hand , high unemployment makes it more difficult for those workers to adjust , while hurting their morale , job - seeking skills , and the value of their work skills . Thus , some economists argue that British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher 's anti-inflation policies using persistently high unemployment led to higher mismatch or structural unemployment and a higher NAIRU . Uncertainty ( edit ) Whatever the definition of full employment , it is difficult to discover exactly what unemployment rate it corresponds to . In the United States , for example , the economy saw stable inflation despite low unemployment during the late 1990s , contradicting most economists ' estimates of the NAIRU . The idea that the full - employment unemployment rate ( NAIRU ) is not a unique number has been seen in recent empirical research . Staiger , Stock , and Watson found that the range of possible values of the NAIRU ( from 4.3 to 7.3 % unemployment ) was too large to be useful to macroeconomic policy - makers . Robert Eisner suggested that for 1956 - 95 there was a zone from about 5 % to about 10 % unemployment between the low - unemployment realm of accelerating inflation and the high - unemployment realm of disinflation . In between , he found that inflation falls with falling unemployment . Policy ( edit ) The active pursuit of national full employment through interventionist government policies is associated with Keynesian economics and marked the postwar agenda of many Western nations , until the stagflation of the 1970s . Australia ( edit ) Australia was the first country in the world in which full employment in a capitalist society was made official policy by its government . On May 30 , 1945 , The Australian Labor Party Prime Minister John Curtin and his Employment Minister John Dedman proposed a white paper in the Australian House of Representatives titled Full Employment In Australia , the first time any government apart from totalitarian regimes had unequivocally committed itself to providing work for any person who was willing and able to work . Conditions of full employment lasted in Australia from 1941 to 1975 . This had been preceded by the Harvester Judgment ( 1907 ) , establishing the basic wage ( a living wage ) ; while this earlier case was overturned , it remained influential . United States ( edit ) The United States is , as a statutory matter , committed to full employment ; the government is empowered to effect this goal . The relevant legislation is the Employment Act ( 1946 ) , initially the `` Full Employment Act , '' later amended in the Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act ( 1978 ) . The 1946 act was passed in the aftermath of World War II , when it was feared that demobilization would result in a depression , as it had following World War I in the Depression of 1920 -- 21 , while the 1978 act was passed following the 1973 -- 75 recession and in the midst of continuing high inflation . The law states that full employment is one of four economic goals , in concert with growth in production , price stability , balance of trade , and budget , and that the US shall rely primarily on private enterprise to achieve these goals . Specifically , the Act is committed to an unemployment rate of no more than 3 % for persons aged 20 or over , and not more than 4 % for persons aged 16 or over ( from 1983 onwards ) , and the Act expressly allows ( but does not require ) the government to create a `` reservoir of public employment '' to affect this level of employment . These jobs are required to be in the lower ranges of skill and pay so as to not draw the workforce away from the private sector . However , since the passage of this Act in 1978 , the US has , as of 2017 , never achieved this level of employment on the national level , though some states have neared it or met it , nor has such a reservoir of public employment been created . Job guarantee ( edit ) Main article : Job guarantee Some , particularly Post-Keynesian economists have suggested ensuring full employment via a job guarantee program , where those who are unable to find work in the private sector are employed by the government , the stock of thus employed public sector workers fulfilling the same function as the unemployed do in controlling inflation , without the human costs of unemployment . See also ( edit ) Career Chapter IX of the United Nations Charter Corporatism Deflation Employment False consciousness International labour standard Job guarantee Job sharing Labour ( economics ) Marxism Profession Reserve army of labour Right to work Say 's law Wage slavery Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) , Economics : Principles in Action , Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall , p. 335 , ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/44/50/2086120.pdf Jump up ^ `` As a young professor I did a paper where I analyzed the optimal unemployment rate , '' said Joseph Stiglitz , a professor at Columbia University in New York , who knew Tobin at Yale . `` Tobin went livid over the idea . To him the optimal unemployment rate was zero . '' Yale 's Tobin Guides Obama From Grave as Friedman Is Eclipsed Jump up ^ See , for example , `` Inflation and Unemployment '' by James Tobin , The American Economic Review , Vol. 62 , No. 1 / 2 ( Mar. 1 , 1972 ) , pp. 1 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : John Maynard Keynes . `` The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money '' . Jump up ^ http://www.oecd.org/eco/outlook/economicoutlookannextables.htm table 22 . These estimates are done using the commonly - used definition of unemployment rather than using the measures based on efforts to standardize the measure of unemployment across countries . Jump up ^ `` How a Fed inflation hawk changed his mind '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Hargreaves Heap , Shawn P. ( 1980 ) . Choosing the Wrong `` Natural '' Rate : Accelerating Inflation or Decelerating Employment and Growth ? Economic Journal . vol. 90 ( September ) : 611 - 620 . Jump up ^ `` A bill to establish and translate into practical reality the right of all adult Americans able , willing , and seeking to work to full opportunity for useful paid employment at fair rates of compensation ; '' Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Labor Statistics Data '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . United States Department of Labor . 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Notably at the Center for Full Employment and Price Stability , as per references . Jump up ^ Wray , L. Randall ( Aug 2001 ) , The Endogenous Money Approach ( Working Paper No. 17 ) , enter for Full Employment and Price Stability External sources ( edit ) Library resources about Full employment Resources in your library The OECD on measuring the NAIRU Devine , James . 2004 . The `` Natural '' Rate of Unemployment . In Edward Fullbrook , ed. , A Guide to What 's Wrong with Economics , London , UK : Anthem Press , 126 - 32 . Eisner , Robert . 1997 . A New View of the NAIRU . In Paul Davidson and Jan A. Kregel , eds . Improving the Global Economy . Cheltenham , UK : Edgar Elgar , 1997 . Friedman , Milton . 1968 . The Role of Monetary Policy . American Economic Review . 58 ( 1 ) March : 1 - 21 . Lerner , Abba. 1951 . Economics of Employment , New York : McGraw - Hill . McConnell , Brue , and Flynn . Microeconomics 19th edition . 2012 . Staiger , Douglas , James H. Stock , and Mark W. Watson . 1997 . The NAIRU , Unemployment and Monetary Policy . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 11 ( 1 ) Winter : 33 - 49 . Employment Classifications Casual Contingent Full - time Part - time Self - employed Skilled Independent contractor Temporary Tenure Unskilled Wage labour Hiring Application Background check Business networking Contract Cover letter Curriculum Vitae ( CV ) Drug testing e-recruitment Employment counsellor Executive search Induction programme Job fair Job fraud Job hunting Job interview Labour brokering Overqualification Onboarding Personality - job fit theory Person - environment fit Probation Reference Résumé Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates Underemployment Work - at - home scheme Roles Co-op Employee Employer Internship Job Permanent Permatemp Supervisor Volunteer Worker class Blue - collar Gold - collar Green - collar Grey - collar Pink - collar White - collar Career and training Apprenticeship Avocation Career assessment Career counseling Career development Coaching Creative class Education Continuing education Continuing professional development E-learning Employability Further education Graduate school Induction training Initial Professional Development Knowledge worker Licensure Lifelong learning Practice - based professional learning Professional association Professional certification Professional development Professional school Reflective practice Retraining Vocational education Vocational school Vocational university Mentorship Occupational Outlook Handbook Practice firm Profession Tradesman Vocation Attendance Break Career break Furlough Gap year Leave of absence Long service leave No call , no show Sabbatical Sick leave Time clock Schedules Four - day week Eight - hour day Flextime Overtime Retroactive overtime Shift work Telecommuting Working time Workweek and weekend Wages and salaries Income bracket Income tax Living wage Maximum wage National average salary World Europe Minimum wage Canada Hong Kong Europe United States Progressive wage Singapore Overtime rate Paid time off Performance - related pay Salary Salary cap Working poor Benefits Annual leave Casual Friday Day care Disability insurance Health insurance Life insurance Parental leave Pension Sick leave Take - home vehicle Safety and health Epilepsy and employment Human factors and ergonomics Industrial noise Karōshi Protective clothing Occupational burnout Occupational disease Occupational exposure limit Occupational health psychology Occupational injury Occupational stress Repetitive strain injury Sick building syndrome Work accident Occupational fatality Workers ' compensation Workplace phobia Workplace wellness Equality Affirmative action Equal pay for women Gender pay gap Glass ceiling Infractions Corporate abuse Accounting scandals Corporate behaviour Corporate crime Control fraud Corporate scandals Discrimination Dress code Employee handbook Employee monitoring Evaluation Labour law Sexual harassment Sleeping while on duty Wage theft Whistleblower Workplace bullying Workplace harassment Workplace incivility Willingness Boreout Civil conscription Conscription Dead - end job Extreme careerism Job satisfaction Organizational commitment McJob Refusal of work Slavery Bonded labour Human trafficking Labour camp Penal labour Peonage Truck system Unfree labour Wage slavery Workaholic Work aversion Work ethic Work -- life balance Downshifting Slow living Termination At - will employment Dismissal Banishment room Constructive dismissal Wrongful dismissal Employee exit management Exit interview Layoff Notice period Pink slip Resignation Letter of resignation Restructuring Retirement Mandatory retirement Retirement age Severance package Golden handshake Golden parachute Turnover Unemployment Barriers to Employment Depression Great Depression Long Depression Discouraged worker Frictional unemployment Full employment Graduate unemployment Involuntary unemployment Jobless recovery Phillips curve Recession Great Recession Great Recession job losses List of recessions Recession - proof job Reserve army of labour Types of unemployment Unemployment Convention Unemployment benefits Unemployment extension Unemployment insurance Unemployment rates Employment rates Employment - to - population ratio Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Wage curve Youth unemployment See also templates Aspects of corporations Aspects of jobs Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Aspects of workplaces Corporate titles Organized labor GND : 4063898 - 4 NDL : 00565006 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Full_employment&oldid=804082539 '' Categories : Macroeconomic policy Full employment Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Latina 日本語 Occitan Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 16 : 34 . 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5379387782258436248	Lean wit It, Rock wit It	Lean Wit It , Rock Wit It - Wikipedia Lean Wit It , Rock Wit It `` Lean wit It , Rock wit It '' Single by Dem Franchize Boyz featuring Peanut and Charlay from the album On Top of Our Game Released January 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 17 ) Recorded 2005 Genre Snap southern hip hop Length 3 : 51 Label So So Def Recordings EMI America Songwriter ( s ) Carlos A. Valente Jamall Willingham Gerald Tiller Bernard Leverette Maurice Gleaton D'Angelo Hunt Charles Hammond Robert Hill Producer ( s ) Maurice `` Parlae '' Gleaton Dem Franchize Boyz singles chronology `` I Think They Like Me '' ( 2005 ) `` Lean wit It , Rock wit It '' ( 2006 ) `` Ridin ' Rims '' ( 2006 ) `` I Think They Like Me '' ( Remix ) ( 2005 ) `` Lean wit It , Rock wit It '' ( 2006 ) `` Ridin ' Rims '' ( 2006 ) `` Lean wit It , Rock wit It '' is a song by Atlanta rap group Dem Franchize Boyz from their album On Top of Our Game . The recording features Peanut and Charlay and was produced by Maurice `` Parlae '' Gleaton . The song peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart . Maurice `` Parlae '' Gleaton produced the recording . The music video shows them snap dancing . The song is considered to be the turning point in Dem Franchize Boyz career as it brought them into mainstream hip hop and also wide spread the subgenre of snap music . Lyrics from the chorus of the song were sampled in the Twenty One Pilots song `` Holding on to You '' . Contents 1 `` Coming Undone wit It '' ( Mash - Up Official Remix ) 2 Charts 3 References 4 External links `` Coming Undone Wit It '' ( mash - up official remix ) ( edit ) Korn and Dem Franchize Boyz did a mash - up of their respective hit singles at the time , `` Coming Undone '' and `` Lean Wit It , Rock Wit It '' , titled `` Coming Undone Wit It '' . The mashup was produced by Jermaine Dupri and Scott Spock from The Matrix , and was first released on AOL in April 2006 . The mash - up has new parts by both groups exclusively for the song . A video for `` Coming Undone Wit It '' was released on the DVD portion of Korn 's Chopped , Screwed , Live and Unglued . This is the official remix to `` Coming Undone '' and `` Lean Wit It , Rock Wit It '' . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) 21 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 26 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dem Franchize Boyz -- Chart History : The Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dem Franchize Boyz -- Chart History : Mainstream Top 40 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dem Franchize Boyz -- Chart History : Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dem Franchize Boyz -- Chart History : Hot Rap Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dem Franchize Boyz Jizzal Man Parlae Pimpin Buddie Albums Dem Franchize Boyz On Top of Our Game Our World , Our Way Singles `` White Tee '' `` I Think They Like Me '' `` Lean wit It , Rock wit It '' `` Ridin ' Rims '' `` Talkin ' Out da Side of Ya Neck ! '' `` Turn Heads '' Featured singles `` Everytime tha Beat Drop '' `` Pimped Out '' Related articles Discography This 2000s hip hop single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lean_wit_It,_Rock_wit_It&oldid=853102236 '' Categories : 2005 songs 2006 singles Dem Franchize Boyz songs Snap music Southern hip hop songs Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Novelty and fad dances Hip hop dance 2000s hip hop single stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 12 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did lean wit it rock wit it come out	[ "\"Lean wit It, Rock wit It\"\nSingle by Dem Franchize Boyz featuring Peanut and Charlayfrom the album On Top of Our GameReleased\nJanuary 17, 2006 (2006-01-17)Recorded\n2005Genre\nSnapsouthern hip hopLength\n3:51Label\nSo So Def RecordingsEMI AmericaSongwriter(s)\nCarlos A. Valente Jamall WillinghamGerald TillerBernard LeveretteMaurice GleatonD'Angelo HuntCharles HammondRobert HillProducer(s)\nMaurice \"Parlae\" GleatonDem Franchize Boyz singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"I Think They Like Me\" (2005)\n\n\"Lean wit It, Rock wit It\" (2006)\n\n\"Ridin' Rims\" (2006)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I Think They Like Me\"(Remix)(2005)\n\n\"Lean wit It, Rock wit It\" (2006)\n\n\"Ridin' Rims\" (2006)\n" ]	[ "January 17, 2006" ]
2034649434096511377	Lyra	Lyra - wikipedia Lyra For other uses , see Lyra ( disambiguation ) . Lyra Constellation List of stars in Lyra Abbreviation Lyr Genitive Lyrae Pronunciation / ˈlaɪrə / , genitive / ˈlaɪriː / Symbolism Lyre , harp Right ascension 18 14 to 19 28 Declination 25.66 ° to 47.71 ° Quadrant NQ4 Area 286 sq. deg . ( 52nd ) Main stars 5 Bayer / Flamsteed stars 25 Stars brighter than 3.00 1 ( Vega ) Stars within 10.00 pc ( 32.62 ly ) Brightest star Vega ( α Lyr ) ( 0.03 ) Messier objects Meteor showers Lyrids June Lyrids Alpha Lyrids Bordering constellations Draco Hercules Vulpecula Cygnus Visible at latitudes between + 90 ° and − 40 ° . Best visible at 21 : 00 ( 9 p.m. ) during the month of August . Lyra ( / ˈlaɪrə / ; Latin for lyre , from Greek λύρα ) is a small constellation . It is one of 48 listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy , and is one of the 88 constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union . Lyra was often represented on star maps as a vulture or an eagle carrying a lyre , and hence is sometimes referred to as Vultur Cadens or Aquila Cadens ( `` Falling Vulture '' or `` Falling Eagle '' ) , respectively . Beginning at the north , Lyra is bordered by Draco , Hercules , Vulpecula , and Cygnus . Lyra is visible from the northern hemisphere from spring through autumn , and nearly overhead , in temperate latitudes , during the summer months . From the southern hemisphere , it is visible low in the northern sky during the winter months . Vega , Lyra 's brightest star , is one of the brightest stars in the night sky , and forms a corner of the famed Summer Triangle asterism . Beta Lyrae is the prototype of a class of stars known as Beta Lyrae variables . These binary stars are so close to each other that they become egg - shaped and material flows from one to the other . Epsilon Lyrae , known informally as the Double Double , is a complex multiple star system . Lyra also hosts the Ring Nebula , the second - discovered and best - known planetary nebula . Contents 1 History 2 Characteristics 3 Features 3.1 Stars 3.2 Deep - sky objects 3.3 Exoplanets 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Lyra can be seen on the right of this c. 1825 star map from Urania 's Mirror . In Greek mythology , Lyra represents the lyre of Orpheus . Made by Hermes from a tortoise shell , given to Apollo as a bargain , it was said to be the first lyre ever produced . Orpheus 's music was said to be so great that even inanimate objects such as trees , streams , and rocks could be charmed . Joining Jason and the Argonauts , his music was able to quell the voices of the dangerous Sirens , who sang tempting songs to the Argonauts . At one point , Orpheus married Eurydice , a nymph . While fleeing from an attack by Aristaeus , she stepped on a snake that bit her , killing her . To reclaim her , Orpheus entered the Underworld , where the music from his lyre charmed Hades . Hades relented and let Orpheus bring Eurydice back , on the condition that he never once look back until outside . Unfortunately , near the very end , Orpheus faltered and looked back , causing Eurydice to be left in the Underworld forever . Orpheus spent the rest of his life strumming his lyre while wandering aimlessly through the land , rejecting all marriage offers from women . There are two competing myths relating to the death of Orpheus . According to Eratosthenes , Orpheus failed to make a necessary sacrifice to Dionysus due to his regard for Apollo as the supreme deity instead . Dionysus then sent his followers to rip Orpheus apart . Ovid tells a rather different story , saying that women , in retribution for Orpheus 's rejection of marriage offers , ganged up and threw stones and spears . At first , his music charmed them as well , but eventually their numbers and clamor overwhelmed his music and he was hit by the spears . Both myths then state that his lyre was placed in the sky by Zeus , and Orpheus ' bones buried by the muses . Vega and its surrounding stars are also treated as a constellation in other cultures . The area corresponding to Lyra was seen by the Arabs as a vulture or an eagle carrying a lyre , either enclosed in its wings , or in its beak . In Wales , Lyra is known as King Arthur 's Harp ( Talyn Arthur ) , and King David 's harp . The Persian Hafiz called it the Lyre of Zurah . It has been called the Manger of the Infant Saviour , Praesepe Salvatoris . In Australian Aboriginal astronomy , Lyra is known by the Boorong people in Victoria as the Malleefowl constellation . Lyra was known as Urcuchillay by the Incas and was worshipped as an animal deity . Characteristics ( edit ) Lyra is bordered by Vulpecula to the south , Hercules to the east , Draco to the north , and Cygnus to the west . Covering 286.5 square degrees , it ranks 52nd of the 88 modern constellations in size . It appears prominently in the northern sky during the Northern Hemisphere 's summer , and the whole constellation is visible for at least part of the year to observers north of latitude 42 ° S. Its main asterism consists of six stars , and 73 stars in total are brighter than magnitude 6.5 . The constellation 's boundaries , as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930 , are defined by a 17 - sided polygon . In the equatorial coordinate system , the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 18 14 and 19 28 , while the declination coordinates are between + 25.66 ° and + 47.71 ° . The International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) adopted the three - letter abbreviation `` Lyr '' for the constellation in 1922 . Features ( edit ) The constellation Lyra as it can be seen by the naked eye . Stars ( edit ) See also : List of stars in Lyra The brightest and by far the most well - known star in the constellation is Vega , a main - sequence star of spectral type A0Va . Only 7.7 parsecs distant , is a Delta Scuti variable , varying between magnitudes − 0.02 and 0.07 over 0.2 days . On average , it is the second - brightest star of the northern hemisphere ( after Arcturus ) and the fifth - brightest star in all , surpassed only by Arcturus , Alpha Centauri , Canopus , and Sirius . Vega was the pole star in the year 12,000 BCE , and will again become the pole star around 14,000 CE . Vega is one of the most - magnificent of all stars , and has been called `` arguably the next most important star in the sky after the Sun '' . Vega was the first star other than the Sun to be photographed , as well as the first to have a clear spectrum recorded , showing absorption lines for the first time . The star was the first single main - sequence star other than the Sun to be known to emit X-rays , and is surrounded by a circumstellar debris disk , similar to the Kuiper Belt . Vega forms one corner of the famous Summer Triangle asterism ; along with Altair and Deneb , these three stars form a prominent triangle during the northern hemisphere summer . Vega also forms one vertex of a much smaller triangle , along with Epsilon and Zeta Lyrae . Zeta forms a wide binary star visible in binoculars , consisting of an Am star and an F - type subgiant . The Am star has an additional close companion , bringing the total number of stars in the system to three . Epsilon is a more famous wide binary that can even be separated by the naked eye under good conditions . Both components are themselves close binaries which can be seen with telescopes to consist of A - and F - type stars , and a faint star was recently found to orbit component C as well , for a total of five stars . In contrast to Zeta and Epsilon Lyrae , Delta Lyrae is an optical double , with the two stars simply lying along the same line of sight east of Zeta . The brighter and closer of the two , Delta Lyrae , is a 4th - magnitude red bright giant that varies semiregularly by around 0.2 magnitudes with a dominant period of 79 days , while the fainter Delta Lyrae is a spectroscopic binary consisting of a B - type primary and an unknown secondary . Both systems , however , have very similar radial velocities , and are the two brightest members of a sparse open cluster known as the Delta Lyrae cluster . South of Delta is Gamma Lyrae , a blue giant and the second - brightest star in the constellation . Around 190 parsecs distant , it has been referred to as a `` superficially normal '' star . The final star forming the lyre 's figure is Beta Lyrae , also a binary composed of a blue bright giant and an early B - type star . In this case , the stars are so close together that the larger giant is overflowing its Roche lobe and transferring material to the secondary , forming a semidetached system . The secondary , originally the less massive of the two , has accreted so much mass that it is now substantially more massive , albeit smaller , than the primary , and is surrounded by a thick accretion disk . The plane of the orbit is aligned with Earth and the system thus shows eclipses , dropping nearly a full magnitude from its 3rd - magnitude baseline every 13 days , although its period is increasing by around 19 seconds per year . It is the prototype of the Beta Lyrae variables , eclipsing semidetached binaries of early spectral types in which there are no exact onsets of eclipses , but rather continuous changes in brightness . A long - exposure image of Lyra Another easy - to - spot variable is the bright R Lyrae , north of the main asterism . Also known as 13 Lyrae , it is a 4th - magnitude red giant semiregular variable that varies by several tenths of a magnitude . Its periodicity is complex , with several different periods of varying lengths , most notably one of 46 days and one of 64 days . Even further north is FL Lyrae , a much fainter 9th - magnitude Algol variable that drops by half a magnitude every 2.18 days during the primary eclipse . Both components are main - sequence stars , the primary being late F - type and the secondary late G - type . The system was one of the first main - sequence eclipsing binaries containing G - type star to have its properties known as well as the better - studied early - type eclipsing binaries . At the very northernmost edge of the constellation is the even fainter V361 Lyrae , an eclipsing binary that does not easily fall into one of the traditional classes , with features of Beta Lyrae , W Ursae Majoris , and cataclysmic variables . It may be a representative of a very brief phase in which the system is transitioning into a contact binary . It can be found less than a degree away from the naked - eye star 16 Lyrae , a 5th - magnitude A-type subgiant located around 37 parsecs distant . The brightest star not included in the asterism and the westernmost cataloged by Bayer or Flamsteed is Kappa Lyrae , a typical red giant around 73 parsecs distant . Similar bright orange or red giants include the 4th - magnitude Theta Lyrae , Lambda Lyrae , and HD 173780 . Lambda is located just south of Gamma , Theta is positioned in the east , and HD 173780 , the brightest star in the constellation with no Bayer or Flamsteed designation , is more southernly . Just north of Theta and of almost exactly the same magnitude is Eta Lyrae , a blue subgiant with a near - solar metal abundance . Also nearby is the faint HP Lyrae , a post-asymptotic giant branch ( AGB ) star that shows variability . The reason for its variability is still a mystery : first cataloged as an eclipsing binary , it was theorized to be an RV Tauri variable in 2002 , but if so , it would be by far the hottest such variable discovered . In the extreme east is RR Lyrae , the prototype of the large class of variables known as RR Lyrae variables , which are pulsating variables similar to Cepheids , but are evolved population II stars of spectral types A and F. Such stars are usually not found in a galaxy 's thin disk , but rather in the galactic halo . Such stars serve as standard candles , and thus are a reliable way to calculate distances to the globular clusters in which they reside . RR Lyrae itself varies between magnitudes 7 and 8 while exhibiting the Blazhko effect . The easternmost star designated by Flamsteed , 19 Lyrae , is also a small - amplitude variable , an Alpha Canum Venaticorum variable with a period of just over one day . Another evolved star is the naked - eye variable XY Lyrae , a red bright giant just north of Vega that varies between 6th and 7th magnitudes over a period of 120 days . Also just visible to the naked eye is the peculiar classical Cepheid V473 Lyrae . It is unique in that it is the only known Cepheid in the Milky Way to undergo periodic phase and amplitude changes , analogous to the Blazhko effect in RR Lyrae stars . At 1.5 days , its period was the shortest known for a classical Cepheid at the time of its discovery . W and S Lyrae are two of the many Mira variables in Lyra . W varies between 7th and 12th magnitudes over approximately 200 days , while S , slightly fainter , is a silicate carbon star , likely of the J - type . Another evolved star is EP Lyrae , a faint RV Tauri variable and an `` extreme example '' of a post-AGB star . It and a likely companion are surrounded by a circumstellar disk of material . Rather close to Earth at a distance of only 16 parsecs ( 52 ly ) is Gliese 758 . The sunlike primary star has a brown dwarf companion , the coldest to have been imaged around a sunlike star in thermal light when it was discovered in 2009 . Only slightly farther away is V478 Lyrae , an eclipsing RS Canum Venaticorum variable whose primary star shows active starspot activity . One of the most peculiar systems in Lyra is MV Lyrae , a nova - like star consisting of a red dwarf and a white dwarf . Originally classified as a VY Sculptoris star due to spending most time at maximum brightness , since around 1979 the system has been dominantly at minimum brightness , with periodic outbursts . Its nature is still not fully understood . Another outbursting star is AY Lyrae , an SU Ursae Majoris - type dwarf nova that has undergone several superoutbursts . Of the same type is V344 Lyrae , notable for an extremely short period between superoutbursts coupled with one of the highest amplitudes for such a period . The true nova HR Lyrae flared in 1919 to a maximum magnitude of 6.5 , over 9.5 magnitudes higher than in quiescence . Some of its characteristics are similar to those of recurring novae . Deep - sky objects ( edit ) Messier 56 is composed of a large number of stars , tightly bound to each other by gravity . In Lyra are the objects M56 , M57 , and Kuiper 90 . M56 is a rather loose globular cluster at a distance of approximately 32,900 light - years , with a diameter of about 85 light - years . Its apparent brightness is 8.3 m . M57 , also known as the `` Ring Nebula '' and NGC 6720 , has a diameter of one light - year and is at a distance of 2,000 light - years from Earth . It is one of the best known planetary nebulae and the second to be discovered ; its integrated magnitude is 8.8 . It was discovered in 1779 by Antoine Darquier , 15 years after Charles Messier discovered the Dumbbell Nebula . Astronomers have determined that it is between 6,000 and 8,000 years old ; it is approximately one light - year in diameter . The outer part of the nebula appears red in photographs because of emission from ionized hydrogen . The middle region is colored green ; doubly ionized oxygen emits greenish - blue light . The hottest region , closest to the central star , appears blue because of emission from helium . The central star itself is a white dwarf with a temperature of 120,000 kelvins . In telescopes , the nebula appears as a visible ring with a green tinge ; it is slightly elliptical because its three - dimensional shape is a torus or cylinder seen from a slight angle . It can be found halfway between Gamma Lyrae and Beta Lyrae . Another planetary nebula in Lyra is Abell 46 . The central star , V477 Lyrae , is an eclipsing post-common - envelope binary , consisting of a white dwarf primary and an oversized secondary component due to recent accretion . The nebula itself is of relatively low surface brightness compared to the central star , and is undersized for the primary 's mass for reasons not yet fully understood . NGC 6791 is a cluster of stars in Lyra . It contains three age groups of stars : 4 billion year - old white dwarfs , 6 billion year - old white dwarfs and 8 billion year - old normal stars . NGC 6745 is an irregular spiral galaxy in Lyra that is at a distance of 208 million light - years . Several million years ago , it collided with a smaller galaxy , which created a region filled with young , hot , blue stars . Astronomers do not know if the collision was simply a glancing blow or a prelude to a full - on merger , which would end with the two galaxies incorporated into one larger , probably elliptical galaxy . A remarkable long - duration gamma - ray burst was GRB 050525A , which flared in 2005 . The afterglow re-brightened at 33 minutes after the original burst , only the third found to exhibit such an effect in the timeframe , and unable to be completely explained by known phenomena . The light curve observed over the next 100 days was consistent with that of a supernova or even a hypernova , dubbed SN 2005nc . The host galaxy proved elusive to find at first , although it was subsequently identified . Exoplanets ( edit ) In orbit around the orange subgiant star HD 177830 is one of the earliest exoplanets to be detected . A jovian - mass planet , it orbits in an eccentric orbit with a period of 390 days . A second planet closer to the star was discovered in 2011 . Visible to the naked eye are HD 173416 , a yellow giant hosting a planet over twice the mass of Jupiter discovered in 2009 ; and HD 176051 , a low - mass binary star containing another high - mass planet . Just short of naked - eye visibility is HD 178911 , a triple system consisting of a close binary and a visually separable sunlike star . The sunlike star has a planet with over 6 Jupiter masses discovered in 2001 , the second found in a triple system after that of 16 Cygni . One of the most - studied exoplanets in the night sky is TrES - 1b , in orbit around the star GSC 02652 - 01324 . Detected from a transit of its parent star , the planet has around 3 / 4 the mass of Jupiter , yet orbits its parent star in only three days . The transits have been reported to have anomalies multiple times . Originally thought to be possibly due to the presence of an Earth - like planet , it is now accepted that the irregularities are due to a large starspot . Also discovered by the transit method is WASP - 3b , with 1.75 times the mass of Jupiter . At the time of its discovery , it was one of the hottest known exoplanets , in orbit around the F - type main - sequence star WASP - 3 . Similar to TrES - 1b , irregularities in the transits had left open the possibility of a second planet , although this now appears unlikely as well . Lyra is one of three constellations ( along with neighboring Cygnus and Draco ) to be in the Kepler Mission 's field of view , and as such it contains many more known exoplanets than most constellations . One of the first discovered by the mission is Kepler - 7b , an extremely low - density exoplanet with less than half the mass of Jupiter , yet nearly 1.5 times the radius . Almost as sparse is Kepler - 8b , only slightly more massive and of a similar radius . The Kepler - 20 system contains five known planets ; three of them are only slightly smaller than Neptune , and two while the other two are some of the first Earth - sized exoplanets to be discovered . Kepler - 37 is another star with an exoplanet discovered by Kepler ; the planet is the smallest known extrasolar planet known as of February 2013 . In April 2013 , it was announced that of the five planets orbiting Kepler - 62 , at least two -- Kepler - 62e and Kepler - 62f -- are within the boundaries of the habitable zone of that star , where scientists think liquid water could exist , and are both candidates for being a solid , rocky , earth - like planet . The exoplanets are 1.6 and 1.4 times the diameter of Earth respectively , with their star Kepler - 62 at a distance of 1,200 light - years . See also ( edit ) Uttara Ashadha Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The nearby stars are Vega , the red dwarf double star GJ 747 , and the brown dwarf 2MASS 1835 + 3259 . Jump up ^ While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between 42 ° S and 64 ° S , stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable . Jump up ^ Assuming the visual binary Epsilon is counted as single stars , and only one of Delta1 and Delta2 Lyrae is counted as part of the pattern . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion ( 2007 ) . Stars and Planets Guide , Collins , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 725120 - 9 . Princeton University Press , Princeton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13556 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lesley Brown : The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary . Vol. 1 : A − M. Clarendon Press , Oxford 1993 , p. 1651 Jump up ^ Bistue , Belen ( May 23 , 2016 ) . Collaborative Translation and Multi-Version Texts in Early Modern Europe . Routledge . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 1317164350 . ^ Jump up to : Ridpath , Ian . `` Star Tales - Lyra '' . Star Tales . self - published . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Richard Hinckley ( 1963 ) ( 1899 ) . Star Names : Their Lore and Meaning . Dover Publications , Inc . ISBN 0 - 486 - 21079 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` World_Archaeological_Congress. pdf '' ( PDF ) . The Astronomy of the Boorong . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 17 . 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( 2010 ) . `` DISCOVERY AND ROSSITER - McLAUGHLIN EFFECT OF EXOPLANET KEPLER - 8b '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 724 ( 2 ) : 1108 -- 1119 . arXiv : 1001.0416 . Bibcode : 2010ApJ ... 724.1108 J . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 724 / 2 / 1108 . 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The Astrophysical Journal . 749 ( 1 ) : 15 . arXiv : 1112.4514 . Bibcode : 2012ApJ ... 749 ... 15G . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 749 / 1 / 15 . Jump up ^ Fressin , Francois ; Torres , Guillermo ; Rowe , Jason F. ; Charbonneau , David ; Rogers , Leslie A. ; Ballard , Sarah ; Batalha , Natalie M. ; Borucki , William J. ; Bryson , Stephen T. ; Buchhave , Lars A. ; Ciardi , David R. ; Désert , Jean - Michel ; Dressing , Courtney D. ; Fabrycky , Daniel C. ; Ford , Eric B. ; Gautier III , Thomas N. ; Henze , Christopher E. ; Holman , Matthew J. ; Howard , Andrew ; Howell , Steve B. ; Jenkins , Jon M. ; Koch , David G. ; Latham , David W. ; Lissauer , Jack J. ; Marcy , Geoffrey W. ; Quinn , Samuel N. ; Ragozzine , Darin ; Sasselov , Dimitar D. ; Seager , Sara ; Barclay , Thomas ; Mullally , Fergal ; Seader , Shawn E. ; Still , Martin ; Twicken , Joseph D. ; Thompson , Susan E. ; Uddin , Kamal ( 2011 ) . `` Two Earth - sized planets orbiting Kepler - 20 '' . Nature . 482 ( 7384 ) : 195 -- 198 . arXiv : 1112.4550 . Bibcode : 2012Natur. 482 ... 195F . doi : 10.1038 / nature10780 . PMID 22186831 . Jump up ^ Grant , Andrew ( 18 April 2013 ) . `` Most Earthlike planets yet seen bring Kepler closer to its holy grail '' . ScienceNews.org . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lyra . `` Lyra '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . p. 177 . Warburg Institute Iconographic Database ( over 180 medieval and early modern images of Lyra ) Stars of Lyra Bayer α ( Vega ) β ( Sheliak ) γ ( Sulafat ) δ δ ε ζ ζ η ( Aladfar ) θ ι κ λ μ ( Alathfar ) ν ν Flamsteed 16 17 19 Variable R ( 13 ) V RR RV RZ TT TZ UZ XY AY CC CN CY DM EP EZ FL HK HP HR KX MV V344 V361 V404 V473 V477 V478 V533 V542 V543 V545 V550 V558 HR 6845 6847 6853 6901 6968 6984 6997 7016 7017 7019 7030 7033 7041 7043 7044 7064 7073 7081 7112 7115 7118 7132 7140 7146 7162 7181 7202 7204 7212 7237 7238 7244 7253 7272 7280 7284 7302 7338 7345 7346 7359 7376 7382 HD 177830 180314 181068 Gliese Gliese 758 GJ 4063 Kepler 7 8 9 13 14 19 20 21 24 25 26 30 37 38 46 53 55 59 60 62 65 75 83 88 91 92 93 94 95 98 100 102 103 104 105 109 128 130 131 138 177 238 277 279 282 350 410 444 Other GSC 02634 - 01087 GSC 02652 - 01324 KSw 71 LHS 6343 2MASS 1835 + 3259 WASP - 3 WASP - 58 WISE 1828 + 2650 List The 88 modern constellations Andromeda Antlia Apus Aquarius Aquila Ara Aries Auriga Boötes Caelum Camelopardalis Cancer Canes Venatici Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Carina Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Chamaeleon Circinus Columba Coma Berenices Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Crux Cygnus Delphinus Dorado Draco Equuleus Eridanus Fornax Gemini Grus Hercules Horologium Hydra Hydrus Indus Lacerta Leo Leo Minor Lepus Libra Lupus Lynx Lyra Mensa Microscopium Monoceros Musca Norma Octans Ophiuchus Orion Pavo Pegasus Perseus Phoenix Pictor Pisces Piscis Austrinus Puppis Pyxis Reticulum Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Sculptor Scutum Serpens Sextans Taurus Telescopium Triangulum Triangulum Australe Tucana Ursa Major Ursa Minor Vela Virgo Volans Vulpecula Lists of constellations Constellation history The 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy after 150 AD Andromeda Aquarius Aquila Ara Argo Navis Aries Auriga Boötes Cancer Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Cygnus Delphinus Draco Equuleus Eridanus Gemini Hercules Hydra Leo Lepus Libra Lupus Lyra Ophiuchus Orion Pegasus Perseus Pisces Piscis Austrinus Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Serpens Taurus Triangulum Ursa Major Ursa Minor Virgo The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries Vespucci or Corsalius early 16c : Crux Triangulum Australe Vopel 1536 : Coma Berenices Keyser & de Houtman 1596 : Apus Chamaeleon Dorado Grus Hydrus Indus Musca Pavo Phoenix Tucana Volans Plancius 1613 : Camelopardalis Columba Monoceros Habrecht 1621 : Reticulum Hevelius 1683 : Canes Venatici Lacerta Leo Minor Lynx Scutum Sextans Vulpecula de Lacaille 1763 : Antlia Caelum Carina Circinus Fornax Horologium Mensa Microscopium Norma Octans Pictor Puppis Pyxis Sculptor Telescopium Vela Obsolete constellations ( including Ptolemy 's Argo Navis ) Anser Antinous Apes Argo Navis Asterion Cancer Minor Cerberus Chara Custos Messium Felis Frederici Honores / Gloria Frederici Gallus Globus Aerostaticus Jordanus Lilium Lochium Funis Machina Electrica Malus Mons Maenalus Musca Borealis Noctua Officina Typographica Polophylax Psalterium Georgianum / Harpa Georgii Quadrans Muralis Ramus Pomifer Robur Carolinum Sceptrum Brandenburgicum Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae Solarium Rangifer / Tarandus Taurus Poniatovii Telescopium Herschelii Testudo Tigris Triangulum Minus Turdus Solitarius Vespa Vultur cadens Vultur volans obsolete constellation names Apis Phoenicopterus Serpentarius Xiphias Coordinates : 19 00 00 , + 40 ° 00 ′ 00 '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyra&oldid=846171520 '' Categories : Lyra ( constellation ) Constellations Northern constellations Constellations listed by Ptolemy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 21 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	brightest star in the constellation lyra dan word	[ "Vega, Lyra's brightest star, is one of the brightest stars in the night sky, and forms a corner of the famed Summer Triangle asterism. Beta Lyrae is the prototype of a class of stars known as Beta Lyrae variables. These binary stars are so close to each other that they become egg-shaped and material flows from one to the other. Epsilon Lyrae, known informally as the Double Double, is a complex multiple star system. Lyra also hosts the Ring Nebula, the second-discovered and best-known planetary nebula.\n" ]	[ "Vega" ]
4725790391168889000	Great Wall of China	Great Wall of China - wikipedia Great Wall of China `` Great Wall '' redirects here . For other uses , see Great Wall ( disambiguation ) . wall along the historical northern borders of China Great Wall of China 萬里長城 The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling Map of all the wall constructions Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap General information Type Fortification Country China Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ N 117 ° 14 ′ E / 40.68 ° N 117.23 ° E / 40.68 ; 117.23 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ N 117 ° 14 ′ E / 40.68 ° N 117.23 ° E / 40.68 ; 117.23 Technical details Size 21,196 km ( 13,171 mi ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name The Great Wall Type Cultural Criteria i , ii , iii , iv , vi Designated 1987 ( 11th session ) Reference no . 438 State Party China Region Asia - Pacific Great Wall of China Simplified Chinese 长城 Traditional Chinese 長城 Literal meaning `` The Long Wall '' show Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chángchéng Wade -- Giles Ch'ang - ch'eng IPA ( ʈʂhǎŋ. ʈʂhə̌ŋ ) Wu Romanization Saon sen Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Cheung sing IPA ( tshœ̏ːŋ. sȅŋ ) Jyutping Coeng sing Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tn̂g - siân Tâi - lô Tn̂g - siânn Alternative Chinese name Simplified Chinese 万里长城 Traditional Chinese 萬里長城 Literal meaning `` The 10,000 - li Long Wall '' show Transcriptions Wu Romanization Vae - li saon - sen Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Maan lei Cheung sing IPA ( màːn. le̬i tshœ̏ːŋ. sȅŋ ) Jyutping Maan - lei coeng - sing Southern Min Tâi - lô Bān - lí tn̂g - siânn The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone , brick , tamped earth , wood , and other materials , generally built along an east - to - west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe with an eye to expansion . Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC ; these , later joined together and made bigger and stronger , are collectively referred to as the Great Wall . Especially famous is the wall built in 220 -- 206 BC by Qin Shi Huang , the first Emperor of China . Little of that wall remains . The Great Wall has been rebuilt , maintained , and enhanced over various dynasties ; the majority of the existing wall is from the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) . Apart from defense , other purposes of the Great Wall have included border controls , allowing the imposition of duties on goods transported along the Silk Road , regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and emigration . Furthermore , the defensive characteristics of the Great Wall were enhanced by the construction of watch towers , troop barracks , garrison stations , signaling capabilities through the means of smoke or fire , and the fact that the path of the Great Wall also served as a transportation corridor . The frontier walls built by different dynasties have multiple courses . Collectively , they stretch from Dandong in the east to Lop Lake in the west , from present - day Sino - Russian border in the north to Qinghai in the south ; along an arc that roughly delineates the edge of Mongolian steppe . A comprehensive archaeological survey , using advanced technologies , has concluded that the walls built by the Ming dynasty measure 8,850 km ( 5,500 mi ) . This is made up of 6,259 km ( 3,889 mi ) sections of actual wall , 359 km ( 223 mi ) of trenches and 2,232 km ( 1,387 mi ) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers . Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measures out to be 21,196 km ( 13,171 mi ) . Today , the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history . Contents 1 Names 2 History 2.1 Early walls 2.2 Ming era 2.3 Foreign accounts 3 Course 4 Characteristics 5 Condition 6 Visibility from space 6.1 From the Moon 6.2 From low Earth orbit 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Names The collection of fortifications known as the Great Wall of China has historically had a number of different names in both Chinese and English . In Chinese histories , the term `` Long Wall ( s ) '' ( 長城 , changcheng ) appears in Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian , where it referred both to the separate great walls built between and north of the Warring States and to the more unified construction of the First Emperor . The Chinese character 城 is a phono - semantic compound of the `` place '' or `` earth '' radical 土 and 成 , whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as * deŋ . It originally referred to the rampart which surrounded traditional Chinese cities and was used by extension for these walls around their respective states ; today , however , it is much more often the Chinese word for `` city '' . The longer Chinese name `` Ten - Thousand Mile Long Wall '' ( 萬里長城 , Wanli Changcheng ) came from Sima Qian 's description of it in the Records , though he did not name the walls as such . The AD 493 Book of Song quotes the frontier general Tan Daoji referring to `` the long wall of 10,000 miles '' , closer to the modern name , but the name rarely features in pre-modern times otherwise . The traditional Chinese mile ( 里 , lǐ ) was an often irregular distance that was intended to show the length of a standard village and varied with terrain but was usually standardized at distances around a third of an English mile ( 540 m ) . Since China 's metrication in 1930 , it has been exactly equivalent to 500 metres or 1,600 feet , which would make the wall 's name describe a distance of 5,000 km ( 3,100 mi ) . However , this use of `` ten - thousand '' ( wàn ) is figurative in a similar manner to the Greek and English myriad and simply means `` innumerable '' or `` immeasurable '' . Because of the wall 's association with the First Emperor 's supposed tyranny , the Chinese dynasties after Qin usually avoided referring to their own additions to the wall by the name `` Long Wall '' . Instead , various terms were used in medieval records , including `` frontier ( s ) '' ( 塞 , sāi ) , `` rampart ( s ) '' ( 垣 , yuán ) , `` barrier ( s ) '' ( 障 , zhàng ) , `` the outer fortresses '' ( 外堡 , wàibǎo ) , and `` the border wall ( s ) '' ( t 邊牆 , s 边墙 , biānqiáng ) . Poetic and informal names for the wall included `` the Purple Frontier '' ( 紫塞 , Zǐsāi ) and `` the Earth Dragon '' ( t 土龍 , s 土龙 , Tǔlóng ) . Only during the Qing period did `` Long Wall '' become the catch - all term to refer to the many border walls regardless of their location or dynastic origin , equivalent to the English `` Great Wall '' . The current English name evolved from accounts of `` the Chinese wall '' from early modern European travelers . By the 19th century , `` The Great Wall of China '' had become standard in English , French , and German , although other European languages continued to refer to it as `` the Chinese wall . '' History Main article : History of the Great Wall of China Early walls The Great Wall of the Qin The Great Wall of the Han The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall - building by the time of the Spring and Autumn period between the 8th and 5th centuries BC . During this time and the subsequent Warring States period , the states of Qin , Wei , Zhao , Qi , Yan , and Zhongshan all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders . Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears , these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames . King Zheng of Qin conquered the last of his opponents and unified China as the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty ( `` Qin Shi Huang '' ) in 221 BC . Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords , he ordered the destruction of the sections of the walls that divided his empire among the former states . To position the empire against the Xiongnu people from the north , however , he ordered the building of new walls to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire 's northern frontier . `` Build and move on '' was a central guiding principle in constructing the wall , implying that the Chinese were not erecting a permanently fixed border . Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult , so builders always tried to use local resources . Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges , while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains . There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin walls . Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries , and very few sections remain today . The human cost of the construction is unknown , but it has been estimated by some authors that hundreds of thousands , if not up to a million , workers died building the Qin wall . Later , the Han , the Sui , and the Northern dynasties all repaired , rebuilt , or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders . The Tang and Song dynasties did not undertake any significant effort in the region . The Liao , Jin , and Yuan dynasties , who ruled Northern China throughout most of the 10th -- 13th centuries , constructed defensive walls in the 12th century but those were located much to the north of the Great Wall as we know it , within China 's province of Inner Mongolia and in Mongolia itself . Ming era The extent of the Ming Empire and its walls Main article : Ming Great Wall The Great Wall concept was revived again under the Ming in the 14th century , and following the Ming army 's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu . The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Mongolian tribes after successive battles , and the long - drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire . The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China . Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert , the wall followed the desert 's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Yellow River . Unlike the earlier fortifications , the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth . Up to 25,000 watchtowers are estimated to have been constructed on the wall . As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years , the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls . Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong . Qi Jiguang between 1567 and 1570 also repaired and reinforced the wall , faced sections of the ram - earth wall with bricks and constructed 1,200 watchtowers from Shanhaiguan Pass to Changping to warn of approaching Mongol raiders . During the 1440s -- 1460s , the Ming also built a so - called `` Liaodong Wall '' . Similar in function to the Great Wall ( whose extension , in a sense , it was ) , but more basic in construction , the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province , protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched - Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the Jianzhou Jurchens from the north . While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall , most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides . Towards the end of the Ming , the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600 . Even after the loss of all of Liaodong , the Ming army held the heavily fortified Shanhai Pass , preventing the Manchus from conquering the Chinese heartland . The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644 , after Beijing had already fallen to Li Zicheng 's rebels . Before this time , the Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times to raid , but this time it was for conquest . The gates at Shanhai Pass were opened on May 25 by the commanding Ming general , Wu Sangui , who formed an alliance with the Manchus , hoping to use the Manchus to expel the rebels from Beijing . The Manchus quickly seized Beijing , and eventually defeated both the rebel - founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance , establishing the Qing dynasty rule over all of China . Under Qing rule , China 's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire , so constructions on the Great Wall were discontinued . On the other hand , the so - called Willow Palisade , following a line similar to that of the Ming Liaodong Wall , was constructed by the Qing rulers in Manchuria . Its purpose , however , was not defense but rather migration control . Foreign accounts Part of the Great Wall of China ( April 1853 , X , p. 41 ) The Great Wall in 1907 None of the Europeans who visited Yuan China or Mongolia , such as Marco Polo , Giovanni da Pian del Carpine , William of Rubruck , Giovanni de ' Marignolli and Odoric of Pordenone , mentioned the Great Wall . The North African traveler Ibn Battuta , who also visited China during the Yuan dynasty ca . 1346 , had heard about China 's Great Wall , possibly before he had arrived in China . He wrote that the wall is `` sixty days ' travel '' from Zeitun ( modern Quanzhou ) in his travelogue Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling . He associated it with the legend of the wall mentioned in the Qur'an , which Dhul - Qarnayn ( commonly associated with Alexander the Great ) was said to have erected to protect people near the land of the rising sun from the savages of Gog and Magog . However , Ibn Battuta could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it , suggesting that although there were remnants of the wall at that time , they were n't significant . Soon after Europeans reached Ming China by ship in the early 16th century , accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe , even though no European was to see it for another century . Possibly one of the earliest European descriptions of the wall and of its significance for the defense of the country against the `` Tartars '' ( i.e. Mongols ) , may be the one contained in João de Barros 's 1563 Asia . Other early accounts in Western sources include those of Gaspar da Cruz , Bento de Goes , Matteo Ricci , and Bishop Juan González de Mendoza . In 1559 , in his work `` A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions , '' Gaspar da Cruz offers an early discussion of the Great Wall . Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605 , when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India . Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical , closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall , although later they slid into hyperbole , including the erroneous but ubiquitous claim that the Ming Walls were the same ones that were built by the First Emperor in the 3rd century BC . When China opened its borders to foreign merchants and visitors after its defeat in the First and Second Opium Wars , the Great Wall became a main attraction for tourists . The travelogues of the later 19th century further enhanced the reputation and the mythology of the Great Wall , such that in the 20th century , a persistent misconception exists about the Great Wall of China being visible from the Moon or even Mars . Course The main sections of the Great Wall that are still standing today An area of the sections of the Great Wall at Jinshanling Although a formal definition of what constitutes a `` Great Wall '' has not been agreed upon , making the full course of the Great Wall difficult to describe in its entirety , the course of the main Great Wall line following Ming constructions can be charted . The Jiayu Pass , located in Gansu province , is the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall . Although Han fortifications such as Yumen Pass and the Yang Pass exist further west , the extant walls leading to those passes are difficult to trace . From Jiayu Pass the wall travels discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor and into the deserts of Ningxia , where it enters the western edge of the Yellow River loop at Yinchuan . Here the first major walls erected during the Ming dynasty cuts through the Ordos Desert to the eastern edge of the Yellow River loop . There at Piantou Pass ( t 偏頭關 , s 偏头关 , Piāntóuguān ) in Xinzhou , Shanxi province , the Great Wall splits in two with the `` Outer Great Wall '' ( t 外長城 , s 外长城 , Wài Chǎngchéng ) extending along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province , and the `` inner Great Wall '' ( t 內長城 , s 內长城 , Nèi Chǎngchéng ) running southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 km ( 250 mi ) , passing through important passes like the Pingxing Pass and Yanmen Pass before joining the Outer Great Wall at Sihaiye ( 四海冶 , Sìhǎiyě ) , in Beijing 's Yanqing County . The sections of the Great Wall around Beijing municipality are especially famous : they were frequently renovated and are regularly visited by tourists today . The Badaling Great Wall near Zhangjiakou is the most famous stretch of the Wall , for this is the first section to be opened to the public in the People 's Republic of China , as well as the showpiece stretch for foreign dignitaries . South of Badaling is the Juyong Pass ; when used by the Chinese to protect their land , this section of the wall had many guards to defend China 's capital Beijing . Made of stone and bricks from the hills , this portion of the Great Wall is 7.8 m ( 25 ft 7 in ) high and 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) wide . One of the most striking sections of the Ming Great Wall is where it climbs extremely steep slopes in Jinshanling . There it runs 11 km ( 7 mi ) long , ranges from 5 to 8 m ( 16 ft 5 in to 26 ft 3 in ) in height , and 6 m ( 19 ft 8 in ) across the bottom , narrowing up to 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) across the top . Wangjinglou ( t 望京樓 , s 望京楼 , Wàngjīng Lóu ) is one of Jinshanling 's 67 watchtowers , 980 m ( 3,220 ft ) above sea level . Southeast of Jinshanling is the Mutianyu Great Wall which winds along lofty , cragged mountains from the southeast to the northwest for 2.25 km ( 1.40 mi ) . It is connected with Juyongguan Pass to the west and Gubeikou to the east . This section was one of the first to be renovated following the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution . At the edge of the Bohai Gulf is Shanhai Pass , considered the traditional end of the Great Wall and the `` First Pass Under Heaven '' . The part of the wall inside Shanhai Pass that meets the sea is named the `` Old Dragon Head '' . 3 km ( 2 mi ) north of Shanhai Pass is Jiaoshan Great Wall ( 焦山長城 ) , the site of the first mountain of the Great Wall . 15 km ( 9 mi ) northeast from Shanhaiguan is Jiumenkou ( t 九門口 , s 九门口 , Jiǔménkǒu ) , which is the only portion of the wall that was built as a bridge . Beyond Jiumenkou , an offshoot known as the Liaodong Wall continues through Liaoning province and terminates at the Hushan Great Wall , in the city of Dandong near the North Korean border . In 2009 , 180 km of previously unknown sections of the wall concealed by hills , trenches and rivers were discovered with the help of infrared range finders and GPS devices . In March and April 2015 nine sections with a total length of more than 10 km ( 6 mi ) , believed to be part of the Great Wall , were discovered along the border of Ningxia autonomous region and Gansu province . Characteristics The Great Wall at Mutianyu , near Beijing Great Wall of China in tourist season Before the use of bricks , the Great Wall was mainly built from rammed earth , stones , and wood . During the Ming , however , bricks were heavily used in many areas of the wall , as were materials such as tiles , lime , and stone . The size and weight of the bricks made them easier to work with than earth and stone , so construction quickened . Additionally , bricks could bear more weight and endure better than rammed earth . Stone can hold under its own weight better than brick , but is more difficult to use . Consequently , stones cut in rectangular shapes were used for the foundation , inner and outer brims , and gateways of the wall . Battlements line the uppermost portion of the vast majority of the wall , with defensive gaps a little over 30 cm ( 12 in ) tall , and about 23 cm ( 9.1 in ) wide . From the parapets , guards could survey the surrounding land . Communication between the army units along the length of the Great Wall , including the ability to call reinforcements and warn garrisons of enemy movements , was of high importance . Signal towers were built upon hill tops or other high points along the wall for their visibility . Wooden gates could be used as a trap against those going through . Barracks , stables , and armories were built near the wall 's inner surface . Condition A more rural portion of the Great Wall that stretches throughout the mountains , here seen in slight disrepair The Great Wall of China at Badaling While portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated , in many other locations the Wall is in disrepair . Those parts might serve as a village playground or a source of stones to rebuild houses and roads . Sections of the Wall are also prone to graffiti and vandalism , while inscribed bricks were pilfered and sold on the market for up to 50 renminbi . Parts have been destroyed because the Wall is in the way of construction . A 2012 report by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage states that 22 % of the Ming Great Wall has disappeared , while 1,961 km ( 1,219 mi ) of wall have vanished . More than 60 km ( 37 mi ) of the wall in Gansu province may disappear in the next 20 years , due to erosion from sandstorms . In some places , the height of the wall has been reduced from more than 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) to less than 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) . Various square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappeared . Many western sections of the wall are constructed from mud , rather than brick and stone , and thus are more susceptible to erosion . In 2014 a portion of the wall near the border of Liaoning and Hebei province was repaired with concrete . The work has been much criticized . Visibility from space From the Moon One of the earliest known references to the myth that the Great Wall can be seen from the moon appears in a letter written in 1754 by the English antiquary William Stukeley . Stukeley wrote that , `` This mighty wall ( Hadrian 's wall ) of four score miles ( 130 km ) in length is only exceeded by the Chinese Wall , which makes a considerable figure upon the terrestrial globe , and may be discerned at the Moon . '' The claim was also mentioned by Henry Norman in 1895 where he states `` besides its age it enjoys the reputation of being the only work of human hands on the globe visible from the Moon . '' The issue of `` canals '' on Mars was prominent in the late 19th century and may have led to the belief that long , thin objects were visible from space . The claim that the Great Wall is visible from the moon also appears in 1932 's Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! strip and in Richard Halliburton 's 1938 book Second Book of Marvels . The claim that the Great Wall is visible from the moon has been debunked many times , but is still ingrained in popular culture . The wall is a maximum 9.1 m ( 29 ft 10 in ) wide , and is about the same color as the soil surrounding it . Based on the optics of resolving power ( distance versus the width of the iris : a few millimeters for the human eye , meters for large telescopes ) only an object of reasonable contrast to its surroundings which is 110 km ( 70 mi ) or more in diameter ( 1 arc - minute ) would be visible to the unaided eye from the Moon , whose average distance from Earth is 384,393 km ( 238,851 mi ) . The apparent width of the Great Wall from the Moon is the same as that of a human hair viewed from 3 km ( 2 mi ) away . To see the wall from the Moon would require spatial resolution 17,000 times better than normal ( 20 / 20 ) vision . Unsurprisingly , no lunar astronaut has ever claimed to have seen the Great Wall from the Moon . From low earth orbit A satellite image of a section of the Great Wall in northern Shanxi , running diagonally from lower left to upper right and not to be confused with the more prominent river running from upper left to lower right . The region pictured is 12 km × 12 km ( 7 mi × 7 mi ) . A more controversial question is whether the Wall is visible from low Earth orbit ( an altitude of as little as 160 km ( 100 mi ) ) . NASA claims that it is barely visible , and only under nearly perfect conditions ; it is no more conspicuous than many other man - made objects . Other authors have argued that due to limitations of the optics of the eye and the spacing of photoreceptors on the retina , it is impossible to see the wall with the naked eye , even from low orbit , and would require visual acuity of 20 / 3 ( 7.7 times better than normal ) . Astronaut William Pogue thought he had seen it from Skylab but discovered he was actually looking at the Grand Canal of China near Beijing . He spotted the Great Wall with binoculars , but said that `` it was n't visible to the unaided eye . '' U.S. Senator Jake Garn claimed to be able to see the Great Wall with the naked eye from a space shuttle orbit in the early 1980s , but his claim has been disputed by several U.S. astronauts . Veteran U.S. astronaut Gene Cernan has stated : `` At Earth orbit of 100 to 200 miles ( 160 to 320 km ) high , the Great Wall of China is , indeed , visible to the naked eye . '' Ed Lu , Expedition 7 Science Officer aboard the International Space Station , adds that , `` it 's less visible than a lot of other objects . And you have to know where to look . '' In 2001 , Neil Armstrong stated about the view from Apollo 11 : `` I do not believe that , at least with my eyes , there would be any man - made object that I could see . I have not yet found somebody who has told me they 've seen the Wall of China from Earth orbit ... I 've asked various people , particularly Shuttle guys , that have been many orbits around China in the daytime , and the ones I 've talked to did n't see it . '' In October 2003 , Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei stated that he had not been able to see the Great Wall of China . In response , the European Space Agency ( ESA ) issued a press release reporting that from an orbit between 160 and 320 km ( 100 and 200 mi ) , the Great Wall is visible to the naked eye . In an attempt to further clarify things , the ESA published a picture of a part of the `` Great Wall '' photographed from low orbit . However , in a press release a week later , they acknowledged that the `` Great Wall '' in the picture was actually a river . Leroy Chiao , a Chinese - American astronaut , took a photograph from the International Space Station that shows the wall . It was so indistinct that the photographer was not certain he had actually captured it . Based on the photograph , the China Daily later reported that the Great Wall can be seen from ' space ' with the naked eye , under favorable viewing conditions , if one knows exactly where to look . However , the resolution of a camera can be much higher than the human visual system , and the optics much better , rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye . Gallery `` The First Mound '' -- at Jiayuguan , the western terminus The Great Wall of China at Badaling A portion of the Great Wall of China at Simatai , overlooking the gorge Mutianyu Great Wall , China . This is atop the wall on a section that has not been restored The Old Dragon Head , the Great Wall where it meets the sea in the vicinity of Shanhaiguan See also Defense of the Great Wall Gates of Alexander Great Wall of China hoax Great Wall Marathon Great Wall of Qi Huangya Pass Jiankou List of World Heritage Sites in China Notes Jump up ^ `` China 's Great Wall Found To Measure More Than 20,000 Kilometers '' . Bloomberg . June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The New York Times with introduction by Sam Tanenhaus ( 2011 ) . The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge : A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind . St. Martin 's Press of Macmillan Publishers . p. 1131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 64302 - 7 . Beginning as separate sections of fortification around the 7th century B.C.E and unified during the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century B.C.E , this wall , built of earth and rubble with a facing of brick or stone , runs from east to west across China for over 4,000 miles . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Large parts of the fortification system date from the 7th through the 4th century BC . In the 3rd century BC Shihuangdi ( Qin Shi Huang ) , the first emperor of a united China ( under the Qin dynasty ) , connected a number of existing defensive walls into a single system . Traditionally , the eastern terminus of the wall was considered to be Shanhai Pass ( Shanhaiguan ) in eastern Hebei province along the coast of the Bo Hai ( Gulf of Chihli ) , and the wall 's length -- without its branches and other secondary sections -- was thought to extend for some 6,690 km ( 4,160 mi ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Wall of China ' even longer ' '' . BBC . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . History . April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 650 . Jump up ^ Baxter , William H. & al. ( September 20 , 2014 ) . `` Baxter -- Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction , Version 1.1 '' ( PDF ) . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ See Lovell 2006 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 202 . Tan Daoji 's exact quote : `` So you would destroy your Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li ! '' ( 乃復壞汝萬里之長城 ) Note the use of the particle 之 zhi that differentiates the quote from the modern name . Jump up ^ Byron R. Winborn ( 1994 ) . Wen Bon : a Naval Air Intelligence Officer behind Japanese lines in China . University of North Texas Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929398 - 77 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Weights and Measures Act ( 1929 ) '' . The Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lindesay , William ( 2007 ) . The Great Wall Revisited : From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon 's Head . Beijing : Wuzhou Publishing . p. 21 . ISBN 7 - 5085 - 1032 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 651 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1988 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler 2007 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ 歷代王朝修長城 ( in Chinese ) . Chiculture.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 古代长城 -- 战争与和平的纽带 ( in Chinese ) . Newsmth.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 万里长城 ( in Chinese ) . Newsmth.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burbank , Jane ; Cooper , Frederick ( 2010 ) . Empires in World History : Power and the Politics of Difference . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Slavicek , Mitchell & Matray 2005 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Evans 2006 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defense and Cost of The Great Wall -- page 3 '' . Paul and Bernice Noll 's Window on the World . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coonan , Clifford ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` British researcher discovers piece of Great Wall ' marooned outside China ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 654 ; Haw 2006 , pp. 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Karnow 2008 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Szabó , Dávid & Loczy 2010 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Evans 2006 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall at Mutianyu '' . Great Wall of China . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1985 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Part of the Great Wall of China '' . The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering : A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons . Wesleyan Missionary Society . X : 41 . April 1853 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruysbroek , Willem van ( 1900 ) ( 1255 ) . The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World , 1253 -- 55 , as Narrated by Himself , with Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine . Translated from the Latin by William Woodville Rockhill . London : The Hakluyt Society . Jump up ^ Haw 2006 , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Haw 2006 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Qur'an , XVIII : `` The Cave '' . English translations hosted at Wikisource include Maulana Muhammad Ali 's , E.H. Palmer 's , and the Progressive Muslims Organization 's . Jump up ^ Haw 2006 , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Barros , João de ( 1777 ) ( 1563 ) . Ásia de João de Barros : Dos feitos que os portugueses fizeram no descobrimento dos mares e terras do Oriente . V. Lisbon . 3a Década , pp. 186 -- 204 ( originally Vol. II , Ch . vii ) . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , pp. 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Yule 1866 , p. 579This section is the report of Góis 's travel , as reported by Matteo Ricci in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas ( published 1615 ) , annotated by Henry Yule ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 2 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Lindesay 2008 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` Jiaoshan Great Wall '' . TravelChinaGuide.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jiaoshan Great Wall is located about 3 km ( 2 mi ) from Shanhaiguan ancient city . It is named after Jiaoshan Mountain , which is the highest peak to the north of Shanhai Pass and also the first mountain the Great Wall climbs up after Shanhai Pass . Therefore Jiaoshan Mountain is noted as `` The first mountain of the Great Wall '' . Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall : Liaoning Province '' . Global Times . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China longer than believed as 180 missing miles found '' . The Guardian . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Newly - discovered remains redraw path of Great Wall '' . China Daily . April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Turnbull 2007 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Ford , Peter ( November 30 , 2006 ) . New law to keep China 's Wall looking great . Christian Science Monitor , Asia Pacific section . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , Edward ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` China Fears Loss of Great Wall , Brick by Brick '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce G. Doar : The Great Wall of China : Tangible , Intangible and Destructible . China Heritage Newsletter , China Heritage Project , Australian National University Jump up ^ `` China 's Wall becoming less and less Great '' . Reuters . August 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ CNN , Ben Westcott and Serenitie Wang . `` China 's Great Wall covered in cement '' . Jump up ^ The Family Memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley ( 1887 ) Vol. 3 , p. 142 . ( 1754 ) . Jump up ^ Norman , Henry , The Peoples and Politics of the Far East , p. 215 . ( 1895 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall of China , Ripley 's Believe It or Not , 1932 . Jump up ^ Urban Legends.com website . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . `` Can you see the Great Wall of China from the moon or outer space ? '' , Answers.com . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . Cecil Adams , `` Is the Great wall of China the only manmade object byou can see from space ? '' , The Straight Dope . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . Snopes , `` Great wall from space '' , last updated July 21 , 2007 . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . `` Is China 's Great Wall Visible from Space ? '' , Scientific American , February 21 , 2008 . `` ... the wall is only visible from low orbit under a specific set of weather and lighting conditions . And many other structures that are less spectacular from an earthly vantage point -- desert roads , for example -- appear more prominent from an orbital perspective . '' Jump up ^ `` Metro Tescos '' , The Times ( London ) , April 26 , 2010 . Found at The Times website . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : López - Gil 2008 , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Great Wall of China '' . Nasa.gov . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dr. Stephen E. Ambrose ; Dr. Douglas Brinkley ( September 19 , 2001 ) . `` Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Oral History Transcript -- Neil Armstrong '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Markus , Francis . ( April 19 , 2005 ) . Great Wall visible in space photo . BBC News , Asia - Pacific section . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . References Edmonds , Richard Louis ( 1985 ) . Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan : A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy . University of Chicago , Department of Geography ; Research Paper No. 213 . ISBN 0 - 89065 - 118 - 3 . Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 7 . Evans , Thammy ( 2006 ) . Great Wall of China : Beijing & Northern China . Bradt Travel Guide . Bradt Travel Guides . p. 3 . ISBN 1 - 84162 - 158 - 7 . Haw , Stephen G. ( 2006 ) . Marco Polo 's China : a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan . Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia . Psychology Press . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34850 - 1 . Hessler , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` Letter from China : Walking the Wall '' . The New Yorker ( May 21 , 2007 ) : 58 -- 67 . Karnow , Mooney , Paul and Catherine ( 2008 ) . National Geographic Traveler : Beijing . National Geographic Books . p. 192 . ISBN 1 - 4262 - 0231 - 8 . Lindesay , William ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall Revisited : From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon 's Head . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03149 - 4 . López - Gil , Norberto ( 2008 ) . `` Is it Really Possible to See the Great Wall of China from Space with a Naked Eye ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Optometry. 1 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 4 . doi : 10.3921 / joptom. 2008.3 . PMC 3972694 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2008 . Lovell , Julia ( 2006 ) . The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC -- AD 2000 . Sydney : Picador Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42241 - 3 . Rojas , Carlos ( 2010 ) . The Great Wall : a cultural history . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04787 - 7 . Slavicek , Louise Chipley ; Mitchell , George J. ; Matray , James I. ( 2005 ) . The Great Wall of China . Infobase Publishing . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 8019 - 6 . Szabó , József ; Dávid , Lóránt ; Loczy , Denes , eds. ( 2010 ) . Anthropogenic Geomorphology : A Guide to Man - made Landforms . Springer . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3057 - 3 . Turnbull , Stephen R ( January 2007 ) . The Great Wall of China 221 BC -- AD 1644 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 004 - 8 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1983 ) . `` The Problem of The Great Wall of China '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . Harvard - Yenching Institute . 43 ( 2 ) : 643 -- 63 . JSTOR 2719110 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1988 ) . `` The Great Wall Myth : Its Origins and Role in Modern China '' . The Yale Journal of Criticism . Johns Hopkins University Press . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 104 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1990 ) . The Great Wall of China : from history to myth . Cambridge England New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42707 - 4 . Yule , Sir Henry , ed. ( 1866 ) . Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China . Issues 36 -- 37 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society . Printed for the Hakluyt society . Further reading Arnold , H.J.P , `` The Great Wall : Is It or Is n't It ? '' Astronomy Now , 1995 . Beckwith , Christopher I. ( 2009 ) : Empires of the Silk Road : A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13589 - 2 . Luo , Zewen , et al. and Baker , David , ed. ( 1981 ) . The Great Wall . Maidenhead : McGraw - Hill Book Company ( UK ) . ISBN 0 - 07 - 070745 - 6 Man , John . ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall . London : Bantam Press . 335 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05574 - 8 . Michaud , Roland and Sabrina ( photographers ) , & Michel Jan , The Great Wall of China . Abbeville Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0736 - 2 Schafer , Edward H. ( 1985 ) The Golden Peaches of Samarkand . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05462 - 2 . Yamashita , Michael ; Lindesay , William ( 2007 ) . The Great Wall -- From Beginning to End . New York : Sterling . 160 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 3160 - 0 . 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7911964576409068644	Orange Is the New Black (season 5)	Orange is the New Black ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Orange is the New Black ( season 5 ) Orange Is the New Black ( season 5 ) Promotional poster Starring Taylor Schilling Natasha Lyonne Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Jackie Cruz Lea DeLaria Michael Harney Selenis Leyva Taryn Manning Adrienne C. Moore Jessica Pimentel Dascha Polanco Elizabeth Rodriguez Nick Sandow Yael Stone Kate Mulgrew Laura Prepon Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network Netflix Original release June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 Next → Season 6 List of Orange Is the New Black episodes The fifth season of the American comedy - drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on June 9 , 2017 , at 12 : 00 am PST in multiple countries . It consists of thirteen episodes , each between 51 -- 60 minutes . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . The series is created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring cast 2.3. 1 Inmates 2.3. 2 Staff 2.3. 3 Others 3 Production 3.1 Cyberhack 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 53 `` Riot FOMO '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Litchfield Prison erupts into a riot when the inmates are not satisfied with Caputo 's handling of Poussey 's death . Daya shoots CO Thomas Humphrey in the thigh after he begins begging for his life in Spanish , a language she does not speak . His life is eventually saved by Sophia , who has paramedic training from her days as a firefighter . Piper and Alex try to take Linda hostage , but then feel bad for her and help her disguise herself as an inmate . Taystee , Black Cindy , Janae and Alison force Caputo to read a statement about Poussey 's death , which Taystee records on an iPad . Josh , a PR representative from MCC who was visiting Caputo , helps her upload it to Twitter , since he thinks the story of a renegade CO reflects better on the company than out - of - control inmates . Daya attempts to contact Aleida , but an unseen person knocks her unconscious and steals the gun from her . 54 `` Fuck , Marry , Frieda '' Constantine Makris Jordan Harrison Frieda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The prison stays under control of the inmates , who are holding several corrections officers hostage . The Hispanics force the COs to strip down to their underwear in front of a packed chapel . The video of Caputo , meant to spark outrage , instead gets mocked with memes featuring the hashtag # BlackLattesMatter because Cindy is shown drinking a latte . Humphrey , who suffered major blood loss , has a stroke in the prison infirmary , which is staffed by only a nurse . Daya , nearing an emotional breakdown worrying over her future , claims she lost the gun , while CO Artesian McCullough suspects the gun is gone . Taystee uploads a photo of all the COs , plus Caputo , in their underwear . It is revealed that Frieda has a secret `` bunker '' built out of an unused pool that was never filled in , also stocked with food she has hoarded . Flashback : Frieda 's life as a child during the Cuban Missile Crisis reveals her father was paranoid about the Soviet Union and a nuclear war , and had an underground bunker in the woods , also stocked with food and weapons . 55 `` Pissters ! '' Phil Abraham Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Linda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Worried over the public backlash -- and celebrity chef Judy King -- MCC decides to give in to the inmates and meet their demands . Linda tries to fit in with the inmates , but is shocked at the substandard conditions of the prison . Piper and Alex , looking at Linda 's phone , are shocked to find photos of her kissing Caputo . The inmates work together to compile a list of demands , which includes reinstating the GED program , better healthcare , amnesty for the inmates involved in the riot , the arrest of CO Bayley for Poussey 's death , and Flaming Hot Cheetos . Bayley , meanwhile , goes to the police station and tries to confess murder , but the police dismiss him as a drunk veteran back from the Iraq War with PTSD and put him in the drunk tank . A frightened Judy King , a victim of a random pantsing by meth heads Angie and Leanne , attempts to escape but is attacked by the white supremacists . The COs , locked in a room , plot to regain control of the prison after Artesian 's tip that the inmates do not have the gun anymore . As they prepare to attack the inmates , Caputo sees Linda among them . Flashback : Linda 's college days in a sorority in the 1990s show that while at a party , she left her drunk friend outside in the snow and she ended up freezing to death . 56 `` Litchfield 's Got Talent '' Nick Sandow Josh Koenigsberg , Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann Alison June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The COs , who are preparing to attack once they are brought food , abort the mission on Caputo 's command . Meth heads Angie and Leanne try to pants Gloria , and the gun falls to the crowd , which they recover . High , they want the COs to perform a talent show for their enjoyment . The `` talents '' include singing from CO Dixon ; a Mormon - themed magic show from CO Blake ; an Italian monologue from Josh ; and a strip show from CO Stratman . Leanne declares Josh the winner merely because he is the prettiest . Suzanne , who believes Poussey 's spirit is still where she died , sets up a shrine on the spot of her death and organizes a séance . Blanca and Red , high on amphetamines that Blanca claimed were vitamins , raid the administrative files looking for dirt on the COs . They discover that Piscatella was transferred to Litchfield from a male prison after the death of an inmate , who was discovered in the shower with burns on 80 % of his body . Judy King is tied to a board , crucifixion - style , by the white supremacists , who think she has a stash of food . She lies to them and says she is expecting a drop of supplies on the roof of the prison from a helicopter . They go up to the roof and realizing she lied , they try to throw her off , and she faints . Then , a helicopter arrives , but it is a news helicopter carrying cameramen , who take photos and record Judy tied up and unconscious . Flashback : Alison persuades her husband to accept a polygamous lifestyle because she feels overwhelmed by the time constraints of the housework and raising their daughter , Farah . Then , another woman , Sahar , moves in , but Alison gets jealous . 57 5 `` Sing It , White Effie '' Phil Abraham Molly Smith Metzler Watson June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Video of Judy King is widely misreported as a terrorist attack against Christians , as the white supremacists had their heads covered and are mistaken for Muslims . The governor is livid about MCC 's passive stance and sends his own team to Litchfield . On the outside , Aleida struggles to find employment . Gloria calls her but is unable to tell her about Daya . Janae , Alison , Black Cindy and Taystee free Judy in order to stop the disinformation about the situation . They clean her up and have Josh give her talking points , before all four go outside to face the press . Judy begins to give her statement but Taystee interrupts her with an emotional speech about how Judy was kept separately from them because of her wealth and status . She says their fight is not with Judy but with the system that punishes poor and black people . Meanwhile , Angie and Leanne find Charlie Coates in the laundry room after he had been with Pennsatucky . They plan to take him hostage but Pennsatucky grabs the gun from Angie 's waistband . She throws the gun to Charlie and it accidentally fires , shooting Leanne in the finger . Charlie uses the weapon to escape the prison and goes outside , where the CERT greets him with guns drawn ; then , he faints . Flashback : A teenaged Watson tours an elite prep school and is mesmerized by the wealth and depth of education . She witnesses a rehearsal for the school 's ( all - white ) production of Dreamgirls and is shocked by a white girl in an Afro wig performing `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going . '' Returning to her school , she is discouraged by her poor conditions and develops a negative attitude . 58 6 `` Flaming Hot Cheetos , Literally '' Andrew McCarthy Lauren Morelli Taystee June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The inmates organize a mock trial for Pennsatucky , with Big Boo acting as her representative . Using Saved by the Bell episodes , Big Boo casts doubt on Angie 's credibility , and Pennsatucky is given community service as a sentence . Aleida appears on the local news to talk about Litchfield , but it is a disaster . Morello has sex with Nicky and realizes she is pregnant . The inmates receive boxes of Flaming Hot Cheetos and tampons from the governor , who wants them to release the hostages . They refuse to do so until the rest of their demands are met . Then , they have a bonfire of Cheetos in front of the press . Flashback : Taystee celebrates her 18th birthday in a group home . She meets her birth mother , who was 15 when she first got pregnant . Her mother now has a husband and a young daughter and does not want to tell them about Taystee . Then , Taystee , who mistakenly believed she was going to go live with her mother , runs away from the group home . 59 7 `` Full Bush , Half Snickers '' Uta Briesewitz Anthony Natoli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Morello 's husband leaves her after she announces her pregnancy . The imprisoned guards are forced to clean bunks . Poussey 's friends try to think of the best way to honor her memory ; Soso wants it to be something Poussey herself would have wanted , and they reinvigorate the library by putting books all over the prison . Red , with help from Blanca , tries to entice Piscatella into the prison . Linda has sex with Big Boo . Red tries to guess Humphrey 's smartphone password , and cuts off his fingertip to access it using his thumbprint . Another riot breaks out , but this time it is because the inmates are out of coffee . 60 8 `` Tied to the Tracks '' Michael Trim Carolina Paiz Daya June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Red and Blanca send text messages from Humphrey 's phone to Piscatella claiming the inmates are not armed anymore and encouraging him to break into the prison via a window at night . He takes the information to the CERT , who blow him off . Aleida does a live TV interview with Meredith Vieira and Judy King , who breaks the news about Humphrey being shot . She does not remember the shooter 's name but describes Daya , leaving Aleida in shock . The news reaches Piscatella , who is mocked by the CERT members . Figueroa returns to the prison , this time as a negotiator for MCC . She claims they can not afford to meet the inmates ' demands , but Taystee -- who has done her research via the Internet and Caputo 's files -- shuts her down . However , once Figueroa receives a phone call about Humphrey , she says amnesty for all the inmates is off the table . After a discussion with Piper and others , Taystee agrees to hand over Daya , who first calls Mendez 's mother to ask her to adopt her daughter out of foster care and asks her to give the child some space due to Aleida 's control she received when she was younger . Gloria learns that her son is in the ICU after being severely beaten . Piscatella , after texting `` Humphrey '' that he was going to stand down , enters the prison after dark instead . Flashback : A 14 - year - old Daya pursues a boy based on her mother 's insistence , despite her best friend 's feelings for him . Daya ends up rejected by the boy and dumped by her friend . 61 9 `` The Tightening '' Erin Feeley Jordan Harrison Red June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Red , coming down from her drug high , is nursed by Nicky , who thinks her warnings about Piscatella being in the prison are hallucinations . Piscatella , in full riot gear , attacks Blanca in a utility room , where she had gone to set a boobytrap in case he showed up anyway . Inmates begin disappearing one by one , including Nicky and Boo , but nobody believes Red . Gloria begs Caputo -- locked in a Porta - Potty -- to let her out on furlough to see her son , but Caputo says he can not help her until she lets the hostages go . After Boo disappears , Linda desperately seeks out Caputo , who was let out to back up the inmates ' claim of slave labor to Figueroa . Zirconia , who had turned Linda 's high heels into shivs after Piper and Alex first found her , recognizes her as a hostage , but Linda runs away with one of the shoe shivs . Morello , hurt by Nicky 's comments that her pregnancy is all in her head , convinces Suzanne to stop taking her psych medicine . Red finds Frieda 's map to the `` bunker '' in her cooking book and discovers Piscatella prisoners on her way there by accident . However , while trying to free them , Piscatella arrives . Flashback : In the late 1970s , Red is a young woman in the Soviet Union working a menial factory job . Her rebellious friend Nadezhda introduces her to the world of underground discos and black - market Levi 's jeans , but Nadezhda soon vanishes . Red 's ex-boyfriend , Dmitri -- whom she had dumped for being too dull -- proposes they lie about being Jewish in order to escape to the United States , as Jews were being allowed to immigrate to countries other than Israel . 62 10 `` The Reverse Midas Touch '' Laura Prepon Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Piscatella June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Piscatella has Red , Piper , Alex and other inmates tied up in a room , where he uses a knife to cut off Red 's hair . Piper gets the duct tape off her mouth and yells for help , which is heard by Gina , who is holed up playing cards in Frieda 's basement `` bunker '' with Yoga Jones , Anita and other inmates . The entrance to the room they are in leads to where Piscatella is . Gloria tries to free the prison guards but is interrupted . Maureen , who has still not recovered from the beating , is found delirious in the bathroom by Suzanne , who takes her to the infirmary . Suzanne , by now in a psychotic state , finds Humphrey dead . Gina lures Piscatella into the basement , where Frieda knocks him out with a homemade poison dart . Flashback : At his earlier job as CO in a male prison , Piscatella , then soft at heart , and inmate Driscoll are having an affair . Driscoll is supportive and loving of Piscatella , whose mother had hoped to `` fix '' him . Another inmate , Resado , spies on them together in the kitchen , and later , he and other inmates beat and rape Driscoll in a bathroom . Piscatella handcuffs Resado to the shower and leaves him under scalding hot water to die . 63 11 `` Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling '' Wendey Stanzler Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The inmates drag the unconscious Piscatella into Frieda 's `` bunker '' , where they argue about what should be done . Once Red says she wants revenge , they end up tying her up too , which makes her despair that Piscatella will never see justice . Gina reveals she recorded a video of Piscatella brutally breaking Alex 's arm , and they post it on the Internet . Gloria , desperate to see her son in the hospital , tries sneaking each of the hostage guards outside one at a time while the other inmates , including Ouija , get high on drugs . Claiming she is going to teach them a lesson , she drags them out and locks them in the Porta - Pottys . Taystee , after 12 hours of trying to get Figueroa to see the benefits of improving prison conditions , discovers she truly has a knack for advocacy . Boo continues her romance with Linda , but is crushed when she sees a photo of her with Caputo on her phone and discovers her whole story is a lie . Suzanne goes into a psychotic break , but Morello , in the dispensary , refuses to say what medicine Suzanne takes ; she is overpowered by Cindy , who takes a bottle of lithium that she believes to help calm people down . Morello finds a pregnancy test and takes it , confirming her suspicion that she is pregnant . As her unconscious son is taken to have a brain surgery , Gloria confesses her plan to Maria , who gives her full support ; Maria says she always thinks of her little girl and understands that parents would do anything for their children . Gloria sneaks Luschek , the final guard , outside , but discovers that her plan of delivering the guards to Caputo has been dashed when she sees that there is a hole in the fence and the guards have escaped . Gloria breaks down and tries to escape through the hole , crying about her son , which makes the other inmates realize what she had been planning . 64 12 `` Tattoo You '' Mark A. Burley Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz Piper & Alex June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The guards -- except Luschek -- are led to the MCC management , but are led by Maria , who wants to get out to see her little girl . Maria explains the `` deal '' to shorten her sentence if she lets the guards go , but is told by a state employee that that is not possible . The MCC learns that it was not Taystee who sent out the guards as part of an acceptance of the negotiation , and decide to send the CERT in to end the riot . Morello shows half a dozen positive pregnancy tests to a stunned Nicky , who calls her husband and convinces him to take responsibility . Linda makes excuses to Big Boo , telling her that she now understands the inmates are not living in a decent environment , but Big Boo is unmoved and demands Linda send her US $5,000 via PayPal to keep the secret of her affair with Caputo . A distraught Bayley travels by bus to meet Poussey 's father and confess that her death was his fault . Her father angrily tells him that he is not going to give Bayley the peace he seeks by forgiving him , nor punish him by beating him , and that his punishment will be having to live the rest of his life with what he has done -- which is a better fate , he says , than the fate Poussey got . Pennsatucky escapes from the prison via the hole in the fence and breaks into Charlie 's cabin . In Frieda 's `` bunker '' , Piper proposes to Alex , who says yes . Taystee discovers the guards escaped and tries to go to the prison doors to talk to the CERT officers , but it is too late as they immediately swarm Litchfield . Flashback : Piper and her then - boyfriend , Larry Bloom , get tattoos . She later drunk dials Alex , saying that she is still on her mind and misses her . 65 13 `` Storm - y Weather '' Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Dozens of CERT members in riot gear break down the prison doors , with smoke bombs , stun guns and batons in hand , causing pandemonium as they handcuff all the inmates . The CERT members discover the dead Humphrey , and escalate their tactics to `` by any means necessary . '' Black Cindy and Taystee panic as Suzanne is unconscious from the lithium . They eventually get help from Nicky , who takes them down to Frieda 's hiding place , where they inject her with the only thing they can find , an epi - pen , which finally revives Suzanne . Angie and Leanne burn all the prison records to erase their history of infractions . Deciding not to go down without a fight , Ouija , Pidge and the white supremacists barricade themselves inside a dorm and manage to injure some of the CERT members with booby traps before being restrained . The inmates are led outside in handcuffs in front of a crowd of families and the press . Maritza and Flaca are thrilled to see rabid fans of their beauty tutorials on the Internet cheering for them . Linda tries to tell an officer she is from MCC , but she is ignored after Big Boo and other inmates mock her by also claiming the same thing . The count of the inmates leaves them 10 short , and Caputo tells them about the old pool that Figueroa never got filled . The CERT chief assumes the fact that the remaining inmates are hiding `` strategically '' means they are planning an offensive against the officers , and says that the governor has already approved any casualties necessary . Pennsatucky and Charlie watch TV together inside his cabin . Nicky brings Taystee , Black Cindy and Suzanne to Frieda 's `` bunker '' , where Taystee is shocked to see Piscatella tied up . She takes Frieda 's gun and points it at him , telling him he is to blame for Poussey 's death . Instead of killing him , she breaks down crying . Red , surprisingly , releases Piscatella and tells him to leave without touching anyone . Piscatella slowly walks out into one of the prison halls , only to be shot and killed by an inexperienced CERT officer , who did not recognize him through the smokebombs . As night falls , the inmates outside are loaded onto buses and figure they are headed to new prisons ; Flaca and Maritza are separated . In the `` bunker '' , the remaining inmates -- Alex , Piper , Taystee , Nicky , Red , Black Cindy , Frieda , Suzanne , Blanca , and Gloria -- link arms as the CERT blows the doors off . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales , inmate Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes , inmate Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz , inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , inmate Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz , former inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo , warden Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance . Special guest stars ( edit ) Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman '' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio Blair Brown as Judy King Rosal Colon as Carmen `` Ouija '' Aziza Francesca Curran as Helen `` Skinhead Helen '' Van Maele Daniella De Jesus as Irene `` Zirconia '' Cabrera Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey Miriam Morales as Ramona `` Pidge '' Contreras Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah Staff Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Alan Aisenberg as Baxter `` Gerber '' Bayley Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / `` Amelia Von Barlow '' Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson James McMenamin as Charlie `` Donuts '' Coates Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman Mike Houston as Lee Dixon Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella John Palladino as Josh Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough Michael Torpey as Thomas `` Humps '' Humphrey Others Berto Colon as Cesar Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman Ian Paola as Yadriel John Magaro as Vince Muccio Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell - Mendez ( guest ) Production ( edit ) In February 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth , and seventh season . The fifth season was released on June 9 , 2017 . Cyberhack ( edit ) In April 2017 , it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company . Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands , and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online . Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement . Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven - day period following the leak of the episodes . It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The fifth season has received `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Metacritic , it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 76 % rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Set for June Release at Netflix '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacker Releases New Episodes of ' Orange Is the New Black '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perlroth , Nicole ; Haag , Matthew ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Episodes From Netflix Show and Threatens Other Networks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Jeff ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Demand for ' Orange Is the New Black ' Spiked Following Hack '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Orange Is the New Black on IMDb Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa recurring characters Seasons 5 6 Episodes `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Related articles Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_Is_the_New_Black_(season_5)&oldid=862339789 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black 2017 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2018 , at 19 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	why is orange is the new black season 5 not on netflix	[]	[]
-2035540517071204104	You're Gonna Miss This	You 're Gonna Miss This - wikipedia You 're Gonna Miss This Jump to : navigation , search `` You 're Gonna Miss This '' Single by Trace Adkins from the album American Man : Greatest Hits Volume II Released January 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 14 ) Format CD single Genre Country Length 3 : 44 Label Capitol Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Ashley Gorley , Lee Thomas Miller Producer ( s ) Frank Rogers Trace Adkins singles chronology `` I Got My Game On '' ( 2007 ) `` You 're Gonna Miss This '' ( 2008 ) `` Muddy Water '' ( 2008 ) `` I Got My Game On '' ( 2007 ) `` You 're Gonna Miss This '' ( 2008 ) `` Muddy Water '' ( 2008 ) `` You 're Gonna Miss This '' is a song written by Ashley Gorley and Lee Thomas Miller , and recorded by American country music artist Trace Adkins . It was released in January 2008 as the second and final single from his album American Man : Greatest Hits Volume II . Adkins 's fastest - climbing single to date , it is his third Number One hit on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts . It also peaked at # 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and # 19 on the Pop 100 charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 3.1 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 References 6 External links Content ( edit ) `` You 're Gonna Miss This '' is a ballad composed of three verses and a bridge , each section portraying an event in the life of an unnamed female character : being driven to school by her mother in the first verse , being visited at her apartment by her father in the second verse , and conversing with a plumber while her kids are misbehaving and making noise in the third verse . In all three of the situations , the song 's other characters ( the parents and the plumber ) assure the central character that although she may not realize it , she will miss the various moments of her life . Ashley Gorley , one of the song 's writers , came up with the central idea for `` You 're Gonna Miss This '' one day while a repairman was working on his house . His two children ( ages two and four at the time ; he has since had a third ) were running around the house and stealing the repairman 's tools ; after Gorley apologized , the repairman replied , `` Do n't worry about it -- I 've got two babies , too . '' Gorley , after determining that the incident with the repairman might work as a song idea , recalled it to Lee Thomas Miller , who then suggested the title `` You 're Gonna Miss This . '' The two then worked backward from the bridge , changing the song 's scenario several times until they finally settled on having the song focus on a female central character . Adkins then decided to record it after hearing it ; being the father of five daughters , its message resonated with him . Upon hearing Adkins 's recording of the song , Gorley felt that Adkins had `` made it something more than it was '' . Music video ( edit ) The song 's music video was filmed in Adkins 's hometown of Sarepta , Louisiana and contains a variety of Americana scenes framed around the singer traveling about in a pickup truck . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Billboard Pop 100 19 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Position US Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 93 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Preceded by `` Small Town Southern Man '' by Alan Jackson Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single April 12 - April 26 , 2008 Succeeded by `` I Saw God Today '' by George Strait Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Trace Adkins brings `` The Boardroom '' to Nashville `` . That 's Country.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Jana ( 2008 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Sarepta plays host to Trace Adkins video '' . NWLA News . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Horner , Alanna ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Story Behind the Song '' . Country Weekly . 15 ( 10 ) : 14 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Trace Adkins Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Trace Adkins Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Trace Adkins Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2008 : Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2008 . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2008 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2008 . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Trace Adkins -- You % 27re Gonna Miss This '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Trace Adkins Studio albums Dreamin ' Out Loud Big Time More ... Chrome Comin ' On Strong Songs About Me Dangerous Man X Cowboy 's Back in Town Proud to Be Here Love Will ... The King 's Gift Something 's Going On Compilation albums Greatest Hits Collection , Vol. 1 American Man : Greatest Hits Volume II The Definitive Greatest Hits : ' Til the Last Shot 's Fired Notable singles `` There 's a Girl in Texas '' `` Every Light in the House '' `` ( This Ai n't ) No Thinkin ' Thing '' `` I Left Something Turned On at Home '' `` The Rest of Mine '' `` Lonely Wo n't Leave Me Alone '' `` Big Time '' `` Do n't Lie '' `` More '' `` I 'm Gonna Love You Anyway '' `` I 'm Tryin ' '' `` Help Me Understand '' `` Chrome '' `` Then They Do '' `` Hot Mama '' `` Rough & Ready '' `` Songs About Me '' `` Arlington '' `` Honky Tonk Badonkadonk '' `` Swing '' `` Ladies Love Country Boys '' `` I Wanna Feel Something '' `` I Got My Game On '' `` You 're Gonna Miss This '' `` Muddy Water '' `` Marry for Money '' `` All I Ask For Anymore '' `` This Ai n't No Love Song '' `` Brown Chicken Brown Cow '' `` Just Fishin ' '' `` Million Dollar View '' `` Jesus and Jones '' `` Still a Soldier '' Guest singles `` Hillbilly Bone '' ( with Blake Shelton ) Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_Gonna_Miss_This&oldid=792731009 '' Categories : 2008 singles 2007 songs Trace Adkins songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Ashley Gorley Songs written by Lee Thomas Miller Song recordings produced by Frank Rogers ( record producer ) Music videos directed by Peter Zavadil Country ballads Capitol Records Nashville singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 08 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the song you're gonna miss this about	[]	[]
-1263617605501384080	British Agricultural Revolution	British Agricultural Revolution - wikipedia British Agricultural Revolution Jump to : navigation , search Agriculture History History of organic farming Neolithic Revolution Arab Agricultural Revolution British Agricultural Revolution Green Revolution On land Animal husbandry cattle pig poultry sheep Dairy Dryland Extensive Free - range Grazing Hobby Intensive animal crop Natural Orchard Organic Ranching Sharecropping Slash - and - burn In water Aquaculture Aquaponics Hydroponics Related Agribusiness Agricultural engineering Agricultural science Agroecology Agroforestry Agronomy Animal - free Crop diversity Ecology Livestock Mechanisation Permaculture Sustainable Urban Lists Government ministries Universities and colleges Categories Agriculture by country companies Biotechnology Livestock Meat industry Poultry farming Agriculture and agronomy portal The British Agricultural Revolution was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labour and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries . Agricultural output grew faster than the population over the century to 1770 , and thereafter productivity remained among the highest in the world . This increase in the food supply contributed to the rapid growth of population in England and Wales , from 5.5 million in 1700 to over 9 million by 1801 though domestic production gave way increasingly to food imports in the nineteenth century as population more than tripled to over 32 million . The rise in productivity accelerated the decline of the agricultural share of the labour force , adding to the urban workforce on which industrialization depended : the Agricultural Revolution has therefore been cited as a cause of the Industrial Revolution . However , historians continue to dispute when exactly such a `` revolution '' took place and of what it consisted . Rather than a single event , G.E. Mingay states that there were a `` profusion of agricultural revolutions , one for two centuries before 1750 , another emphasising the century after 1650 , a third for the period 1750 - 1880 , and a fourth for the middle decades of the nineteenth century '' . This has led more recent historians to argue that any general statements about `` the Agricultural Revolution '' are difficult to sustain . One important change in farming methods was the move in crop rotation to turnips and clover in place of fallow . Turnips can be grown in winter and are deep - rooted , allowing them to gather minerals unavailable to shallow - rooted crops . Clover fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere into a form of fertiliser . This permitted the intensive arable cultivation of light soils on enclosed farms and provided fodder to support increased livestock numbers whose manure added further to soil fertility . Contents ( hide ) 1 Major developments and innovations 1.1 Crop rotation 1.2 The Dutch and Rotherham swing ( wheel-less ) plough 1.3 Enclosure 1.4 Development of a national market 1.5 Transportation infrastructures 1.6 Land conversion , drainage and reclamation 1.7 Rise in domestic farmers 1.8 Selective breeding of livestock 2 British agriculture 1800 -- 1900 2.1 Seed planting 3 Significance 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading 6.1 Historiography 7 External links Major developments and innovations ( edit ) The British Agricultural Revolution was the result of the complex interaction of social , economic and farming technology changes . Major developments and innovations include : Norfolk four - course crop rotation : Fodder crops , particularly turnips and clover , replaced leaving the land fallow . The Dutch improved the Chinese plough so that it could be pulled with fewer oxen or horses . Enclosure : the removal of common rights to establish exclusive ownership of land Development of a national market free of tariffs , tolls and customs barriers Transportation infrastructures , such as improved roads , canals , and later , railways Land conversion , land drains and reclamation Increase in farm size Selective breeding Crop rotation ( edit ) Crop Yield net of Seed ( bushels / acre ) Year Wheat Rye Barley Oats Peas beans Growth rate ( % / year ) 1250 -- 1299 8.71 10.71 10.25 7.24 6.03 - 0.27 1300 -- 1349 8.24 10.36 9.46 6.60 6.14 - 0.032 1350 -- 1399 7.46 9.21 9.74 7.49 5.86 0.61 1400 -- 1449 5.89 10.46 8.44 6.55 5.42 0.08 1450 -- 1499 6.48 13.96 8.56 5.95 4.49 0.48 1550 -- 1599 7.88 9.21 8.40 7.87 7.62 - 0.16 1600 -- 1649 10.45 16.28 11.16 10.97 8.62 - 0.11 1650 -- 1699 11.36 14.19 12.48 10.82 8.39 0.64 1700 -- 1749 13.79 14.82 15.08 12.27 10.23 0.70 1750 -- 1799 17.26 17.87 21.88 20.90 14.19 0.37 1800 -- 1849 23.16 19.52 25.90 28.37 17.85 0.63 1850 -- 1899 26.69 26.18 23.82 31.36 16.30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Notes : Yields have had the seed used to plant the crop subtracted to give net yields . Average seed sown is estimated at wheat 2.5 bu / acre ; Rye 2.5 bu / acre ; Barley 3.5 -- 4.30 bu / acre ; Oats 2.5 -- 4.0 bu / acre ; Peas & beans 2.50 -- 3.0 bu / acre . $ Average annual growth rate of agricultural output is per agricultural worker . Other authors offer different estimates . One of the most important innovations of the British Agricultural Revolution was the development of the Norfolk four - course rotation , which greatly increased crop and livestock yields by improving soil fertility and reducing fallow . Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons to help restore plant nutrients and mitigate the build - up of pathogens and pests that often occurs when one plant species is continuously cropped . Rotation can also improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep - rooted and shallow - rooted plants . Turnip roots , for example , can recover nutrients from deep under the soil . The Norfolk System , as it is now known , rotates crops so that different crops are planted with the result that different kinds and quantities of nutrients are taken from the soil as the plants grow . An important feature of the Norfolk four - field system was that it used labour at times when demand was not at peak levels . Planting cover crops such as turnips and clover was not permitted under the common field system because they interfered with access to the fields . Besides , other people 's livestock could graze the turnips . During the Middle Ages , the open field system had initially used a two - field crop rotation system where one field was left fallow or turned into pasture for a time to try to recover some of its plant nutrients . Later they employed a three - year , three field crop rotation routine , with a different crop in each of two fields , e.g. oats , rye , wheat , and barley with the second field growing a legume like peas or beans , and the third field fallow . Normally from 10 -- 30 % of the arable land in a three crop rotation system is fallow . Each field was rotated into a different crop nearly every year . Over the following two centuries , the regular planting of legumes such as peas and beans in the fields that were previously fallow slowly restored the fertility of some croplands . The planting of legumes helped to increase plant growth in the empty field due to the bacteria on legume roots ' ability to fix nitrogen ( N ) from the air into the soil in a form that plants could use . Other crops that were occasionally grown were flax and members of the mustard family . Convertible husbandry was the alternation of a field between pasture and grain . Because nitrogen builds up slowly over time in pasture , ploughing up pasture and planting grains resulted in high yields for a few years . A big disadvantage of convertible husbandry was the hard work in breaking up pastures and difficulty in establishing them . The significance of convertible husbandry is that it introduced pasture into the rotation . The farmers in Flanders ( in parts of France and current day Belgium ) discovered a still more effective four - field crop rotation system , using turnips and clover ( a legume ) as forage crops to replace the three - year crop rotation fallow year . The four - field rotation system allowed farmers to restore soil fertility and restore some of the plant nutrients removed with the crops . Turnips first show up in the probate records in England as early as 1638 but were not widely used till about 1750 . Fallow land was about 20 % of the arable area in England in 1700 before turnips and clover were extensively grown . Guano and nitrates from South America were introduced in the mid-19th century and fallow steadily declined to reach only about 4 % in 1900 . Ideally , wheat , barley , turnips and clover would be planted in that order in each field in successive years . The turnips helped keep the weeds down and were an excellent forage crop -- ruminant animals could eat their tops and roots through a large part of the summer and winters . There was no need to let the soil lie fallow as clover would re-add nitrates ( nitrogen - containing salts ) back to the soil . The clover made excellent pasture and hay fields as well as green manure when it was ploughed under after one or two years . The addition of clover and turnips allowed more animals to be kept through the winter , which in turn produced more milk , cheese , meat and manure , which maintained soil fertility . This maintains a good amount of crops produced . The mix of crops also changed : the area under wheat rose by 1870 to 3.5 million acres ( 1.4 m ha ) , barley to 2.25 m acres ( 0.9 m ha ) and oats less dramatically to 2.75 m acres ( 1.1 m ha ) , while rye dwindled to 60,000 acres ( 25,000 ha ) , less than a tenth of its late medieval peak . Grain yields benefited from new and better seed alongside improved rotation and fertility : wheat yields increased by a quarter in the 18th century and nearly half in the 19th , averaging 30 bushels per acre ( 2,080 kg / ha ) by the 1890s . The Dutch and Rotherham swing ( wheel-less ) plough ( edit ) The Dutch acquired the iron - tipped , curved mouldboard , adjustable depth plough from the Chinese in the early 17th century . It had the advantage of being able to be pulled by one or two oxen compared to the six or eight needed by the heavy wheeled northern European plough . The Dutch plough was brought to Britain by Dutch contractors who were hired to drain East Anglian fens and Somerset moors . The plough was extremely successful on wet , boggy soil , but was soon used on ordinary land . British improvements included Joseph Foljambe 's cast iron plough ( patented 1730 ) , which combined an earlier Dutch design with a number of innovations . Its fittings and coulter were made of iron and the mouldboard and share were covered with an iron plate , making it easier to pull and more controllable than previous ploughs . By the 1760s Foljambe was making large numbers of these ploughs in a factory outside of Rotherham , England , using standard patterns with interchangeable parts . The plough was easy for a blacksmith to make , but by the end of the 18th century it was being made in rural foundries . By 1770 it was the cheapest and best plough available . It spread to Scotland , America , and France . Enclosure ( edit ) See also : Enclosure , Common land , and Tragedy of the commons Conjectural map of a mediaeval English manor . The part allocated to `` common pasture '' is shown in the north - east section , shaded green . In Europe , agriculture was feudal from the Middle Ages . In the traditional open field system , many subsistence farmers cropped strips of land in large fields held in common and divided the produce . They typically worked under the auspices of the aristocracy or the Catholic Church , who owned much of the land . As early as the 12th century , some fields in England tilled under the open field system were enclosed into individually owned fields . The Black Death from 1348 onward accelerated the break - up of the feudal system in England . Many farms were bought by yeomen who enclosed their property and improved their use of the land . More secure control of the land allowed the owners to make innovations that improved their yields . Other husbandmen rented property they `` share cropped '' with the land owners . Many of these enclosures were accomplished by acts of Parliament in the 16th and 17th centuries . The process of enclosing property accelerated in the 15th and 16th centuries . The more productive enclosed farms meant that fewer farmers were needed to work the same land , leaving many villagers without land and grazing rights . Many of them moved to the cities in search of work in the emerging factories of the Industrial Revolution . Others settled in the English colonies . English Poor Laws were enacted to help these newly poor . Some practices of enclosure were denounced by the Church , and legislation was drawn up against it ; but the large , enclosed fields were needed for the gains in agricultural productivity from the 16th to 18th centuries . This controversy led to a series of government acts , culminating in the General Enclosure Act of 1801 which sanctioned large - scale land reform . The process of enclosure was largely complete by the end of the 18th century . Development of a national market ( edit ) Markets were widespread by 1500 with about 800 locations in Britain . These were regulated and not free . The most important development between the 16th century and the mid-19th century was the development of private marketing . By the 19th century , marketing was nationwide and the vast majority of agricultural production was for market rather than for the farmer and his family . The 16th - century market radius was about 10 miles , which could support a town of 10,000 . The next stage of development was trading between markets , requiring merchants , credit and forward sales , knowledge of markets and pricing and of supply and demand in different markets . Eventually , the market evolved into a national one driven by London and other growing cities . By 1700 , there was a national market for wheat . Legislation regulating middlemen required registration , addressed weights and measures , fixing of prices and collection of tolls by the government . Market regulations were eased in 1663 when people were allowed some self - regulation to hold inventory , but it was forbidden to withhold commodities from the market in an effort to increase prices . In the late 18th century , the idea of self - regulation was gaining acceptance . The lack of internal tariffs , customs barriers and feudal tolls made Britain `` the largest coherent market in Europe '' . Transportation infrastructures ( edit ) High wagon transportation costs made it uneconomical to ship commodities very far outside the market radius by road , generally limiting shipment to less than 20 or 30 miles to market or to a navigable waterway . Water transport was , and in some cases still is , much more efficient than land transport . In the early 19th century it cost as much to transport a ton of freight 32 miles by wagon over an unimproved road as it did to ship it 3000 miles across the Atlantic . A horse could pull at most one ton of freight on a Macadam road , which was multi-layer stone covered and crowned , with side drainage . But a single horse could pull a barge weighing over 30 tons . Commerce was aided by the expansion of roads and inland waterways . Road transport capacity grew from threefold to fourfold from 1500 to 1700 . Railroads would eventually reduce the cost of land transport by over 95 % ; however they did not become important until after 1850 . Land conversion , drainage and reclamation ( edit ) Another way to get more land was to convert some pasture land into arable land and recover fen land and some pastures . It is estimated that the amount of arable land in Britain grew by 10 -- 30 % through these land conversions . The British Agricultural Revolution was aided by land maintenance advancements in Flanders and the Netherlands . Due to the large and dense population of Flanders and Holland , farmers there were forced to take maximum advantage of every bit of usable land ; the country had become a pioneer in canal building , soil restoration and maintenance , soil drainage , and land reclamation technology . Dutch experts like Cornelius Vermuyden brought some of this technology to Britain . Water - meadows were utilised in the late 16th to the 20th centuries and allowed earlier pasturing of livestock after they were wintered on hay . This increased livestock yields , giving more hides , meat , milk , and manure as well as better hay crops . Rise in domestic farmers ( edit ) With the development of regional markets and eventually a national market , aided by improved transportation infrastructures , farmers were no longer dependent on their local market and were less subject to having to sell at low prices into an oversupplied local market and not being able to sell their surpluses to distant localities that were experiencing shortages . They also became less subject to price fixing regulations . Farming became a business rather than solely a means of subsistence . Under free market capitalism , farmers had to remain competitive . To be successful , farmers had to become effective managers who incorporated the latest farming innovations in order to be low cost producers . Selective breeding of livestock ( edit ) In England , Robert Bakewell and Thomas Coke introduced selective breeding as a scientific practice , mating together two animals with particularly desirable characteristics , and also using inbreeding or the mating of close relatives , such as father and daughter , or brother and sister , to stabilise certain qualities in order to reduce genetic diversity in desirable animals programmes from the mid-18th century . Arguably , Bakewell 's most important breeding programme was with sheep . Using native stock , he was able to quickly select for large , yet fine - boned sheep , with long , lustrous wool . The Lincoln Longwool was improved by Bakewell , and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the subsequent breed , named the New ( or Dishley ) Leicester . It was hornless and had a square , meaty body with straight top lines . Bakewell was also the first to breed cattle to be used primarily for beef . Previously , cattle were first and foremost kept for pulling ploughs as oxen or for dairy uses , with beef from surplus males as an additional bonus , but he crossed long - horned heifers and a Westmoreland bull to eventually create the Dishley Longhorn . As more and more farmers followed his lead , farm animals increased dramatically in size and quality . The average weight of a bull sold for slaughter at Smithfield was reported around 1700 as 370 pounds ( 170 kg ) , though this is considered a low estimate : by 1786 , weights of 840 pounds ( 380 kg ) were reported , though other contemporary indicators suggest an increase of around a quarter over the intervening century . British agriculture 1800 -- 1900 ( edit ) New fertilisers , besides the organic fertilisers in manure , were slowly found as massive sodium nitrate ( NaNO ) deposits found in the Atacama Desert , Chile , were brought under British financiers like John Thomas North and imports were started . Chile was happy to allow the exports of these sodium nitrates by allowing the British to use their capital to develop the mining and imposing a hefty export tax to enrich their treasury . Massive deposits of sea bird guano ( 11 -- 16 % N , 8 -- 12 % phosphate , and 2 -- 3 % potash ) , were found and started to be imported after about 1830 . Significant imports of potash obtained from the ashes of trees burned in opening new agricultural lands were imported . By - products of the British meat industry like bones from the knackers ' yards were ground up or crushed and sold as fertiliser . By about 1840 about 30,000 tons of bones were being processed ( worth about £ 150,000 ) . An unusual alternative to bones was found to be the millions of tons of fossils called coprolites found in South East England . When these were dissolved in sulphuric acid they yielded a high phosphate mixture ( called `` super phosphate '' ) that plants could absorb readily and increased crop yields . Mining coprolite and processing it for fertiliser soon developed into a major industry -- the first commercial fertiliser . Higher yield per acre crops were also planted as potatoes went from about 300,000 acres in 1800 to about 400,000 acres in 1850 with a further increase to about 500,000 in 1900 . Labour productivity slowly increased at about 0.6 % per year . With more capital invested , more organic and inorganic fertilisers , and better crop yields increased the food grown at about 0.5 % / year -- not enough to keep up with population growth . Great Britain contained about 10.8 million people in 1801 , 20.7 million in 1851 and 37.1 million by 1901 . This corresponds to an annual population growth rate of 1.3 % in 1801 - 1851 and 1.2 % in 1851 - 1901 , twice the rate of agricultural output growth . In addition to land for cultivation there was also a demand for pasture land to support more livestock . The growth of arable acreage slowed from the 1830s and went into reverse from the 1870s in the face of cheaper grain imports , and wheat acreage nearly halved from 1870 to 1900 . The recovery of food imports after the Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 -- 1815 ) and the resumption of American trade following the War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 1815 ) led to the enactment in 1815 of the Corn Laws ( protective tariffs ) to protect cereal grain producers in Britain against foreign competition . These laws were only removed in 1846 after the onset of the Irish Potato Famine in which potato late blight ruined most of the Irish potato crop and brought famine to the Irish people in 1846 -- 50 . Though the blight also struck Scotland , Wales , England , and much of Europe , its effect there was far less severe since potatoes constituted a much smaller percentage of the diet than in Ireland . In addition many Britons could afford to buy specially - imported food from other countries -- the famine - stricken Irish were too poor to do this . Hundreds of thousands died in the Irish famine and millions more emigrated to England , Wales , Scotland , Canada , Australia , Europe , and the United States , reducing the population from about 8.5 million in 1845 to 4.3 million by 1921 . Between 1873 and 1879 British agriculture suffered from wet summers that damaged grain crops . Cattle farmers were hit by foot - and - mouth disease , and sheep farmers by sheep liver rot . The poor harvests , however , masked a greater threat to British agriculture : growing imports of foodstuffs from abroad . The development of the steam ship and the development of extensive railway networks in Britain and the USA allowed US farmers with much larger and more productive farms to export hard grain to Britain at a price that undercut the British farmers . At the same time , large amounts of cheap corned beef started to arrive from Argentina , and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the development of refrigerator ships ( reefers ) in about 1880 opened the British market to cheap meat and wool from Australia , New Zealand , and Argentina . The Long Depression was a worldwide economic recession that began in 1873 and ended around 1896 . It hit the agricultural sector hard and was the most severe in Europe and the United States , which had been experiencing strong economic growth fuelled by the Second Industrial Revolution in the decade following the American Civil War . By 1900 half the meat eaten in Britain came from abroad and tropical fruits such as bananas were also being imported on the new refrigerator ships . Seed planting ( edit ) Before the introduction of the seed drill , the common practice was to plant seeds by broadcasting ( evenly throwing ) them across the ground by hand on the prepared soil and then lightly harrowing the soil to cover the seed . Seeds left on top of the ground were eaten by birds , insects , and mice . There was no control over spacing and seeds were planted too close together and too far apart . Alternately seeds could be laboriously planted one by one using a hoe and / or a shovel . Cutting down on wasted seed was important because the yield of seeds harvested to seeds planted at that time was around four or five . The seed drill was introduced from China to Italy in the mid-16th century where it was patented by the Venetian Senate . Jethro Tull invented an improved seed drill in 1701 . It was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and at the correct depth . Tull 's seed drill was very expensive and not very reliable and therefore did not have much of an impact . Good quality seed drills were not produced until the mid-18th century . Significance ( edit ) The Agricultural Revolution was part of a long process of improvement , but sound advice on farming began to appear in England in the mid-17th century , from writers such as Samuel Hartlib , Walter Blith and others , and the overall agricultural productivity of Britain started to grow significantly only in the period of the Agricultural Revolution . It is estimated that total agricultural output grew 2.7-fold between 1700 and 1870 and output per worker at a similar rate . Despite its name , the Agricultural Revolution in Britain did not result in overall productivity per hectare of agricultural area as high as in China , where intensive cultivation ( including multiple annual cropping in many areas ) had been practised for many centuries . The Agricultural Revolution in Britain proved to be a major turning point in history , allowing population to far exceed earlier peaks and sustain the country 's rise to industrial pre-eminence . Towards the end of the 19th century , the substantial gains in British agricultural productivity were rapidly offset by competition from cheaper imports , made possible by the exploitation of new lands and advances in transportation , refrigeration , and other technologies . See also ( edit ) Agriculture in the United Kingdom # History Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richards , Denis ; Hunt , J.W. ( 1983 ) . An Illustrated History of Modern Britain : 1783 - 1980 ( 3rd ed . ) . Hong Kong : Longman Group UK LTD . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 33130 - 7 . Jump up ^ Overton 1996 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ G.E. Mingay ( ed ) , The Agricultural Revolution : Changes in Agriculture 1650 - 1880 ( 1977 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ Peter Jones , Agricultural Enlightenment : Knowledge , Technology , and Nature , 1750 - 1840 ( 2016 ) , p. 7 Jump up ^ See also Joel Mokry , The Enlightened Economy : Britain and the Industrial Revolution 1700 - 1850 ( 2009 ) , p. 173 ^ Jump up to : Overton 1996 , p. 1 Jump up ^ R.W. Sturgess , `` The Agricultural Revolution on the English Clays . '' Agricultural History Review ( 1966 ) : 104 - 121 . in JSTOIR Jump up ^ Apostolides , Alexander ; `` English Agricultural Output And Labour Productivity , 1250 -- 1850 : Some Preliminary Estimates '' ( 1 ) Accessed 21 Mar 2012 Jump up ^ Overton 1996 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Overton 1996 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Overton 1996 Jump up ^ Fallow Land ( 2 ) Accessed 20 March 2012 Jump up ^ Overton 1996 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Overton 1996 ^ Jump up to : Temple 1986 , pp. 18 , 20 Jump up ^ `` The Rotherham Plough '' . Rotherham : The Unofficial Website . Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Rotherham Plough '' . Rotherham.co.uk . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Landes , David S. ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . Jump up ^ Overton 1996 , pp. 134 -- 6 Jump up ^ Overton 1996 , pp. 135 , 145 Jump up ^ Landes , David . S. ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge , New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , George Rogers ( 1969 ) . The Transportation Revolution , 1815 - 1860 . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0873321013 . Jump up ^ Overton 1996 , pp. 137 -- 140 Jump up ^ Grubler , Arnulf ( 1990 ) . The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures : Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in transport ( PDF ) . Heidelberg and New York : Physica - Verlag . Jump up ^ Overton 1996 , pp. 205 -- 6 Jump up ^ `` Robert Bakewell ( 1725 - 1795 ) '' . BBC History . Retrieved 20 July 2012 . Jump up ^ John R. Walton , `` The diffusion of the improved Shorthorn breed of cattle in Britain during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries . '' Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers ( 1984 ) : 22 - 36 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ John R. Walton , `` Pedigree and the national cattle herd circa 1750 -- 1950 . '' Agricultural History Review ( 1986 ) : 149 - 170 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Coprolite Fertilizer Industry in Britain . Accessed 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ British food puzzle . Accessed 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` English Agricultural Output and Labour Productivity , 1250 -- 1850 : Some Preliminary Estimates '' . Accessed 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ British Agricultural Statistics . Accessed 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Potato_LateBlt.htm . Accessed 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Temple , Robert ( 1986 ) . The Genius of China : 3000 years of science , discovery and invention . New York : Simon and Schuster . Jump up ^ Thirsk . ' Walter Blith ' in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online edn , Jan 2008 Jump up ^ Merson , John ( 1990 ) . The Genius That Was China : East and West in the Making of the Modern World . Woodstock , New York : The Overlook Press . pp. 23 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 87951 - 397 - 7 A companion to the PBS Series `` The Genius That Was China '' Jump up ^ Temple , Robert ; Joseph Needham ( 1986 ) . The Genius of China : 3000 years of science , discovery and invention . New York : Simon and Schuster . p. 26Temple estimates Chinese crop yields were between 10 and twenty times higher than in the West . This is not the case . Perkins finds an average Chinese grain yield about twice the late 18th - century European average . China 's advantage was in intensive land use and high labour inputs , rather than in individual crop yields ( except for rice , suited only to some parts of Mediterranean Europe ) . − Further reading ( edit ) Ang , James B. , Rajabrata Banerjee , and Jakob B. Madsen . `` Innovation and productivity advances in British agriculture : 1620 - 1850 . '' Southern Economic Journal 80.1 ( 2013 ) : 162 - 186 . Campbell , Bruce M.S. , and Mark Overton . `` A new perspective on medieval and early modern agriculture : six centuries of Norfolk farming c. 1250 - c. 1850 . '' Past and Present ( 1993 ) : 38 - 105 . in JSTOR Clark , Gregory . `` Too much revolution : Agriculture in the industrial revolution , 1700 -- 1860 . '' in The British Industrial Revolution : An Economic Perspective ( 2nd ed. 1999 ) pp : 206 - 240 . Dodd , William ( 1847 ) . The Laboring Classes of England : especially those engaged in agriculture and manufactures ; in a series of letters . Boston : John Putnam . Fletcher , T.W. `` The Great Depression of English Agriculture 1873 -- 1896 . '' Economic History Review ( 1961 ) 13 # 3 pp : 417 -- 432 . online Harrison , L.F.C. ( 1989 ) . The Common People , a History from the Norman Conquest to the Present . Glasgow : Fontana . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 686163 - 8 . Hoyle , Richard W. , ed. ( 2013 ) . The Farmer in England , 1650 -- 1980 . Ashgate . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Kerridge , Eric ( 2013 ) . The Agricultural Revolution . Routledge . Mingay , Gordon E. `` The '' Agricultural Revolution '' in English History : A Reconsideration . '' Agricultural History ( 1963 ) : 123 - 133 . in JSTOR -- do. -- The Agricultural Revolution : Changes in Agriculture , 1650 - 1880 . ( Documents in Economic History . ) Black , 1977 ISBN 0713617039 Overton , Mark ( 1996 ) . Agricultural Revolution in England : The transformation of the agrarian economy 1500 - 1850 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56859 - 3 . Overton , Mark ( 2002 ) . Agricultural Revolution in England 1500 - 1850 . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56859 - 5 . Snell , K.D.M. ( 1985 ) . Annals of the Labouring Poor , Social Change and Agrarian England 1660 -- 1900 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 24548 - 6 . Taylor ( 1969 ) . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Temple , Robert ( 1986 ) . The Genius of China : 3000 years of science , discovery and invention . Simon and Schuster . Thirsk , Joan ( 2004 ) . `` Blith , Walter ( bap. 1605 , d . 1654 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Historiography ( edit ) Allen , Robert C. `` Tracking the Agricultural Revolution in England . '' Economic History Review ( 1999 ) 52 # 2 pp : 209 - 235 . online Overton , Mark ( 1996 ) . `` Re-establishing the English Agricultural Revolution '' . Agricultural History Review : 1 -- 20 . JSTOR 40275062 . 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6220460453026223280	Auburn Tigers football	Auburn Tigers Football - wikipedia Auburn Tigers Football Jump to : navigation , search Auburn Tigers 2017 Auburn Tigers football team First season 1892 Head coach Gus Malzahn 6th season , 40 -- 19 (. 678 ) Other staff Chip Lindsey , OC Kevin Steele , DC Stadium Jordan -- Hare Stadium ( Capacity : 87,451 ) Field Pat Dye Field Year built 1939 Field surface Grass Location Auburn , Alabama NCAA division Division I FBS Conference Southeastern Conference Division Western Past conferences Independent ( 1892 -- 1893 ) SIAA ( 1892 -- 1920 ) SoCon ( 1921 -- 1932 ) All - time record 762 -- 434 -- 47 (. 632 ) Bowl record 23 -- 16 -- 2 (. 585 ) Claimed nat'l titles 2 ( 1957 , 2010 ) Unclaimed nat'l titles 2 ( 1958 , 2004 ) Conference titles 12 ( 8 SEC , 3 SIAA , 1 Southern ) Division titles 8 Rivalries Alabama ( rivalry ) Georgia ( rivalry ) LSU ( rivalry ) Heisman winners Current uniform Colors Burnt Orange and Navy Blue Fight song War Eagle Mascot Aubie the Tiger Marching band Auburn University Marching Band Outfitter Under Armour Website www.auburntigers.com The Auburn Tigers football program represents Auburn University in the sport of American college football . Auburn competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . Auburn officially began competing in intercollegiate football in 1892 . The Tigers joined the Southeastern Conference in 1932 as one of the inaugural members of the conference and the Tigers began competing in the West Division when the conference divided in 1992 . Auburn officially claims two national championships , but has been recognized with five national championships from NCAA documented selectors . Auburn has achieved twelve undefeated seasons and won twelve conference championships , along with eight divisional championships . The Tigers have made forty - one post season bowl appearances ; including eleven historically major bowl berths . The Tigers have the 12th most wins in FBS history with over 700 victories and have finished ranked in the Top 25 of either the AP or Coaches polls 37 times , including finishing in the top ten 18 times ( ranked 12th nationally for top ten finishes ) . The Tigers have produced three Heisman Trophy winners : quarterback Pat Sullivan in 1971 , running back Bo Jackson in 1985 , and quarterback Cam Newton in 2010 . Auburn has also produced twenty - nine consensus All - American players . The College Football Hall of Fame has inducted a total of 12 individuals from Auburn , including 8 student - athletes and four head coaches : John Heisman , Mike Donahue , Ralph Jordan , and Pat Dye . Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan , who coached from 1951 to 1975 , led Auburn to its first national championship and won a total of 176 games , the most by any Auburn coach . Auburn 's home stadium is Jordan -- Hare Stadium , which opened in 1939 and becomes Alabama 's fifth largest city on gamedays with a capacity of 87,451 . Auburn 's archrival is in - state foe Alabama . The Tigers and Crimson Tide meet annually in the Iron Bowl , one of the biggest rivalries in all of sports . The Tigers are currently led by head coach Gus Malzahn . Contents ( hide ) 1 Program Success 2 Championships and Undefeated Seasons 2.1 National championships 2.1. 1 1913 season 2.1. 2 1957 season 2.1. 3 1983 season 2.1. 4 1993 season 2.1. 5 2010 season 2.1. 6 Summary 2.2 Undefeated seasons 2.3 Conference championships 2.4 Divisional championships 3 Rivalries 4 Total program achievements 5 Traditions 5.1 Tiger Walk 5.2 `` War Eagle '' 5.3 Toomer 's Corner 5.4 Wreck Tech Pajama Parade 6 Current coaching staff 7 Head coaches 8 Award winners 8.1 Statues 8.2 Retired numbers 8.3 Hall of Fame 8.4 National awards 8.5 1st Team All - Americans 9 Bowl games 10 Endnotes 11 External links Program success ( edit ) Auburn has the 13th most wins in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision . In terms of winning percentage , Auburn ranks as the 9th most successful team in the past 25 years with a 71 % win rate ( 213 -- 86 -- 5 ) and 9th over the last half century ( 1955 -- 2010 ) with 69 % . Of the 93 current I-A football programs that been active since Auburn first fielded a team 116 years ago , Auburn ranks 14th in winning percentage over that period . The College Football Research Center lists Auburn as the 14th best college football program in history , with eight Auburn squads listed in Billingsley 's Top 200 Teams of All Time ( 1869 -- 2010 ) . The Bleacher Report placed Auburn as the 18th best program of all time in their power rankings conducted after the 2010 season . In 2013 , College Football Data Warehouse , a website dedicated to the historical data of college football , listed Auburn 13th all - time . After the 2008 season , ESPN ranked Auburn the 21st most prestigious program in history . The Associated Press poll statistics show Auburn with the 11th best national record of being ranked in the final AP Poll and 14th overall ( ranked 503 times out of 1058 polls since the poll began in 1936 ) , with an average ranking of 11.2 . Since the Coaches Poll first released a final poll in 1950 , Auburn has 26 seasons where the team finished ranked in the top 20 in both the AP and Coaches Polls . Auburn has also had success against teams ranked number one in the nation . The Tigers have beaten four teams ranked number one in the nation . Year Opponent Result Site 1942 vs. Georgia W 27 -- 13 Columbus , Georgia 1994 vs. Florida W 36 -- 33 Gainesville , Florida 2001 vs. Florida W 23 -- 20 Auburn , Alabama 2013 vs. Alabama W 34 -- 28 Auburn , Alabama Championships and undefeated seasons ( edit ) National championships ( edit ) Five Auburn teams have been awarded a National Championship by an NCAA documented selector -- 1913 , 1957 , 1983 , 1993 , and 2010 . However , only the 1957 title , awarded by the Associated Press , and the BCS National Championship in 2010 are claimed outright by the University . Four additional teams have also been named national champions by a minor selector , though none are recognized -- 1910 , 1914 , 1958 , and 2004 . Year Coach Selector Record Notes 1957 Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan AP 10 -- 0 SEC Champions Gene Chizik AP , Coaches , BCS 14 -- 0 SEC Champions , Won BCS Title Game † in 1993 Auburn was ineligible for the SEC Championship Game and postseason bowl game . 1913 season ( edit ) Main article : 1913 Auburn Tigers football team The 1913 team was coached by Mike Donahue and was undefeated at 8 -- 0 , outscoring opponents 224 -- 13 . Auburn , led by senior captain Kirk Newell , finished as SIAA champions for the first time in school history . Newell , also a member of the Upsilon Chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha , went on to be a World War I hero and member of the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame . The Tigers were retroactively awarded a national title by The Billingsley Report . 1957 season ( edit ) Main article : 1957 Auburn Tigers football team The 1957 Auburn Tigers , led by coach Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan , finished with a perfect 10 -- 0 record , marking the school 's first ever SEC championship . Auburn was recognized as national champions by the AP Poll even though they were on probation and did not participate in a bowl game . This was the school 's first recognized national championship . The 1957 title is shared with Ohio State , who was named the national champion by the Coaches ' Poll . This was the first of only two times in the history of the AP championship that it was awarded to a team on probation not allowed to participate in a bowl game ( it would occur again in 1974 with Oklahoma ) . 1983 season ( edit ) Main article : 1983 Auburn Tigers football team The 1983 Auburn Tigers , led by head coach Pat Dye and running back Bo Jackson , finished 11 -- 1 after playing the nation 's toughest schedule . Their only loss came against # 3 Texas , who defeated the Tigers , 20 -- 7 . Auburn went on to defeat # 8 Michigan , 9 -- 7 , in the Sugar Bowl . Despite entering the bowl games ranked third in both major polls , and with both teams ranked higher losing their bowl games , the Tigers ended ranked third in the final AP poll . The New York Times ranked Auburn number one at the conclusion of the season , but several other retroactive polling found Auburn at number 1 , including the Billingsley Report . The universally recognized national champions for 1983 are the Miami Hurricanes . 1993 season ( edit ) Main article : 1993 Auburn Tigers football team Head coach Terry Bowden led the 1993 team to a perfect season in his first year on the Plains . The Tigers were the only undefeated team in major college football , however were banned from playing on television or post-season games due to NCAA violations . Rival Alabama was sent to the SEC Championship Game as the substitute representative of the Western Division . Auburn finished ranked fourth in the nation by the Associated Press . However , Auburn was on NCAA probation in 1993 and ineligible for post season play . 2010 season ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Auburn Tigers football team The Tigers , led by second year head coach Gene Chizik , completed a 12 -- 0 regular season record and defeated South Carolina in the 2010 SEC Championship Game . On October 24 , 2010 , Auburn was ranked first in the BCS polls for the first time in school history . On January 10 , 2011 , Auburn defeated Oregon in the BCS National Championship Game in Glendale , Arizona , 22 -- 19 , to win their first BCS National Championship , and second claimed national title . Their quarterback , Cam Newton , became a Heisman Trophy winner . He had a total of 2,854 yards passing and 30 passing touchdowns . He also rushed for 1,473 yards and 20 touchdowns . Summary ( edit ) The following table summarizes the source and totals for Auburn 's national championship seasons . Source Championships Years AP / Coaches ' Poll / BCS ( 1936 -- present ) Two 1957 ( AP ) , 2010 CFBDW ( recognized ) Three 1913 , 1957 , 2010 CFBDW ( all ) Five 1913 , 1957 , 1983 , 1993 , 2010 Claimed by Auburn Two 1957 , 2010 Undefeated seasons ( edit ) Since its beginnings in 1892 , Auburn has completed twelve undefeated seasons . This includes seven ( 7 ) perfect seasons in which the Tigers were undefeated and untied . Year Coach Record 1893 D.M. Balliet / G.H. Harvey 3 -- 0 -- 2 1897 John Heisman 2 -- 0 -- 1 1900 Billy Watkins 4 -- 0 1904 Mike Donahue 5 -- 0 1913 Mike Donahue 8 -- 0 1914 Mike Donahue 8 -- 0 -- 1 1932 Chet A. Wynne 9 -- 0 -- 1 1957 Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan 10 -- 0 1958 Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan 9 -- 0 -- 1 1993 Terry Bowden 11 -- 0 Tommy Tuberville 13 -- 0 Gene Chizik 14 -- 0 Total Undefeated Seasons : 12 ( 7 Perfect ) Conference championships ( edit ) Auburn officially recognizes that it has won outright or a share of 12 total conference championships , including 3 SIAA Championships , 1 Southern Conference Championship , and 8 SEC Championships . Conference Championships Conference Conference Championships Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association Southern Conference Southeastern Conference 8 Total Conference Championships 12 Conference affiliations : Conference Affiliations Player Year Independent 1892 -- 1894 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association 1895 -- 1920 Southern Conference 1921 -- 1932 Southeastern Conference 1933 -- present Year Conference Coach Overall Record Conference Record 1913 SIAA Mike Donahue 9 -- 0 8 -- 0 1914 † SIAA Mike Donahue 8 -- 0 -- 1 5 -- 0 -- 1 1919 † SIAA Mike Donahue 8 -- 1 5 -- 1 1932 † SoCon Chet A. Wynne 9 -- 0 -- 1 6 -- 0 -- 1 1957 SEC Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan 10 -- 0 7 -- 0 SEC Pat Dye 11 -- 1 6 -- 0 SEC Pat Dye 9 -- 1 -- 2 6 -- 0 -- 1 1988 † SEC Pat Dye 10 -- 2 6 -- 1 1989 † SEC Pat Dye 10 -- 2 6 -- 1 SEC Tommy Tuberville 13 -- 0 8 -- 0 SEC Gene Chizik 14 -- 0 8 -- 0 2013 SEC Gus Malzahn 12 -- 2 7 -- 1 Total Conference Championships : 12 ( 3 SIAA , 1 Southern , 8 SEC ) † Denotes co-champions Additional championships : During Auburn 's time in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) , three teams tied for a share of the conference championship , though they are not officially recognized by the University : Conference Conference Year Head Coach 1900 1900 Walter H. Watkins 1904 1904 Mike Donahue 1910 1910 Mike Donahue Divisional championships ( edit ) Since divisional play began in 1992 , Auburn has won the SEC Western Division championship and gone on to the conference title game on 5 occasions and is 3 -- 2 in the SEC Championship Game . The most recent appearance came in 2013 , as Auburn completed the regular season 11 -- 1 , and defeated Missouri , 59 -- 42 , in the 2013 SEC Championship Game . Auburn has also shared the western division title , but did not play in the championship game due to tiebreakers on 3 occasions . Auburn also finished the 1993 season in first place in the division but was not eligible for the division title . Year Division Coach Overall Record Conference Record SEC Championship Game Result 1997 † SEC West Terry Bowden 10 -- 3 6 -- 2 # 11 Auburn 29 , # 3 Tennessee 30 2000 SEC West Tommy Tuberville 9 -- 4 6 -- 2 # 18 Auburn 6 , # 7 Florida 28 2001 † SEC West Tommy Tuberville 7 -- 5 5 -- 3 LSU won divisional tiebreaker 2002 † SEC West Tommy Tuberville 9 -- 4 5 -- 3 Arkansas won divisional tiebreaker SEC West Tommy Tuberville 13 -- 0 8 -- 0 # 3 Auburn 38 , # 15 Tennessee 28 2005 † SEC West Tommy Tuberville 9 -- 3 7 -- 1 LSU won divisional tiebreaker SEC West Gene Chizik 14 -- 0 8 -- 0 # 1 Auburn 56 , # 19 South Carolina 17 2013 † SEC West Gus Malzahn 12 -- 2 7 -- 1 # 3 Auburn 59 , # 5 Missouri 42 Division Championships 8 † Denotes co-champions Rivalries ( edit ) Primary Auburn Football Rivalries : All - Time Records Name of Rivalry Rival Games Played First Meeting Last Meeting Record Streak Latest win Iron Bowl Alabama 81 1893 2016 35 -- 45 -- 1 3 losses 2013 , 34 -- 28 Deep South 's Oldest Rivalry Georgia 120 1892 2016 55 -- 57 -- 8 3 losses 2013 , 43 -- 38 The Tiger Classic LSU 52 1901 2017 22 -- 29 - 1 1 loss 2016 , 18 -- 13 Auburn -- Tennessee Tennessee 52 1900 2013 28 -- 21 -- 3 6 wins 2013 , 55 -- 23 Auburn -- Florida Florida 83 1912 2011 43 -- 38 -- 2 3 wins 2011 , 17 -- 6 Auburn -- Georgia Tech Georgia Tech 92 1892 2005 47 -- 41 -- 4 2 losses 1987 , 20 -- 10 Total program achievements ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) National Champions 1957 , 2010 Unclaimed National Champions 1910 , 1913 , 1914 , 1958 , 1983 , 1993 , 2004 Conference Champions 1913 , 1914 , 1919 , 1932 , 1957 , 1983 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 2004 , 2010 , 2013 Undefeated Seasons 1893 , 1897 , 1900 , 1904 , 1913 , 1914 , 1932 , 1957 , 1958 , 1993 , 2004 , 2010 Divisional Champions 1997 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2010 , 2013 Heisman Trophy Winners 1971 , 1985 , 2010 Final Top 10 ( AP ) 1955 , 1957 , 1958 , 1963 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 , 1983 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1993 , 1994 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 Final Top 10 ( Coaches ) 1955 , 1957 , 1958 , 1963 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 , 1983 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 Bowl Appearances 1936 , 1937 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1963 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Bowl Victories * 1937 , 1954 , 1968 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1996 , 1997 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2015 Years listed for Bowl victories are seasons for which they occurred . Traditions ( edit ) Tiger walk ( edit ) Before each Auburn home football game , thousands of Auburn fans line Donahue Drive to cheer on the team as they walk from the Auburn Athletic Complex to Jordan -- Hare Stadium . The tradition began in the 1950s when groups of kids would walk up the street to greet the team and get autographs . During the tenure of coach Doug Barfield , the coach urged fans to come out and support the team , and thousands did . Today the team walks down the hill and into the stadium surrounded by fans who pat them on the back and shake their hands as they walk . The largest Tiger Walk occurred on December 2 , 1989 , before the first ever home football game against rival Alabama -- the Iron Bowl . On that day , an estimated 20,000 fans packed the one block section of road leading to the stadium . According to former athletic director David Housel , Tiger Walk has become `` the most copied tradition in all of college football '' . `` War eagle '' ( edit ) Nova , `` War Eagle VII '' Main article : War Eagle There are many stories surrounding the origins of Auburn 's battle cry , `` War Eagle '' . The most popular account involves the first Auburn football game in 1892 between Auburn and the University of Georgia . According to the story , in the stands that day was an old Civil War soldier with an eagle that he had found injured on a battlefield and kept as a pet . The eagle broke free and began to soar over the field , and Auburn began to march toward the Georgia end - zone . The crowd began to chant , `` War Eagle '' as the eagle soared . After Auburn won the game , the eagle crashed to the field and died but , according to the legend , his spirit lives on every time an Auburn man or woman yells `` War Eagle ! '' The battle cry of `` War Eagle '' also functions as a greeting for those associated with the University . For many years , a live golden eagle has embodied the spirit of this tradition . The eagle was once housed on campus in The A. Elwyn Hamer Jr . Aviary ( which was the second largest single - bird enclosure in the country ) , but the aviary was taken down in 2003 and the eagle moved to a nearby raptor center . The eagle , War Eagle VI ( nicknamed `` Tiger '' ) , was trained in 2000 to fly free around the stadium before every home game to the delight of fans . The present eagle , War Eagle VII ( nicknamed `` Nova '' ) , continues the tradition . War Eagle VI is believed to be the inspiration behind the 2005 -- 2006 Auburn Cheerleading squad 's chant , `` Tigers , Tigers , Gooooooo Tigers ! '' Toomer 's corner ( edit ) The intersection of Magnolia and College streets in Auburn , which marks the transition from downtown Auburn to the university campus , is known as Toomer 's Corner . It is named after Toomer 's Drugs , a small store on the corner that has been an Auburn landmark since 1896 . Hanging over the corner were two massive old oak trees , planted in 1937 , and whenever there was cause for celebration in the Auburn community , toilet paper could usually be found hanging from the trees . Also known as `` rolling the corner '' , this tradition originated after Auburn upset # 2 Alabama in the 1972 Iron Bowl , The famous ' Punt Bama Punt ' Game . `` We beat the ' number 2 ' out of Alabama . '' Until the mid-1990s the tradition was relegated to only to celebrating athletic wins . The oak trees were cut down by the university in April , 2013 , as a result of them being poisoned by Harvey Updyke Jr. , a fan of rival Alabama . Wreck Tech Pajama parade ( edit ) The Wreck Tech Pajama Parade originated in the 1930s , when a group of mischievous Auburn ROTC cadets , determined to show up the more well - known engineers from Georgia Tech , sneaked out of their dorms the night before the football game between Auburn and Tech and greased the railroad tracks . According to the story , the train carrying the Georgia Tech team slid through town and did n't stop until it was halfway to the neighboring town of Loachapoka , Alabama . The Georgia Tech team was forced to walk the five miles back to Auburn and , not surprisingly , were rather weary at the end of their journey . This likely contributed to their 45 -- 0 loss . While the railroad long ago ceased to be the way teams traveled to Auburn and students never greased the tracks again , the tradition continues in the form of a parade through downtown Auburn . Students parade through the streets in their pajamas and organizations build floats . Current coaching staff ( edit ) Name Position Alma mater Year Entering Gus Malzahn Head Coach Henderson State 5th Rodney Garner Associate Head Coach / Defensive Line Auburn 5th Kevin Steele Defensive Coordinator Tennessee 2nd Chip Lindsey Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks Alabama 1st Kodi Burns Co-Offensive Coordinator / Wide Receivers Auburn 2nd Greg Brown Secondary Coach UTEP 1st Travis Williams Linebackers Coach Auburn 2nd Larry Porter Tight Ends / Recruiting Coordinator Memphis 1st Tim Horton Running Backs / Special Teams Arkansas 5th Herb Hand Offensive Line Coach Hamilton College 2nd Ryan Russell Strength Coach West Liberty State 5th Head coaches ( edit ) Auburn Head Coach Head Coach List of Auburn Tigers head football coaches Auburn has had 25 head coaches , and 1 interim head coach , since it began play during the 1892 season . From 2013 to present , Gus Malzahn has served as Auburn 's head coach . The team has played more than 1,150 games over 119 seasons . In that time , seven coaches have led the Tigers in postseason bowl games : Jack Meagher , Ralph Jordan , Pat Dye , Terry Bowden , Tommy Tuberville , Gene Chizik , and Gus Malzahn . Billy Watkins , Mike Donahue , Chet A. Wynne , Jordan , Dye , Tuberville , Chizik , and Malzhan won a combined twelve conference championships . During their tenures , Jordan and Chizik each won national championships with the Tigers . Award Winners ( edit ) A number of Auburn players and coaches have won national awards , including 66 players being named as college football All - Americans . The Tigers also have eleven coaches and players that have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in Atlanta . Statues ( edit ) Auburn Tigers Player Statues No . Player Position Tenure Cam Newton QB 7 Pat Sullivan QB 1969 -- 71 34 Bo Jackson RB 1982 -- 85 HC John Heisman HC 1895 - 99 Retired numbers ( edit ) The Tigers have retired three numbers to date , honoring the following players : Auburn Tigers retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 7 Pat Sullivan QB 1969 -- 71 88 Terry Beasley WR 1969 -- 71 34 Bo Jackson RB 1982 -- 85 Hall of Fame ( edit ) Players Year Inducted Coaches Year Inducted 1954 -- Jimmy Hitchcock 1956 -- Walter Gilbert 1991 -- Pat Sullivan 1994 -- Tucker Frederickson 1998 -- Bo Jackson 2002 -- Terry Beasley 2004 -- Tracy Rocker 2009 -- Ed Dyas 1951 -- `` Iron Mike '' Donahue 1954 -- John Heisman 1982 -- Ralph `` Shug '' Jordan 2005 -- Pat Dye National awards ( edit ) Players Heisman Trophy Best player Walter Camp Award Best player Maxwell Award Best player 1971 -- Pat Sullivan , QB 1985 -- Bo Jackson , RB 2010 -- Cam Newton , QB 1971 -- Pat Sullivan , QB 1985 -- Bo Jackson , RB 2010 -- Cam Newton , QB 2010 -- Cam Newton , QB Davey O'Brien Award Best quarterback Manning Award Best quarterback Outland Trophy Best interior lineman Lombardi Award Best lineman / linebacker Jim Thorpe Award Best defensive back Rimington Trophy Best center 2010 -- Cam Newton 2010 -- Cam Newton 1958 -- Zeke Smith , G 1988 -- Tracy Rocker , DT 1988 -- Tracy Rocker , DT 2010 -- Nick Fairley , DT 2004 -- Carlos Rogers , CB 2014 -- Reese Dismukes Coaches Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award Coach of the Year Eddie Robinson Award Coach of the Year Sporting News Award Coach of the Year Home Depot Award Coach of the Year Bowden Award Coach of the Year Broyles Award Best assistant coach 1993 -- Terry Bowden 2004 -- Tommy Tuberville 2010 -- Gene Chizik 2013 -- Gus Malzahn 1993 -- Terry Bowden 2013 -- Gus Malzahn 1993 -- Terry Bowden 2004 -- Tommy Tuberville 2013 -- Gus Malzahn 2010 -- Gene Chizik 2013 -- Gus Malzahn 2010 -- Gene Chizik 2013 -- Gus Malzahn 2004 -- Gene Chizik 2010 -- Gus Malzahn 1st Team All - Americans ( edit ) Name Position Years Source Jimmy Hitchcock HB 1932 † WCFF , AP , NEA Walter Gilbert 1937 AP Monk Gafford RB 1942 INS Caleb `` Tex '' Warrington 1944 FWAA , WCFF , AP Travis Tidwell RB 1949 Williamson Jim Pyburn WR 1954 Joe Childress RB 1955 FWAA Frank D'Agostino 1955 AFCA , AP Fob James RB 1955 INS Jimmy Phillips DE 1957 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , TSN , NEA , INS , UP , Time Zeke Smith OG 1958 † , 1959 AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , CP , TSN , NEA , Time Jackie Burkett 1958 AFCA , Time Ken Rice OT 1959 , 1960 † AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , CP , TSN , NEA , UPI , Time Ed Dyas RB 1960 FWAA Jimmy Sidle RB 1963 FWAA , AP Tucker Frederickson RB 1964 † FWAA , WCFF , NEA , CP , FN , AP , Time Jack Thornton DT 1965 NEA Bill Cody LB 1965 Freddie Hyatt WR 1967 TFN David Campbell DT 1968 NEA Buddy McClinton DB 1969 † AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , CP , FN , UPI Larry Willingham DB 1970 † AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , FN , TSN , PFW , CP , NEA , UPI , Time Pat Sullivan QB 1970 , 1971 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , FN , TSN , UPI Terry Beasley WR 1970 , 1971 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , FN , TSN , NEA , UPI , Time Mike Fuller FN Ken Bernich LB 1974 † AFCA , WCFF , AP Neil O'Donoghue PK 1976 TSN Keith Uecker OG 1981 Mizlou Bob Harris SS 1982 Donnie Humphrey DT WTBS Gregg Carr LB 1984 † AFCA , WCFF , AP , UPI Bo Jackson RB 1983 † , 1985 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , TSN , UPI Lewis Colbert 1985 AFCA , TSN Ben Tamburello 1986 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF Brent Fullwood RB 1986 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , SH , TFN , UPI Aundray Bruce LB 1987 † AFCA , WCFF , SH , TFN , UPI Kurt Crain LB AP Stacy Searels OT AP , TFN Tracy Rocker DT 1987 † , 1988 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , TSN , UPI Walter Reeves TE 1988 TSN Benji Roland DT 1988 TSN Ed King OG 1989 , 1990 ‡ AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , SH , UPI , TFN Craig Ogletree LB 1989 TSN David Rocker DT 1990 † AFCA , WCFF , AP , UPI Wayne Gandy OT 1993 † AP , FWAA , SH , UPI Terry Daniel 1993 † AFCA , FWAA , WCFF , AP , TSN , SH , TFN Brian Robinson SS 1994 † WCFF , AP , TFN Frank Sanders WR 1994 AP , FWAA , SH Chris Shelling SS 1994 FWAA , SH Victor Riley OT 1997 AFCA Takeo Spikes LB 1997 TSN Damon Duval PK 2001 † AFCA , WCFF , AP Karlos Dansby LB 2003 AFCA , ESPN Marcus McNeill OT 2004 , 2005 † AP , CBS , FWAA , SI , Rivals , CFN , WCFF , TSN , ESPN Carlos Rogers CB 2004 † AP , FWAA , WCFF , SI , Rivals , CFN , ESPN , CBS Junior Rosegreen SS SI , CBS Carnell Williams RB AFCA Ben Grubbs OG 2006 Rivals , ESPN , PFW Cam Newton QB 2010 † AFCA , AP , Rivals , SI , WCFF , TSN , CBS Lee Ziemba OT 2010 † AFCA , FWAA , SI , WCFF Nick Fairley DT 2010 † AP , FWAA , Rivals , SI , WCFF , ESPN , CBS , TSN Steven Clark 2011 AP , SI , Rivals , PFW Tre Mason RB 2013 TSN Chris Davis PR 2013 TSN , CBS Reese Dismukes 2014 † WCFF , AP , AFCA , FWAA , CBS , ESPN , Scout Carl Lawson DE 2016 FWAA † Denotes consensus All - American ‡ Denotes unanimous All - American Bowl games ( edit ) Auburn football teams have been invited to participate in forty - one ( 41 ) total bowls and have posted a record of twenty - three wins , sixteen losses and two ties ( 23 -- 16 -- 2 ) . W / L Date PF Opponent PA Bowl Attendance 01 - 01 - 1937 7 Villanova 7 Bacardi Bowl 12,000 01 - 01 - 1938 6 Michigan State 0 Orange Bowl 18,972 01 - 01 - 1954 13 Texas Tech 35 Gator Bowl 28,641 12 - 31 - 1954 33 Baylor 13 Gator Bowl 28,426 12 - 31 - 1955 13 Vanderbilt 25 Gator Bowl 32,174 01 - 01 - 1964 7 Nebraska 13 Orange Bowl 72,647 12 - 18 - 1965 7 Mississippi 13 Liberty Bowl 38,607 12 - 28 - 1968 34 Arizona 10 Sun Bowl 32,307 12 - 31 - 1969 7 Houston 36 Bluebonnet Bowl 55,203 01 - 02 - 1971 35 Mississippi 28 Gator Bowl 71,136 01 - 01 - 1972 22 Oklahoma 40 Sugar Bowl 80,096 12 - 30 - 1972 24 Colorado Gator Bowl 71,114 12 - 29 - 1973 17 Missouri 34 Sun Bowl 30,127 12 - 30 - 1974 27 Texas Gator Bowl 63,811 12 - 18 - 1982 33 Boston College 26 Tangerine Bowl 51,296 01 - 02 - 1984 9 Michigan 7 Sugar Bowl 77,893 12 - 27 - 1984 21 Arkansas 15 Liberty Bowl 50,108 01 - 01 - 1986 16 Texas A&M 36 Cotton Bowl Classic 73,137 01 - 01 - 1987 16 Southern California 7 Florida Citrus Bowl 51,113 01 - 01 - 1988 16 Syracuse 16 Sugar Bowl 75,495 01 - 02 - 1989 7 Florida State 13 Sugar Bowl 75,098 01 - 01 - 1990 31 Ohio State 14 Hall of Fame Bowl 52,535 12 - 29 - 1990 27 Indiana 23 Peach Bowl 38,962 01 - 01 - 1996 14 Penn State 43 Outback Bowl 65,313 12 - 31 - 1996 32 Army 29 Independence Bowl 41,366 01 - 02 - 1998 21 Clemson 17 Peach Bowl 75,562 01 - 01 - 2001 28 Michigan 31 Florida Citrus Bowl 66,928 12 - 31 - 2001 10 North Carolina 16 Peach Bowl 71,827 01 - 01 - 2003 13 Penn State 9 Capital One Bowl 66,334 12 - 31 - 2003 28 Wisconsin 14 Music City Bowl 55,109 01 - 03 - 2005 16 Virginia Tech 13 Sugar Bowl 77,349 01 - 02 - 2006 10 Wisconsin 24 Capital One Bowl 57,221 01 - 01 - 2007 17 Nebraska 14 Cotton Bowl Classic 66,777 12 - 31 - 2007 23 Clemson 20 Chick - fil - A Bowl 74,413 01 - 01 - 2010 38 Northwestern 35 Outback Bowl 49,383 01 - 10 - 2011 22 Oregon 19 BCS National Championship Game 78,603 12 - 31 - 2011 43 Virginia 24 Chick - fil - A Bowl 72,919 01 - 06 - 2014 31 Florida State 34 BCS National Championship Game 94,208 01 - 01 - 2015 31 Wisconsin 34 Outback Bowl 44,023 12 - 30 - 2015 31 Memphis 10 Birmingham Bowl 59,430 01 - 02 - 2017 19 Oklahoma 35 Sugar Bowl 54,077 Endnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Colors '' . Auburn Tigers . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prestige Rankings : Scoring system explanation '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` AUBURNTIGERS.COM : : Auburn University Official Athletic Site Auburn University Official Athletic Site : : Football '' . www.auburntigers.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Division I-A All - Time Wins '' . College Football Data Warehouse. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` I-A Winning Percentage 1986 -- 2010 ( 25 years ) '' . Stassen College Football Information . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` I-A Winning Percentage 1955 -- 2010 '' . Stassen College Football Information . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` I-A Winning Percentage 1892 -- 2010 '' . Stassen College Football Information . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Billingsley 's All Time Top Programs '' . College Football Research Center . 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Billingsley 's Top 200 Teams of All Time '' . College Football Research Center . 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Joe Penkala . `` College Football '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ `` College Football Data Warehouse '' . cfbdatawarehouse.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Auburn Rankings '' . cfbdatawarehouse.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Prestige Rankings : Nos. 21 -- 119 '' . 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Final AP Poll Appearances Summary '' . AP Poll Archive. 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Total AP Poll Appearances Summary '' . AP Poll Archive. 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Auburn in the Polls '' . College Football Data Warehouse. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ 1942 Georgia Bulldogs football team # 1942 season Jump up ^ `` Auburn Football History and Tradition '' . Auburn University Athletics Department . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Auburn Traditions '' . Auburn University . 2006 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Sports Hall of Fame and Museum -- Birmingham , Alabama '' . ashof.org . Jump up ^ `` Auburn Yearly Totals '' . cfbdatawarehouse.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The best Walk in America '' . ESPN.com. 2003 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Finebaum on college football 's craziest rivalry '' . Jump up ^ Barnhart , Tony ( 2000 ) . Southern fried football : the history , passion , and glory of the great Southern game . Triumph . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60078 - 093 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : 2010 Auburn Football Media Guide , p. 157 Jump up ^ `` Auburn to name Chizik as coach '' . ESPN.com. 2008 - 12 - 15 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ 2010 Auburn Football Media Guide , pp. 136 -- 143 ^ Jump up to : 2010 Auburn Football Media Guide , pp. 184 -- 193 Jump up ^ The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . `` National Poll Rankings '' ( PDF ) . 2010 NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision Records . NCAA.org . pp. 68 -- 77 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` AuburnTigers.com -- Official Athletics Site of the Auburn Tigers -- Traditions '' . auburntigers.com . Jump up ^ `` Heisman Trophy Winners '' . heisman.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Alder , James . `` Walter Camp Award Winners '' . About.com . 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External links ( edit ) Official website Auburn Tigers football Venues Drill Field ( 1892 -- 1910 ) Drake Field ( 1911 -- 1939 ) Legion Field ( alternate , 1926 -- 1991 ) Jordan -- Hare Stadium ( 1939 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Alabama : Iron Bowl ( James E. 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About Wikipedia	who did auburn lose to in football this year	[ "\n\nW/L\nDate\nPF\nOpponent\nPA\nBowl\nAttendance\n\n\nT\n01-01-1937\n7\nVillanova\n7\nBacardi Bowl\n12,000\n\n\nW\n01-01-1938\n6\nMichigan State\n0\nOrange Bowl\n18,972\n\n\nL\n01-01-1954\n13\nTexas Tech\n35\nGator Bowl\n28,641\n\n\nW\n12-31-1954\n33\nBaylor\n13\nGator Bowl\n28,426\n\n\nL\n12-31-1955\n13\nVanderbilt\n25\nGator Bowl\n32,174\n\n\nL\n01-01-1964\n7\nNebraska\n13\nOrange Bowl\n72,647\n\n\nL\n12-18-1965\n7\nMississippi\n13\nLiberty Bowl\n38,607\n\n\nW\n12-28-1968\n34\nArizona\n10\nSun Bowl\n32,307\n\n\nL\n12-31-1969\n7\nHouston\n36\nBluebonnet Bowl\n55,203\n\n\nW\n01-02-1971\n35\nMississippi\n28\nGator Bowl\n71,136\n\n\nL\n01-01-1972\n22\nOklahoma\n40\nSugar Bowl\n80,096\n\n\nW\n12-30-1972\n24\nColorado\n3\nGator Bowl\n71,114\n\n\nL\n12-29-1973\n17\nMissouri\n34\nSun Bowl\n30,127\n\n\nW\n12-30-1974\n27\nTexas\n3\nGator Bowl\n63,811\n\n\nW\n12-18-1982\n33\nBoston College\n26\nTangerine Bowl\n51,296\n\n\nW\n01-02-1984\n9\nMichigan\n7\nSugar Bowl\n77,893\n\n\nW\n12-27-1984\n21\nArkansas\n15\nLiberty Bowl\n50,108\n\n\nL\n01-01-1986\n16\nTexas A&M\n36\nCotton Bowl Classic\n73,137\n\n\nW\n01-01-1987\n16\nSouthern California\n7\nFlorida Citrus Bowl\n51,113\n\n\nT\n01-01-1988\n16\nSyracuse\n16\nSugar Bowl\n75,495\n\n\nL\n01-02-1989\n7\nFlorida State\n13\nSugar Bowl\n75,098\n\n\nW\n01-01-1990\n31\nOhio State\n14\nHall of Fame Bowl\n52,535\n\n\nW\n12-29-1990\n27\nIndiana\n23\nPeach Bowl\n38,962\n\n\nL\n01-01-1996\n14\nPenn State\n43\nOutback Bowl\n65,313\n\n\nW\n12-31-1996\n32\nArmy\n29\nIndependence Bowl\n41,366\n\n\nW\n01-02-1998\n21\nClemson\n17\nPeach Bowl\n75,562\n\n\nL\n01-01-2001\n28\nMichigan\n31\nFlorida Citrus Bowl\n66,928\n\n\nL\n12-31-2001\n10\nNorth Carolina\n16\nPeach Bowl\n71,827\n\n\nW\n01-01-2003\n13\nPenn State\n9\nCapital One Bowl\n66,334\n\n\nW\n12-31-2003\n28\nWisconsin\n14\nMusic City Bowl\n55,109\n\n\nW\n01-03-2005\n16\nVirginia Tech\n13\nSugar Bowl\n77,349\n\n\nL\n01-02-2006\n10\nWisconsin\n24\nCapital One Bowl\n57,221\n\n\nW\n01-01-2007\n17\nNebraska\n14\nCotton Bowl Classic\n66,777\n\n\nW\n12-31-2007\n23\nClemson\n20\nChick-fil-A Bowl\n74,413\n\n\nW\n01-01-2010\n38\nNorthwestern\n35\nOutback Bowl\n49,383\n\n\nW\n01-10-2011\n22\nOregon\n19\nBCS National Championship Game\n78,603\n\n\nW\n12-31-2011\n43\nVirginia\n24\nChick-fil-A Bowl\n72,919\n\n\nL\n01-06-2014\n31\nFlorida State\n34\nBCS National Championship Game\n94,208\n\n\nL\n01-01-2015\n31\nWisconsin\n34\nOutback Bowl\n44,023\n\n\nW\n12-30-2015\n31\nMemphis\n10\nBirmingham Bowl\n59,430\n\n\nL\n01-02-2017\n19\nOklahoma\n35\nSugar Bowl\n54,077\n\n" ]	[ "Oklahoma" ]
6992264199401257096	History of Vietnam	History of Vietnam - Wikipedia History of Vietnam History of Vietnam 2879 -- 258 BC Hồng Bàng dynasty 2879 -- 1913 BC Early Hồng Bàng 1912 -- 1055 BC Mid Hồng Bàng 1054 -- 258 BC Late Hồng Bàng 257 -- 179 BC Thục dynasty 207 -- 111 BC Triệu dynasty 111 BC -- 40 AD 1st Chinese domination 40 -- 43 Trưng Sisters 43 -- 544 2nd Chinese domination 544 -- 602 Early Lý dynasty 602 -- 938 3rd Chinese domination 939 -- 967 Ngô dynasty 968 -- 980 Đinh dynasty 980 -- 1009 Early Lê dynasty 1009 -- 1225 Later Lý dynasty 1225 -- 1400 Trần dynasty 1400 -- 1407 Hồ dynasty 1407 -- 1427 4th Chinese domination 1407 -- 1413 Later Trần dynasty 1428 -- 1788 Later Lê dynasty 1527 -- 1592 Mạc dynasty 1545 -- 1787 Trịnh lords 1558 -- 1777 Nguyễn lords 1778 -- 1802 Tây Sơn dynasty 1802 -- 1945 Nguyễn dynasty 1858 -- 1954 French Indochina 1945 Empire of Vietnam 1945 -- 1976 North Vietnam ( Democratic Republic of Vietnam ) 1955 -- 1975 South Vietnam ( Republic of Vietnam ) 1975 -- 1976 North Vietnamese - occupied South Vietnam From 1976 Unification of Vietnam Further subjects ( hide ) Champa dynasties ( 192 -- 1832 ) Funan ( 68 -- 550 ) Chenla ( 550 -- 802 ) Historical capitals Prehistoric and ancient cultures List of monarchs Country 's names Economic history Military history Part of a series on the Culture of Vietnam History People Languages Traditions ( show ) Costume Cuisine Festivals Religion ( show ) Vietnamese folk religion Art ( show ) Vietnamese martial arts Literature Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Media ( show ) Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Vietnam portal Vietnam 's recorded history stretches back to the mid-to - late 3rd century BCE , when Âu Lạc and Nanyue ( Nam Việt in Vietnamese ) were established ( Nanyue conquered Âu Lạc in 179 BCE ) . Pre-historic Vietnam was home to some of the world 's earliest civilizations and societies -- making them one of the world 's first people who practiced agriculture and rice cultivation . The Red River valley formed a natural geographic and economic unit , bounded to the north and west by mountains and jungles , to the east by the sea and to the south by the Red River Delta . According to myth the first Vietnamese state was founded in 2879 BC , but archaeological studies suggest development towards chiefdoms during the late Bronze Age Đông Sơn culture . Vietnam 's peculiar geography made it a difficult country to attack , which is why Vietnam under the Hùng kings was for so long an independent and self - contained state . Once Vietnam did succumb to foreign rule , however , it proved unable to escape from it , and for 1,100 years , Vietnam had been successively governed by a series of Chinese dynasties : the Han , Eastern Wu , Jin , Liu Song , Southern Qi , Liang , Sui , Tang , and Southern Han ; leading to the loss of native cultural heritage , language , and much of national identity . At certain periods during these 1,100 years , Vietnam was independently governed under the Triệus , Trưng Sisters , Early Lýs , Khúcs and Dương Đình Nghệ -- although their triumphs and reigns were temporary . During the Chinese domination of North Vietnam , several civilizations flourished in what is today central and south Vietnam , particularly the Funanese and Cham . The founders and rulers of these governments , however , were not native to Vietnam . From the 10th century onwards , the Vietnamese , emerging in their heartland of the Red River Delta , began to conquer these civilizations . When Ngô Quyền ( King of Vietnam , 939 -- 944 ) restored sovereign power in the country , the next millennium was advanced by the accomplishments of successive dynasties : Ngôs , Đinhs , Early Lês , Lýs , Trầns , Hồs , Later Trầns , Later Lês , Mạcs , Trịnhs , Nguyễns , Tây Sơns and again Nguyễns . At various points during the imperial dynasties , Vietnam was ravaged and divided by civil wars and witnessed interventions by the Songs , Mongol Yuans , Chams , Mings , Siam , Manchus , French . The Ming Empire conquered the Red River valley for a while before native Vietnamese regained control and the French Empire reduced Vietnam to a French dependency for nearly a century , followed by an occupation by the Japanese Empire . Political upheaval and Communist insurrection put an end to the monarchy after World War II , and the country was proclaimed a republic . Contents 1 Prehistorical period 2 Ancient period ( 2879 -- 111 BC ) 2.1 Hồng Bàng dynasty ( c. 2879 -- 258 BC ) 2.1. 1 Early Hồng Bàng era ( c. 2879 -- 1913 BC ) 2.1. 2 Middle Hồng Bàng era ( c. 1912 -- 1055 BC ) 2.1. 3 Later Hồng Bàng era ( c. 1054 -- 258 BC ) 2.1. 4 Cultural evolution 2.2 Thục dynasty ( 257 -- 179 BC ) 2.3 Triệu dynasty ( 207 -- 111 BC ) 3 Chinese dominating period ( 111 BC -- 939 AD ) 3.1 First Chinese domination ( 111 BC -- 40 AD ) 3.2 Trưng Sisters ( 40 -- 43 ) 3.3 Second Chinese domination ( 43 -- 544 ) 3.4 Early Lý dynasty ( 544 -- 602 ) 3.5 Third Chinese domination ( 602 -- 905 ) 3.6 Autonomous era ( 905 -- 938 ) 4 Monarchical period ( 939 -- 1858 ) 4.1 Independent era ( 939 -- 1407 ) 4.1. 1 Ngô , Đinh , & Early Lê dynasties ( 939 -- 1009 ) 4.1. 2 Lý , Trần , & Hồ dynasties ( 1009 -- 1407 ) 4.2 Fourth Chinese domination ( 1407 -- 1427 ) 4.3 Restored era ( 1427 -- 1527 ) 4.3. 1 Later Lê dynasty -- primitive period ( 1427 -- 1527 ) 4.4 Warlord era ( 1527 -- 1802 ) 4.4. 1 Mạc & Later Lê dynasties -- restored period ( 1527 -- 1788 ) 4.4. 2 Trịnh & Nguyễn lords 4.4. 3 Advent of Europeans & southward expansion 4.4. 4 Tây Sơn dynasty ( 1778 -- 1802 ) 4.5 Unified era ( 1802 -- 1858 ) 4.5. 1 Nguyễn dynasty ( 1802 -- 1945 ) 5 Modern period ( 1858 -- present ) 5.1 French colonial era ( 1858 -- 1945 ) 5.1. 1 Relations with China 5.2 Republican era ( 1945 -- present ) 5.2. 1 Warring era ( 1945 -- 76 ) 5.2. 2 Unified era ( 1976 - 1990 ) 5.2. 3 Renovated era ( 1990 -- present ) 6 Changing names 7 Vietnamese nationalist historiography 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 Primary sources 12 In Vietnamese 13 External links Prehistorical period ( edit ) Main article : Prehistory of Vietnam Ancient period ( 2879 -- 111 BC ) ( edit ) Hồng Bàng dynasty ( c. 2879 -- 258 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : Hồng Bàng dynasty History of Vietnam Timeline According to mythology , for almost three millennia -- from its beginning around 2879 B.C. ( or early 7th century BC ) to its conquest by Thục Phán in 258 B.C. -- the Hồng Bàng period was divided into 18 dynasties , with each dynasty being based on the lineage of the kings . Throughout this era , the country encountered many changes , some being very drastic . Due to the limitation of the written evidence , the main sources of information about the Hồng Bàng period are the many vestiges , objects and artifacts that have been recovered from archaeological sites -- as well as a considerable amount of legend . The land began as several tribal states , with King Kinh Dương Vương grouping all the vassal states at around 2879 BC . The ancient Vietnamese rulers of this period are collectively known as the Hùng kings ( Vietnamese : Hùng Vương ) . Early Hồng Bàng era ( c. 2879 -- 1913 BC ) ( edit ) Main articles : Càn line , Khảm line , Cấn line , and Chấn line From ancient times , modern northern Vietnam and southern China were peopled by many races . Lộc Tục ( c. 2919 -- 2794 BC ) succeeded his predecessor as tribal chief and made the first attempts to incorporate all tribes around 2879 BC . As he succeeded in grouping all the vassal states within his territory , a convocation of the subdued tribes proclaimed him King Kinh Dương Vương , as the leader of the unified ancient Vietnamese nation . Kinh Dương Vương called his newly born country Xích Quỷ and reigned over the confederacy that occupied the Red River Delta in present - day Northern Vietnam and part of southeastern China , seeing the beginnings of nationhood for Vietnam under one supreme ruler , the Hùng king , also starting the Hồng Bàng period . Lạc Long Quân 's temple at Sim Hill ( Phú Thọ ) . According to stories of the period , the First Hùng dynasty only had one ruler , Kinh Dương Vương himself , and witnessed the first two capitals in Vietnamese history , at Ngàn Hống and Nghĩa Lĩnh . Sùng Lãm ( c. 2825 BC -- ? ) was Kinh Dương Vương 's successor and founded the Second Hùng dynasty . The next line of kings that followed renamed the country Văn Lang . The Third Hùng dynasty lasted from approximately 2524 BC to 2253 BC . The administrative rule of the Lạc tướng , Bố chính , and Lạc hầu began . The period of the Fourth Hùng dynasty ( c. 2252 -- 1913 BC ) saw the evidence for early Vietnamese calendar system recorded on stone tools and the population from the mountainous areas moved out and began to settle in the open along the rivers to join the agricultural activities . Middle Hồng Bàng era ( c. 1912 -- 1055 BC ) ( edit ) The Fifth Hùng dynasty lasted from approximately 1912 BC to 1713 BC . Then , during the Sixth Hùng dynasty , Văn Lang was invaded by the mysterious people called the Xích Tỵ , as the king battled Văn Lang back to greatness . The Seventh dynasty started with Lang Liêu , a son of the last king of the Sixth dynasty . Lang Liêu was a prince who won a culinary contest ; he then won the throne because his creations , bánh chưng ( rice cake ) , reflect his deep understanding of the land 's vital economy : rice farming . The Seventh dynasty and well into the early first millennium BC was a period of stabilizing , saw a civilization flourishing to continue its greatness . Later Hồng Bàng era ( c. 1054 -- 258 BC ) ( edit ) Main articles : Đinh line , Mậu line , Kỷ line , Canh line , Tân line , Nhâm line , and Qúy line The first millennium BC was a period that went from the Twelfth dynasty to the Eighteenth dynasty . It was when the Vietnamese Bronze Age culture further flourished and attained an unprecedented level of realism , finally culminating in the opening stage of the Vietnamese Iron Age . The Eighteenth dynasty was the last ruling dynasty during the Hùng king epoch . It fell to the Âu Việt in 258 BC after the last Hùng king was defeated in battle . Cultural evolution ( edit ) This period contained some accounts that mix historical facts with legends . The Legend of Gióng tells of a youth going to war to save the country , wearing iron armor , riding an armored horse , and wielding an iron staff , showed that metalworking was sophisticated . The Legend of the Magic Crossbow , about a crossbow that can deliver thousands of arrows , showed extensive use of archery in warfare . Fishing and hunting supplemented the main rice crop . Arrowheads and spears were dipped in poison to kill larger animals such as elephants . Betel nuts were widely chewed and the lower classes rarely wore clothing more substantial than a loincloth . Every spring , a fertility festival was held which featured huge parties and sexual abandon . Religion consisted of primitive animistic cults . Since around 2000 BC , stone hand tools and weapons improved extraordinarily in both quantity and variety . Pottery reached a higher level of technique and decoration style . The Vietnamese people were mainly agriculturists , growing the wet rice Oryza , which became the main staple of their diet . During the later stage of the first half of the 2nd millennium BC , the first appearance of bronze tools took place despite these tools still being rare . By about 1000 BC , bronze replaced stone for about 40 percent of edged tools and weapons , rising to about 60 percent . Here , there were not only bronze weapons , axes , and personal ornaments , but also sickles and other agriculture tools . Toward the closure of the Bronze Age , bronze accounts for more than 90 percent of tools and weapons , and there are exceptionally extravagant graves -- the burial places of powerful chieftains -- containing some hundreds of ritual and personal bronze artifacts such as musical instruments , bucket - shaped ladles , and ornament daggers . After 1000 BC , the ancient Vietnamese people became skilled agriculturalists as they grew rice and kept buffaloes and pigs . They were also skilled fishermen and bold sailors , whose long dug - out canoes traversed the eastern sea . Pottery fruit tray of the Sa Huỳnh people . Modern central and southern Vietnam were not originally part of the Vietnamese state . The peoples of those areas developed a distinct culture from the ancient Vietnamese in the Red River Delta region . For instance , the 1st millennium BC Sa Huỳnh culture in the areas of present - day central Vietnam revealed a considerable use of iron and decorative items made from glass , semi-precious and precious stones such as agate , carnelian , rock crystal , amethyst , and nephrite . The culture also showed evidence of an extensive trade network . The Sa Huỳnh people were most likely the predecessors of the Cham people , an Austronesian - speaking people and the founders of the kingdom of Champa . Map of the Cổ Loa Citadel , red is the wall , blue is the water , green is the trees . Thục dynasty ( 257 -- 179 BC ) ( edit ) Main articles : An Dương Vương and Cổ Loa Citadel By the 3rd century BC , another Viet group , the Âu Việt , emigrated from present - day southern China to the Red River delta and mixed with the indigenous Văn Lang population . In 257 BC , a new kingdom , Âu Lạc , emerged as the union of the Âu Việt and the Lạc Việt , with Thục Phán proclaiming himself `` An Dương Vương '' ( `` King An Dương '' ) . Some modern Vietnamese believe that Thục Phán came upon the Âu Việt territory ( modern - day northernmost Vietnam , western Guangdong , and southern Guangxi province , with its capital in what is today Cao Bằng Province ) . After assembling an army , he defeated and overthrew the eighteenth dynasty of Hùng kings , around 258 BC . He proclaimed himself An Dương Vương ( `` King An Dương '' ) . He then renamed his newly acquired state from Văn Lang to Âu Lạc and established the new capital at Phong Khê in the present - day Phú Thọ town in northern Vietnam , where he tried to build the Cổ Loa Citadel ( Cổ Loa Thành ) , the spiral fortress approximately ten miles north of that new capital . However , records showed that espionage resulted in the downfall of An Dương Vương . At his capital , Cổ Loa , he built many concentric walls around the city for defensive purposes . These walls , together with skilled Âu Lạc archers , kept the capital safe from invaders . Nam Việt at its greatest extent . Bronze drum during the Triệu dynasty . Triệu dynasty ( 207 -- 111 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : Triệu dynasty In 207 BC , Qin warlord Triệu Đà ( pinyin : Zhao Tuo ) established his own independent kingdom in present - day Guangdong / Guangxi area . He proclaimed his new kingdom as Nam Việt ( pinyin : Nanyue ) , starting the Triệu dynasty . Triệu Đà later appointed himself a commandant of central Guangdong , closing the borders and conquering neighboring districts and titled himself `` King of Nam Viet '' In 179 BC , he defeated King An Dương Vương and annexed Âu Lạc . This period is controversial as on one side , some Vietnamese historians consider Triệu 's rule as the starting point of the Chinese domination , since Triệu Đà was a former Qin general , whereas others consider it still an era of Vietnamese independence as the Triệu family in Nam Việt were assimilated to local culture . They ruled independently of what then constituted the Han Empire . At one point , Triệu Đà even declared himself Emperor , equal to the Han Emperor in the north . Chinese dominating period ( 111 BC -- 939 AD ) ( edit ) Main article : Chinese domination of Vietnam First Chinese domination ( 111 BC -- 40 AD ) ( edit ) Main article : First Chinese domination of Vietnam In 111 BC , Han troops invaded Nam Việt and established new territories , dividing Vietnam into Giao Chỉ ( pinyin : Jiaozhi ) , now the Red River delta ; Cửu Chân from modern - day Thanh Hóa to Hà Tĩnh ; and Nhật Nam ( pinyin : Rinan ) , from modern - day Quảng Bình to Huế . While governors and top officials were Chinese , the original Vietnamese nobles ( Lạc Hầu , Lạc Tướng ) from the Hồng Bàng period still managed in some of the highlands . Trung Sisters ( 40 -- 43 ) ( edit ) Main article : Trưng Sisters In 40 AD , the Trưng Sisters led a successful revolt against Han Governor Su Dung ( Vietnamese : Tô Định ) and recaptured 65 states ( including modern Guangxi ) . Trưng Trắc became the Queen ( Trưng Nữ Vương ) . In 43 AD , Emperor Guangwu of Han sent his famous general Ma Yuan ( Vietnamese : Mã Viện ) with a large army to quell the revolt . After a long , difficult campaign , Ma Yuan suppressed the uprising and the Trung Sisters committed suicide to avoid capture . To this day , the Trưng Sisters are revered in Vietnam as the national symbol of Vietnamese women . Second Chinese domination ( 43 -- 544 ) ( edit ) Main article : Second Chinese domination of Vietnam Learning a lesson from the Trưng revolt , the Han and other successful Chinese dynasties took measures to eliminate the power of the Vietnamese nobles . The Vietnamese elites were educated in Chinese culture and politics . A Giao Chỉ prefect , Shi Xie , ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord for forty years and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese emperors . Nearly 200 years passed before the Vietnamese attempted another revolt . In 225 another woman , Triệu Thị Trinh , popularly known as Lady Triệu ( Bà Triệu ) , led another revolt which lasted until 248 . Once again , the uprising failed and Triệu Thị Trinh threw herself into a river . At the same time , in present - day Central Vietnam , there was a successful revolt of Cham nations in 192 . Chinese dynasties called it Lin - Yi ( Lin village ; Vietnamese : Lâm Ấp ) . It later became a powerful kingdom , Champa , stretching from Quảng Bình to Phan Thiết ( Bình Thuận ) . Early Lý dynasty ( 544 -- 602 ) ( edit ) Main article : Early Lý dynasty In the period between the beginning of the Chinese Age of Fragmentation and the end of the Tang dynasty , several revolts against Chinese rule took place , such as those of Lý Bôn and his general and heir Triệu Quang Phục ; and those of Mai Thúc Loan and Phùng Hưng . All of them ultimately failed , yet most notable were those led by Lý Bôn and Triệu Quang Phục , whose Early Lý dynasty ruled for almost half a century , from 544 to 602 , before Sui China reconquered their kingdom Vạn Xuân . Third Chinese domination ( 602 -- 905 ) ( edit ) Main article : Third Chinese domination of Vietnam During the Tang dynasty , Vietnam was called Annam until 866 . With its capital around modern Bắc Ninh , Annam became a flourishing trading outpost , receiving goods from the southern seas . The Book of the Later Han recorded that in 166 the first envoy from the Roman Empire to China arrived by this route , and merchants were soon to follow . The 3rd - century Tales of Wei ( Weilüe ) mentioned a `` water route '' ( the Red River ) from Annam into what is now southern Yunnan . From there , goods were taken over land to the rest of China via the regions of modern Kunming and Chengdu . In 866 , Annam was renamed Tĩnh Hải quân . Early in the 10th century , as China became politically fragmented , successive lords from the Khúc clan , followed by Dương Đình Nghệ , ruled Tĩnh Hải quân autonomously under the Tang title of Jiedushi ( Vietnamese : Tiết Độ Sứ ) , Virtuous Lord , but stopped short of proclaiming themselves kings . Autonomous era ( 905 -- 938 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Khúc clan , Dương Đình Nghệ , and Kiều Công Tiễn In 938 , Southern Han sent troops to conquer autonomous Giao Châu . Ngô Quyền , Dương Đình Nghệ 's son - in - law , defeated the Southern Han fleet at the Battle of Bạch Đằng ( 938 ) . He then proclaimed himself King Ngô and effectively began the age of independence for Vietnam . Monarchical period ( 939 -- 1858 ) ( edit ) The basic nature of Vietnamese society changed little during the nearly 1,000 years between independence from China in the 10th century and the French conquest in the 19th century . The king was the ultimate source of political authority , the final dispenser of justice , law , and supreme commander - in - chief of the armed forces , as well as overseer of religious rituals . Administration was carried out by mandarins who were trained exactly like their Chinese counterparts ( i.e. by rigorous study of Confucian texts ) . Overall , Vietnam remained very efficiently and stably governed except in times of war and dynastic breakdown , and its administrative system was probably far more advanced than that of any other Southeast Asian states and was more highly centralized and stable governed among Asian states . No serious challenge to the king 's authority ever arose , as titles of nobility were bestowed purely as honors and were not hereditary . Periodic land reforms broke up large estates and ensured that powerful landowners could not emerge . No religious / priestly class ever arose outside of the mandarins either . This stagnant absolutism ensured a stable , well - ordered society , but also resistance to social , cultural , or technological innovations . Reformers looked only to the past for inspiration . Literacy remained the provenance of the upper classes . Initially , Chinese was used for writing purposes , but by the 13th century , a set of derivative characters known as Chữ Nôm emerged that allowed native Vietnamese words to be written . However , it remained limited to poetry , literature , and practical texts like medicine while all state and official documents were written in Classical Chinese . Aside from some mining and fishing , agriculture was the primary activity of most Vietnamese , and economic development and trade were not promoted or encouraged by the state . Independent era ( 939 -- 1407 ) ( edit ) Ngô , Định , & early Lê dynasties ( 939 -- 1009 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Ngô dynasty , Đinh dynasty , and Early Lê dynasty Further information : Anarchy of the 12 Warlords Ngô Quyền 's untimely death after a short reign resulted in a power struggle for the throne , resulting in the country 's first major civil war , the upheaval of Twelfth Warlords ( Loạn Thập Nhị Sứ Quân ) . The war lasted from 944 to 968 until the clan led by Đinh Bộ Lĩnh defeated the other warlords , unifying the country . Đinh Bộ Lĩnh founded the Đinh dynasty and proclaimed himself Đinh Tiên Hoàng ( Đinh the Majestic Emperor ) and renamed the country from Tĩnh Hải quân to Đại Cồ Việt ( literally `` Great Viet Land '' ) , with its capital in Hoa Lư ( modern - day Ninh Bình Province ) . The new emperor introduced strict penal codes to prevent chaos from happening again . He then tried to form alliances by granting the title of Queen to five women from the five most influential families . In 979 , Emperor Đinh Tiên Hoàng and his crown prince Đinh Liễn were assassinated , leaving his lone surviving son , the 6 - year - old Đinh Toàn , to assume the throne . Taking advantage of the situation , Song China invaded Annam . Facing such a grave threat to national independence , the commander of the armed forces , ( Thập Đạo Tướng Quân ) Lê Hoàn took the throne , founding the Early Lê dynasty . A capable military tactician , Lê Hoan realized the risks of engaging the mighty Song troops head on ; thus he tricked the invading army into Chi Lăng Pass , then ambushed and killed their commander , quickly ending the threat to his young nation in 981 . The Song dynasty withdrew their troops and Lê Hoàn was referred to in his realm as Emperor Đại Hành ( Đại Hành Hoàng Đế ) . Emperor Lê Đại Hành was also the first Vietnamese monarch who began the southward expansion process against the kingdom of Champa . Emperor Lê Đại Hành 's death in 1005 resulted in infighting for the throne amongst his sons . The eventual winner , Lê Long Đĩnh , became the most notorious tyrant in Vietnamese history . He devised sadistic punishments of prisoners for his own entertainment and indulged in deviant sexual activities . Toward the end of his short life -- he died at the age of 24 . Lê Long Đĩnh had become so ill that he had to lie down when meeting with his officials in court . Lý , Trần , & Hồ dynasties ( 1009 -- 1407 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Lý dynasty , Trần dynasty , and Hồ dynasty Southeast Asia c. 1010 AD . Đại Việt lands in yellow , Champa in green and Khmer Empire in purple . Hanoi 's One Pillar Pagoda , a historic Buddhist temple . When the king Lê Long Đĩnh died in 1009 , a palace guard commander named Lý Công Uẩn was nominated by the court to take over the throne , and founded the Lý dynasty . This event is regarded as the beginning of another golden era in Vietnamese history , with the following dynasties inheriting the Lý dynasty 's prosperity and doing much to maintain and expand it . The way Lý Công Uẩn ascended to the throne was rather uncommon in Vietnamese history . As a high - ranking military commander residing in the capital , he had all opportunities to seize power during the tumultuous years after Emperor Lê Hoàn 's death , yet preferring not to do so out of his sense of duty . He was in a way being `` elected '' by the court after some debate before a consensus was reached . The Lý dynasty is credited for laying down a concrete foundation for the nation of Vietnam . Leaving Hoa Lư , a natural fortification surrounded by mountains and rivers , Lý Công Uẩn moved his court to the new capital in present - day Hanoi and called it Thăng Long ( Ascending Dragon ) . Lý Công Uẩn thus departed from the militarily defensive mentality of his predecessors and envisioned a strong economy as the key to national survival . The third emperor of the dynasty , Lý Thánh Tông renamed the country `` Đại Việt '' ( 大越 , Great Viet ) . Successive Lý emperors continued to accomplish far - reaching feats : building a dike system to protect rice farms ; founding the Quốc Tử Giám , the first noble university ; holding regular examinations to select capable commoners for government positions once every three years ; organizing a new system of taxation ; establishing humane treatment of prisoners . Women were holding important roles in Lý society as the court ladies were in charge of tax collection . The Lý dynasty also promoted Buddhism , yet maintained a pluralistic attitude toward the three main philosophical systems of the time : Buddhism , Confucianism , and Taoism . The Lý dynasty had two major wars with Song China , and a few invasive campaigns against neighboring Champa in the south . The most notable battle took place on Chinese territory in 1075 . Upon learning that a Song invasion was imminent , the Lý army and navy totaling about 100,000 men under the command of Lý Thường Kiệt , and Tông Đản used amphibious operations to preemptively destroy three Song military installations at Yongzhou , Qinzhou , and Lianzhou in present - day Guangdong and Guangxi , and killed 100,000 Chinese . The Song dynasty took revenge and invaded Đại Việt in 1076 , but the Song troops were held back at the Battle of Như Nguyệt River commonly known as the Cầu river , now in Bắc Ninh province about 40 km from the current capital , Hanoi . Neither side was able to force a victory , so the Lý dynasty proposed a truce , which the Song emperor accepted . Champa and the powerful Khmer Empire took advantage of the Lý dynasty 's distraction with the Song to pillage Đại Việt 's southern provinces . Together they invaded Vietnam in 1128 and 1132 . Further invasions followed in the subsequent decades . Trần royal battle standard . Toward the end of the Lý dynasty , a powerful court minister named Trần Thủ Độ forced the emperor Lý Huệ Tông to become a Buddhist monk and Lý Chiêu Hoàng , Huệ Tông 's young daughter , to become queen . Trần Thủ Độ then arranged the marriage of Chiêu Hoàng to his nephew Trần Cảnh and eventually had the throne transferred to Trần Cảnh , thus begun the Trần dynasty . Trần Thủ Độ viciously purged members of the Lý nobility ; some Lý princes escaped to Korea , including Lý Long Tường . After the purge , the Trần emperors ruled the country in similar manner to the Lý kings . Noted Trần dynasty accomplishments include the creation of a system of population records based at the village level , the compilation of a formal 30 - volume history of Đại Việt ( Đại Việt Sử Ký ) by Lê Văn Hưu , and the rising in status of the Nôm script , a system of writing for Vietnamese language . The Trần dynasty also adopted a unique way to train new emperors : when a crown prince reached the age of 18 , his predecessor would abdicate and turn the throne over to him , yet holding the title of Retired Emperor ( Thái Thượng Hoàng ) , acting as a mentor to the new Emperor . Despite continued Champa - Khmer attacks , the Trần managed to arrange several periods of peace with them . During the Trần dynasty , the armies of the Mongol Empire under Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan invaded Annam in 1258 , 1285 , and 1287 88 . Annam repelled all attacks of the Yuan Mongols during the reign of Kublai Khan . Three Mongol armies said to have numbered from 300,000 to 500,000 men were defeated . The key to Annam 's successes was to avoid the Mongols ' strength in open field battles and city sieges -- the Trần court abandoned the capital and the cities . The Mongols were then countered decisively at their weak points , which were battles in swampy areas such as Chương Dương , Hàm Tử , Vạn Kiếp and on rivers such as Vân Đồn and Bạch Đằng . The Mongols also suffered from tropical diseases and loss of supplies to Trần army 's raids . The Yuan - Trần war reached its climax when the retreating Yuan fleet was decimated at the Battle of Bạch Đằng ( 1288 ) . The military architect behind Annam 's victories was Commander Trần Quốc Tuấn , more popularly known as Trần Hưng Đạo . In order to avoid further disastrous campaigns , the Tran and Champa acknowledged Mongol supremacy . It was also during this period that the Trần emperors waged many wars against the southern kingdom of Champa , continuing the Vietnamese long history of southern expansion ( known as Nam tiến ) that had begun shortly after gaining independence in the 10th century . Often , they encountered strong resistance from the Chams . Champa was made a tributary state of Vietnam in 1312 , but ten years later regained independence and Cham troops led by king Chế Bồng Nga ( Cham : Po Binasuor or Che Bonguar ) killed king Trần Duệ Tông in battle and even laid siege to Đại Việt 's capital Thăng Long in 1377 and again in 1383 . However , the Trần dynasty was successful in gaining two Champa provinces , located around present - day Huế , through the peaceful means of the political marriage of Princess Huyền Trân to a Cham king . The wars with Champa and the Mongols left Vietnam exhausted and bankrupt . The Trần dynasty was in turn overthrown by one of its own court officials , Hồ Quý Ly . Hồ Quý Ly forced the last Trần emperor to abdicate and assumed the throne in 1400 . He changed the country name to Đại Ngu and moved the capital to Tây Đô , Western Capital , now Thanh Hóa . Thăng Long was renamed Đông Đô , Eastern Capital . Although widely blamed for causing national disunity and losing the country later to the Ming Empire , Hồ Quý Ly 's reign actually introduced a lot of progressive , ambitious reforms , including the addition of mathematics to the national examinations , the open critique of Confucian philosophy , the use of paper currency in place of coins , investment in building large warships and cannons , and land reform . He ceded the throne to his son , Hồ Hán Thương , in 1401 and assumed the title Thái Thượng Hoàng , in similar manner to the Trần kings . Fourth Chinese domination ( 1407 -- 1427 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Fourth Chinese domination and Later Trần dynasty Main article : Later Lê dynasty In 1407 , under the pretext of helping to restore the Trần dynasty , Chinese Ming troops invaded Đại Ngu and captured Hồ Quý Ly and Hồ Hán Thương . The Hồ dynasty came to an end after only 7 years in power . The Ming occupying force annexed Đại Ngu into the Ming Empire after claiming that there was no heir to Trần throne . Vietnam , weakened by dynastic feuds and the wars with Champa , quickly succumbed . The Ming conquest was harsh . Vietnam was annexed directly as a province of China , the old policy of cultural assimilation again imposed forcibly , and the country was ruthlessly exploited . However , by this time , Vietnamese nationalism had reached a point where attempts to sinicize them could only strengthen further resistance . Almost immediately , Trần loyalists started a resistance war . The resistance , under the leadership of Trần Quĩ at first gained some advances , yet as Trần Quĩ executed two top commanders out of suspicion , a rift widened within his ranks and resulted in his defeat in 1413 . Restored era ( 1427 -- 1527 ) ( edit ) Later Lê dynasty -- primitive period ( 1427 -- 1527 ) ( edit ) In 1418 , a wealthy farmer , Lê Lợi , led the Lam Sơn uprising against the Ming from his base of Lam Sơn ( Thanh Hóa province ) . Overcoming many early setbacks and with strategic advices from Nguyễn Trãi , Lê Lợi 's movement finally gathered momentum , marched northward , and launched a siege at Đông Quan ( now Hanoi ) , the capital of the Ming occupation . The Ming Emperor sent a reinforcement force , but Lê Lợi staged an ambush and killed the Ming commander , Liu Shan , in Chi Lăng . Ming troops at Đông Quan surrendered . The Lam Sơn revolution defeated 200,000 Ming soldiers . In 1428 , Lê Lợi ascended to the throne and began the Hậu Lê dynasty ( Posterior or Later Lê ) . Lê Lợi renamed the country back to Đại Việt and moved the capital back to Thăng Long . Map of Vietnam showing the conquest of the south ( the Nam tiến , 1069 -- 1757 ) . The Lê dynasty carried out land reforms to revitalize the economy after the war . Unlike the Lý and Trần kings , who were more influenced by Buddhism , the Lê kings leaned toward Confucianism . A comprehensive set of laws , the Hồng Đức code was introduced with some strong Confucian elements , yet also included some progressive rules , such as the rights of women . Art and architecture during the Lê dynasty also became more influenced by Chinese styles than during the Lý and Trần dynasty . The Lê dynasty commissioned the drawing of national maps and had Ngô Sĩ Liên continue the task of writing Đại Việt 's history up to the time of Lê Lợi . King Lê Thánh Tông opened hospitals and had officials distribute medicines to areas affected with epidemics . Overpopulation and land shortages stimulated a Vietnamese expansion south . In 1471 , Le troops led by king Lê Thánh Tông invaded Champa and captured its capital Vijaya . This event effectively ended Champa as a powerful kingdom , although some smaller surviving Cham states lasted for a few centuries more . It initiated the dispersal of the Cham people across Southeast Asia . With the kingdom of Champa mostly destroyed and the Cham people exiled or suppressed , Vietnamese colonization of what is now central Vietnam proceeded without substantial resistance . However , despite becoming greatly outnumbered by Vietnamese settlers and the integration of formerly Cham territory into the Vietnamese nation , the majority of Cham people nevertheless remained in Vietnam and they are now considered one of the key minorities in modern Vietnam . Vietnamese armies also raided the Mekong Delta , which the decaying Khmer Empire could no longer defend . The city of Huế , founded in 1600 lies close to where the Champa capital of Indrapura once stood . In 1479 , King Lê Thánh Tông also campaigned against Laos in the Vietnamese -- Lao War and captured its capital Luang Prabang , in which later the city was totally ransacked and destroyed by the Vietnamese . He made further incursions westwards into the Irrawaddy River region in modern - day Burma before withdrawing . At his withdrawal , Vietnam extended in what would be considered as `` the first Southeast Asian Empire '' and perhaps , one of the most powerful nation in Asia . Warlord era ( 1527 -- 1802 ) ( edit ) Mạc & later Lê dynasties -- restored period ( 1527 -- 1788 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Lê dynasty , Mạc dynasty , and Southern and Northern Dynasties of Vietnam The Lê dynasty was overthrown by its general named Mạc Đăng Dung in 1527 . He killed the Lê emperor and proclaimed himself emperor , starting the Mạc dynasty . After defeating many revolutions for two years , Mạc Đăng Dung adopted the Trần dynasty 's practice and ceded the throne to his son , Mạc Đăng Doanh , and he became Thái Thượng Hoàng . Meanwhile , Nguyễn Kim , a former official in the Lê court , revolted against the Mạc and helped king Lê Trang Tông restore the Lê court in the Thanh Hóa area . Thus a civil war began between the Northern Court ( Mạc ) and the Southern Court ( Restored Lê ) . Nguyễn Kim 's side controlled the southern part of Annam ( from Thanhhoa to the south ) , leaving the north ( including Đông Kinh - Hanoi ) under Mạc control . When Nguyễn Kim was assassinated in 1545 , military power fell into the hands of his son - in - law , Trịnh Kiểm . In 1558 , Nguyễn Kim 's son , Nguyễn Hoàng , suspecting that Trịnh Kiểm might kill him as he had done to his brother to secure power , asked to be governor of the far south provinces around present - day Quảng Bình to Bình Định . Hoang pretended to be insane , so Kiem was fooled into thinking that sending Hoang south was a good move as Hoang would be quickly killed in the lawless border regions . However , Hoang governed the south effectively while Trịnh Kiểm , and then his son Trịnh Tùng , carried on the war against the Mạc . Nguyễn Hoàng sent money and soldiers north to help the war but gradually he became more and more independent , transforming their realm 's economic fortunes by turning it into an international trading post . The civil war between the Lê / Trịnh and Mạc dynasties ended in 1592 , when the army of Trịnh Tùng conquered Hanoi and executed king Mạc Mậu Hợp . Survivors of the Mạc royal family fled to the northern mountains in the province of Cao Bằng and continued to rule there until 1677 when Trịnh Tạc conquered this last Mạc territory . The Lê kings , ever since Nguyễn Kim 's restoration , only acted as figureheads . After the fall of the Mạc dynasty , all real power in the north belonged to the Trịnh lords . Meanwhile , the Ming court reluctantly decided on a military intervention into the Vietnamese civil war , but Mạc Đăng Dung offered ritual submission to the Ming Empire , which was accepted . Map of Vietnam showing ( roughly ) the areas controlled by the Trịnh , Nguyễn , Mạc , and Champa around 1650 . Violet : Trịnh Territory . Yellow : Nguyễn Territory . Green : Champa - Panduranga ( under Nguyễn overlordship ) . Pink ( Cao Bang ) : Mạc Territory . Orange : Vũ Lordship . Trịnh & Nguyễn lords ( edit ) Main articles : Trịnh lords , Nguyễn lords , and Trịnh -- Nguyễn War See also : Artillery of the Nguyễn lords In the year 1600 , Nguyễn Hoàng also declared himself Lord ( officially `` Vương '' , popularly `` Chúa '' ) and refused to send more money or soldiers to help the Trịnh . He also moved his capital to Phú Xuân , modern - day Huế . Nguyễn Hoàng died in 1613 after having ruled the south for 55 years . He was succeeded by his 6th son , Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên , who likewise refused to acknowledge the power of the Trịnh , yet still pledged allegiance to the Lê king . Trịnh Tráng succeeded Trịnh Tùng , his father , upon his death in 1623 . Tráng ordered Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên to submit to his authority . The order was refused twice . In 1627 , Trịnh Tráng sent 150,000 troops southward in an unsuccessful military campaign . The Trịnh were much stronger , with a larger population , economy and army , but they were unable to vanquish the Nguyễn , who had built two defensive stone walls and invested in Portuguese artillery . The Trịnh -- Nguyễn War lasted from 1627 until 1672 . The Trịnh army staged at least seven offensives , all of which failed to capture Phú Xuân . For a time , starting in 1651 , the Nguyễn themselves went on the offensive and attacked parts of Trịnh territory . However , the Trịnh , under a new leader , Trịnh Tạc , forced the Nguyễn back by 1655 . After one last offensive in 1672 , Trịnh Tạc agreed to a truce with the Nguyễn Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần . The country was effectively divided in two . Advent of Europeans & southward expansion ( edit ) Main articles : Christianity in Vietnam and Nam tiến One of the earliest Western maps of Annam , published in 1651 by Alexandre de Rhodes ( north is oriented to the right ) . The West 's exposure to Annam and Annamese exposure to Westerners dated back to 166 AD with the arrival of merchants from the Roman Empire , to 1292 with the visit of Marco Polo , and the early 16th century with the arrival of Portuguese in 1516 and other European traders and missionaries . Alexandre de Rhodes , a French Jesuit priest , improved on earlier work by Portuguese missionaries and developed the Vietnamese romanized alphabet Quốc Ngữ in Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum in 1651 . Various European efforts to establish trading posts in Vietnam failed , but missionaries were allowed to operate for some time until the mandarins began concluding that Christianity ( which had succeeded in converting up to a tenth of the population by 1700 ) was a threat to the Confucian social order since it condemned ancestor worship as idolatry . Vietnamese attitudes to Europeans and Christianity hardened as they began to increasingly see it as a way of undermining society . Between 1627 and 1775 , two powerful families had partitioned the country : the Nguyễn lords ruled the South and the Trịnh lords ruled the North . The Trịnh -- Nguyễn War gave European traders the opportunities to support each side with weapons and technology : the Portuguese assisted the Nguyễn in the South while the Dutch helped the Trịnh in the North . The Trịnh and the Nguyễn maintained a relative peace for the next hundred years , during which both sides made significant accomplishments . The Trịnh created centralized government offices in charge of state budget and producing currency , unified the weight units into a decimal system , established printing shops to reduce the need to import printed materials from China , opened a military academy , and compiled history books . Meanwhile , the Nguyễn lords continued the southward expansion by the conquest of the remaining Cham land . Việt settlers also arrived in the sparsely populated area known as `` Water Chenla '' , which was the lower Mekong Delta portion of the former Khmer Empire . Between the mid-17th century to mid-18th century , as the former Khmer Empire was weakened by internal strife and Siamese invasions , the Nguyễn Lords used various means , political marriage , diplomatic pressure , political and military favors , to gain the area around present - day Saigon and the Mekong Delta . The Nguyễn army at times also clashed with the Siamese army to establish influence over the former Khmer Empire . Tây Sơn dynasty ( 1778 -- 1802 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Tây Sơn dynasty and Nguyễn dynasty In 1771 , the Tây Sơn revolution broke out in Quy Nhơn , which was under the control of the Nguyễn lord . The leaders of this revolution were three brothers named Nguyễn Nhạc , Nguyễn Lữ , and Nguyễn Huệ , not related to the Nguyễn lords . By 1776 , the Tây Sơn had occupied all of the Nguyễn Lord 's land and killed almost the entire royal family . The surviving prince Nguyễn Phúc Ánh ( often called Nguyễn Ánh ) fled to Siam , and obtained military support from the Siamese king . Nguyễn Ánh came back with 50,000 Siamese troops to regain power , but was defeated at the Battle of Rạch Gầm -- Xoài Mút and almost killed . Nguyễn Ánh fled Vietnam , but he did not give up . The Tây Sơn army commanded by Nguyễn Huệ marched north in 1786 to fight the Trịnh Lord , Trịnh Khải . The Trịnh army failed and Trịnh Khải committed suicide . The Tây Sơn army captured the capital in less than two months . The last Lê emperor , Lê Chiêu Thống , fled to Qing China and petitioned the Qianlong Emperor for help . The Qianlong Emperor supplied Lê Chiêu Thống with a massive army of around 200,000 troops to regain his throne from the usurper . Nguyễn Huệ proclaimed himself Emperor Quang Trung and defeated the Qing troops with 100,000 men in a surprise 7 day campaign during the lunar new year ( Tết ) . There was even a rumor saying that Quang Trung had also planned to conquer China , although it was unclear . During his reign , Quang Trung envisioned many reforms but died by unknown reason on the way march south in 1792 , at the age of 40 . During the reign of Emperor Quang Trung , Đại Việt was in fact divided into three political entities . The Tây Sơn leader , Nguyễn Nhạc , ruled the centre of the country from his capital Qui Nhơn . Emperor Quang Trung ruled the north from the capital Phú Xuân Huế . In the South , Nguyễn Ánh , assisted by many talented recruits from the South , captured Gia Định ( present - day Saigon ) in 1788 and established a strong base for his force . After Quang Trung 's death , the Tây Sơn dynasty became unstable as the remaining brothers fought against each other and against the people who were loyal to Nguyễn Huệ 's infant son . Nguyễn Ánh sailed north in 1799 , capturing Tây Sơn 's stronghold Qui Nhơn . In 1801 , his force took Phú Xuân , the Tây Sơn capital . Nguyễn Ánh finally won the war in 1802 , when he sieged Thăng Long ( Hanoi ) and executed Nguyễn Huệ 's son , Nguyễn Quang Toản , along with many Tây Sơn generals and officials . Nguyễn Ánh ascended the throne and called himself Emperor Gia Long . Gia is for Gia Định , the old name of Saigon ; Long is for Thăng Long , the old name of Hanoi . Hence Gia Long implied the unification of the country . The Nguyễn dynasty lasted until Bảo Đại 's abdication in 1945 . As China for centuries had referred to Đại Việt as Annam , Gia Long asked the Manchu Qing emperor to rename the country , from Annam to Nam Việt . To prevent any confusion of Gia Long 's kingdom with Triệu Đà 's ancient kingdom , the Manchu emperor reversed the order of the two words to Việt Nam . The name Vietnam is thus known to be used since Emperor Gia Long 's reign . Recently historians have found that this name had existed in older books in which Vietnamese referred to their country as Vietnam . The Period of Division with its many tragedies and dramatic historical developments inspired many poets and gave rise to some Vietnamese masterpieces in verse , including the epic poem The Tale of Kiều ( Truyện Kiều ) by Nguyễn Du , Song of a Soldier 's Wife ( Chinh Phụ Ngâm ) by Đặng Trần Côn and Đoàn Thị Điểm , and a collection of satirical , erotically charged poems by a female poet , Hồ Xuân Hương . Many Catholic martyrs ( believers and priests ) were slain in Tonkin , Cochinchina and Annam during persecutions. 64 Martyrs were declared blessed in 1900 of whom 54 were natives ; 26 of the martyrs were members of the Dominican Order . In 1784 , during the conflict between Nguyễn Ánh , the surviving heir of the Nguyễn lords , and the Tây Sơn dynasty , a French Roman Catholic prelate , Pigneaux de Behaine , sailed to France to seek military backing for Nguyễn Ánh . At Louis XVI 's court , Pigneaux brokered the Little Treaty of Versailles which promised French military aid in exchange for Vietnamese concessions . However , because of the French Revolution , Pigneaux 's plan failed to materialize . He went to the French territory of Pondichéry ( India ) , and secured two ships , a regiment of Indian troops , and a handful of volunteers and returned to Vietnam in 1788 . One of Pigneaux 's volunteers , Jean - Marie Dayot , reorganized Nguyễn Ánh 's navy along European lines and defeated the Tây Sơn at Qui Nhơn in 1792 . A few years later , Nguyễn Ánh 's forces captured Saigon , where Pigneaux died in 1799 . Another volunteer , Victor Olivier de Puymanel would later build the Gia Định fort in central Saigon . Unified era ( 1802 -- 1858 ) ( edit ) Nguyễn dynasty ( 1802 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) After Nguyễn Ánh established the Nguyễn dynasty in 1802 , he tolerated Catholicism and employed some Europeans in his court as advisors . His successors were more conservative Confucians and resisted Westernization . The next Nguyễn emperors , Minh Mạng , Thiệu Trị , and Tự Đức brutally suppressed Catholicism and pursued a ' closed door ' policy , perceiving the Westerners as a threat , following events such as the Lê Văn Khôi revolt when a French missionary , Fr . Joseph Marchand , encouraged local Catholics to revolt in an attempt to install a Catholic emperor . Catholics , both Vietnamese and foreign - born , were persecuted in retaliation . Trade with the West slowed during this period . There were frequent uprisings against the Nguyễns , with hundreds of such events being recorded in the annals . These acts were soon being used as excuses for France to invade Vietnam . The early Nguyễn dynasty had engaged in many of the constructive activities of its predecessors , building roads , digging canals , issuing a legal code , holding examinations , sponsoring care facilities for the sick , compiling maps and history books , and exerting influence over Cambodia and Laos . Main articles : Cochinchina Campaign , Citadel of Saigon , Trương Định , Phan Đình Phùng , Nguyễn Trung Trực , Phan Thanh Giản , and Tonkin Campaign Under the orders of Napoleon III of France , Rigault de Genouilly 's gunships attacked the port of Đà Nẵng in 1858 , causing significant damage , yet failed to gain any foothold , in the process being afflicted by the humidity and tropical diseases . De Genouilly decided to sail south and captured the poorly defended city of Gia Định ( present - day Ho Chi Minh City ) . From 1859 to 1867 , French troops expanded their control over all six provinces on the Mekong delta and formed a colony known as Cochinchina . French army attacking Nam Định , 1883 . A few years later , French troops landed in northern Vietnam ( which they called Tonkin ) and captured Hà Nội twice in 1873 and 1882 . The French managed to keep their grip on Tonkin although , twice , their top commanders Francis Garnier and Henri Rivière , were ambushed and killed fighting pirates of the Black Flag Army hired by the mandarins . France assumed control over the whole of Vietnam after the Tonkin Campaign ( 1883 -- 1886 ) . French Indochina was formed in October 1887 from Annam ( Trung Kỳ , central Vietnam ) , Tonkin ( Bắc Kỳ , northern Vietnam ) , Cochinchina ( Nam Kỳ , southern Vietnam , and Cambodia , with Laos added in 1893 ) . Within French Indochina , Cochinchina had the status of a colony , Annam was nominally a protectorate where the Nguyễn dynasty still ruled , and Tonkin had a French governor with local governments run by Vietnamese officials . Modern period ( 1858 -- present ) ( edit ) French colonial era ( 1858 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Main articles : French Indochina , History of Vietnam during World War I , and French Indochina in World War II French officers and Tonkinese riflemen , 1884 . After Gia Định fell to French troops , many resistance movements broke out in occupied areas , some led by former court officers , such as Trương Định , some by peasants , such as Nguyễn Trung Trực , who sank the French gunship L'Esperance using guerilla tactics . In the north , most movements were led by former court officers and lasted decades , with Phan Đình Phùng fighting in central Vietnam until 1895 . In the northern mountains , former bandit leader Hoàng Hoa Thám fought until 1911 . Even the teenage Nguyễn Emperor Hàm Nghi left the Imperial Palace of Huế in 1885 with regent Tôn Thất Thuyết and started the Cần Vương ( `` Save the King '' ) movement , trying to rally the people to resist the French . He was captured in 1888 and exiled to French Algeria . Guerrillas of the Cần Vương movement murdered around a third of Vietnam 's Christian population during the rebellion . Decades later , two more Nguyễn kings , Thành Thái and Duy Tân were also exiled to Africa for having anti-French tendencies . The former was deposed on the pretext of insanity and Duy Tân was caught in a conspiracy with the mandarin Trần Cao Vân trying to start an uprising . However , lack of modern weapons and equipment prevented these resistance movements from being able to engage the French in open combat . The various anti-French revolts started by mandarins were carried out with the primary goal of restoring the old feudal society . However , by 1900 a new generation of Vietnamese were coming of age who had never lived in precolonial Vietnam . These young activists were as eager as their grandparents to see independence restored , but they realized that returning to the feudal order was not feasible and that modern technology and governmental systems were needed . Having been exposed to Western philosophy , they aimed to establish a republic upon independence , departing from the royalist sentiments of the Cần Vương movements . Some of them set up Vietnamese independence societies in Japan , which many viewed as a model society ( i.e. an Asian nation that had modernized , but retained its own culture and institutions ) . There emerged two parallel movements of modernization . The first was the Đông Du ( `` Go East '' ) Movement started in 1905 by Phan Bội Châu . Châu 's plan was to send Vietnamese students to Japan to learn modern skills , so that in the future they could lead a successful armed revolt against the French . With Prince Cường Để , he started two organizations in Japan : Duy Tân Hội and Việt Nam Công Hiến Hội . Due to French diplomatic pressure , Japan later deported Châu . Phan Châu Trinh , who favored a peaceful , non-violent struggle to gain independence , led a second movement , Duy Tân ( Modernization ) , which stressed education for the masses , modernizing the country , fostering understanding and tolerance between the French and the Vietnamese , and peaceful transitions of power . The early part of the 20th century saw the growing in status of the Romanized Quốc Ngữ alphabet for the Vietnamese language . Vietnamese patriots realized the potential of Quốc Ngữ as a useful tool to quickly reduce illiteracy and to educate the masses . The traditional Chinese scripts or the Nôm script were seen as too cumbersome and too difficult to learn . The use of prose in literature also became popular with the appearance of many novels ; most famous were those from the Tự Lực Văn Đoàn literary circle . As the French suppressed both movements , and after witnessing revolutionaries in action in China and Russia , Vietnamese revolutionaries began to turn to more radical paths . Phan Bội Châu created the Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội in Guangzhou , planning armed resistance against the French . In 1925 , French agents captured him in Shanghai and spirited him to Vietnam . Due to his popularity , Châu was spared from execution and placed under house arrest until his death in 1940 . In 1927 , the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng ( Vietnamese Nationalist Party ) , modeled after the Kuomintang in China , was founded , and the party launched the armed Yên Bái mutiny in 1930 in Tonkin which resulted in its chairman , Nguyễn Thái Học and many other leaders captured and executed by the guillotine . Marxism was also introduced into Vietnam with the emergence of three separate Communist parties ; the Indochinese Communist Party , Annamese Communist Party and the Indochinese Communist Union , joined later by a Trotskyist movement led by Tạ Thu Thâu . In 1930 , the Communist International ( Comintern ) sent Nguyễn Ái Quốc to Hong Kong to coordinate the unification of the parties into the Vietnamese Communist Party ( CPV ) with Trần Phú as the first Secretary General . Later the party changed its name to the Indochinese Communist Party as the Comintern , under Stalin , did not favor nationalistic sentiments . Being a leftist revolutionary living in France since 1911 , Nguyễn Ái Quốc participated in founding the French Communist Party and in 1924 traveled to the Soviet Union to join the Comintern . Through the late 1920s , he acted as a Comintern agent to help build Communist movements in Southeast Asia . During the 1930s , the CPV was nearly wiped out under French suppression with the execution of top leaders such as Phú , Lê Hồng Phong , and Nguyễn Văn Cừ . During World War II , Japan invaded Indochina in 1940 , keeping the Vichy French colonial administration in place as a puppet . In 1941 Nguyễn Ái Quốc , now known as Hồ Chí Minh , arrived in northern Vietnam to form the Việt Minh Front , and it was supposed to be an umbrella group for all parties fighting for Vietnam 's independence , but was dominated by the Communist Party . The Việt Minh had a modest armed force and during the war worked with the American Office of Strategic Services to collect intelligence on the Japanese . A famine broke out in 1944 -- 45 . Japan 's defeat by World War II Allies created a power vacuum for Vietnamese nationalists of all parties to seize power in August 1945 , forcing Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate and ending the Nguyễn dynasty . Their initial success in staging uprisings and in seizing control of most of the country by September 1945 was partially undone , however , by the return of the French a few months later . Relations with China ( edit ) According to a 2018 study in the Journal of Conflict Resolution covering Vietnam - China relations from 1365 to 1841 , the relations could be characterized as a `` hierarchic tributary system '' . The study found that `` the Vietnamese court explicitly recognized its unequal status in its relations with China through a number of institutions and norms . Vietnamese rulers also displayed very little military attention to their relations with China . Rather , Vietnamese leaders were clearly more concerned with quelling chronic domestic instability and managing relations with kingdoms to their south and west . '' Republican era ( 1945 -- present ) ( edit ) Main articles : National Assembly ( Vietnam ) , History of Vietnam since 1945 , and 1940 - 1946 in the Vietnam War Warring era ( 1945 -- 76 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Democratic Republic of Vietnam , State of Vietnam , Republic of Vietnam , War in Vietnam ( 1945 -- 1946 ) , First Indochina War , and Vietnam War Vietcong prisoners await being carried by helicopter to rear area after Operation Starlite . August 18 -- 24 , 1965 . In September 1945 , Hồ Chí Minh proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( DRV ) and held the position of chairman ( Chủ Tịch ) . Communist rule was cut short , however , by nationalist Chinese and British occupation forces whose presence tended to support the Communist Party 's political opponents . In 1946 , Vietnam had its first National Assembly election ( won by the Viet Minh in central and northern Vietnam ) , which drafted the first constitution , but the situation was still precarious : the French tried to regain power by force ; some Cochinchinese politicians formed a seceding government the Republic of Cochinchina ( Cộng hòa Nam Kỳ ) while the non-Communist and Communist forces were engaging each other in sporadic battle . Stalinists purged Trotskyists . Religious sects and resistance groups formed their own militias . The Communists eventually suppressed all non-Communist parties but failed to secure a peace deal with France . Full - scale war broke out between the Việt Minh and France in late 1946 and the First Indochina War officially began . Realizing that colonialism was coming to an end worldwide , France decided to bring former emperor Bảo Đại back to power , as a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh . A Provisional Central Government was formed in 1948 , reuniting Annam and Tonkin , but the complete reunification of Vietnam was delayed for a year because of the problems posed by Cochinchina 's legal status . In July 1949 , the State of Vietnam was officially proclaimed , as a semi-independent country within the French Union , with Bảo Đại as Head of State . France was finally persuaded to relinquish its colonies in Indochina in 1954 when Viet Minh forces defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu . The 1954 Geneva Conference left Vietnam a divided nation , with Hồ Chí Minh 's communist DRV government ruling the North from Hanoi and Ngô Đình Diệm 's Republic of Vietnam , supported by the United States , ruling the South from Saigon . Between 1953 and 1956 , the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms , including `` rent reduction '' and `` land reform '' , which resulted in significant political oppression . During the land reform , testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents , which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000 executions . Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area , a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time . However , declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time , although likely greater than 13,500 . In the South , Diem went about crushing political and religious opposition , imprisoning or killing tens of thousands . Along with the split between northern and southern Vietnam in geographical territory came the divergence in their distinctive choices for institutional political structure . Northern Vietnam ( Dai Viet ) opted for a centralized bureaucratic regime while the southern is based on a patron - client mechanism heavily relied on personalized rule . During this period , due to this structural difference , the north and south revealed different patterns in their economic activities , the long - term effect of which still persist up to today . Citizens that have previously lived in the bureaucratic state are more likely to have higher household consumption and get more engaged in civic activities ; the state itself tends to have the stronger fiscal capacity for taxation inherited from the previous institution . As a result of the Vietnam ( Second Indochina ) War ( 1954 -- 75 ) , Viet Cong and regular People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) forces of the DRV unified the country under communist rule . In this conflict , the North and the Viet Cong -- with logistical support from the Soviet Union -- defeated the Army of the Republic of Vietnam , which sought to maintain South Vietnamese independence with the support of the U.S. military , whose troop strength peaked at 540,000 during the communist - led Tet Offensive in 1968 . The North did not abide by the terms of the 1973 Paris Agreement , which officially settled the war by calling for free elections in the South and peaceful reunification . Two years after the withdrawal of the last U.S. forces in 1973 , Saigon , the capital of South Vietnam , fell to the communists , and the South Vietnamese army surrendered in 1975 . In 1976 , the government of united Vietnam renamed Saigon as Hồ Chí Minh City in honor of Hồ , who died in 1969 . The war left Vietnam devastated , with the total death toll standing at between 966,000 and 3.8 million , and many thousands more crippled by weapons and substances such as napalm and Agent Orange . The government of Vietnam says that 4 million of its citizens were exposed to Agent Orange , and as many as 3 million have suffered illnesses because of it ; these figures include the children of people who were exposed . The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or have health problems due to contaminated Agent Orange . The United States government has challenged these figures as being unreliable . Unified era ( 1976 - 1990 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Vietnam , Communist Party of Vietnam , History of the Communist Party of Vietnam , and Politics of Vietnam In the post-1975 period , it was immediately apparent that the effectiveness of Communist Party ( CPV ) policies did not necessarily extend to the party 's peacetime nation - building plans . Having unified North and South politically , the CPV still had to integrate them socially and economically . In this task , CPV policy makers were confronted with the South 's resistance to communist transformation , as well as traditional animosities arising from cultural and historical differences between North and South . In the aftermath of the war , under Lê Duẩn 's administration , there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the U.S. or the Saigon government , confounding Western fears . However , up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to reeducation camps , where many endured torture , starvation , and disease while being forced to perform hard labor . The New Economic Zones program was implemented by the Vietnamese communist government after the Fall of Saigon . Between 1975 and 1980 , more than 1 million northerners migrated to the south and central regions formerly under the Republic of Vietnam . This program , in turn , displaced around 750,000 to over 1 million Southerners from their homes and forcibly relocated them to uninhabited mountainous forested areas . Compounding economic difficulties were new military challenges . In the late 1970s , Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge regime started harassing and raiding Vietnamese villages at the common border . To neutralize the threat , PAVN invaded Cambodia in 1978 and overran its capital of Phnom Penh , driving out the incumbent Khmer Rouge regime . In response , as an action to support the pro-Beijing Khmer Rouge regime , China increased its pressure on Vietnam , and sent troops into Northern Vietnam in 1979 to `` punish '' Vietnam . Relations between the two countries had been deteriorating for some time . Territorial disagreements along the border and in the South China Sea that had remained dormant during the Vietnam War were revived at the war 's end , and a postwar campaign engineered by Hanoi against the ethnic Chinese Hoa community elicited a strong protest from Beijing . China was displeased with Vietnam 's alliance with the Soviet Union . During its prolonged military occupation of Cambodia in 1979 -- 89 , Vietnam 's international isolation extended to relations with the United States . The United States , in addition to citing Vietnam 's minimal cooperation in accounting for Americans who were missing in action ( MIAs ) as an obstacle to normal relations , barred normal ties as long as Vietnamese troops occupied Cambodia . Washington also continued to enforce the trade embargo imposed on Hanoi at the conclusion of the war in 1975 . The harsh postwar crackdown on remnants of capitalism in the South led to the collapse of the economy during the 1980s . With the economy in shambles , the communist government altered its course and adopted consensus policies that bridged the divergent views of pragmatists and communist traditionalists . Throughout the 1980s , Vietnam received nearly $3 billion a year in economic and military aid from the Soviet Union and conducted most of its trade with the USSR and other Comecon countries . In 1986 , Nguyễn Văn Linh , who was elevated to CPV general secretary the following year , launched a campaign for political and economic renewal ( Đổi Mới ) . His policies were characterized by political and economic experimentation that was similar to simultaneous reform agenda undertaken in the Soviet Union . Reflecting the spirit of political compromise , Vietnam phased out its reeducation effort . The communist government stopped promoting agricultural and industrial cooperatives . Farmers were permitted to till private plots alongside state - owned land , and in 1990 the communist government passed a law encouraging the establishment of private businesses . Renovated era ( 1990 -- present ) ( edit ) After President Bill Clinton visited Vietnam in 2000 , it virtually marked the new era of Vietnam . Vietnam has become an increasingly attractive destination of economic development . Throughout that time , Vietnam has played more significant role in the world 's stage . Its economic reforms successfully changed Vietnam and making Vietnam more relevant in the ASEAN and international stage . Also , due to Vietnam 's importance , many powers turn to be favoring Vietnam for their circumstances . However , Vietnam also faces disputes , mostly with Cambodia over the border , and especially , China , over the South China Sea . In 2016 , President Barack Obama became the 3rd U.S. Head of State to visit Vietnam , helping normalize relations into a higher level , by lifting embargo of lethal weapons , allowing Vietnam to buy lethal weapons and modernize its military . Vietnam is expected to be a newly industrialized country , and also , a regional power in the future . Vietnam is one of Next Eleven countries . Changing names ( edit ) See also : Names of Vietnam and List of Vietnamese dynasties For the most part of its history , the geographical boundary of present - day Vietnam covered 3 ethnically distinct states : a Vietnamese state , a Cham state , and a part of the Khmer Empire . The Vietnamese nation originated in the Red River Delta in present - day Northern Vietnam and expanded over its history to the current boundary . It went through a lot of name changes , with Văn Lang being used the longest . Below is a summary of names : Period Country Name Time Frame Boundary Hồng Bàng dynasty Xích Quỷ 赤鬼 2879 -- 2524 BC Stretching from Dongting Lake ( Hunan ) to the southernmost area now called Quảng Trị , including the Guangxi and Guangdong provinces of China . Hồng Bàng dynasty Văn Lang 文郎 2524 -- 258 BC Territory reduced to modern Northern Vietnam including the three modern provinces of Thanh Hóa , Nghệ An , Hà Tĩnh . The Red River Delta is the home of the Lạc Việt culture . Thục dynasty Âu Lạc 甌雒 257 -- 207 BC Red River Delta and its adjoining north and west mountain regions . Triệu dynasty Nam Việt 南越 207 -- 111 BC North and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Hoành Sơn Range ) , Guangdong , and Guangxi . Han Domination Giao Chỉ ( Jiaozhi ) 交趾 111 BC -- 39 AD Present - day north and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Cả River delta ) , Guangdong , and Guangxi . Trưng Sisters Lĩnh Nam 嶺南 40 -- 43 Present - day north and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Cả River delta ) . Han to Eastern Wu Domination Giao Chỉ 交趾 43 -- 229 Present - day north and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Cả River delta ) , Guangdong , and Guangxi . Eastern Wu to Liang Domination Giao Châu ( Jiaozhou ) 交州 229 -- 544 Same as above Early Lý dynasty Vạn Xuân 萬春 544 -- 602 Same as above Sui to Tang Domination Giao Châu 交趾 602 -- 679 Same as above Tang Domination An Nam 安南 679 -- 757 Same as above Tang Domination Trấn Nam 鎮南 757 -- 766 Same as above Tang Domination An Nam 安南 766 -- 866 Same as above Tang Domination , Autonomy ( Khúc clan , Dương Đình Nghệ , and Kiều Công Tiễn ) , Ngô dynasty Tĩnh Hải quân 静海军 866 -- 967 Same as above Đinh , Early Lê and Lý dynasty Đại Cồ Việt 大瞿越 968 -- 1054 Same as above Lý and Trần dynasty Đại Việt 大越 1054 -- 1400 Southern border expanded down to present - day Huế area . Hồ dynasty Đại Ngu 大虞 1400 -- 1407 Same as above Ming Domination and Later Trần dynasty Giao Chỉ 交州 1407 -- 1427 Same as above Lê , Mạc , Trịnh -- Nguyễn lords , Tây Sơn dynasty , Nguyễn dynasty Đại Việt 1428 -- 1804 大越 Gradually expanded to the boundary of present - day Vietnam . Nguyễn dynasty Việt Nam 越南 1804 -- 1839 Present - day Vietnam plus some occupied territories in Laos and Cambodia . Nguyễn dynasty Đại Nam 大南 1839 -- 1887 Same as above Nguyễn dynasty and French Protectorate French Indochina , consisting of Cochinchina ( southern Vietnam ) , Annam ( central Vietnam ) , Tonkin ( northern Vietnam ) 1887 -- 1945 Present - day Vietnam . Republican Era Việt Nam ( with variances such as Democratic Republic , State of Vietnam , Republic of Vietnam , Socialist Republic ) Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( 1945 -- 1976 in North Vietnam ) , State of Vietnam ( 1949 -- 1955 ) , Republic of Vietnam ( 1955 -- 1975 in South Vietnam ) , Socialist Republic of Vietnam ( 1976 -- present ) Present - day Vietnam . Except the Hồng Bàng and Tây Sơn dynasties , all Vietnamese dynasties are named after the king 's family name , unlike the Chinese dynasties , whose names are dictated by the dynasty founders and often used as the country 's name . Nguyễn Huệ 's `` Tây Sơn dynasty '' is rather a name created by historians to avoid confusion with Nguyễn Ánh 's Nguyễn dynasty . Vietnamese nationalist historiography ( edit ) Main article : Historiography and nationalism The historian Professor Liam Kelley of the University of Hawaii at Manoa on his Le Minh Khai 's SEAsian History Blog wrote on how Vietnamese ultra-nationalists misleadingly reinterpreted outdated theories by western geography professors in order to further a Vietnamese nationalist agenda by claiming that Vietnamese invented rice cultivation and therefore were responsible for civilization while Chinese were pastoralists . The outdated theory has been dis - proven with rice cultivation found to not originate in southeast Asia and the Vietnamese interpretations of the original theories were wrong . Vietnamese ultra-nationalists also claim the Yijing . Professor Liam Kelley criticized the theory of Edouard Chavannes that southeastern China was the origin of the Vietnamese before they ended up in their current location . Vietnam claims that Phong Châu 峯州 was the capital of the Hùng Kings . Professor Liam Kelley argued that the Tran dynasty constructed Âu Lạc as a way of connecting Vietnam with their homeland of Fujian . The bronze drums of Đông Sơn which date back to far before the advent of native Vietnamese historical records were never seen by Vietnamese before the modern era as a `` symbol '' of Vietnam . After the Trung Sisters production of bronze drums stopped in Vietnam . Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư copied the mythical accounts of the Huayang guozhi 華陽國志 . Liam Kelley disproved the notion that the Phong Châu 峯州 was the capital of the Hùng kings . According to Michael Churchman , contemporary nationalist historians falsely project modern day animosity between Vietnamese and Chinese onto the history of Vietnam under Chinese rule , and falsely portray historical Chinese and Vietnamese forces as either `` freedom fighters '' or oppressors in a narrative of resistance when no such ethnic boundary existed . Professor Liam Kelley criticized O.W. Wolters for doing this . Pre-1500s Vietnam had Confucianism as an integral component according to Liam Kelly . Confucianism influenced traditional education in Vietnam . According to Professor Liam Kelley during the Tang dynasty native spirits were subsumed into Daoism and the Daoist view of these spirits completely replaced the original native tales . Buddhism and Daoist replaced native narratives surrounding Mount Yên Tử 安子山 . People from Song dynasty China like Zhao Zhong and Xu Zongdao fled to Tran dynasty ruled Vietnam after the Mongol invasion of the Song . The Tran dynasty originated from the Fujian region of China as did the Daoist cleric Xu Zongdao who recorded the Mongol invasion and referred to them as `` Northern bandits '' . Wu Bozong 吳伯宗 ( b . 1334 - d . 1384 ) was sent as ambassador to Annam and wrote down in the Rongjinji 榮進集 that the Tran dynasty monarch said to him in a reply his Wu 's inquiry on Annam 's affairs where the Tran ruler said that Annam proudly adhered to Tang dynasty and Han dynasty customs . 欲問安南事 , 安南風俗淳 . 衣冠唐制度 , 禮樂漢君臣 . 玉甕開新酒 , 金刀斫細鱗 . 年年二三月 , 桃李一般春 . Dục vấn An Nam sự , An Nam phong tục thuần . Y quan Đường chế độ , Lễ nhạc Hán quân thần . Ngọc ủng khai tân tửu , Kim đao chước tế lân . Niên niên nhị tam nguyệt , Đào lý nhất ban xuân . The Ming dynasty included the monarchs of the Ly and Tran dynasties in its list of `` important people '' of Annam . Professor Liam Kelley ( Le Minh Khai ) suggested that the `` north '' in Bình Ngô đại cáo referred to the Ming collaborationist Hanoi scholars while the south referred to Thanh Hóa , the base of Lê Lợi since the text referred to `` Dai Viet '' and did not introduce China before mentioning north . cited John Whitmore and challenged the claim that `` Ngô '' referred to Ming dynasty China but instead referred to the Chinese settled Red River Delta area of Vietnam . It was English and French foreign languages translations which bowdlerized `` south '' into `` Vietnam '' and `` north '' into China even though people today have no true idea of what south and north referred to in the original text . He believes that it was the Ming collaborationist scholars of Hanoi who were referred to as the `` Ngô '' and that it was not a term used for Chinese as is currently though in Vietnam , and that the Bình Ngô đại cáo not directed at China . In the 20th century for propaganda purposes against French colonialism , the development of the new genre of `` resistance literature '' spurred a change in how `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' was looked at . Kelley suggested that the `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' drew on a previous Ming text . North and South in Bình Ngô đại cáo might have referred to internal divisions in Vietnam ( Hanoi vs Thanh Hoa ) rather than China vs Vietnam . The Hồ dynasty 's rule and Vietnamese who worked with the Ming were attacked in the `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' by Lê Lợi . The `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' criticized a people called `` Ngô '' in Vietnam , and it did not refer to the Ming Chinese . It saidthat Song dynasty clothing was worn by the Tran and Ming while it slammed and criticized Mongol Yuan customs followed by the Ngô . The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư contained a constructed genealogy tracing back the political legitimacy of Vietnam 's rulers to the Chinese Emperor Shennong similar to how the Northern Wei traced the legitimacy of the Tuoba to the Yellow Emperor . Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư traced the ancestry of the Hùng kings to Consort Âu and Lord Lạc Long who had 100 sons from an egg sac . The purpose of tracing back to Shennong was to claim that the length of Vietnam 's history rivaled China 's . In the 17th century Vietnamese historians like Ngô Thì Sĩ and Jesuits like Martinio Martini studied texts on the Hồng Bàng Dynasty like Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư and used mathematics to deduce that the information on them were nonsense given the impossible reign years of the monarchs . However , modern Vietnamese now believe that the information is true . Ngô Thì Sĩ used critical analysis of historical texts to question the relations between Zhao Tuo 's Nanyue Kingdom in Guangdong and the Vietnamese inhabited Red River Delta , concluding that the Red River Delta was a mere vassal to Nanyue and not an integral part of it in addition to criticizing the existence of the Hồng Bàng Dynasty . Modern Vietnamese nationalists seek to stress local Vietnamese influence in history and downplay the role of foreign origin monarchs like the fact that the family of the Tran dynasty rulers originated in China . Vietnamese historians have sought to construct a fantasy of a continuous succession since the Hung Kings of local political units in Vietnam . Vietnamese scholars and historians have debated over whether to regard Zhao Tuo as part of the `` orthodox succession '' of rulers or as `` enemy invader '' . Professor Liam Kelley suggested that before Chinese rule the Red River Delta was not under a unified polity . Both Chinese and Vietnamese sovereigns were honored at a temple constructed by the Nguyen dynasty . The Nguyen Empoeror Minh Mang sinicized ethnic minorities such as Cambodians , claimed the legacy of Confucianism and China 's Han dynasty for Vietnam , and used the term Han people 漢人 to refer to the Vietnamese . Minh Mang declared that `` We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated , and that they will daily become more infected by Han ( Sino - Vietnamese ) customs . '' This policies were directed at the Khmer and hill tribes . The Nguyen lord Nguyen Phuc Chu had referred to Vietnamese as `` Han people '' in 1712 when differentiating between Vietnamese and Chams . Minh Mang used the name `` Trung Quốc '' 中國 to refer to Vietnam . Vietnam also referred to itself as Trung Hạ 中夏 . Chinese clothing was forced on Vietnamese people by the Nguyễn . Modern Vietnamese have retroactively labelled figures like Trần Ích Tắc as `` traitor '' to Annam , even though the word for traitor did not exist in Vietnamese during his time and Vietnamese histories like Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư do not refer to him as a traitor . South Vietnam retained elements of Chinese culture and grammar in their language while North Vietnam actively engaged in a campaign to remove them - while North Vietnam maintained a pro-China position . it was the Cultural Revolution which led to North Vietnam encouraging anti-China sentiment . Many anti-Vietnam war protesters bought into a narrative that Vietnam 's history consisted of Chinese invasion for 2,000 years and that Vietnam was a united country . Before modern times scholars in Vietnam wanted to copy China 's civilization which they perceived as more civilized but since the French introduced nationalism Vietnam sought to present itself in a different aspect as a civilizational rival . A Vietnamese forged and manufactured a fake ancient mythical script claimed to have been used in ancient Vietnam . Modern Vietnamese historians inserted word changes and altered the meanings of texts written by ancient Vietnamese historians on how battles between rebels in Vietnam and the Chinese states such as the Chen dynasty and Southern Han were viewed . The Nguyễn Dynasty initiated government sponsored ceremonies to the Hùng kings . The French may have established the ceremony on the Hùng kings death and the Hùng Kings had an annual event established for them by Hồ Chí Minh . Due to psychological embarrassment over their rule by foreign imperialists , ancient historical texts were edited for nationalistic purposes by modern Vietnamese historians . In the Mekong Delta area of Cochinchina many Vietnamese and Chinese conducted illegal commercial activities . During the rule of the Chinese Kingdom of Eastern Wu over Vietnam the local people learned Chinese after Chinese people were moved down to live with them . John D. Phan has suggested a new analysis of the linguistic situation in Vietnam under Chinese rule suggesting that a Middle Chinese dialect was spoken by the people of the Red River Delta during the Tang dynasty by drawing on Sino - Vietnamese vocabulary which showed evidence that it was derived from an existing language and that this Middle Chinese dialect was later displaced by a Muong language influenced by Chinese . See also ( edit ) Vietnam portal History portal Economic history of Vietnam History of East Asia History of Asia History of Southeast Asia Politics of Vietnam President of Vietnam Prime Minister of Vietnam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Keith ( 1983 ) . The birth of Vietnam . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. xvii . ISBN 978 - 0520074170 . Jump up ^ `` History of Vietnam '' . Jump up ^ Hoa Binh Culture Jump up ^ Ancient time Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lê Huyền Thảo Uyên , 2012 -- 13 . Welcome to Vietnam . International Student . West Virginia University . Jump up ^ Handbook of Asian Education : A Cultural Perspective , p. 95 Jump up ^ Administration of Văn Lang -- Âu Lạc . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ancient calendar unearthed . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Nguyen Ba Khoach 1978 Jump up ^ Pierre - Yves Manguin , A. Mani , Geoff Wade . `` Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia : Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange '' . Institute of Southeast Asian , 2011 ; p. 5 Jump up ^ Chapuis , Oscar ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A History of Vietnam : From Hong Bang to Tu Duc '' . ISBN 9780313296222 . ^ Jump up to : Keat Gin Ooi . Southeast Asia : A Historical Encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor , Volume 1 . ABC - CLIO , Jan 1 , 2004 ; p. 933 - 34 Jump up ^ Taylor , Keith Weller ( 1991 ) . Birth of Vietnam , The . University of California Press . pp. 23 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 0520074170 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Keith Weller ( 1 April 1991 ) . `` The Birth of Vietnam '' . University of California Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Taylor , Keith Weller ( 1 April 1991 ) . `` The Birth of Vietnam '' . University of California Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Andaya , Barbara Watson ( 1 January 2006 ) . `` The Flaming Womb : Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia '' . University of Hawaii Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 , pp. 154 Jump up ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 , pp. 155 Jump up ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 , pp. 160 Jump up ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 , pp. 193 Jump up ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 , pp. 197 Jump up ^ Coedes , G. ; Cœdès , George ( 1 January 1966 ) . `` The Making of South East Asia '' . University of California Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Bald Eagle '' . tuyendinh75.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Tsai , Shih - shan Henry ( 1 January 1996 ) . `` The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty '' . SUNY Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Dardess , John W. ( 1 January 2012 ) . `` Ming China , 1368 -- 1644 : A Concise History of a Resilient Empire '' . Rowman & Littlefield -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Brief History of Vietnam Jump up ^ Davidson , Jeremy H.C.S. ; H.L. Shorto ( 1991 ) . Austroasiatic Languages : Essays in Honour of H.L. Shorto . p. 95 . Jump up ^ ( 1902 -- 03 ) `` Nachrichten aus den Missionen , '' Die katholischen Missionen . Illustrierte Monatschrift 31 , pp. 2552 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Fourniau , Annam -- Tonkin , pp. 39 -- 77 Jump up ^ Bui Minh Dung ( July 1995 ) . `` Japan 's Role in the Vietnamese Starvation of 1944 -- 45 '' . Modern Asian Studies . 29 ( 3 ) : 573 -- 618 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x00014001 . JSTOR 312870 . ^ Jump up to : Kang , David C ; Nguyen , Dat X ; Fu , Ronan Tse - min ; Shaw , Meredith ( 2018 ) . `` War , Rebellion , and Intervention under Hierarchy : Vietnam -- China Relations , 1365 to 1841 '' . Journal of Conflict Resolution : 002200271877234 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022002718772345 . Jump up ^ Neale , Jonathan The American War , pp. 23 -- 24 ; ISBN 1 - 898876 - 67 - 3 Jump up ^ Turner , Robert F. ( 1975 ) . Vietnamese Communism : Its Origins and Development . Hoover Institution Publications . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0817964313 . Jump up ^ cf . Gittinger , J. Price , `` Communist Land Policy in Viet Nam '' , Far Eastern Survey , Vol. 29 , No. 8 , 1957 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Courtois , Stephane ( 1997 ) . The Black Book of Communism . Harvard University Press . p. 569 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 07608 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dommen , Arthur J. ( 2001 ) , The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans , Indiana University Press , p. 340 , gives a lower estimate of 32,000 executions . Jump up ^ `` Newly released documents on the land reform '' . Vietnam Studies Group . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . Vu Tuong : There is no reason to expect , and no evidence that I have seen to demonstrate , that the actual executions were less than planned ; in fact the executions perhaps exceeded the plan if we consider two following factors . First , this decree was issued in 1953 for the rent and interest reduction campaign that preceded the far more radical land redistribution and party rectification campaigns ( or waves ) that followed during 1954 -- 1956 . Second , the decree was meant to apply to free areas ( under the control of the Viet Minh government ) , not to the areas under French control that would be liberated in 1954 -- 1955 and that would experience a far more violent struggle . Thus the number of 13,500 executed people seems to be a low - end estimate of the real number . This is corroborated by Edwin Moise in his recent paper `` Land Reform in North Vietnam , 1953 -- 1956 '' presented at the 18th Annual Conference on SE Asian Studies , Center for SE Asian Studies , University of California , Berkeley ( February 2001 ) . In this paper Moise ( 79 -- ) modified his earlier estimate in his 1983 book ( which was 5,000 ) and accepted an estimate close to 15,000 executions . Moise made the case based on Hungarian reports provided by Balazs , but the document I cited above offers more direct evidence for his revised estimate . This document also suggests that the total number should be adjusted up some more , taking into consideration the later radical phase of the campaign , the unauthorized killings at the local level , and the suicides following arrest and torture ( the central government bore less direct responsibility for these cases , however ) . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) cf . Szalontai , Balazs ( November 2005 ) . `` Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam , 1955 -- 56 '' . Cold War History . 5 ( 4 ) : 395 -- 426 . cf . Vu , Tuong ( 2010 ) . Paths to Development in Asia : South Korea , Vietnam , China , and Indonesia . Cambridge University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 9781139489010 . Clearly Vietnamese socialism followed a moderate path relative to China ... Yet the Vietnamese ' land reform ' campaign ... testified that Vietnamese communists could be as radical and murderous as their comrades elsewhere . Jump up ^ `` Ngo Dinh Diem '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` China saved Vietnam '' . Bob Seals . Retrieved 23 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Hirschman , Charles ; Preston , Samuel ; Vu Manh Loi ( 1995 ) . `` Vietnamese Casualties During the American War : A New Estimate '' ( PDF ) . Population and Development Review . 21 ( 4 ) : 783 -- 812 . doi : 10.2307 / 2137774 . JSTOR 2137774 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Shenon , Philip ( 23 April 1995 ) . `` 20 Years After Victory , Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Obermeyer , Ziad ; Murray , Christopher J.L. ; Gakidou , Emmanuela ( 2008 ) . `` Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia : analysis of data from the world health survey programme '' . BMJ. 336 ( 7659 ) : 1482 -- 86 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. a137 . PMC 2440905 . PMID 18566045 . See Table 3 . Jump up ^ Ben Stocking for AP , published in the Seattle Times May 22 , 2010 ( seattletimes.com/html/health/2011928849_apasvietnamusagentorange.html Vietnam , US still in conflict over Agent Orange ) Jump up ^ Jessica King ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) . `` U.S. in first effort to clean up Agent Orange in Vietnam '' . CNN . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Defoliation '' entry in Spencer C. Tucker , ed. ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War ( 2nd ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 961 - 0 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Duong Van Mai ( 2010 ) . `` The End of the War '' . RAND in Southeast Asia : A History of the Vietnam War Era . RAND Corporation . pp. 499 , 512 -- 513 . ISBN 9780833047540 . Jump up ^ Sagan , Ginetta ; Denney , Stephen ( October -- November 1982 ) . `` Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam : Loneliness , Suffering and Death '' . The Indochina Newsletter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Desbarats , Jacqueline . `` Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam : Executions and Population Relocation '' . Indochina report ; no . 11 . Executive Publications , Singapore 1987 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Southeast Asian Rice and Vietnamese Ultranationalism '' . 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Agricultural ( Nông Nghiệp ) -- Pastoral ( Du Mục ) Divide , or how Kim Định and Trần Ngọc Thêm Distorted Will Durant 's Ideas '' . 15 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liam Kelley Department of History '' . 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trần Trọng Kim , Hu Shi ( Hồ Thích ) and the Yijing '' . 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Yue / Việt Migration Theory and the `` Hidden Network Approach '' `` . 25 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Problems with `` châu '' and Phong Châu `` . 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Cổ Loa so Unimportant ? '' . 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Unimportance of Bronze Drums in Việt History '' . 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What do Đông Sơn Bronze Drums have to do with the Việt ? '' . 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ http://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2012/12/04/what-do-dong-son-bronze-drums-have-to-do-with-the-viet/ http://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2013/11/29/victor-goloubew-and-the-disappearance-of-the-indonesien-creators-of-the-bronze-drums/ http://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/the-unimportance-of-bronze-drums-in-viet-history/ Jump up ^ `` Vịet , `` Chinese , '' Savages and Bronze Drums `` . 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Documenting the Destruction of Bronze Drums '' . 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/35637/1/kouko2402.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` The Huayang guozhi and Early Vietnamese History '' . 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ https://chl-old.anu.edu.au/publications/csds/csds2010/04-2_Churchman_2010.pdf Jump up ^ O.W. Wolters ( 2008 ) . Early Southeast Asia : Selected Essays . SEAP Publications . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87727 - 743 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jeff Kyong - McClain ; Yongtao Du ( 2013 ) . Chinese History in Geographical Perspective . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 67 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 7230 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` History of Education '' . Jump up ^ `` The Daoist Appropriation / Subordination of Bạch Hạc Spirits '' . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elephant Mountain and the Erasure of Việt Indigeneity '' . 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Giặc Bắc đến xâm lược ! : Translations and Exclamation Points '' . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Important People '' in the Annan Zhiyuan `` . 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` North and South in the `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' `` . 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Historicizing the Ngô '' . 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Khoa Học and the Bình Ngô Đại Cáo '' . 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Problems with the Bình Ngô đại cáo as a Declaration of Independence '' . 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Bình Ngô đại cáo and the Modern Emergence of Resistance Literature '' . 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Ming Inspiration for the Bình Ngô Đại Cáo ? '' . 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 3 . The BNĐC Series : Who Were the Representatives of the People in the `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' ? `` . 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ https://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2016/08/02/the-ngo-in-the-du-dia-chi-were-not-the-ming/#comment-56679 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvtLqVukuIc https://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2016/08/02/who-were-the-ngo/ Jump up ^ `` Vụ Tiên and Âu Cơ are Not Names , or How the Modern Vietnamese Language Distorts Vietnam 's Written Heritage '' . 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ Eloped ? ? '' . 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biblical and Mathematical Refutations of the Hồng - Mang / Hồng Bàng Dynasty '' . 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ngô Thì Sĩ 's Demotion of Triệu Đà / Zhao Tuo '' . 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Stranger Kings of the Lý and Trần Dynasties '' . 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What is so Important about Thời Bắc Thuộc ? '' . 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Problem of `` Either - Or - but - not - Why '' in Vietnamese History `` . 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Decentralized Control in the Red River Delta Prior to Han Dynasty Rule '' . 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Nguyễn Dynasty 's Miếu Lịch Đại Đế Vương '' . 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Norman G. Owen ( 2005 ) . The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia : A New History . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 115 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2890 - 5 . Jump up ^ A. Dirk Moses ( 1 January 2008 ) . Empire , Colony , Genocide : Conquest , Occupation , and Subaltern Resistance in World History . Berghahn Books . pp. 209 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84545 - 452 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2008 . Jump up ^ Randall Peerenboom ; Carole J. Petersen ; Albert H.Y. Chen ( 27 September 2006 ) . Human Rights in Asia : A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions , France and the USA . Routledge . pp. 474 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 23881 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam - Champa Relations and the Malay - Islam Regional Network in the 17th -- 19th Centuries '' . 17 June 2004 . Jump up ^ `` H - Net Discussion Networks - '' . Jump up ^ `` Ao dai -- Vietnam 's national dress -- Clothing and Fashion '' . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Ashley ( 14 March 2010 ) . `` # 18 Transcultural Tradition of the Vietnamese Ao Dai '' . Jump up ^ `` Ao Dai '' . Jump up ^ `` The Ao Dai and I : A Personal Essay on Cultural Identity and Steampunk '' . 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trần Ích Tắc and the Crimes of Wikipedia / Nationalist History '' . 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Red Chinese Colonization of North Vietnam '' . 19 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chinese as `` Fighting Friends '' of the Vietnamese `` . 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Woman 's Breasts , A Vomiting Dog and the ( Un ) Importance of High School History '' . 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/99942/yufenok_1.pdf?sequence=1 Jump up ^ `` Lạc Long Quân and the Ancient Script of Our South '' . 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tự Đức and the Translation of the Past '' . 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State - icization , State Nationalism and the Hùng Kings '' . 17 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Traumatic Origins of Modern Thai and Vietnamese Historical Writing '' . 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ https://chl-old.anu.edu.au/publications/csds/csds2007/Engelbert.pdf Jump up ^ `` KĐVSTGCM 3 -- Viet Texts '' . Jump up ^ Phan , John . `` Re-Imagining `` Annam '' : A New Analysis of Sino -- Viet -- Muong Linguistic Contact `` . Jump up ^ https://chl-old.anu.edu.au/publications/csds/csds2010/03-1_Phan_2010.pdf Jump up ^ http://chl-old.anu.edu.au/publications/csds/csds2010/03-1_Phan_2010.pdf Bibliography ( edit ) Andaya , Barbara Watson . ( 2006 ) . The Flaming Womb : Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia ( illustrated ed . ) . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0824829557 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Cœdès , George . ( 1966 ) . The Making of South East Asia ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 0520050614 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Dardess , John W. ( 2012 ) . Ming China , 1368 -- 1644 : A Concise History of a Resilient Empire . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 1442204907 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Hall , Kenneth R. , ed. ( 2008 ) . Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm , C. 1400 -- 1800 . Volume 1 of Comparative urban studies . Lexington Books . ISBN 0739128353 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Nguyen Ba Khoach ( 1978 ) . `` Phung Nguyen '' . ScholarSpace -- University of Hawaii . Taylor , K.W. ( 2013 ) . A History of the Vietnamese ( illustrated ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521875862 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Taylor , Keith Weller. ( 1983 ) . The Birth of Vietnam ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 0520074173 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Tsai , Shih - shan Henry . ( 1996 ) . The Eunuchs in the Ming dynasty ( illustrated ed . ) . SUNY Press . ISBN 1438422369 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Contributor : Far - Eastern Prehistory Association Asian Perspectives , Volume 28 , Issue 1 . ( 1990 ) University Press of Hawaii . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Fitzgerald , Francis . 1972 . Fire in the Lake : The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam . Little , Brown and Company . Forbes , Andrew , and Henley , David : Vietnam Past and Present : The North ( History of Hanoi and Tonkin ) . Chiang Mai . Cognoscenti Books , 2012 . ASIN : B006DCCM9Q . Hill , John E. 2003 . `` Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the ' Hou Hanshu ' '' , 2nd draft edition Hill , John E. 2004 . The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢 : A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD . Draft annotated English translation . Hung , Hoang Duy. 2005 . A Common Quest for Vietnam 's Future . Viet Long Publishing . Kiernan , Ben ( 2017 ) . Viet Nam : A History from Earliest Times to the Present . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190627300 . Nguyễn , Khắc Viện. 1999 . Vietnam - A Long History . Hanoi , Thế Giới Publishers . Nguyên , Thê Anh , Philippe Papin. 2008 . Parcours d'un historien du Viêt Nam : Recueil des articles de Nguyên Thê Anh . Paris . Les Indes savantes. 1026 pp. ( Articles are in French or in English ) Thê ́Anh Nguyêñ ( 2008 ) . Parcours d'un historien du Viêt Nam : recueil des articles . Indes savantes . ISBN 978 - 2 - 84654 - 142 - 8 . Stevens , Keith . 1996 . `` A Jersey Adventurer in China : Gun Runner , Customs Officer , and Business Entrepreneur and General in the Chinese Imperial Army . 1842 - 1919 '' . Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . Vol. 32 ( 1992 ; published 1996 ) Văn Giàu Trần ; Bạch Đằng Trần ( 1998 ) . Địa chí văn hóa Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh . Nhà xuất bản Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh . The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Published in 2000 . The State of The World 's Refugees 2000 : Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action -- Chapter 4 : Flight from Indochina ( PDF ) Tuong Vu. 2016 . State formation on China 's southern frontier : Vietnam as a shadow empire and hegemon , HumaNetten 37 ( 1 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Werner , Jayne , et al. eds . Sources of Vietnamese Tradition ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search In Vietnamese ( edit ) This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( September 2012 ) Vietnamese National Bureau for Historical Record ( 1998 ) , Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục ( in Vietnamese ) , Hanoi : Education Publishing House Ngô Sĩ Liên ( 2009 ) , Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư ( in Vietnamese ) ( Nội các quan bản ed . ) , Hanoi : Cultural Publishing House , ISBN 978 - 6041690134 Trần Trọng Kim ( 1971 ) , Việt Nam sử lược ( in Vietnamese ) , Saigon : Center for School Materials Phạm Văn Sơn ( 1960 ) , Việt Sử Toàn Thư ( in Vietnamese ) , Saigon Taylor , Keith Weller ( 1983 ) , The Birth of Vietnam , University of California Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07417 - 0 Trần Dân Tiên . Những Mẫu Chuyện Về Đời Hoạt Động Của Hồ Chủ Tịch Văn Tiến Dũng . Đại Thắng Mùa Xuân Hành Trình Biển Đông ( vols. 1 and 2 ) ; anthology of memoirs by Vietnamese boat people Nguyễn Khắc Ngữ . Nguồn Gốc Dân Tộc Việt Nam . Nhóm Nghiên Cứu Sử Địa Văn Phố Hoàng Đống . Niên Biểu Lịch Sử Việt Nam Thời Kỳ 1945 -- 1975 . Đại Nam . 2003 Lê Duẩn . Đề Cương Cách Mạng Miền Nam Nhat Tien , Duong Phuc , Vu Thanh Thuy . Pirates in the Gulf of Siam Nguyễn Văn Huy , Tìm hiểu cộng đồng người Chăm tại Việt Nam External links ( edit ) The Vietnam Maritime Archaeology Project Center Fallout of the War from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Vietnam History from ancient time Viet Nam 's Early History & Legends by C.N. Le ( Asian Nation -- The Landscape of Asian America ) Tungking by William Mesny Pre-Colonial Vietnam by Ernest Bolt ( University of Richmond ) Human Rights in Vietnam 2006 ( Human Rights Watch ) French IndoChina Entry in a 1910 Catholic Encyclopedia about Indochina ( New Advent ) . Virtual Vietnam Archive Exhaustive collection of Vietnam related documents ( Texas Tech University ) Geneva Accords of 1954 Text of the 1954 Accords by Vincent Ferraro ( Mount Holyoke College ) Việt - Học Thư - Quán -- Institute of Vietnamese Studies -- Viện Việt Học Many pdfs of Vietnamese history books Vietnam Dragons and Legends Vietnamese history and culture by Dang Tuan . Indochina -- History links for French involvement in Indochina , casahistoria.net Vietnam -- History links for US involvement in Indochina , casahistoria.net Early History of Vietnam -- Origin of Vietnam name Vietnam Full history Hoàng Văn Chí , Từ Thực Dân Đến Cộng Sản Hoàng Văn Hoan , Giọt Nước Trong Biển Cả Hoàng Văn Chí , Trăm Hoa Đua Nở Trên Đất Bắc Nguyễn Thanh Giang , Tưởng Niệm Con Đường Phan Chu Trinh Vietnam articles History Timeline Early dynastic epoch Chinese millennium Late dynastic epoch Republican period North Vietnam South Vietnam Geography Ecoregions Northern Vietnam Central Vietnam Southern Vietnam North Central Coast ( Bắc Trung Bộ ) Northeast ( ( Đông Bắc ) Southeast ( Đông Nam Bộ ) Mekong Delta South Central Coast ( Nam Trung Bộ ) Provinces Red River Delta Northwest ( Tây Bắc ) Central Highlands ( Tây Nguyên ) Politics Constitution Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Communist Party History of central officeholders National Congress General Secretary Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Executive and legislative President Government Prime Minister Deputy Prime Ministers Ministers National Assembly Chairmen Standing Committee Elections Judiciary Supreme People 's Court Provincial Municipal Courts Local Courts Military Courts Military Central Military Commission Ground Force Navy Air Force Coast Guard Border Guard Air Force Security forces ( police ) Economy Agriculture Doi Moi ( `` Renovation '' ) Đồng ( currency ) Energy Five - Year Plans International rankings Manufacturing Telecommunications Tourism Transport Air airlines Jetstar Pacific VietJet Air Vietnam Airlines airports Cam Ranh Da Nang Noi Bai Tan Son Nhat Rail Society Demographics diaspora Education Ethnic groups Public holidays Time Women Culture Art Emblem Dance Cinema Cuisine Flag Literature Martial arts Media Music Religion Theater Vietnamese studies Outline Index Book Portal History of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Vietnam&oldid=854513915 '' Categories : History of Vietnam Prehistoric Vietnam Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages using web citations with no URL All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Articles containing Vietnamese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles lacking ISBNs CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Башҡортса Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 22 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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5446274795869202163	List of Roseanne episodes	List of Roseanne episodes - wikipedia List of Roseanne episodes Roseanne is an American television sitcom that was originally broadcast on ABC from October 18 , 1988 , to May 20 , 1997 with a revival season that premiered in 2018 . Lauded for its realistic portrayal of the average American family , the series stars Roseanne Barr , and revolves around the Conners , an Illinois working - class family . On May 16 , 2017 , it was announced ABC would produce an eight - episode 10th season revival of the series , set to air as a mid-season replacement in 2018 , with the original cast returning . In November 2017 , it was announced that ABC had ordered an additional episode for the new season bringing the total up to 9 . The tenth season debuted on March 27 , 2018 . As of May 22 , 2018 , 231 episodes of Roseanne have aired , concluding the tenth season . On March 30 , 2018 , the series was renewed for an eleventh season of 13 episodes by ABC , but was canceled on May 29 , 2018 due to a racist joke made by Roseanne on Twitter about Obama aide Valerie Jarrett . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 1988 -- 89 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 1989 -- 90 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 1990 -- 91 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 1991 -- 92 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 1992 -- 93 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 1993 -- 94 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 1994 -- 95 ) 2.8 Season 8 ( 1995 -- 96 ) 2.9 Season 9 ( 1996 -- 97 ) 2.10 Season 10 ( 2018 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 23 October 18 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 18 ) May 2 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 02 ) 23.8 24 September 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 12 ) May 8 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 08 ) 23.1 25 September 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 18 ) May 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 14 ) 18.3 25 September 17 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 17 ) May 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 12 ) 21.2 5 25 September 15 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 15 ) May 11 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 11 ) 20.7 6 25 September 14 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 14 ) May 24 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 24 ) 19.3 7 26 September 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 24 ) 9 15.6 8 25 September 19 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 19 ) May 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 21 ) 16 12.6 9 24 September 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 17 ) May 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 20 ) 35 10.1 10 9 March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) 17.85 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1988 -- 89 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code `` Life and Stuff '' Ellen Falcon Matt Williams October 18 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 18 ) 101 Roseanne is summoned to a parent / teacher conference after Darlene has been barking in class . Stressed from the pressures of coping with home and work , she lashes out at Dan for not doing his share . Note : This episode is the only one in which Sal Barone played DJ Conner . He was subsequently replaced by Michael Fishman . `` We 're in the Money '' Ellen Falcon David McFadzean October 25 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 25 ) 201 Although Dan and Roseanne agree not to spend any of Dan 's $500 advance on themselves , neither can resist the temptation . Note : This is Michael Fishman 's first appearance as D.J. `` D-I-V-O-R-C-E '' Ellen Falcon Lauren Eve Anderson November 1 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 01 ) 205 Date night for Dan and Roseanne turns into a brush with divorce , after they run into an old , newly - single friend . Dan begins to fear the worst about their marriage and puts their relationship under a microscope . After a lot of `` what ifs '' he and Roseanne conclude there is hope after all . Meanwhile , Roseanne 's sister Jackie inadvertently forgets she promised to baby - sit the kids , who lock her out of the house . `` Language Lessons '' Ellen Falcon Laurie Gelman November 22 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 22 ) 208 Dan and Roseanne agree to take a body language test that proves whether they can physically communicate their thoughts . The plan backfires when Dan 's true feelings about Roseanne 's sister , Jackie , are laid bare -- he thinks she is a meddlesome moocher , especially after she inadvertently comments about his lack of work , inciting a confrontation between the in - laws . 5 5 `` Radio Days '' Ellen Falcon Laurie Gelman November 29 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 29 ) 206 As Becky and Darlene bicker over territory , Roseanne encourages Dan to enter a song writing contest ( using one of her own poems as the lyrics ) in hopes of crooning his way to fame and fortune . The episode features a full length rendition sung by John Goodman . Meanwhile , friction between Booker , the factory manager , and Jackie heats up . 6 6 `` Lovers ' Lane '' Ellen Falcon Danny Jacobson December 6 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 06 ) 209 On a night out at the bowling alley , Roseanne sneaks a peek at Becky 's first boyfriend . Meanwhile , Booker makes a bet with Jackie for very high stakes ; if he wins she has to spend the night with him . 7 7 `` The Memory Game '' Ellen Falcon Grace McKeaney December 13 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 13 ) 202 Dan 's enthusiastic plan to take photographs for his and Roseanne 's 15th high school reunion yearbook exposes a 15 - year - old secret he has kept from Roseanne . His attempt to explain to an angry Roseanne bring hilarious results . 8 8 `` Here 's to Good Friends '' Ellen Falcon Danny Jacobson December 20 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 20 ) 207 Roseanne and Jackie console a brokenhearted Crystal after her boyfriend breaks up with her . A night at the Lobo Lounge , reflecting on love and men , help to set her right . While at the Lobo , a miffed Jackie embarrasses Booker when he shows up with another woman after telling her he was spending the evening with his mother . 9 9 `` Dan 's Birthday Bash '' Ellen Falcon Grace McKeaney January 3 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 03 ) 210 Roseanne and the kids surprise Dan with an elaborate birthday breakfast . Later that evening , Roseanne throws Dan a party at the Lobo . During the celebration , Dan barely avoids a fight with a loud - mouthed jerk after Roseanne stops him . Afraid of looking like a wimp , Dan vows to beat up the bully the next time he sees him . Becky is invited to Chip 's home for dinner . 10 10 `` Saturday '' Ellen Falcon David McFadzean January 10 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 10 ) 204 It is Saturday at the Conners , and Dan plans to spend the afternoon `` working '' ( that is , drinking beer and talking ) on an old truck with his friends . Roseanne , having heard Dan make similar claims before , bets him that the guys will not finish the repair work by the end of the day . Dan takes the bet , but soon realizes he may lose . 11 11 `` Canoga Time '' Ellen Falcon David McFadzean January 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 17 ) 212 Roseanne proposes a deal when Dan can not bear to part with his old `` junk '' that Roseanne wants to donate to a rummage sale . Darlene forges a passing grade on her report card . 12 12 `` The Monday Thru Friday Show '' Ellen Falcon Danny Jacobson January 24 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 24 ) 213 Dan and Roseanne disagree about where to spend a romantic 15th anniversary ; Becky has to choose between refuses to dissect a frog in biology class or accepting a lower grade ; Darlene finds her paper route more than she can handle . Jackie solves Dan and Roseanne 's anniversary dilemma by taking the kids for the weekend , giving Dan and Roseanne much - needed alone time . 13 13 `` Bridge Over Troubled Sonny '' Ellen Falcon Laurie Gelman January 31 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 31 ) 211 Crystal still struggles to cope with her husband 's death , Sonny , whose body was accidentally buried inside the bridge that Jackie drove them over on their way to work . Roseanne is unsure whether she should tell Crystal about Sonny 's infidelities . Crystal finally confronts her emotions and reveals that she knew about Sonny 's cheating and had her own affair to spite him . Darlene decides it is cool to smoke until Roseanne finds her pack of cigarettes . 14 14 `` Father 's Day '' Ellen Falcon Lauren Eve Anderson February 7 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 07 ) 214 Roseanne acts as referee when Dan 's father , Ed , visits the family bearing gifts . Everyone is thrilled to see him except Dan , who considers Ed 's philosophy of , `` Work smart , not hard , '' as veiled criticism ; Ed considers it as caring , fatherly advice . 15 15 `` Nightmare on Oak Street '' John Pasquin Grace McKeaney February 14 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 14 ) 215 After Dan lets the girls watch a slasher movie , Darlene has trouble sleeping . Roseanne blames the film , bu the truth is something more natural : Darlene has had her first period . Roseannes sits her tomboyish daughter down for a heart - to - heart talk about becoming a woman . 16 16 `` Mall Story '' John Sgueglia Laurie Gelman February 21 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 21 ) 216 It is time for the annual Landford Mall - A-Thon , and Roseanne and her brood scout out the deals during a Saturday in retail heaven . Roseanne makes Dan buy a new pair of shoes he does not want . Becky finds the perfect dress for the high school dance that Roseanne says is too expensive ; Roseanne just needs a day off from work . 17 17 `` Becky 's Choice '' John Sgueglia Laurie Gelman and Danny Jacobson February 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 28 ) 218 Becky must decide between her first crush , Chip , and the infamous `` Tongue Bandit '' . The decision worsens when Roseanne and Dan invite Chip 's parents for dinner . During the evening , Roseanne catches Becky in the backyard with the other guy . 18 18 `` The Slice of Life '' John Sgueglia Lauren Eve Anderson and David McFadzean March 7 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 07 ) 217 Becky prepares for a slumber party , and Darlene practices to pitch in a baseball game . Darlene is extremely moody , and storms out of the house after arguing with Roseanne . Laater , Roseanne gets a phone call that Darlene was rushed to the hospital for an emergency appendectomy . Roseanne is wracked with guilt after Darlene develops complications ; Roseanne and Don anxiously wait for the doctor 's prognosis . 19 19 `` Workin ' Overtime '' Ellen Falcon Bill Pentland March 14 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 14 ) 203 The Wellman Plastics employees are exhausted after Booker continues to lengthen work shifts due to upped quotas and machinery errors . Even Roseanne , the queen of the circle , can not handle the pressure -- especially when Dan starts working overtime as well . After one too many long days , she takes a breather at a local diner where a waitress provides some perspective about life and loneliness . 20 20 `` Toto , We 're Not in Kansas Anymore '' John Sgueglia Grace McKeaney March 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 28 ) 219 A dangerous tornado is heading for Lanford , and the Conners , along with Crystal ( who takes shelter at their house ) , prepare for the storm . Problems arise : Becky insists on retrieving her pet guinea pigs from the garage , while Jackie barely makes it to shelter after a trip to the grocery store , prompting a fight with her and Roseanne . 21 21 `` Death and Stuff '' John Sgueglia Bill Pentland April 11 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 11 ) 220 During the family 's busy weekend activities , a door - to - door salesman drops by -- and then drops dead in the Conner kitchen . Roseanne and Dan attempt to conceal the corpse from potential buyers for their washer and dryer . The police officer who responded to their 911 call helps Darlene with a school assignment while waiting for the coroner to arrive . 22 22 `` Dear Mom and Dad '' John Sgueglia Danny Jacobson April 18 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 18 ) 221 An unannounced visit by Roseanne 's parents throws the Conner house into an uproar . Dan and Jackie are pushing an usually outspoken Roseanne to stick up for herself after she is at a loss for words . Hostility and stir - craziness abound , but the biggest shock comes when Bev announces that they are moving to Lanford . 23 23 `` Let 's Call It Quits '' John Sgueglia David McFadzean and Lauren Eve Anderson May 2 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 02 ) 222 The Wellman factory women rebel against the stringent rules imposed by a tough new supervisor . After he raises the cap on the quotas yet again , Roseanne asks him to ease off . The boss agrees , but only if Roseanne agrees to treat him with undeserved respect . When he reneges on the deal by claiming he now controls Roseanne , she , along with Jackie and their friends , permanently clock out . Final regular appearance of George Clooney as Booker . Season 2 ( 1989 -- 90 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` Inherit the Wind '' John Pasquin Allan Katz September 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 12 ) 301 N / A Roseanne tries her hand at telephone solicitation . Becky has an embarrassing accident in front of the school council that the whole school talking about it . Jackie and Roseanne 's attempts to comsole a mortified Becky fail ... that is , until Jimmy ( Stephen Dorff ) arrives at the Conner home for their Friday night date . 25 `` Little Sister '' John Pasquin Joss Whedon September 19 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 19 ) 303 38.5 Jackie takes umbrage at Roseanne 's snarky remarks about her career ambitions when she reveals that she has enrolled in the police academy . Becky gets caught reading Dan 's girlie magazine ; and Darlene commiserates with a drunken Jackie about her frustrations over being the little sister . 26 `` Guilt by Disassociation '' John Pasquin Tom Arnold September 26 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 26 ) 302 41.7 Roseanne gets her hopes up after a friend recommends her for an office job that would allow her to quit her hated telemarketing . After a quick interview , she lands the job -- but the celebration is short - lived , when the offer is revoked due to her lack of computer knowledge . 27 `` Somebody Stole My Gal '' John Pasquin Martin Pasko & Rebecca Parr October 3 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 03 ) 306 43.5 Bert ( Kevin Dunn ) , an emotionally needy architect at Dan 's new job site adopts the Conners as a surrogate family , much to their chagrin . 28 5 `` House of Grown - Ups '' John Pasquin Joss Whedon October 10 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 10 ) 304 40.8 Roseanne feels abandoned when Jackie leaves for her six - week police academy training . When Becky dates a 17 - year - old , and Darlene goes to her first co-ed party with her , Roseanne feels left out . After attempting to hang out with everyone , she settles into being alone . 29 6 `` Five of a Kind '' John Pasquin Norma Safford Vela and Danny Jacobson October 24 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 24 ) 308 38.6 A poker night becomes interesting when Roseanne receives a kiss from Dan 's friend Arnie . Roseanne tells Jackie about the kiss but later realizes it was only a platonic gesture . 30 7 `` BOO ! '' John Pasquin Norma Safford Vela October 31 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 31 ) 307 36.7 The Conners celebrate Halloween . Roseanne and Dan compete to see who is the spookiest . Roseanne tries to rekindle the spirit of Halloween for Becky who is upset after she was not invited to a party . 31 8 `` Sweet Dreams '' John Pasquin Danny Jacobson November 7 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 07 ) 305 36.3 Roseanne tries to relax in the bathtub despite constant interruptions from her family ; she ends up dreaming about murdering her husband and kids . The dream ends with Roseanne on trial , her family back from the dead to testify on her behalf , and a lavish musical number . 32 9 `` We Gather Together '' John Pasquin Danny Jacobson November 21 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 21 ) 309 38.8 On Thanksgiving Day , Jackie finally tells her mother about her new police career . They end up being the main event with their bickering and snickering flowing throughout the holiday feast . After dinner , Dan gets a huge shock when he learns his father is romancing Crystal . Guest star : Ann Wedgeworth as Audrey ( Dan 's Mom ) 33 10 `` Brain - Dead Poets Society '' John Pasquin Joss Whedon November 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 28 ) 310 37.9 Darlene 's homework poem wins teacher recognition , and she is asked to read it at the school 's Culture Night . Roseanne is thrilled , but Darlene does not want to go . Roseanne puts her foot down , and the family goes to the event , where Darlene 's reading strikes an emotional chord with all . 34 11 `` Lobocop '' John Pasquin Tom Arnold December 5 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 05 ) 311 36.2 Roseanne gets a second job at the Lobo Lounge , but soon discovers that she and Dan are spending too much time apart . 35 12 `` No Talking '' John Pasquin Norma Safford Vela December 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 12 ) 312 37.3 Becky and Roseanne are engaged in a particularly nasty string of fights . Becky gives her mother the silent treatment and locks her out of her bedroom , prompting Roseanne to remove the girls ' door to force Becky to open up to her . 36 13 `` Chicken Hearts '' John Pasquin Joss Whedon January 2 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 02 ) 313 39.3 Roseanne 's new job at a fast - food restaurant includes an obnoxious teenaged boss . When she invites him to dinner to try to butter him up for better shift hours , his nasty attitude soon convinces everyone that Roseanne deserves better treatment . Glenn Shadix guest - stars as an indecisive customer . 37 14 `` One for the Road '' John Pasquin Sheree Guitar January 9 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 09 ) 314 41.4 Dan and Roseanne are not home , leaving Becky in charge . She invites her friend , Dana over to do homework . When they take a break , Becky whips up a few ' Tornadoes ' from the Conner 's liquor cabinet , resulting in the girls getting drunk . A hung - over Becky is left to explain herself when Dana 's mother arrives the next day demanding an explanation . 38 15 `` An Officer and a Gentleman '' John Pasquin Danny Jacobson and Norma Safford Vela January 23 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 23 ) 315 38.8 Jackie steps in as substitute mom when Roseanne has to go to Moline when their father breaks his leg . She dazzles Dan with her housekeeping skills out of a 1950 's family sitcom . Jackie is surprised to learn what Dan , who often seems annoyed by his sister - in - law , really thinks of her and that he remembers the first time they met . 39 16 `` Born to Be Wild '' John Pasquin Stephen Paymer January 30 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 30 ) 316 38.0 The Conners ' old biker pal Ziggy ( Jay O. Sanders ) roars into town , making them feel old , fat , and trapped . In the end , they realize that while their lives are not what they had planned , they still feel fulfillment . 40 17 `` Hair '' John Pasquin Norma Safford Vela and Danny Jacobson February 6 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 06 ) 317 35.3 Crystal recommends Roseanne for a job at the beauty shop that she frequents , doing the same tasks that she does at home for free . Roseanne is hesitant , but once interviewed , is persuaded into the position by the shop owner . After a short time on the job , she is given a raise , and more responsibility . 41 18 `` I 'm Hungry '' John Pasquin Danny Jacobson and Norma Safford Vela February 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 13 ) 318 31.1 Roseanne and Dan reach the point where they realize they must lose weight . Roseanne takes charge and puts strict restrictions on their diet , but she has the most trouble adapting to the new regime . 42 19 `` All of Me '' John Pasquin Norma Safford Vela and Danny Jacobson February 20 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 20 ) 319 32.6 Jackie has finally found ' the one , ' but Roseanne continues to meddle . 43 20 `` To Tell the Truth '' John Pasquin Danny Jacobson and Norma Safford Vela February 27 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 27 ) 320 35.1 Jackie gives Roseanne the silent treatment when she has had enough of her meddling in her love life , but the sisters reconcile . Gary proposes to Jackie on a whim , and Roseanne goes into overdrive with wedding preparations , but Gary and Jackie soon realize they 're not ready for marriage . As the ending credits roll there are photographs of the wedding of Prince Charles and Diana Princess of Wales . 44 21 `` Fender Bender '' John Pasquin Penelope Spheeris and Bill Gerber March 20 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 20 ) 322 34.3 Roseanne is rear - ended by Mrs. Wellman , injuring her neck , and must rest for awhile . When Mrs. Wellman does not apologize , Roseanne considers suing her . 45 22 `` April Fool 's Day '' John Pasquin Stephen Paymer April 10 , 1990 ( 1990 - 04 - 10 ) 323 33.4 It is tax season and Roseanne and Dan contemplate how to make the process easier . Dan eventually stresses out when he is unable to complete the tax form . Roseanne tries her hand but they end up traveling to the IRS office . 46 23 `` Fathers and Daughters '' John Pasquin Kim C. Friese May 1 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 01 ) 324 32.6 In an attempt to bond with their daughters , Dan goes to the mall with Becky , and Roseanne attends Darlene 's basketball game . 47 24 `` Happy Birthday '' John Pasquin Geraldine Barr and Maxine Epstein May 8 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 08 ) 321 27.8 Roseanne , though only turning 37 , feels she has hit a dead - end in her life . Always wanting to be a writer , Roseanne makes a wish on this birthday that she had more time write . Dan and the kids surprise Roseanne with her own vibrating writing studio in the basement and leave her alone so she can write . Unfortunately , Roseanne , is hit with a severe case of menstrual block . Season 3 ( 1990 -- 91 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 48 `` The Test '' John Whitesell Bob Myer September 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 18 ) 401 29.8 Set in the middle of a hot summer day Dan is reluctant to give Becky driving lessons . Meanwhile , the whole family awaits the results of a more serious test being taken by Roseanne . 49 `` Friends & Relatives '' John Whitesell Chuck Lorre September 25 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 25 ) 402 26.2 Dan lends Arne $1,500 to buy Nancy an engagement ring . He instead spends it on her breast implants . When Dan falls behind on the bills , Jackie wants to lend him money , but he refuses because she is a relative . DJ starts peeping on his sisters . 50 `` Like a Virgin '' John Whitesell Brad Isaacs October 2 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 02 ) 404 27.2 Roseanne and Dan think it is time to talk to Becky about birth control , then later catch Darlene making out on their couch . 51 `` Like a New Job '' John Whitesell Jeff Abugov October 9 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 09 ) 403 31.2 Roseanne quits her hair - salon job for a waitress job at the luncheonette in Rodbell 's Department Store . Becky and Darlene fight over their room yet again . After Dan sends Darlene to live in the basement , Roseanne has trouble letting Dan resolve disputes between the kids . Note : Alyson Hannigan guest stars as one of Becky 's friends who dines at the luncheonette . 52 5 `` Goodbye Mr. Right '' John Whitesell Bruce Graham October 16 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 16 ) 405 26.4 Becky and Darlene think DJ 's a psycho when they find his under - the - bed secret stash of dismembered dolls ; Jackie is injured in the line of duty and Gary gives her an ultimatum . 53 6 `` Becky , Beds & Boys '' John Whitesell Jennifer Heath and Amy Sherman October 23 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 23 ) 406 30.1 Roseanne and Dan shop for a new mattress . Becky starts dating Mark , a rebellious teen who Dan and Roseanne dislike . First appearance of Glenn Quinn as Mark . 54 7 `` Trick or Treat '' John Whitesell Story by : Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre and Jeff Abugov October 30 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 30 ) 407 29.1 Roseanne dresses as a male trucker for Halloween and mingles with some guys at the Lobo Lounge . Dan is upset because DJ wants to be a witch for Halloween . 55 8 `` PMS , I Love You '' John Whitesell Tom Arnold November 6 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 06 ) 408 28.2 Roseanne 's PMS coincides with Dan 's birthday . He wants to avoid it by going fishing , but Roseanne is throwing him a surprise party , and the rest of family insist he attend . 56 9 `` Bird is the Word '' John Whitesell Joel Madison and Don Foster November 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 13 ) 409 27.1 Becky is suspended for allegedly making an obscene gesture in her class photo , earning her popularity at school , but making Roseanne angry that she has to visit the principal . Dan has plans for Becky 's suspension . 57 10 `` Dream Lover '' John Whitesell Chuck Lorre November 27 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 27 ) 410 28.3 When Dan starts dreaming about the woman who works at the mall hardware store , Roseanne feels threatened . She decides to meet the woman . 58 11 `` Do You Know Where Your Parents Are ? '' John Whitesell David A. Caplan and Brian LaPan December 4 , 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 04 ) 411 28.5 When Becky and Darlene break curfew , Dan and Roseanne try to teach them a lesson by staying out late and sending Jackie to the house to gaslight the girls into worrying . 59 12 `` Confessions '' John Whitesell Brad Isaacs December 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 18 ) 412 27.4 When Bev pays a surprise visit , Roseanne tricks Jackie into coming over for her share of their mother 's torture . Roseanne is crushed to learn that Bev had always considered Roseanne ' ordinary ' and that Jackie had potential . 60 13 `` The Courtship of Eddie , Dan 's Father '' John Whitesell Story by : Bob Myer Teleplay by : Don Foster and Joel Madison January 8 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 08 ) 413 28.9 It is Ed Conner 's turn to favor the family with a surprise visit , resulting in a short - lived truce with Dan that ends when he announces that he and Crystal are planning to marry . 61 14 `` The Wedding '' John Whitesell Jeff Abugov January 15 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 15 ) 414 30.5 Dan struggles to accept the unlikely pairing of Ed and Crystal , especially when Crystal announces that she is pregnant . Dan refuses to attend their wedding . 62 15 `` Becky Does n't Live Here Anymore '' Gail Mancuso Cordray Amy Sherman and Jennifer Heath January 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 22 ) 415 30.0 Becky storms out of the house and goes to Jackie 's after being grounded for lying about seeing Mark . 63 16 `` Home - Ec '' John Whitesell Mark Lloyd Rappaport February 5 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 05 ) 416 28.5 Roseanne is upset that Darlene 's home - economics class only invited fathers to discuss their careers . She visits the class to talk about being a working mother , then takes the students on a field trip to the supermarket , followed by them preparing a meal at the Conner home . Meanwhile Dan is helping DJ 's bullying problem but it turns out DJ hired a bodyguard to defend him . 64 17 `` Valentine 's Day '' John Whitesell Bob Myer February 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 12 ) 417 28.5 Roseanne anticipates a special Valentine 's Day gift from Dan ; Darlene is disappointed when her crush instead invites Becky to a school dance . First appearance of Martin Mull as Leon , Roseanne 's new boss , and Bonnie Sheridan as Bonnie , the new waitress at the diner . 65 18 `` Communicable Theater '' John Whitesell Jennifer Heath and Amy Sherman February 19 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 19 ) 418 29.4 Roseanne lends more than moral support when Jackie lands a part in the community - theater presentation of Cyrano de Bergerac . Jackie finds herself unprepared when she has to step in for the sick lead actress . 66 19 `` Vegas Interruptus '' John Whitesell Story by : Bob Myer Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre and Jeff Abugov February 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 26 ) 419 28.6 A snowstorm threatens Roseanne and Dan 's trip to Vegas , but saves Roseanne 's job . 67 20 `` Her Boyfriend 's Back '' John Whitesell Story by : Sheldon Krasner and David Saling Teleplay by : Brad Isaacs and Maxine Lapiduss March 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 12 ) 420 31.5 Dan discovers that Mark and Becky rode Dan 's vintage motorcycle without permission , and that Mark tinkered with the engine . Feeling betrayed , especially after defending her earlier , Dan gives Becky the silent treatment . Roseanne confronts Mark about his true intentions . 68 21 `` Troubles with the Rubbles '' John Whitesell Joel Madison March 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 26 ) 421 27.7 Roseanne meets her new neighbors , Kathy and Jerry Bowman and their young son , Todd . Kathy is snobby and aloof to Roseanne , while Jerry and Dan hit it off , and D.J. and Todd become fast friends . After a particularly nasty argument with Kathy , Roseanne has to eat some crow for D.J. 's sake . 69 22 `` Second Time Around '' John Whitesell Maxine Lapiduss April 2 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 02 ) 422 23.2 Roseanne assists Crystal in her Lamaze classes . After Dan 's near - fatal accident at work , DJ follows him around obsessively . Jackie is upset and offended to learn that Roseanne and Dan intend to leave the kids to Crystal and Ed if they should die . 70 23 `` Dances with Darlene '' Gail Mancuso Cordray Brad Isaacs April 30 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 30 ) 425 25.3 When Darlene is invited to the school dance , Roseanne brings home fancy dresses for her to try on , annoying Darlene . Meanwhile , it is evaluation time at work for Roseanne and Bonnie , but the inspector seems more interested in seducing Leon . Roseanne and Bonnie learn that Leon is gay when his boyfriend stops by the restaurant . 71 24 `` Scenes from a Barbecue '' John Whitesell Bob Myer and Chuck Lorre May 7 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 07 ) 423 25.6 The Conners hold a Mother 's Day barbecue at which feisty Nana Mary exerts her motherhood muscle on Bev , surprising Roseanne and Jackie with how alike their relationships are . 72 25 `` The Pied Piper of Lanford '' John Whitesell Jeff Abugov May 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 14 ) 424 21.9 Roseanne and Dan ponder opening a motorcycle shop with their friend , Ziggy . Ziggy gets cold feet at the last minute but leaves behind a generous token of gratitude : $20,000 . Brad Garrett appears in this episode . Season 4 ( 1991 -- 92 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 73 `` A Bitter Pill to Swallow '' Andrew D. Weyman Amy Sherman and Jennifer Heath September 17 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 17 ) 501 28.5 While the Conners are preparing to open their own bike shop , Becky seeks birth control advice from Jackie , who encourages Becky to also talk to Roseanne . Becky later confides to her mother that she has already slept with Mark . 74 `` Take My Bike ... Please ! '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Mark Rosewater Teleplay by : Bob Myer September 24 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 24 ) 504 32.8 Dan and Roseanne , working 15 - hour days , leave Becky in charge at home , causing friction between Becky and Darlene . DJ starts to feel neglected . This episode features the first appearance of Dan Butler as Art . 75 `` Why Jackie Becomes a Trucker '' Andrew D. Weyman Chuck Lorre October 1 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 01 ) 502 33.4 Jackie is horrified to wake up in bed with Arnie after drunken fling . Roseanne tries endlessly to return DJ 's new dog to its owner . Dan and his pals discover Leon 's gay when they invite him to their poker game . Jackie decides to start a new career as a professional truck driver . 76 `` Darlene Fades to Black '' Andrew D. Weyman Jeff Abugov October 8 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 08 ) 503 32.0 Darlene slips into a depressive state , constantly spending time alone . Meanwhile , Becky has her eye on a motor scooter from Dan 's shop . 77 5 `` Tolerate Thy Neighbor '' Andrew D. Weyman Maxine Lapiduss and Martin Mull October 15 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 15 ) 505 31.0 Roseanne witnesses the Bowmans ' possessions being donated to what she believes is charity while the Bowmans are out - of - town . Kathy Bowman is furious that Roseanne watched without realizing the house was being robbed . Bob Hope make a cameo appearance during the end credits of this episode . 78 6 `` Trick Me Up , Trick Me Down '' Andrew D. Weyman Amy Sherman October 29 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 29 ) 506 36.7 When Dan and Roseanne play a gruesome Halloween prank on Kathy Bowman , Roseanne is worried that Kathy will get revenge . At the lodge 's Halloween party , Jackie discovers that the moose she has been flirting with is Booker , her former boyfriend . 79 7 `` Vegas '' Andrew D. Weyman Don Foster and Sid Youngers November 5 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 05 ) 507 32.4 Arnie and Nancy invite Roseanne and Dan to their Las Vegas wedding . Roseanne and Dan have a fight when she feels neglected and pulls him out of a lucky craps game . 80 8 `` Vegas , Vegas '' Andrew D. Weyman Joel Madison and Mark Rosewater November 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 12 ) 508 36.1 Roseanne is upset that Dan would rather play craps than spend a romantic night together . She and Nancy get drunk and walk into a Wayne Newton impersonator performance , unaware she is heckling the real Wayne Newton who is making a surprise on - stage appearance . After Arnie and Nancy 's wedding , they offer Dan and Roseanne the chance to renew their vows . 81 9 `` Stressed to Kill '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Bob Myer and Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Jeff Abugov and Maxine Lapiduss November 19 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 19 ) 510 28.5 Roseanne resumes smoking to cope with her stressful life -- then tries to hide the renewed habit from her family . Roseanne is thrilled when Darlene gets a B on a school report until she learns that Becky actually wrote it for her . 82 10 `` Thanksgiving ' 91 '' Andrew D. Weyman Brad Isaacs November 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 26 ) 509 29.7 During Thanksgiving dinner , Roseanne and Jackie discover their father has been having an affair for 20 years that their mother has known about . Darlene hides out in her room and refuses to open up to anyone except Nana Mary . 83 11 `` Kansas City , Here We Come '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Amy Sherman and David Forbes Teleplay by : Don Foster and Jennifer Heath December 3 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 03 ) 511 34.6 Jackie and Roseanne head to Kansas City to meet their father 's mistress . Dan goes to beat up Becky 's boss for being grossly disrespectful to her , but finds that Mark has beaten him to it . 84 12 `` Santa Claus '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Barry Vigon Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre and Maxine Lapiduss December 17 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 17 ) 512 32.3 Roseanne and Jackie are the new Santa and Mrs. Claus at Rodbell 's ; while on duty , Roseanne meets Darlene 's new friend Karen ... and Karen 's son . She is resentful that Darlene refused to open up to her but has shared her writing with Karen . 85 13 `` Bingo '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Tom Arnold and Robert Miranda Teleplay by : Joel Madison and Sid Youngers January 7 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 07 ) 513 36.4 Crystal , Roseanne , Bonnie , Anne Marie , and Jackie attend bingo for their girl 's night out , while Becky and Darlene look after Little Ed . Roseanne wins a game and quickly becomes addicted , which sparks a fight with Crystal . But Crystal 's real story is that she is pregnant again and already feels overwhelmed raising Little Ed and her teenage son while Ed is often away on business . 86 14 `` The Bowling Show '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Don Foster Teleplay by : Jeff Abugov and Amy Sherman January 21 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 21 ) 514 32.4 Dan and Arnie struggle to bring their bowling team out of last place , while Roseanne feels shut out of Jackie and Nancy 's new friendship . Darlene meets Mark 's brother , David for the first time ( although he is referred to as Kevin in this episode ) . David Crosby appears as Bonnie 's partner , Duke , in this episode , and Johnny Galecki makes his first appearance as David Healey . 87 15 `` The Back Story '' Andrew D. Weyman Bob Myer February 4 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 04 ) 515 37.1 Bev arrives to help in time to help with DJ 's 10th birthday , after Roseanne throws her back out . Dan is thrilled to spoil his kids when he buys DJ a Super Nintendo as a birthday present and strikes a car - buying deal with Becky , but his plans are upset when Bev beats him to the punch . 88 16 `` Less is More '' Gail Mancuso Cordray Story by : Amy Sherman Teleplay by : Maxine Lapiduss and Don Foster February 11 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 11 ) 517 28.1 Roseanne 's doctor recommends she get a breast reduction to reduce stress on her back . She agrees in spite of a nightmare ( featuring a cameo appearance by Neil Patrick Harris as Doogie Howser , MD ) , in which her breasts are accidentally enlarged to gigantic proportions . 89 17 `` Breaking Up is Hard to Do '' Andrew D. Weyman Jennifer Heath February 18 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 18 ) 516 32.4 When Becky breaks up with Mark , Roseanne and Dan can finally relax . 90 18 `` This Old House '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Michael Poryes Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre and Jeff Abugov February 25 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 25 ) 518 30.1 Roseanne and Dan are furious when they learn that Darlene skipped school to attend a comic book convention in Chicago with David . Jackie and Roseanne return to their vacant childhood home and relive painful memories about their abusive father . 91 19 `` The Commercial Show '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Maxine Lapiduss and Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Maxine Lapiduss and Jennifer Heath March 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 03 ) 519 34.6 The Conners are picked for a Rodbell 's commercial , much to Darlene 's embarrassment . Leon and his partner break up . The Bowmans are moving back to Chicago . 92 20 `` Therapy '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Joel Madison and Sid Youngers March 17 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 17 ) 520 33.7 Darlene mouths off about a girl at school , and Roseanne accompanies Jackie to her therapist . 93 21 `` Lies '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Jeff Abugov Teleplay by : Don Foster and Sid Youngers March 24 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 24 ) 521 37.6 Darlene bypasses Roseanne for advice on David . Roseanne is anxious about a lie detector test in her workplace . 94 22 `` Deliverance '' Gail Mancuso Cordray Story by : Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Jeff Abugov and Joel Madison March 31 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 31 ) 522 37.0 8 - months - pregnant Crystal goes into labor and Dan coaches her as she gives birth to her long - awaited daughter . Roseanne and Bonnie feud over who will manage the coffee shop , but learn it is closing down in three weeks . Darlene tells David to stop crowding her . 95 23 `` Secrets '' Andrew D. Weyman Lawrence H. Levy April 28 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 28 ) 524 33.5 Depressed because Becky still will not see him , Mark gets drunk at the Lobo Lounge and puts his fist through the jukebox . Dan tends to him , then must lie to Roseanne and Becky . 96 24 `` Do n't Make Me Over '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Sara Gilbert Teleplay by : Maxine Lapiduss and Don Foster & Sid Youngers May 5 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 05 ) 523 31.9 Determined to attend a faraway rock concert , Becky and Darlene attempt to soften up Roseanne with a Mother 's - Day spa - pampering . Roseanne is thrilled until she discovers their ulterior motive . Roseanne grounds D.J. from watching TV after he gets a bad report from his math teacher . She chides Dan for always leaving the kids ' punishments up to her . Dan then cooks up a unique punishment for Becky and Darlene for their duplicity . 97 25 `` Aliens '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Joel Madison and Ron Nelson Teleplay by : Jeff Abugov and Joel Madison May 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 12 ) 525 32.7 DJ 's spelling - bee triumph is a welcome bright spot as Rodbell 's luncheonette closes down and Dan 's bike shop continues its slow descent . Meanwhile , Nancy is heartbroken when Arnie leaves her , especially when he claims he was abducted by aliens . Season 5 ( 1992 -- 93 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 98 `` Terms of Estrangement : Part 1 '' Andrew D. Weyman Sy Dukane and Denise Moss September 15 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 15 ) 601 36.7 Roseanne and Dan adjust to losing their bike shop while seeking new jobs . Meanwhile , when Mark receives a great job offer in Minneapolis , he and Becky elope . 99 `` Terms of Estrangement : Part 2 '' Andrew D. Weyman Rob Ulin September 22 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 22 ) 602 36.0 Becky returns home to collect her belongings , while Roseanne struggles to accept her daughter 's marriage and tries to cheer - up Dan after he closes the bike shop . Dan avoids talking to Becky . 100 `` The Dark Ages '' Andrew D. Weyman Eric Gilliland and Mike Gandolfi September 29 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 29 ) 603 35.9 The Conners ' electricity is cut off when they can not pay the bill . Darlene and David stay up all night in Darlene 's bedroom working on their comic book . When Roseanne and Dan do not believe Darlene when she insists they did not sleep together , she lashes out , feeling punished for Becky 's mistakes . Dan phones Becky , finally thawing the ice between them . This episode concludes by breaking the fourth wall with Roseanne and Laurie Metcalf wrestling over the Emmy award that Metcalf won . John Goodman eventually joins in before all ran offstage and out a studio door accompanied by Tom Arnold . 101 `` Mommy Nearest '' Andrew D. Weyman Janice Jordan and Monica Piper October 6 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 06 ) 605 33.7 Jackie starts dating Fisher , a much younger guy played by Metcalf 's real - life husband , ( Matt Roth ) . Bev makes a large profit after selling her house and give Roseanne and Jackie $10,000 each . 102 5 `` Pretty in Black '' Andrew D. Weyman Amy Sherman October 13 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 13 ) 604 31.5 The Conners enjoy torturing Darlene by pretending to give a her a dreaded Sweet - Sixteen birthday party . While playing `` Truth or Dare '' with Jackie , Anne Maire , and Crystal , Roseanne suffers an embarrassing incident when she unexpectedly meets the Conners new neighbor , Ty Tilden ( Wings Hauser ) , a widower with two teen - aged daughters , Charlotte and Molly ( Mara Hobel and Danielle Harris ) . 103 6 `` Looking for Loans in All the Wrong Places '' Andrew D. Weyman Eileen Heisler and DeAnn Heline October 20 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 20 ) 606 30.4 Roseanne and Jackie decide to open a diner with Nancy , using the money that Bev gave them . When the three are unable get a bank loan for the additional needed capital , Bev agrees to put up another $10,000 , but only as a 4th partner . Molly complains to Darlene about D.J. 's voyeurism , and Darlene confronts Molly about Molly 's flirtatious behavior with David . 104 7 `` Halloween IV '' Andrew D. Weyman Rob Ulin October 27 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 27 ) 607 37.0 Becky 's absence has drained Roseanne 's Halloween spirit , so she is visited by the ghosts of Halloween Past , Present , and a truly terrifying Future . 105 8 `` Ladies ' Choice '' Andrew D. Weyman Betsy Borns and David Raether November 10 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 10 ) 608 32.4 Roseanne and Jackie are shocked to discover that Nancy is a lesbian . Roseanne thinks she is getting old when Bev moves into a retirement community . 106 9 `` Stand on Your Man '' Andrew D. Weyman Denise Moss and Sy Dukane November 17 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 17 ) 610 33.7 Roseanne , working a late shift at the diner alone , is threatened by an aggressive customer , prompting the girls take a self - defense class . When Arnie wants to return to Nancy , he learns she is a lesbian . 107 10 `` Good Girls , Bad Girls '' Andrew D. Weyman Amy Sherman November 24 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 24 ) 609 30.5 Molly has an extra ticket for a rock concert in a neighboring town , and Roseanne reluctantly allows Darlene to go . When Darlene arrives home in a cab at 4 : 00 a.m. , Roseanne initially doubts her explanation that Molly ditched her to smoke pot in a stranger 's van . 108 11 `` Of Ice and Men '' Andrew D. Weyman Robert Borden and Norm Macdonald December 1 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 01 ) 611 35.2 Fisher offers to coach D.J. in hockey . Jackie breaks up with Fisher because she fears him leaving her for a younger woman . When Roseanne convinces Jackie to get back together with him , she moves in with him . 109 12 `` It 's No Place Like Home for the Holidays '' Andrew D. Weyman Eric Gilliland December 15 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 15 ) 612 34.4 A snowstorm forces the Conners to be far - flung on Christmas Eve : Roseanne , Jackie , Bev , and Nana Mary are stuck at the Lunchbox ; Dan , DJ , and Nancy are trapped at the Conner house with Dan ; and Darlene is stranded at David 's , witnessing his abusive home life . 110 13 `` Crime and Punishment '' Andrew D. Weyman Bruce Rasmussen January 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 05 ) 613 38.3 The Connors are called to DJ 's school to discuss the `` obscene '' reading material he brought to class . Dan and Roseanne are shocked to learn it is one of Darlene and David 's comic books . Later , Darlene accidentally walks in on Jackie in D.J. 's bathroom , finding her covered with bruises . Roseanne presses Jackie for an explanation and learns that Fisher assaulted her . Dan beats up Fisher and lands in jail . Ed Begley , Jr. appears in this episode . Brice Beckham ( Mr. Belvedere ) appears . 111 14 `` War and Peace '' Andrew D. Weyman DeAnn Heline and Eileen Heisler January 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 12 ) 614 38.8 As Roseanne takes Jackie to the hospital , and Darlene bails Dan out of jail , the news of Dan hitting Fisher quickly spreads through town . Meanwhile , Fisher begs Jackie to come back . Roseanne is shocked to hear this was not the first time Fisher hit Jackie , but learns that Jackie is strong enough to make her own decisions . 112 15 `` Lanford Daze '' Andrew D. Weyman Monica Piper and David Raether January 26 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 26 ) 615 N / A Vegetarian Darlene vandalizes the Lunch Box as a protest against eating animals . To punish Darlene , Roseanne forces her to sell loose - meat sandwiches at the diner 's Lanford Days festival concession stand . Darlene is chagrined , but everyone else is thrilled when country music star Loretta Lynn , stops by . 113 16 `` Wait Till Your Father Gets Home '' Andrew D. Weyman Amy Sherman February 9 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 09 ) 616 32.3 Roseanne and Jackie 's father dies . His mistress , Joan , shows up for the funeral , causing friction between Roseanne and Jackie and a confrontation with Bev . Roseanne , upset that her father never regretted his abusive behavior , learns from Joan that he considered himself a wonderful father and Roseanne and Jackie were ungrateful daughters . 114 17 `` First Cousin , Twice Removed '' Andrew D. Weyman Janice Jordan February 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 16 ) 617 29.0 Ronnie ( Joan Collins ) , Obnoxious , wealthy cousin Ronnie comes to town , hoping to end a years - long feud with Roseanne . Years ago she excluded Roseanne from her wedding party . Ronnie encourages Darlene to follow her dream to move to New York City , offering her a place to stay . 115 18 `` Lose a Job , Winnebago '' Andrew D. Weyman Norm Macdonald February 23 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 23 ) 618 33.3 The Conners go on a road trip to California with the Tildens for a taping of The Jackie Thomas Show ; Dan tells Roseanne he wants to have another child , though Roseanne is cool to the idea . 116 19 `` It 's a Boy ! '' Andrew D. Weyman Rob Ulin March 2 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 02 ) 619 31.2 Darlene begs Roseanne to let David move in with them . Roseanne relents only after she sees first - hand his abusive mother 's treatment toward him . 117 20 `` It Was Twenty Years Ago Today '' Andrew D. Weyman Betsy Borns March 9 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 09 ) 620 29.4 Rosanne is in a tizzy when she is unable to find her wedding ring , unaware that Dan secretly borrowed it to have it redesigned as a 20th anniversary gift . Roseanne poses for a sexy photograph to give to Dan but is angry when he has to work on their anniversary night , unaware he took the temporary job to pay for the ring . Bill Maher appears in this episode . 118 21 `` Playing with Matches '' Andrew D. Weyman Robert Borden March 23 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 23 ) 621 32.6 Roseanne wants to set her mother up with a friend from the retirement home ; Molly puts the moves on David . 119 22 `` Promises , Promises '' Andrew D. Weyman Mike Gandolfi April 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 06 ) 622 28.6 Darlene attends the prom with David , then surprises him afterward with a motel room she has rented . Tim Curry appears in this episode . Jackie is jealous when Nancy goes back to men by dating Roger . 120 23 `` Glengarry , Glen Rosey '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Story by : Sy Dukane and Denise Moss Teleplay by : Lois Bromfield and Scott Burton May 4 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 04 ) 623 22.2 Dan remodels an old house to sell for a profit . When the buyer backs out at the last minute , Dan might lose his own home after business partner , Roger , runs out on him and the bill for the building materials Dan bought on credit comes due . Jackie , currently living with Bev at the retirement home , makes a big decision . Tim Curry appears in this episode . Chris Farley has an uncredited cameo in this episode . 121 24 `` Tooth or Consequences '' Gail Mancuso Leslie Reider May 11 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 11 ) 624 27.0 Dan accidentally knocks out Roseanne 's tooth the day the health inspector , who turns out to be her old boss , Leon , visits the restaurant . After Darlene and David consummate their relationship , Darlene gets accepted to a Chicago art school , but David is turned down . Bob Odenkirk appears in this episode . 122 25 `` Daughters and Other Strangers '' Jeff Margolis Eric Gilliland May 18 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 18 ) 625 28.8 Roseanne and Dan agree to let Darlene attend school in Chicago ; D.J. befriends George , an annoying neighbor boy ( Joseph Gordon - Levitt ) . Season 6 ( 1993 -- 94 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 123 `` Two Down , One to Go '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Amy Sherman September 14 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 14 ) 701 30.1 Roseanne is upset when Darlene refuses to let her mother drive her to Chicago for school . Desperate to keep Darlene from leaving , David proposes marriage , which Darlene declines as a crazy idea . Roseanne insists on taking Darlene to Chicago , and ends up spending the night in Darlene 's new apartment where they engage in a mother - daughter talk . 124 `` The Mommy 's Curse '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Eric Gilliland September 21 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 21 ) 704 27.7 Roseanne and Jackie have had their fill of Bev at the Lunchbox , so Bev agrees to step aside , but secretly sells her share to Leon , Roseanne 's old boss . Elsewhere , Fred , Dan 's co-worker at the garage , asks Jackie out for a date , marking his first appearance in the series . 125 `` Party Politics '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Miriam Trogdon September 28 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 28 ) 703 29.4 Roseanne orchestrates a weekend at home for David and Darlene in hopes of getting them back together . When Darlene discovers her mother 's plan , she and DJ team up to plot revenge . Also , DJ has been skipping school , so Darlene covers for him , though Roseanne soon suspects something is going on . Jackie refuses to date Fred again after their one - night stand . 126 `` A Stash from the Past '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Kevin Abbott October 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 05 ) 705 30.4 Roseanne punishes David after finding a bag of marijuana in David 's room . David , thinking it is Darlene 's , covers for her by saying it is his . Darlene suspects it must belong to Becky . Dan realizes that it is his and Roseanne 's 20 - year - old stash , so they and Jackie indulge once more for old times ' sake . In 1997 , TV Guide ranked this episode # 21 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes . 127 5 `` Be My Baby '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Rob Ulin October 19 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 19 ) 706 31.9 Roseanne has been trying unsuccessfully for months to get pregnant , but it is Jackie who announces that she is expecting after her one - night stand with Fred . 128 6 `` Halloween V '' Gail Mancuso Betsy Borns and Miriam Trogdon October 26 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 26 ) 708 34.5 Nancy thinks Dan dislikes her , and Roseanne soon realizes she is right . Darlene and David scheme to terrify Roseanne on Halloween . 129 7 `` Homeward Bound '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Michael Borkow November 2 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 02 ) 702 29.4 Darlene returns home and realizes how much David misses her . After Darlene leaves , David tells Roseanne and Dan that he is moving back in with his mother in another town when in reality he moves in with Darlene in Chicago . Roseanne and Dan learn that DJ has begun masturbating and struggle figuring how to deal with it . 130 8 `` Guilt by Imagination '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Story by : Lois Bromfield Teleplay by : Pat Bullard and Stevie Ray Fromstein November 9 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 09 ) 707 29.4 Dan has lunch with old flame Phyllis Zimmer ( mentioned in the 1st - season episode `` The Memory Game '' ) , and has trouble keeping it from Roseanne . Vicki Lawrence appears in this episode . 131 9 `` Homecoming '' Gail Mancuso Sid Youngers November 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 16 ) 709 28.6 When Becky and Mark return for a visit , Roseanne , seeing they are drifting apart , schemes to break them up for good , but realizes maybe Mark is not to blame . Dan 's 20th high - school football - team anniversary celebration is being held at the Conner house . 132 10 `` Thanksgiving ' 93 '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Michael Borkow and Mike Gandolfi November 23 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 23 ) 709 33.0 Nana Mary embarrasses a heavily pregnant Jackie and also reveals a secret about Bev 's marriage ; Becky prepares the holiday feast ; and Dan and Mark squabble . 133 11 `` The Driver 's Seat '' Philip Charles MacKenzie James Berg and Stan Zimmerman November 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 30 ) 711 29.3 Roseanne 's suspicions that Leon is usurping her position at the Lunch Box are cast aside by Nancy and Jackie but ultimately prove to be true . D.J. steals Roseanne 's car , and her violent response has her questioning whether she is repeating her father 's pattern of childhood abuse . 134 12 `` White Trash Christmas '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Lawrence Broch and William Lucas Walker December 14 , 1993 ( 1993 - 12 - 14 ) 712 31.4 Roseanne and Dan go all out for Christmas in indignant reaction to their neighborhood association 's limits on exterior decorations after the Conners ' previous tacky efforts . Roseanne and Dan are angry that Becky uses the money earmarked for Becky 's education to instead pay for Mark 's trade school tuition . Becky further annoys them by taking a job as a skimpily - clad waitress at `` Bunz '' ( a veiled reference to `` Hooters '' ) . When Bev and D.J. visit Darlene in Chicago , D.J. discovers David is living with his sister . 135 13 `` Suck Up or Shut Up '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Story by : Amy Morland Teleplay by : Betsy Borns and Mike Gandolfi January 4 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 04 ) 713 32.3 Leon pushes Roseanne to join a women 's business association so she can network to help the diner . Roseanne presses D.J. to befriend the offbeat son of one of the association 's members ( Florence Henderson ) . Dan discovers Mark has dropped out of trade school when he catches him hanging out at the Lobo . 136 14 `` Busted '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Amy Sherman January 11 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 11 ) 714 31.6 Mark wants to leave Becky because he thinks he is not good enough for her . Becky blames Roseanne for making her push Mark to go to school . In Chicago , Darlene and David 's relationship is becoming strained from being together all the time . When Roseanne goes to talk to Mark , his roommate , Roy ( Ahmet Zappa ) , accidentally lets slip that David and Darlene are living together in Chicago . Roseanne drives to Chicago and brings David back , then hides the truth from Dan . 137 15 `` David vs. Goliath '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Steve Pepoon February 1 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 01 ) 716 28.8 Roseanne blackmails David into being her live - in `` maid '' in exchange for saying nothing to Dan about David and Darlene 's living arrangement . However , David feels guilty and confesses the truth to Dan , who reacts by angrily throwing him out of the house ; Roseanne persuades pregnant Jackie to temporarily take David in . Becky pressures Dan to hiring Mark for a job at the city garage . Jackie refuses any money from Fred for the baby , forcing him to secretly slip cash into her tip jar . 138 16 `` Everyone Comes to Jackie 's '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Betsy Borns and Mike Gandolfi February 8 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 08 ) 715 32.5 Jackie 's house buzzes with activity as Roseanne hides David from Dan who , in the heat of anger over David 's duplicity , suggests to Fred that he sue Jackie for custody of their baby . Darlene returns to make peace , only to find that Dan blames David for the entire situation . 139 17 `` Do n't Make Room for Daddy '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Kevin Abbott and Stevie Ray Fromstein February 15 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 15 ) 717 23.0 Fred sues Jackie for custody of their unborn baby , leaving Jackie upset when served with the papers . Dan tries to cover up that the lawsuit was his suggestion . 140 18 `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Story by : Michael Borkow Teleplay by : James Berg and Stan Zimmerman March 1 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 01 ) 718 31.8 Roseanne is the life of the party at a gay bar until Nancy 's girlfriend kisses her . One of Becky 's old boyfriends gives Mark a reason to distrust her . 141 19 `` Labor Day '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Story by : Rob Ulin Teleplay by : Miriam Trogdon March 8 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 08 ) 719 35.0 Roseanne is upset that Jackie wants Fred in the delivery room instead of her . But she is the one who is there when the contractions start , having delayed contacting Fred , who barely makes it to the hospital in time . Jackie gives birth to a son she names Andy . 142 20 `` Past Imperfect '' Philip Charles MacKenzie David Raether March 22 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 22 ) 720 29.1 When Dan 's father misses an alimony payment to Dan 's mother , Dan feels he has to give her money . Fred quizzes Jackie about her sexual history , then regrets asking . 143 21 `` Lies My Father Told Me '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Story by : Rob Ulin Teleplay by : Eric Gilliland March 29 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 29 ) 721 33.6 Roseanne helps Dan cope with life - altering news : his mother has a long history of mental illness and psychiatric - hospital stays that he never knew about . Ed had let Dan grow up believing her imbalance was Ed 's fault , making his mother look good in Dan 's eyes . Dan grapples with accepting that Ed was not the bad father he believed him to be . 144 22 `` I Pray the Lord My Stove to Keep '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Kevin Abbott and Pat Bullard May 3 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 03 ) 722 23.3 D.J. has secretly been attending church ( saying he was spending that time with a friend ) . He then gives Roseanne grief about morals when she wants to keep an extra stove that was delivered to the diner in error . Jesco White makes a cameo appearance , clogg dancing during the end credits . 145 23 `` Body by Jake '' Philip Charles MacKenzie David Forbes May 10 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 10 ) 723 28.2 When Bev breaks her pelvis at the retirement home , she claims she fell in the shower but Roseanne discovers the real story . Fred pops the question to Jackie . 146 24 `` Is n't It Romantic ? '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Timothy Schlattmann and Perry Dance Teleplay by : Leif Sandaas and Cynthia Hogle May 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 17 ) 724 25.3 Mark and David struggle with the concept of feminism , also using it to curry favor with their partners . Fred asks Roseanne 's advice on proposing to Jackie , then studies Jackie 's favorite favorite soap opera for tips . Roseanne demands passion from Dan , but turns to fantasy instead . 147 25 `` Altar Egos '' Mark K. Samuels Rob Ulin and Eric Gilliland May 24 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 24 ) 725 28.1 Fred and Jackie consider calling off the wedding because Fred thinks Jackie has a crush on Dan . When realizes he is wrong , he begs Jackie to marry him . Season 7 ( 1994 -- 95 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 148 `` Nine Is Enough '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Rob Ulin Teleplay by : Stevie Ray Fromstein and Pat Bullard September 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 21 ) 803 28.9 Dan is fed up having so many people living in the house and wants Becky and Mark to move out . Roseanne agrees until Becky says she and Mark are trying to get pregnant . Fred rebels against Jackie overly protecting the baby . After a fight , she and the baby go to Roseanne 's . When everyone learns that Dan shaved his armpits ( due to a cyst ) Dan storms off to stay with Fred 's . Jackie and Fred make up and Roseanne tells Dan she gave Becky and Mark until May to move out , then announces she is pregnant . 149 `` Two for One '' Gail Mancuso Stephen Godchaux September 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 28 ) 801 28.6 Jackie spots Darlene 's car at a motel and tells Roseanne , who thinks Darlene and David broke their promise to abstain from having sex . Roseanne is shocked that Darlene was at the motel with Jimmy and says that David accepts her having another relationship . When David later gives Darlene an ultimatum about Jimmy , she chooses Jimmy , and they break - up . Dan admits to Jackie his fears about having another baby . Jackie reassure him by saying he always reacts this way , but when Dan confides his fears to Roseanne , she lashes out at him . She later tells Jackie she is also scared . Jackie convinces her to confide in Dan . She tries , but ends up comforting Dan like always . 150 `` Snoop Davey Dave '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Aronson October 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 05 ) 802 25.4 David is devastated after breaking - up with Darlene . Roseanne encourages him to move but to retaliate , he tells Roseanne about Darlene using drugs . Roseanne and Dan confront Darlene when she comes home , though she initially denies it ; David reveals he saw her using and feels she will again . Roseanne is furious and refuses to allow Darlene to return to college . Darlene convinces Dan she will not do it again , but Roseanne is adamant she stay home until she realizes David wants to keep Darlene there for his own selfish reasons . Though she can not trust Darlene , Roseanne lets her return to school . 151 `` Girl Talk '' Gail Mancuso Miriam Trogdon October 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 12 ) 804 26.8 Becky and Mark are arguing constantly and Roseanne finds out from Jackie that Mark has been uninterested in sex . Jackie tells Roseanne about her own sexual problems with Fred while Roseanne confides Dan 's unusual attempts to get her in the mood . Roseanne encourages David to get out and meet girls but he is uninterested . Fred initiates an open discussion with Dan and Mark about their sex lives but all three end up knowing more than they care to . Roseanne talks to Becky about Mark , and is surprised Becky has been talking to David about her marital woes . 152 5 `` Sleeper '' Gail Mancuso Tim Doyle October 19 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 19 ) 806 26.9 David considers moving out after Becky discovers he had a sex dream that she thinks it is about her . When D.J. tells Mark about it , Mark confronts David who admits the dream was about Roseanne . Roseanne is at first upset until Dan admits he had a similar dream about Bev when he and Roseanne started dating . David tells Roseanne considers her a mother figure , and Roseanne believes the dream was about his desire for affection . Becky seems disappointed when Roseanne tells her about David , and admits she is confused about her feelings for him . 153 6 `` Skeleton in the Closet '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Lois Bromfield Teleplay by : William Lucas Walker and Lawrence Broch October 26 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 26 ) 807 29.7 Fred is annoyed by Leon 's overly friendly attention toward him , leading Nancy and Leon to think Fred , ' doth protest too much . ' At Leon 's Halloween party , when Leon 's gay friends seem well acquainted with Fred , Roseanne becomes convinced that Fred is secretly gay , latergetting an unexpected surprise . Roseanne thinks Bev is bald after Jackie points out a wig at Bev 's hair salon that looks exactly like their mother 's hair . 154 7 `` Follow the Son '' Gail Mancuso Dusty Kay November 2 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 02 ) 809 25.9 D.J. wants to quit his busboy job at the Lunchbox , but Roseanne refuses to fire him until D.J. starts telling Leon about Roseanne 's secret work habits . David starts dating again , but is upset when Mark reveals that Darlene and Jimmy are moving in together . David goes to Chicago and meets Jimmy , posing as Darlene 's peer counselor named `` Craig . '' He tells Jimmy that Darlene has serious mental health issues . Roseanne schemes to get D.J. back to the Lunchbox . She tells Dan that DJ needs to learn a work ethic , but this backfires when Dan gives DJ a job at the city garage , forcing Roseanne to admit that she really wants to spend more time with her son . DJ is unhappy to return to the Lunchbox until he sees the sexy new busgirl , Staci ( Traci Lords ) . Jimmy confronts David , saying he knows David lied about being Darlene 's peer counselor . David then pretends to be gay and is interested in him . Darlene arrives and is furious to find out that `` Craig '' is David . 155 8 `` Punch and Jimmy '' Gail Mancuso David Raether November 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 09 ) 805 27.4 D.J , is being bullied at school and Dan offers to teach him how to fight . D.J. reveals his own patent moves for avoiding a fight , which mostly involves falling to the ground in the fetal position . David wants Dan to teach him how to fight , but Roseanne he only wants to impress Darlene , because Jimmy is a boxer . She wants Dan to encourage David to feel good about himself which Dan struggles with . Jackie and Roseanne head to Chicago to meet Jimmy . Roseanne dislikes Jimmy , and tells Jackie she wants David and Darlene back together . When D.J. beats up David , Dan tries to comfort David and discovers David was not trying to impress Darlene , but was trying to bond with Dan through shared interests . 156 9 `` White Men Ca n't Kiss '' Gail Mancuso Rob Ulin and Kevin Abbott November 16 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 16 ) 808 24.9 Jackie objects to Bev spending so much time at the house and is and baffled that Fred enjoys her company . D.J. refuses to kiss a girl named Gina for a school play . Roseanne , believing D.J. is being forced to do something he is uncomfortable with , meets with his teacher . She tells Roseanne that D.J. will not kiss Gina because she is black . Roseanne confronts D.J. and tells him he has to kiss her . When he refuses , Dan supports his decision . After an argument with Chuck ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , Dan questions his own bigotry and tells D.J. he has to kiss Gina . Roseanne confronts her own bigotry when a man comes to the Lunchbox at closing time . Roseanne refuses to let him in until he identifies himself as Gina 's father . He angrily confronts Roseanne , and leaves her wondering if she feared letting him because he was a man or because he was black . 157 10 `` Thanksgiving ' 94 '' Gail Mancuso Miriam Trogdon and Lois Bromfield November 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 23 ) 810 N / A During the Thanksgiving feast , Roseanne receives potentially alarming news about her pregnancy that she is unable to confirm with the prenatal clinic . As she and Dan consider their options if something is wrong , friction erupts between them . Nana Mary , with a feeble new husband on her arm , upsets Bev by discussing the two abortions she had long ago . 158 11 `` Maybe Baby '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Cynthia Mort Teleplay by : Matt Berry and Ed Yeager November 30 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 30 ) 811 25.4 As Roseanne and Dan anxiously await the results about her pregnancy , D.J. steps up and offers to help with whatever is needed . The doctor gives them good news , but the celebration is dimmed by another fight . 159 12 `` The Parenting Trap '' Gail Mancuso Sid Youngers December 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 12 - 14 ) 812 24.1 D.J. 's teacher informs Dan and Roseanne that he is having difficulties at school . They fight over who should handle the problem , causing to Dan feel Roseanne does not respect his parenting skills . Mark finally tells Dan that the problem is that D.J. has begun having erections in class and is too embarrassed to solve math problems in front of the class . Dan advises D.J. on what to do . But Roseanne is not satisfied with this solution and tries to do better by telling D.J. about her first menstruation , sending D.J. screaming from the room and validating Dan 's parenting skills . 160 13 `` Rear Window '' Gail Mancuso Michael Borkow and Danny Zuker January 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 01 - 04 ) 813 27.3 The elderly nudist couple next door tell the Conners that they are perverted for spying on them , so they plant a hedge . David 's coffee - time with Becky worries Mark , so he enlists Darlene 's help . 161 14 `` My Name is Bev '' Gail Mancuso Bob Nickman January 11 , 1995 ( 1995 - 01 - 11 ) 814 25.2 After being arrested for drunk - driving , Bev is forced to attend an AA meeting , where she realizes she is indeed an alcoholic . When she shows up at Dan 's Super Bowl XXIX party , Roseanne wants the guests to hide the keg . This proves catastrophic . 162 15 `` Bed and Bored '' Gail Mancuso Eric Gilliland February 1 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 01 ) 817 22.3 Roseanne lies about the doctor putting her on total bedrest so everyone will wait on her . David discovers her deception , and Jackie confronts Bev about her terrible mothering . 163 16 `` Sisters '' Gail Mancuso Michael Borkow February 8 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 08 ) 815 21.1 Fred becomes annoyed whe D.J. spends too much time hanging out at their house and wants Jackie to talk to him . Jackie confronts Roseanne about it , wanting to avoid conflict with Fred , only to walk into it with Roseanne . Meanwhile , Dan plans Roseanne 's birthday celebration with their daughters . 164 17 `` Lost Youth '' Gail Mancuso Pat Bullard and Stevie Ray Fromstein February 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 15 ) 818 22.7 David and Mark fight over Stacy ( Traci Lords ) , the Lunch Box bus girl . Jackie confronts Fred about their boring sex life . 165 18 `` Single Married Female '' Gail Mancuso Betsy Borns February 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 22 ) 819 20.1 Jackie spends time , though not romantically , with a man she met through Stacy . Dan sees them at the Lobo and confronts Jackie , pointing out that if she does not tell Fred what she is doing , then it amounts to cheating . 166 167 19 20 `` All About Rosey '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Rob Ulin and Leif Sandass Teleplay by : Rob Ulin and Perry Dance March 1 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 01 ) 816A 816B 20.1 In the first part of this one - hour clip show special , a young Roseanne and Jackie go to a fortuneteller to learn their futures . They find Jackie taking an adult , autistic D.J. to a psychiatrist . In the second half , sitcom moms point the parenting finger at Rosey . 168 21 `` Husbands and Wives '' Gail Mancuso Kevin Abbott March 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 22 ) 820 22.1 Roseanne enlists D.J. 's help to get Darlene to cut her own allowance . Fred and Jackie 's marital woes escalate . 169 22 `` Happy Trailers '' Mark K. Samuels Tim Doyle and Sid Youngers March 29 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 29 ) 821 20.4 Becky and Mark move into a tacky trailer park , where they are greeted by a tipsy neighbor ( Sharon Stone ) . 170 23 `` The Blaming of the Shrew '' Gail Mancuso Lawrence Broch May 3 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 03 ) 823 16.5 D.J. 's new girlfriend ( Ashley Johnson ) , who Roseanne likes , bosses him around , which causes problems with their relationship at school . Jackie and Fred see a marriage counselor ( Ellen DeGeneres ) about their anger issues . 171 24 `` The Birds and the Frozen Bees '' Gail Mancuso David Forbes May 10 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 10 ) 822 17.4 Roseanne discovers that David likes someone other than Darlene ; the two reconcile after much poking and prodding . 172 25 `` Couch Potatoes '' Mark K. Samuels Eric Gilliland May 17 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 17 ) 825 17.2 The Conners are chosen as a Nielsen family . Roseanne 's nesting instincts disrupt the family routine . Jackie and Fred 's marriage comes to an end . 173 26 `` Sherwood Schwartz : A Loving Tribute '' Gail Mancuso Story by : William Lucas Walker and Allan Stephan Teleplay by : William Lucas Walker May 24 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 24 ) 824 16.3 Roseanne encourages Dan to go back to working on the boat in the garage , bringing on a massive Gilligan 's Island fantasy , transforming family members into the sitcom 's characters . Season 8 ( 1995 -- 96 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 174 `` Shower the People You Love with Stuff '' Gail Mancuso Lawrence Broch September 19 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 19 ) 901 22.5 Becky and Darlene feud over Roseanne 's baby shower when Becky ends up doing most of the work . 175 `` Let Them Eat Junk '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Carrie Snow Teleplay by : Matt Berry and Ed Yeager September 26 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 26 ) 902 19.0 Jackie has a bee in her bonnet over Roseanne feeding Andy junkfood . Dan is upset because DJ 's image of him includes a can of beer . 176 `` Roseanne in the Hood '' Mark K. Samuels Story by : Allan Stephan Teleplay by : Mike Costa and Drew Ogier October 17 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 17 ) 904 19.7 When a new , more classy restaurant opens opposite the Lunchbox , Roseanne declares war . Pat Harrington , Jr. appears in this episode . 177 `` The Last Date '' Gail Mancuso Eric Gilliland and Daniel Palladino October 24 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 24 ) 905 20.5 The temptation to crash a stranger 's bar mitzvah at a local hotel is too much for Roseanne as she drags Dan out on the town for a `` last hurrah '' before the baby is born . 178 5 `` Halloween : the Final Chapter '' Roseanne Roseanne and Lois Bromfield October 31 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 31 ) 906 18.8 On Halloween , Roseanne reigns as `` Queen of the Gypsies , consort of wizards and seer of souls . '' A Ouija board sends a message from `` The Dead '' that portends an unexpected event : Roseanne goes into labor . She delivers a baby boy , Jerry Garcia Conner . 179 6 `` The Fifties Show '' Gail Mancuso Allan Stephan Blasband November 7 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 07 ) 907 17.8 The Conners find themselves going back in time in this spoof of 1950s sitcoms ( shot mostly in black and white ) : Roseanne 's a fussy hausfrau , Dan is a hapless businessman stewing over `` the Anderson account '' , and Jackie 's the wacky neighbor . 180 7 `` The Getaway , Almost '' Gail Mancuso Cynthia Mort November 14 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 14 ) 908 20.8 Jackie and Roseanne 's shopping trip with Jerry turns into a version of Thelma and Louise when they pick up a teenage hitchhiker and run a trucker off the road . Jenna Elfman appears as the hitchhiker . 181 8 `` The Last Thursday in November '' Gail Mancuso Ritch Shydner November 21 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 21 ) 909 17.9 When DJ 's teacher gives his students free rein , the class Thanksgiving pageant takes on a decidedly modern , Pulp Fiction twist that offends many parents , but not the Conners . Roseanne invites some new Native American friends over for Thanksgiving , and they celebrate the holiday their way . 182 9 `` Of Mice and Dan '' Gail Mancuso Bob Nickman November 28 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 28 ) 910 16.4 Dan 's old bandmates ( John Popper ) roll into Lanford to perform a concert , giving Dan a dose of regret , infused with a tad of depression . Roseanne talks the band into giving Dan a little stage time , which he fully enjoys . 183 10 `` Direct to Video '' Gail Mancuso Michael B. Kaplan December 5 , 1995 ( 1995 - 12 - 05 ) 903 18.9 While Roseanne narrates a video time capsule for her unborn child , Becky and Darlene find Dan and Roseanne 's old love letters . D.J. gets upset when he learns his parents never filled out his baby book , and Mark cooks up a ' special ' dinner for the Conner clan . 184 11 `` December Bride '' Gail Mancuso William Lucas Walker December 12 , 1995 ( 1995 - 12 - 12 ) 911 21.1 Scott and Leon have trouble planning their wedding until Roseanne offers to take over for free . Leon 's cold feet and self - doubt about his sexuality factor into the planning . 185 12 `` Thrilla Near Vanilla '' Gail Mancuso Ed Yeager January 2 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 02 ) 912 19.3 Jackie realizes her hidden talent as a supermarket samplesperson as she and Roseanne take jobs at a grocery store . The sisters quickly become competitive . Meanwhile , Dan and David fight over Mark being DJ 's role model . 186 13 `` The White Sheep of the Family '' Gail Mancuso David Raether January 9 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 09 ) 913 20.8 After the Conners receive a small inheritance from Great - Aunt Harriet , they decide to go out for a nice dinner , with their spending limits firmly set until Darlene unexpectedly pops in and wants to join them . Meanwhile , D.J. contemplates how to spend his own personal inheritance , $500 . Darlene alienates the family by hurling insults , until the family finally bites back . D.J. buys a trombone . 187 14 `` Becky Howser , M.D. '' Gail Mancuso Sid Youngers January 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 16 ) 914 17.6 Mark tries to cheer up a depressed Becky by inviting family and friends over for a surprise get - together , though it will take much more to lift her spirits . Roseanne talks to Becky as everything at the party goes wrong . Becky admits she wants more out of life , which Roseanne supports , but is unaware that Becky 's plans may change her marital status . 188 15 `` Out of the Past '' Gail Mancuso Drew Ogier and Mike Costa February 6 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 06 ) 915 17.4 While Nana Mary amuses Roseanne and Jackie with a box of their childhood treasures , they take a walk down memory lane , discovering that Roseanne was always the queen to Jackie 's minion status . Jackie finds her long - lost doll , `` Mrs. Tuttle , '' that she thought had been ' doll - napped ' . Roseanne tries to pin the disappearance on a napping Nana Mary , but Nana Mary reveals the truth . 189 16 `` Construction Junction '' Gail Mancuso Daniel Palladino February 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 13 ) 916 14.2 When Dan 's buddies show up with a great new job prospect for the old dry wall crew , Dan must decide between keeping a secure but boring job at the garage or making a bid on a huge construction project . Meanwhile , Jackie gets hooked up to the Internet : her initial reluctance quickly vanishes and David soon needs to intervene as Jackie becomes addicted . 190 17 `` We 're Going to Disney World '' Gail Mancuso Matt Berry February 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 20 ) 917 17.8 The family goes hog - wild with excitement as they plan to travel to Disney World Dan brings home his final paycheck from the Lanford City Garage . 191 18 `` Disney World War II '' Gail Mancuso Allan Stephan Blasband February 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 27 ) 918 19.6 Fireworks and fanfare accompany the Conners on a whirlwind tour of the magical kingdom of Disney World . Darlene becomes practically euphoric when she meets Winnie the Pooh . 192 19 `` Springtime for David '' Mark K. Samuels Garland Testa and David Forbes March 12 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 12 ) 919 16.9 After strict orders from Dan , David finally moves out and lands a job at a second - rate theme park in Lanford . During training , he becomes transformed into an eerily smiling automaton . The episode 's name is a reference to Springtime for Hitler , a musical play within the Broadway musical , `` The Producers . '' The episode itself is a satire of the Walt Disney Company , who , after having recently acquired the American Broadcasting Company , required the network 's shows ( including Roseanne ) to film and air Disney - themed episodes , including the immediately preceding episodes `` We 're Going to Disney World '' and `` Disney World War II '' . 193 20 `` Another Mouth to Shut Up '' Mark K. Samuels Story by : Eric Gilliland Teleplay by : Janet Leahy and Richard Kaplan March 26 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 26 ) 920 15.2 Just weeks after their hot night in Disney World , Darlene proposes to David and announces that she is pregnant . 194 21 `` Morning Becomes Obnoxious '' Gail Mancuso Leif Sandaas April 9 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 09 ) 921 15.6 After an impromptu TV interview at the diner goes spectacularly well , Roseanne prepares to `` Wake Up Chicago '' on a morning TV talk show ( with Jackie as her manager ) as a news commentator with a unique and `` opinionated blue - collar outlook '' . Meanwhile , David plans for his and Darlene 's wedding , but offends Bev as well . 195 22 `` Ballroom Blitz '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Cathy Ladman Teleplay by : Cathy Ladman and Carrie Snow April 30 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 30 ) 922 14.2 Bev 's smitten with her passionate ballroom - dance instructor , but he flirts with the newly - divorced Jackie . 196 23 `` The Wedding '' Gail Mancuso Michael B. Kaplan and Lawrence Broch May 7 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 07 ) 923 23.0 Dan suffers a heart attack at Darlene and David 's wedding . 197 24 `` Heart & Soul '' Gail Mancuso Daniel Palladino and William Lucas Walker May 14 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 14 ) 924 21.0 Roseanne tries -- in vain -- to be cool at the hospital . D.J. performed CPR on Dan , saving his life . Dan 's hospital room is the venue for Darlene and David 's scaled - down wedding reception . 198 25 `` Fights and Stuff '' Mark K. Samuels Story by : Eric Gilliland Teleplay by : Cynthia Mort and Sid Youngers May 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 21 ) 925 18.8 Dan returns home to strict diet regime and other rules that he soon violates behind Roseanne 's back . When she finds out , it leads to a huge argument , unleashing old resentments and them trashing the house due to their suppressed anger . Roseanne walks out , and her and Dan 's marriage may collapse . Season 9 ( 1996 -- 97 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 199 `` Call Waiting '' Mark K. Samuels Drew Ogier and Allan Stephan Blasband September 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 17 ) 1001 18.9 Regretting breaking the rules and fighting with Roseanne , Dan fixes the house after the huge fight and leaves a ton of messages on Jackie 's answering machine . Roseanne finds herself in front of Jackie 's TV , watching notable past sitcoms like That Girl , I Dream of Jeannie , and The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( Cameo appearance by Ed Asner on the latter show ) , eventually finding her and Dan playing the roles of Ann & Don , Mary and Lou Grant , and Jeannie and Tony . Later , Jackie convinces Roseanne that Dan and Roseanne were meant for each other and , when she is finally alone with Andy and Jerry , makes a shocking discovery about her lottery ticket after watching the lottery drawings on TV . 200 `` Millions from Heaven '' Mark K. Samuels Nancy Steen and Cynthia Mort September 24 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 24 ) 1002 17.6 The lottery ticket mentioned in the last episode is a winner . Roseanne has won $108 million . Amidst the press bombardment , the family ponders what to do with all that money . 201 `` What a Day for a Daydream '' Mark K. Samuels Richard Kaplan and Garland Testa October 1 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 01 ) 1003 18.6 With a full dinner table and a home - cooked meal , Roseanne daydreams about the lottery winnings ; from a riot on the Jerry Springer Show to a glamorous photo shoot with Jackie and Hugh Hefner . 202 `` Honor Thy Mother '' Mark K. Samuels Bob Nickman and Amy Welsh October 8 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 08 ) 1004 16.9 Dan announces that he 's going to visit his mother in California . Jackie and Roseanne wait out the Conner house 's renovation at a spa . 203 5 `` Someday My Prince Will Come '' Mark K. Samuels Carrie Snow and Janet Leahy October 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 15 ) 1005 15.7 Prince Carlos Charmaine ( Jim Varney ) from Moldavia , visits Jackie , with whom he 's enamored after seeing her on television . Roseanne warns Jackie to remain distant , until Leon discovers that he 's really a prince . The family are invited on a trip to New York with Leon in place of Dan , who 's still in California . 204 6 `` Pampered to a Pulp '' Mark K. Samuels Stacie Lipp October 22 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 22 ) 1007 15.3 Roseanne and Jackie 's spa trip subjects them to a strict diet , acid peels , skin toxins , and exhausting hikes . Tammy Faye Messner appears in this episode . 205 7 `` Satan , Darling '' Roseanne Story by : Roseanne and Ellen Quigley Teleplay by : Roseanne and Jennifer Saunders October 29 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 29 ) 1006 17.7 Roseanne , Jackie , and Nancy visit New York City 's Upper West Side , where they meet celebrities and are invited to Martha 's Vineyard by a woman named Astrid Wentworth . After getting drunk with Edina Monsoon ( Jennifer Saunders ) and Patsy Stone ( Joanna Lumley ) of Absolutely Fabulous , Roseanne has a Rosemary 's Baby - parody nightmare of Darlene giving birth to Satan . 206 8 `` Hoi Polloi Meets Hoiti Toiti '' Mark K. Samuels Leif Sandaas and Debbie Kasper November 12 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 12 ) 1008 13.3 Roseanne , Jackie , DJ , Mark , Bev , Becky , Andy , and Jerry go to the Wentworth estate to meet Astrid 's family , who are n't impressed at Roseanne 's trashy ways . When she finds the family 's stash of `` happy pills , '' Roseanne teaches them to scream out their anger . Dana Gould appears in this episode . 207 9 `` Roseambo '' Gary Halvorson R. Gaylor and Betsy Salkind November 19 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 19 ) 1009 12.2 Roseanne meets First Lady Hillary Clinton ( Teresa Barnwell ) , after saving her family and Dr. Bakshmi from women - hating terrorists on a train to Washington D.C. Steven Seagal appears in this episode . 208 10 `` Home Is Where the Afghan Is '' Gary Halvorson Lawrence Broch November 26 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 26 ) 1010 15.0 Roseanne , Jackie , and the family finally arrive home after all the excitement . Roseanne is disappointed that Dan has not returned from his trip . Her Thanksgiving dinner is being catered , so she and Jackie open the Lunch Box as a soup kitchen . Bev reveals more than she intended during the Thanksgiving feast . 209 11 `` Mothers and Other Strangers '' Gary Halvorson Roseanne and Cynthia Mort December 3 , 1996 ( 1996 - 12 - 03 ) 1011 15.4 Dan still is not home , and Roseanne worries about how he will react to all the changes she has made to the house . Elsewhere , Bev seeks answers from her free - spirited mother , Mary , who finally mends her relationship with her daughter . 210 12 `` Home for the Holidays '' Mark K. Samuels Story by : Roseanne Teleplay by : Lawrence Broch December 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 12 - 17 ) 1012 N / A Dan returns home , but he treats Roseanne coolly . Jackie overhears him having an intimate conversation on the phone with his mother 's nurse . 211 13 `` Say It Ai n't So '' Mark K. Samuels Nancy Steen January 7 , 1997 ( 1997 - 01 - 07 ) 1013 18.1 Roseanne kicks out Dan over his affair with his mother 's nurse , though her decision devastates her . 212 14 `` Hit the Road , Jack '' Mark K. Samuels Roseanne January 14 , 1997 ( 1997 - 01 - 14 ) 1014 18.8 A depressed Roseanne avoids Dan and drives around town eating fast food and listening to radio shows . She believes Dan had an affair because of her appearance . As Dan packs his bags to leave , he and D.J. have a huge fight . An angry D.J. goes to a video store and meets his soul mate , Heather ( Heather Matarazzo ) . Dan is about to head back to California , but cancels his flight and moves into a motel . 213 15 `` The War Room '' Mark K. Samuels Bob Nickman January 28 , 1997 ( 1997 - 01 - 28 ) 1015 16.3 A depressed Roseanne locks herself and Jerry in her bedroom , drowning her sorrow with fattening foods , trashy magazines , and TV . Friends and family attempt to get her out , but they ultimately fail until Mark tells her that Dan has not left town and wants her back . 214 16 `` Lanford 's Elite '' Gary Halvorson Story by : Allan Stephan Blasband Teleplay by : Richard Whitley and Bob Rubin February 11 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 11 ) 1016 13.5 Roseanne and Jackie attend an exquisite luncheon where they discuss politics and other topics with Lanford 's elite . Roseanne meets Edgar Wellman ( James Brolin ) , son of the owner of Roseanne and Jackie 's former workplace , and Edgar asks Roseanne for money to help keep Wellman Plastics open -- it fell into decline after the sisters left in 1989 . 215 17 `` Some Enchanted Merger '' Gary Halvorson April Winchell February 11 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 11 ) 1017 13.5 Jackie believes that Roseanne and Edgar Wellman are an item for real -- they are not , although Roseanne wishes they were . Roseanne claims their relationship is only about business ; Jackie does not believe her . Roseanne dreams that the couple are from the movie Evita . 216 18 `` A Second Chance '' Mark K. Samuels Cynthia Mort February 18 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 18 ) 1018 16.3 Reluctant to leave , Dan asks Jackie about Edgar Wellman 's relationship with Roseanne . Jackie confirms it , but Roseanne returns to Dan . As they reconcile , they receive a call from Jackie : Darlene is in labor and has been given a drug to stop her from delivering a premature baby . 217 19 `` The Miracle '' Gary Halvorson Story by : Roseanne Teleplay by : Drew Ogier February 25 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 25 ) 1019 16.2 Darlene gives birth to a dangerously premature baby girl , Harris Conner Healy . Roseanne consults other doctors from around the world , but what ultimately keeps the baby alive is Roseanne 's own grandmotherly love and nurturing . 218 20 `` Roseanne - Feld '' Mark K. Samuels April Winchell and Richard Whitley March 4 , 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 04 ) 1020 N / A Jackie and Mark attend a wrestling match , where Jackie ends up fighting the Black Widow ( Dot Jones ) . D.J. 's first sexual experience looms and he consults Mark , who is not too helpful . 219 21 `` The Truth Be Told '' Mark K. Samuels Lawrence Broch and April Winchell March 18 , 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 18 ) 1021 12.9 Roseanne and Jackie learn that producers want to make a TV - movie about the Conners , but also find out that they want to make distressingly drastic changes : gorgeous actors to play the Conners , fewer blue - collar plot twists , etc . Meanwhile , Bev , Leon , and Joyce naively reveal all kinds of information about Roseanne 's life and past to a tabloid reporter . 220 22 `` Arsenic and Old Mom '' Mark K. Samuels Carrie Fisher May 13 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 13 ) 1022 14.7 Dan 's mother Audrey ( now played by Debbie Reynolds , before played by Ann Wedgeworth in the 1989 Thanksgiving episode ) , visits unexpectedly and keeps trying to kill her son for putting her away for so many years . Roseanne finally decides to end it all with a simple backyard battle . 221 222 23 24 `` Into That Good Night '' Gary Halvorson Story by : Roseanne Teleplay by : Jessica Pentland & Jennifer Pentland Roseanne and Allan Stephan Blasband May 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 20 ) 1023 1024 16.6 Harris Conner Healy , Darlene and David 's preemie daughter , finally arrives home , and Darlene decides to stay in the Conner nest for a while and DJ begrudgingly gives up his room and heads for David 's former space in the basement . When Mark and Becky come to visit Harris , it is revealed that they too are expecting ; Mark wants to spread the news , but Becky opts to keep it quiet until things are going more smoothly with Harris . Darlene is apprehensive about overstaying their welcome but when she questions her mother , Roseanne says she wants them to stay forever . Darlene would like that too , so she 's relieved . Leon and his husband announce that they will be adopting a little girl , Nadia , who needs a family . In the first half , the family talks about life after winning the lottery . Then Roseanne reflects about her fictional life as a voiceover monologue reveals that the show itself has really been her writing . She says that while the book she was writing was based on her life , she changed what she did n't like . For instance : in reality , the Conners did not win the lottery ; Dan had in real life died of the heart attack he suffered the day of Darlene and David 's wedding ; Jackie -- not Bev -- was gay ; and Mark and Darlene , and Becky and David , were the Conner - Healy couples . In the final moments , after looking over her book and telling the audience about her depression after Dan 's death and how the difficult birth of the baby snapped her back into reality , she goes upstairs and sits on the couch . As the show fades to black , Phoebe Snow sings the theme song one last time and Roseanne 's trademark laugh is heard one last time . In 2011 , the two - part finale was ranked # 9 on the TV Guide Network special , TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales . Season 10 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Roseanne ( season 10 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 223 `` Twenty Years to Life '' John Pasquin Bruce Rasmussen March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 1001 18.44 224 `` Dress to Impress '' John Pasquin Darlene Hunt March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 1003 18.44 225 `` Roseanne Gets the Chair '' John Pasquin Sid Youngers April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 1002 15.39 226 `` Eggs Over , Not Easy '' John Pasquin Morgan Murphy April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 1004 13.77 227 5 `` Darlene v. David '' Gail Mancuso Bruce Helford April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 1006 13.26 228 6 `` No Country for Old Women '' Gail Mancuso Dave Caplan May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 1009 10.42 229 7 `` Go Cubs '' Andrew D. Weyman Dave Caplan May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 1005 10.29 230 8 `` Netflix & Pill '' Andrew D. Weyman Betsy Borns May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 1007 10.73 231 9 `` Knee Deep '' Gail Mancuso Bruce Rasmussen May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) 1008 10.58 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeffreys , Daniel ( February 17 , 1997 ) . `` Roseanne Barr the lottery loser of all time '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Roseanne Revival : ABC Increases Episode Order Ahead of 2018 Premiere '' . TVLine . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Furdyk , Brent ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` New ' Roseanne ' Teaser Hints At How Reboot Will Deal With Dan 's Death '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne -- Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Renewed For Season 2 By ABC , Comedy Series ' 11th Overall '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Liam ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne Canceled Due to Roseanne Barr 's `` Repugnant '' Racist Tweet `` . TVGuide.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1692 -- 1694 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1988 - 89 Ratings History -- The WGA Writer 's Strike Changes The TV Landscape , NBC still rules '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1989 - 90 Ratings History -- ABC Claws Closer to 1st Place NBC as FOX Finds Its Next Hit '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1990 - 91 Ratings History -- ABC Reclaims 1st Place After 11 Years , Sitcoms Still Dominate '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1991 - 92 Ratings History -- Political Controversy Catapults CBS Back to 1st After 7 - Year Absence , NBC Fortunes Plummet to 3rd '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1993 - 94 Ratings History -- ABC Sitcoms Go For Gold , NBC Still Down '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1994 - 95 Ratings History -- ABC Again in 1st , NBC 's Creative Renaissance Lands Them in 2nd , UPN and WB Debut in the Cellar '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1995 - 96 Ratings History -- NBC Reclaims 1st Place After 5 Years as Seinfeld , Friends and ER Become the Thursday Rage '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1996 - 97 Ratings History -- No Changes In Ranks With NBC Leading , CBS Struggles '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 - July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Rick , Porter ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Voice ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' Splitting Up Together ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . hide Roseanne Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Episodes `` The Little Sister '' `` Brain - Dead Poets Society '' `` A Stash from the Past '' `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' `` December Bride '' `` Into That Good Night '' Characters Dan Conner Roseanne Conner Other Awards and nominations hide Roseanne Barr Stand - Up Albums / Specials I Enjoy Being A Girl Album ( 1990 ) Live from Trump Castle Special ( 1991 ) Roseanne and Tom : Getting Away with It Special ( 1992 ) Roseanne Arnold Special ( 1992 ) Blonde and Bitchin Special ( 2006 ) Rockin ' with Roseanne : Calling All Kids Special ( 2006 ) TV Series Comedy Central Roast Roastee ( 2012 ) Star , Writer & Producer Films The Woman Who Loved Elvis TV ( 1993 ) Cherry Street , South of Main TV ( 1994 ) Roseanne for President ! ( 2015 ) TV Series Roseanne ( characters / episodes ) sitcom ( 1988 - 1997 , 2018 ) Little Rosey animated ( 1990 ) The Jackie Thomas Show creator / sitcom ( 1992 - 93 ) Saturday Night Special variety show ( 1996 ) The Roseanne Show talk show ( 1997 - 2000 ) The Real Roseanne Show reality show ( 2003 ) Roseanne 's Nuts reality show ( 2011 ) Books Roseanne : My Life as a Woman ( 1989 ) My Lives ( 1994 ) Roseannearchy : Dispatches from the Nut Farm ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roseanne_episodes&oldid=846317543 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Roseanne episodes Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 23 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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-1097130948786433437	The Young Person's Guide to Becoming a Rock Star	The young Person 's Guide to Becoming a Rock Star - wikipedia The young Person 's Guide to Becoming a Rock Star This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Young Person 's Guide to Becoming a Rock Star From left to right : Fiona Johnstone ( Simone Lahbib ) , Wullie ' Bigot ' Macboyne ( Stephen McCole ) , Jez MacAllister ( Ciarán McMenamin ) , Psycho MacPhail ( Duncan Marwick ) and Joe Nardone ( Nicola Stapleton ) . Created by Bryan Elsley Starring Ciarán McMenamin Simone Lahbib Nicola Stapleton Stephen McCole Duncan Marwick Gerard Butler Keith Allen Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 6 Production Running time 35 mins Production company ( s ) Company Television Distributor All3Media Release Original network Channel 4 Picture format 14 : 9 Audio format Stereo Original release 10 November ( 1998 - 11 - 10 ) -- 15 December 1998 ( 1998 - 12 - 15 ) The Young Person 's Guide to Becoming a Rock Star is a British comedy series , which aired on Channel 4 in 1998 . It was a six - part satirical take on the music industry , written by Skins creator Bryan Elsley . The plot centred on a young Glaswegian band -- Jocks Wa Hey -- as they struggle to find success . The series won the ' Best Drama Serial ' award at the 1999 RTS Television Awards and , that same year , writer Bryan Esley was nominated in the RTS ' Best Writer ' category for the series . It was remade as My Guide to Becoming a Rock Star , a short - lived American / Canadian series that starred Oliver Hudson and was made for the now defunct WB Television Network . Contents 1 Synopsis 1.1 Episodes 2 Cast 3 Crew 4 Music 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The series followed the ups and downs of a young Glaswegian band called Jocks - Wa - Hey and their attempts to `` make it '' in the tough and uncompromising world of the music industry . The five piece band consisted of : the charismatic Jez MacAllister ( Ciarán McMenamin ) on vocals -- our guide through the painful process of becoming a rock'n'roll star ; his best pal , bass player `` Psycho '' ( Duncan Marwick ) , a disorganised student who is the complete opposite of his nickname ; drummer Wullie MacBoyne ( Stephen McCole ) , a mean looking psychopath , known as ' Bigot ' to his mates ; the insatiable and hard - hitting Joe Nardone ( Nicola Stapleton ) on lead guitar , with more ' balls ' and arrogance than the rest of the band put together ; and finally Jez 's cool - headed welfare officer and electric keyboards wizard , Fiona Johnstone ( aka MC Fiona ; Simone Lahbib ) . The band recruit new members , revolutionise their sound , acquire management , arrange a showcase gig , get signed , record a hopelessly over-budget album and cut a chaotic swathe through the cut - throat world of marketing and promotions , finally resting at the dizzy heights of a top ten single and a massive £ 3 million debt . Along the way they encounter Slick Sloan ( Keith Allen ) , the disingenuous A&R man ; Derek Trout ( Fish ) , record producer ; and their cheesey manager Art Stilton ( Forbes Masson ) who also manages supergroup ' Bonk , Bonk , Bonk ' . The series also includes cameo appearances from Noel Gallagher , Chrissie Hynde , Jay Kay , ' Big ' John Duncan , Denise van Outen , Sara Cox , Kirsty Wark , Samantha Fox , Edward Tudor - Pole , Keith Chegwin and Timmy Mallett . The series inspired an American version in 2002 , My Guide to Becoming a Rock Star . Episodes ( edit ) 1 . `` Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous '' ( 10 November 1998 ) Jez MacAllister begins the painful process of becoming a rock star as he puts together a band . 2 . `` Creating the Buzz '' ( 17 November 1998 ) Fiona is recruited as the band 's new member under two conditions ; and one of them is to stop sleeping with Jez . 3 . `` The A & R Men Cometh '' ( 24 November 1998 ) With no sign of a record deal after three months of gigging , Art is forced to arrange a showcase . 4 . `` Sign on the Line '' ( 1 December 1998 ) The band arrive in London where they do a deal with Slick Sloan , then launch themselves on the capital 's media scene . 5 . `` Making Tracks '' ( 8 December 1998 ) The band arrives at Big Noise studios to record at the farmhouse of rock legend Derek Trout . 6 . `` Shifting the Units '' ( 15 December 1998 ) The band 's promotional schedule gathers pace and includes a chaotic appearance on a cult Friday - night TV show . Meanwhile , tensions within the band are exacerbated . Cast ( edit ) Frank Gallagher -- Ossie MacAllister Simone Lahbib -- Fiona Johnstone Duncan Marwick -- Psycho MacPhail Forbes Masson -- Art Stilton Stephen McCole -- Wullie MacBoyne Ciarán McMenamin -- Jeremy ' Jez ' MacAllister Barbara Rafferty -- Alice MacAllister Nicola Stapleton -- Joe Nardone Eric Barlow -- Kenny Dick Gerard Butler -- Marty Claymore Ricky Callan -- Simon Miffy - Roland Juno Jason Sweeney -- Walter Dick Keith Allen -- Slick Sloan Kirsten Scott -- Student Fish -- Derek Trout Jody Saron -- Spice girl Crew ( edit ) Sheree Folkson -- director Kieron J. Walsh -- director Bryan Elsley -- writer Suzan Harrison -- executive producer Peter Norris -- producer Music ( edit ) The Young Person 's Guide To Becoming A Rock Star ( Soundtrack ) Nick Bergin ( Artist ) , Guy Pratt ( Artist ) , Owen Vyse ( Artist ) , Andy Caine ( Artist ) , Julie Katnoria ( Artist ) , et al . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Post-Gazette.com '' . Nl.newsbank.com. 14 March 2002 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Wanna - Be Comedy : Almost Infamous '' . NY Daily News . 14 March 2002 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . External links ( edit ) The Young Person 's Guide to Becoming a Rock Star on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Young_Person%27s_Guide_to_Becoming_a_Rock_Star&oldid=862929948 '' Categories : Channel 4 television dramas 1998 British television programme debuts 1998 British television programme endings 1990s British television miniseries 1990s British comedy - drama television series British comedy - drama television programmes British music television programmes Musical television series Television series by All3Media English - language television programs Television shows set in Scotland Television shows set in Glasgow Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2015 Use British English from February 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 17 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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4887032827221457403	List of UFC records	List of UFC records - wikipedia List of UFC records Jump to : navigation , search Below is a list of records held in the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fighting 1.1 Most bouts 1.1. 1 In any bout 1.1. 1.1 All fighters 1.1. 1.2 By division 1.1. 2 In a title bout 1.1. 2.1 All fighters 1.1. 2.2 By division 1.1. 3 In a calendar year 1.2 Most total fight time 1.2. 1 In any bout 1.2. 1.1 All fighters 1.2. 1.2 By division 1.2. 2 In title bouts 1.2. 2.1 All fighters 1.2. 2.2 By division 1.3 Most PPV Main Events 2 Winning 2.1 Most wins 2.1. 1 In any bout 2.1. 1.1 All fighters 2.1. 1.2 By division 2.1. 2 In a title bout 2.1. 2.1 All fighters 2.1. 2.2 By division 2.1. 3 In a calendar year 2.2 Highest win percentage 2.3 Longest winning streaks 3 Finishes 3.1 Most finishes 3.1. 1 In any bout 3.1. 1.1 All fighters 3.1. 1.2 By division 3.1. 2 In a title bout 3.1. 2.1 All fighters 3.1. 2.2 By division 3.1. 3 In a single event 3.2 Fastest finishes 3.2. 1 In any bout 3.2. 1.1 All fighters 3.2. 1.2 By division 3.2. 2 In a title bout 3.2. 2.1 All fighters 3.2. 2.2 By division 3.3 Latest finishes 3.3. 1 In any bout 3.3. 1.1 All fighters 3.3. 1.2 By division 3.3. 2 In a title bout 3.3. 2.1 All fighters 3.3. 2.2 By division 3.4 Highest finishes per win percentage 4 Knockouts 4.1 Most knockouts 4.1. 1 In any bout 4.1. 1.1 All fighters 4.1. 1.2 By division 4.1. 2 In a title bout 4.1. 2.1 All fighters 4.1. 2.2 By division 4.1. 3 In a single event 4.2 Fastest knockouts 4.2. 1 In any bout 4.2. 1.1 All fighters 4.2. 1.2 By division 4.2. 2 In a title bout 4.2. 2.1 All fighters 4.2. 2.2 By division 4.3 Latest knockouts 4.3. 1 In any bout 4.3. 1.1 All fighters 4.3. 1.2 By division 4.3. 2 In a title bout 4.3. 2.1 All fighters 4.3. 2.2 By division 4.4 Highest knockouts per win percentage 5 Submissions 5.1 Most submissions 5.1. 1 In any bout 5.1. 1.1 All fighters 5.1. 1.2 By division 5.1. 2 In a title bout 5.1. 2.1 All fighters 5.1. 2.2 By division 5.1. 3 In a single event 5.2 Fastest submissions 5.2. 1 In any bout 5.2. 1.1 All fighters 5.2. 1.2 By division 5.2. 2 In a title bout 5.2. 2.1 All fighters 5.2. 2.2 By division 5.3 Latest submissions 5.3. 1 In any bout 5.3. 1.1 All fighters 5.3. 1.2 By division 5.3. 2 In a title bout 5.3. 2.1 All fighters 5.3. 2.2 By division 5.4 Highest submissions per win percentage 6 Decisions 6.1 Most decision bouts 6.1. 1 All fighters 6.1. 2 By division 6.2 Most unanimous decision wins 6.2. 1 All fighters 6.2. 2 By division 6.3 Most split decision wins 6.3. 1 All fighters 6.3. 2 By division 6.4 Most decision bouts in one event 6.5 Highest decision wins per win percentage 7 Striking 7.1 Most significant strikes landed 7.1. 1 Career 7.1. 1.1 In any bout 7.1. 1.1. 1 All fighters 7.1. 1.1. 2 By division 7.1. 1.2 In title bouts 7.1. 1.2. 1 All fighters 7.1. 1.2. 2 By division 7.1. 2 In a single bout 7.1. 2.1 In any bout 7.1. 2.1. 1 All fighters 7.1. 2.1. 2 By division 7.1. 2.2 In a title bout 7.1. 2.2. 1 All fighters 7.1. 2.2. 2 By division 7.1. 3 In a single event 7.2 Highest significant strike percentage 7.3 Highest significant strike landed per minute 8 Knockdowns 8.1 Most knockdowns 8.1. 1 Career 8.1. 1.1 In any bout 8.1. 1.1. 1 All fighters 8.1. 1.1. 2 By division 8.1. 1.2 In title bouts 8.1. 1.2. 1 All fighters 8.1. 1.2. 2 By division 8.1. 2 In a single bout 8.1. 2.1 In any bout 8.1. 2.1. 1 All fighters 8.1. 2.1. 2 By division 8.1. 2.2 In a title bout 8.1. 2.2. 1 All fighters 8.1. 2.2. 2 By division 8.1. 3 In a single event 9 Takedowns 9.1 Most takedowns 9.1. 1 Career 9.1. 1.1 In any bout 9.1. 1.1. 1 All fighters 9.1. 1.1. 2 By division 9.1. 1.2 In title bouts 9.1. 1.2. 1 All fighters 9.1. 1.2. 2 By division 9.1. 2 In a single bout 9.1. 2.1 In any bout 9.1. 2.1. 1 All fighters 9.1. 2.1. 2 By division 9.1. 2.2 In a title bout 9.1. 2.2. 1 All fighters 9.1. 2.2. 2 By division 9.1. 3 In a single event 9.2 Highest takedown percentage 9.3 Highest takedowns landed rate 10 Submission attempts 10.1 Career 10.1. 1 In any bout 10.1. 1.1 All fighters 10.1. 1.2 By division 10.1. 2 In title bouts 10.1. 2.1 All fighters 10.1. 2.2 By division 10.2 In a single bout 10.2. 1 In any bout 10.2. 1.1 All fighters 10.2. 1.2 By Division 10.2. 2 In a title bout 10.2. 2.1 All fighters 10.2. 2.2 By division 10.3 Highest submission attempt rate 11 Championships 11.1 Most title reigns 11.2 Longest single title reigns 11.2. 1 By division 11.3 Longest combined title reigns 11.3. 1 By division 11.4 Youngest champions 11.5 Oldest champions 11.6 Multi-division champions 12 Tournaments 12.1 Multiple tournament wins 13 Bonuses 13.1 Most overall 13.2 Most Performance of the Night bonuses 13.3 Most Fight of the Night bonuses 13.4 Most Knockout of the Night bonuses 13.5 Most Submission of the Night bonuses 14 Attendances 14.1 Overall 14.2 United States 15 Finances 15.1 Highest Pay - Per - View buys 15.2 Highest Pay - Per - View buys for a non-championship main event 15.3 Lowest Pay - Per - View buys for a championship main event 15.4 Biggest gates 16 References 17 External links Fighting ( edit ) Most bouts ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Active UFC fighters in bold Fighter Division / s Bouts 1 . Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight 27 Frank Mir Heavyweight Tito Ortiz Light Heavyweight 4 . Gleison Tibau Lightweight Welterweight 26 Jeremy Stephens Featherweight Lightweight Jim Miller Lightweight Catchweight Diego Sanchez Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Middleweight Donald Cerrone Welterweight Middleweight 8 . Matt Hughes Welterweight Catchweight 25 Josh Koscheck Welterweight Middleweight Jump up ^ 2 of 27 Light Heavyweight bouts in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 2 of 27 Light Heavyweight bouts in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Jump up ^ 1 of 25 bouts in second deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 170 lbs . ) class ( now known as Welterweight ) By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Bouts Heavyweight Frank Mir 27 Light Heavyweight Tito Ortiz 27 Middleweight Michael Bisping 27 Welterweight Josh Koscheck 24 Matt Hughes Lightweight Jim Miller 24 Featherweight Jeremy Stephens 26 Bantamweight Urijah Faber 15 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 13 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie Holly Holm Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate 9 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 8 Jump up ^ 2 of 27 Light Heavyweight bouts in first deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 2 of 27 Light Heavyweight bouts in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Jump up ^ 1 of 24 Welterweight bouts in second deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 170 lbs . ) class ( now known as Welterweight ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Title / s Wins Losses Draws Total 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 13 0 15 Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 9 6 0 15 3 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 11 0 13 4 . Matt Hughes Welterweight 9 0 12 Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 11 0 6 . B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight 5 5 11 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Heavyweight Randy Couture 9 Tim Sylvia Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 10 Middleweight Anderson Silva 13 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 14 Lightweight B.J. Penn 8 Featherweight Max Holloway 14 Bantamweight Renan Barão 6 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 11 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 8 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 6 In a calendar year ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Year Bouts 1 . Chris Leben Middleweight 2006 5 Roger Huerta Lightweight 2007 Donald Cerrone Lightweight 2011 Daron Cruickshank Lightweight 2014 Neil Magny Welterweight 2014 2015 Uriah Hall Middleweight 2015 Ross Pearson Lightweight Welterweight 2016 Jump up ^ Does not include multiple - bout tournaments Most total fight time ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Time ( hh : mm : ss ) 1 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 6 : 27 : 49 2 . Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight 5 : 48 : 40 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 5 : 28 : 12 4 . Diego Sanchez Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Middleweight 5 : 26 : 01 5 . B.J. Penn Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight 5 : 23 : 31 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Time ( hh : mm : ss ) Heavyweight Roy Nelson 3 : 22 : 33 Light Heavyweight Tito Ortiz 5 : 00 : 53 Middleweight Michael Bisping 4 : 58 : 22 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 5 : 28 : 12 Lightweight Gleison Tibau 4 : 45 : 33 Featherweight Cub Swanson 3 : 07 : 50 Bantamweight Urijah Faber 3 : 29 : 04 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 3 : 50 : 57 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie 0 : 25 : 00 Holly Holm Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate 2 : 05 : 39 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood 0 : 12 : 44 Valérie Létourneau Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 2 : 33 : 39 Jump up ^ 1 : 11 : 33 Light Heavyweight bout time in first deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 02 : 31 Light Heavyweight bout time in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In title bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Time ( hh : mm : ss ) 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 4 : 14 : 28 2 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 3 : 45 : 57 3 . Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 3 : 33 : 00 4 . B.J. Penn Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight 3 : 24 : 05 5 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 3 : 13 : 54 By division ( edit ) Most ppv main events ( edit ) Fighter Division / s PPV Main Events Total 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 64 , 67 , 73 , 77 , 82 , 90 , 97 , 112 , 117 , 126 , 134 , 148 153 , 162 , 168 , 183 , 200 , 208 19 Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 52 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 65 , 69 , 79 , 83 , 87 , 94 , 111 , 124 , 129 , 154 , 158 , 167 , 217 2 . Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Japan , 28 , 31 , 34 , 36 , 39 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 49 , 52 , 57 , 68 , 74 , 91 , 102 , 105 , 109 18 3 . Tito Ortiz Light Heavyweight 13 , 19 , 22 , 25 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 40 , 44 , 47 , 50 , 51 , 66 , 106 , 133 16 4 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 37.5 , 43 , 47 , 52 , 54 , 57 , 62 , 66 , 71 , 76 , 88 , 115 12 5 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 128 , 135 , 140 , 145 , 152 , 159 , 165 , 172 , 182 , 197 , 214 11 6 . Rich Franklin Middleweight Catchweight Light Heavyweight 56 , 58 , 64 , 72 , 77 , 93 , 99 , 103 , 115 , 147 10 B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight 35 , 63 , 80 , 84 , 94 , 101 , 107 , 118 , 127 , 137 1. ^ Minimum 10 pay - per - view main events . Winning ( edit ) Most wins ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Wins 1 . Michael Bisping Middlewieght Light Heavyweight 20 Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 3 . Donald Cerrone Lightweight Welterweight 19 Demian Maia Welterweight Middleweight 4 . Matt Hughes Welterweight Catchweight 18 6 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 17 Jim Miller Lightweight Catchweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Heavyweight Frank Mir 16 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 16 Middleweight Michael Bisping 20 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 19 Lightweight Jim Miller 17 Featherweight Max Holloway 14 Bantamweight Urijah Faber 10 T.J. Dillashaw Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 13 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie Women 's Bantamweight Amanda Nunes 7 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 8 In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Title / s Wins 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 12 2 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 11 Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 3 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 9 5 . Matt Hughes Welterweight 9 Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Heavyweight Randy Couture 6 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 9 Middleweight Anderson Silva 11 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 12 Lightweight B.J. Penn Benson Henderson Featherweight José Aldo 8 Bantamweight Renan Barão Dominick Cruz Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 11 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 6 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 6 In a calendar year ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Year Dates Events Opponents Wins Roger Huerta Lightweight 2007 Feb 3 Apr 7 Jun 23 Aug 25 Dec 8 UFC 67 UFC 69 TUF 5 UFC 74 TUF 6 John Halverson Leonard Garcia Doug Evans Alberto Crane Clay Guida 5 Neil Magny Welterweight 2014 Feb 1 May 10 Jun 28 Aug 23 Oct 25 UFC 169 UFC Fight Night 40 UFC Fight Night 43 UFC Fight Night 49 UFC 179 Gasan Umalatov Tim Means Rodrigo de Lima Alex Garcia William Macário Jump up ^ Does not include multiple - bout tournaments Highest win percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Wins Losses Draws NC % 1 . Tony Ferguson Lightweight Welterweight 13 0 0 92.31 % 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 20 0 0 90.90 % 3 . Conor McGregor Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight 9 0 0 90.00 % Don Frye Openweight 9 0 0 90.00 % 5 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 17 0 88.23 % 6 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 15 0 86.67 % 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Longest winning streaks ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Began Ended Winning streak 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight Jun 28 , 2006 Jul 6 , 2013 16 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight Aug 25 , 2007 Active 13 2 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 000000002011 - 03 - 19 - 0000 Mar 19 , 2011 Jul 29 , 2017 13 3 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Jun 8 , 2012 Active 12 4 . Royce Gracie Welterweight Openweight Catchweight Nov 12 , 1993 May 27 , 2006 11 5 . Max Holloway Featherweight January 4 , 2014 Active 11 Jump up ^ currently active streak Finishes ( edit ) Most finishes ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Finishes 1 . Vitor Belfort Middleweight Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Catchweight 14 Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 3 . Frank Mir Heavyweight 13 Donald Cerrone Welterweight Lightweight Matt Hughes Welterweight Catchweight 6 . Joe Lauzon Lightweight Catchweight 12 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Heavyweight Frank Mir 13 Light Heavyweight Chuck Liddell 10 Tito Ortiz Middleweight Anderson Silva 11 Welterweight Matt Hughes 12 Lightweight Joe Lauzon 12 Featherweight Max Holloway 7 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw 6 Urijah Faber Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 6 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Amanda Nunes 6 Ronda Rousey Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Women 's Strawweight Paige VanZant Rose Namajunas Jump up ^ 1 of 10 Light Heavyweight finishes in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Jump up ^ 2 of 10 Light Heavyweight finishes in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 1 of 10 Light Heavyweight finishes in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Finishes 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 9 2 . Matt Hughes Welterweight 8 3 . Ronda Rousey Bantamweight ( W ) 6 Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 6 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 5 Frank Shamrock Light Heavyweight Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight Jump up ^ 4 of 5 finishes in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 1 of 5 submissions in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Finishes Heavyweight Brock Lesnar Stipe Miocic Randy Couture Andrei Arlovski Tim Sylvia Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 6 Middleweight Anderson Silva 9 Welterweight Matt Hughes 8 Lightweight B.J. Penn Featherweight Jose Aldo Conor McGregor Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 6 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 6 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Finishes 1 . UFC 2 March 11 , 1994 15 2 . UFC Fight Night 55 November 7 , 2014 11 3 . UFC 4 December 16 , 1994 10 UFC 6 July 14 , 1995 UFC 7 September 8 , 1995 Ultimate Ultimate 1996 December 7 , 1996 UFC Fight Night 13 April 2 , 2008 UFC on Fuel TV 10 June 8 , 2013 UFC Fight Night 65 May 10 , 2015 UFC Fight Night 68 June 6 , 2015 Fastest finishes ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Type of finish Time 1 . Duane Ludwig Jonathan Goulet Welterweight UFC Fight Night 3 Knockout 0 : 06 2 . Todd Duffee Tim Hague Heavyweight UFC 102 Knockout 0 : 07 Chan Sung Jung Mark Hominick Featherweight UFC 140 Knockout Ryan Jimmo Anthony Perosh Light Heavyweight UFC 149 Knockout 5 . Don Frye Thomas Ramirez Heavyweight UFC 8 Knockout 0 : 08 James Irvin Houston Alexander Light Heavyweight UFC Fight Night 13 Knockout Leon Edwards Seth Baczynski Welterweight UFC Fight Night 64 Knockout Makwan Amirkhani Andy Ogle Featherweight UFC on Fox 14 Knockout Jump up ^ Official UFC records have the bout time at 0 : 11 , Dana White and UFC officials have admitted the actual KO time was 0 : 06 . The NSAC can not retroactively amend bout times , however this is considered the fastest finish and KO in UFC history . By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Type of finish Time Heavyweight Todd Duffee Tim Hague UFC 102 Knockout 0 : 07 Light Heavyweight Ryan Jimmo Anthony Perosh UFC 149 Knockout 0 : 07 Middleweight Mark Weir Eugene Jackson UFC 38 Knockout 0 : 10 Welterweight Duane Ludwig Jonathan Goulet UFC Fight Night 3 Knockout 0 : 06 Lightweight Gray Maynard Joe Veres UFC Fight Night 11 Knockout 0 : 09 Featherweight Chan Sung Jung Mark Hominick UFC 140 Knockout 0 : 07 Bantamweight Erik Perez Ken Stone UFC 150 Knockout 0 : 17 Flyweight Dustin Ortiz Hector Sandoval UFC Fight Night 114 Knockout 0 : 15 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Tonya Evinger UFC 214 Knockout 11 : 56 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano UFC 184 Submission 0 : 14 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau UFC Fight Night 89 Knockout 12 : 44 Women 's Strawweight Maryna Moroz Joanne Calderwood UFC Fight Night 64 Submission 1 : 30 Jump up ^ Official UFC records have the bout time at 0 : 11 , Dana White and UFC officials have admitted the actual KO time was 0 : 06 . The NSAC can not retroactively amend bout times , however this is considered the fastest finish and KO in UFC history . In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Championship Event Type of finish Time 1 . Conor McGregor José Aldo Featherweight UFC 194 Knockout 0 : 13 2 . Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 184 Submission 0 : 14 3 . Andrei Arlovski Paul Buentello Heavyweight UFC 55 Knockout 0 : 15 4 . Ronda Rousey Alexis Davis Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 175 Knockout 0 : 16 Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson Light Heavyweight UFC 15.5 Submission By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Type of finish Time Heavyweight Andrei Arlovski Paul Buentello UFC 55 Knockout 0 : 15 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson UFC 15.5 Submission 0 : 16 Middleweight Rich Franklin Nate Quarry UFC 56 Knockout 2 : 34 Welterweight Tyron Woodley Robbie Lawler UFC 201 Knockout 2 : 12 Lightweight Rafael Dos Anjos Donald Cerrone UFC on Fox 17 Knockout 1 : 06 Featherweight Conor McGregor José Aldo UFC 194 Knockout 0 : 13 Bantamweight Renan Barão Urijah Faber UFC 169 Knockout 3 : 42 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Joseph Benavidez UFC on Fox 9 Knockout 2 : 08 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Tonya Evinger UFC 214 Knockout 11 : 56 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano UFC 184 Submission 0 : 14 Women 's Flyweight - - - - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Carla Esparza UFC 185 Knockout 9 : 17 Latest finishes ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Type of finish Round Time 1 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 Submission 5 4 : 59 2 . Frankie Edgar Cub Swanson Featherweight UFC Fight Night 57 Submission 4 : 56 3 . Demetrious Johnson John Moraga Flyweight UFC on Fox 8 Submission 3 : 43 4 . Miesha Tate Holly Holm Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 196 Technical Submission 3 : 30 5 . Demetrious Johnson Ray Borg Flyweight UFC 216 Submission 3 : 15 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Type of finish Round Time Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos UFC 166 Knockout 5 3 : 09 Light Heavyweight Alexander Gustafsson Glover Teixeira UFC Fight Night 109 Knockout 5 1 : 07 Middleweight Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen UFC 117 Submission 5 3 : 10 Welterweight Robbie Lawler Rory MacDonald UFC 189 Knockout 5 1 : 00 Lightweight B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez UFC 107 Knockout 5 2 : 37 Featherweight Frankie Edgar Cub Swanson UFC Fight Night 57 Submission 5 4 : 56 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão UFC 173 Knockout 5 2 : 26 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi UFC 186 Submission 5 4 : 59 Women 's Featherweight - - - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate Holly Holm UFC 196 Submission 5 3 : 30 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau UFC Fight Night 89 Knockout 2 : 44 Women 's Strawweight Rose Namajunas Paige VanZant UFC Fight Night 80 Submission 5 2 : 25 In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Type of finish Round Time 1 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 Submission 5 4 : 59 2 . Demetrious Johnson John Moraga Flyweight UFC on Fox 8 Submission 3 : 43 3 . Miesha Tate Holly Holm Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 196 Submission 3 : 30 4 . Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen Middleweight UFC 117 Submission 3 : 10 5 . Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos Heavyweight UFC 166 Knockout 3 : 09 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Type of finish Round Time Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos UFC 166 Knockout 5 3 : 09 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Tito Ortiz UFC 22 Knockout 4 : 42 Middleweight Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen UFC 117 Submission 5 3 : 10 Welterweight Robbie Lawler Rory MacDonald UFC 189 Knockout 5 1 : 00 Lightweight B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez UFC 107 Knockout 5 2 : 37 Featherweight José Aldo Chan Sung Jung UFC 163 Knockout 2 : 00 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão UFC 173 Knockout 5 2 : 26 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi UFC 186 Submission 5 4 : 59 Women 's Featherweight - - - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate Holly Holm UFC 196 Submission 5 3 : 30 Women 's Flyweight - - - - - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Jessica Penne UFC Fight Night 69 Knockout 4 : 22 Jump up ^ Light Heavyweight bout in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Highest finishes per win percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Finishes Wins % 1 . Royce Gracie Welterweight Openweight Catchweight 11 11 100 % Vitor Belfort Middleweight Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Catchweight 14 14 3 . Gabriel Gonzaga Heavyweight 11 12 91.67 % B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight 11 12 5 . Charles Oliveira Featherweight Lightweight 9 10 90.00 % 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC wins . Knockouts ( edit ) Most knockouts ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Knockouts 1 . Vitor Belfort Middleweight Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Catchweight 12 2 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 11 Anthony Johnson Light Heavyweight Middleweight Welterweight 4 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 10 Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Heavyweight Jump up ^ 1 of 10 knockouts in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Knockouts Heavyweight Cain Velasquez 10 Light Heavyweight Chuck Liddell 10 Middleweight Anderson Silva 8 Welterweight Matt Brown 9 Lightweight Melvin Guillard 7 Featherweight Conor McGregor 6 Max Holloway Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw 5 Flyweight John Lineker Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Paige VanZant Jump up ^ 1 of 10 knockouts in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Knockouts 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 7 2 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 5 Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Matt Hughes Welterweight 5 . 8 Fighters - By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Knockouts Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Stipe Miocic Light Heavyweight Chuck Liddell 5 Middleweight Anderson Silva 7 Welterweight Matt Hughes 5 Lightweight B.J. Penn Featherweight Conor McGregor José Aldo Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Knockouts 1 . UFC 92 December 27 , 2008 8 UFC on Fox 7 April 20 , 2013 UFC Fight Night 45 July 16 , 2014 UFC 199 June 4 , 2016 Fastest knockouts ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Time 1 . Duane Ludwig Jonathan Goulet Welterweight UFC Fight Night 3 0 : 06 2 . Todd Duffee Tim Hague Heavyweight UFC 102 0 : 07 Chan Sung Jung Mark Hominick Featherweight UFC 140 Ryan Jimmo Anthony Perosh Light Heavyweight UFC 149 5 . Don Frye Thomas Ramirez Heavyweight UFC 8 0 : 08 James Irvin Houston Alexander Light Heavyweight UFC Fight Night 13 Leon Edwards Seth Baczynski Welterweight UFC Fight Night 64 Makwan Amirkhani Andy Ogle Featherweight UFC on Fox 14 Jump up ^ Official UFC records have the bout time at 0 : 11 , Dana White and UFC officials have admitted the actual KO time was 0 : 06 . The NSAC can not retroactively amend bout times , however this is considered the fastest finish and KO in UFC history . By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Time Heavyweight Todd Duffee Tim Hague UFC 102 0 : 07 Light Heavyweight Ryan Jimmo Anthony Perosh UFC 149 0 : 07 Middleweight Mark Weir Eugene Jackson UFC 38 0 : 10 Welterweight Duane Ludwig Jonathan Goulet UFC Fight Night 3 0 : 06 Lightweight Gray Maynard Joe Veres UFC Fight Night 11 0 : 09 Featherweight Chan Sung Jung Mark Hominick UFC 140 0 : 07 Bantamweight Erik Perez Ken Stone UFC 150 0 : 17 Flyweight Dustin Ortiz Hector Sandoval UFC Fight Night 114 0 : 15 Women 's Featherweight - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Alexis Davis UFC 175 0 : 16 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau UFC Fight Night 89 12 : 44 Women 's Strawweight Cortney Casey Cristina Stanciu UFC Fight Night 91 2 : 36 Jump up ^ Official UFC records have the bout time at 0 : 11 , Dana White and UFC officials have admitted the actual KO time was 0 : 06 . The NSAC can not retroactively amend bout times , however this is considered the fastest finish and KO in UFC history . In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Championship Event Time 1 . Conor McGregor José Aldo Featherweight UFC 194 0 : 13 2 . Andrei Arlovski Paul Buentello Heavyweight UFC 55 0 : 15 3 . Ronda Rousey Alexis Davis Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 175 0 : 16 4 . Frank Shamrock Igor Zinoviev Light Heavyweight UFC 16 0 : 22 5 . Tito Ortiz Evan Tanner Light Heavyweight UFC 30 0 : 32 By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Time Heavyweight Andrei Arlovski Paul Buentello UFC 55 0 : 15 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Igor Zinoviev UFC 16 0 : 22 Middleweight Rich Franklin Nate Quarry UFC 56 2 : 34 Welterweight Tyron Woodley Robbie Lawler UFC 201 2 : 12 Lightweight Rafael Dos Anjos Donald Cerrone UFC on Fox 17 1 : 06 Featherweight Conor McGregor José Aldo UFC 194 0 : 13 Bantamweight Renan Barão Urijah Faber UFC 169 3 : 42 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Joseph Benavidez UFC on Fox 9 2 : 08 Women 's Featherweight - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Alexis Davis UFC 175 0 : 16 Women 's Flyweight - - - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Carla Esparza UFC 185 9 : 17 Latest knockouts ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Round Time 1 . Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos Heavyweight UFC 166 5 3 : 09 2 . Ricco Rodriguez Randy Couture Heavyweight UFC 39 3 : 04 3 . Stipe Miocic Mark Hunt Heavyweight UFC Fight Night 65 2 : 47 4 . B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez Lightweight UFC 107 2 : 37 5 . T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão Bantamweight UFC 173 2 : 26 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Round Time Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos UFC 166 5 3 : 09 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Tito Ortiz UFC 22 4 : 42 Middleweight Rich Franklin Evan Tanner UFC 53 3 : 25 Welterweight Robbie Lawler Rory MacDonald UFC 189 5 1 : 00 Lightweight B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez UFC 107 5 2 : 37 Featherweight José Aldo Chan Sung Jung UFC 163 2 : 00 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão UFC 173 5 2 : 26 Flyweight John Lineker Alptekin Ozkilic UFC Fight Night 45 4 : 51 Women 's Featherweight - - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Lauren Murphy Kelly Faszholz UFC Fight Night 83 4 : 55 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau UFC Fight Night 89 2 : 44 Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Jessica Penne UFC Fight Night 69 4 : 22 Jump up ^ Light Heavyweight bout in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Round Time 1 . Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos Heavyweight UFC 166 5 3 : 09 2 . Ricco Rodriguez Randy Couture Heavyweight UFC 39 3 : 04 3 . B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez Lightweight UFC 107 2 : 37 4 . T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão Bantamweight UFC 173 2 : 26 5 . T.J. Dillashaw Joe Soto Bantamweight UFC 177 2 : 20 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Round Time Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Junior Dos Santos UFC 166 5 3 : 09 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Tito Ortiz UFC 22 4 : 42 Middleweight Rich Franklin Evan Tanner UFC 53 3 : 25 Welterweight Robbie Lawler Rory MacDonald UFC 189 5 1 : 00 Lightweight B.J. Penn Diego Sanchez UFC 107 5 2 : 37 Featherweight José Aldo Chan Sung Jung UFC 163 2 : 00 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw Renan Barão UFC 173 5 2 : 26 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Henry Cejudo UFC 197 2 : 49 Women 's Featherweight - - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Holly Holm Ronda Rousey UFC 193 0 : 59 Women 's Flyweight - - - - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk Jessica Penne UFC Fight Night 69 4 : 22 Jump up ^ Light Heavyweight bout in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Highest knockouts per win percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Knockouts Wins % 1 . Shawn Jordan Heavyweight 6 6 100 % Ricco Rodriguez Heavyweight 5 5 2 . Roy Nelson Heavyweight 8 9 88.89 % Derrick Lewis Heavyweight Matt Mitrione Heavyweight 5 . Mark Hunt Heavyweight 6 7 85.71 % Thiago Silva Light Heavyweight Vitor Belfort Middleweight Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Catchweight 12 14 1. ^ Minimum 5 UFC KOs . Submissions ( edit ) Royce Gracie holds the record for most UFC submission wins . Most submissions ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Submissions 1 . Royce Gracie Welterweight Openweight Catchweight 10 2 . Nate Diaz Lightweight Welterweight 9 Charles Oliveira Featherweight Lightweight Demian Maia Welterweight Middleweight 5 . Frank Mir Heavyweight 8 6 . Kenny Florian Lightweight Welterweight 7 Joe Lauzon Lightweight Catchweight Cole Miller Featherweight Lightweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Heavyweight Frank Mir 8 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 5 Middleweight Demian Maia 5 Thales Leites Welterweight Chris Lytle 6 Lightweight Nate Diaz 7 Featherweight Charles Oliveira 6 Bantamweight Urijah Faber 6 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Women 's Featherweight - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Rose Namajunas In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Submissions 1 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 2 . Frank Shamrock Light Heavyweight B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight Jon Jones Light Heavyweight Ronda Rousey Bantamweight ( W ) Matt Hughes Welterweight Jump up ^ 2 of 3 submissions in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 1 of 3 submissions in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Submissions Heavyweight Brock Lesnar Maurice Smith Frank Mir Minotauro Nogueira Mark Coleman Andrei Arlovski Fabricio Werdum Light Heavyweight Jon Jones Frank Shamrock Middleweight Anderson Silva Welterweight Matt Hughes Lightweight B.J. Penn Anthony Pettis Featherweight - - Bantamweight Renan Barão Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Women 's Featherweight - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Carla Esparza Jump up ^ 2 of 3 submissions in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 1 of 3 submissions in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Submissions 1 . UFC 2 March 11 , 1994 10 2 . UFC 4 December 16 , 1994 8 UFC on Fuel TV 10 June 8 , 2013 4 . Ultimate Ultimate 1995 December 16 , 1995 6 The Ultimate Fighter 6 Finale December 8 , 2007 UFC Fight Night 17 February 7 , 2009 UFC on Fuel TV 2 April 14 , 2012 UFC Fight Night 80 December 10 , 2015 UFC Fight Night 90 July 7 , 2016 Fastest submissions ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Time 1 . Oleg Taktarov Anthony Macias Heavyweight UFC 6 0 : 09 2 . Joe Charles Kevin Rosier Heavyweight UFC 4 0 : 14 Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 184 Justin Martin Eric Martin Heavyweight UFC 12 5 . Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson Light Heavyweight UFC 15.5 0 : 16 Marcus Aurelio Ryan Roberts Lightweight UFC Fight Night 13 By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Time Heavyweight Justin Martin Eric Martin UFC 12 0 : 14 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson UFC Japan 0 : 16 Middleweight Rory Singer Ross Pointon The Ultimate Fighter 3 Finale 0 : 44 Welterweight Dennis Hallman Matt Hughes UFC 29 0 : 20 Lightweight Marcus Aurélio Ryan Roberts UFC Fight Night 13 0 : 16 Featherweight Chas Skelly Maximo Blanco UFC Fight Night 94 0 : 19 Bantamweight Patrick Williams Alejandro Pérez UFC 188 0 : 23 Flyweight Ben Nguyen Tim Elliott UFC Fight Night 110 0 : 49 Women 's Featherweight - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano UFC 184 0 : 14 Women 's Flyweight - - - - Women 's Strawweight Maryna Moroz Joanne Calderwood UFC Fight Night 64 1 : 30 Jump up ^ Light Heavyweight submission in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Championship Event Time 1 . Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 184 0 : 14 2 . Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson Light Heavyweight UFC 15.5 0 : 16 3 . Andrei Arlovski Tim Sylvia Heavyweight UFC 51 0 : 47 4 . Frank Mir Tim Sylvia Heavyweight UFC 48 0 : 50 5 . Tito Ortiz Yuki Kondo Light Heavyweight UFC 29 1 : 52 By division ( edit ) Division Fighter Opponent Event Time Heavyweight Andrei Arlovski Tim Sylvia UFC 51 0 : 47 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Kevin Jackson UFC Japan 0 : 16 Middleweight Anderson Silva Dan Henderson The 82 9 : 52 Welterweight Matt Hughes Frank Trigg UFC 45 3 : 54 Lightweight Anthony Pettis Benson Henderson UFC 164 4 : 41 Featherweight - - - - Bantamweight Renan Barão Michael McDonald UFC on Fuel TV 7 18 : 57 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Chris Cariaso UFC 178 7 : 29 Women 's Featherweight - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey Cat Zingano UFC 184 0 : 14 Women 's Flyweight - - - - Women 's Strawweight Carla Esparza Rose Namajunas The Ultimate Fighter 20 Finale 11 : 26 Jump up ^ Light Heavyweight submission in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Latest submissions ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Round Time 1 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 5 4 : 59 2 . Frankie Edgar Cub Swanson Featherweight UFC Fight Night 57 4 : 56 3 . Demetrious Johnson John Moraga Flyweight UFC on Fox 8 3 : 43 4 . Miesha Tate Holly Holm Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 196 3 : 30 5 . Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen Middleweight UFC 117 3 : 10 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Round Time Heavyweight Mirko Cro Cop Pat Barry UFC 115 4 : 30 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Jeremy Horn UFC 17 1 : 28 Middleweight Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen UFC 117 5 3 : 10 Welterweight Benson Henderson Brandon Thatch UFC Fight Night 60 3 : 58 Lightweight B.J. Penn Kenny Florian UFC 101 3 : 54 Featherweight Frankie Edgar Cub Swanson UFC Fight Night 57 5 4 : 56 Bantamweight Renan Barão Michael McDonald UFC on Fuel TV 7 3 : 57 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi UFC 186 5 4 : 59 Women 's Featherweight - - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate Holly Holm UFC 196 5 3 : 30 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Valérie Létourneau UFC Fight Night 89 2 : 44 Women 's Strawweight Rose Namajunas Paige VanZant UFC Fight Night 80 5 2 : 25 Jump up ^ At UFC 17 , the main event was scheduled for three rounds . One 15 - minute round , followed by two 3 - minute overtime rounds . The bout ended at 1 : 28 in the second round . This is equivalent to 1 : 28 in the modern UFC 's fourth round . In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Round Time 1 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 5 4 : 59 2 . Demetrious Johnson John Moraga Flyweight UFC on Fox 8 3 : 43 3 . Miesha Tate Holly Holm Bantamweight ( W ) UFC 196 3 : 30 4 . Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen Middleweight UFC 117 3 : 10 5 . Renan Barão Michael McDonald Bantamweight UFC on Fuel TV 7 3 : 57 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Opponent Event Round Time Heavyweight Fabrício Werdum Cain Velasquez UFC 188 2 : 13 Light Heavyweight Frank Shamrock Jeremy Horn UFC 17 1 : 28 Middleweight Anderson Silva Chael Sonnen UFC 117 5 3 : 10 Welterweight Carlos Newton Pat Miletich UFC 31 2 : 50 Lightweight B.J. Penn Kenny Florian UFC 101 3 : 54 Featherweight - - - - - Bantamweight Renan Barão Michael McDonald UFC on Fuel TV 7 3 : 57 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi UFC 186 5 4 : 59 Women 's Featherweight - - - - - Women 's Bantamweight Miesha Tate Holly Holm UFC 196 5 3 : 30 Women 's Flyweight - - - - - Women 's Strawweight Carla Esparza Rose Namajunas The Ultimate Fighter 20 Finale 1 : 26 Jump up ^ At UFC 17 , the main event was scheduled for three rounds . One 15 - minute round , followed by two 3 - minute overtime rounds . The bout ended at 1 : 28 in the second round . This is equivalent to 1 : 28 in the modern UFC 's fourth round . Highest submissions per win percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s SUBs Wins % 1 . Royce Gracie Welterweight Openweight Catchweight 10 11 90.91 % 2 . Charles Oliveira Featherweight Lightweight 9 10 90.00 % 3 . Gunnar Nelson Welterweight Catchweight 6 7 85.71 % 4 . Oleg Taktarov Openweight 5 6 83.33 % 5 . Rousimar Palhares Welterweight Middleweight 6 8 75.00 % 1. ^ Minimum 5 UFC SUBs . Decisions ( edit ) Most decision bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Wins Losses Draws Total 1 . Diego Sanchez Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Middleweight 11 7 0 18 2 . Gleison Tibau Lightweight 11 5 0 16 Jeremy Stephens Featherweight Lightweight 6 10 0 4 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 9 5 15 5 . Sam Stout Lightweight 8 6 0 14 Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight 10 0 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Wins Losses Draws Total Heavyweight Roy Nelson 9 0 10 Light Heavyweight Tito Ortiz 5 5 11 Rashad Evans 7 Middleweight Michael Bisping 9 0 12 Welterweight Rick Story 8 5 0 13 Lightweight Gleison Tibau 11 5 0 16 Featherweight Darren Elkins 9 0 11 Bantamweight Takeya Mizugaki 7 0 9 Flyweight Dustin Ortiz 0 7 Zach Makovsky Tim Elliott Joseph Benavidez 6 0 Demetrious Johnson 0 Women 's Featherweight Holly Holm 0 0 Germaine de Randamie 0 0 Women 's Bantamweight Raquel Pennington 0 6 Women 's Flyweight - - - - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 6 0 0 6 Jump up ^ 1 of 5 Light Heavyweight decision wins in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Most unanimous decision wins ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s UD wins 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 10 2 . Jon Fitch Welterweight Middleweight 9 Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 4 . Rafael dos Anjos Lightweight 8 Demian Maia Welterweight Middleweight Darren Elkins Featherweight Lightweight Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight Diego Sanchez Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Middleweight Ryan Bader Light Heavyweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter UD Wins Heavyweight Jared Rosholt 5 Light Heavyweight Ryan Bader 8 Middleweight Michael Bisping 8 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 10 Lightweight Rafael dos Anjos 8 Featherweight Darren Elkins 8 Bantamweight Takeya Mizugaki Raphael Assunção Urijah Faber T.J. Dillashaw Flyweight Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Joseph Benavidez Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie Women 's Bantamweight Raquel Pennington Miesha Tate Alexis Davis Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 5 Most split decision wins ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s SD wins 1 . Gleison Tibau Lightweight 5 2 . Rashad Evans Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Benson Henderson Lightweight Welterweight John Howard Welterweight Middleweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter SD Wins Heavyweight 14 Fighters Light Heavyweight Rashad Evans Middleweight 7 Fighters Welterweight John Howard Rick Story Robbie Lawler Jake Shields Lightweight Gleison Tibau 5 Featherweight Dennis Bermudez Yair Rodríguez Renato Moicano Bantamweight Takeya Mizugaki Yves Jabouin Flyweight Dustin Ortiz Women 's Featherweight - - Women 's Bantamweight Bethe Correia Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight 7 Fighters Most decision bouts in one event ( edit ) Event Date Venue City Decisions 1 . UFC 169 Feb 1 , 2014 Prudential Center Newark , U.S. 10 UFC Fight Night 36 Feb 15 , 2014 Arena Jaraguá Jaraguá do Sul , Brazil UFC Fight Night 84 Feb 27 , 2016 The O2 Arena London , U.K. UFC Fight Night 101 Nov 27 , 2016 Rod Laver Arena Melbourne , Australia Highest decision wins per win percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Dec . Wins Wins % 1 . Gray Maynard Featherweight Lightweight 9 10 90.0 % 2 . Benson Henderson Lightweight Welterweight 9 11 81.82 % 3 . Darren Elkins Featherweight 9 12 75.0 % 4 . Nik Lentz Featherweight Lightweight 8 11 72.73 % Evan Dunham Lightweight 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC wins . Striking ( edit ) Most significant strikes landed ( edit ) Career ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Strikes 1 . Michael Bisping Middleweight Light Heavyweight 1533 2 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 1378 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 1254 4 . Nate Diaz Lightweight Welterweight 1210 5 . Evan Dunham Lightweight 1160 By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Strikes Heavyweight Junior dos Santos 899 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 1021 Middleweight Michael Bisping 1350 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 1254 Lightweight Evan Dunham 1160 Featherweight Max Holloway 935 Bantamweight T.J. Dillashaw 939 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 914 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie 80 Women 's Bantamweight Raquel Pennington 399 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood 115 Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 1055 In title bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Strikes 1 . Joanna Jędrzejczyk Strawweight ( W ) 971 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 940 3 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 819 4 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 812 5 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 584 By division ( edit ) In a single bout ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Championship Event Strikes 1 . Nate Diaz Donald Cerrone Lightweight UFC 141 238 2 . Joanna Jędrzejczyk Jéssica Andrade Strawweight ( W ) UFC 211 225 3 . Joanna Jędrzejczyk Valérie Létourneau Strawweight ( W ) UFC 193 220 4 . Cub Swanson Artem Lobov Featherweight UFC Fight Night 108 209 5 . Jessica Andrade Rosi Sexton Bantamweight ( W ) UFC Fight Night 30 206 By division ( edit ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Championship Event Strikes 1 . Joanna Jędrzejczyk Jéssica Andrade Strawweight ( W ) UFC 211 225 2 . Joanna Jędrzejczyk Valérie Létourneau Strawweight ( W ) UFC 193 220 3 . Carlos Condit Robbie Lawler Welterweight UFC 195 176 4 . Johny Hendricks Robbie Lawler Welterweight UFC 171 158 5 . T.J. Dillashaw Joe Soto Bantamweight UFC 177 151 By division ( edit ) In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Strikes 1 . UFC 199 June 4 , 2016 1490 2 . UFC Fight Night 89 June 18 , 2016 1391 3 . UFC on Fox 24 April 15 , 2017 1374 4 . UFC Fight Night 98 November 5 , 2016 1268 5 . UFC Fight Night 108 April 22 , 2017 1268 Highest significant strike percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Landed Attempted % 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 740 1213 61.01 % 2 . Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 778 1315 59.16 % 3 . Fábio Maldonado Light Heavyweight Heavyweight Catchweight 717 1218 58.87 % 4 . Cain Velasquez Heavyweight 718 1246 57.62 % 5 . Fabrício Werdum Heavyweight 581 1022 56.85 % 2. ^ Minimum 1000 significant strike attempts . Fighter Division / s Landed Attempted % 1 . Alistair Overeem Heavyweight 391 525 74.48 % 2 . Don Frye Openweight 127 191 66.49 % 3 . Josh Barnett Super Heavyweight Heavyweight 392 637 61.54 % 4 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 740 1213 61.01 % 5 . Evan Tanner Middleweight Light Heavyweight 388 647 59.97 % 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Highest significant strike landed per minute ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Strikes / minute 1 . Cain Velasquez Heavyweight 6.49 2 . Jéssica Andrade Strawweight ( W ) Bantamweight ( W ) 6.45 3 . Conor McGregor Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight 5.82 4 . Evan Dunham Lightweight 5.68 5 . Max Holloway Featherweight Catchweight 5.67 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Knockdowns ( edit ) Most knockdowns ( edit ) Career ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Knockdowns 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Light Heavyweight 18 2 . Donald Cerrone Lightweight Welterweight 14 Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 4 . Melvin Guillard Lightweight Welterweight 13 Maurício Rua Light Heavyweight Lyoto Machida Middleweight Light Heavyweight Anthony Johnson Welterweight Middleweight Light Heavyweight Thiago Alves Welterweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Knockdowns Heavyweight Junior dos Santos 12 Light Heavyweight Chuck Liddell 14 Middleweight Anderson Silva 13 Welterweight Thiago Alves 13 Lightweight Melvin Guillard 13 Featherweight Max Holloway 7 Bantamweight Cody Garbrandt 7 Flyweight John Lineker 7 Women 's Featherweight Cristiane Justino - 1 Women 's Bantamweight Amanda Nunes Ronda Rousey Leslie Smith Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Women 's Strawweight Angela Hill In title bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Knockdowns 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 10 2 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 7 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 6 5 . Cain Velasquez Heavyweight 5 Conor McGregor Featherweight Lightweight By division ( edit ) In a single bout ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Knockdowns 1 . Forrest Petz Sammy Morgan Welterweight UFC Fight Night 6 5 2 . Nate Marquardt Dean Lister Middleweight UFC Fight Night 8 Brad Blackburn James Giboo Welterweight UFC Fight Night 14 By division ( edit ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Knockdowns 1 . Frank Mir Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira Heavyweight UFC 92 Gray Maynard Frankie Edgar Lightweight UFC 125 Anderson Silva Rich Franklin Middleweight UFC 77 Conor McGregor Eddie Alvarez Lightweight UFC 205 Georges St - Pierre Jon Fitch Welterweight UFC 87 Lyoto Machida Rashad Evans Light Heavyweight UFC 98 By division ( edit ) In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Knockdowns 1 . UFC 199 June 4 , 2016 15 2 . UFC 160 May 25 , 2013 12 3 . UFC on Versus 4 June 26 , 2011 11 4 . UFC 84 May 24 , 2008 10 UFC 85 June 7 , 2008 UFC 87 August 9 , 2008 UFC 96 March 7 , 2009 UFC Fight Night 21 March 31 , 2010 UFC on FX 6 December 15 , 2012 The Ultimate Fighter 16 Finale December 15 , 2012 UFC Fight Night 77 November 7 , 2015 UFC 202 August 20 , 2016 Takedowns ( edit ) Most takedowns ( edit ) Career ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Takedowns 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 90 2 . Gleison Tibau Lightweight Welterweight 84 3 . Frankie Edgar Featherweight Lightweight 67 4 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 65 5 . Johny Hendricks Welterweight 61 Clay Guida Featherweight Lightweight By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Takedowns Heavyweight Cain Velasquez 34 Light Heavyweight Tito Ortiz 58 Middleweight Rafael Natal 36 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 87 Lightweight Gleison Tibau 84 Featherweight Dennis Bermudez 38 Bantamweight Urijah Faber 26 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 49 Women 's Featherweight - - Women 's Bantamweight Liz Carmouche 15 Women 's Flyweight Joanne Calderwood Women 's Strawweight Cláudia Gadelha 26 Jump up ^ 8 of 58 Light Heavyweight takedowns in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 2 of 58 Light Heavyweight takedowns in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) In title bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Takedowns 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 66 2 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 48 3 . Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 42 4 . Matt Hughes Welterweight 28 5 . Sean Sherk Lightweight Welterweight 27 Tito Ortiz Light Heavyweight Jump up ^ 15 of 27 title takedowns in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) By division ( edit ) In a single bout ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Rounds Takedowns 1 . Khabib Nurmagomedov Abel Trujillo Catchweight ( 158.5 lbs ) UFC 160 21 2 . Sean Sherk Hermes Franca Lightweight UFC 73 5 16 3 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 14 4 . Luigi Fioravanti Luke Cummo Welterweight UFC 82 13 5 . Tim Elliott Louis Smolka Flyweight UFC on Fox 24 12 Johny Hendricks Carlos Condit Welterweight UFC 158 Colby Covington Bryan Barberena Welterweight UFC on Fox 22 By division ( edit ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Rounds Takedowns 1 . Sean Sherk Hermes Franca Lightweight UFC 73 5 16 2 . Demetrious Johnson Kyoji Horiguchi Flyweight UFC 186 14 3 . Georges St - Pierre Dan Hardy Welterweight UFC 111 11 Cain Velasquez Junior dos Santos Heavyweight UFC 155 5 . Dominick Cruz Demetrious Johnson Bantamweight UFC on Versus 6 10 By division ( edit ) In a single event ( edit ) Event Date Takedowns 1 . UFC 171 March 15 , 2014 55 2 . UFC 194 December 12 , 2015 49 3 . UFC Fight Night 66 May 16 , 2015 47 UFC on Fox 22 December 17 , 2016 5 . UFC Fight Night 24 March 26 , 2011 46 Highest takedown percentage ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Landed Attempted % 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 87 118 73.73 % 2 . Tim Elliott Flyweight 35 52 67.31 % 3 . Ramsey Nijem Lightweight Welterweight 30 48 62.50 % 4 . Nate Marquardt Welterweight Middleweight 32 52 61.54 % 5 . Karo Parisyan Welterweight 53 89 59.55 % 1. ^ Minimum 25 UFC TDs . Fighter Division / s Landed Attempted % 1 . Rogério Nogueira Light Heavyweight 100 % Tim Sylvia Heavyweight 3 . Chuck Liddell Light Heavyweight 7 8 87.50 % 4 . Alex Caceres Bantamweight Featherweight 9 11 81.82 % 5 . Max Holloway Featherweight 5 80.00 % Robbie Lawler Welterweight Middleweight 16 20 2. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Jump up ^ 2 of 7 takedowns in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) Highest takedowns landed rate ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Takedowns / 5 minute round 1 . Ramsey Nijem Lightweight Welterweight 1.77 2 . Karo Parisyan Welterweight 1.76 3 . Cain Velasquez Heavyweight 1.54 4 . Gleison Tibau Lightweight Welterweight 1.43 5 . Ricardo Almeida Welterweight Middleweight Light Heavyweight 1.41 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Submission attempts ( edit ) Career ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division Attempts 1 . Jim Miller Lightweight Catchweight 39 2 . Chris Lytle Welterweight 31 3 . Joe Lauzon Lightweight Catchweight 29 4 . Nate Diaz Lightweight Welterweight 25 5 . Matt Brown Welterweight 24 Joe Stevenson Featherweight Lightweight Welterweight Demian Maia Welterweight Middleweight Cole Miller Featherweight Lightweight By division ( edit ) In title bouts ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Division Attempts 1 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 12 2 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight Bantamweight 10 3 . Frank Shamrock Light Heavyweight 9 4 . Matt Hughes Welterweight Catchweight 8 5 . B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight 7 Jump up ^ 8 of 9 Light Heavyweight title submission attempts in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) and 1 of 9 Light Heavyweight title submission attempts in first deprecated UFC Lightweight ( < 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) By division ( edit ) In a single bout ( edit ) In any bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Attempts 1 . Cole Miller Leonard Garcia Lightweight UFC Fight Night 11 10 2 . Hermes Franca Rich Crunkilton Lightweight UFC 42 9 3 . James Wilks DaMarques Johnson Welterweight TUF 9 Finale 8 Ivan Salaverry Andrei Semenov Middleweight UFC 37 5 . 10 fighters - - - 7 By Division ( edit ) In a title bout ( edit ) All fighters ( edit ) Fighter Opponent Division Event Attempts 1 . Georges St - Pierre Dan Hardy Welterweight UFC 111 6 2 . Kenny Florian Sean Sherk Lightweight UFC 64 Frank Shamrock John Lober Light Heavyweight UFC Brazil Dave Menne Gil Castillo Welterweight UFC 33 5 . 11 fighters ( 12 bouts ) - - - Jump up ^ 4 of 4 Light Heavyweight title submission attempts in deprecated UFC Middleweight ( 171 - 199 lbs . ) class ( now known as Light Heavyweight ) ) By division ( edit ) Highest submission attempt rate ( edit ) Fighter Division / s Submission attempts / 5 minute round 1 . Dustin Hazelett Lightweight Welterweight 1.379 2 . Renato Sobral Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 1.054 3 . Rousimar Palhares Welterweight Middleweight 1.047 4 . Charles Oliveira Featherweight Lightweight 0.908 5 . Royce Gracie Openweight Catchweight 0.828 1. ^ Minimum 10 UFC bouts . Championships ( edit ) Main article : List of UFC champions Most title reigns ( edit ) Fighter Title / s Reigns 1 . Randy Couture Light Heavyweight Heavyweight 5 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Middleweight 2 . José Aldo Featherweight Dominick Cruz Bantamweight Matt Hughes Welterweight Jon Jones Light Heavyweight Conor McGregor Lightweight Featherweight B.J. Penn Lightweight Welterweight Tim Sylvia Heavyweight Cain Velasquez Heavyweight Longest single title reigns ( edit ) Fighter Title Days 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 2457 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 2064 3 . José Aldo Featherweight 1848 4 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 1871 5 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 1501 Fighter Title Defenses 1 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 11 2 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 10 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 9 4 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 8 5 . José Aldo Featherweight 7 ^ Jump up to : currently active streak By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Days Heavyweight Cain Velasquez 896 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 1501 Middleweight Anderson Silva 2457 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 2064 Lightweight B.J. Penn 812 Featherweight Max Holloway 108 Bantamweight Dominick Cruz 1117 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 1871 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie 268 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 1074 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 968 Division / s Fighter Defenses Heavyweight Randy Couture Tim Sylvia Brock Lesnar Cain Velasquez Stipe Miocic Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 8 Middleweight Anderson Silva 10 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 9 Lightweight B.J. Penn Frankie Edgar Benson Henderson Featherweight José Aldo 7 Bantamweight Dominick Cruz T.J. Dillashaw Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 11 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie 0 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 6 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 5 ^ Jump up to : currently active streak Longest combined title reigns ( edit ) Fighter Title / s No. of reigns Days 1 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 2457 2 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 2204 3 . José Aldo Featherweight 2193 4 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 1871 5 . Matt Hughes Welterweight 1577 Fighter Title / s No. of reigns Defenses 1 . Demetrious Johnson Flyweight 11 2 . Anderson Silva Middleweight 10 3 . Georges St - Pierre Welterweight 9 4 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight 8 5 . José Aldo Featherweight 7 Matt Hughes Welterweight ^ Jump up to : currently active streak By division ( edit ) Division / s Fighter Days Heavyweight Cain Velasquez 1281 Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 1501 Middleweight Anderson Silva 2457 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 2204 Lightweight B.J. Penn 812 Featherweight José Aldo 2193 Bantamweight Dominick Cruz 1456 Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 1871 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie 268 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 1074 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 968 Division / s Fighter Defenses Heavyweight Randy Couture Tim Sylvia Light Heavyweight Jon Jones 8 Middleweight Anderson Silva 10 Welterweight Georges St - Pierre 9 Lightweight B.J. Penn Frankie Edgar Benson Henderson Featherweight José Aldo 7 Bantamweight Dominick Cruz Flyweight Demetrious Johnson 11 Women 's Featherweight Germaine de Randamie 0 Women 's Bantamweight Ronda Rousey 6 Women 's Flyweight - - Women 's Strawweight Joanna Jędrzejczyk 5 ^ Jump up to : currently active streak Youngest champions ( edit ) Jon Jones holds the record for the youngest UFC champion . Fighter Title Won / Awarded Age 1 . Jon Jones Light Heavyweight Mar 19 , 2011 23 years , 244 days 2 . José Aldo Featherweight Nov 20 , 2010 24 years , 73 days 3 . Josh Barnett Heavyweight Mar 22 , 2002 24 years , 133 days 4 . Carlos Newton Welterweight May 4 , 2001 24 years , 261 days 5 . Frank Shamrock Light Heavyweight Dec 21 , 1997 25 years , 13 days 2. ^ José Aldo was awarded the Featherweight Championship at UFC 123 but did not fight in his first UFC bout until UFC 129 , at which point he was 24 years and 234 days of age . Aldo successfully defended his title at UFC 129 . Oldest champions ( edit ) Fighter Title Last Held Age 1 . Randy Couture Heavyweight Nov 15 , 2008 45 years , 147 days 2 . Fabrício Werdum Heavyweight May 14 , 2016 38 years , 290 days 3 . Michael Bisping Middleweight Nov 4 , 2017 7004141310000000000 ♠ 38 years , 251 days 4 . Daniel Cormier Light Heavyweight Jul 29 , 2017 38 years , 132 days 5 . Anderson Silva Middleweight Jul 6 , 2013 38 years , 84 days . Multi-division champions ( edit ) Fighters who have won championships in multiple weight classes . Tournament championships and The Ultimate Fighter winners are not included . Randy Couture is notably the first champion to hold belts in two different divisions , and one of the few to reclaim a title after being defeated . Conor McGregor is notably the first and only fighter thus far to hold multiple titles simultaneously . Champion Division Won Lost Defenses Reign Total reign Randy Couture Heavyweight Dec 21 , 1997 ( UFC Japan ) Jan ? , 1998 ( stripped ) 0 00 ? days 1,478 + days Nov 17 , 2000 ( UFC 28 ) Mar 22 , 2002 ( UFC 36 ) 490 days Light Heavyweight Sep 26 , 2003 ( UFC 44 ) Jan 31 , 2004 ( UFC 46 ) 0 127 days Aug 21 , 2004 ( UFC 49 ) Apr 16 , 2005 ( UFC 52 ) 0 238 days Heavyweight Mar 3 , 2007 ( UFC 68 ) Nov 15 , 2008 ( UFC 91 ) 623 days B.J. Penn Welterweight Jan 31 , 2004 ( UFC 46 ) May 17 , 2004 ( stripped ) 0 107 days 919 days Lightweight Jan 19 , 2008 ( UFC 80 ) Apr 10 , 2010 ( UFC 112 ) 812 days Conor McGregor Featherweight Dec 12 , 2015 ( UFC 194 ) Nov 26 , 2016 ( stripped ) 0 350 days 709 days ( ongoing ) Lightweight Nov 12 , 2016 ( UFC 205 ) -- 0 359 days ( incumbent ) Georges St - Pierre Welterweight Nov 18 , 2006 ( UFC 65 ) Apr 7 , 2007 ( UFC 69 ) 0 140 days 2,206 days ( ongoing ) Apr 19 , 2008 ( UFC 83 ) Dec 13 , 2013 ( vacated ) 9 2,064 days Middleweight Nov 4 , 2017 ( UFC 217 ) -- 0 2 days ( incumbent ) Tournaments ( edit ) Multiple tournament wins ( edit ) Fighter Tournament Wins 1 . Royce Gracie UFC 1 , UFC 2 , UFC 4 2 . Dan Severn UFC 5 , The Ultimate Ultimate Don Frye UFC 8 , The Ultimate Ultimate 2 Mark Coleman UFC 10 , UFC 11 Mark Kerr UFC 14 , UFC 15 Bonuses ( edit ) Nate Diaz holds the record for most UFC bonuses . Main article : List of UFC bonus award recipients Most overall ( edit ) Fighter No. of bonuses 1 . Nate Diaz 15 Joe Lauzon 3 . Anderson Silva 13 4 . Donald Cerrone 12 5 . Frankie Edgar 10 Chris Lytle Most Performance of the Night bonuses ( edit ) Fighter POTN bonuses 1 . Conor McGregor 6 2 . Ronda Rousey Stipe Miocic Anthony Johnson Charles Oliveira Donald Cerrone Gunnar Nelson Demetrious Johnson Most Fight of the Night bonuses ( edit ) Fighter FOTN bonuses 1 . Nate Diaz 8 2 . Frankie Edgar 7 Diego Sanchez Joe Lauzon 5 . Edson Barboza 6 Clay Guida Chris Lytle Sam Stout Most Knockout of the Night bonuses ( edit ) Fighter KOTN bonuses 1 . Anderson Silva 7 2 . Vitor Belfort 5 3 . Chris Leben Lyoto Machida Roy Nelson Most Submission of the Night bonuses ( edit ) Fighter SOTN bonuses 1 . Joe Lauzon 6 2 . Nate Diaz 5 3 . Demian Maia Cole Miller 5 . Clay Guida Chris Lytle Jim Miller Charles Oliveira Attendances ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Event Main Event Date Venue City Attendance 1 . UFC 193 Rousey ( c ) vs. Holm Nov 14 , 2015 Etihad Stadium Melbourne , Australia 56,214 2 . UFC 129 St - Pierre ( c ) vs. Shields Apr 30 , 2011 Rogers Centre Toronto , Ontario , Canada 55,724 3 . UFC 198 Werdum ( c ) vs. Miocic May 14 , 2016 Arena da Baixada Curitiba , Brazil 45,207 4 . UFC on Fox 14 Gustafsson vs. Johnson Jan 24 , 2015 Tele2 Arena Stockholm , Sweden 30,000 5 . UFC 124 St - Pierre ( c ) vs. Koscheck Dec 11 , 2010 Bell Centre Montreal , Quebec , Canada 23,152 United States ( edit ) Event Main Event Date Venue City Attendance 1 . UFC 205 Alvarez ( c ) vs. McGregor Nov 12 , 2016 Madison Square Garden New York , New York 20,427 2 . UFC 171 Hendricks vs. Lawler Mar 15 , 2014 American Airlines Center Dallas , Texas 19,324 3 . UFC 68 Sylvia ( c ) vs. Couture Mar 3 , 2007 Nationwide Arena Columbus , Ohio 19,049 4 . UFC 203 Miocic ( c ) vs. Overeem Sep 10 , 2016 Quicken Loans Arena Cleveland , Ohio 18,875 5 . UFC 207 Nunes ( c ) vs. Rousey Dec 30 , 2016 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada 18,533 Finances ( edit ) Highest Pay - Per - View buys ( edit ) Event Main Event Date Venue City PPV Buys 1 . UFC 202 Diaz vs. McGregor Aug 20 , 2016 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,650,000 2 . UFC 196 McGregor vs. Diaz Mar 5 , 2016 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,600,000 UFC 100 Lesnar ( c ) vs. Mir Jul 11 , 2009 Mandalay Bay Events Center Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,600,000 4 . UFC 205 Alvarez ( c ) vs. McGregor Nov 12 , 2016 Madison Square Garden New York , New York , U.S. 1,300,000 5 . UFC 194 Aldo ( c ) vs. McGregor Dec 12 , 2015 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,200,000 UFC 200 Tate ( c ) vs. Nunes Jul 9 , 2016 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,200,000 Highest Pay - Per - View buys for a non-championship main event ( edit ) Event Main Event Date Venue City PPV Buys 1 . UFC 202 Diaz vs. McGregor Aug 20 , 2016 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,650,000 2 . UFC 196 McGregor vs. Diaz Mar 5 , 2016 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,600,000 3 . UFC 114 Rampage vs. Evans May 29 , 2010 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 1,050,000 4 . UFC 189 Mendes vs. McGregor Jul 11 , 2015 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 825,000 5 . UFC 79 St - Pierre vs. Hughes Dec 29 , 2007 Mandalay Bay Events Center Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. 750,000 5. ^ For an interim championship . Lowest Pay - Per - View buys for a championship main event ( edit ) UFC 1 -- 100 Event Date Main Event PPV Buys 1 . UFC 42 Apr 25 , 2003 Hughes ( c ) vs. Sherk 35,000 UFC 35 Jan 11 , 2002 Pulver ( c ) vs. Penn 3 . UFC 45 Nov 21 , 2003 Hughes ( c ) vs. Trigg 40,000 4 . UFC 39 Sep 27 , 2002 Couture vs. Rodriguez 45,000 UFC 38 Jul 13 , 2002 Hughes ( c ) vs. Newton UFC 101 -- 200 Event Date Main Event PPV Buys 1 . UFC 174 Jun 14 , 2014 Johnson ( c ) vs. Bagautinov 115,000 UFC 191 Sep 5 , 2015 Johnson ( c ) vs. Dodson 3 . UFC 177 Aug 30 , 2015 Dillashaw ( c ) vs. Soto 125,000 UFC 186 Apr 25 , 2015 Johnson ( c ) vs. Horiguchi 5 . UFC 179 Oct 25 , 2014 Aldo ( c ) vs. Mendes 180,000 UFC 201 -- 300 Event Date Main Event PPV Buys 1 . UFC 215 Sep 9 , 2017 Nunes ( c ) vs. Shevchenko 100,000 2 . UFC 212 Jun 3 , 2017 Aldo ( c ) vs. Holloway 175,000 3 . UFC 208 Feb 11 , 2017 Holm vs. de Randamie 200,000 4 . UFC 201 Jul 30 , 2016 Lawler ( c ) vs. Woodley 240,000 5 . UFC 209 Mar 4 , 2017 Woodley ( c ) vs. Thompson 250,000 6. ^ For a vacant championship . Biggest gates ( edit ) Event Main Event Date Venue City Gate 1 . UFC 205 Alvarez ( c ) vs. McGregor Nov 12 , 2016 Madison Square Garden New York , New York , U.S. $17,700,000 2 . UFC 129 St - Pierre ( c ) vs. Shields Apr 30 , 2011 Rogers Centre Toronto , Ontario , Canada $12,075,000 3 . UFC 200 Tate ( c ) vs. Nunes Jul 9 , 2016 T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. $10,700,000 4 . UFC 194 Aldo ( c ) vs. McGregor Dec 12 , 2015 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. $10,500,000 5 . UFC 196 McGregor vs. Diaz Mar 5 , 2016 MGM Grand Garden Arena Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. $9,100,000 MMA portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ GSP 's training camp is his ultimate moment of truth , MMAfighting.com , November 8 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Fastest knockout in UFC , Duane Ludwig thrilled to be recognized by Dana White '' . mmamania.com. April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Conor McGregor knocks out Jose Aldo in fastest KO in UFC MMAweekly.com , December 13 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Jon Jones stripped of title , Daniel Cormier vs. Anthony Johnson for belt headlines UFC 187 '' . mmafighting.com. April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MMA All - time Record Holders '' . sportsillustrated . Jump up ^ Holly Holm knocks out Ronda Rousey to win bantamweight title Herald Sun , November 15 , 2015 External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_UFC_records&oldid=809008881 '' Categories : Ultimate Fighting Championship Mixed martial arts lists Sports records and statistics Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 16 : 07 . About Wikipedia	who has the longest win streak in mma	[ "\n\n\nFighter\nDivision/s\nBegan\nEnded\nWinning streak\n\n\n1.\nAnderson Silva\nMiddleweight\nLight Heavyweight\nJun 28, 2006\nJul 6, 2013\n\n16\n\n\n\n2.\nGeorges St-Pierre\nWelterweight\nMiddleweight\nAug 25, 2007\n\nActive\n\n\n13\n\n\n\n2.\nJon Jones\nLight Heavyweight\n000000002011-03-19-0000Mar 19, 2011\nJul 29, 2017\n\n13[a]\n\n\n\n3.\nDemetrious Johnson\nFlyweight\nJun 8, 2012\n\nActive\n\n\n12\n\n\n\n4.\nRoyce Gracie\nWelterweight\nOpenweight\nCatchweight\nNov 12, 1993\nMay 27, 2006\n\n11\n\n\n\n5.\nMax Holloway\nFeatherweight\nJanuary 4, 2014\n\nActive\n\n\n11\n\n\n" ]	[ "Anderson Silva" ]
8146614962559248121	Game of Thrones (season 6)	Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network HBO Original release April 24 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) -- June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of Game of Thrones episodes The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24 , 2016 , and concluded on June 26 , 2016 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 50 -- 60 minutes , largely of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show - runners . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . HBO ordered the season on April 8 , 2014 , together with the fifth season , which began filming in July 2015 primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Each episode cost over $10 million . The season follows the continuing struggle between the Starks and other noble families of Westeros for the Iron Throne . The Starks defeat the Bolton forces in battle , and Jon Snow is proclaimed the King in the North . Tyrion attempts to rule Meereen while Daenerys is held captive by a Dothraki tribe . At King 's Landing , the Tyrell army attempts to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow , who becomes more powerful by influencing King Tommen . At her trial , Cersei burns the Great Sept , killing her rivals , while Tommen kills himself . Cersei is crowned Queen of the Seven Kingdoms . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive and takes command of the Dothraki . Olenna and the Dornish ally with Daenerys . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke and Kit Harington . The season introduced new cast members , including Max von Sydow , Pilou Asbæk and Essie Davis . Critics praised its production values , writing , plot development , and cast . Game of Thrones received most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , with 23 nominations , and won twelve , including that for Outstanding Drama Series for the second year in a row . U.S. viewership rose compared to the previous season , and by approximately 13 % over its course , from 7.9 million to 8.9 million by the finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Guest cast 3.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 3.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 3.2. 3 In the Riverlands 3.2. 4 On the Iron Islands 3.2. 5 In Dorne 3.2. 6 In King 's Landing 3.2. 7 In the Vale 3.2. 8 In Braavos 3.2. 9 In Meereen 3.2. 10 In Vaes Dothrak 3.2. 11 In the Reach 3.2. 12 In flashbacks 4 Production 4.1 Crew 4.2 Writing 4.3 Filming 4.4 Casting 4.4. 1 Fates of key characters 4.5 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Release 6.1 Broadcast 6.2 Marketing 6.3 After the Thrones 6.4 Home media 6.5 Copyright infringement 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : Synopsis of A Song of Ice and Fire Following their escape from Winterfell , Sansa Stark journeys to the Wall , while Theon Greyjoy returns to the Iron Islands . In Winterfell , Ramsay Bolton secures his claim on the North by killing Roose and Walda Bolton and his new - born half - brother . At the Wall , Melisandre resurrects Jon Snow , who is reunited with Sansa ; they gather loyalists and a battle ensues . Aided by the Knights of the Vale , the Starks defeat the Bolton forces . Sansa feeds Ramsay to his hounds and Jon is proclaimed the King in the North . Beyond the Wall , Bran Stark trains with the Three - Eyed Raven but alerts the Night King , who launches an attack of White Walkers . Bran and Meera escape and are rescued by Benjen Stark . Bran subsequently has a vision to the Tower of Joy years prior , revealing that Jon is not Ned Stark 's bastard but rather the child of Lyanna Stark and Rhaegar Targaryen . At King 's Landing , Jaime Lannister and the Tyrell army attempt to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow and Tommen forges an alliance with the Faith . During Loras and Cersei 's trial , Cersei uses wildfire to burn the Great Sept , killing the High Sparrow , Margaery , Loras , Mace , Kevan , and Lancel , while Tommen kills himself after witnessing the events . Unopposed , Cersei is crowned Queen of the Seven Kingdoms . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne , and Olenna meets with Ellaria , at a summit brokered by Varys , to discuss allying with the Targaryens . In Braavos , Arya continues her training with the Faceless Men , and soon regains her eyesight . When she refuses to accomplish a mission , the Waif is ordered to kill Arya , who kills the Waif instead . Arya reasserts her identity as a Stark and returns to Westeros . In the Riverlands , the Hound , revealed to have survived his injuries , pursues the Brotherhood Without Banners for massacring the people who saved him . He finds Lord Beric Dondarrion executing traitorous bannermen , and is asked to join the Brotherhood traveling north . Jaime Lannister besieges Riverrun and takes the castle , killing the Blackfish after forcing Edmure Tully to order a surrender . Walder Frey celebrates the victory before being killed by Arya . Sam Tarly , Gilly and her son travel to the Citadel at Oldtown , stopping to visit Sam 's family . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro , who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive when they refuse to serve her and takes command of the Dothraki . Tyrion Lannister brings a short - lived peace to Meereen , which is reinforced when Daenerys returns and flies her dragons into battle against the slavers . Yara and Theon arrive and pledge allegiance to Daenerys after Euron Greyjoy kills their father and usurps leadership of the Iron Islands . Jorah Mormont departs to find a cure for greyscale and Daario is left in command of Meereen , while Daenerys sails for Westeros . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` The Red Woman '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 7.94 Jon Snow 's corpse is found by Ser Davos , Edd and a few other loyalists ; Davos and the others take him inside and lock themselves behind a door with him , while Edd goes to get help . Thorne assumes command of the Watch . At Winterfell , Ramsay mourns for Myranda , while Sansa and Theon escape through the woods . Ramsay 's men catch up with them , and are about to take them captive , when Brienne and Pod arrive , kill the men , and the former is accepted into Sansa 's service . In King 's Landing , Cersei receives Jaime , who arrives with Myrcella 's body . Jaime promises Cersei they will take their revenge . Obara and Nymeria murder Trystane , on his way home from King 's Landing , while in Sunspear , Doran and Areo Hotah are killed by Ellaria and Tyene , after the former learns of Myrcella 's death . In Meereen , Tyrion and Varys find all the ships burning in the harbor . Jorah and Daario continue to track Daenerys , who is taken by the Dothraki to Khal Moro . In Braavos , Arya lives on the streets as a beggar , where she is beaten by the Waif . In her chamber , Melisandre removes her bejeweled necklace as she reveals her true appearance as an old crone . 52 `` Home '' Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 7.29 Brandon visits Winterfell in a vision of the past , and sees Eddard , Benjen , and their sister Lyanna , as well as a young Hodor . Edd arrives with Tormund and a group of Wildlings , imprisoning Thorne and the other mutineers . Tommen asks Cersei to teach him to be strong . Tyrion learns that Astapor and Yunkai have reverted to slavery , and releases Rhaegal and Viserion from their chains . In Braavos , Arya is attacked by the Waif before H'ghar appears and recruits her again . Walda , Roose 's wife , gives birth to a boy , prompting Ramsay to murder Roose , her , and the baby . Brienne reveals to Sansa that Arya is still alive . Sansa permits Theon 's return to the Iron Islands , where his uncle Euron reappears and murders King Balon . Seaworth persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon . At first , her attempts seem to fail . However , once everyone leaves the room , he awakens . 53 `` Oathbreaker '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 7.28 On a boat on their way to Oldtown , Tarly reveals his intent to leave Gilly and her baby with the former 's family at Horn Hill while he trains to be a Maester . In a vision of the past , Brandon sees Eddard and Howland , Meera 's father , defeat a group of Kingsguard loyal to the Targaryens at the Tower of Joy in Dorne . Varys discovers that the masters of Astapor , Yunkai , and Volantis have been financing the Sons of the Harpy . In King 's Landing , Tommen converses with the High Sparrow while Jaime and Cersei interrupt a small council meeting , only to be shunned by Kevan and the Tyrells . Cersei 's bodyguard is revealed to be Gregor . Arya trains rigorously with the Waif and her sight is returned to her once she has accepted herself as `` no - one '' . In Winterfell , Lord Umber asks Ramsay for help in protecting the North from the Wildlings , bringing Rickon and Osha as a gift , along with the head of Shaggydog , Rickon 's direwolf . Jon executes Thorne , Olly and the other officers involved in his assassination . He renounces his oath and puts Tollett in charge of the Night 's Watch . 54 `` Book of the Stranger '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 7.82 Sansa 's party arrives at Castle Black as she is reunited with Jon . In Meereen , Tyrion meets with the slave masters of Slaver 's Bay to offer peace if they will end slavery within a period of seven years , an action that angers the former slaves . Baelish returns to the Vale to mobilize their soldiers against Ramsay . Naharis learns about Mormont 's greyscale as they arrive in Vaes Dothrak . In King 's Landing , Margaery is permitted to visit Loras while Cersei , Jaime , Kevan and Olenna put aside their differences and plan a defeat of the Sparrows . Theon arrives at Pyke and explains to Yara that he will support her claim at the Kingsmoot . In Winterfell , Osha attempts to assassinate Ramsay but is killed by him . Ramsay sends a letter to Jon , threatening harm to Rickon if Sansa is not returned . She convinces Jon to march south in order to take back Winterfell . Daenerys meets with the Khals in the temple of the Dosh Khaleen ; after they refuse to serve her , she burns them and Moro to death . When she emerges unhurt , the Dothraki kneel to her . 55 5 `` The Door '' Jack Bender David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 7.89 Sansa meets Baelish , who offers the support of the Vale and tells her that Brynden Tully , her great uncle , is gathering an army in Riverrun ; she initially refuses his help . Jon and Sansa leave Castle Black to gather support from the other Northern houses , with her sending Brienne to Brynden . In Braavos , Arya is given a second chance to prove her loyalty by killing an actress . Beyond the Wall , Brandon learns that the White Walkers were created by the Children of the Forest to protect themselves from the First Men . In the Iron Islands , Euron wins the Kingsmoot despite confessing to killing Balon , causing Yara and Theon to flee . In Essos , Daenerys learns about Mormont 's greyscale , ordering him to find a cure and return . In Meereen , a red priestess named Kinvara meets Tyrion and Varys and promises to support Daenerys . Brandon 's unaccompanied vision causes him to be touched by the Night King , making the cave vulnerable . The Night King , along with White Walkers and hordes of wights , attack the cave , killing the Three - Eyed Raven , several Children , Summer , and Hodor , whose younger self is shown to have been rendered mentally disabled by Brandon 's interference . 56 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 6.71 Bran and Meera are saved by Benjen , who reveals that he was turned by the White Walkers , but was later unturned by the Children using Dragonglass . Samwell and Gilly reach the Tarly family estate Horn Hill . After Sam 's father , Randyll , insults her for being a Wildling , Sam decides to take her with him to the Citadel , also stealing House Tarly 's ancestral Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane . Arya warns the actress about her mission to assassinate her , recovering the Needle . H'ghar approves of the Waif 's request to kill Arya . Jaime attempts to rescue Margaery from the Faith Militant , only to find she has repented and Tommen has forged an alliance with the Faith . He removes Jaime from the Kingsguard and orders him to help Walder Frey , who is holding Edmure Tully hostage , and to retake Riverrun from Brynden . Daenerys mounts Drogon , and declares to the Dothraki that they will sail across the Narrow Sea to conquer Westeros . 57 7 `` The Broken Man '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 7.80 Margaery convinces Olenna to return to Highgarden after the High Sparrow says that he will pursue Olenna following her attempt to engage the Faith . Jon , Sansa , and Davos recruit the Wildlings and House Mormont to their cause , but remain outnumbered by the Boltons . In desperation , Sansa writes a letter begging for aid . Jaime arrives in Riverrun with Bronn , assuming control of the siege . The former goes to parley with Brynden , ultimately being unsuccessful . Theon and Yara spend their last night in Volantis , deciding to sail to Meereen to ally with Daenerys . In Braavos , Arya prepares to return to Westeros , but is attacked by the Waif . Arya is badly wounded but escapes . Sandor is revealed to be alive , having been saved by a Septon and his followers . When men from the Brotherhood threaten and eventually slaughter the group , Sandor decides to get revenge . 58 8 `` No One '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 7.60 Tommen abolishes trial by combat , much to the dismay of Cersei , who planned to win using Gregor . Brienne arrives in Riverrun and attempts to persuade Brynden to surrender , without success . After Jaime threatens to kill Edmure 's young son , he enters the castle and orders the Tully forces to stand down , but Brynden is killed fighting the Lannisters . Brienne and Podrick escape . Varys departs Meereen on an unknown mission . Meereen comes under naval assault by the slaving cities , but Daenerys returns . Sandor kills the outlaws who sacked his village and encounters Dondarrion and Thoros , who explain that the outlaws were renegades . They try to convince Sandor to join the Brotherhood . Arya is taken in by the actress , who heals her wounds . In the morning , the Waif arrives , kills the actress and chases Arya through the streets of Braavos . Arya leads the Waif into the catacombs and kills her . She returns the Waif 's face to the House and declares that she is Arya Stark of Winterfell and she is going home . 59 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 7.66 Daenerys meets with the slave masters to negotiate terms of surrender , but they refuse it . Riding Drogon , as Rhaegal and Viserion assist , Daenerys attacks and burns the slavers ' fleet . Grey Worm kills two of the masters , leaving one to tell of what he had witnessed . After the battle , Theon and Yara meet with Daenerys and Tyrion and agree to an alliance . Near Winterfell , the Stark and Bolton armies meet on the field . Ramsay feigns setting Rickon free , but kills him with a long - distance arrow before Jon can save him . In the battle , the Stark forces are pinned by Bolton soldiers , but are rescued by the Knights of the Vale . Ramsay flees inside Winterfell , but the Wildling giant Wun Wun , having taken numerous arrows to his body , manages to break down the gate before succumbing to his wounds . Jon brutally beats Ramsay and takes him prisoner . Sansa later visits Ramsay 's cell in the kennels and watches as his starving hounds devour him . 60 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 8.89 Before her trial , Cersei destroys the Sept of Baelor by wildfire , killing the High Sparrow , Margaery , Mace and Loras Tyrell , Lancel and Kevan Lannister , along with hundreds of King 's Landing nobles and the Faith Militant , while Qyburn has Pycelle killed . Tommen commits suicide . In Dorne , Varys meets with Olenna and Ellaria , seeking to form an alliance between Daenerys and their houses against the Lannisters . Seaworth confronts Melisandre over the death of Shireen ; Jon banishes her from Winterfell . The Wildlings , the Knights of the Vale and the surviving Houses of the North pledge loyalty to Jon as the new King in the North . Sansa stops Baelish from getting intimate with her . Arya kills Walder Frey and his sons . Tarly and Gilly reach the Citadel in Oldtown . Benjen tells Brandon and Meera to pass the Wall without him . Brandon uses his powers and learns that Jon is actually the son of Lyanna , being adopted by Eddard after she died during Robert 's rebellion . Jaime returns to King 's Landing to find Qyburn crowning Cersei the new monarch of the Seven Kingdoms . Daenerys leaves Naharis and the Second Sons to rule Meereen before she sets sail to Westeros with her other companions , armies and dragons . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Natalie Dormer ( Margaery Tyrell ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Maisie Williams ( Arya Stark ) Iwan Rheon ( Ramsay Bolton ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Carice van Houten as Melisandre Natalie Dormer as Margaery Tyrell Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Conleth Hill as Varys Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Tom Wlaschiha as Jaqen H'ghar Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Hannah Murray as Gilly Jonathan Pryce as the High Sparrow Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Michiel Huisman as Daario Naharis Michael McElhatton as Roose Bolton Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton Dean - Charles Chapman as Tommen Baratheon Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Jerome Flynn as Bronn Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 6 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear : In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Natalia Tena as Osha Art Parkinson as Rickon Stark Owen Teale as Alliser Thorne Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Brenock O'Connor as Olly Charlotte Hope as Myranda Elizabeth Webster as Walda Bolton Paul Rattray as Harald Karstark Dean Jagger as Smalljon Umber Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Sean Blowers as Wyman Manderly Tom Varey as Cley Cerwyn Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Michael Condron as Bowen Marsh Brian Fortune as Othell Yarwyck Ian Whyte as Wun Wun Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Max von Sydow as the Three - eyed Raven Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Kristian Nairn as Hodor Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Kae Alexander as Leaf Vladimir `` Furdo '' Furdik as the Night King In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Clive Russell as Brynden Tully Tobias Menzies as Edmure Tully Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Tim Plester as Black Walder Rivers Daniel Tuite as Lothar Frey Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Lem Ricky Champ as Gatins Ian Davies as Morgan Ian McShane as Brother Ray On the Iron Islands ( edit ) Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Michael Feast as Aeron Greyjoy In Dorne ( edit ) Alexander Siddig as Doran Martell Toby Sebastian as Trystane Martell Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah In King 's Landing ( edit ) Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Julian Glover as Grand Maester Pycelle Finn Jones as Loras Tyrell Anton Lesser as Qyburn Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Mace Tyrell Eugene Simon as Lancel Lannister Ian Gelder as Kevan Lannister Hannah Waddingham as Septa Unella Nell Tiger Free as Myrcella Baratheon Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane Josephine Gillan as Marei Nathanael Saleh as Arthur Annette Hannah as Frances In the Vale ( edit ) Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce In Braavos ( edit ) Faye Marsay as the Waif Richard E. Grant as Izembaro Essie Davis as Lady Crane Leigh Gill as Bobono Eline Powell as Bianca Rob Callender as Clarenzo Kevin Eldon as Camello In Meereen ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz Eddie Jackson as Belicho Paenymion Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz Ania Bukstein as Kinvara Gerald Lepkowski as Zanrush Meena Rayann as Vala In Vaes Dothrak ( edit ) Joe Naufahu as Khal Moro Andrei Claude as Khal Rhalko Tamer Hassan as Khal Forzho Staz Nair as Qhono Chuku Modu as Aggo Deon Lee - Williams as Iggo Souad Faress as the High Priestess Hannah John - Kamen as Ornella In the Reach ( edit ) James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Samantha Spiro as Melessa Tarly Freddie Stroma as Dickon Tarly Rebecca Benson as Talla Tarly In flashbacks ( edit ) Robert Aramayo & Sebastian Croft as Eddard Stark Matteo Elezi as Benjen Stark Aisling Franciosi & Cordelia Hill as Lyanna Stark Wayne Foskett as Rickard Stark Fergus Leathem as Rodrik Cassel Annette Tierney as Old Nan Sam Coleman as Hodor Leo Woodruff as Howland Reed Luke Roberts as Arthur Dayne Eddie Eyre as Gerold Hightower David Rintoul as Aerys II Targaryen Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) The writing staff for the sixth season includes executive producers and showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , producer Bryan Cogman and Dave Hill . Author George R.R. Martin , who had written one episode for each of the first four seasons , did not write an episode for the sixth season , as he was working to finish writing the sixth A Song of Ice and Fire novel , The Winds of Winter . The directing staff for the sixth season was Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 2 ) , Daniel Sackheim ( episodes 3 and 4 ) , Jack Bender ( episodes 5 and 6 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 7 and 8 ) , and Miguel Sapochnik ( episodes 9 and 10 ) . Sackheim and Bender were first - time Game of Thrones directors , with the rest each having directed two episodes in the previous season . Writing ( edit ) With the end of the fifth season , the content of the show has reached the plot of the latest novel in Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , A Dance with Dragons . Season 6 director Jeremy Podeswa said in August 2015 : `` Right now in season six , what we 're shooting currently is n't based on anything in the book . It 's fully based on discussions the writers have had with George Martin , because the series has now surpassed the books in terms of what 's available . '' Actress Natalie Dormer , who plays Margaery Tyrell , later added that the show 's writers `` know where it 's got to go and what ( George Martin ) 's intentions for the characters are . But they are just filling in the gaps . '' The season premiere starts off right where the fifth season ended . A plot from The Winds of Winter regarding a traveling theater troupe located in Braavos that stages a play called `` The Bloody Hand '' , about the events that have taken place in King 's Landing since the beginning of the series , is included in the sixth season . Filming ( edit ) The Castle of Zafra in Guadalajara , Spain is among the filming locations . Filming for season six began in July 2015 , and ended on December 17 , 2015 . The budget for the sixth season increased compared to the previous seasons as each episode did cost over $10 million per episode , totaling over $100 million for the full season and setting a new high for the series . The season filmed in five different countries , Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Like the previous seasons , a large amount of production took place in Northern Ireland , mainly in Belfast and on the Causeway Coast , including film locations in the Binevenagh , Magilligan area which was used to film scenes for the Dothraki Grasslands , and Larrybane Quarry and Ballintoy Harbour , both used for scenes in the Iron Islands . The small village of Corbet was also used , for the siege of Riverrun . As in previous seasons , some of Castle Black was set at the abandoned Magheramorne quarry . From September 3 to October 23 , 2015 the show also filmed in Spain , specifically in Girona , Navarre , Peniscola , and Almería . Some filming locations in Spain included the Castle of Zafra in Guadalajara , the Bardenas Reales Natural Park in Navarre , the Alcazaba in Almería , and the Castle of Santa Florentina in Canet de Mar . In August 2015 , HBO announced that for the first time since season 1 , the show would not be filming any scenes in Croatia . The Croatian city of Dubrovnik has stood in for King 's Landing since the beginning of season 2 ; nearby cities such as Klis , Split and Šibenik have been used to depict various other locations . Contradicting the statement by HBO , cast of the show were seen in costume in Dubrovnik in October 2015 . Only a very small portion of the season was filmed in Canada ( north of Calgary , Alberta ) : the scenes featuring Jon Snow 's wolf Ghost ( played by animal actor Quigly ) . However , some of the special effects were created at Montreal 's Rodeo FX studios which has won Emmy Awards previously for its work on the series . Casting ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk plays Euron Greyjoy . The sixth season saw the return of Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark , Kristian Nairn as Hodor , Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed , Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy , and Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane , who did not appear in the fifth season . Clive Russell , Tobias Menzies , Patrick Malahide , Richard Dormer and Paul Kaye also returned to the show as Brynden Tully , Edmure Tully , Balon Greyjoy , Beric Dondarrion and Thoros of Myr after not appearing since the third season . Jonathan Pryce as the High Sparrow was added to the series main cast after appearing in a recurring role in the previous season . Across the Narrow Sea , Melanie Liburd plays a Red priestess from Asshai who is in R'hllor 's service . At the Reach , House Tarly is introduced , with Freddie Stroma joining the cast as Samwell Tarly 's brother Dickon Tarly , a character who was mentioned in the novels but has yet to appear in them . Other members of House Tarly that were introduced were Randyll Tarly , played by James Faulkner ; Melessa Tarly , played by Samantha Spiro and Talla Tarly , who was portrayed by Rebecca Benson . Veteran actor Max von Sydow was cast to play the Three - Eyed - Raven , who is training Bran . The character was previously played by Struan Rodger in the fourth - season finale `` The Children '' . David Bradley confirmed in August 2015 , that he would be returning to the show as Walder Frey after last appearing in the third - season finale `` Mhysa '' , but he did not confirm when he would be returning . After the second official trailer was released , it was confirmed that Bradley would appear in the sixth season . Danish actor Pilou Asbæk joins the show as Theon Greyjoy 's uncle , pirate captain Euron Greyjoy . Members of the Icelandic band Of Monsters and Men made cameo appearances . Ricky Champ played Gatins , an outlaw who is a part of a band using religion to justify extorting the people of the countryside . A young Ned Stark was portrayed by Sebastian Croft in a flashback scene . The sixth season also included a traveling theater troupe located in Braavos that stages a play called `` The Bloody Hand '' , about the events that have taken place in King 's Landing since the beginning of the series . Essie Davis and Kevin Eldon joined the cast in this theater troupe , portraying actors playing Cersei Lannister and Ned Stark , respectively , while Richard E. Grant was cast as the troupe 's manager . Members of Icelandic indie band Of Monsters and Men appear as the musicians of the Braavos theatre group . Fates of key characters ( edit ) After the fifth - season finale `` Mother 's Mercy '' , the fates of several key characters , such as Sansa Stark , Theon Greyjoy , Stannis Baratheon , Myrcella Baratheon and Jon Snow were left unknown . It was later confirmed at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con that Sophie Turner and Alfie Allen would return for the sixth season , implying that their characters Sansa and Theon / Reek survived the jump from the castle walls of Winterfell . The director of `` Mother 's Mercy '' , David Nutter , said later in an interview that Stannis ' death was intended by the episode 's script . Showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss also confirmed that Myrcella died after being poisoned by Ellaria Sand . Although Weiss had stated that Jon Snow is indeed dead , photos of Kit Harington , the actor playing Jon Snow , arriving in Belfast surfaced in July 2015 . Since the season 6 script read - throughs were being held in Belfast , these photos fueled speculation that his character might not be dead after all . However , Joanna Robinson of Vanity Fair pointed out that Charles Dance was seen at Belfast the previous year , and his character Tywin Lannister only appeared in the first episode of the subsequent season and only as a corpse , although Dance himself confirmed the nature of his role shortly after the announcement . Another photo , showing Harington on set in Belfast in a costume that varied from the Night 's Watch outfit , was published on September 25 , 2015 . There was considerable fan speculation regarding how Jon might have survived , including spiritually possessing his direwolf 's body and being brought back to life by Melisandre . In February 2016 , actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau revealed that the opening scene of the sixth season will `` kind of reveal that Jon Snow is ... dead . '' In March 2016 , Harington confirmed in an interview that he did in fact film new scenes for the sixth season as a corpse , and that he knows for how long his character is to remain that way . Music ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones : Season 6 ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack for the season was digitally released on June 24 , 2016 , and was released on CD on July 29 , 2016 . The album reached # 27 on the Billboard 200 , # 1 on Soundtrack chart , and # 79 on the Canadian Albums chart on its digital release , with the track from the season finale `` Light of the Seven '' reaching # 1 on Billboard 's Spotify Viral 50 chart . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The season received highly positive reviews , with special praise directed at the episodes `` The Door '' , `` Battle of the Bastards '' and `` The Winds of Winter '' . On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 9 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the sixth season has a 96 percent approval rating from 29 critics with an average rating of 8.4 out of 10 . The season also received a 95 % episode average score on Rotten Tomatoes . Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 6 ( 2016 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The season finale had 8.89 million viewers on its initial airing on HBO , up ten percent from the previous season 's finale , which was the most - watched episode prior to this episode . The average gross viewing figure per episode for the show , which include streaming , DVR recordings and repeat showings , reached over 25 million this season , and it was described as the last consensus show on television . The figure went up by 25 % compared to previous year , and viewing figures of the show this season on its on demand services HBO Now and HBO Go went up by over 90 % , which were new records for HBO . Almost 40 % of viewers of the show watched this season on HBO digital platforms . The show also broke records on pay television channels in 2016 in the United Kingdom with an average audience of more than five million across all platforms , and in Australia with a cumulative average audience of 1.2 million viewers . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Red Woman '' April 24 , 2016 4.0 7.94 1.0 2.11 5.0 10.06 `` Home '' May 1 , 2016 3.7 7.29 0.9 1.92 4.6 9.20 `` Oathbreaker '' May 8 , 2016 3.7 7.28 1.0 1.96 4.7 9.24 `` Book of the Stranger '' May 15 , 2016 3.9 7.82 2.22 5.0 10.05 5 `` The Door '' May 22 , 2016 4.0 7.89 1.4 2.76 5.4 10.65 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' May 29 , 2016 3.2 6.71 2.0 3.61 5.2 10.32 7 `` The Broken Man '' June 5 , 2016 3.9 7.80 1.5 2.81 5.4 10.61 8 `` No One '' June 12 , 2016 3.9 7.60 1.5 3.0 5.4 10.60 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' June 19 , 2016 3.8 7.66 1.7 3.42 5.5 11.08 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' June 26 , 2016 4.3 8.89 1.6 3.19 5.9 12.08 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones For the 32nd TCA Awards , the series was nominated for Program of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Drama . For the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , the series received 23 nominations , the most of any series . It won 12 awards , including Outstanding Drama Series , David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for `` Battle of the Bastards '' , and Miguel Sapochnik for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for `` Battle of the Bastards '' . For the 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards , the series won for Best Drama Series . Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 AFI Awards AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 32nd TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Program of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated TV Choice Awards Best International Show Game of Thrones Won Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Game of Thrones Won Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Ensemble of the Year The cast of Game of Thrones Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actor Kit Harington Won Best Drama Supporting Actress Lena Headey Won Best Drama Guest Actor Ian McShane Nominated Max von Sydow Nominated Best Drama Episode `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , Carla Stronge Nominated EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress , Drama Sophie Turner Won 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nominated Kit Harington as Jon Snow Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Nominated Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Nominated Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Jack Bender for `` The Door '' Nominated Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , and Carla Stronge Won Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Max von Sydow as Three - Eyed Raven Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series Gregory Middleton for Home Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Fantasy Series Michele Clapton , Chloe Aubry , Sheena Wichary for The Winds of Winter Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks , Nicola Mount , Laura Pollock , Gary Machin , Rosalia Culora for The Door Nominated Outstanding Make - up for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Jane Walker , Kate Thompson , Nicola Mathews , Kay Bilk , Marianna Kyriacou , Pamela Smyth for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Production Design for a Fantasy Program Deborah Riley , Paul Ghirardani , Rob Cameron for Blood of My Blood , The Broken Man , and No One Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series Jane Walker , Sarah Gower , Emma Sheffield , Tristan Versluis , Barrie Gower for The Door Won Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama series Tim Porter for Battle of the Bastards Won Katie Weiland for Oathbreaker Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Tim Kimmel , Tim Hands , Paul Bercovitch , Paula Fairfield , Bradley C. Katona , Michael Wabro , David Klotz , Brett Voss , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit for The Door Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Series Ronan Hill , Richard Dyer , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters for Battle of the Bastards Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects Steve Kullback , Joe Bauer , Adam Chazen , Derek Spears , Eric Carney , Sam Conway , Matthew Rouleau , Michelle Blok , Glenn Melenhorst for Battle of the Bastards Won Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Series Rowley Irlam Won Outstanding Interactive Program Game of Thrones Main Titles 360 Experience Nominated Hollywood Professional Alliance Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Mathew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Bradley Katona , Paul Bercovitch for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Visual Effects Joe Bauer , Eric Carney , Derek Spears , Glenn Melenhorst , Matthew Rouleau for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Australian Production Design Guild Production Design for a Television Drama Game of Thrones Won 3D Award for Visual Effects Design Iloura for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography in a Television Drama Fabian Wagner for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated ACO / BSC / GBCT Operators TV Drama Award Sean Savage , David Morgan & John Ferguson for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series Fabian Wagner for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Anette Haellmigk for `` Book of the Stranger '' Nominated 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Kit Harington Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Lena Headey Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Game of Thrones Nominated IGN Awards Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Won Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Won MTV Fandom Awards Fan Freak Out of the Year Game of Thrones - Resurrection of Jon Snow Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for a Television Series Ramin Djawadi Won Film Music Composition Of The Year Ramin Djawadi for `` Light of the Seven '' Nominated World Soundtrack Awards Television Composer of the Year Ramin Djawadi Nominated 2017 43rd People 's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated 44th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Nicholas Tripodi , Dean Elliott , James Hollingworth , Matt Weaver for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated 74th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated 21st Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated Best Television Series -- Genre Game of Thrones Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2016 Episodic Drama David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Dave Hill , D.B. Weiss Nominated 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Drama Series Boian Anev , Kristina Baskett , Rachelle Beinart , Richard Bradshaw , Michael Byrch , Nick Chopping , Christopher Cox , Jake Cox , David Cronnelly , Matt Crook , Levan Doran , Bradley Farmer , Vladimir Furdik , Richard Hansen , Rob Hayns , Paul Howell , Rowley Irlam , Erol Ismail , Milen Kaleychev , Leigh Maddern , Jonathan McBride , Leona McCarron , Kim McGarrity , Richard Mead , Casey Michaels , Sian Milne , David Newton , Jason Otelle , Radoslav Parvanov , Ian Pead , Rashid Phoenix , Andy Pilgrim , Marc Redmond , Paul Shapcott , Jonny Stockwell , Ryan Stuart , Edward Upcott , Leo Woodruff Won Outstanding Performance by An Ensemble in a Drama Series Alfie Allen , Jacob Anderson , Dean Charles Chapman , Emilia Clarke , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Liam Cunnungham , Peter Dinklage , Nathalie Emmanuel , Kit Harington , Lena Headey , Conleth Hill , Kristofer Hivju , Michiel Huisman , Faye Marsay , Jonathan Pryce , Sophie Turner , Carcie Van Houten , Gemma Whelan , Maisie Williams , Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards 2017 Best Edited One - Hour Series For Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Art Directors Guild Awards 2016 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley for `` Blood of My Blood '' , `` The Broken Man '' and `` No One '' Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards 2016 The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , Bryan Cogman , Lisa McAtackney , Chris Newman , Greg Spence Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards 2016 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Glenn Melenhorst , Matthew Rouleau , Sam Conway for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Animated Performance in an Episode or Real - Time Project James Kinnings , Michael Holzl , Matt Derksen , Joeseph Hoback for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Drogon Won Sebastian Lauer , Jonathan Symmonds , Thomas Kutschera , Anthony Sieben for `` Home '' -- Emaciated Dragon Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial or Real - Time Project Deak Ferrand , Dominic Daigle , François Croteau , Alexandru Banuta for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Meereen City Won Edmond Engelbrecht , Tomoka Matsumura , Edwin Holdsworth , Cheri Fojtik for `` The Winds of Winter '' -- Citadel Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Patrick Tiberius Gehlen , Michelle Blok , Christopher Baird , Drew Wood - Davies for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Kevin Blom , Sasmit Ranadive , Wanghua Huang , Ben Andersen for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Thomas Hullin , Dominik Kirouac , James Dong , Xavier Fourmond for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Meereen City Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Thomas Montminy - Brodeur , Patrick David , Michael Crane , Joe Salazar for `` Battle of the Bastards '' - Meereen City Nominated Dominic Hellier , Morgan Jones , Thijs Noij , Caleb Thompson for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Retaking Winterfell Won Eduardo Díaz , Aníbal Del Busto , Angel Rico , Sonsoles López - Aranguren for `` The Door '' -- Land of Always Winter Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Richard Dyer , Brett Voss for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won 69th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won USC Scripter Award Best Adapted Screenplay David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker , Kay Bilk Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks Won Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower , Sarah Gower Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton , April Ferry Won Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated 22nd National Television Awards Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : FX / Foley Tim Kimmel , Brett Voss , John Matter , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan Wilhoit , Paula Fairfield and Bradley Katona for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel and Tim Hands for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : Music David Klotz for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Society of Camera Operators Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Sean Savage Nominated Zulu Awards Best Actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Nominated Canadian Society of Cinematographers TV Series Cinematography Gregory Middleton for `` Home '' Won Location Managers Guild Awards LMGI Award for Outstanding Locations in Period Television Matt Jones and Naomi Liston Nominated 43rd Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor on Television Kit Harington Nominated Best Actress on Television Lena Headey Nominated 22nd Empire Awards Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Irish Film & Television Academy Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Nominated Best Sound Game of Thrones Nominated Best VFX Game of Thrones Nominated Webby Award Best Overall Social Presence Game of Thrones Won Unscripted ( Branded ) `` Battle of the Bastards '' Featurette Won Hugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form David Benioff ( writer ) , D.B. Weiss ( writer ) , and Miguel Sapochnik ( director ) for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Pending David Benioff ( writer ) , D.B. Weiss ( writer ) , and Jack Bender ( director ) for `` The Door '' Pending 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Show Of The Year Game of Thrones Nominated Best Actor In A Show Emilia Clarke Nominated Tearjerker Hodor 's ( Kristian Nairn ) Death Nominated 2017 British Academy Television Awards Must - See Moment `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Glamour Awards Best UK TV Actress Sophie Turner Won Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Marketing ( edit ) On November 23 , 2015 , a teaser poster displaying Jon Snow was released on the official Game of Thrones Twitter account . A 41 - second teaser trailer was released on December 3 , featuring Jon Snow from the fifth season episode `` Hardhome '' , as well as many of the previous seasons ' highlights , and a voice - over from Max von Sydow as the Three - Eyed Raven and Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on December 6 , 2015 , showcasing scenes involving Daenerys Targaryen , Ramsay Bolton , Cersei Lannister , and Tommen Baratheon . On December 28 , 2015 , Entertainment Weekly released its `` Exclusive First Look '' issue , featuring an image of Bran Stark , who was noticeably older from his last appearance in season four , and with shorter hair . On January 22 , 2016 , three teaser trailers were released , with each teaser depicting the banners of the houses Targaryen , Lannister and Stark , and included voice - overs by Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton , Jonathan Pryce as The High Sparrow and an unknown character speaking in Dothraki . On February 11 , 2016 , HBO released 28 exclusive photos from the sixth season , picturing several of the main characters during the season and confirming the fates of Theon , Sansa and Myrcella , while Jon Snow was notably absent . HBO released a teaser trailer on February 14 , 2016 , that shows the faces of a number of living as well as deceased characters such as Ned Stark , Robb Stark , Catelyn Stark , Joffrey Baratheon , Tywin Lannister , Stannis Baratheon , Ygritte and , controversially , Jon Snow in the House of Black and White . On February 24 , 2016 , HBO released 16 character posters of both deceased and alive characters , and two official posters featuring various characters . A behind - the - scenes video of the sixth season was released on February 29 , 2016 , focusing on camera operators working on the show . The first official trailer for season 6 was released on March 8 , 2016 . Another behind - the - scenes video was released on March 22 , 2016 , focusing on the creative process of prosthetics , specifically the White Walkers . The video also contained new footage of White Walkers from the sixth season . On March 24 , Entertainment Weekly revealed a series of new issues titled `` Dame of Thrones '' , featuring six of the female lead characters from the series and focus on the sixth season . On March 26 , 2016 , new photos from season six , in addition to a new promo named `` March Madness '' with new footage , was released by HBO . After the screening of the season premiere `` The Red Woman '' , HBO released a second official trailer . As well , in July 2016 , HBO released a `` blooper reel '' online , a video of outtakes from season 6 . After the Thrones ( edit ) Main article : After the Thrones After the Thrones , a live aftershow in which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discuss episodes of the series , airs on the stand - alone streaming service HBO Now on the Monday following each episode of the show 's sixth season . Home Media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on November 15 , 2016 . The set includes extra background , behind - the - scenes material and deleted scenes . Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season Set details Special features Format : AC - 3 , Blu - ray , DTS Surround Sound , Dubbed , NTSC , Subtitled , Widescreen Language : English , French , Castilian , German Subtitles : English , French , Castilian , German , Dutch , Danish , Finnish , Greek , Hebrew , Norwegian , Portuguese , Romanian , Swedish , Turkish 16 : 9 aspect ratio 5 - disc set , 10 episodes `` 18 Hours At The Paint Hall '' : Follow all three shooting units as they converge in this behind - the - scenes snapshot of a day in the life of the largest show on television . `` The Battle Of The Bastards '' : An In - Depth Look -- Behind - the - scenes piece examining the production challenges of creating this epic event , including explorations of VFX , stunts , and interviews with key cast and crew . `` Recreating The Dothraki World '' : Behind - the - scenes piece looking at the creation of Vaes Dothrak and its importance to Dany 's evolution . 13 audio commentaries by , among others , Benioff , Weiss , Dinklage , Headey , Harington , Coster - Waldau , Turner and more . Blu - ray exclusive : `` In - Episode Guide '' : In - feature resource that provides background information about on - screen characters , locations and relevant histories . `` Histories & Lore '' : Learn about the mythology of Westeros as told from the varying perspectives of the characters themselves , includes 18 history pieces . DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 November 15 , 2016 November 14 , 2016 November 16 , 2016 Copyright infringement ( edit ) The sixth season of Game of Thrones was the most - pirated TV series in 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' David Benioff & D.B. Weiss On Shocking Season 6 Finale '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 5 and Season 6 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' hits season low on Memorial Day weekend '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' holds up opposite NBA Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series high with Season 6 finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Sixth Season April 24 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lukowski , Andrzej ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Kit Harington tells us Jon Snow will return in ' Game of Thrones ' season 6 ... '' Time Out London . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Kit Harington Remains in Season 6 Opening Credits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Talk Jon Snow Theories , Rape Controversy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Cast and Crew '' . HBO . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Premiere : ' The Red Woman ' Reveals An Ancient Secret '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Everything We Know About the Season 6 Cast '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Davos Defends Dead Jon Snow in New ' Game of Thrones ' Clip '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 , Home review : Earth - shattering stuff '' . Daily Express . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D , Léa ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 : Lord Karstark and Smalljon Umber to appear '' . Melty.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 First Look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : who is Lyanna Mormont , the 10 year - old taking the show by storm ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Snow 's Corpse and Davos 's Sword Take Center Stage in New Game of Thrones Clip '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cashin , Rory ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` '' Trying to keep that secret was like I really did murder somebody `` . Exclusive interview with Game Of Thrones actor Brian Fortune '' . Newstalk.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` We spoke to Game of Thrones giant Wun Wun about his death '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones recasts Three - Eyed Raven with Exorcist star '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Are Meera and Jon Snow related ? Ellie Kendrick is unsure but would ' love it to be true ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones producer on the sudden return of that character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 Anatomy of a Scene : The Cave Battle ( HBO ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 trailer is finally here '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones new season 6 trailer released : Most epic yet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Brynden ' The Blackfish ' Tully returning for Siege of Riverrun storyline '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 spoilers : Edmure Tully returning in Riverrun storyline '' . Daily Express . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Kills Several Someones in ' No One ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stolworthy , Jacob ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Character last seen in season 3 to make return '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bundel , Ani ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones recasts a villain from Season 3 '' . Winteriscoming.net . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garofalo , Alex ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 Spoilers : Ricky Champ Joins Cast As New Character Amid Jon Snow Buzz '' . International Business Times . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Ian McShane Has No Regrets About Spoiling Game of Thrones '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Yara Greyjoy returns as actress Gemma Whelan spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` See Exclusive Pictures From Season 6 '' . Making Game of Thrones.com . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbush , Jonathon ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones adds Lucy actor to play Euron Greyjoy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 Opener Brings Reunions , Rescues , ( Spoilers ) & Revenge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : DeObia Oparei thinks people should be concerned about Trystane '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Rosabell Laurenti Sellers on Transition From Rome to London '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones 's Julian Glover on Playing Pycelle , Auditioning for Dumbledore , and What He Wo n't Do on HBO '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Finn Jones : Ser Loras being treated ' very badly ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Olenna to Confront Mace Tyrell '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 production update and Kristian Nairn on what ' Hodor ' could mean '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` What HBO 's New ' Game of Thrones ' Photos Reveal About Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Season 6 Is In for a Mountain of Trouble '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lightfoot Garrett , Tommy ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Lino Facioli ( Lord Robin Arryn Of The Vale ) Returning For Season 6 , Winter Is Coming , Highlight Hollywood News '' . Highlighthollywood.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 5 & 6 Yohn Royce Interview - Rupert Vansittart '' . YouTube . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Richard E. Grant in mystery role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Casts Babadook Star Essie Davis to Play Queen Cersei ... Kinda ( Updated ) '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Brass Eye 's Kevin Eldon joins Richard E. Grant 's ' theatre troupe ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Segal , Itay ( May 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ania Bukstein on Game of Thrones '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 6 : Episode # 1 -- A Widow 's Future ( HBO ) '' ( YouTube ) . HBO . April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : A Guide to Recognizing the Hunky Dothraki of Season 6 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Adds 3 Tarlys To Season 6 Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Robert Aramayo Nabs Roles In ' Game Of Thrones ' & ' Nocturnal Animals ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nattrass , JJ ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Ned Stark returns as a young boy played by Sebastian Croft - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Game Of Thrones : the Jon Snow revelation and what it all means '' . Empire . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' the Morning After : The Fight Against Fate '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` George R.R. Martin Wo n't Write for Game of Thrones Season 6 '' . Time . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones directors revealed for mysterious season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Natalie Dormer Teases Her New Plot on Season 6 of Game of Thrones '' . Time . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` Emmy - Nominated ' Game of Thrones ' Director Discusses Sansa 's Sinister Wedding , Looks Ahead to Season 6 '' . Yahoo TV . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Babadook actress in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sapochnik , Miguel ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Five days left ... '' Twitter . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 costs A LOT per episode : The HBO fantasy epic 's massive budget is revealed '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones premiere screening reveals season 6 surprises '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Games of Thrones season 6 : Castle Black set hit by rockslide during filming '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Predicting Game of Thrones Season - 6 Story Lines Using Shoot Locations '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 wraps Spain filming , winter is finally coming '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones season 6 filming location suggests return of Jon Snow '' . IndiaToday.in . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmadas nuevas localizaciones de rodaje de ' Juego de Tronos ' T6 en España '' ( Confirmed new filming locations of ' Game of Thrones ' S6 in Spain ) ( in Spanish ) . canalplus.es . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 wo n't shoot in Croatia , HBO confirms , so do n't expect much from King 's Landing '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 spoilers : First look at Cersei Lannister following her infamous walk of shame '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Alberta wolf Quigly returns for Season 6 of Game of Thrones '' . Calgary Herald . Calgary , Alberta . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season premiere of ' Game of Thrones ' was very Canadian '' . Pop Goes the News . John R Kennedy Media . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Bran Stark actor confirms he 's in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HBO : Game of Thrones ( Season 6 ) Intro / Opening Credits '' . YouTube . June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Adds Melanie Liburd As The Red Priestess '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Freddie Stroma cast as Samwell Tarly 's brother '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Reportedly Just Hijacked a Downton Abbey Actor '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Walder Frey is coming back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Of Monsters and Men for cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Young Ned Stark ' cast ' for flashback scene '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Richard E. Grant joins the cast ( confirmed ) '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Music on TV : Inside Of Monsters and Men 's Cameo on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones director confirms Stannis Baratheon 's fate '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on that fatal Jaime twist : Does this mean war in season 6 ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones author , producer on whether that character is really dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Finally , Photographic Evidence that Kit Harington Has Joined the Cast of Game of Thrones in Belfast '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Dance Reveals Game of Thrones Return '' . MTV UK . September 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hewett , Emliy ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kit Harington spotted filming Game Of Thrones on set in Belfast ... suggesting Jon Snow MAY be very much alive ! '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Is This Really the Last We 'll See of Jon Snow ? '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kain , Eric ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 5 , Episode 10 Review : Mother 's Mercy '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` New Game of Thrones Information Adds Fuel to the `` Jon Snow Lives '' Conspiracy `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heller , Corinne ( January 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Stars Tease Jon Snow and Sansa Stark 's Fates , Emilia Clarke Says Season 6 `` Almost Killed Us '' `` . E ! Online . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kremkau , Bryan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Pandora Radio Previewing Ramin Djawadi 's Game of Thrones Film Score '' . Readjunk . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Viral 50 '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Ratings Hit Series High With Season 6 Finale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 ratings : Show brought in 25.1 million viewers on average per episode '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Finale Ratings Record Proves It 's the Last Consensus Show on TV '' . Time . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Is Even More Insanely Popular than You Think '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones most popular Sky series ever with 5m viewers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season six finale sets Australian audience record for Foxtel '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , April 18 -- 24 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Better Call Saul ' outgain ' Game of Thrones ' premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , April 25 - May 1 : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' on top again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , May 2 -- 8 : ' Game of Thrones ' rises week to week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , May 9 -- 15 : ' Game of Thrones ' posts biggest 3 - day gain of season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 16 -- 22 : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' tie for top gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 23 -- 29 : ' Game of Thrones ' posts biggest gain of the season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 30 - June 5 : ' Game of Thrones ' keeps its lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 6 -- 12 : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Teen Mom II ' stay on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 13 -- 19 : ' Game of Thrones ' leads , ' Penny Dreadful ' finale quadruples '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 20 -- 26 : ' Game of Thrones ' finale dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Mr. Robot , ' ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' Lead TCA Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Rules 2016 Emmy Race With 23 Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Emmys 2016 : Game of Thrones breaks record , wins best drama series - The HBO series won Outstanding Drama Series at this year 's ceremony '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Costantino , George ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2016 : Complete Winners List '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : This Is Us , Stranger Things , Atlanta Make TV 's Top 10 of 2016 '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanusi , Hassan ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones wins at 2016 TV Choice Awards as Big Bang Theory , The Walking Dead lose out '' . The Net . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners - The Dragon Award '' . Dragon Con . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads winners , ' Game of Thrones ' & ' Veep ' also prevail '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Artios Awards Unveil 2017 Nominees ; Joel McHale to Host L.A. Ceremony '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy Awards 2016 : Meet Your Winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Jungle Book ' Claims VFX Trophy at HPA Awards '' . Yahoo !. November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 APDG Awards Winners '' . APDG . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Past nominees '' ( PDF ) . bscine.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Past winners '' ( PDF ) . bscine.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion ' Tops ASC Cinematographer Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winfrey , Graham ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : HBO Leads With 22 Nominations '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Favorite Most Bingeworthy Show '' . A&E . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2016 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Fandom Awards : Game of Thrones , Hamilton among nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Winners 2016 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2016 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 16th World Soundtrack Awards announces first wave of nominees '' . Film Fest Gent . August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Zootopia ' and ' Kubo ' Lead Annie Awards Nominations ; ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Civil War ' Land Nods '' . Collider.com . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annual Annie Awards Nominees '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 2017 ) '' . GoldenGlobes.com . Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Award Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS ACADEMY ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 21 ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` WGA TV Nominations Include ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Stranger Things ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrival , ' ' La La Land ' Top American Cinema Editors Eddie Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DeSantis , Rachel ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` People v. O.J. , Stranger Things score Producers Guild Award nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Takes Top Visual Effects Society Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Damien Chazelle Wins Directors Guild 's Top Film Award for ' La La Land ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrival , ' ' Fences , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Earn USC Scripter Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ; Pedersen , Erik ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : ' La La Land , ' ' Hidden Figures ' & ' The Crown ' Among Winners -- Complete List '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dry , Jude ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gay and Lesbian Critics Association Honor ' Moonlight ' and ' Jackie ' with Dorian Award Noms '' . IndieWire . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` National Television Awards reveals its 2017 nominees -- check out the full rundown and vote now '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2017 : Mary Berry triumphs and Casualty wins over Game of Thrones , plus full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hacksaw Ridge , ' ' Rogue One , ' ' Arrival ' Lead Sound Editors ' Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stem På Årets Skuespiller - Afstemning afsluttet '' . TV2 . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSC Awards 2017 '' . www.csc.ca . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Win Location Managers Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Three Empire Awards -- Nominations '' . Wemakemoviesonweekends.com . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards '' . entertainment.ie . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Webby Awards : Lady Gaga , Kimmel 's Mean Tweets , and ' Mr. Robot ' Among Winners '' . Variety . April 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film & Video - Unscripted ( Branded ) '' . Webby Award . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Here are the 2017 Hugo Award nominees '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Lands 7 MTV Movie Awards Nominations '' . E !. Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones , Line of Duty and Strictly Come Dancing are up for Virgin TV 's Must - See Moment at BAFTA TV Awards '' . Digital Spy. April 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAMOUR Awards 2017 : All the talking points '' . Glamour . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 release date : HBO confirms US start , Sky Atlantic to simulcast in UK '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` The First Official Look at Game of Thrones Season 6 Is All About Jon Snow '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Trailer Hints at Jon Snow 's Return '' . Variety . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` HBO Reveals First Footage From ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : First look at Bran Stark in season 6 return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Pledge allegiance to Game of Thrones houses in season 6 teasers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Teaser : Is ( Spoiler ) a Goner ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones character posters tease dead Jon Snow in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Cameras of Game of Thrones '' . Making Game of Thrones . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rubber , Latex and Gore : Go Inside GoT Prosthetics '' . Making Game of Thrones . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Game of Thrones women are set to rule season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' : New Season 6 Photos Unveiled '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones teaser has new season 6 footage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 7 trailer : the first teaser is here '' . Digital Arts . IDG . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` HBO orders Game of Thrones weekly after - show from Bill Simmons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Complete details on the Game of Thrones Season 6 DVD / Blu - ray boxset '' . Winteriscoming.net . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 6 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2016 '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones : Season 6 at Rotten Tomatoes George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I / Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Pulitzer Prize Playhouse ( 1951 ) Westinghouse Studio One ( 1952 ) Robert Montgomery Presents ( 1953 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1955 ) Producers ' Showcase ( 1956 ) Gunsmoke ( 1958 ) Alcoa - Goodyear Theatre ( 1959 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1960 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame ( 1961 ) The Defenders ( 1962 ) The Defenders ( 1963 ) The Defenders ( 1964 ) The Fugitive , season 3 ( 1966 ) Mission : Impossible , season 1 ( 1967 ) Mission : Impossible , season 2 ( 1968 ) NET Playhouse ( 1969 ) Marcus Welby , M.D. ( 1970 ) The Bold Ones : The Senator ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) The Waltons ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1974 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) Police Story ( 1976 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1977 ) The Rockford Files , season 4 ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 ( 1979 ) Lou Grant , season 3 ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1983 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1984 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1985 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1986 ) L.A. 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4839611213880993264	Mercedes-Benz A-Class	Mercedes - Benz A-Class - wikipedia Mercedes - Benz A-Class Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mercedes - Benz A-Class Overview Manufacturer Daimler - Benz ( 1997 - 1998 ) DaimlerChrysler ( 1999 - 2007 ) Daimler AG ( 2007 - present ) Production 1997 -- present Body and chassis Class Subcompact car ( 1997 -- 2012 ) Compact car ( 2012 -- present ) Layout FF Layout ( 1997 - present ) F4 Layout ( 2013 - present ) The Mercedes - Benz A-Class is a compact car ( subcompact in its first two generations ) produced by the German automobile manufacturer Mercedes - Benz . The first generation ( W168 ) was introduced in 1997 , the second generation model ( W169 ) appeared in late 2004 , and the third generation model ( W176 ) was launched in 2012 . It is often referred to rather affectionately by fans as the ' Baby Benz ' . Originally launched only as a four - door hatchback in 1997 , the second generation W169 introduced a three - door hatchback . In the markets that the A-Class is or has been sold in , it has represented the entry level model of Mercedes - Benz . Having grown by 68 cm ( 27 in ) since the original model , the 2012 A-class is now longer than the first - generation B - class . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( W168 ; 1997 -- 2004 ) 1.1 History 1.2 Engines 1.3 Safety 1.4 Production 2 Second generation ( W169 ; 2004 -- 2012 ) 2.1 Initial release 2.1. 1 Mercedes - Benz A-Class `` F - Cell '' ( 2004 -- ) 2.2 2008 update 2.2. 1 A-Class Special Edition 2009 ( 2009 -- ) 2.2. 2 Mercedes - Benz A-Class E-CELL ( 2010 -- ) 2.2. 3 A 180 Final Edition ( 2012 -- ) 2.3 Technical data 2.4 Production 3 Third generation ( W176 ; 2012 -- present ) 3.1 Concept A-Class ( 2011 ) 3.2 Models 3.2. 1 Driving school package ( 2012 -- ) 3.2. 2 A 45 AMG ( 2013 -- ) 3.3 Engines 3.4 Transmissions 3.5 Equipment 3.6 Marketing 3.7 Production 4 Concept A Saloon 5 References 6 External links 6.1 W169 6.2 W176 6.3 Blue Efficiency First generation ( W168 ; 1997 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) W168 Overview Production 1997 -- 2004 1999 -- 2005 ( Brazil ) Assembly Germany : Rastatt Brazil : Juiz de Fora Thailand : Thonburi ( TAAP ) Designer Steve Mattin ( 1994 ) Body and chassis Body style 5 - door hatchback Powertrain Engine Petrol 1.4 L M166 I4 1.6 L M166 I4 1.9 L M166 I4 2.1 L M166 I4 Diesel 1.7 L OM668 I4 Transmission 5 - speed manual 5 - speed Automatic 5 - speed Semi-automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,423 mm ( 95.4 in ) 2,593 mm ( 102.1 in ) ( LWB ) Length 3,606 mm ( 142.0 in ) 3,780 mm ( 148.8 in ) ( LWB ) Width 1,719 mm ( 67.7 in ) Height 1,587 mm ( 62.5 in ) History ( edit ) The A Class was launched at the Frankfurt Motor Show in the autumn of 1997 , the W168 A-Class was quite unusual for Mercedes - Benz featuring a front wheel drive layout and unusual tall but yet short body . One innovation of the W168 was a frontal - impact absorption system called the `` Sandwich '' ( see patents DE4326 9 and DE4400132 in the name of Mercedes - Benz ) . In the event of a violent frontal impact , the engine and transmission would slide underneath the floor below the pedals rather than entering the passenger compartment . This was the first complete exterior designed by Coventry University trained Steve Mattin , for which he was named Autocar magazine 's ' Designer of the Year ' . Earlier , Mattin had mostly worked on design for the W210 E-Class in 1991 . Concurrent to the W168 , he designed the exterior of the W220 S - Class . The final design freeze occurred in January 1995 , at 32 months before August 1997 start of production . The W168 became infamous in 1997 after flipping over during the traditional `` elk test '' performed by the Swedish automobile publication Teknikens Värld . According to the report , the W168 overturned when manoeuvring to avoid the `` elk '' . Mercedes initially denied the problem , but then took the surprising step of recalling all units sold to date ( 2,600 ) and suspending sales for three months until the problem was solved by adding electronic stability control and modifying the suspension . The company spent DM 2.5 billion in developing the car , with a further DM 300 million to fix it . Between 1997 and 2004 , 1.1 million first generation A-Class models had been sold . The A-Class was facelifted in 2001 , with minor alterations to the front and rear bumper design and the addition of a new 170 mm ( 6.7 in ) longer wheelbase version . It was launched at the Geneva Motor Show . Engines ( edit ) All A-Class models are powered by four - cylinder engines , with 1.4 L and 1.6 L petrol models at launch ( M 166 series ) , followed by two versions of a 1.7 L diesel engine ( OM 668 series ) . In 1999 , a larger 1.9 L petrol model was added , with the 2.1 the last W168 version to be launched in 2002 . Fuel Model Year Code Motorname Motorcode Displacement Rated Power Torque Speed Petrol A 140 1997 -- 2004 168.031 M 166 E 14 166.940 1397 cm3 60 kW ( 82 PS ) @ 5000 / min 130 Nm @ 3750 / min 170 km / h ( 106 mph ) A 140 ( Automatik ) 2000 -- 2004 168.031 M 166 E 16 red . 166.960 red . 1598 cm3 60 kW ( 82 PS ) @ 5000 / min 140 Nm @ 2500 / min 166 km / h ( 103 mph ) A 160 1997 -- 2004 168.033 M 166 E 16 166.960 1598 cm3 75 kW ( 102 PS ) @ 5250 / min 150 Nm @ 4000 / min 182 km / h ( 113 mph ) A 190 1999 -- 2004 168.032 M 166 E 19 166.990 1898 cm3 92 kW ( 125 PS ) @ 5500 / min 180 Nm @ 4000 / min 198 km / h ( 123 mph ) A 210 Evolution 2002 -- 2004 168.035 M 166 E 21 166.995 2084 cm3 103 kW ( 140 PS ) @ 5500 / min 205 Nm @ 4000 / min 203 km / h ( 126 mph ) Diesel A 160 CDI 1998 -- 2001 168.007 OM 668 DE 17 A red . 668.941 1689 cm3 44 kW ( 60 PS ) @ 3600 / min 160 Nm @ 1500 -- 2400 / min 158 km / h ( 98 mph ) A 160 CDI ( Modellpflege ) 2001 -- 2004 168.006 OM 668 DE 17 LA red . 668.940 red . 1689 cm3 55 kW ( 75 PS ) @ 3600 / min 160 Nm @ 1500 -- 2800 / min 163 km / h ( 101 mph ) A 170 CDI 1998 -- 2001 168.008 OM 668 DE 17 LA 668.940 1689 cm3 66 kW ( 90 PS ) @ 4200 / min 180 Nm @ 1600 -- 3200 / min 175 km / h ( 109 mph ) A 170 CDI ( Modellpflege ) 2001 -- 2004 168.009 OM 668 DE 17 LA 668.942 1689 cm3 70 kW ( 95 PS ) @ 4200 / min 180 Nm @ 1600 -- 3600 / min 182 km / h ( 113 mph ) Safety ( edit ) Test Score Points Overall : N / A N / A Adult occupant : 27 2001 -- 2004 Facelift A 140 Classic 1997 -- 2001 Pre-facelift A 140 Classic Fun 2001 -- 2004 Facelift A 140 Classic Interior Production ( edit ) DaimlerChrysler invested EUR 900 million in developing the Rastatt plant where the A-Class is produced , and created 1600 new jobs ( for a total of 4700 ) . A further 600 people work in the office building at the plant site . Mercedes - Benz began W168 production on 17 February 1999 at its new Brazilian facility in Juiz de Fora , Minas Gerais . The Brazilian plant was the company 's first factory in South America dedicated to passenger cars , with an investment of USD 840 million and 10,000 employees . The factory initially produced A-Class and C - Class models , assembling them from pieces manufactured in Germany . The target for the cars was regional markets ( from Argentina to Mexico ) with modifications made to the cars to suit local conditions , like a protection for the motor base . On 15 August 2005 the factory stopped production of A-Class cars . Second generation ( W169 ; 2004 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) W169 Overview Production 2004 -- 2012 Assembly Germany : Rastatt Thailand : Thonburi Automotive Assembly Body and chassis Body style 3 - door hatchback 5 - door hatchback Powertrain Engine Petrol 1.5 L M266 I4 1.7 L M266 I4 2.0 L M266 I4 NA / T Diesel 2.0 L I4 Transmission 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual CVT automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,568 mm ( 101.1 in ) Length 3,838 mm ( 151.1 in ) ( 2004 ) 3,883 mm ( 152.9 in ) ( 2008 ) Width 1,764 mm ( 69.4 in ) Height 1,593 mm ( 62.7 in ) Initial release ( edit ) Pre-facelift A 150 3 - door Pre-facelift A 150 Elegance 5 - door The W169 is constructed with high - strength steel alloys with bonded joints . It has a large number of airbags including optional rear side airbags ( for side - impacts in the backseats ) , optional side - curtain airbags , and standard head and thorax - protection side airbags . The front airbags are adaptive with two - stage gas generators operating according to the severity of accident . The force exerted by the seat belt system during a collision adapts dynamically depending upon the collision characteristics . The ' active ' head restraints ( standard for driver and front passenger ) give enhanced protection from neck injury , especially during rear collisions . The angle of the A-pillar is flatter than the windshield angle . The cargo capacity of the W169 was increased by 15 percent compared with the W168 . Seven types of motors are available , and all are four - cylinders : four petrol ( gasoline ) ( A 150 , A 170 , A 200 , A 200 Turbo ) and three diesel ( A 160 CDI , A 180 CDI , A 200 CDI ) partnered with either five - or six - speed manual gearbox . A continuously variable transmission system called `` Autotronic Constantly Variable Transmission '' ( CVT ) is an optional feature . The petrol A 200 Turbo provides 193 hp ( 144 kW ) and 280 N m ( 207 lb ft ) of torque ( rotational force ) ; the diesel A200 CDI has 140 hp ( 104 kW ) and 300 N m ( 221 lb ft ) . The most powerful model can take the car from a standstill to 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) in 8.0 seconds , and has a top speed of 218 km / h ( 135 mph ) . The newly developed direct - injection CDI diesel units use a common - rail direct injection system that improves fuel consumption and reduces exhaust emissions and noise levels . All the engines meet the tight EU4 emissions limits . A particulate filter system is available as an option for the diesel units which reduces the particulate emissions by about 99 % without the need for additives . The A-Class is a front wheel drive car and features traction control ( ASR ) as standard , as well as electronic stability control and anti-lock brakes ( ABS ) . Handling is improved by precision tracking and anti-roll support , and by a Parabolic Rear Axle . A `` Selective Damping System '' , in which the shock absorber forces respond differently according to conditions , is standard . For example , under normal conditions it operates at soft absorption ; while cornering at speed it changes to full damping force . Sales of the W169 were targeted at 50,000 units in 2004 . Dr. Joachim Schmidt , Executive Vice President Sales and Marketing , Mercedes Car Group , said that target had been reached even before vehicles arrived in dealer showrooms . Japan models went on sale in 2005 - 02 - 04 . Early models include 5 - door right drive versions of A 170 , A 170 Elegance , A 200 Elegance. 5 - door right drive version of A 200 TURBO Elegance was added in 2005 - 11 - 10 . Due to the body width was larger than 1700mm , it could not be registered as small car in Japan . ( See Vehicle size class # Japan ) Mercedes - Benz A-Class `` F - Cell '' ( 2004 -- ) ( edit ) Mercedes - Benz A-Class F - Cell concept See also : Mercedes - Benz F - Cell It is a version of 5 - door A-Class hydrogen fuel cell vehicle with 88 PS ( 65 kW ; 87 hp ) electric motor . It has a driving range of 160 km ( 99 mi ) . Three A-Class F - Cell cars were used in 2003 Frankfurt International Motor Show for press shuttle service . On June 18 , 2004 , 4 production F - Cell vehicles were delivered to Deutsche Telekom and BEWAG / Vattenfall Europe in Berlin . In 2007 , the A-Class F - Cell were delivered to Landsvirkjun and Reykjavik Energy . A DHL version of F - Cell was unveiled in FC EXPO 2008 . 2008 update ( edit ) Pre-facelift interior The W169 Model facelift changes included redesigned front and rear bumpers and lights , and stop - start function option on A 150 and 170 models . Active Park Assist enables the car to parallel park itself , with only throttle and brake inputs required from the driver . The five - door Saloon and the three - door Coupé vehicles were unveiled in spring 2008 , alongside the refreshed 2009 M - Class and B - Class . Early models include A 160 CDI , A 180 CDI , A 200 CDI , A 150 , A 170 , A 200 , A 200 TURBO . Japan models went on sale in 2008 - 08 - 20 . Early models 5 - door versions of A 170 , A 170 Elegance . Japan models of A 170 was renamed to A 180 in 2009 - 08 - 24 . Facelift A 160 5 - door Facelift A 150 3 - door Facelift A 150 Avantgarde 5 - door A-Class Special Edition 2009 ( 2009 -- ) ( edit ) It is a limited ( 5500 units ) version for all model variants of the A-Class vehicles . It includes BlueEfficiency package , black radiator louvres , 16 - inch titanium silver light - alloy wheels in a new 9 - spoke design ( tyre size 195 / 55 R16 ) , a `` Special Edition '' badge on the mirror triangle , two - tone colour scheme in black and grey , Audio 20 radio with CD player and Bluetooth hands - free system and the Light and Sight package with a rain sensor , automatically dimming rear - view mirror , an illuminated vanity mirror in the sun visor , separately adjustable reading lights in the rear , a reading light for the driver and illuminated front foot wells , Seating Comfort package ( height - adjustable front passenger seat , seat cushion angle adjustment and lumbar supports for the driver and front passenger ) . Standard exterior features also include fog lamps and a free choice of metallic paint finish . Mercedes - Benz A-Class E-Cell ( 2010 -- ) ( edit ) The Mercedes - Benz A-Class E-CELL was introduced in September 2010 and debuted at the October 2010 Paris Motor Show . The E-Cell has a range of 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) capable of developing a peak output of 70 kW ( 94 hp ) , a continuous power rating of 50 kW ( 67 hp ) and a maximum torque of 290 N m ( 214 lb ft ) . The Mercedes A-Class E-Cell can accelerate from 0 -- 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) in 5.5 seconds , and its top speed is 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) . Tesla Motors , as part of its collaboration with Mercedes - Benz , is building electric powertrain components for the E-Cell . The 36 kWh battery contains approximately 4,000 individual lithium - ion cells . Mercedes has developed a modular system for electric vehicles with battery and fuel - cell . This system allows the efficient use of shared parts in all the brand 's electric vehicles . Thanks to the modular approach the electric drive of the A ‐ Class E ‐ Cell is also used in the B ‐ Class F ‐ Cell , and the energy storage units in the A ‐ Class EV are the same as the battery in the Smart fortwo electric drive . A limited production of 500 A-Class E-Cell electric cars will be built , for trial purposes , at the Mercedes Rastatt plant , near Stuttgart beginning in September 2010 . As part of a demonstration program , the cars will be leased to selected customers in several European countries , including Germany , France , and the Netherlands . Daimler is not planning to sell the electric version outside Europe . A 180 Final Edition ( 2012 -- ) ( edit ) It is a limited ( 300 units ) version of 5 - door right drive A 180 for Japan market . It included calcite white body colour , black interior colour , sport package ( chrome exhaust tip , 17 - inch 7 - spoke alloy wheels , chrome iridium silver front grille , stainless acceleration and brake pedals with rubber stud , leather wrapped sport steering wheel and silver shift knob , silver meter panel ) , bi-xenon headlight and headlight washer , cornering lights , fog lamp ( front / rear ) , rain sensor , sun visor with illuminating mirror , anti-glare mirror , ' Final Edition ' emblem , floor mat with ' Final Edition ' silver logo plate . The vehicle went on sale in 2012 - 05 - 28 . Technical data ( edit ) Specification A160 CDI A180 CDI A200 CDI A150 A170 A200 A200 Turbo Length 3,838 mm ( 151.1 in ) Width 1,764 mm ( 69.4 in ) Height 1,593 mm ( 62.7 in ) Wheelbase 2,568 mm ( 101.1 in ) Luggage ( l ) 435 -- 1995 ( 3 doors ) 435 -- 1485 Empty weight ( 5 - doors ) 1,325 kg ( 2,921 lb ) 1,345 kg ( 2,965 lb ) 1,365 kg ( 3,009 lb ) 1,225 kg ( 2,701 lb ) 1,240 kg ( 2,734 lb ) 1,305 kg ( 2,877 lb ) ( 3 doors ) 1,300 kg ( 2,866 lb ) 1,320 kg ( 2,910 lb ) 1,340 kg ( 2,954 lb ) 1,195 kg ( 2,635 lb ) 1,210 kg ( 2,668 lb ) 1,275 kg ( 2,811 lb ) Tank Capacity 54 L ( 14.3 US gal ; 11.9 imp gal ) Tank Reserve 6 L ( 1.6 US gal ; 1.3 imp gal ) Cylinders 4 / in - line 4 - valv / cyl Displacement cc 1991 1991 1991 1498 1699 2034 2034 Engine 2.0 L Diesel 2.0 L Diesel 2.0 L Diesel 1.5 L Petrol 1.7 L Petrol 2.0 Petrol 2.0 Petrol Fuel per 100 km 4.9 L 5.2 L 5.4 L 6.2 L 6.6 L 7.2 L Rated Output kW / hp / PS ( rpm ) 60 / 82 / 83 ( 4200 ) 80 / 109 / 111 ( 4200 ) 103 / 140 / 142 ( 4200 ) 70 / 95 / 96 ( 5200 ) 85 / 116 / 118 ( 5500 ) 100 / 134 / 136 ( 5750 ) 142 / 193 / 196 ( 4850 ) Rated Torque 180 N m ( 133 lb ft ) ( 1400 -- 2600 ) 250 N m ( 184 lb ft ) ( 1600 -- 2600 ) 300 N m ( 221 lb ft ) ( 1600 -- 2600 ) 140 N m ( 103 lb ft ) ( 3500 -- 4000 ) 155 N m ( 114 lb ft ) ( 3500 -- 4000 ) 185 N m ( 136 lb ft ) ( 3500 -- 4000 ) 280 N m ( 207 lb ft ) ( 1800 -- 4850 ) Acceleration 0 -- 100 km / h ( sec ) 15.0 10.8 9.5 12.6 10.9 8.0 Top Speed km / h 165 km / h ( 103 mph ) 184 km / h ( 114 mph ) 202 km / h ( 126 mph ) 173 km / h ( 107 mph ) 188 km / h ( 117 mph ) 195 km / h ( 121 mph ) 218 km / h ( 135 mph ) Transmission 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual 6 - speed manual 5 - speed manual 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual Wheels 6j x 15 6j x 15 6j x 16 6j x 15 6j x 15 6j x 16 6j x 16 Tires 185 / 65R15 185 / 65R15 195 / 55R16 185 / 65R15 185 / 65R15 195 / 55R16 195 / 55R16 Specification W169 ( 5 door ) W168 ( long wheelbase ) W168 ( standard ) length 3,838 mm ( 151.1 in ) 3,776 mm ( 148.7 in ) 3,606 mm ( 142.0 in ) width 1,764 mm ( 69.4 in ) 1,719 mm ( 67.7 in ) 1,719 mm ( 67.7 in ) height 1,593 mm ( 62.7 in ) 1,589 mm ( 62.6 in ) 1,575 mm ( 62.0 in ) wheelbase 2,568 mm ( 101.1 in ) 2,593 mm ( 102.1 in ) 2,423 mm ( 95.4 in ) VDA boot capacity L 435 -- 1370 470 -- 1180 390 -- 1040 Production ( edit ) As of December 4 , 2006 , 371,700 second generation A-Class model had been sold since September 2004 , making a total of 1,500,000 A-Class produced at DaimlerChrysler 's Rastatt plant in ten years . As of June 26 , 2009 , the 750,000 th second generation A-Class vehicle was built at Rastatt plant . As of February 1 , 2012 , 1 million second generation A-Class model had been delivered since autumn 2004 . Third generation ( W176 ; 2012 -- present ) ( edit ) W176 Overview Production 2012 -- present Model years 2013 -- present Assembly Rastatt , Germany Kecskemét , Hungary Uusikaupunki , Finland ( Valmet ) Aguascalientes , Mexico ( Nissan ) Designer Mark Fetherston ( 2009 ) Body and chassis Body style 5 - door hatchback Platform Mercedes - Benz W176 Related Mercedes - Benz B - Class ( W246 ) Mercedes - Benz CLA - Class Mercedes - Benz GLA - Class Infiniti Q30 Infiniti QX30 Renault Mégane Powertrain Engine Petrol 1.6 L M270 I4 T 2.0 L M270 I4 T Diesel 1.5 L OM607 I4 1.8 L OM651 I4 2.2 L OM651 I4 Transmission 6 - speed manual 7 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,699 mm ( 106.3 in ) Length 4,292 mm ( 169.0 in ) Width 1,780 mm ( 70.1 in ) Height 1,433 mm ( 56.4 in ) Mercedes - Benz A 200 Urban Night - Paket ( Germany ; pre-facelift ) Interior The production version of the third generation of A-Class vehicles was based on the 2011 Concept A-Class , and was unveiled at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show , It has an entirely different design , and larger than the previous two generations of the A-Class , with a total length of 4,292 mm ( 169.0 in ) , making it a fully - fledged small family car for the first time . The vehicles were available in some markets from September 2012 . Japan models went on sale in January 2013 . The third generation A-Class is designed to be a direct competitor to the BMW 1 Series and Audi A3 . It is intended to be more dynamic than its predecessor and is focused on younger owners . Concept A-Class ( 2011 ) ( edit ) The Concept A-Class is a 3 - door concept car that previewed the design of the third generation A-Class and was unveiled in 2011 New York Auto Show . It included M270 four - cylinder gasoline engine rated 211 PS ( 155 kW ; 208 hp ) , radar - based collision warning system with adaptive brake assist , and exterior design language from Mercedes - Benz 's F800 concept . Models ( edit ) Driving school package ( 2012 -- ) ( edit ) Designed for the German RoadSense programme , the basic driving school package includes adaptation of the cockpit to accommodate the twin sets of pedals , a control switch in the centre console for driver 's footwell illumination and warning signal for the twin sets of pedals , twin rearview mirrors , the Light and Sight package and the Seat Comfort package . The package is also part of the special A-Class `` toBE '' model , with deliveries from January 2013 . A 45 AMG ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) The A 45 AMG is a performance version of the A-Class , fitted with a 2.0 - litre four - cylinder turbo engine rated 360 PS ( 265 kW ; 355 hp ) @ 6000rpm and 450 N m ( 332 lbf ft ) @ 2250 - 5000rpm , AMG Speedshift DCT 7 - speed sports transmission with Momentary M mode , 4MATIC all - wheel drive , 3 - stage ESP with ESP Curve Dynamic Assist and `` ESP Sport Handling '' mode , AMG sports suspension with independently developed front and rear axles , high - performance braking system with 350 x 32 millimetres front brake discs and 330 x 22 millimetres rear brake discs , and is identifiable by the `` twin blade '' radiator grille , AMG light - alloy wheels in twin - spoke design and two square chrome - plated tailpipes . The vehicle was originally announced to be unveiled in first quarter of 2013 , and was later unveiled in Geneva Motor Show . Sales release date was set to 8 April 2013 , with Germany market launch beginning in June 2013 . Mercedes - Benz A 45 AMG ( Australia ; pre-facelift ) Mercedes - Benz A 45 AMG ( Germany ; pre-facelift ) Mercedes - Benz A 45 AMG ( Europe ; facelift ) Mercedes - Benz A 45 AMG ( Japan ; facelift ) Engines ( edit ) The A-Class is powered by a range of 4 - cylinder petrol and diesel engines , with the 1.5 diesel engines being versions of a Renault unit . Petrol engines ( hide ) Model Years Type / code Power@rpm , Torque@rpm A 180 BlueEFFICIENCY 2012 -- 1,595 cc ( 97.3 cu in ) I4 turbo ( M 270 DE 16 AL red . ) 122 PS ( 90 kW ; 120 hp ) @ 5000 , 200 N m ( 148 lbf ft ) @ 1250 -- 4000 A 200 BlueEFFICIENCY 2012 -- 1,595 cc ( 97.3 cu in ) I4 turbo ( M 270 DE 16 AL ) 156 PS ( 115 kW ; 154 hp ) @ 5000 , 250 N m ( 184 lbf ft ) @ 1250 -- 4000 A 250 BlueEFFICIENCY 2012 -- 1,991 cc ( 121.5 cu in ) I4 turbo ( M 270 DE 20 AL ) 211 PS ( 155 kW ; 208 hp ) @ 5500 , 350 N m ( 258 lbf ft ) @ 1200 -- 4000 A 250 4MATIC BlueEFFICIENCY 2013 -- 1,991 cc ( 121.5 cu in ) I4 turbo ( M 270 DE 20 AL ) 211 PS ( 155 kW ; 208 hp ) @ 5500 , 350 N m ( 258 lbf ft ) @ 1200 -- 4000 A 250 Sport 2012 -- 1,991 cc ( 121.5 cu in ) I4 turbo ( M 270 DE 20 AL ) 211 PS ( 155 kW ; 208 hp ) @ 5500 , 350 N m ( 258 lbf ft ) @ 1200 -- 4000 A 45 AMG 2013 -- 1,991 cc ( 121.5 cu in ) I4 twin - scroll turbo ( M 133 DE 20 AL ) 360 PS ( 265 kW ; 355 hp ) @ 6000 , 450 N m ( 332 lbf ft ) @ 2250 -- 5000 Diesel engines ( hide ) Model Years Type / code Power@rpm , Torque@rpm A 160 CDI 2013 -- 1,461 cc ( 89.2 cu in ) I4 turbo ( OM 607 DE 15 LA ) 90 PS ( 66 kW ; 89 hp ) @ 4000 , 220 N m ( 162 lbf ft ) @ 1750 -- 2750 A 180 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY ( OM 607 ) 2012 -- 1,461 cc ( 89.2 cu in ) I4 turbo ( OM 607 DE 15 LA ) 109 PS ( 80 kW ; 108 hp ) @ 4000 , 260 N m ( 192 lbf ft ) @ 1750 -- 2500 A 180 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY ( OM 651 ) ( 7G - DCT Only ) 2012 -- 2014 1,796 cc ( 109.6 cu in ) I4 turbo ( OM 651 DE 18 LA red . ) 109 PS ( 80 kW ; 108 hp ) @ 3200 -- 4600 , 250 N m ( 184 lbf ft ) @ 1400 -- 2800 A 200 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY 2012 -- 2014 1,796 cc ( 109.6 cu in ) I4 turbo ( OM 651 DE 18 LA ) 136 PS ( 100 kW ; 134 hp ) @ 3600 -- 4400 , 300 N m ( 221 lbf ft ) @ 1600 -- 3000 A 200 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY 2014 -- 2,143 cc ( 130.8 cu in ) I4 turbo ( OM 651 DE 22 LA ) 136 PS ( 100 kW ; 134 hp ) @ 3400 -- 4400 , 300 N m ( 221 lbf ft ) @ 1400 -- 3400 A 220 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY 2012 -- 2014 2,143 cc ( 130.8 cu in ) I4 turbo ( OM 651 DE 22 LA ) 170 PS ( 125 kW ; 168 hp ) @ 3000 -- 4200 , 350 N m ( 258 lbf ft ) @ 1600 -- 3000 A 220 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY 2014 -- 2,143 cc ( 130.8 cu in ) I4 turbo ( OM 651 DE 22 LA ) 170 PS ( 125 kW ; 168 hp ) @ 3400 -- 4000 , 350 N m ( 258 lbf ft ) @ 1400 -- 3400 Transmissions ( edit ) Model Years Standard Optional A 180 BlueEfficiency 2012 -- 6 - speed manual 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) A 180 BlueEfficiency Edition 2013 -- 6 - speed manual n / a A 200 BlueEfficiency 2012 -- 6 - speed manual 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) A 250 4MATIC BlueEfficiency 2013 -- 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) n / a A 250 BlueEfficiency 2012 -- 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) n / a A 250 Sport 2012 -- 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) n / a A 45 AMG 2013 -- 7 - speed automatic ( AMG Speedshift DCT ) n / a A 160 CDI 2013 -- 6 - speed manual 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) A 180 CDI BlueEfficiency ( OM 607 ) 2012 -- 6 - speed manual 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) ( 2014 -- ) A 180 CDI BlueEfficiency Edition 2013 -- 6 - speed manual n / a A 180 CDI BlueEfficiency ( OM 651 ) 2012 -- 2014 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) n / a A 200 CDI BlueEfficiency 2012 -- 6 - speed manual 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) A 220 CDI BlueEfficiency 2012 -- 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - DCT ) n / a Equipment ( edit ) Drive Kit Plus for iPhone , Mercedes - Benz phone module with Bluetooth , roof box 400 with Alustyle Quickfix carrier bars , Mercedes Sport product range ( a spoiler lip for the front apron , a gleaming black radiator grill , gleaming black exterior mirror casing and waistline trim strip , a roof spoiler and rear apron trims with a diffuser look ) , light - alloy wheels were developed for the A-Class vehicles . The A-Class in Australia comes standard with 9 airbags . The phone module went on sale on 4th quarter 2012 . Mercedes - Benz Sport products were produced for the A-Class ( W 176 ) vehicles . Marketing ( edit ) As part of the A-Class launch , Mercedes - Benz started the ' A Rock ' concert series with British alternative rock band Placebo . The 5 - concert tour took place in Paris , Rome , Zurich , Hamburg , Madrid between June and July 2012 . Mercedes - Benz A 180 Urban ( Germany ; facelift ) Mercedes - Benz A 180 Urban ( Germany ; facelift ) Production ( edit ) Production of A-Class began at Mercedes - Benz Rastatt plant in 2012 . Mercedes - Benz signed an agreement with the Finnish supplier Valmet Automotive to expand A-Class vehicle production , where Valmet will produce more than 100,000 units for Daimler from 2013 through 2016 . Production of A-series BlueDirect 4 - cylinder engines took place at Mercedes - Benz engine production plant in Kölleda . Concept a Saloon ( edit ) The Mercedes - Benz Concept A Sedan previewed the design of a new four - door entry - level sedan . A production version is set to reach by the end of 2018 and will be part of Mercedes ' eight - model compact car line - up . The planned introduction of the A-Class sedan came in response to customers ' calls for a more practical alternative to Mercedes ' existing price - leading four - door model , the CLA . The model will have a range of four - cylinder petrol and diesel engines , including a 400bhp - plus turbocharged 2.0 - litre petrol unit in a range - topping A45 4Matic variant . A petrol - electric plug - in hybrid version is also planned , which will offer a pure - electric driving range of up to 31 miles . Alongside standard front - wheel drive , the A-Class sedan will also support Mercedes ' multi-plate clutch 4Matic four - wheel drive system in combination with most engines . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ europe.autonews.com/article/19970303/ANE/703030836/a-class-sets-new-record-for-mercedes Jump up ^ http://blog.caranddriver.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Mercedes-Benz-A-class-sketch.jpg Jump up ^ `` Merc 's baby to be made wider '' . Irish Independent . 19 December 1997 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ ANDREWS , EDMUND ( 11 December 1997 ) . `` Mercedes - Benz Tries to Put a Persistent Moose Problem to Rest '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes bends '' . The Economist. 13 November 1997 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rastatt Plant celebrates production of 1,500,000 th Mercedes - Benz A-Class '' . Media.daimler.com. 4 December 2006 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz A-class '' . Car and Driver . Feb 2001 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Mercedes - Benz A-Class : A class apart '' . Mercedes - Benz . 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes Benz A Class Euro NCAP -- For safer cars crash test safety rating '' . Euro NCAP . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile '' . Thonburi Automotive Group -- Thonburi Phanich . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ メルセデス・ベンツ A クラスをフルモデルチェンジ Archived 2006 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ メルセデス・ベンツ A クラスのスポーティモデル「 A 200 ターボアバンギャルド」を追加 Archived 2006 - 12 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Press Kit : History of fuel cell development at Mercedes - Benz -- Technical Data Jump up ^ History of fuel cell development at Mercedes - Benz Archived 2014 - 12 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz A-Class F - Cell in Iceland Jump up ^ メルセデス・ベンツの究極のエコカー F - Cell ( エフ・セル ) DHL 仕様車を FC EXPO 2008 に展示 Archived 2013 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The new - generation A-Class -- Model facelift changes at a glance ( Selection ) : New features in the A-Class Jump up ^ The new - generation A-Class -- The A-Class once again sets the standards for safety , comfort and environmental protection Jump up ^ The new - generation A-Class -- Technical data A-Class Jump up ^ メルセデス・ベンツ A クラスを一部改良 Archived 2013 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ メルセデス・ベンツ A クラス・ B クラスのモデル名称を変更 Archived 2013 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A-Class Special Edition 2009 : Excitingly sensible , sporty and attractive '' . Media.daimler.com. 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes - Benz Introduces the Battery - Powered A-Class E-CELL ; Production Run of 500 '' . Green Car Congress . 15 September 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Nino Marchetti ( 2 October 2010 ) . `` Mercedes A-Class E-Cell EV Hits Paris '' . Earth Techling . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Loveday ( 16 September 2010 ) . `` Mercedes - Benz unveils the limited production A-Class E-Cell electric vehicle '' . AutoblogGreen . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Mercedes A-Class to Debut at Paris Auto Show Using Tesla Battery Tech -- Benzworld.org -- Mercedes - Benz Discussion Forum '' . Benzworld.org . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Jim Motavalli ( 26 August 2010 ) . `` Mercedes - Benz to Produce 500 E-Cell A-Class Electric Cars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Laurent J. Masson ( 29 March 2011 ) . `` Quick Drive : Electric Mercedes A-Class E-Cell '' . PluginCars.com . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ A 180 FINAL EDITION を限定発売 Archived 2012 - 10 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Production milestones at Rastatt plant : Mercedes - Benz delivers 500,000 th B - Class and 750,000 th A-Class '' . Media.daimler.com. 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` More than One Million A-Class Models of the Current Generation Delivered to Customers '' . Media.daimler.com. 1 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kecskemét , Mercedes - Benz Werk Daimler > Unternehmen > Daimler weltweit > Europa '' . Daimler . Archived from the original on 22 June 2010 . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Valmet Automotive to manufacture the new Mercedes Benz A-Class in Finland '' . Valmet Automotive . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes Expecting to Join Nissan in New Mexican Assembly Complex '' . TheDetroitBureau.com. 26 January 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz A-Class hatches new level of refinement for its class Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz Concept A-Class hatches ahead of New York and Shanghai Jump up ^ The A-Class for driving schools : Passing the test with flying colours Jump up ^ AMG vehicles pose for family portrait to celebrate 45 - year anniversary , tease future Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz A45 AMG is Affalterbach 's first big leap into the little pond Jump up ^ The Mercedes - Benz A 45 AMG : Driving Performance for the new generation Jump up ^ http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mercedes/a-class/35587/new-mercedes-a-class-details . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` How to spec a Mercedes - Benz A-Class '' . What Car ? . 5 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The development of the Mercedes - Benz A-Class : The drive system -- The petrol engines : Powerful , responsive and super-clean '' . Media.daimler.com. 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The development of the Mercedes - Benz A-Class : The drive system -- The diesel engines : Economy right across the board '' . Media.daimler.com. 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The development of the Mercedes - Benz A-Class : The drive system -- The 7G - DCT dual clutch transmission : Dynamic and efficient '' . Media.daimler.com. 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Available now from sales partners . New A-Class original accessories : A good connection , every time Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz Sport extends its portfolio : Sporty emphasis for the A-Class Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz begins a series of concerts to mark the launch of the new A-Class : A ROCK -- Mercedes - Benz presents Placebo live in concert Jump up ^ Mercedes A-Class enters production , utility variant confirmed Jump up ^ Daimler Expands Production Capacities for the New Mercedes - Benz A-Class Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz taps Valmet to build new A-Class ^ Jump up to : Kable , Greg ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Mercedes - Benz Concept A Saloon brings the fight to BMW , Audi '' . Autocar . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mercedes - Benz A-Class . W169 ( edit ) Press kit : New - generation A-Class ( W169 ) Press kit : New Mercedes - Benz A-Class E-CELL ( W169 ) W176 ( edit ) Chassis tuning for Mercedes - Benz A 45 AMG ( W176 ) Blue efficiency ( edit ) Mercedes - Benz A 180 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY Exterior and Interior in 3D Full HD Mercedes - Benz vehicles A marque of Daimler Current Cars CLA CLS Crossovers / SUVs GLA GLC GLE GLS Roadsters / sports cars SL SLC AMG GT Project One Vans V Citan Sprinter Commercial trucks Arocs Atego Axor Actros Econic Unimog X Zetros Buses and coaches Citaro Sprinter Minibus Tourismo Historic 10 / 30 PS 190SL C - Class / CLC - Class R - Class Simplex SSK SLR McLaren SLS AMG T1 T2 Vaneo Vario W110 W114 W120 W123 W124 W191 W201 Racing cars 300 SLR W25 W125 W125 Rekordwagen W194 W196 Concepts Bionic BlueZERO C111 C112 Concept A Sedan Concept EQA ConceptFASCINATION EQ ESF 2009 Experimental Safety Vehicle F - Cell F - Cell Roadster F100 F125 F200 Imagination F700 F800 GT Concept Ocean Drive Silver Lightning Vario Research Car Vision CLS Vision SLA Vision Mercedes - Maybach 6 Commons ( hide ) `` previous -- Mercedes - Benz road car timeline , 1990s -- present Model Body 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Hatch W168 W169 W176 W245 W246 Saloon W201 W202 W203 W204 W205 Estate S202 S203 S204 S205 Saloon W124 W210 W211 W212 W213 Limousine V124 V212 Estate S124 S210 S211 S212 S213 Saloon W126 W140 W220 W221 W222 Limousine V126 V140 V220 V221 V222 Pullman VF140 VF220 CLA 4 - door coupé C117 Shooting brake X117 CLS 4 - door coupé W219 W218 Shooting brake X218 CLC / C Coupé CL203 CL203 C204 C205 Cabriolet A203 A203 A204 A205 CLK / E Coupé C124 C208 C209 C207 C238 Cabriolet A124 A208 A209 A207 A238 CL / S Coupé C126 C140 C215 C216 C217 Cabriolet A217 SLK / SLC Roadster R170 R171 R172 SL R129 R230 R231 SLS / GT Coupé C197 GT Roadster R197 GT SLR Coupé C199 Roadster R199 Speedster Z199 Vaneo MPV W414 W251 V W447 GLA Crossover X156 GLK / GLC / GLC Coupe SUV X204 X253 SUV Coupé C253 M / GLE SUV W163 W164 W166 SUV Coupé C292 GL / GLS SUV X164 X166 Off - road vehicle W460 / 461 W463 X Pickup Truck BR 470 Citan LCV W415 Vito & Viano MB100 W638 W639 W447 Sprinter T1 W901 - W905 NCV3 Vario T2 W670 Unimog Tractor / Truck U435 U437 Model Body 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_A-Class&oldid=804245097 '' Categories : Mercedes - Benz vehicles Euro NCAP small family cars Subcompact cars Compact cars Front - wheel - drive vehicles Hatchbacks Cars introduced in 1997 Vehicles with CVT transmission 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Touring cars Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles lacking reliable references from July 2012 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 18 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	mercedes benz a class front or rear wheel drive	[ "The A-Class is a front wheel drive car and features traction control (ASR) as standard, as well as electronic stability control and anti-lock brakes (ABS)." ]	[ "front wheel drive" ]
6770327947612034110	Maine gubernatorial election, 2018	Maine gubernatorial Election , 2018 - wikipedia Maine gubernatorial Election , 2018 Maine gubernatorial election , 2018 ← 2014 November 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 06 ) 2022 → Nominee Shawn Moody Janet Mills Party Republican Democratic Incumbent Governor Paul LePage Republican Elections in Maine Federal offices ( show ) Presidential elections 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential caucuses Democratic 2008 Republican 2008 2012 United States Senate elections 1970 1972 1976 1978 1982 1984 1988 1990 1994 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 2020 United States House elections 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1848 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Ballot measures ( show ) People 's vetoes 2009 Question 1 2011 Question 1 2018 Question 1 ( Jun ) Citizen initiated referendums 2012 Question 1 2014 Question 1 2015 Question 1 2016 Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 2017 Question 1 Question 2 2018 Question 1 ( Nov ) City of Portland ( show ) Mayoral elections 2011 2015 The 2018 Maine gubernatorial election will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the next governor of Maine . It will occur along with elections for the U.S. Senate , U.S. House , and other state and local elections . Incumbent Republican Governor Paul LePage is term limited and can not seek reelection to a third consecutive term in office . The primaries for this election were the first in Maine to be conducted with ranked choice voting ( RCV ) , as opposed to a simple plurality , after voters passed a citizen referendum approving the change in 2016 . An advisory opinion by the Maine Supreme Judicial Court held that RCV would be unconstitutional for general elections for governor and the state legislature . This led state legislators to vote to delay its implementation pending approval of a state constitutional amendment . Backers of a `` people 's veto '' turned in enough signatures to suspend this law until a June referendum vote , which restored RCV for future primary and congressional elections . Governor Paul LePage threatened not to certify the results of the primary elections , saying he would `` leave it up to the courts to decide . '' He also called the use of ranked - choice voting the `` most horrific thing in the world . '' Secretary of State Matthew Dunlap said the results would be binding regardless of whether LePage certified them . The Republican nominee is businessman and 2010 independent candidate for governor Shawn Moody . The Democratic candidate is Attorney General Janet Mills . State Treasurer Terry Hayes and businessman Alan Caron have qualified for the ballot as independents . Former State Senator and former Mayor of Lewiston and Auburn John Jenkins , conservative activist Aaron Chadbourne and perennial candidate Kenneth Capron are running write - in campaigns . Contents 1 Background 2 Republican primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Nominated 2.1. 2 Eliminated in primary 2.1. 3 Withdrawn 2.1. 4 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Polling 2.4 Results 3 Democratic primary 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Nominated 3.1. 2 Eliminated in primary 3.1. 3 Failed to make ballot 3.1. 4 Withdrawn 3.1. 5 Declined 3.2 Endorsements 3.3 Polling 3.4 Results 4 Green Independent primary 4.1 Candidates 4.1. 1 Withdrawn 5 Libertarian primary 5.1 Candidates 5.1. 1 Withdrawn 6 Independents 6.1 Candidates 6.1. 1 Declared 6.1. 2 Withdrawn 6.1. 3 Failed to make ballot 6.1. 4 Declined 7 General election 7.1 Predictions 7.2 Endorsements 7.3 Polling 7.4 Results 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Incumbent Republican Paul LePage is term - limited , having been elected twice consecutively in 2010 and 2014 . LePage did not win a majority of the vote either time ( receiving 37.6 % in a crowded four - way race in 2010 and 48.2 % in a three - way race in 2014 ) , with Democrats accusing independent candidate Eliot Cutler of splitting the anti-LePage vote in both instances , though Cutler finished closer to LePage than Democratic candidate Libby Mitchell in the 2010 election . Maine 's history of governors elected without majorities , including LePage , was one impetus for the citizen 's referendum to implement ranked choice voting . Though it was approved by voters in a 2016 referendum , the Maine Legislature voted to delay and potentially repeal RCV for all elections after an advisory opinion by the Maine Supreme Judicial Court ruled it unconstitutional for general elections for state offices . RCV supporters succeeded in a people 's veto effort to prevent the delay , which suspends it until a June 2018 referendum vote . RCV supporters were victorious in the June referendum , and ranked - choice voting will remain in place for state and federal primaries and federal general elections . Republican primary ( edit ) Speculation that U.S. Senator Susan Collins was considering running for governor arose during the 2015 Maine Legislative session when Representative Matt Moonen ( D - Portland ) introduced a bill to strip the governor ( LePage ) of the power to appoint replacement U.S. Senators in the event of a vacancy and to instead have a special primary and general election . Moonen denied that he was motivated by Collins 's possible candidacy , saying he was interested only in counterbalancing Republican - sponsored bills to change how the Maine Attorney General and Maine Secretary of State are chosen . Moonen said Collins had told him speculation about her running for governor was `` silly . '' Collins , who was the 1994 Republican nominee for governor , told MPBN News on January 4 , 2016 that though she was `` baffled '' by the rumors about her being interested in running for governor , many had encouraged her to run , and she would not rule it out . In October 2017 , Collins said she would not run for governor in 2018 . No Republican candidate has ruled out challenging the results of a ranked - choice primary in court . Mary Mayhew called for the immediate repeal of RCV , calling it a `` scam '' and `` probably illegal '' . The Maine Republican Party filed a federal lawsuit in U.S. District Court in Bangor on May 4 , 2018 , seeking to bar the use of RCV for its own primary on the grounds that requiring the party to use it violates its First Amendment rights to choose its nominee as it sees fit . U.S. District Court Judge Jon Levy rejected the suit on May 29 . Candidates ( edit ) Nominated ( edit ) Shawn Moody , businessman and independent candidate for Governor in 2010 Eliminated in primary ( edit ) Ken Fredette , State House Minority Leader Garrett Mason , State Senate Majority Leader Mary Mayhew , former Commissioner of the Maine Department of Health and Human Services Withdrawn ( edit ) Deril Stubenrod , write - in candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2014 Mike Thibodeau , Maine Senate President Declined ( edit ) Rick Bennett , former chairman of the Maine Republican Party , former President of the Maine Senate , candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2012 and nominee for ME - 02 in 1994 Susan Collins , U.S. Senator and nominee for governor in 1994 Nick Isgro , Mayor of Waterville Bruce Poliquin , U.S. Representative ( running for reelection ) Peter Vigue , businessman Endorsements ( edit ) show Ken Fredette Federal politicians Marco Rubio , United States Senator from Florida and 2016 presidential candidate show Garrett Mason Federal politicians Ted Cruz , United States Senator from Texas and 2016 presidential candidate show Mary Mayhew Federal politicians Newt Gingrich former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Local and statewide politicians Susan Austin , State Representative Richard Bradstreet , State Representative Richard Campbell , State Representative Paul Chace , State Representative Garrel Craig , State Representative Scott Cyrway , State Senator Robert Foley , State Representative Phyllis Ginzler , State Representative James Hamper , State Senator Jeffery Hanley , State Representative Matthew Harrington , State Representative Stephanie Hawke , State Representative Gary Hilliard , State Representative Chris Johansen , State Representative Jonathan Kinney , State Representative Bob Macdonald , former Mayor of Lewiston Richard Malaby , State Representative Beth O'Connor , State Representative Lester Ordway , State Representative Michael Perkins , State Representative John Picchiotti , State Representative Jeffrey Pierce , State Representative Dwayne Prescott , State Representative Deborah Sanderson , State Representative H. Stedman Seavey , State Representative Abden Simmons , State Representative Paula Sutton , State Representative Timothy Theriault , State Representative Karleton Ward , State Representative Other individuals Adrienne Bennett , former spokesperson for Governor Paul LePage show Shawn Moody Individuals Rick Bennett , former President of the Maine Senate , former Chair of the Maine Republican Party Ann LePage , First Lady of Maine Newspapers Bangor Daily News Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error RCV round Ken Fredette Garrett Mason Mary Mayhew Shawn Moody Undecided SurveyUSA April 26 -- May 1 , 2018 546 ± 4.8 % Round 1 10 % 15 % 19 % 34 % 22 % Round 2 -- 25 % 26 % 49 % -- Round 3 -- -- 34 % 65 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Susan Collins Mary Mayhew Other Undecided Public Policy Polling August 1 -- 2 , 2017 672 -- 33 % 44 % -- 23 % 28 % -- 62 % 10 % Results ( edit ) Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Shawn Moody 53,436 52.6 Republican Garrett Mason 21,571 21.2 Republican Mary Mayhew 14,034 13.8 Republican Blank ballots 7,203 7.1 Republican Ken Fredette 5,341 5.3 Total votes 101,585 100.0 Democratic primary ( edit ) Campaign signs for Democratic candidates for Governor Betsy Sweet , Mark Eves and Adam Cote at the 2018 Maine Democratic convention at the Androscoggin Bank Colisée in Lewiston . Almost all Democratic candidates said that they would abide by the results of the ranked - choice primary , with only Janet Mills refusing to comment on the issue because it was being heard by the courts . Candidates ( edit ) Nominated ( edit ) Janet Mills , Maine Attorney General Eliminated in primary ( edit ) Adam Cote , attorney , Iraq War veteran and candidate for ME - 01 in 2008 Donna Dion , former Mayor of Biddeford Mark Dion , State Senator and former Cumberland County Sheriff Mark Eves , former Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives Diane Russell , former State Representative Betsy Sweet , former director of the Maine Women 's Lobby Failed to make ballot ( edit ) Dominic A. Crocitto Steve DeAngelis , schoolteacher J. Martin Vachon Withdrawn ( edit ) James Boyle , former State Senator Patrick Eisenhart , retired United States Coast Guard Commander Sean Faircloth , former Mayor of Bangor and former State Senator Kenneth Forrest Pinet Declined ( edit ) Justin Alfond , former State Senator and former President of the Maine Senate Yellow Light Breen , CEO of the Maine Development Foundation Adam Goode , former State Representative Troy Jackson , State Senate Minority Leader Stephen King , author Chellie Pingree , U.S. Representative Hannah Pingree , former Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives Lucas St. Clair , nonprofit executive ( ran for ME - 02 ) Endorsements ( edit ) All endorsers are Democrats unless otherwise specified show Adam Cote Federal politicians Tom Allen , former US Representative for ME - 01 , nominee for US Senate in 2008 Local and statewide politicians Justin Alfond , former President of the Maine Senate Peter Baldacci , Penobscot County Commissioner Frank Bemis , former Presque Isle Town Council Chair Todd Brackett , Sheriff of Lincoln County Michael Brennan , former Mayor of Portland , former State Senator , candidate for ME - 01 in 2008 Marilyn Canavan , State Representative Alan Casavant , Mayor of Biddeford , former State Representative Justin Chenette , State Senator Janice Cooper , State Representative Tom Cote , Mayor of Sanford Annie Graham , former State Representative Jon Hinck , former State Representative and former Portland City Councillor Adam Lee , former Auburn City Councillor David Lemoine , former State Representative Nate Libby , State Senator , Senate Minority Whip Colleen Madigan , State Representative Anne - Marie Mastraccio , State Representative Patrick K. McGowan , former State Representative , candidate for Governor in 2010 , nominee for ME - 02 in 1990 and 1992 , former Small Business Administration Regional Administrator Cynthia Mehnert , Orono Town Councillor Cecil Munson , Former Augusta City Councillor Kevin O'Connell , Brewer City Councillor Peter O'Donnell , former Mayor of Portland Patrick Paradis , former State Representative and former Augusta City Councillor Josh Plourde , former Bangor City Councillor Christina Riley , State Representative David Rollins , Mayor of Augusta Michael Sanphy , Mayor of Westbrook Stephen Stanley , State Representative Spencer Thibodeau , Portland City Councillor Dan Tremble , Bangor City Councillor Anna Turcotte , Westbrook City Councillor Linda Valentino , State Senator Wayne Werts , former State Representative Organizations Maine Council of Machinists Newspapers Bangor Daily News show Steve DeAngelis ( failed to make ballot ) Individuals Timothy Simons , actor show Mark Dion Local and statewide politicians Benjamin Collings , State Representative Other individuals Francine Breton , Former Cumberland County Jail Administrator Moses Sebunya , United States Department of Homeland Security , civil rights activist , former President of the NAACP in Maine show Mark Eves Local and statewide politicians Joe Baldacci , former Bangor City Councillor Seth Berry , State Representative Dale Denno , State Representative Patrick Eisenhart , former gubernatorial candidate ( 2018 ) Sean Faircloth , Bangor City Councillor , former Mayor of Bangor , former State Senator , former gubernatorial candidate ( 2018 ) Richard Farnsworth , State Representative Ryan Fecteau , State Representative Roger Fuller , State Representative Drew Gattine , State Representative Anne Haskell , former State Senator Erik Jorgensen , State Representative Chuck Kruger , former State Representative Thomas Longstaff , State Representative Louis Luchini , State Representative Jay McCreight , State Representative Jennifer Ellen Parker , State Representative Deane Rykerson , State Representative Linda Sanborn , former State Representative John Alden Spear , State Representative Ben Sprague , Mayor of Bangor Joan Welsh , former State Representative Individuals Adam Lee , small business owner and environmental activist Warren Silver , former Maine Supreme Judicial Court justice Organizations Iron Workers Local 7 Working Families Party ( also endorsed Sweet and Russell ) show Janet Mills Local and statewide politicians Joseph E. Brennan , former Governor of Maine ( 1979 -- 1987 ) , former US Representative for Maine 's 1st congressional district ( 1987 -- 1991 ) , former Maine Attorney General ( 1975 - 1979 ) , nominee for Governor in 1990 and 1994 , nominee for US Senate in 1996 , candidate for Governor in 1974 Lynn Bromley , former State Senator Emily Cain , former State Senator , nominee for ME - 02 in 2014 and 2016 , executive director of EMILY 's List Margaret Craven , former State Senator Jerry Davis , former State Representative Lois Galgay Reckitt , State Representative Dawn Hill , State Senator Helen Rankin , former State Representative Other individuals Maura Healey , Massachusetts Attorney General Nick Wilson , executive director , Maine Gun Safety Coalition Organizations Emily 's List show Diane Russell Organizations Working Families Party ( also endorsed Sweet and Eves ) show Betsy Sweet Local and statewide politicians Everett `` Brownie '' Carson , State Senator Clare Davitt , Bangor City Councillor Beth Edmonds , former President of the Maine Senate Karen Kusiak , former State Representative , candidate for State Senate Dale McCormick , former Maine State Treasurer , former State Senator , candidate for ME - 01 in 1996 Ethan Strimling , Mayor of Portland , former State Senator , candidate for ME - 01 in 2008 Mike Sylvester , State Representative Charlotte Warren , State Representative Barb Wood , former Portland City Councillor , Vice President of the Equality Maine Foundation Other individuals Ben Cohen , cofounder , Ben & Jerry 's Cenk Uygur , journalist , host of The Young Turks Marianne Williamson , writer Organizations Southern Maine Democratic Socialists of America Working Families Party ( also endorsed Eves and Russell ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error RCV round Adam Cote Donna Dion Mark Dion Mark Eves Janet Mills Diane Russell Betsy Sweet Undecided SurveyUSA April 26 -- May 1 , 2018 649 ± 4.2 % Round 1 9 % 2 % 10 % 16 % 32 % 4 % 5 % 24 % Round 2 13 % -- 13 % 20 % 42 % 5 % 6 % Round 3 13 % -- 13 % 22 % 43 % -- 8 % Round 4 14 % -- 15 % 24 % 48 % -- -- Round 5 -- -- 19 % 26 % 55 % -- -- Results ( edit ) Democratic primary results Party Candidate Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Votes % Transfer Votes % Transfer Votes % Transfer Votes % Democratic Janet Mills 41,735 33.1 % + 2,307 44,042 35.5 % + 5,903 49,945 40.8 % + 13,439 63,384 54.1 % Democratic Adam Cote 35,478 28.1 % + 2,065 37,543 30.2 % + 5,080 42,623 34.8 % + 11,243 53,866 45.9 % Democratic Betsy Sweet 20,767 16.5 % + 2,220 22,987 18.5 % + 6,957 29,944 24.4 % - 29,944 Eliminated Democratic Mark Eves 17,887 14.2 % + 1,634 19,521 15.7 % - 19,521 Eliminated Democratic Mark Dion 5,200 4.1 % - 5,200 Eliminated Democratic Diane Russell 2,728 2.2 % - 2,728 Eliminated Democratic Donna Dion 1,596 1.3 % - 1,596 Eliminated Democratic Write - ins 748 0.6 % - 748 Eliminated Total votes 132,250 100.0 % Green Independent primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Withdrawn ( edit ) Jay Parker Dresser , candidate for ME - 02 in 2016 Betsy Marsano , activist Libertarian primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Withdrawn ( edit ) Richard Light Gilbert P. Doughty Independents ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Kenneth A. Capron , perennial candidate , systems analyst and fraud investigator ^ ( write - in candidate ) Alan Caron , President and CEO of Envision Maine Aaron D. Chadbourne , writer and activist ^ ( write - in candidate ) Terry Hayes , Maine State Treasurer John Jenkins , former Mayor of Lewiston , former Mayor of Auburn and former Democratic State Senator ^ ( write - in candidate ) Capron and Jenkins failed to qualify for the ballot , but are continuing their campaigns as write - in candidates Chadbourne is a registered Republican , but filed his write - in candidacy on June 14 , 2018 , two days after Shawn Moody won the Republican nomination . Withdrawn ( edit ) Ethan Alcorn , businessman Failed to make ballot ( edit ) Karmo Sanders Declined ( edit ) Eliot Cutler , attorney and candidate for governor in 2010 and 2014 Angus King , U.S. Senator and former governor ( running for re-election ) Peter Vigue , businessman Dick Woodbury , former state senator General Election ( edit ) The general election will use plurality voting , not ranked - choice voting . Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report Tossup January 26 , 2018 Rothenberg Political Report Lean D April 6 , 2018 Sabato 's Crystal Ball Tossup August 16 , 2018 Daily Kos Tossup May 31 , 2018 Endorsements ( edit ) Endorsements in bold were made after the primaries on June 12 , 2018 show Terry Hayes ( I ) Local and statewide politicians Andrea Boland , former State Representative ( D -- Sanford ) Leslie Fossel , former State Representative ( R -- Alna ) Denise Harlow , State Representative ( I -- Portland ) Norm Higgins , State Representative ( I -- Dover - Foxcroft ) Bryan Kaenrath , former State Representative ( D -- South Portland ) Stanley Short , former State Representative ( D -- Pittsfield ) Ed Suslovic , former Mayor of Portland Individuals Eliot Cutler , attorney and independent candidate for governor ( 2010 and 2014 ) Organizations Unite America show Janet Mills ( D ) Local and statewide politicians Joseph E. Brennan , former Governor of Maine ( 1979 -- 1987 ) , former US Representative for Maine 's 1st congressional district ( 1987 -- 1991 ) , former Maine Attorney General ( 1975 - 1979 ) , nominee for Governor in 1990 and 1994 , nominee for US Senate in 1996 , candidate for Governor in 1974 Lynn Bromley , former State Senator Emily Cain , former State Senator , nominee for ME - 02 in 2014 and 2016 , executive director of EMILY 's List Adam Cote , 2018 gubernatorial candidate Margaret Craven , former State Senator Jerry Davis , former State Representative Mark Dion , State Senator and 2018 gubernatorial candidate Mark Eves , former Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives and 2018 gubernatorial candidate Lois Galgay Reckitt , State Representative Dawn Hill , State Senator Helen Rankin , former State Representative Diane Russell , former State Representative and 2018 gubernatorial candidate Betsy Sweet , former director of the Maine Women 's Lobby and 2018 gubernatorial candidate Other individuals Maura Healey , Massachusetts Attorney General Jay Inslee , Governor of Washington , chairman of the Democratic Governors Association Nick Wilson , executive director , Maine Gun Safety Coalition Organizations Emily 's List League of Conservation Voters Planned Parenthood show Shawn Moody ( R ) State and local politicians Rick Bennett , former President of the Maine Senate , former Chair of the Maine Republican Party Ken Fredette , State House Minority Leader , 2018 gubernatorial candidate Garrett Mason , State Senate Majority Leader , 2018 gubernatorial candidate Mary Mayhew , former Director the Maine Department of Health and Human Services Mike Thibodeau , President of the Maine Senate , 2018 gubernatorial candidate Paul LePage , Governor of Maine Other individuals Adrienne Bennett , former spokesperson for Governor Paul LePage Matt DiBenedetto , NASCAR driver Ann LePage , First Lady of Maine Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Shawn Moody ( R ) Janet Mills ( D ) Terry Hayes ( I ) Alan Caron ( I ) Undecided Suffolk University August 2 -- 6 , 2018 500 ± 4.4 % 39 % 39 % 4 % 3 % 16 % Results ( edit ) Maine gubernatorial election , 2018 Party Candidate Votes % Independent Alan Caron Independent Terry Hayes Democratic Janet Mills Republican Shawn Moody Total votes See also ( edit ) United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Maine became the first state in the country Tuesday to pass ranked choice voting '' . Boston Globe . November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Supreme Judicial Court rules ranked - choice voting unconstitutional '' . Bangor Daily News . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TEGNA . `` Ranked choice voting delayed until 2021 '' . Jump up ^ `` Voters will decide in June whether Maine keeps its ranked - choice voting law '' . Portland Press Herald . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nilsen , Ella . `` Maine 's governor is threatening not to certify the results of Tuesday 's primary '' . Vox . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levine , Sam . `` Maine Gov. Paul LePage ' Probably ' Wo n't Certify Primary Election Results '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Republican Sanford loses in South Carolina after Trump urges his ouster '' . CNBC . Maine Secretary of State Matt Dunlap said the election results would be binding anyway , the Portland Press Herald said . Jump up ^ Steve Benen ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Republican Governors Association exploits its pawn in Maine '' . MSNBC . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maine lawmakers seek to end strategic voting , ' spoilers ' with petition for ranked - choice voting '' . Bangor Daily News . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What 's the problem with our current voting system ? '' . The Committee for Ranked Choice Voting . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ranked - choice voters submit signatures for ' people 's veto ' ballot initiative '' . February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berman , Russell ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Maine Voters Overrule Their Leaders '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ `` Lawmaker says his bill is n't about Susan Collins running for governor '' . Bangor Daily News . March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Collins Says She Is Baffled By Rumor She Is Running For Governor '' . MPBN News . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cook , Janet . `` Susan Collins to Remain in U.S. Senate '' . The Wall Street Journal . October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidates for Blaine House signal they might challenge outcome of a ranked - choice vote '' . Portland Press Herald . April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leary , Mal ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` GOP Files Suit To Block Ranked - Choice Voting '' . MPBN . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leary , Mal ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Judge : Maine GOP Must Use Ranked - Choice Voting In Primary '' . MPBN . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Moody announces GOP gubernatorial bid run by LePage insiders '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maine House Minority Leader Fredette announces he 's running for governor '' . Portland Press Herald . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Republican Garrett Mason to announce gubernatorial bid this week '' . Bangor Daily News . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Mary Mayhew launches campaign to replace LePage in 2018 '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Maine 's first 2018 gubernatorial candidate , but do n't expect him to win '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Maine Senate President Mike Thibodeau quits GOP race to succeed LePage '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ TEGNA . `` Bennett wo n't run for governor '' . Jump up ^ `` Is Susan Collins planning to run for governor in 2018 ? '' . Bangor Daily News . March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Daniel ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Collins declines run for Maine governor '' . Politico . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calder , Amy ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Waterville Mayor Nick Isgro considering run for governor '' . Morning Sentinel . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Democrats seek to wipe out the last GOP House member in New England - The Boston Globe '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Michael ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Who 's jockeying for a head start in the race to become Maine 's next governor ? '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ken Fredette ( @ KenFredetteME ) ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` Proud to have the endorsement of Senator @ marcorubio . And thank you Sen. Rubio for your vote on the tax reform bill which will bring real tax relief to Maine families and businesses ! ! # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Garrett Mason ( @ GarrettMason ) ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you @ tedcruz for your endorsement ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Newt Gingrich endorses Mary Mayhew . May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'm pleased to announce that 28 members of the Maine State Legislature have endorsed my candidacy for Governor ! '' . Twitter . September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former Lewiston Mayor Bob Macdonald Endorses Mary Mayhew for Governor '' . MayhewForMaine.com . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adrienne Bennett Endorses Mary Mayhew for Governor '' . MayhewForMaine.com . May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shawn Moody ( @ Moody4gov ) ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Happy to receive former GOP State Chairman and Maine Senate President Rick Bennett 's endorsement this morning . Rick agrees we must grow Maine 's economy , ensure fiscal responsibility , and protect our liberties . # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Republican convention delegates hear that Maine governor 's race ' is going to be a war ' '' . Portland Press Herald . May 6 , 2018 . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` In a Republican primary that leaves out moderates , Shawn Moody is top choice '' . Bangor Daily News . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/results/results18.html#nonrank ^ Jump up to : Thistle , Scott ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Maine Attorney General Janet Mills says she 'll run for governor in 2018 '' . Press Herald . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Michael ; Christopher Cousins ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Democrat Adam Cote to run for governor in Maine as political outsider '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Grant ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Former mayor announces run for governor '' . The Courier . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cousins , Christopher ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Former Maine sheriff enters race for governor as a Democrat '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cousins , Christopher ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ex-speaker Mark Eves launches Maine gubernatorial run '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former Portland state Rep. Diane Russell joins governor 's race '' . August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kevin Miller ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Progressive Activist Betsy Sweet announces bid for Maine governor - '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Filings for Dominic Anthony Crocitto '' . Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Collins ' support for GOP tax bill could waver if Trump , McConnell ca n't keep promises '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the candidates for Maine 's 2018 governor race '' . Portland Press Herald . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Kevin ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Democrat Jim Boyle withdraws from Maine governor 's race '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Shepherd ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday offered a glimmer of hope for solar energy fans '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Faircloth Drops Out Of Gubernatorial Race , Endorses Mark Eves '' . WABI 5 . February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate / Committee Information for Pinet , Kenneth Forrest '' . Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Billings , Randy ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Portland 's departing state senators set off a chain reaction '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thistle , Scott ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Alfond rules out run for governor '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Cousins ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King for governor : Horror story or best seller ? '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Christopher Cousins ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATE : King continues attack on LePage , says ' I will not run ' for governor '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Thistle ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Pingree says she wo n't run for governor in 2018 '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bukaty , Robert ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Lucas St. Clair Says He 's Running for Congress , Shaking Up Democratic Primary Field '' . MPBN . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony Emerson ( @ AnthonyEmerso14 ) ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Former Congressman Tom Allen formally endorses @ CoteForMaine in email to Cote supporters # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Justin Alfond ( @ JustinAlfond ) ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Adam Cote is the best choice for Governor , and my first choice to be our Democratic nominee . Please join me in supporting Adam for Governor on June 12th . @ CoteForMaine # mepolitics coteformaine.com/form/180529eom ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Cote Endorsed by Over Two Dozen Local Elected Officials '' . Adam Cote for Governor . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Momentum for Change '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collins , Steve ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Nate Libby throws his support to Adam Cote in race for governor '' . Lewiston Sun Journal . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Stephen S. ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Adam Cote is the leader rural Maine needs '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony Emerson ( @ AnthonyEmerso14 ) ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Another big endorsement for @ CoteForMaine as the Maine Council of Machinists , Maine 's largest trade union , has formally endorsed the Democratic candidate for governor . # mepolitcs '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Adam Cote offers Democrats a new path in June primary '' . Bangor Daily News . May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Timothy Simons ( @ timothycsimons ) ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Hey guys . Do n't forget that you can help get big money out of politics by supporting @ SteveDforME . He 's running as a clean elections candidate for governor of Maine , and you can donate at stevedforme.com '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Mark Dion for Governor - Official Campaign Video . April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adam Lee Endorses Mark Eves for Governor '' . MarkEvesForME.com . March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Eisenhart Drops Out of Democratic Gubernatorial Primary , Endorses Eves Campaign '' . MarkEvesForME.com . March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haskell , Anne ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Letter to the editor : Maine needs champion of the needy , so choose Mark Eves for governor '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Workers union endorses Mark Eves for governor '' . Fiddlehead Focus . May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Working Families Party ( June 5 , 2018 ) . Maine has three progressive candidates for Governor and a brand new voting system . ^ Jump up to : Janet Mills ( @ JanetMillsforME ) ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm honored to have the endorsement of former AG and Governor , Joe Brennan . `` A lifelong Democrat , a founder of the Maine Women 's Lobby , and a person known and respected in all corners of Maine , Janet Mills will lead Maine with character , compassion and dignity . '' # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Bromley , Lynn ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Letter to the editor : Mills ' vision , values make her best choice for Blaine House '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tomorrow , our campaign is hosting a grassroots rally the Maine State Library in Augusta . Emily 's List director Emily Cain , Sen. Dawn Hill , and Sen. Margaret Craven will talk to supporters and voters about Janet 's record fighting for women and working families , and her vision for Maine 's future '' . Facebook . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Jerry ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Letter to the editor : Attorney General Mills was unwavering , effective during time in Legislature '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Janet Mills in South Portland '' . NGPVAN . March 28 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Helen ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Letter to the editor : Experienced , tough Janet Mills would make an excellent governor '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Maura Healey ( @ maura_healey ) ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Good luck to my sister in service @ JanetMillsforME on Primary Day ! # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Nick ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` Letter to the editor : Janet Mills a leader for sensible gun laws '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who We Are - Maine Gun Safety Coalition '' . ^ Jump up to : `` EMILY 's List Endorses Janet Mills for Governor of Maine '' . emilyslist.org . January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony Emerson ( @ AnthonyEmerso14 ) ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` Former Brunswick Senator Brownie Carson has endorsed Betsy Sweet ( @ Sweet4Governor ) in the gubernatorial race # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Davitt , Clare ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` I had n't done it yet and I should have sooner but I 'm endorsing Sweet For Governor . I hesitated only because of my new position as a public figure and a concern over a complication between my public service where I will work with whomever becomes our next governor and my personal opinions '' . Facebook . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mailers -- Betsy Sweet '' . Jump up ^ `` First stop , Waterville ... with the amazing Karen Kusiak and Colleen Madigan ❤ ️ . Here . We . Go '' . Facebook . June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony Emerson ( @ AnthonyEmerso14 ) ( May 19 , 2018 ) . `` Former State Treasurer Dale McCormick helped me hand out @ Sweet4Governor signs today at the convention ! OG Betsy supporter . # howsweetitis # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Emerson ( @ AnthonyEmerso14 ) ( June 9 , 2018 ) . `` Former Portland City Councillor and current VP of @ EqualityMaine Foundation Barb Wood endorses Betsy Sweet ( @ Sweet4Governor ) # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Anthony Emerson ( @ AnthonyEmerso14 ) ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Portland mayor Ethan Strimling ( @ mayorstrim ) endorses Betsy Sweet ( @ Sweet4Governor ) in email to Sweet supporters ahead of this weekend 's Democratic Convention . # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sylvester , Mike ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Proud to be with these folks ... '' Facebook . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Warren , Charlotte ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Team Sweet ! Just imagine how SWEET it could be ! -- with Alex Michaud , Betsy Sweet and Nasreen Yousef at Public Market House - from Charlotte Warren '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ Maine Activist Vows To Protect Water And Native Tribes . February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Marianne. `` 2018 endorsements '' . SisterGiant.com . Jump up ^ Sykes , Kate ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Press Release : Southern Maine DSA Endorses Betsy Sweet in June primary for Maine State Governor '' . SouthernMaineDSA.org . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/results/results18.html#nonrank Jump up ^ `` Candidate and Committee Information for Dresser , Jay Parker Lunt '' . Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices . December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Democrats might have found the Mainer they want to challenge Poliquin '' . July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cousins , Christopher ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Lesson One from GOP debate : It 's still all about LePage '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate / Committee Information for Light , Richard '' . Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate / Committee Information for Doughty , Gilbert P '' . Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices . January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate / Committee Information for Capron , Kenneth A , '' . Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices . November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Caron may be next to enter 2018 governor 's race '' . Portland Press Herald . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Filings for Mr Aaron D. Chadbourne '' . Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices . June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Jenkins eyeing possible gubernatorial race '' . Lewiston Sun Journal . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former mayor of both Lewiston and Auburn files to run for governor '' . Portland Press Herald . November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Ethics Commission '' . Jump up ^ `` No joke : Karmo Sanders , the ' Marden 's Lady , ' wants to run for governor '' . MPBN News . June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whit Richardson ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Would Eliot Cutler run for governor again ? ' No , I 've taken a vow ' '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mistler , Steve ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` LePage Steps up Criticism of Sen. Angus King '' . Maine Public Broadcasting Network . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who will run for governor in 2018 ? '' . Bangor Daily News . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kos Elections 2018 race ratings '' . Daily Kos . June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Griffiths , Shawn M. ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Independent Terry Hayes : `` I 'm Beholden to Maine Voters , Not Parties or Wealthy Donors '' `` . IVN . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Norm Higgins Endorses Hayes '' . Hayes for Maine . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Hayes Photograph '' . Facebook . December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Eliot Cutler is recruiting independents to run for the Maine Legislature '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Centrist Project Sees Opportunity in Maine to Disrupt Two - Party Duopoly - IVN.us '' . May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bottari , Steve ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Maine Democrats hold ' unity rally ' for gubernatorial nominee Janet Mills '' . WMTW - TV . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Janet Mills ( @ JanetMillsforME ) ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you to Governor @ JayInslee for joining me today to stand up for Maine people who voted overwhelmingly last year to approve Medicaid expansion . As governor , I will honor their will '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Maine Conservation Voters Action Fund endorses Janet Mills for governor '' . Penobscot Bay Pilot . June 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Anthony ( @ AnthonyEmerso14 ) ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` In an unsurprising but still noteworthy move , @ PPFA has endorsed @ JanetMillsforME # mepolitics '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Thistle , Scott ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Shawn Moody tells Republicans at rally he 'd carry on LePage 's legacy '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ WGME ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Shawn Moody unveils new advertisement on NASCAR vehicle '' . WGME - TV . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Maine Secretary of State -- Elections Division Candidates at Vote Smart Candidates at Ballotpedia Official campaign websites Kenneth Capron ( I ) for Governor Alan Caron ( I ) for Governor Aaron Chadbourne ( I ) for Governor Terry Hayes ( I ) for Governor John Jenkins ( I ) for Governor Janet Mills ( D ) for Governor Shawn Moody ( R ) for Governor ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota special Mississippi special Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona 8th , special Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 13th , special Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 25th , special North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th , special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th , special 7th and 15th , special Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 27th , special Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Louisville Newark Newport News Oakland Phoenix San Francisco ( special ) San Jose Shreveport Washington , D.C. 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About Wikipedia	who are the candidates running for governor of maine	[ "Maine gubernatorial election, 2018\n\n\n← 2014\nNovember 6, 2018 (2018-11-06)\n2022 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nNominee\n\nShawn Moody\n\nJanet Mills\n\n\n\n\n\n\nParty\n\nRepublican\n\nDemocratic\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent Governor\nPaul LePage\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Maine gubernatorial election, 2018\n\n\n← 2014\nNovember 6, 2018 (2018-11-06)\n2022 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\nNominee\n\nShawn Moody\n\nJanet Mills\n\n\n\n\n\n\nParty\n\nRepublican\n\nDemocratic\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent Governor\nPaul LePage\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Shawn Moody", "Janet Mills" ]
-5965882007131819850	Can't Fight This Feeling	Ca n't Fight This Feeling - wikipedia Ca n't Fight This Feeling Jump to : navigation , search For the Junior Caldera song , see Ca n't Fight This Feeling ( Junior Caldera song ) . `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' Single by REO Speedwagon from the album Wheels Are Turnin ' B - side `` Break His Spell '' Released December 31 , 1984 ( UK ) January 23 , 1985 ( US ) Format Vinyl Recorded August 1984 Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 45 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Kevin Cronin Producer ( s ) Kevin Cronin , Gary Richrath , Alan Gratzer REO Speedwagon singles chronology `` I Do ' Wanna Know '' ( 1984 ) `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' ( 1984 ) `` One Lonely Night '' ( 1985 ) `` I Do ' Wanna Know '' ( 1984 ) `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' ( 1984 ) `` One Lonely Night '' ( 1985 ) `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon . The single remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23 , 1985 . The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon 's 1984 album Wheels Are Turnin ' . It was the group 's second number - one hit on the U.S. charts ( the first being 1981 's `` Keep on Loving You '' , also written by Kevin Cronin ) and reached number sixteen in the UK . `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' has appeared on dozens of ' various artists ' compilation albums , as well as several REO Speedwagon greatest hits albums . REO Speedwagon performed the song at the 1985 Live Aid concert ; they were introduced by Chevy Chase , mentioning that the song was a number - one single at the moment in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 In popular culture 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 References 6 External links Music video ( edit ) Two different music videos exist for the song . One is a basic video , appearing almost homemade , featuring the band in the studio . It begins with Kevin Cronin playing the piano , attempting to find the key in which he can best sing the song ( starting off in G major , he later decides he can sing it better in A ) . After Cronin exchanges some laughs with his bandmates , the song officially begins ; the video essentially consists of the band members lip - synching to the original track of the song . It then concludes with Cronin uttering the line , `` That warmed the cockles of my cockles ! '' The other version of the video is much more `` professional , '' and makes various references to the life - cycle . Both videos have been shown at various times on VH1 Classic ( now known as MTV Classic ) . In popular culture ( edit ) It was referred to in The CW show Supernatural , in season 2 episode 5 , `` Simon Said '' . Jo Harvelle turns this song on for Dean Winchester in Harvelle 's Roadhouse . Later , he sings it in the car ( claiming the song had stuck in his head to a very confused Sam Winchester ) . It was also featured in the South Park episode Miss Teacher Bangs a Boy . It was featured prominently in advertisements for the film , Horton Hears a Who ! , and sung by the major characters near the end of the film as the titular character celebrates his vindication and his charges ' salvation . In 2016 , the song was used in the UK and US on ads for Sheba cat food . Personnel ( edit ) REO Speedwagon Kevin Cronin - lead vocals Gary Richrath - guitar Bruce Hall - bass , backing vocals Neal Doughty - keyboards Alan Gratzer - drums , backing vocals Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 -- 85 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report Canada ( CHUM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( The Record ) 5 Canadian RPM Singles Chart Germany Media Control Charts 34 Irish Singles Chart 5 Radio Luxemburg Singles 13 New Zealand Singles Chart 33 Poland ( LP3 ) 21 South African Singles Chart 8 Swedish Singles Chart 15 UK Singles Chart 16 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary US Top Rock Tracks 5 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks 89 US Cash Box US Radio & Records ( R&R ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position US Rock Digital Songs 32 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 33 Canada ( RPM Top 100 Singles ) 33 US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Cash Box 10 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 40 Most Softsational Soft - Rock Songs '' . Stereogum . SpinMedia . May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/artist/reo-speedwagon-mn0000327735/biography Jump up ^ List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1985 Jump up ^ `` Reo Speedwagon Artist '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon , Ca n't Fight This Feeling ( Appears On ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon , Ca n't Fight This Feeling ( version 2 : performance ) '' . YouTube . 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon , Ca n't Fight This Feeling ( version 1 ) '' . YouTube . 2012 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Supernatural - Dean Winchester sings REO Speedwagon '' . YouTube . 2007 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who ! ( Ca n't Fight This Feeling ) '' . YouTube . 2008 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ REO Speedwagon , Wheels are Turnin ' . Sony Music Entertainment . 1984 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` CHART NUMBER 1475 -- Saturday , March 30 , 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 28 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . CHUM . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary : April 6 , 1985 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nanda Lwin ( 1999 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Music Data Canada . ISBN 1 - 896594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 42 , No. 5 , April 13 , 1985 '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. April 13 , 1985 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon - Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . officialcharts.de . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart '' . The Irish Charts . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Note : REO Speedwagon must be searched manually . Jump up ^ `` REO Speedwagon Singles '' . umdmusic.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling - R.E.O. Speedwagon '' ( in Polish ) . LP3 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John Samson . `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling in South African Chart '' . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UK album and singles database '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Note : REO Speedwagon must be searched manually . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2012 . Menomonee Falls , WI : Record Research , Inc. p. 703 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 205 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Artist Chart History -- REO Speedwagon '' . Billboard charts . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MARCH 23 , 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 28 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Cash Box magazine . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ REO Speedwagon Jump up ^ Charts ! Jump up ^ `` Chart Search '' . Billboard Rock Digital Songs for REO Speedwagon . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forum - ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 43 , No. 16 , December 28 , 1985 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1985 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 28 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Cash Box magazine . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- REO Speedwagon -- Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- R.E.O. Speedwagon -- Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Chart successions Preceded by `` Careless Whisper '' by Wham ! featuring George Michael Billboard Hot 100 number one single March 9 , 1985 - March 23 , 1985 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` One More Night '' by Phil Collins Preceded by `` Careless Whisper '' by Wham ! featuring George Michael US Cash Box number - one single March 9 , 1985 - March 23 , 1985 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Material Girl '' by Madonna Preceded by `` Shout '' by Tears for Fears Canadian RPM number - one single April 13 , 1985 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Tears Are Not Enough '' by Northern Lights REO Speedwagon Neal Doughty Kevin Cronin Bruce Hall Dave Amato Bryan Hitt Alan Gratzer Mike Blair Joe Matt Gregg Philbin Terry Luttrell Bob Crownover Joe McCabe Marty Shepard Bill Fiorio Steve Scorfina Gary Richrath Mike Murphy Graham Lear Miles Joseph Carla Day Melanie Jackson Jesse Harms Studio albums R.E.O. Speedwagon R.E.O. / T.W.O. Ridin ' the Storm Out Lost in a Dream This Time We Mean It R.E.O. You Can Tune a Piano , but You Ca n't Tuna Fish Nine Lives Hi Infidelity Good Trouble Wheels Are Turnin ' Life as We Know It The Earth , a Small Man , His Dog and a Chicken Building the Bridge Find Your Own Way Home Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon Live albums Live : You Get What You Play For Arch Allies : Live at Riverport Live - Plus Extended Versions Hi Infidelity Then Again ... Live Setlist : The Very Best of REO Speedwagon Live Live in Germany 1982 Live Chicago 1979 Live At Moondance Jam Metro Center Rockford Illinois , 15th July 1983 Compilation albums A Decade of Rock and Roll 1970 to 1980 Best Foot Forward The Hits The Second Decade of Rock and Roll 1981 to 1991 Keep On Loving You -- Best Starbox Believe in Rock and Roll Only The Strong Survive Premium Best The Ballads Take It On The Run Simply The Best Keep On Rollin ' The Essential REO Speedwagon Rock Breakout Years : 1981 Collections Greatest Hits , Steel Box Collection Playlist : The Very Best of REO Speedwagon The Box Set Series Singles `` 157 Riverside Avenue '' `` Sophisticated Lady '' `` Ridin ' the Storm Out '' `` Reelin ' '' `` Keep Pushin ' '' `` Ridin ' the Storm Out '' ( live ) `` Roll with the Changes '' `` Time for Me to Fly '' `` Only the Strong Survive '' `` Keep On Loving You '' `` Take It on the Run '' `` Do n't Let Him Go '' `` In Your Letter '' `` Tough Guys '' `` Out of Season '' `` Keep the Fire Burnin ' '' `` Sweet Time '' `` The Key '' `` Stillness of the Night '' `` Good Trouble '' `` I Do ' Wanna Know '' `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' `` One Lonely Night '' `` Live Every Moment '' `` Wherever You 're Goin ' ( It 's Alright ) '' `` That Ai n't Love '' `` Variety Tonight '' `` In My Dreams '' `` Here with Me '' `` Live It Up '' `` Love Is a Rock '' `` I Needed to Fall '' `` Find Your Own Way Home '' `` Ca n't Stop Rockin '' ( W Styx ) Video albums FM Live Infidelity Wheels are Turnin ' A Video Anthology 1978 -- 1990 Arch Allies : Live at Riverport Live - Plus Real Artist Working Live Aid ( 1985 ) XM Artists Confidential PBS `` SoundStage '' Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon , The Yule Log DVD Out of Nowhere : Champaign Music Scene Documentary Live in Germany 1982 Live at Moondance Jam Related articles Discography Book : REO Speedwagon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Fight_This_Feeling&oldid=800838197 '' Categories : 1984 singles 1985 singles REO Speedwagon songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles 1980s ballads RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Kevin Cronin 1984 songs Epic Records singles Song recordings produced by Gary Richrath Song recordings produced by Kevin Cronin Rock ballads Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 00 : 18 . About Wikipedia	who sings i can't fight this feeling	[ "\"Can't Fight This Feeling\" is a power ballad[2] performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon. The single remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23, 1985.[3]" ]	[ "REO Speedwagon" ]
-6047021550951874245	Piper Chapman	Piper Chapman - wikipedia Piper Chapman Piper Chapman Orange Is the New Black character Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman in a promotional poster for Orange Is the New Black First appearance `` I Was n't Ready '' ( 1.01 ) July 11 , 2013 Portrayed by Taylor Schilling Clare Foley ( young Piper ) Information Nickname ( s ) Pipes College Dandelion Roberta Gapman Family Carol Chapman ( mother ) Bill Chapman ( father ) Cal Chapman ( brother ) Celeste Chapman ( grandmother ) Significant other ( s ) Alex Vause ( wife ; de facto ) Larry Bloom ( ex-fiancé ) Nationality American Piper Elizabeth Chapman is a fictional character ( played by Taylor Schilling ) and the protagonist of the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black . She is based on Piper Kerman , author of the non-fiction book Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison , upon which the series is based . Schilling was nominated for awards in both comedy and drama categories for this role . Contents 1 Basis 2 Fictional background 3 Storylines 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 3.3 Season 3 3.4 Season 4 4 Critical commentary 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Basis ( edit ) A Boston - bred Smith College grad , Piper Kerman got involved in a relationship with an international drug smuggler , Catherine Cleary Wolters . Chapman 's girlfriend in the series , Alex Vause , is based on Wolters , whom Kerman met circa 1991 in Northampton , Massachusetts . Eventually , 24 - year - old Kerman flew a suitcase of money from the United States to Belgium for a West African drug lord and was named five years later as part of the drug ring . As part of her plea bargain , she declared that she made three overseas trips on behalf of the drug ring . After breaking up with Wolters , Kerman met Larry Smith and got engaged before being charged by the feds in 1998 and striking a deal . She spent 13 months in a Danbury , Connecticut women 's prison , FCI Danbury . Kerman actually had a six - year delay between being sentenced to prison and entering prison in 2004 . The show is based on Kerman 's 2010 book Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison about her year in a minimum security federal women 's prison . Chapman 's fiance , Larry Bloom , is based on Smith , Kerman 's real life boyfriend and eventual husband . Series creator Jenji Kohan had initially considered casting Katie Holmes in the role , but decided against it as Holmes had too many commitments . Ultimately Kohan cast Taylor Schilling . Fictional background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Taylor Schilling plays Piper Chapman Chapman is a 31 - year - old White Anglo - Saxon Protestant who is sentenced to 15 months in prison for carrying a bag of drug - money ( $50,000 ) to Belgium for her girlfriend , Alex Vause . Prior to prison , Chapman owned an artisanal bath soap business in Brooklyn . She comes from a wealthy family , and was a debutante as a teenager . She is originally from Connecticut . Chapman is bisexual , and in college was in a relationship with Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) , a drug smuggler. 10 years prior to the series ' beginning , she carried drug money from Colombia to Belgium with Vause . Eventually , Chapman grew disenchanted with Vause 's lifestyle and broke up with her . She then began dating Larry Bloom ( Jason Biggs ) , to whom she got engaged . Piper is one of very few emphatically atheist inmates and one of few such characters on US television . She responds to a request that she baptise herself by saying that she can not pretend to believe in a god , saying that while it might make her happier if she believed in a religion , she `` needs it to be true '' , and instead looks to science to explain the world . In another episode , when confronted on the subject again , she clarifies that `` I 've always thought agnostic was a sort of cop - out ... If I had to label it I 'd say that I 'm a secular humanist . '' Storylines ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season 1 ( edit ) Chapman is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Prison for Criminal conspiracy and Money laundering ; Vause had been arrested and named her as an accomplice in order to reduce her sentence . On her first day , Chapman gets felt up by guard George `` Pornstache '' Mendez ( Pablo Schreiber ) and unintentionally offends prison matriarch Red ( Kate Mulgrew ) , who runs the prison cafeteria . Red starves Chapman to make an example of her , and the other inmates are too intimidated to help except for Crazy Eyes ( Uzo Aduba ) . Nonetheless , Chapman resists Crazy Eyes ' subsequent advances , and makes amends with Red by making her lotion to help her back . She befriends Nicky Nichols ( Natasha Lyonne ) , who becomes her confidante and protector . She also discovers Vause is sentenced to the same prison . Chapman is assigned to the prison electrical workshop and accidentally steals a screwdriver . Her cellmate Miss Claudette ( Michelle Hurst ) helps her evade the guards ' searches . In order to ingratiate herself with the other inmates , Chapman offers to review their appeal letters . Although Bloom learns that Vause was the informant who gave Chapman up , he does not share this information with her . Chapman then rekindles her relationship with Vause . Meanwhile , Bloom , an aspiring writer , publishes a story about Chapman 's incarceration that paints unflattering portraits of her fellow inmates and the prison staff . The article earns Chapman the ire of both the guards and the other prisoners , and puts a severe strain on her already fading relationship with Bloom . Chapman is elected to the prison council , but finds that the only change she is able to make is to get the track reopened for Janae Watson ( Vicky Jeudy ) who was put in solitary confinement during the screwdriver incident . Chapman makes an enemy of Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett ( Taryn Manning ) , who wanted her spot on the council . Doggett tells inmate counselor Sam Healy ( Michael J. Harney ) about Chapman and Vause 's relationship ; Healy punishes her by putting her in solitary confinement and telling Bloom about the affair . Bloom gets back at Chapman by doing an interview on NPR that casts Litchfield in a harsh light , which makes her even more unpopular . During an angry phone call , Bloom reveals that Vause informed on her . Vause asks Chapman to choose between her and Bloom . Chapman chooses Bloom , but Vause breaks them up and spurns Chapman . When Doggett attacks Chapman with a shiv , Chapman finally snaps and beats her to a pulp . Season 2 ( edit ) After spending a month in solitary confinement , Chapman is flown to Chicago to serve as a witness against the drug kingpin who had been Vause 's boss . There , she spends time in a maximum security prison with dangerous inmates who menace her daily . Also in episode 1 , `` Thirsty Bird '' , we see Chapman as a young girl ( Clare Foley ) in a flashback , discovering that her father is cheating on her mother . Vause persuades Chapman to commit perjury in order to keep them safe from the drug lord , but ultimately cuts a deal to testify against her former boss in return for early release ; she then leaves Chapman to suffer the consequences of her perjured testimony alone . In episode 3 , `` Hugs Can Be Deceiving '' , we find out that Crazy Eyes had run outside and knocked Chapman unconscious after she had beaten up Doggett at the end of season 1 . In episode 6 , `` You Also Have a Pizza '' , Chapman starts a prison newsletter , and makes a deal with a reporter to investigate the financial goings on at the prison . She eventually uncovers evidence that assistant warden Natalie Figueroa ( Alysia Reiner ) has been embezzling from the prison . To keep her quiet , Figueroa arranges for Chapman to be transferred to a facility in Virginia . However , when Chapman gives prison administrator Joe Caputo ( Nick Sandow ) the evidence implicating Figueroa , he cancels the transfer and gives the warden the incriminating information , resulting in Figueroa 's resignation . Chapman gets a furlough to go to her grandmother 's funeral . At home in New York City , she realizes that Larry has lost interest in her , and soon learns that he has fallen in love with her best friend , Polly Harper ( Maria Dizzia ) . Chapman is furious at first , but eventually agrees to give them her blessing in return for either of them telling Vause 's parole officer that Vause is going to break parole , which will land her back in Litchfield prison Season 3 ( edit ) Chapman begins a business selling used panties to people outside of Litchfield , enlisting her brother Cal as her middleman . Chapman begins a romantic relationship with an Australian prisoner , Stella . After Stella steals Chapman 's money , she plants contraband in Stella 's bunk and orchestrates her being sent to the maximum security unit in retaliation the day before Stella 's release date . Season 4 ( edit ) Chapman continues her panty business but finds herself in competition with a group of Dominicans led by Maria Ruiz . When Chapman aligns herself with a gang of white supremacists and plants contraband in Maria 's bunk , Maria retaliates by kidnapping her and having her branded with a swastika . Critical commentary ( edit ) According to Todd VanDerWerff of Vox Media 's Vox.com Chapman was a character with `` tricky contradictions and likability issues '' . In reviewing season 1 , Matthew Wolfson Slant Magazine describes Chapman as `` a familiar vessel through which to comprehend prison 's unfamiliar terrain '' . Over the course of the first season , the show becomes less focused on Chapman , according to James Poniewozik of Time . The Boston Globe describes Chapman 's assimilation into prison as a display of `` Martha Stewart - like efforts to survive '' . At the time of the Golden Globe Award nomination , Entertainment Weekly described Chapman in prison as a woman who was `` totally out of her element '' and said that the role was dichotomous with demands to `` vacillate between being sympathy - worthy and trying fans ' patience with Chapman 's entitlement '' . Tom Meltzer of The Guardian wrote `` Chapman 's romantic and rebellious re-awakening drives the show , but it is the ensemble that kept us coming back for more '' . By season 2 , Piper remained a main character of an ensemble cast but not the central character according to IGN 's Matt Fowler . Liz Raftery of TV Guide says `` There 's a lot going on in Season 2 of Netflix 's Orange Is the New Black , and very little of it has to do with Piper Chapman '' . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone considered that the show 's ensemble focus has turned Piper into `` dead weight '' and `` nobody would argue that an early parole for her would hurt the show '' . As he reviewed season 2 , The Huffington Post Canada entertainment editor Chris Jancelewicz , opined that `` Schilling 's deadpan expressions and snap comedic timing help us empathize and grow to love her '' as her character became more understandable . Alicia Lutes of MTV wrote that as of Season 2 the show is about Piper understanding herself and her capabilities better `` even if those abilities put her further in the muck '' and not about her possible reformation . Sarene Leeds of The Wall Street Journal stated that in Season 3 Piper changed from being `` a gangsta wannabe into a dangerous villain that is not to be crossed '' after planting contraband in girlfriend Stella 's bed to get her sent to the maximum security unit in retaliation for Stella stealing from her ; Leeds argued that the change `` is a necessary plot device to keep things interesting '' even though she did not like the new version of Piper . Drew Millard of Vice wrote that Season 3 Piper went `` completely off the deep end '' and changed `` into the most unlikable version of herself '' , making her `` deadweight on a show that was at first strictly about her . '' Kerman stated that even though she still found the series to be entertaining , she could no longer relate to Piper Chapman . Sadie Gennis of TV Guide also suggested removing Chapman from the show . Schilling has been nominated for awards in both comedy and drama categories : Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards and Best Actress -- Television Series Drama at the 71st Golden Globe Awards and won Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy at the 18th Satellite Awards for her season 1 performance . Her season 2 performance earned a 72nd Golden Globe Awards nomination for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy , and a 19th Satellite Awards nomination for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy . Her season 3 performance won Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy at the 20th Satellite Awards . See also ( edit ) List of Orange Is the New Black characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Behind ' The New Black ' : The Real Piper 's Prison Story '' . NPR . August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Carswell , Sue ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Real Alex of Orange Is the New Black Speaks for the First Time : `` I Was Not Piper 's First , and I Certainly Did Not Seduce Her '' `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heinzmann , David ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange is New Black ' drug case still open in Chicago federal court '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 2 ( online ) . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ May , Meredith ( July 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' TV series reflects couple 's reality '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni . `` Revealed : How Katie Holmes was almost cast as Taylor Schilling 's drug smuggling character Piper in Orange Is The New Black . '' The Daily Mail . August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved on June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Star Taylor Schilling on Her Path to Prison '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Matthew ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Yuppie , interrupted '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Time Do the Women of Orange Is the New Black Have Left in Their Sentences ? '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : Season 1 recap ahead of the new episodes '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Megan ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Season 1 Recap : Everything To Know Before The Season 2 Premiere '' . International Business Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Surette , Tim . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 2 Review , Part 1 ( Episodes 1 - 6 ) : Conflict Over Community '' . TV.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jancelewicz , Chris . `` Taylor Schilling , ' Orange Is The New Black ' Star , On Season 2 And Playing The Ever - Evolving Piper '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 2 Review , Part 2 ( Episodes 7 - 13 ) : Fight the Power '' . TV.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ VanArendonk , Kathryn . `` Orange Is the New Black Recap : Piper the Nazi . '' Vulture . June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved on July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's who will win , might win , and should win at the Emmys '' . Vox.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wolfson , Matthew ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black : Season One '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Dead Tree Alert : Orange Is the New Black Is the New Way of Talking About TV : Netflix 's newest and best series is powerfully about community . But it 's also , for better or worse , changing the community of the TV watercooler '' . Time . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Taylor Schilling on her Golden Globes nomination : ' This whole thing feels like a dream ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Tom ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` The best TV of 2013 : No 6 -- Orange is the New Black ( Netflix ) '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( June 14 , 2014 ) . `` Orange is the New Black : Season 2 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` OITNB : Do You Love or Hate Piper ? Taylor Schilling Says She 's `` Just Being Herself '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Best TV Shows of 2015 '' . Rolling Stone . December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jancelewicz , Chris ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black Review : Time Behind Bars Should n't Be This Fun '' . The Huffington Post Canada . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lutes , Alicia . `` We 're So Mad at Piper After That ' Orange is The New Black ' Premiere . '' MTV . June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved on April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene . `` Why Piper 's Turn to the Dark Side on ' Orange Is the New Black ' Works . '' The Wall Street Journal . June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved on March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Millard , Drew . `` Will Someone Please , for the Love of God , Kill Piper on ' Orange Is the New Black ' ? '' ( Archive ) . Vice . June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved on March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , Maggie . `` Piper Kerman Has a Really Unexpected Answer for Who Should Be Piper 's Endgame Love Interest on OITNB '' ( Archive ) . People . June 12 , 2015 . Retrieved on March 31 , 2016 . `` While she ca n't really relate to Chapman anymore , she still finds the show wildly entertaining . '' Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie . `` Orange Is the New Black : It 's Time for Piper to Go . '' TV Guide . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved on July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy Awards 2014 : The winners list '' . CNN . August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Golden Globes Nominations 2014 : ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' American Hustle ' Lead Field '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( February 23 , 2014 ) . `` Satellite Awards : ' 12 Years a Slave ' Wins Best Motion Picture '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : Fargo , True Detective Lead Nominations ; Jane the Virgin , Transparent Score Multiple Nods '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Piper Chapman on IMDb Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa Seasons 5 6 Related Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piper_Chapman&oldid=855576117 '' Categories : Female characters in television Fictional atheists and agnostics Fictional bisexual females Fictional characters based on real people Fictional characters from Connecticut Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional drug dealers Fictional inmates in American federal prisons Fictional LGBT characters in television Orange Is the New Black characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 09 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who turned piper in orange is the new black	[]	[]
5968905191665375124	Hard Rock Cafe	Hard Rock Cafe - wikipedia Hard Rock Cafe Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Hard Rock Cafe ( disambiguation ) . `` Hard Rock Hotel and Casino '' redirects here . For other uses , see Hard Rock Hotel and Casino ( disambiguation ) . Hard Rock Cafe Inc . Type Private Industry Casual dining restaurants , casinos , hotels Founded June 14 , 1971 ; 46 years ago ( 1971 - 06 - 14 ) Piccadilly , London , England , United Kingdom Headquarters Orlando , Florida , U.S. Key people Jim Allen , President / CEO John Galloway , CMO Tom Gispanski , CFO Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton , Founders Owner Seminole Tribe of Florida Website www.hardrock.com Hard Rock Cafe Inc. is a chain of theme restaurants founded in 1971 by Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton in London . In 1979 , the cafe began covering its walls with rock and roll memorabilia , a tradition which expanded to others in the chain . In 2007 , Hard Rock was sold to the Seminole Tribe of Florida , and since then it is headquartered in Orlando , Florida . As of December 2015 , there were 191 Hard Rock locations in 59 countries , including 168 cafes , 23 hotels , and 11 casinos . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Restaurants 1.2 Music memorabilia 2 Expansion into other businesses 2.1 Casinos , hotels and casinos 2.2 Hard Rock Park 2.3 Hard Rock Stadium 3 Acquisition by the Seminole Tribe of Florida 4 List of locations 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Restaurants ( edit ) Hard Rock Cafe in Orlando Hard Rock Cafe located on Broadway in the heart of Times Square Big Guitar Sign at Hard Rock Cafe , Beirut , Lebanon . This location closed in September 2013 . Huge Guitar At Hard Rock Cafe , New Delhi Hard Rock Cafe signage at The Printworks , Manchester Cleveland Hard Rock Cafe , closed since 2016 . Hard Rock Café in Temple Bar , Dublin Hard Rock Cafe Yankee Stadium The first Hard Rock Cafe ( HRC ) opened on June 14 , 1971 at Gloucester House , Piccadilly , London , under the ownership of young Americans Peter Morton and Isaac Tigrett . Hard Rock initially had an eclectic decor but it later started to display memorabilia . The chain began to expand worldwide in 1982 with locations in ( among others ) Toronto , Los Angeles , San Francisco , Chicago , Paris , and Berlin . Hard Rock Cafe locations in the United States vary from smaller , more tourist driven markets ( Biloxi , Pigeon Forge , Key West , etc . ) to large metropolises ( Houston , Philadelphia , New York City , Chicago , Boston , Washington DC , etc . ) . Hard Rock Cafe typically does not franchise cafe locations in the United States . All US cafes are corporate owned and operated , except for cafes in Tampa and Four Winds New Buffalo casino . However , in the transition of the Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel property originally owned and then later sold to Rank by founder Peter Morton . Morton retained hotel naming rights west of the Mississippi . When Morton sold his Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel to the Morgans Hotel Group , he also sold those naming rights , which then gave rise to two US franchised hotels ( without cafes ) in Albuquerque and Tulsa . The Albuquerque hotel no longer pays for the Hard Rock rights and reverted to its former name in June 2013 . More hotels franchised from Morgan 's are planned for Sioux City and Vancouver . In 1990 , The Rank Group , a London - based leisure company , acquired Mecca Leisure Group and continued expansion of the concept in its geographic territory . Rank went on to purchase Hard Rock America from Peter Morton as well as Hard Rock Canada from Nick Bitove . After the completion of these acquisitions , Rank gained worldwide control of the brand . In March 2007 , the Seminole Tribe of Florida acquired Hard Rock Cafe International , Inc. and other related entities from Rank for US $ 965 million . In 2008 , anonymous members of the wait staff criticized the business because of its practice of paying them less than half the official minimum wage in the UK , with the business allocating tips to staff to bring their salaries within the law . Most customers , it was argued , do not realize that they are subsidizing a low wage when they give the tip . Music memorabilia ( edit ) Jon Bon Jovi 's guitar on display at the cafe in Moscow HRC is known for its collection of rock and roll memorabilia . The cafes solicit donations of music memorabilia but also purchase a number of items at auctions around the world , including autographed guitars , costumes from world tours and rare photographs ; these are often to be found mounted on cafe walls . The collection began in 1979 with an un-signed Red Fender Lead II guitar from Eric Clapton , who was a regular at the first restaurant in London . Clapton wanted management to hang the guitar over his regular seat in order to lay claim to that spot , and they obliged . This prompted Pete Townshend of The Who to give one of his guitars , also un-signed with the note `` Mine 's as good as his ! Love , Pete . '' Hard Rock 's archive includes over 80,000 items , and is the largest private collection of Rock and Roll memorabilia in the world . Marquee pieces from the collection were briefly displayed in a Hard Rock museum named `` The Vault '' in Orlando , Florida from January 2003 until September 2004 . After the closure , items were disbursed to various restaurant locations . The London Vault remains open and free to visitors , located in the retail Rock Shop of the original cafe . The Hard Rock Café is also in possession of a Bedford VAL 6 axle coach used in the 1967 film The Beatles Magical Mystery Tour . The vehicle was completely refurbished after filming . It is currently displayed in the US , but makes regular appearances in events in the UK , especially at the original Hard Rock Cafe in London . In 2001 , a competition was run to win the actual bus , but it was never given away and remained with the cafe . Expansion into other businesses ( edit ) Casinos , hotels and casinos ( edit ) Hard Rock Hotel Macau Hard Rock Cafe Melaka In 1995 , Peter Morton spent $80 million to open the Hard Rock Hotel near the Las Vegas Strip in Las Vegas , Nevada . A subsequent $100 million expansion in 1999 nearly doubled the hotel 's capacity . In May 2006 , Morton sold the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino , Las Vegas to Morgans Hotel Group for $770 million , including the rights to the Hard Rock Hotel brand west of the Mississippi , including Texas , California , Australia , and Vancouver , British Columbia . The hotel began another expansion in 2007 at a cost of $750 million . The project added 875 rooms in two towers and expanded meeting space . In March 2011 , Morgans surrendered control of the property to partner Brookfield Asset Management , citing the high debt on the property in the face of the economic downturn . Today , the Seminole Tribe of Florida owns and operates all units except the Las Vegas , Tulsa , Sioux City , and Vancouver properties . In 2004 , Hard Rock International and Sol Melia Hotels and Resorts launched Lifestar Hoteles España SL , a joint venture that intended to manage Europe 's first Hard Rock Hotel in Madrid , but it was never opened as a Hard Rock property upon the dissolution of the joint venture in 2007 . The other joint venture hotels are in Chicago , New York and San Diego ( the San Diego property includes Hard Rock condominiums ) . Hard Rock also operates hotels and resorts in Orlando , Florida ( a joint venture with Loews Hotels ) ; Bali , Indonesia ; and Pattaya , Thailand , ( a joint venture with Ong Beng Seng / Hotel Properties Limited ) . Hard Rock International continues to expand internationally ( including hotels , casinos , resorts , and condominiums ) through several joint ventures ( Becker Ventures , Ong Beng Seng / Hotel Properties Limited and Loews Hotels ) , including hotels in Chicago , Bali , Orlando , Penang , San Diego , Singapore , and planned openings in Abu Dhabi , Cancun , Dubai , Hungary , Panama , Punta Cana and Vallarta - as well as hotel - casinos in Hollywood , Florida ; Tampa , Florida ; Biloxi , Mississippi ; Las Vegas , Nevada ; and Tulsa Catoosa , Oklahoma . The Hotel Zoso in Palm Springs , California was converted into a 160 - room Hard Rock Hotel and opened in 2014 . A location in Atlantic City , New Jersey was planned but canceled . All - inclusive resorts operate under the Hard Rock brand in Mexico and the Dominican Republic . In 2013 , the Hard Rock Rocksino Northfield Park , opened as joint slot machine and track venture . The Rocksino is located near Cleveland . In 2015 Hard Rock announced the opening of a new and Inclusive Hotel located in Bogotá , Colombia , who will start the construction in 2018 and opens in 2019 , the company had its plans to open in the biggest financial district in Colombia , the Centro Internacional , but finally and with all the plans the Hotel will be located in the exclusive zone of Zona Rosa de Bogotá , home of boutiques from Louis Vuitton , Dolce & Gabbana , Versace among others , the Hotel will be located in the Heart of the zone , In the top floor of the exclusive mall , El Retiro Shopping Mall with exclusive brands including Swarovski , Mango , Maybelline and one of the most expensive restaurants in Colombia , The Andrés D.C. . On March 1 , 2017 , Hard Rock announced plans to spend $300 million to purchase and renovate the closed Trump Taj Mahal resort for a summer 2018 re-opening as the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City . International locations include Hard Rock Casino , at The Printworks in Manchester , United Kingdom Hard Rock Hotel , at the City of Dreams in Macau Hard Rock Hotel , at the Resorts World Sentosa in Singapore Hard Rock Hotel Penang in Malaysia Hard Rock Hotel in Bali , Indonesia Hard Rock Casino Vancouver in Coquitlam , British Columbia , Canada Hard Rock Hotel La T , El Retiro in Pink Zone / T Zone , Bogotá , Colombia Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Punta Cana , Dominican Republic Hard Rock Hotel in Panama Megapolis , Panama City , Panama Hard Rock Hotel in Cáncun , Mexico Hard Rock Hotel in Cozumel , Mexico Hard Rock Hotel in Goa , India Hard Rock Park ( edit ) In March 2006 , Hard Rock Cafe International announced that it had licensed the `` Hard Rock '' name to HRP Myrtle Beach Operations , LLC , to design , build , and operate a $400 million 150 - acre ( 0.61 km ) theme park called Hard Rock Park . Hard Rock Park opened on April 15 , 2008 in Myrtle Beach , South Carolina . The park was expected to draw an estimated 30,000 visitors per day , promised to create more than 3,000 jobs , and was billed as the largest single investment in South Carolina 's history . It planned to feature a large concert arena and six zones with more than 40 attractions . HRP Myrtle Beach Operations , LLC , filed for Chapter 11 on September 25 , 2008 . The company hoped to re-open in 2009 after restructuring . On January 2 , 2009 after failing to attract a buyer with a minimum $35 million bid for over two months , Hard Rock Park asked a Delaware Bankruptcy Court to convert the filing to Chapter 7 , triggering immediate liquidation of assets to pay off creditors , and closing the park . New owners renamed the venue Freestyle Music Park and planned to reopen retaining a music - theme but , without the Hard Rock name by Memorial Day , 2009 . The park only operated one additional year and never reopened due to poor attendance . Hard Rock stadium ( edit ) In August 2016 , it has been reported that the NFL will announce the Miami Dolphins ' stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida will be renamed Hard Rock Stadium ; ironically , the stadium 's other high - profile tenant , the University of Miami 's football team , has no greater rival than Florida State , whose athletic teams are , with the tribe 's blessing , known as the `` Seminoles '' . Acquisition by the Seminole Tribe of Florida ( edit ) On December 7 , 2006 , Rank sold its Hard Rock business to the Seminole Tribe of Florida for $965 million . Included in the deal were 124 Hard Rock Cafes , four Hard Rock Hotels , two Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Hotels , two Hard Rock Live ! concert venues , and stakes in three unbranded hotels . Rank retained the Hard Rock Casino in London , and rebranded it the G Casino Piccadilly . The Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas was also not part of the deal , as it was sold by Peter Morton to Morgans Hotel Group in May 2006 . The final takeover was mired in controversy , due to a payment clause in a contract with one casino developer , Power Plant Entertainment . Power Plant and the Seminoles announced a settlement in April 2007 which both sides called equitable . On January 8 , 2007 , Rank shareholders approved the Seminoles ' $965 million offer . The Tribe announced it had finalized the deal on March 11 , 2007 . On June 22 , 2008 , the Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood began `` Vegas - style '' table gambling in addition to the Class II slots already in operation . To win approval for the table games , which were barred under Florida law , the Seminole Tribe paid the State of Florida $100 million as part of a 25 - year pact signed by Governor Charlie Crist . On July 3 , 2008 , the Florida Supreme Court ruled that the governor 's agreement was unconstitutional , but table games continue to operate because the Federal Department of the Interior approved the now - invalid pact with the state . List of locations ( edit ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : reflinks in table - full info needed Please help improve this article if you can . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Location ( city ) Location ( country ) Established Status London United Kingdom 000000001971 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1971 Open Toronto Canada 000000001978 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1978 Closed May 22 , 2017 Los Angeles United States 000000001982 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 1982 Closed December 31 , 2006 Roppongi Japan 000000001983 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1983 Open New York United States 000000001984 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 1984 Relocated to Times Square on August 12 , 2005 San Francisco United States 000000001984 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 1984 Closed August 26 , 2002 , Relocated to Fisherman 's Wharf Stockholm Sweden 000000001985 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1985 Open Chicago United States 000000001986 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 1986 Open Houston United States 000000001986 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 1986 Relocated May 21 , 2000 Dallas United States 000000001986 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1986 Relocated July 15 , 2009 Cancún Mexico 000000001987 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1987 Reopened in March 19 , 2016 Honolulu United States 000000001987 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 , 1987 Relocated May 21 , 2000 Reykjavík Iceland 000000001987 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 1987 Closed May 29 , 2005 . Re-opened October 30 , 2016 . New Orleans United States 000000001987 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1987 Relocated December 29 , 2012 La Jolla United States 000000001988 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1988 Closed September 6 , 2008 ( Originally San Diego , renamed when downtown location opened ) Sydney Australia 000000001989 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1989 Closed October 22 , 2007 , Relocated December 6 , 2011 . Toronto SkyDome Canada 000000001989 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1989 Closed September 27 , 2009 Boston United States 000000001989 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1989 Relocated July 2 , 2007 Acapulco Mexico 000000001989 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1989 Closed January 14 , 2014 Washington , D.C. United States 000000001990 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1990 Open Singapore Singapore 000000001990 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1990 Open Orlando United States 000000001990 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1990 Relocated December 11 , 1998 Maui United States 000000001990 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1990 Closed December 4 , 2016 Las Vegas at Hard Rock Hotel United States 000000001990 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 1990 Closed December 31 , 2016 Montreal Canada 000000001990 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1990 Closed September 27 , 2009 Puerto Vallarta Mexico 000000001990 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1990 Closed early 2012 Aspen United States 000000001991 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1991 Closed November 1 , 2000 Calgary Canada 000000001991 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1991 Closed June 1 , 2000 Bangkok Thailand 000000001991 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1991 Open Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 000000001991 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 1991 Open Paris France 000000001991 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 1991 Open Osaka Japan 000000001992 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1992 Closed September 14 , 2001 Tijuana Mexico 000000001992 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 1992 Closed June 19 , 2008 Berlin Germany 000000001992 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1992 Relocated April 26 , 2010 Jakarta Indonesia 000000001992 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1992 Relocation to Plaza Indonesia Entertainment X'nter in July 2004 . Atlanta United States 000000001992 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1992 Open Newport Beach United States 000000001992 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 1992 Closed June 23 , 2005 St. Thomas US Virgin Islands , United States 000000001992 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1992 Closed April 24 , 2005 San Juan Puerto Rico 000000001993 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1993 Closed April 22 , 2011 . Tel Aviv Israel 000000001993 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1993 Closed December 1997 Grand Cayman Cayman Islands 000000002000 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2000 Closed October 13 , 2013 . Re-opened in December 2014 . Miami United States 000000001993 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1993 Open Mexico City Mexico 000000001993 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1993 Closed May 2013 Bali Indonesia 000000001993 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1993 Open Taipei Taiwan 000000001993 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 1993 Closed February 3 , 2002 Beijing China 000000001994 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1994 Closed September 30 , 2012 Nashville United States 000000001994 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 1994 Open Cozumel Mexico 000000001994 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 1994 Relocated in early 2015 . Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong 000000001994 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 1994 Closed November 24 , 2008 . Madrid Spain 000000001994 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1994 Open San Antonio United States 000000001995 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1995 Open Kanata Canada 000000001995 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1995 Closed September 2 , 2002 Hong Kong at Chater Road Hong Kong 000000001995 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1995 Closed October 1 , 1999 Vancouver Canada 000000001995 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1995 Closed June 1 , 2000 Edmonton Canada ( inside West Edmonton Mall ) 000000001995 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1995 Closed June 1 , 2000 Myrtle Beach United States 000000001995 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1995 Broadway at the Beach complex since opening ; relocated from original pyramid - shaped building to The Avenue on October 7 , 2016 . Copenhagen Denmark 000000001995 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 1995 Open Whistler Canada 000000001995 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 1995 Closed June 1 , 2000 Buenos Aires Argentina 000000001995 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1995 Open Melbourne Australia 000000001995 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 1995 Closed October 21 , 2007 Phoenix United States 000000001995 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 1995 Relocated February 25 , 2002 Banff Canada 000000001995 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 1995 Closed June 1 , 2000 Taichung Taiwan 000000001995 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1995 Closed December 1996 Cabo San Lucas Mexico 000000001995 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1995 Unauthorized location Antwerp Belgium 000000001995 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1995 Closed April 24 , 1997 . Reopened March 20 , 2017 Makati Philippines 000000001995 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1995 Open ( Originally named Manilla , renamed shortly after ) Universal City United States 000000001996 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1996 Open Surfers Paradise Australia 000000001996 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1996 Open , Originally called Gold Coast . Ottawa Canada 000000001996 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 1996 Closed September 1 , 2013 Niagara Falls United States 000000001996 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1996 Open Shanghai China 000000001996 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 1996 Closed March 28 , 2004 Guangzhou China 000000001996 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 1996 Closed May 18 , 2003 Key West United States 000000001996 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 1996 Open Atlantic City United States 000000001996 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1996 Open ; although it was located at the Trump Taj Mahal at its closing , the restaurant remains open . It will be part of the new Hard Rock Hotel and Casino that will replace the Taj Mahal . Cape Town South Africa 000000001996 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 1996 Closed June 17 , 2001 Seoul South Korea 000000001996 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 1996 Reopened in April 8 , 2008 but closed again in April 2009 . Reopened in October 21 , 2014 . Niagara Falls Canada Canada 000000001996 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1996 Open Beirut Lebanon 000000001996 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1996 Closed September 9 , 2013 Shenzhen China 000000001997 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1997 Closed November 1998 Nagoya Japan 000000001997 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1997 Closed December 31 , 2010 Baltimore United States 000000001997 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1997 Open Yokohama Japan 000000001997 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 1997 Open Sacramento United States 000000001997 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 1997 Closed March 20 , 2010 Amman Jordan 000000001997 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 1997 Closed September 2000 Manama Bahrain 000000001997 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1997 Open Barcelona Spain 000000001997 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1997 Open Memphis United States 000000001997 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1997 Relocated two blocks west in 2014 Dubai United Arab Emirates 000000001997 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 1997 Closed for relocation March 8 , 2009 Philadelphia United States 000000001998 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1998 Open Lima Peru 000000001998 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1998 Closed December 3 , 2001 . Relocated on December 2012 . Edinburgh United Kingdom 000000001998 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1998 Open Guam United States / Guam 000000001998 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1998 Open Ankara Turkey 000000001998 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1998 Closed February 8 , 2002 Lake Tahoe United States 000000001998 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1998 Open Cleveland United States 000000001998 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 1998 Closed July 24 , 2016 Salt Lake City United States 000000001998 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1998 Closed December 7 , 2008 Kona United States 000000001998 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1998 Closed July 21 , 2008 Sharm el - Sheikh Egypt 000000001998 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1998 Open San Diego United States 000000001998 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1998 Open Saipan Northern Mariana Islands , United States 000000001998 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 1998 Open St. Louis United States 000000001998 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1998 Open Denver United States 000000001998 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1998 Open Guadalajara Mexico 000000001998 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1998 Closed October 2008 Rome Italy 000000001998 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1998 Open Orlando United States 000000001998 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1998 Open Amsterdam Netherlands 000000001999 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 1999 Open Indianapolis United States 000000001999 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 1999 Open Kobe Japan 000000001999 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1999 Closed December 31 , 2003 Ft . Lauderdale United States 000000001999 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1999 Closed May 9 , 2004 . Relocated to Hollywood , FL Gatlinburg United States 000000001999 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 1999 Relocating to Pigeon Forge Oasis United Kingdom 000000002000 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2000 Closed January 31 , 2002 Fukuoka Japan 000000002000 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2000 Open ( Relocated from Hawks Town Mall to JRJP Hakata Building at JR Hakata Station . Original location closed March 31 , 2016 . Re-opened April 27 , 2016 . ) Houston United States 000000002000 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 2000 Open Rio de Janeiro Brazil 000000002000 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2000 Closed for relocation July 25 , 2011 , Shop located at base of Corcovado currently Manchester United Kingdom 000000002000 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2000 Open Malta Malta St. Julian 's 000000002000 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 2000 Open Osaka Universal Japan 000000002001 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2001 Open Cairo Egypt 000000002001 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2001 Closed December 31 , 2010 Belfast United Kingdom 000000002001 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2001 Closed September 25 , 2004 Queenstown New Zealand 000000002001 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 2001 Closed September 28 , 2004 Managua Nicaragua 000000002001 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 2001 Closed December 2001 Osaka Japan 000000002001 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2001 Open Bogotá Colombia 000000002001 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2001 Open Pattaya Thailand 000000002001 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2001 Open Birmingham United Kingdom 000000002001 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2001 Closed May 5 , 2007 Phoenix United States 000000002002 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2002 Open Austin United States 000000002002 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2002 Closed January 2 , 2006 Munich Germany 000000002002 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2002 Open Ueno - Eki Japan 000000002002 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2002 Open Nottingham United Kingdom 000000002002 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2002 Closed November 12 , 2007 Pittsburgh United States 000000002002 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2002 Open San Francisco United States 000000002002 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 2002 Open Minneapolis United States 000000002002 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2002 Closed September 30 , 2011 Leeds United Kingdom 000000002002 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2002 Closed July 2 , 2007 Cologne Germany 000000002003 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2003 Open Lisbon Portugal 000000002003 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 2003 Open Moscow Russia 000000002003 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 2003 Open Panama Panama 000000002004 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2004 Closed fall 2004 Cardiff United Kingdom 000000002003 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2003 Closed October 12 , 2010 Nassau Bahamas 000000002003 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2003 Unauthorized location . Relocated in June 2014 . Detroit United States 000000002003 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2003 Open Malta Malta Airport 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 Open Catania Italy 000000002004 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 2004 Closed November 2006 Hollywood FL United States 000000002004 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2004 Open Louisville United States 000000002004 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 2004 Open Dublin Ireland 000000002004 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2004 Open Destin United States 000000002004 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 2004 Closed June 2014 Jakarta Indonesia 000000002004 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 2004 Relocation to Pacific Place to commence in April 2013 Foxwoods United States 000000002004 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2004 Open MultiCentro Panama 000000002004 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2004 Closed September 2013 . Re-opened Fall 2016 . Athens Greece 000000002004 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2004 Closed in 2014 and relocated in November 2015 Hurghada Egypt 000000002004 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2004 Open Kuwait Kuwait 000000002004 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2004 Closed , February 28 , 2014 Gothenburg Sweden 000000002004 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 2004 Open Caracas Venezuela 000000002005 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 2005 Open New York United States 000000002005 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 2005 Open Playa del Inglés Spain 000000002005 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2005 Closed October 2009 Oslo Norway 000000002005 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 2005 Open Nova Lima Brazil 000000002005 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 2005 Closed May 25 , 2014 Malta Malta Valletta 000000002006 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2006 Open Santo Domingo Dominican Republic 000000002006 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2006 Open Mumbai India 000000002006 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2006 Open Narita Japan 000000002006 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2006 Closed August 2012 Ocho Rios Jamaica 000000002006 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2006 Closed February 3 , 2011 Margarita Venezuela 000000002006 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2006 Open Warsaw Poland 000000002007 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2007 Open Biloxi United States 000000002007 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 2007 Open Boston United States 000000002007 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 2007 Open Punta Cana Dominican Republic 000000002007 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 2007 Open Fiji Fiji 000000002007 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 2007 Open Cartagena Colombia 000000002007 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2007 Open Bengaluru India 000000002007 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2007 Open Singapore Changi Airport Singapore 000000002008 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2008 Closed December 18 , 2016 Bucharest Romania 000000002008 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 2008 Open Seoul South Korea 000000002008 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2008 Closed April 2009 Mallorca Spain 000000002008 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2008 Open Aruba Aruba , Netherlands 000000002008 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 2008 Open Pune India 000000002009 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2009 Open Yankee Stadium United States 000000002009 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2009 Open Prague Czech Republic 000000002009 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2009 Open Venice Italy 000000002009 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 2009 Open New Delhi India 000000002009 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2009 Open Dallas United States 000000002009 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 2009 Open Las Vegas United States 000000002009 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 2009 Open Penang Malaysia 000000002009 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2009 Open Hyderabad India 000000002009 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2009 Open Marbella Spain 000000002009 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2009 Open Phuket Thailand 000000002009 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2009 Open Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam 000000002009 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2009 Open ( rights owned by the Highlands Coffee conglomerate ) Seattle United States 000000002010 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2010 Open Sentosa Singapore 000000002010 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 2010 Open Berlin Germany 000000002010 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2010 Open Kraków Poland 000000002010 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2010 Open Hollywood on Hollywood Blvd United States 000000002010 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2010 Open Medellín Colombia 000000002010 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2010 Open Honolulu United States 000000002010 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2010 Open Glyfada Greece 000000002010 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2010 Closed October 10 , 2012 Sint Maarten Netherlands 000000002010 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2010 Open Tampa United States 000000002010 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2010 Open Hong Kong at Lan Kwai Fong Hong Kong 000000002011 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 2011 Open Florence Italy 000000002011 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2011 Open Sydney Australia 000000002011 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2011 Open Costa Maya Mexico 000000002011 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 2011 Closed ( Prior to September 2012 ) Hamburg Germany 000000002011 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2011 Open Dubai United Arab Emirates 000000002011 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2011 Open Sydney Australia 000000002011 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2011 Open Budapest Hungary 000000002011 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2011 Open Macau China 000000002012 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2012 Open New Buffalo , Michigan at Four Winds New Buffalo United States 000000002012 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2012 Open Brussels at Grand Place Brussels Belgium 000000002012 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 2012 Open Nicosia Cyprus 000000002012 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2012 Closed May 21 , 2013 Helsinki Finland 000000002012 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2012 Open Lima Peru 000000002012 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 2012 Open Santiago Chile 000000002012 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2012 Open Nabq Egypt 000000002012 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 2012 Open New Orleans United States 000000002012 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2012 Open Jakarta Indonesia 000000002013 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 2013 Open Malacca City Malaysia 000000002013 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 2013 Open Ibiza Spain 000000002013 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2013 Open Mumbai , Andheri West India 000000002013 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2013 Open Nice France 000000002013 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2013 Open Johannesburg South Africa 000000002013 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 2013 Open Kota Kinabalu Malaysia 000000002012 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2012 Open San José Costa Rica 000000002013 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2013 Open Guatemala City Guatemala 000000002013 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 2013 Open Istanbul Turkey 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Closed Santa Cruz de la Sierra Bolivia 000000002014 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 2014 Open Tenerife Spain 000000002014 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2014 Open Doha Qatar 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Planned Glasgow United Kingdom 000000002013 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2013 Open Northfield Park United States 000000002013 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2013 Open Vienna Austria 000000002014 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2014 Open Gdańsk Poland 000000002014 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2014 Open Anchorage United States 000000002014 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2014 Open Mall of America United States 000000002014 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2014 Open Siem Reap Cambodia 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Open Podgorica Montenegro 000000002015 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2015 Open Chennai India 000000002013 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2013 Closed Daytona Beach United States 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Planned Almaty Kazakhstan 000000002014 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2014 Open Gurgaon India 000000002014 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2014 Open Pigeon Forge United States 000000002014 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2014 Open ( This is a move from Gatlinburg ) Seoul Republic of Korea 000000002014 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2014 Open Shanghai China 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Closed Asuncion Paraguay 000000002014 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 2014 Open Playas del Coco Costa Rica 000000002015 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2015 Open Marseille France 000000002014 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2014 Open Curitiba Brazil 000000002015 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 2015 Open Port El Kantaoui Tunisia 000000002015 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 2015 Open Porto Portugal 000000002016 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2016 Open Lagos Nigeria 000000002015 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 2015 Open Koh Samui Thailand 000000002016 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 2016 Open Seville Spain 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Open Tampa International Airport United States 000000002016 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 2016 Open Ayia Napa Cyprus 000000002016 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2016 Open Baku Azerbaijan 000000002016 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2016 Open Hangzhou China 000000002016 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2016 Open Iguazu Argentina 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Open Vientiane Laos 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Open Lyon France 000000002016 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2016 Open Shanghai China 000000002016 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2016 Open Shenzhen China 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Planned Tbilisi Georgia 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Open Ulaanbaatar Mongolia 000000002016 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 2016 Open Ushuaia Argentina 000000002016 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 2016 Open Yangon Myanmar 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Planned Pretoria South Africa 000000002016 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2016 Open Chiang Mai Thailand 000000002016 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2016 Open Valencia Spain 000000002017 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 2017 Open Montego Bay Jamaica 000000002016 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 2016 Open Innsbruck Austria 000000002017 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 2017 Open Ciudad del Este Paraguay 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Planned Milan Italy 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Planned Belgrade Serbia 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Planned Wrocław Poland 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Planned Desaru Malaysia 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Planned Andorra la Vella Andorra July 25 , 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Open Białystok Poland 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Planned Montería Colombia 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2018 Planned to open at Fall 2018 Houston Airport United States 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Planned See also ( edit ) Morrison Hotel Planet Hollywood Bubba Gump Shrimp Company Restaurant and Market Rainforest Cafe T - Rex Cafe Fashion Cafe References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Seminole tribe in Hard Rock deal '' . BBC News . December 7 , 2006 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Hard Rock Cafe . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seay , Gregory ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Hard Rock sets 170 - room DoNo hotel '' . Hartford Business Journal . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock History '' . Hard Rock Cafe . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hard Rock Cafe Locations . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ Shankleman , Martin ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` Hard Rock wages ' below minimum ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Townshend 's Gibson Les Paul '' . Hard Rock Cafe . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock Corporate - Hard Rock History '' . Jump up ^ `` The Hard Rock Vault '' . LostParks.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Laura Porter . `` The Vault '' . About.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Las Vegas Selects Rainmaker Group Revenue Management '' . Hospitalitynet . June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ William Spain ( May 6 , 2006 ) . `` Morgans Hotel Group to buy Vegas Hard Rock for $770 million '' . The Wall Street Journal . marketwatch.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amanda Finnegan ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Hard Rock Hotel expansion hits another milestone '' . Las Vegas Sun . lasvegassun.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steve Green ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Hard Rock Hotel management group ends its run with resort '' . Las Vegas Sun . lasvegassun.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Michael . `` Sol Melia confident that ME brand will stand out from the crowd '' . Travel Weekly . Retrieved January 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock International and the Luckie Street Partners Announce Atlanta Hotel Development '' . Hard Rock Cafe . October 24 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Hard Rock Cafe . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Roger . ( February 10 , 2013 ) . Palm Springs hotel to be converted into Hard Rock outpost . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock Hotel Palm Springs Announces Star - Studded Grand Opening Celebration Set for March 6th '' . globenewswire.com . February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wittkowski , Donald . ( September 13 , 2012 ) . Hard Rock casino developers scrap Atlantic City casino project The Press of Atlantic City . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Amy S. ; Moran , Robert ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Hard Rock in deal to buy Trump Taj Mahal '' . Philly.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` S.C. 's Hard Rock Park files for bankruptcy after inaugural season '' . USA Today . usatoday.com . September 25 , 2008 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock Park requests liquidation '' . Orlando Sentinel . Orlandosentinel.com . January 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coastal business : Freestyle Music Park attorney sees better market '' . The Sun News . myrtlebeachonline.com . February 8 , 2011 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Barry ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Miami Dolphins ' stadium gets a new name : Hard Rock '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adrian Sainz ( December 7 , 2006 ) . `` Seminoles buy Hard Rock cafe '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . seattlepi.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Burstein ( April 18 , 2007 ) . `` Seminoles , developer settle disputes '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . sun-sentinel.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seminole Tribe Finalizes Acquisition of Hard Rock International '' . PRnewswire . hotels-stl.com . March 11 , 2007 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brenda Farrington ( July 3 , 2008 ) . `` Florida Supreme court nixes casino pact '' . The Seattle Times . seattletimes.com . Associated Press . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock Café at Yonge - Dundas to be replaced by Shoppers Drug Mart : report '' . 680news.com . CFTR ( AM ) - 680 News . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesley Balla ( January 8 , 2007 ) . `` Hard Rock Café Ai n't Rockin ' No More '' . Eater LA . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Franchise Agreements Terminated '' . Hard Rock Cafe . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.beirut.com/l/28129 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Memphis official confirms Hard Rock Cafe is moving its location '' . WorldNow and WMC . January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morona , Joey ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Hard Rock Cafe at Tower City closes for good on Sunday '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock Cafe Announces Move to Hakata - Fukuoka Now '' . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock Cafe Rocks New Hakata Venue - Pre-Opening Report - Fukuoka Now '' . April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Το Hard Rock Cafe επιστρέφει στην Αθήνα '' . To Vima . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Re-Opening of the Hard Rock in Hong Kong '' . Next Stop Hong Kong . June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock Turns Up The Volume In Florence With Grand Opening Celebration '' . Hard Rock Cafe . June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock rocks its way to Hamburg '' ( Press release ) . 4Hoteliers.com . June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Muby Asger ( November 24 , 2011 ) . `` Love all , serve all : It 's a Hard Rock life '' . gulfnews.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock Cafe Budapest Now Open '' . abudapest.com . December 21 , 2011 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock Cafe New Buffalo will have plenty to see ( photo gallery ) '' . MLive.com . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock Café Brussels location and opening hours '' . thomasvanhoutte.be . July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock Cafe Johannesburg '' . Facebook . ^ Jump up to : `` Cafes Coming Soon '' . Hard Rock Cafe . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Now Open '' . Jump up ^ `` Job listing for manager of Glasgow cafe '' . Jump up ^ `` HRC Wien hat geöffnet '' . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock Cafe to open in spring in downtown Anchorage '' . November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock Cafe Mall of America '' . hardrock.com . Jump up ^ Glasser , Miranda ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Soft opening for Hard Rock Café '' . The Phnom Penh Post . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock hotel , cafe coming to Daytona Beach '' . Daytona Beach News Journal . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El Hard Rock Café Asunción abrió sus puertas al público '' . ultimahora . Jump up ^ `` '' HARD ROK KAFE '' UMESTO `` RUSKOG CARA '' Na mestu gde je 122 godine bila čuvena kafana , biće otvoren objekat svetski poznatog brenda `` . October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Rock Cafe Andorra - Live Music and Dining in Andorra - Andorra Restaurants '' . www.hardrock.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.hardrock.com/cafes/houston-airport/ External links ( edit ) Media related to Hard Rock Cafe at Wikimedia Commons Official website Official Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Site Video review of the Hard Rock Cafe with on - site footage Video tour of the Hard Rock Hotel Singapore Hard Rock Memorabilia Gallery `` Seattle welcomes Hard Rock Cafe '' Hard Rock Hotels and Casinos Casinos British Columbia Hard Rock Casino Vancouver Florida Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Hollywood Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Tampa Iowa Hard Rock Hotel and Casino ( Sioux City ) Mississippi Hard Rock Hotel and Casino ( Biloxi ) Nevada Hard Rock Hotel and Casino ( Las Vegas ) Hard Rock Hotel and Casino ( Stateline ) New Jersey Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Atlantic City ( Formerly Trump Taj Mahal ) China Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Macau Dominican Republic Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Punta Cana Former Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Atlantic City ( uncompleted development ) in New Jersey Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Albuquerque in New Mexico Hotels California Hard Rock Hotel San Diego Florida Hard Rock Hotel Orlando Illinois Hard Rock Hotel Chicago Indonesia Hard Rock Hotel Bali Malaysia Hard Rock Hotel Penang Singapore Hard Rock Hotel Singapore Thailand Hard Rock Hotel Pattaya Planning Hard Rock Hotel Abu Dhabi & Hard Rock Hotel Dubai in United Arab Emirates Hard Rock Hotel Hungary Hard Rock Hotel Panama Hard Rock Hotel and Casino ( Santo Domingo ) Food chains in Australia Casual dining Burrito Bar Hog 's Breath Café La Porchetta Nando 's Sizzler Fast food Ali Baba Bing Boy Boost Juice Bucking Bull Burger Urge Chicken Treat Chooks Fresh & Tasty Domino 's Pizza Eagle Boys Fast Eddys Grill 'd Guzman y Gomez Hungry Jack 's ( Burger King ) KFC Mad Mex Fresh Mexican Grill McDonald 's Noodle Box Oporto Pancake Parlour Pizza Capers Pizza Haven Pizza Showtime Red Rooster Salsa 's Fresh Mex Grill Spudbar Sumo Salad Uncle Tony 's Kebabs Zambrero Baked goods Donut King Bakers Delight Breadtop Brumby 's Bakeries Krispy Kreme Pie Face Subway Coffeehouses and tea rooms The Coffee Club Dôme Gloria Jean 's Coffees Hudsons Coffee Jamaica Blue McDonald 's McCafé Michel 's Patisserie Muffin Break Muzz Buzz Shingle Inn Starbucks Coffee Vittoria Coffee Zarraffas Coffee Dairy Baskin - Robbins Ben & Jerry 's Cold Rock Ice Creamery Mr Whippy Wendy 's Supa Sundaes List of restaurant chains in Australia Restaurant chains in Ireland Coffeehouse Butlers Chocolate Café Caffè Nero Caffè Ritazza Costa Coffee Esquires Insomnia Coffee Company Starbucks Fast food restaurants Abrakebabra Apache Pizza Burger King Domino 's Pizza Four Star Pizza KFC McDonald 's Supermac 's Casual dining The Counter Eddie Rocket 's Gourmet Burger Kitchen Hard Rock Café Harry Ramsden 's Leo Burdock MAO Milano Nando 's Pizza Hut T.G.I. Friday 's Wagamama YO ! Sushi Sandwich shops O'Briens Quiznos Subway Upper Crust Food chains in Taiwan Coffeehouse From USA Starbucks Swensen 's Cold Stone Creamery Dairy Queen Local 85C Bakery Cafe EasyWay Chatime Quickly Fast food restaurants From USA Burger King KFC McDonald 's Pizza Hut Domino 's Pizza Subway Lee 's Sandwiches From Japan Ajisen Ramen Yoshinoya Pepper Lunch Sukiya Ichiran Local TKK Fried Chicken MOS Burger KLG Napoli Pizza Casual dining From USA Chili 's Gordon Biersch Hooters Outback Steakhouse Romano 's Macaroni Grill Ruth 's Chris Steak House T.G.I. Friday 's Local Formosa Chang Sushi Express 3375 Steak my home noble Steak Wowprime Steak Tasty Tokiya ikki giguo 12hotpot chamonix Hot 7 yakiyan pinnada Grazie Tinopizza Donut Mister Donut Krispy Kreme Former chains Boston Market California Pizza Kitchen Hard Rock Cafe Planet Hollywood Wendy 's Food chains in the United Kingdom Casual dining Angus Steakhouse Ask Beefeater Grill Bella Italia Brewers Fayre Byron Hamburgers Café Rouge Carluccio 's Chiquito Damon 's Ed 's Easy Diner Frankie & Benny 's Giraffe Gourmet Burger Kitchen Harry Ramsden 's Harvester Hungry Horse La Tasca Little Chef Loch Fyne Restaurants Nando 's OK Diner Pizza Hut PizzaExpress Prezzo Strada Table Table T.G.I. Friday 's Toby Carvery Tony Roma 's Wagamama Wahaca Wildwood Kitchen Zizzi Fast food Barburrito Burger King Chicken Cottage Chipotle Mexican Grill Dixy Chicken Domino 's Pizza Five Guys KFC McDonald 's Morley 's Papa John 's Pizza Sam 's Chicken Southern Fried Chicken Subway Taco Bell Tops Pizza Tortilla Wasabi Wimpy YO ! 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Seafood Arthur Treacher 's Captain D 's H. Salt Esquire Ivar 's Long John Silver 's Skippers Seafood & Chowder House Defunct Bresler 's Ice Cream Brigham 's Burger Chef Carrols D'Lites Druther 's Henry 's Hamburgers Hot ' n Now Hot Sam Pretzels Naugles Red Barn Sandy 's Zantigo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_Rock_Cafe&oldid=799556645 '' Categories : Hard Rock Cafe Companies based in Orlando , Florida Restaurant chains in the United States Restaurant franchises Restaurants established in 1971 Seminole tribe Theme restaurants Restaurant chains in the United Kingdom 1971 establishments in England Restaurant chains in Singapore Fast - food chains of Singapore Restaurants in Singapore Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from November 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Articles needing cleanup from June 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 12 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are all the hard rock cafes located	[]	[]
6046677271526515314	Restless Heart (John Parr song)	Restless Heart ( John Parr song ) - wikipedia Restless Heart ( John Parr song ) `` Restless Heart '' Single by John Parr from the album Man with a Vision B - side `` Crystal Eye '' Released Format 7 `` , 12 '' , CD single Genre AOR Length 4 : 20 Label Trax Music Ltd . ( UK ) CBS Records ( Germany ) Songwriter ( s ) Harold Faltermeyer , John Parr Producer ( s ) Harold Faltermeyer John Parr singles chronology `` Do n't Worry ' Bout Me '' ( 1986 ) `` Restless Heart '' ( 1988 ) `` Always on my Mind '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Worry ' Bout Me '' ( 1986 ) `` Restless Heart '' ( 1988 ) `` Always on my Mind '' ( 1990 ) `` Restless Heart '' ( a.k.a. `` Running Away with You ( Restless Heart ) '' ) is a song by the English singer / musician John Parr , released in 1988 as a soundtrack single from the 1987 feature film The Running Man . It was written by Parr and German musician / composer Harold Faltermeyer , and produced by Faltermeyer . `` Restless Heart '' would later be included on Parr 's third studio album Man with a Vision , released in 1992 . Contents 1 Background 2 Release 3 Promotion 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 6 References Background ( edit ) The song was released as a soundtrack single in 1988 , but in the UK and Germany only . It was Parr 's first release since 1986 , and failed to chart , however the song has gained popularity through its attachment to The Running Man film , where it is played over the ending credits . An unofficial upload of the song onto YouTube has gained over 350,000 views since December 2009 . Release ( edit ) The single was released on 7 '' vinyl , 12 '' vinyl and CD single via Trax Music Ltd. in the UK and via CBS Records in Germany . The song was not included on the instrumental soundtrack release which was issued in the US , the UK , Ireland and Germany . In the UK , the 7 '' and 12 '' vinyl was released through Trax Music Ltd - a Braveworld release through Rank Film Distributors . The 7 '' vinyl issue featured the exclusive B - side `` Crystal Eye '' , which was written and produced solely by Parr , although it was not part of The Running Man film . The 12 '' vinyl featured an extended version of `` Restless Heart '' as the featured song , along with `` Crystal Eye '' and the single version of `` Restless Heart '' . A CD version featured the same track - listing as the 12 '' vinyl release . The UK single picture sleeve artwork featured a close up of Arnold Schwarzenegger as seen on the film poster , with additional figures of him and co-star María Conchita Alonso running together . The back side of the sleeve highlighted a photo of Parr . In Germany , the 7 '' and 12 '' vinyls released through CBS Records featured the same track - listings as the UK issues . Additionally , a CD single version was issued in the country via CBS . It was issued in a cardsleeve and featured `` Restless Heart ( Single Version ) '' as the featured song , along with `` Crystal Eye '' and `` Restless Heart ( Extended Version ) '' . The German picture sleeve artwork different slightly from the UK release . The illustrations were handled by Renato Casaro . A slightly different close - up of Schwarzenegger was used , with additional illustrations of two of the films villains ; a close - up of Dynamo as well as Eddie `` Buzzsaw '' Vatowski on his motorcycle whilst holding his chainsaw . The back sleeve , although again slightly different from the UK version , featured the same photo of Parr . After appearing on Parr 's third studio album Man with a Vision in 1992 , the song also appeared on the 2006 Membran / Ambitions / Yesterrock two - disc set release Man in Motion which merged the Man with a Vision album with Parr 's fourth 1996 studio album Under Parr . It also appeared on Parr 's 2011 album Letter to America which featured one disc acting as a greatest hits ( where the song was included ) and a disc of other new songs and acoustic versions of older songs . Promotion ( edit ) A music video was created for the single , which was the main form of promotion . The video highlighted Parr performing the song with his signature American flag guitar amongst similar scenery to that in the film . Additionally , snippets of scenes from The Running Man were also featured . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' Single ( UK release ) `` Restless Heart '' - 4 : 20 `` Crystal Eye '' - 3 : 20 12 '' Single ( UK release ) `` Restless Heart ( Extended Version ) '' - 5 : 51 `` Crystal Eye '' - 3 : 25 `` Restless Heart ( Single Version ) '' - 4 : 17 CD Single ( UK release ) `` Restless Heart ( Extended Version ) '' - 5 : 51 `` Crystal Eye '' - 3 : 20 `` Restless Heart ( Single Version ) '' - 4 : 20 7 '' Single ( German release ) `` Restless Heart '' - 4 : 17 `` Crystal Eye '' - 3 : 25 12 '' Single ( German release ) `` Restless Heart ( Extended Version ) '' - 5 : 51 `` Crystal Eye '' - 3 : 25 `` Restless Heart ( Single Version ) '' - 4 : 17 CD Single ( German release ) `` Restless Heart ( Single Version ) '' - 4 : 17 `` Crystal Eye '' - 3 : 24 `` Restless Heart ( Extended Version ) '' - 5 : 53 Personnel ( edit ) John Parr - lead vocals , guitar , producer of `` Crystal Eye '' Harold Faltermeyer - keyboards , producer of `` Restless Heart '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093894/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd ^ Jump up to : `` John Parr - Restless Heart at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Man with a vision : John Parr : Music '' . Amazon.com. 2011 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` John Parr Discography at Discogs '' . Discogs.com. 1954 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` John Parr - Restless Heart ( Running Away With You ) '' . YouTube . 2009 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Harold Faltermeyer - Running Man ( Original Soundtrack ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Parr - Restless Heart / Crystal Eye - Trax - UK - 7TX 2 '' . 45cat . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` John Parr - Restless Heart ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Artists P Part 2 CD Singles , Artists P Part 2 CDs , Buy Rare Artists P Part 2 CDs '' . Mattscdsingles.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Artists P Part 2 CD Singles , Artists P Part 2 CDs , Buy Rare Artists P Part 2 CDs '' . Mattscdsingles.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 7 '' - JOHN PARR - Restless Heart - From `` Running Man '' `` . eBay . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` John Parr - Restless Heart ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Images for John Parr - Restless Heart '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Man In Motion - John Parr : Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic. 2006 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Letter to America - John Parr : Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic. 2011 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ johnparr.net . `` Discography '' . John Parr . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` John Parr - Restless Heart ( Running Away With You ) original videoHD '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . John Parr Studio albums John Parr ( 1984 ) Running the Endless Mile ( 1986 ) Man with a Vision ( 1992 ) Under Parr ( 1996 ) Singles `` Naughty Naughty '' `` Magical '' `` St. Elmo 's Fire ( Man in Motion ) '' `` Love Grammar '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Mercenaries ( with Meat Loaf ) '' `` Blame It on the Radio '' `` Restless Heart '' `` Man with a Vision '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restless_Heart_(John_Parr_song)&oldid=854882049 '' Categories : 1988 singles John Parr songs Song recordings produced by Harold Faltermeyer Songs written by Harold Faltermeyer 1987 songs CBS Records singles Songs written by John Parr Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 12 : 47 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	song at the end of the running man	[]	[]
2334831805102575071	Wheeler Peak (New Mexico)	Wheeler Peak ( New Mexico ) - wikipedia Wheeler Peak ( New Mexico ) For other summits , see Wheeler Peak . Wheeler Peak Wheeler Peak Highest point Elevation 13,167 ft ( 4,013 m ) NAVD 88 Prominence 3,409 ft ( 1,039 m ) Parent peak Vermejo Peak Listing North America highest peaks 119th US highest major peaks 98th U.S. state high point 8th Coordinates 36 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 105 ° 25 ′ 01 '' W / 36.556855136 ° N 105.416947028 ° W / 36.556855136 ; - 105.416947028 Coordinates : 36 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 105 ° 25 ′ 01 '' W / 36.556855136 ° N 105.416947028 ° W / 36.556855136 ; - 105.416947028 Geography Wheeler Peak Location Taos County , New Mexico , U.S. Parent range Taos Mountains Topo map USGS Wheeler Peak Climbing Easiest route Williams Lake Wheeler Peak and surrounding peaks , viewed from Eagle Nest , New Mexico Wheeler Peak is the highest natural point in the U.S. state of New Mexico . It is located northeast of Taos and south of Red River in the northern part of the state , and just 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) southeast of the ski slopes of Taos Ski Valley . It lies in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains , the southernmost subrange of the Rocky Mountains . The peak 's elevation is 13,167 feet ( 4,013 m ) . Formerly named Taos Peak , after the nearby town of Taos , New Mexico , it was renamed Wheeler Peak in 1950 . A plaque at the summit states that the mountain was : Named in honor of Major George Montague Wheeler ( 1842 -- 1905 ) who for ten years led a party of surveyors and naturalists collecting geologic , biologic , planimetric and topographic data in New Mexico and six other southwestern states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nearby peaks and features 2 Climbing 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Nearby peaks and features ( edit ) Just north of Wheeler Peak is Mount Walter . At 13,141 feet ( 4,005 m ) it is the second highest named summit in New Mexico , but it is not usually considered an independent peak as it has only about 53 feet ( 16 m ) of topographic prominence . It is sometimes mistaken for Wheeler Peak , since it is along the standard route to Wheeler . Lake Fork Peak at 12,881 feet ( 3,926 m ) lies just across Williams Lake and to the west of Wheeler Mountain . Taos Ski Valley lies to the northwest of Wheeler Peak , while both the town of Taos and Taos Pueblo are about 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the southwest . Wheeler Peak is the focus of the 19,661 - acre ( 79.57 km ) Wheeler Peak Wilderness area in the Carson National Forest . Much of the mountain area just south of the peak is on Taos Pueblo land . Some 48,000 acres ( 190 km ) was returned to the pueblo from the Carson National Forest in 1970 and another 764 acres ( 3.09 km ) in 1996 . Climbing ( edit ) The standard route on Wheeler Peak is along the north ridge . The route starts at the parking lot for Taos Ski Valley , and proceeds east along an old road to a broad saddle at Bull - of - the - Woods Meadow . It then turns south and winds its way among minor peaks and small valleys to gain Wheeler Peak from the north , going over the summit of Mount Walter along the way . This is a practical route , even in winter , due to low ( but nonzero ) avalanche exposure . An alternate route is to hike south from Taos Ski Valley to Williams Lake , then take a newly constructed switchback trail to the top . This trail was completed in 2011 by a Forest Service trail crew from the Gallatin National Forest , 8 people working 12 hours per day , building 4 miles of new trail with hand tools to the top in 14 days . Another alternate route is to begin from the nearby ski resort of Red River . From the town of Red River drive 6.4 miles south on NM 578 , then 1.3 miles on FR 58 to the trailhead parking area . From the parking area Wheeler peak is about 7 miles on Forest Trail 91 . This route passes two alpine lakes , Lost Lake and Horseshoe Lake . Wheeler Peak has a summit register as do many major western peaks . Panorama from Wheeler Peak See also ( edit ) North America portal United States portal California portal Mountains portal List of mountain peaks of North America List of mountain peaks of the United States List of U.S. states by elevation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wheeler '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak , New Mexico '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Julyan , Bob ; Tom Till ( 1999 ) . New Mexico 's Wilderness Areas : The Complete Guide . Westcliffe Publishers . p. 73 . ISBN 1 - 56579 - 291 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Public Law 104 - 333 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutWheeler Peakat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity `` Wheeler Peak '' . SummitPost.org . `` Wheeler Peak Wilderness '' . U.S. Forest Service . The 124 highest major summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Saint Elias Popocatépetl Mount Foraker Mount Lucania Iztaccíhuatl King Peak Mount Bona Mount Steele Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Wood Mount Vancouver Mount Slaggard Nevado de Toluca Mount Fairweather Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Walsh Mount Hunter La Malinche Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson McArthur Peak Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Nevado de Colima Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Strickland Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Avalanche Peak Atna Peaks Volcán Tajumulco Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Cofre de Perote Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard Volcán Tacaná West Buffalo Peak Mount Craig Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Mount Waddington Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain Highest Natural Points of U.S. States and Selected Additional Areas Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Additional Areas American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands State of New Mexico Santa Fe ( capital ) Topics Index Census - designated places Cuisine Bizcochito Chile Culture Delegations Geography Government History Nuevo México Territory Landmarks Military National Guard Civil War World War II Music New Mexico music New Mexicans Hispanos Pueblos and Tribes Paleontology Symbols Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of New Mexico Society Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Apachian zone Central New Mexico Chicoma Mountain Chihuahuan Desert Colorado Plateau Eastern New Mexico Llano Estacado Manzano Mountains Mogollon Plateau Northern New Mexico Permian Basin Rio Grande Rocky Mountains San Juan Basin San Luis Valley Sandia Mountains Shortgrass prairie Sangre de Cristo Mountains Wheeler Peak ( highest point ) Southwestern New Mexico Cities Alamogordo Albuquerque ( Metropolitan Area ) Artesia Carlsbad Clovis Corrales Deming Española Farmington Gallup Grants Hobbs Las Cruces Las Vegas Los Alamos Los Lunas Lovington Portales Raton Rio Rancho Roswell Ruidoso Santa Fe Silver City Socorro Sunland Park Taos Tucumcari Counties See : List of counties in New Mexico Bernalillo Catron Chaves Cibola Colfax Curry De Baca Doña Ana Eddy Grant Guadalupe Harding Hidalgo Lea Lincoln Los Alamos Luna McKinley Mora Otero Quay Rio Arriba Roosevelt San Juan San Miguel Sandoval Santa Fe Sierra Socorro Taos Torrance Union Valencia Mountains of New Mexico Big Burro Mountains Soldiers Farewell Hill Big Hatchet Mountains Big Hatchet Peak Black Range Black Mountain ( Catron County ) McKnight Mountain Chuska Mountains Beautiful Mountain Cookes Range Massacre Peak Jemez Mountains Cerro Grande Chicoma Mountain Redondo Peak Magdalena Mountains South Baldy Manzano Mountains Manzano Peak Mogollon Mountains Mogollon Baldy Whitewater Baldy Organ Mountains Organ Needle Peloncillo Mountains Steins Peak Pyramid Mountains Pyramid Peak Raton - Clayton Volcanic Field Capulin Volcano Sierra Grande Sacramento Mountains Cathey Peak San Andres Mountains Salinas Peak San Augustin Mountains San Mateo Mountains ( Cibola County ) Mount Taylor West Blue Mountain Sangre de Cristo Mountains Cimarron Range Baldy Mountain ( Colfax County ) Mount Phillips Taos Mountains Venado Peak Wheeler Peak Others Baldy Mountain ( Taos County ) Hermit Peak Santa Fe Baldy Truchas Peak Mount Walter Zuni Mountains Haystack Mountain Mount Sedgwick Others Aden Crater Alamo Hueco Mountains Animas Mountains Brazos Mountains Caballo Mountains Canjilón Mountain Canyon Creek Mountains Capitan Mountains Capulin Peak Cedar Mountain Range Datil Mountains Dirty Point Doña Ana Mountains Eagle Peak East Potrillo Mountains Elephant Butte ( Hidalgo County ) Elephant Butte ( Sierra County ) Fajada Butte Florida Mountains Fra Cristobal Range Franklin Mountains Granite Peak Guadalupe Mountains Guadalupe Mountains ( Hidalgo County ) Hosta Butte Hueco Mountains Huérfano Mountain Jicarilla Mountains Jornada del Muerto Volcano Ladron Peak Little Burro Mountains Little Hatchet Mountains Luera Mountains Nacimiento Mountains North Oscura Peak Ocate Peak Ortiz Mountains Picacho Mountain Robledo Mountains San Antonio Mountain San Mateo Mountains ( Socorro County ) Sandia Mountains Sierra Aguilada Sierra Blanca Sierra de las Uvas West Potrillo Mountains Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheeler_Peak_(New_Mexico)&oldid=830626841 '' Categories : Mountains of New Mexico Sangre de Cristo Mountains Landforms of Taos County , New Mexico Highest points of U.S. states Carson National Forest North American 4000 m summits Mountains of Taos County , New Mexico Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Español Français Nederlands پنجابی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 00 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what's the highest elevation in new mexico	[ "Wheeler Peak is the highest natural point in the U.S. state of New Mexico. It is located northeast of Taos and south of Red River in the northern part of the state, and just 2 miles (3.2 km) southeast of the ski slopes of Taos Ski Valley. It lies in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost subrange of the Rocky Mountains. The peak's elevation is 13,167 feet (4,013 m).\n" ]	[ "Wheeler Peak" ]
6646774510893601633	Norse activity in the British Isles	Norse activity in the British Isles - wikipedia Norse activity in the British Isles Jump to : navigation , search See also : Viking expansion § British Isles , Viking Age § Northwestern Europe , and Invasions of the British Isles § Viking raids and invasions The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Norse activity in the British Isles occurred during the Early Medieval period when members of the Norse populations of Scandinavia travelled to Britain and Ireland to settle , trade or raid . The Norse peoples who came to the British Isles have been generally referred to as Vikings , but it is a matter of debate if the term Viking represented all Norse settlers or just those who raided . At the start of the Early Medieval period , Norse kingdoms of Scandinavia had developed trade links across southern Europe and the Mediterranean , giving them access to foreign imports such as silver , gold , bronze and spices . These trade links also extended westward into Ireland and the British Isles . In the last decade of the 8th century AD , Norse raiders sacked a series of Christian monasteries located in what is now the United Kingdom , beginning in 793 , with a raid on the coastal monastery of Lindisfarne on the east coast of England . The following year they sacked the nearby Monkwearmouth - Jarrow Abbey , and in 795 they attacked again , raiding Iona Abbey on Scotland 's west coast . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Scandinavia 2 Viking raids : 793 -- 850 AD 2.1 Treasure hoards 3 Invasion and Danelaw : 865 -- 896 3.1 England 3.2 Norse settlement in the British Isles 4 Second invasion : 980 -- 1012 4.1 England 5 Invasions of 1066 6 Evidence 6.1 Written records 6.2 Archaeological evidence 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links Background ( edit ) During the Early Medieval period , Ireland and Britain were culturally , linguistically and religiously divided into various peoples . The languages of the Celtic Britons and Gaels were descended from the Celtic languages spoken by those of Iron Age Europe . In Ireland , parts of western Scotland , as well as the Isle of Man , people were speaking an early form of Gaelic known as Old Irish . There may have been another pre-Indo - European language spoken by the Erainn up until the 8th century in what is today Kerry , but this is likely to have been Celtic or some other Indo - European language . In Western Britain , which includes ; Cornwall , Cumbria , Wales , and Southwest Scotland , the Celtic Brythonic languages were spoken , with modern descendants such as Welsh and Cornish still being used . In Northern Britain , past the Forth and Clyde rivers which constitutes a large portion of modern - day Scotland , dwelled the Picts who spoke the Pictish language . Due to the scarcity of writing in Pictish , all of which can be found in Ogham , views are conflicted as to whether Pictish was Celtic like the southernly languages , or perhaps even a non-Indo - European language like Basque . However , most inscriptions and place names hint towards the Picts being Celtic in language and culture . Most peoples of Britain and Ireland had already predominantly converted to Christianity from their older , pre-Christian polytheistic religions . In contrast to the rest of the isles though , much of southern Britain was considered to be part of Anglo - Saxon England , where Anglo - Saxon migrants from continental Europe had settled during the 5th century CE , bringing with them their own Germanic language ( known as Old English ) , a polytheistic religion ( Anglo - Saxon paganism ) and their own distinct cultural practices . By the time of the Viking incursions though , Anglo - Saxon England had too become mostly Christian . The Isle of Man had supported its own agrarian population , but it is widely believed that it was Brythonic - speaking before Old Irish ( later to become Manx ) spread there . Gaelicisation could have taken place before the Viking age or perhaps during it , when the area was settled by Norse - Gaels who practised their own culture . In northern Britain , in the area roughly corresponding to modern - day Scotland , lived three distinct ethnic groups in their own respective kingdoms ; the Picts , Scots and Britons . The Pictish cultural group dominated the majority of Scotland , with major populations concentrated between the Firth of Forth and the River Dee , as well as in Sutherland , Caithness , and Orkney . The Scots were , according to written sources , a tribal group which had crossed to Britain from Dalriada in the north of Ireland during the late 5th century . Archaeologists have not been able to identify anything that was unique to the kingdom of the Scots , noting similarities with the Picts in most forms of material culture . The Britons were those dwelling in the Old North , in parts of what have become southern Scotland and northern England , and by the 7th or 8th centuries , had apparently come under the political control of the Anglo - Saxons . By the mid-9th century , Anglo - Saxon England was divided into four separate and independent kingdoms ; East Anglia , Wessex , Northumbria , and Mercia , the latter of which was the strongest military power . Between half a million and a million people lived in England at this time , with society being rigidly hierarchical . This class system had a king and his ealdormen at the top , under whom were the thegns , or landholders , and then the various forms of agricultural workers below them . Beneath all of these was a class of slaves , who may have made up as much as a quarter of the population . The majority of the populace lived in the countryside , although a few large towns had developed , namely London and York , which were centres of royal and ecclesiastical administration . There was also a number of trading ports , such as Hamwic and Ipswich , where foreign trade took place . Scandinavia ( edit ) A 20th century replica of a Viking longship , known as the Hugin Society in 8th century Scandinavia was , unlike parts of the British Isles , still pre-literate , existing in the final stages of European prehistory , known to archaeologists as the Iron Age . In Scandinavia , the 8th century proved to be `` a period of rapid technological , economic and social development '' which would lead the region out of the Iron Age and into what has come to be known as the Viking Age . At the start of the Early Mediaeval period , the Norse populations saw themselves primarily as inhabitants of specific locations , such as Jutland , Vestfold and Hordaland . It would only be in the later centuries that the national identities would develop amongst the Scandinavians , dividing them into such national groups as the Danes , Swedes and Norwegians . The Late Iron Age peoples of Scandinavia had not yet been converted to Christianity as the peoples of Britain and Ireland had , and instead followed Norse paganism , a polytheistic set of beliefs that revered such deities as Odin , Thor , Frey and Freyja . Scandinavian society was heavily dependent on fishing herring , and when that failed , the seafaring Norse sailors turned to navigating around much of Europe during the Early Mediaeval period . The Norse populations of Scandinavia had developed trade links with many areas of Europe , obtaining large quantities of gold in the late 5th century , most of which had been found in Sweden , and to a lesser extent , Norway . Viking raids : 793 -- 850 AD ( edit ) In the final decade of the 8th century AD , Norse raiders attacked a series of Christian monasteries located in the British Isles . In the British Isles , Christian monasteries had often been positioned on small islands and in other remote coastal areas so that the monks could dwell there in seclusion , devoting themselves to worship without the interference of other elements of society . At the same time , it made them isolated and unprotected targets for attack . Historian Peter Hunter Blair remarked that the Viking raiders would have been astonished `` at finding so many communities which housed considerable wealth and whose inhabitants carried no arms . '' These raids would have been the first contact many Norsemen had with Christianity , but such attacks were not specifically anti-Christian in nature , rather the monasteries were simply seen as ' easy targets ' for raiders . Lo , it is nearly 350 years that we and our fathers have inhabited this most lovely land , and never before has such a terror appeared as we have now suffered from a pagan race , nor was it thought that such an inroad from the sea could be made . Behold the church of St Cuthbert spattered with the blood of the priests of God , despoiled of all its ornaments . Archbishop Alcuin of York on the sacking of Lindisfarne . The first known account of a Viking raid taking place in Anglo - Saxon England comes from 789 , when three ships from Hordaland ( in modern Norway ) landed in the Isle of Portland on the southern coast of Wessex . They were approached by the royal reeve from Dorchester , whose job it was to identify all foreign merchants entering the kingdom , and they proceeded to kill him . It is likely that other raids ( the records for which have since been lost ) occurred soon after , for in 792 King Offa of Mercia began to make arrangements for the defence of Kent from raids perpetrated by `` pagan peoples '' . The next recorded attack against the Anglo - Saxons came the following year , in 793 , when the monastery at Lindisfarne , an island off England 's eastern coast , was sacked by a Viking raiding party on 8 June . The following year they sacked the nearby Monkwearmouth - Jarrow Abbey . In 795 they once again attacked , this time raiding Iona Abbey on Scotland 's west coast . This monastery would be attacked again in 802 and 806 , when 68 people dwelling there were killed . Following such devastation , the monastic community at Iona abandoned the site and fled instead to Kells in Ireland . In the first decade of the 9th century AD , Viking raiders began to attack coastal districts along Ireland . In 835 , the first major Viking raid in southern England took place and was directed against the Isle of Sheppey . Treasure hoards ( edit ) Various hoards of treasure were buried in England at this time , some of which may have been deposited by Anglo - Saxons attempting to hide their wealth from Viking raiders , and some of which may have instead been buried by the Viking raiders themselves as a way of protecting their looted treasure . One of these hoards , discovered in Croydon ( historically part of Surrey , now part of Greater London ) in 1862 , contained 250 coins , three silver ingots and part of a fourth as well as four pieces of hack silver in a linen bag . Archaeologists interpret this as loot collected by a member of the Viking army . By dating the artefacts , archaeologists came to believe that it was likely that this hoard had been buried in 872 , when the army wintered in London . The coins themselves came from a wide range of different kingdoms , with Wessex , Mercian and East Anglian examples found alongside foreign imports from Carolingian - dynasty Francia and from the Arab world . Not all such Viking hoards in England contain coins , however -- for example , at Bowes Moor , Durham , 19 silver ingots were discovered , whilst at Orton Scar , Cumbria , a silver neck - ring and penannular brooch were uncovered . The historian Peter Hunter Blair believed that the success of the Viking raids and the `` complete unpreparedness of Britain to meet such attacks '' became major factors in the subsequent Norse invasions and colonisation of large parts of the British Isles . Invasion and Danelaw : 865 -- 896 ( edit ) From 865 the Norse attitude towards the British Isles changed , as they began to see it as a place for potential colonisation rather than simply a place to raid . As a result of this , larger armies began arriving on Britain 's shores , with the intention of conquering land and constructing settlements there . England ( edit ) Main article : Danelaw Viking invasions of England Great Heathen Army ( 865 -- 78 ) Englefield Reading Ashdown Basing Marton Edington / Ethandun Cynwit The Danelaw Buttington First Stamford The Holme Tettenhall Tempsford Derby Second Stamford Corbridge Brunanburh Stainmore Maldon First Alton St Brice 's Day Pinhoe Ringmere Cnut 's invasion ( 1015 -- 16 ) Assandun Brentford Harald 's invasion ( 1066 ) Fulford Stamford Bridge In 866 , Norse armies captured York , one of the two major cities in Anglo - Saxon England . In 871 , King Æthelred of Wessex , who had been leading the conflict against the Vikings , died and was succeeded to the throne by his younger brother , Alfred the Great . Meanwhile , many Anglo - Saxon kings began to capitulate to the Viking demands , and handed over land to the invading Norse settlers . In 876 , the Northumbrian monarch Healfdene gave up his lands to them , and in the next four years they gained further land in the kingdoms of Mercia and East Anglia as well . King Alfred continued his conflict with the invading forces , but was driven back into Somerset in the south - west of his kingdom in 878 , where he was forced to take refuge in the marshes of Athelney . Alfred regrouped his military forces and defeated the armies of the Norse monarch of East Anglia , Guthrum , at the Battle of Edington . Following Guthrum 's defeat , in 886 the Treaty of Wedmore was signed between the ( Norse - controlled ) East Anglian and Wessex governments that established a boundary between the two kingdoms . The area to the north and east of this boundary became known as the Danelaw because it was under the control of Norse political influence , whilst those areas south and west of it remained under Anglo - Saxon dominance . Alfred 's government set about constructing a series of defended towns or burhs , began the construction of a navy and organised a militia system whereby half of his peasant army remained on active service . Although there were continuous attacks on Wessex by new Viking armies , the kingdom 's new defences proved a success and in 896 the invaders dispersed , instead settling in East Anglia and Northumbria , with some instead sailing to Normandy . Alfred 's policy of opposing the Viking settlers was continued under the regime of his daughter Æthelflæd , who married Æthelred , Ealdorman of Mercia , and also under the regime of her brother Edward the Elder . In 920 the Northumbrian government and the Scots governments both submitted to the military power of Wessex , and in 937 the Battle of Brunanburh led to the collapse of Norse power in northern Britain . In 954 Erik Bloodaxe , the last Norse King of York , was expelled from the city . Norse settlement in the British Isles ( edit ) The early Norse settlers in Anglo - Saxon England would have appeared visibly different from the Anglo - Saxon populace , wearing specifically Scandinavian styles of jewellery , and probably also wearing their own peculiar styles of clothing as well . There was also a difference in the style of hair worn by Norse and Anglo - Saxon men , with the former typically wearing a hair style that was shaved at the back and left shaggy on the front , whilst in contrast to this the latter typically wore their hair long . Second invasion : 980 -- 1012 ( edit ) Cnut the Great 's domains , in red England ( edit ) Under the reign of Wessex King Edgar the Peaceful , England came to be further politically unified , with Edgar coming to be recognized as the king of all England by both Anglo - Saxon and Norse populations living in the country . However , under the regimes of his son Edward the Martyr , who was murdered in 978 , and then Æthelred the Unready , the political strength of the English monarchy waned , and in 980 Viking raiders from Scandinavia once more started making attacks against England . The English government decided that the only way of dealing with these attackers was to pay them protection money , and so in 991 they gave them £ 10,000 . This fee did not prove to be enough , and over the next decade the English kingdom was forced to pay the Viking attackers increasingly large sums of money . Many English began to demand that a more hostile approach be taken against the Vikings , and so , on St Brice 's Day in 1002 , King Æthelred proclaimed that all Danes living in England would be executed . It would come to be known as the St. Brice 's Day massacre . The news of the massacre reached King Sweyn Forkbeard in Denmark . It is believed that Sweyn 's sister Gunhilde could have been among the victims , which prompted Sweyn to raid England the following year where Exeter was burned down . Hampshire , Wiltshire , Wilton and Salisbury also became victims to the viking revenge attack . Sweyn continued his raid in England and in 1004 his viking army looted East Anglia , plundered Thetford and sacked Norwich , before he once again returned to Denmark . Further raids took place in 1006 -- 1007 , and in 1009 -- 1012 Thorkell the Tall led a Viking invasion into England . In 1013 Sweyn Forkbeard returned to invade England with a large army , and Æthelred fled to Normandy , leading Sweyn to take the English throne . Sweyn died within a year however , and so Æthelred returned , but in 1016 another Norse army invaded , this time under the control of the Danish King Cnut son of Sweyn Forkbeard . After defeating Anglo -- Saxon forces at the Battle of Assandun , Cnut became king of England , subsequently ruling over both the Danish and English kingdoms . Following Cnut 's death in 1035 , the two kingdoms were once more declared independent and remained so apart from a short period from 1040 to 1042 when Cnut 's son Harthacnut ascended the English throne . Invasions of 1066 ( edit ) The Battle of Fulford took place at Fulford near York , on 20 September 1066 , when an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada of Norway and Tostig Godwinson , his English ally , fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar . When King Harold II of England heard of this defeat he marched his English army from the south coast of England to meet the Norwegians at Stamford Bridge . The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place near the village of Stamford , East Riding of Yorkshire in England on 25 September 1066 . The Norwegian invasion was repelled but before the English Army had fully recovered , the Normans -- under the leadership of Duke William II of Normandy ( William the Conqueror ) -- invaded Anglo - Saxon England . William defeated Harold II of England 's army at the Battle of Hastings . Evidence ( edit ) Written records ( edit ) Archaeologists James Graham - Campbell and Colleen E. Batey noted that there was a lack of historical sources discussing the earliest Viking encounters with the British Isles , which would have most probably been amongst the northern island groups , those closest to Scandinavia . The Irish Annals provide us with accounts of much Norse activity during the 9th and 10th centuries . The Viking raids that affected Anglo - Saxon England were primarily documented in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle , a collection of annals initially written in the late 9th century , most probably in the Kingdom of Wessex during the reign of Alfred the Great . The Chronicle is however a biased source , acting as a piece of `` wartime propaganda '' written on behalf of the Anglo - Saxon forces against their Norse opponents , and in many cases greatly exaggerates the size of the Norse fleets and armies , thereby making any Anglo - Saxon victories against them seem more heroic . Archaeological evidence ( edit ) The Norse settlers in the British Isles left remains of their material culture behind , which archaeologists have been able to excavate and interpret during the 20th and 21st centuries . Such Norse evidence in Britain consists primarily of Norse burials undertaken in Shetland , Orkney , the Western Isles , the Isle of Man , Ireland and the north - west of England . Archaeologists James Graham - Campbell and Colleen E. Batey remarked that it was on the Isle of Man where Norse archaeology was `` remarkably rich in quality and quantity '' . However , as archaeologist Julian D. Richards commented , Scandinavians in Anglo - Saxon England `` can be elusive to the archaeologist '' because many of their houses and graves are indistinguishable from those of the other populations living in the country . For this reason , historian Peter Hunter Blair noted that in Britain , the archaeological evidence for Norse invasion and settlement was `` very slight compared with the corresponding evidence for the Anglo - Saxon invasions '' of the 5th century . See also ( edit ) Kingdom of the Isles Scandinavian Scotland Orkney Earldom of Orkney History of Shetland Orkneyinga saga Viking Age Category : Norse activity in Scotland References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keynes 1999 . p. 460 . ^ Jump up to : Richards 1991 . p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Blair 2003 . pp. 56 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : Blair 2003 . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . pp. 5 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . pp. 14 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Richards 1991 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Richards 1991 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Richards 1991 . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Blair 2003 . p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Richards 1991 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Blair 2003 . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Blair 2003 . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Richards 1991 . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Richards 1991 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Richards 1991 . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Richards 1991 . pp. 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Richards 1991 . p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Richards 1991 . p. 28 . Jump up ^ DeVries . The Norwegian Invasion . pp. 255 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Graham - Campbell and Batey 1998 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Blair 2003 . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Richards 1991 . p. 15 . Bibliography ( edit ) Blair , Peter Hunter ( 2003 ) . An Introduction to Anglo - Saxon England ( Third Edition ) . Cambridge , UK and New York City , USA : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 53777 - 3 . Crawford , Barbara E. ( 1987 ) . Scandinavian Scotland . Atlantic Highlands , New Jersey : Leicester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7185 - 1282 - 8 . DeVries , Kelly ( 2003 ) . The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066 . Woodbridge , Suffolk : Boydell Press . ISBN 1 - 84383 - 027 - 2 . Graham - Campbell , James & Batey , Colleen E. ( 1998 ) . Vikings in Scotland : An Archaeological Survey . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 0641 - 2 . Richards , Julian D. ( 1991 ) . Viking Age England . London : B.T. Batsford and English Heritage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 6520 - 4 . Keynes , Simon ( 1999 ) . `` Vikings '' . The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo - Saxon England ( Eds : Michael Lapidge , John Blair , Simon Keynes and Donald Scragg ) . Oxford : Blackwell . pp. 460 -- 61 . External links ( edit ) BBC History - The Vikings ( hide ) Vikings Viking Age Culture Old Norse language Norse pantheon Norse mythology Norse religion Norsemen Danegeld Berserker Homelands and colonies Sweden Norway Denmark Iceland Greenland Vinland Faroe Islands Orkney Islands Shetland Islands Finland Danelaw Normandy North Sea Empire History Viking expansion British Isles Scotland Battles Tactics and warfare Sack of Paris Siege of Paris Brunanburh Cnut the Great 's Invasion of England Stamford Bridge Arms and armour and fortifications Halberd Atgeir Skeggöx Dane axe Sword Ulfberht Ingelrii Ring fortress Historical figures Erik the Red Leif Erikson Snorri Sturluson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norse_activity_in_the_British_Isles&oldid=803214249 '' Categories : Viking Age in the British Isles Anglo - Norse England Norse activity in Scotland Hidden categories : Articles needing more viewpoints from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 04 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the vikings first reach the shores of britain	[ "In the last decade of the 8th century AD, Norse raiders sacked a series of Christian monasteries located in what is now the United Kingdom, beginning in 793, with a raid on the coastal monastery of Lindisfarne on the east coast of England. The following year they sacked the nearby Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey, and in 795 they attacked again, raiding Iona Abbey on Scotland's west coast.[5]" ]	[ "793" ]
3432362589825290551	The Warriors (film)	The Warriors ( film ) - wikipedia The Warriors ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Warriors Theatrical release poster Directed by Walter Hill Produced by Lawrence Gordon Screenplay by David Shaber Walter Hill Based on The Warriors by Sol Yurick Music by Barry De Vorzon Cinematography Andrew Laszlo Edited by David Holden Freeman Davies , Jr . Billy Weber Susan E. Morse Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date February 9 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 09 ) Running time 92 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4 million Box office $22.5 million The Warriors is a 1979 American action thriller film directed by Walter Hill and based on Sol Yurick 's 1965 novel of the same name . This novel was , in turn , based on Xenophon 's Anabasis . The story centers on a New York City gang who must make an urban journey of 30 miles ( 48 km ) , from the north end of The Bronx to their home turf in southern Brooklyn , after they are framed for the murder of a respected gang leader . It was released in the United States on February 9 , 1979 . After reports of vandalism and violence , Paramount temporarily halted their advertising campaign and released theatre owners from their obligation to show the film . Despite its initially negative reception , The Warriors has since become a cult film , and it has spawned multiple spinoffs , including video games and a comic book series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Shooting 4 Release 4.1 Theatrical run 4.2 Violence at screenings 4.3 Box office 4.4 Critical reception 4.5 Cult status 4.6 Home video 5 Soundtrack 6 Toys 7 Video game 8 Remake 9 Television series 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Cyrus , leader of the Gramercy Riffs , the most powerful gang in New York City , calls a midnight summit of all the city 's gangs , requesting them to send nine unarmed delegates to Van Cortlandt Park . The Warriors , from Coney Island , attend the summit . Cyrus proposes to the assembled crowd a permanent citywide truce and alliance that would allow the gangs to control the city since they outnumber the police by five to one . Most of the gangs applaud his idea , but Luther , leader of the Rogues , shoots Cyrus dead . In the resulting chaos , Luther frames the Warriors ' leader Cleon for the murder , and Cleon is beaten down and most likely killed by the Riffs . Meanwhile , the other Warriors have escaped , unaware that they 've been implicated in Cyrus ' murder . The Riffs put out a hit on the Warriors through a radio DJ . Swan , the Warriors ' `` war chief '' , takes charge of the group as they try to make it back home . Almost immediately the Warriors are spotted by the Turnbull ACs who attempt to run them down with their bus , but the Warriors manage to escape and board the subway . On the ride to Coney Island , the train is stopped by a fire on the tracks , stranding the Warriors in Tremont , in the Bronx . Setting out on foot , they come across a group called the Orphans who were not invited to Cyrus ' meeting and who are insecure and belligerent about their low status in the city gang hierarchy . Swan makes peace with the Orphans ' leader , Sully , who agrees to let the Warriors pass through their territory unharmed . However , a young woman named Mercy mocks Sully as a `` chicken '' and instigates a confrontation . Mercy 's goading convinces Sully to demand that the Warriors take off their colors and go as civilians before walking through their neighborhood . Swan and the Warriors flatly refuse Sully 's demand , and the Orphans challenge them to a fight . Outnumbered and unarmed , Swan and the Warriors throw a Molotov cocktail at a car , blowing it up and using the opportunity to escape to the train station . Impressed , and desperate to escape her depressed neighborhood , Mercy follows the Warriors . When they arrive at the 96th Street and Broadway station in Manhattan , they are chased by police and separated . Three of them , Vermin , Cochise , and Rembrandt , make the train to Union Square , while Fox , struggling with a police officer , falls onto the tracks and is run over by a train as Mercy escapes . Swan and the remaining three Warriors , Ajax , Snow , and Cowboy , are chased by the Baseball Furies into Riverside Park , where a brawl ensues in which the Warriors easily defeat the Baseball Furies . After the fight , Ajax notices a lone woman in the park , becomes sexually aggressive and is arrested when the woman turns out to be an undercover police officer . Arriving at Union Square , Vermin , Cochise , and Rembrandt are seduced by an all - female gang called the Lizzies and invited into their hideout . The trio manages to escape the Lizzies ' subsequent attack , learning in the process that everyone believes they murdered Cyrus . Having scouted ahead on his own , Swan returns to the 96th Street station and finds Mercy there . More police show up and Swan and Mercy flee into the tunnel . They have an argument and Swan continues to Union Square where he reunites with the other Warriors . A fistfight ensues with the Punks in a public restroom which the Warriors win . Meanwhile , the Riffs are visited by a gang member who attended the earlier gathering and saw Luther shoot Cyrus . The Warriors finally arrive at Coney Island at dawn , only to find the Rogues are waiting for them . When asked , Luther tells Swan he shot Cyrus for no reason , because he gets a thrill out of things like that . Swan challenges Luther to a one - on - one fight , but Luther pulls his gun instead . Swan throws a knife into Luther 's wrist , disarming him . The Riffs arrive and apprehend the Rogues . The Riffs acknowledge the Warriors ' courage and skill . As the Warriors leave , Luther screams in anguish as the Riffs descend upon the Rogues . The radio DJ announces that the big alert has been called off and salutes the Warriors with a song , `` In the City '' . Swan , Mercy , and the rest of the gang walk down the beach , illuminated by the rising sun . Cast ( edit ) Michael Beck as Swan , Warlord of The Warriors Deborah Van Valkenburgh as Mercy James Remar as Ajax Brian Tyler as Snow David Harris as Cochise Tom McKitterick as Cowboy Marcelino Sánchez as Rembrandt Terry Michos as Vermin Thomas G. Waites as Fox ( uncredited ) Dorsey Wright as Cleon Roger Hill as Cyrus David Patrick Kelly as Luther Lynne Thigpen as D.J. Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Film rights to Sol Yurick 's novel The Warriors were bought in 1969 by American International Pictures but no film resulted . Rights were then obtained by producer Lawrence Gordon who commissioned David Shaber to write a script . Gordon had made Hard Times ( 1975 ) and The Driver ( 1978 ) with Walter Hill ; he sent the script to Hill with a copy of Sol Yurick 's novel . Hill recalls , `` I said ' Larry , I would love to do this , but nobody will let us do it . ' It was going to be too extreme and too weird . '' Gordon and Hill were originally going to make a western but when the financing on the project failed to materialize , they took The Warriors to Paramount Pictures because they were interested in youth films at the time and succeeded in getting the project financed . Hill remembers `` it came together very quickly . Larry had a special relationship with Paramount and we promised to make the movie very cheaply , which we did . So it came together within a matter of weeks . I think we got the green light in April or May of 1978 and we were in theaters in February of 1979 . So it was a very accelerated process . '' Hill was drawn to the `` extreme narrative simplicity and stripped down quality of the script '' . The script , as written , was a realistic take on street gangs but the director was a huge fan of comic books and wanted to divide the film into chapters and then have each chapter `` come to life starting with a splash panel '' . The director was finally able to include this type of scene transition in the Ultimate Director 's Cut released for home video in 2005 . Casting ( edit ) The filmmakers did extensive casting in New York City . Hill had screened an independent film called Madman for Sigourney Weaver to cast her in Alien and it also featured Michael Beck as the male lead . The director was impressed with Beck 's performance and cast him in The Warriors . Hill initially wanted a Puerto Rican actress for the role of Mercy , but Deborah Van Valkenburgh 's agent convinced the film 's casting directors to see her and she was eventually cast . The filmmakers wanted to cast Tony Danza in the role of Vermin but he was cast in the sitcom Taxi and Terry Michos was cast instead . While there were white characters in Yurick 's book , none of the central characters or protagonists were white : according to Hill , Paramount did not want an all - black cast for `` commercial reasons '' . Thomas G. Waites was cast as director Walter Hill 's James Dean , and the director `` invited the young actor to the Gulf and Western to watch movies like Rebel Without a Cause and East of Eden for inspiration . '' During the screening , Hill offered Waites a drink , which Waites refused , resulting in a rift between the two that grew worse during the grueling summer shoot . At one point , Waites threatened to report the working conditions to the Screen Actors Guild , forcing Paramount to provide a second trailer for the eight Warriors to share . Finally , when the tension on set between Waites and Hill reached the breaking point , Hill demanded that stunt coordinator Craig Baxley improvise a stunt scene in which Waites ' character would be killed . `` Stunned , Baxley demurred . Such a critical scene would take careful planning . But Hill was insistent . ' I do n't give a shit how you kill him , ' Baxley recalls the director saying . ' Kill him . ' '' Baxley found a crew member who resembled Waites and staged a scene in which the character is thrown off a subway platform in front of an approaching train . `` It was like someone cut my soul out and left a shell , '' Waites remembers . He would later demand that his name be removed from the cast altogether ; he remains uncredited to this day . Shooting ( edit ) Stunt coordinator Craig R. Baxley put the cast through stunt school because Hill wanted realistic fights depicted in the film . In preparation for his role , James Remar hung out at Coney Island to find a model for his character . The entire film was shot on the streets in New York City with some interior scenes done at Astoria Studios . They would shoot from sundown to sunrise . The film quickly fell behind schedule and went over budget . While they shot in the Bronx , bricks were tossed at the crew . Actor Joel Weiss remembers that filming of his scene at Avenue A was canceled because there was a double homicide nearby . For the big meeting at the beginning of the film , Hill wanted real gang members in the scene with off duty police officers also in the crowd so that there would be no trouble . The studio would not allow Baxley to bring any stunt men from Hollywood and he needed someone to double for the character of Cyrus so he did the stunt himself dressed as the character . Actual gang members wanted to challenge some of the cast members but were dealt with by production security . The actors playing The Warriors bonded early in the shoot , on and off the set . Originally , the character of Fox was supposed to end up with Mercy , while Swan was captured by a rival , homosexual gang known as the Dingos , only to escape later : however , Hill watched the dailies and realized that Beck and Van Valkenburgh had great chemistry ; the script was rewritten so that their characters ended up together . This resulted in actor Thomas G. Waites arguing with Hill and being difficult on the set , and so Waites was fired eight weeks into principal photography . The Rogues ' car in the Coney Island confrontation was a 1955 Cadillac hearse . Originally , at the Coney Island confrontation at the end of the film , actor David Patrick Kelly wanted to use two dead pigeons but Hill did not think that would work . Instead , Kelly improvised by clinking three bottles in his right hand and ad - libbing his famous line , `` Waaaaarriors , come out to plaaaay '' . Kelly was influenced by a man he knew in downtown New York who would make fun of him . Hill wanted Orson Welles to do a narrated introduction about Greek themes but the studio did not like this idea and refused to pay for it . However , this sequence was finally included in the 2005 Ultimate Director 's Cut , with Hill providing the narration himself . Hill was working on a low budget and a tight post-production schedule because of a fixed release date as the studio wanted to release The Warriors before a rival gang picture called The Wanderers . As a result , Hill was unable to realize this comic book look until the making of the Ultimate Director 's Cut in 2005 . `` I wanted to take it into a fantasy element , but at the same time add some contemporary flash , '' said Hill . `` Those were some of the hard ideas we had to get the studio to understand . But we did not get along very well with our parent company . After the movie came out and it did well , everybody was sort of friends . But up until then there was a lot of misunderstanding . They thought it was going to be Saturday Night Fever or something . '' Release ( edit ) Theatrical run ( edit ) The Warriors opened on February 9 , 1979 , in 670 theatres without advance screenings or a decent promotional campaign and grossed USD $3.5 million on its opening weekend . Violence at screenings ( edit ) The following weekend the film was linked to sporadic outbreaks of vandalism and three killings -- two in Southern California and one in Boston -- involving moviegoers on their way to or from showings . This prompted Paramount to remove advertisements from radio and television completely and display ads in the press were reduced to the film 's title , rating and participating theatres . In reaction , 200 theatres across the country added security personnel . Due to safety concerns , theatre owners were relieved of their contractual obligations if they did not want to show the film , and Paramount offered to pay costs for additional security and damages due to vandalism . Hill later reflected , `` I think the reason why there were some violent incidents is really very simple : The movie was very popular with the street gangs , especially young men , a lot of whom had very strong feelings about each other . And suddenly they all went to the movies together ! They looked across the aisle and there were the guys they did n't like , so there were a lot of incidents . And also , the movie itself is rambunctious -- I would certainly say that . '' Box Office ( edit ) After two weeks free of incidents , the studio expanded the display ads to take advantage of reviews from reputable critics including Pauline Kael of The New Yorker . She wrote , `` The Warriors is a real moviemaker 's movie : it has in visual terms the kind of impact that ' Rock Around the Clock ' did behind the titles of Blackboard Jungle . The Warriors is like visual rock '' . In its sixth week , The Warriors had grossed $16.4 million , well above its estimated $4 million to $7 million budget . Hill later reflected : What made it a success with young people ... is that for the first time somebody made a film within Hollywood , big distribution , that took the gang situation and did not present it as a social problem . Presented them as a neutral or positive aspect of their lives . As soon as you said in the old days gang movies it was how do we cure the pestilence and how do we fix the social waste . We want to take these kids , make sure they go to college ... This was just a movie that conceptually was different . Accepted the idea of the gang , did n't question it , that was their lives , they functioned within that context . And the social problem was n't were they going to college , but were they going to survive . It 's the great Hawksian dictum , where is the drama ? Will he live or die ? That 's the drama . `` Hollywood forgives a lot when you have a hit , '' he added . `` I do n't know what to say about it , other than the fact that it was just a gift in terms of getting it . The studio hated it , and did n't even want to release it . There was a lot of friction with management at the time . Some of it might have been my fault . '' Critical reception ( edit ) The Warriors received negative reviews from contemporary critics , who derided its lack of realism and found its dialogue stilted . In his review for the Chicago Sun - Times , Roger Ebert gave it two out of four stars and said that , despite Hill 's cinematic skill , the film is implausible in a mannerist style that deprives the characters of depth and spontaneity : `` No matter what impression the ads give , this is n't even remotely intended as an action film . It 's a set piece . It 's a ballet of stylized male violence . '' However , Ebert later said during a review of Hill 's film Southern Comfort that he felt he overlooked some positive qualities in The Warriors out of his dislike for Hill 's general approach to broad characterizations . Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote , `` None of Hill 's dynamism will save The Warriors from impressing most neutral observers as a ghastly folly '' . In his review for Newsweek , David Ansen wrote , `` Another problem arises when the gang members open their mouths : their banal dialogue is jarringly at odds with Hill 's hyperbolic visual scheme '' . Time magazine 's Frank Rich said that , `` unfortunately , sheer visual zip is not enough to carry the film ; it drags from one scuffle to the next ... The Warriors is not lively enough to be cheap fun or thoughtful enough to be serious '' . Yurick expressed his disappointment and speculated that it scared some people because `` it appeals to the fear of a demonic uprising by lumpen youth '' , appealing to many teenagers because it `` hits a series of collective fantasies '' . President Ronald Reagan was a fan of the film , even calling the film 's lead actor , Michael Beck , to tell him he had screened it at Camp David and enjoyed it . Cult status ( edit ) The Warriors has become a cult film , and some film critics have since re-examined it . As of December 1 , 2017 , the film has garnered a 89 % approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 35 reviews . At Seattle 's Grand Illusion Cinema , programmer Zack Carlson remembers , `` people were squeezed in , lying on the floor , cheering '' . Entertainment Weekly named it the 16th - greatest cult film on their `` Top 50 Greatest Cult Films '' list . The magazine also ranked it 14th in the list of the `` 25 Most Controversial Movies Ever '' . Hill reflected in 2016 : I love the fact that people still enjoy something I did what , 37 years ago ? It makes an old man happy . I 'm surprised by it . But I loved working with my cameraman Andy Laszlo in shooting it , and I loved working with my cast , who were incredibly trusting of this crazy old fucker that was making the movie . They did n't get it , I do n't think -- costumed gangs running around New York ? -- but they just went with it . Home video ( edit ) The movie was first released on VHS in the 1980s and 1990s and DVD in 2001 . The DVD contained the theatrical cut un-restored , this release has since fallen out of print . Then , in 2005 , Paramount Home Video released the `` Ultimate Director 's Cut '' DVD of The Warriors . Aside from a remastered picture quality and a new 5.1 surround remixed soundtrack , the film has been re-edited with a new introduction and comic book - style sequences between scenes . In July 2007 the `` Ultimate Director 's Cut '' was released onto Blu - ray and has since been available for online streaming rentals and purchases through Amazon , Apple 's iTunes Store and Vudu . Soundtrack ( edit ) The film 's soundtrack , featuring music by Barry De Vorzon , Joe Walsh , and others , was released on the A&M label in March 1979 . Toys ( edit ) In 2005 , Mezco Toyz released Warriors action figures , including Swan , Cleon , Cochise , Ajax , Luther , and a Baseball Fury . Video game ( edit ) The Warriors video game , based on the movie , was released by Rockstar Games on October 17 , 2005 . Levels 1 through 13 act as a prequel to the film , creating backstory and elaborating on the characters from the film . Levels 14 through 18 recreate much of the film 's events . In addition , there are extra levels explaining how each main character joined the gang . Several of the actors from the movie returned to perform the voices for their original characters . Warner Bros. Entertainment released a downloadable title for the Xbox 360 titled The Warriors : Street Brawl . The game plays differently from the Rockstar Games version , being a side - scrolling brawler . In 2005 , Roger Hill , the actor who portrayed Cyrus , sued Rockstar Games and Take - Two Interactive for royalty fees , claming the video game used his voice and depiction of his likeness without his consent or paying him royalties . Take - Two asserted its claims that the voice and likeness of Cyrus were a component of its licensing agreement for the film . Hill died in 2014 and the outcome of the case is unknown . Remake ( edit ) Tony Scott had planned a remake of the film . In an interview in 2005 , Scott said that the remake would be set in modern - day New York City ; gangs such as the Baseball Furies and Hi - Hats would not be included in the remake . After the death of Scott , Mark Neveldine has been confirmed to take over the making of the remake . Television series ( edit ) In July 2016 , Joe and Anthony Russo announced they were working with Paramount Television and Hulu for a re-imagined Warriors TV series ; Frank Baldwin was signed on to write the series . In popular Culture ( edit ) The band The Outfield got their name from `` The Baseball Furies '' gang in the film . Guitarist John Spinks originally adopted the name `` The Baseball Boys '' after seeing the film before they changed their name to The Outfield based on the advice of their American manager . In 1994 , in the release of the music video for the remix of Craig Mack 's `` Flava in Ya Ear '' song , Sean John Combs , then known as Puff Daddy , pays homage to the film , by tapping bottles together , and saying `` Bad Boy , come out and play . '' On September 13 , 2015 , there was a `` Last Subway Ride Reunion '' festival in Coney Island celebrating the film organized by Eric Nyenhuis . Several actors from the film also recreated the subway ride home , recorded by Rolling Stone Magazine including Michael Beck ( Swan ) , David Harris ( Cochise ) , Dorsey Wright ( Cleon ) , Thomas G. Waites ( Fox ) , Terry Michos ( Vermin ) . Other cast members that attended the event included : Bryan Tyler , David Kopland , Furies gang actors Jery Hewitt , Eddie Hatch , Bill Anagnos , Harry Madsen , Leon Delaney , and Rob Ryder , as well as Apache Ramos , Konrad Sheehan , and Ginny Ortiz . The promotional website indicated that Deborah Van Valkenburgh and David Patrick Kelly could not attend due to scheduling conflicts . Scheduled events included a cosplay contest , an autograph session and photo opportunities , panel discussion , a screening of the film , and musical performances by Gotham City Mashers and Sick of It All . A premium `` Warchief '' pass included a replica of the vests worn by the Warriors in the film as well as VIP seating and express lines for autographs . The film is referenced in the 2014 The Simpsons episode `` The Winter of His Content '' . The film is referenced in the 2012 Bob 's Burgers episode `` Full Bars '' . The 2014 Black Dynamite episode `` Warriors Come Out ( or The Mean Queens of Halloween ) '' is an homage to the film . The title track of the 1985 album Come Out and Play by heavy metal band Twisted Sister features Dee Snider clicking bottles together as he recites `` Twisted Sister , come out and play ... '' in reference to Luther 's chant during the film . Luther 's chant is quoted by Diamondback in the eighth episode of the 2016 Netflix series Luke Cage . See also ( edit ) New York City portal Film in the United States portal 1970s portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : EXTRA SECURITY : Keeping an Eye on ' Warriors ' SCHREGER , CHARLES . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) February 26 , 1979 : e1 . Jump up ^ `` The Warriors , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MOVIE CALL SHEET : ' New Leaf ' Next for Weston Martin , Betty . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) April 25 , 1969 : i12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Walter Hill - Chapter 5 '' Directors Guild of America accessed June 12 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Ducker , Eric ( October 3 , 2005 ) . `` New York Mythology '' . Fader . Retrieved September 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Jennifer M. ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Can You Dig It ? ' The Warriors , 35 Years Later '' . Esquire.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Connor , Jackson ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Remember the Warriors : Behind the Chaotic , Drug - Fueled , and Often Terrifying Making of a Cult Classic '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Time to create page : 0.196 seconds . `` V8tvshow.com '' . V8tvshow.com . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Gary ( March 18 , 1979 ) . `` The Warriors - Surly Kids Pack a Box - Office Wallop '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Herman , Robin ( February 23 , 1979 ) . `` Ads Resumed for a Gang Movie After Sporadic Violence at Theaters '' . The New York Times . p . A18 . Jump up ^ `` The Flick of Violence '' . Time . March 19 , 1979 . Retrieved September 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Barra , Allen ( November 28 , 2005 ) . `` The Warriors Fights On '' . Salon.com . Jump up ^ The Making of The Warriors . The Warriors Movie Site . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fear , David ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Walter Hill on Controversial Revenge Thriller ' ( Re ) Assignment ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mulholland , Garry ( 2011 ) . Stranded at the Drive - In : The 100 Best Teen Movies . Hachette UK . p. 80 . ISBN 1409122514 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Presumably , Hill was stung by some of the bad reviews at the time , which sneered at the film 's lack of realism and stilted dialogue ... Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 13 , 1979 ) . `` The Warriors Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1979 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1981 ) . `` Southern Comfort '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Gary ( February 10 , 1979 ) . `` Abstracted Epic of Gang Warfare '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( February 26 , 1979 ) . `` Gang War '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( February 26 , 1979 ) . `` Dead End '' . Time . Retrieved September 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Warriors ( 1979 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wood , Jennifer M ( June 20 , 2004 ) . `` Midnight Movie Madness '' . Moviemaker . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` The Top 50 Cult Movies '' . Filmsite.org . Jump up ^ `` 25 Most Controversial Movies Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 27 , 2008 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Eric ( October 18 , 2005 ) . `` The Warriors - DVD Review '' . Slant magazine . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Warriors Blu - ray United States Ultimate Director 's Cut '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mezco Toyz Movie , Television and Proprietary Action Figures & Collectibles Archived December 13 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dagan , Carmel ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Roger Hill , Who Played Cyrus in ' The Warriors , ' Dies at 65 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Daniel ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Tony Scott Update : Director Had Personal Connection to San Pedro Bridge '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ( September 19 , 2005 ) . `` Warriors ' Remake Without The Baseball Furies And Those Bad - Ass Mimes ? Oh Yes '' . MTV . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Singer , Matt ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Neveldine on ' The Vatican Tapes , ' Remaking ' The Warriors , ' and the Future of Neveldine / Taylor Read More : Mark Neveldine on ' The Vatican Tapes ' and Remaking ' The Warriors ' '' . screencrush.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` The Russo Brothers Adapting Cult Classic Gang Film ' The Warriors ' For TV With Paramount And Hulu '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Tom Popson ( August 1 , 1986 ) . `` In This Outfield , They Root , Root , Root For Soccer '' . Chicago Tribune.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ebonie ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` 20 Years A Bad Boy '' . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` THE WARRIORS Will Re-Unite ( For The Last Time ) in Coney Island This Sunday '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch ' The Warriors ' Recreate Their Last Subway Ride Home '' . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Warriors Reunion Conclave '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons : `` The Winter Of His Content '' - TV Review `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob 's Burgers : `` Full Bars '' - TV Review `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Dynamite : `` Warriors Come Out ( or The Mean Queens of Halloween ) '' - TV Review `` . Bubbleblabber . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snider , Dee . Shut Up and Give Me the Mic . Simon and Schuster . p. 333 . ISBN 9781451637397 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Pop Culture References In ' Luke Cage ' That Prove Its Marvel 's Quippiest Show Yet '' . Bustle . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Warriors ( film ) The Warriors on IMDb The Warriors at AllMovie The Warriors at Rotten Tomatoes 2006 Warriors Cast Reunion The Warriors by Sol Yurick The Warriors ( film ) The Warriors ( soundtrack ) The Warriors ( video game ) The Warriors : Street Brawl Films directed by Walter Hill Hard Times ( 1975 ) The Driver ( 1978 ) The Warriors ( 1979 ) The Long Riders ( 1980 ) Southern Comfort ( 1981 ) 48 Hrs. ( 1982 ) Streets of Fire ( 1984 ) Brewster 's Millions ( 1985 ) Crossroads ( 1986 ) Extreme Prejudice ( 1987 ) Red Heat ( 1988 ) Johnny Handsome ( 1989 ) Another 48 Hrs. ( 1990 ) Trespass ( 1992 ) Geronimo : An American Legend ( 1993 ) Wild Bill ( 1995 ) Last Man Standing ( 1996 ) Supernova ( 2000 ) Undisputed ( 2002 ) Broken Trail ( 2006 ) Bullet to the Head ( 2012 ) The Assignment ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Warriors_(film)&oldid=842134008 '' Categories : 1979 films English - language films The Warriors 1970s action thriller films 1970s drama films American films American action thriller films Anabasis ( Xenophon ) Chase films Films based on American novels Films directed by Walter Hill Films set in New York City Films set in Brooklyn Films set in the Bronx Films set on the New York City Subway Films shot in New York City Hood films American gang films Paramount Pictures films Films adapted into comics Films adapted into video games Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2018 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 13 : 08 . 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-7031336778537962997	List of National Basketball Association single-game playoff scoring leaders	List of National Basketball Association single - game playoff scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association single - game playoff scoring leaders This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have scored 50 or more points in a playoff game . It has occurred 35 times in playoff history by 23 players . Only four players have scored 50 or more points on more than one occasion : Michael Jordan ( eight times ) , Wilt Chamberlain ( four times ) , Allen Iverson ( three times ) and Jerry West ( twice ) . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Player 's team lost the game MP Minutes played FGM Field goals made FGA Field goal attempts FG % Field goal percentage 3PM 3 - point field goals made 3PA 3 - point field goal attempts 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FTM Free throws made FTA Free throw attempts FT % Free throw percentage Points Player Team Date Opponent Series Score MP FGM FGA 3PM 3PA FTM FTA Notes 63 Michael Jordan * Chicago Bulls April 20 , 1986 Boston Celtics 1986 Eastern Conference First Round 131 -- 135 53 22 41 0 0 19 21 61 Elgin Baylor * Los Angeles Lakers April 14 , 1962 Boston Celtics 1962 NBA Finals 126 -- 121 48 22 46 -- -- 17 19 56 Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia Warriors March 22 , 1962 Syracuse Nationals 1962 Eastern Division Semifinals 121 -- 104 48 22 48 -- -- 12 22 56 Michael Jordan * ( 2 ) Chicago Bulls April 29 , 1992 Miami Heat 1992 Eastern Conference First Round 119 -- 114 43 20 30 0 0 16 18 56 Charles Barkley * Phoenix Suns May 4 , 1994 Golden State Warriors 1994 Western Conference First Round 140 -- 133 41 23 31 7 9 55 Rick Barry * San Francisco Warriors April 18 , 1967 Philadelphia 76ers 1967 NBA Finals 130 -- 124 22 48 -- -- 11 19 55 Michael Jordan * ( 3 ) Chicago Bulls May 1 , 1988 Cleveland Cavaliers 1988 Eastern Conference First Round 106 -- 101 44 24 45 0 0 7 7 55 Michael Jordan * ( 4 ) Chicago Bulls June 16 , 1993 Phoenix Suns 1993 NBA Finals 111 -- 105 46 21 37 0 13 18 55 Michael Jordan * ( 5 ) Chicago Bulls April 27 , 1997 Washington Bullets 1997 Eastern Conference First Round 109 -- 104 44 : 13 22 35 10 10 55 Allen Iverson * Philadelphia 76ers April 20 , 2003 New Orleans Hornets 2003 Eastern Conference First Round 98 -- 90 46 : 40 21 32 5 10 11 54 John Havlicek * Boston Celtics April 1 , 1973 Atlanta Hawks 1973 Eastern Conference Semifinals 134 -- 109 48 24 36 -- -- 6 6 54 Michael Jordan * ( 6 ) Chicago Bulls May 31 , 1993 New York Knicks 1993 Eastern Conference Finals 105 -- 95 39 18 30 6 9 12 14 54 Allen Iverson * ( 2 ) Philadelphia 76ers May 9 , 2001 Toronto Raptors 2001 Eastern Conference Semifinals 97 -- 92 47 : 46 21 39 5 9 9 53 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 2 ) Philadelphia Warriors March 14 , 1960 Syracuse Nationals 1960 Eastern Division Semifinals 132 -- 112 47 24 42 -- -- 5 16 53 Jerry West * Los Angeles Lakers April 23 , 1969 Boston Celtics 1969 NBA Finals 120 -- 118 21 41 -- -- 11 13 53 Isaiah Thomas ^ Boston Celtics May 2 , 2017 Washington Wizards 2017 Eastern Conference Semifinals 129 - 119 45 18 33 5 12 12 13 ( 1 ) 52 Jerry West * ( 2 ) Los Angeles Lakers April 5 , 1965 Baltimore Bullets 1965 Western Division Finals 118 -- 115 16 38 -- -- 20 21 52 Allen Iverson * ( 3 ) Philadelphia 76ers May 16 , 2001 Toronto Raptors 2001 Eastern Conference Semifinals 121 -- 88 43 : 29 21 32 8 14 51 Sam Jones * Boston Celtics March 28 , 1967 New York Knicks 1967 Eastern Division Semifinals 118 -- 109 43 19 30 -- -- 13 17 51 Eric `` Sleepy '' Floyd Golden State Warriors May 10 , 1987 Los Angeles Lakers 1987 Western Conference Semifinals 129 -- 121 44 18 26 13 14 51 Ray Allen * Boston Celtics April 30 , 2009 Chicago Bulls 2009 Eastern Conference First Round 127 -- 128 58 : 45 18 32 9 18 6 7 51 Russell Westbrook ^ Oklahoma City Thunder April 19 , 2017 Houston Rockets 2017 Western Conference Quarterfinals 111 -- 115 41 : 22 17 43 7 15 18 51 LeBron James ^ Cleveland Cavaliers May 31 , 2018 Golden State Warriors 2018 NBA Finals 114 -- 124 51 19 32 7 10 11 50 Bob Cousy * Boston Celtics March 21 , 1953 Syracuse Nationals 1953 Eastern Division Semifinals 111 -- 105 66 10 22 -- -- 30 32 50 Bob Pettit * St. Louis Hawks April 12 , 1958 Boston Celtics 1958 NBA Finals 110 -- 109 19 34 -- -- 12 15 50 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 3 ) Philadelphia Warriors March 22 , 1960 Boston Celtics 1960 Eastern Division Finals 128 -- 107 45 22 42 -- -- 6 18 50 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 4 ) San Francisco Warriors April 10 , 1964 St. Louis Hawks 1964 Western Division Finals 121 -- 97 22 32 -- -- 6 10 50 Billy Cunningham * Philadelphia 76ers April 1 , 1970 Milwaukee Bucks 1970 Eastern Division Semifinals 111 -- 118 48 22 39 -- -- 6 8 50 Bob McAdoo * Buffalo Braves April 18 , 1975 Washington Bullets 1975 Eastern Conference Semifinals 108 -- 102 45 20 32 -- -- 10 14 50 Dominique Wilkins * Atlanta Hawks April 19 , 1986 Detroit Pistons 1986 Eastern Conference First Round 137 -- 125 33 19 28 0 0 12 15 50 Michael Jordan * ( 7 ) Chicago Bulls April 28 , 1988 Cleveland Cavaliers 1988 Eastern Conference First Round 104 -- 93 44 19 35 0 0 12 12 50 Michael Jordan * ( 8 ) Chicago Bulls May 5 , 1989 Cleveland Cavaliers 1989 Eastern Conference First Round 105 -- 108 43 14 28 0 22 27 50 Karl Malone * Utah Jazz April 22 , 2000 Seattle SuperSonics 2000 Western Conference First Round 104 -- 93 43 : 16 18 32 13 14 50 Vince Carter ^ Toronto Raptors May 11 , 2001 Philadelphia 76ers 2001 Eastern Conference Semifinals 102 -- 78 44 : 44 19 29 9 13 50 Kobe Bryant Los Angeles Lakers May 4 , 2006 Phoenix Suns 2006 Western Conference First Round 118 -- 126 52 : 06 20 35 5 8 5 6 50 Dirk Nowitzki ^ Dallas Mavericks June 1 , 2006 Phoenix Suns 2006 Western Conference Finals 117 -- 101 43 : 29 14 26 5 6 17 18 See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Double overtime . Jordan scored 17 points in the first quarter , 6 points in the second quarter , 13 points in the third quarter , 18 points in the fourth quarter , 5 points in the first overtime and 4 points in the second overtime . Jump up ^ NBA Finals single - game record . Most points in a playoff regulation game . 25 field goal attempts in the first half , tying the record . Baylor scored 18 points in the first quarter , 15 points in the second quarter , 13 points in the third quarter and 15 points in the fourth quarter . Jump up ^ Set playoff records for field goal attempts in a game ( 48 ) and in a half ( 25 ) . Jump up ^ Miami took an 18 point lead before Jordan scored his first points . Jordan scored 54 points in the final three quarters , setting a playoff record for most points in three quarters ; he scored 2 points in the first quarter , 17 points in the second quarter , 19 points in the third quarter and 18 points in the fourth quarter . Jump up ^ Barkley 's first quarter line : 11 -- 11 fg , 3 -- 3 3pt , 2 -- 2 ft. 15 field goals made in the first half . Barkley scored his team 's first 12 points . Barkley scored 27 points in the first quarter and 11 points in the second quarter . Jump up ^ Tied playoff single - game record for field goal attempts ( 48 ) . 24 field goal attempts in each half . Jump up ^ Tied playoff single - game record for field goals made . 25 field goal attempts in the first half , tying the playoff record . 14 field goals made in the first half . Jordan scored 12 points in the first quarter , 16 points in the second quarter , 15 points in the third quarter and 12 points in the fourth quarter . The second of consecutive 50 + point games in the playoffs by Jordan ; becoming the only player in playoff history to do so . Jump up ^ 14 field goals made in the first half , tying the NBA Finals record . Jordan scored 11 points in the first quarter , 22 points in the second quarter , 10 points in the third quarter and 12 points in the fourth quarter . Jump up ^ Tied playoff single - game record for field goals made . 14 field goals made in the first half . Jump up ^ Jordan scored 17 points in the first quarter , 10 points in the second quarter , 18 points in the third quarter and 9 points in the fourth quarter . Jump up ^ Set playoff single - game record for field goals made . Jump up ^ West made two free throws with four seconds remaining in the game to secure the win . Jump up ^ 32 points in the second half . Missed his first free throw in the game , then made 20 in a row . West scored four points in the game 's final 23 seconds to secure a come - from - behind win . 14 free throws made in a half , a playoff record at the time . Jump up ^ 39 points in the second half , and 29 points in the fourth quarter , both playoff records . Also set a playoff record with 12 field goals made in the fourth quarter . He also made the field goals consecutively. 15 field goals made in the second half . Jump up ^ Triple overtime . Tied playoff single - game record for three - point field goals made . Set playoff single - game record for three - point field goal attempts . Jump up ^ Quadruple overtime . Set playoff single - game record for free throws made . Free throw attempts were also a playoff record at the time . Jump up ^ Pettit scored 11 straight points , 19 of his team 's last 21 points , and 19 points total in the fourth quarter . Jump up ^ McAdoo scored 15 points in the third quarter and another 15 points in the fourth quarter . Jump up ^ 13 field goals made in the first half . The first of back - to - back games of 50 + points ; Jordan is the only player in history to record consecutive 50 point games in the playoffs . Jordan scored 9 points in the first quarter . Jordan outscored the entire opposing team 20 -- 19 in the second quarter . Jump up ^ Overtime . Jordan scored 19 points in the first half , 29 points in the second half ( including 19 points in the third quarter and 10 points in the fourth quarter ) and 2 points in overtime . 16 free throw attempts in the first half , a playoff record at the time . Jump up ^ Oldest player ( 7004134220000000000 ♠ 36 years , 273 days ) to score 50 points in a playoff game . Jump up ^ Carter tied the playoff single - game record for three - point field goals made . He set the playoff record with eight three - point field goals made in the first half . Carter scored 15 points in the first quarter and 19 points in the second quarter . Jump up ^ Scored 12 out of the Lakers ' 13 in overtime . 38 before OT . National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_single-game_playoff_scoring_leaders&oldid=850012524 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association playoffs National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 00 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who has scored the most points in a playoff game	[]	[]
-4956745202287041553	Works Progress Administration	Works Progress Administration - wikipedia Works Progress Administration Jump to : navigation , search Works Progress Administration Agency overview Formed May 6 , 1935 ( 1935 - 05 - 06 ) Preceding Federal Emergency Relief Administration Dissolved June 30 , 1943 Employees 8.5 million 1935 -- 1943 3.3 million in November 1938 ( peak ) Annual budget $1.3 billion ( 1935 ) Key document Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration ) was the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency , employing millions of people ( mostly unskilled men ) to carry out public works projects , including the construction of public buildings and roads . In a much smaller project , Federal Project Number One , the WPA employed musicians , artists , writers , actors and directors in large arts , drama , media , and literacy projects . Almost every community in the United States had a new park , bridge or school constructed by the agency . The WPA 's initial appropriation in 1935 was for $4.9 billion ( about 6.7 percent of the 1935 GDP ) . Headed by Harry Hopkins , the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States . At its peak in 1938 , it provided paid jobs for three million unemployed men and women , as well as youth in a separate division , the National Youth Administration . Between 1935 and 1943 , when the agency was disbanded , the WPA employed 8.5 million people . Most people who needed a job were eligible for employment in some capacity . Hourly wages were typically set to the prevailing wages in each area . Full employment , which was reached in 1942 and emerged as a long - term national goal around 1944 , was not the goal of the WPA ; rather , it tried to provide one paid job for all families in which the breadwinner suffered long - term unemployment . `` The stated goal of public building programs was to end the depression or , at least , alleviate its worst effects , '' sociologist Robert D. Leighninger asserted . `` Millions of people needed subsistence incomes . Work relief was preferred over public assistance ( the dole ) because it maintained self - respect , reinforced the work ethic , and kept skills sharp . '' The WPA was a national program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments , which provided 10 -- 30 % of the costs . Usually the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies , with the WPA responsible for wages ( and for the salaries of supervisors , who were not on relief ) . WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) or Federal Emergency Relief Administration programs . It was liquidated on June 30 , 1943 , as a result of low unemployment due to the worker shortage of World War II . The WPA had provided millions of Americans with jobs for eight years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Establishment 2 Employment 3 Projects 3.1 Federal Project Number One 3.1. 1 Federal Art Project 3.1. 2 Federal Music Project 3.1. 3 Federal Theatre Project 3.1. 4 Federal Writers ' Project 3.1. 5 Historical Records Survey 4 Relief for African Americans 5 Women 6 Criticism 7 Evolution 8 Termination 9 Legacy 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Establishment ( edit ) FDR prepares to speak about the establishment of the work relief program and Social Security at his fireside chat of April 28 , 1935 . FERA administrator and WPA head Harry Hopkins speaking to reporters ( November 1935 ) A joint resolution introduced January 21 , 1935 , the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 8 , 1935 . On May 6 , 1935 , FDR issued Executive Order 7034 , establishing the Works Progress Administration . The WPA superseded the work of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration , which was dissolved . Direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program -- a major public works program directed by the WPA . The WPA was largely shaped by Harry Hopkins , supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and close adviser to Roosevelt . Both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA . Hallie Flanagan , national director of the Federal Theatre Project , wrote that `` for the first time in the relief experiments of this country the preservation of the skill of the worker , and hence the preservation of his self - respect , became important . '' The WPA was organized into the following divisions : The Division of Engineering and Construction , which planned and supervised construction projects including airports , dams , highways and sanitation systems . The Division of Professional and Service Projects ( called the Division of Women 's and Professional Projects in 1937 ) , which was responsible for white - collar projects including education programs , recreation programs , and the arts projects . It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division . The Division of Finance . The Division of Information . The Division of Investigation , which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud , misappropriation of funds and disloyalty . The Division of Statistics , also known as the Division of Social Research . The Project Control Division , which processed project applications . Other divisions including the Employment , Management , Safety , Supply , and Training and Reemployment . Employment ( edit ) WPA road development project These ordinary men and women proved to be extraordinary beyond all expectation . They were golden threads woven in the national fabric . In this , they shamed the political philosophy that discounted their value and rewarded the one that placed its faith in them , thus fulfilling the founding vision of a government by and for its people . All its people . -- Nick Taylor , American - Made : The Enduring Legacy of the WPA The goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered . Harry Hopkins testified to Congress in January 1935 why he set the number at 3.5 million , using Federal Emergency Relief Administration data . Estimating costs at $1,200 per worker per year ( $21 thousand in present - day terms ) , he asked for and received $4 billion ( $69.9 billion in present - day terms ) . Many women were employed , but they were few compared to men . In 1935 there were 20 million people on relief in the United States . Of these , 8.3 million were children under 16 years of age ; 3.8 million were persons between the ages of 16 and 65 who were not working or seeking work . These included housewives , students in school , and incapacitated persons . Another 750,000 were person age 65 or over . Thus , of the total of 20 million persons then receiving relief , 13 million were not considered eligible for employment . This left a total of 7 million presumably employable persons between the ages of 16 and 65 inclusive . Of these , however , 1.65 million were said to be farm operators or persons who had some non-relief employment , while another 350,000 were , despite the fact that they were already employed or seeking work , considered incapacitated . Deducting this 2 million from the total of 7.15 million , there remained 5.15 million persons age 16 to 65 , unemployed , looking for work , and able to work . FDR and Hopkins ( September 1938 ) Because of the assumption that only one worker per family would be permitted to work under the proposed program , this total of 5.15 million was further reduced by 1.6 million -- the estimated number of workers who were members of families with two or more employable people . Thus , there remained a net total of 3.55 million workers in as many households for whom jobs were to be provided . The WPA reached its peak employment of 3,334,594 people in November 1938 . To be eligible for WPA employment , an individual had to be an American citizen , 18 or older , able - bodied , unemployed , and certified as in need by a local public relief agency approved by the WPA . The WPA Division of Employment selected the worker 's placement to WPA projects based on previous experience or training . Worker pay was based on three factors : the region of the country , the degree of urbanization , and the individual 's skill . It varied from $19 per month to $94 per month , with the average wage being about $52.50 -- $893.00 in present - day terms . The goal was to pay the local prevailing wage , but limit the hours of work to 8 hours a day or 40 hours a week ; the stated minimum being 30 hours a week , or 120 hours a month . Projects ( edit ) Typical plaque on a WPA project Griffith Observatory Timberline Lodge WPA projects were administered by the Division of Engineering and Construction and the Division of Professional and Service Projects . Most projects were initiated , planned and sponsored by states , counties or cities . Nationwide projects were sponsored until 1939 . The WPA built traditional infrastructure of the New Deal such as roads , bridges , schools , courthouses , hospitals , sidewalks , waterworks , and post-offices , but also constructed museums , swimming pools , parks , community centers , playgrounds , coliseums , markets , fairgrounds , tennis courts , zoos , botanical gardens , auditoriums , waterfronts , city halls , gyms , and university unions . Most of these are still in use today . The amount of infrastructure projects of the WPA included 40,000 new and 85,000 improved buildings . These new buildings included 5,900 new schools ; 9,300 new auditoriums , gyms , and recreational buildings ; 1,000 new libraries ; 7,000 new dormitories ; and 900 new armories . In addition , infrastructure projects included 2,302 stadiums , grandstands , and bleachers ; 52 fairgrounds and rodeo grounds ; 1,686 parks covering 75,152 acres ; 3,185 playgrounds ; 3,026 athletic fields ; 805 swimming pools ; 1,817 handball courts ; 10,070 tennis courts ; 2,261 horseshoe pits ; 1,101 ice - skating areas ; 138 outdoor theatres ; 254 golf courses ; and 65 ski jumps . Total expenditures on WPA projects through June 1941 totaled approximately $11.4 billion -- the equivalent of $186 billion today . Over $4 billion was spent on highway , road , and street projects ; more than $1 billion on public buildings , including the iconic Dock Street Theatre in Charleston , the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles , and Timberline Lodge in Oregon 's Mount Hood National Forest . More than $1 billion -- $16.3 billion today -- was spent on publicly owned or operated utilities ; and another $1 billion on welfare projects , including sewing projects for women , the distribution of surplus commodities , and school lunch projects . One construction project was the Merritt Parkway in Connecticut , the bridges of which were each designed as architecturally unique . In its eight - year run , the WPA built 325 firehouses and renovated 2,384 of them across the United States . The 20,000 miles of water mains , installed by their hand as well , contributed to increased fire protection across the country . The direct focus of the WPA projects changed with need . In 1935 priority projects were to improve infrastructure ; roads , extension of electricity to rural areas , water conservation , sanitation and flood control . In 1936 , as outlined in that year 's Emergency Relief Appropriations Act , public facilities became a focus ; parks and associated facilities , public buildings , utilities , airports , and transportation projects were funded . The following year , saw the introduction of agricultural improvements , such as the production of marl fertilizer and the eradication of fungus pests . As the Second World War approached , and then eventually began , WPA projects became increasingly defense related . One project of the WPA was funding state - level library service demonstration projects , to create new areas of library service to underserved populations and to extend rural service . Another project was the Household Service Demonstration Project , which trained 30,000 women for domestic employment . South Carolina had one of the larger statewide library service demonstration projects . At the end of the project in 1943 , South Carolina had twelve publicly funded county libraries , one regional library , and a funded state library agency . Federal Project number one ( edit ) A significant aspect of the Works Progress Administration was the Federal Project Number One , which had five different parts : the Federal Art Project , the Federal Music Project , the Federal Theatre Project , the Federal Writers Project , and the Historical Records Survey . The government wanted to provide new federal cultural support instead of just providing direct grants to private institutions . After only one year , over 40,000 artists and other talented workers had been employed through this project in the United States . Cedric Larson stated that `` The impact made by the five major cultural projects of the WPA upon the national consciousness is probably greater in toto than anyone readily realizes . As channels of communication between the administration and the country at large , both directly and indirectly , the importance of these projects can not be overestimated , for they all carry a tremendous appeal to the eye , the ear , or the intellect -- or all three . '' Federal Art Project ( edit ) Main article : Federal Art Project This project was directed by Holger Cahill and in 1936 , the peak for employment in this federal project , the Federal Art Project employed over 5,300 artists . The Arts Service Division created illustrations and posters for the WPA writers , musicians , and theaters . The Exhibition Division had public exhibitions of artwork from the WPA , and artists from the Art Teaching Division were employed in settlement houses and community centers to give classes to an estimated 50,000 children and adults . They set up over 100 art centers around the country that served an estimated eight million individuals . Federal music Project ( edit ) Noon - hour WPA band concert in Lafayette Square , New Orleans ( 1940 ) Main article : Federal Music Project Directed by Nikolai Sokoloff , former principal conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra , the Federal Music Project employed over 16,000 musicians at its peak . Its purpose was to establish different ensembles such as chamber groups , orchestras , choral units , opera units , concert bands , military bands , dance bands , and theater orchestras that gave an estimated 131,000 performances and programs to 92 million people each week . The Federal Music Project performed plays and dances , as well as radio dramas . In addition , the Federal Music Project gave music classes to an estimated 132,000 children and adults every week , recorded folk music , served as copyists , arrangers , and librarians to expand the availability of music , and experimented in music therapy . Sokoloff stated , `` Music can serve no useful purpose unless it is heard , but these totals on the listeners ' side are more eloquent than statistics as they show that in this country there is a great hunger and eagerness for music . '' Federal Theatre Project ( edit ) Main article : Federal Theatre Project This project was directed by Iowan Hallie Flanagan , and employed 12,700 performers at its peak . These performers presented more than 1,000 performances each month to almost one million people , produced 1,200 plays in the four years it was established , and introduced 100 new playwrights . Many performers later became successful in Hollywood including Orson Welles , John Houseman , Burt Lancaster , Joseph Cotten , Canada Lee , Will Geer , Joseph Losey , Virgil Thompson , Nicholas Ray , E.G. Marshall and Sidney Lumet . The Federal Theatre Project was the first project to end in June 1939 after four years from an end of funding from the federal government . Federal writers ' Project ( edit ) Main article : Federal Writers ' Project This project was directed by Henry Alsberg and employed 6,686 writers at its peak in 1936 . By January 1939 , more than 275 major books and booklets had been published by the FWP . Most famously , the FWP created the American Guide Series , which produced thorough guidebooks for every state that include descriptions of towns , waterways , historic sites , oral histories , photographs , and artwork . An association or group that put up the cost of publication sponsored each book , the cost was anywhere from $5,000 to $10,000 . In almost all cases , the book sales were able to reimburse their sponsors . Additionally , another important part of this project was to record oral histories to create archives such as the Slave Narratives and collections of folklore . These writers also participated in research and editorial services to other government agencies . Historical Records Survey ( edit ) Main article : Historical Records Survey This project was the smallest of Federal Project Number One and served to identify , collect , and conserve United States ' historical records . It is one of the biggest bibliographical efforts and was directed by Dr. Luther H. Evans . At its peak , this project employed more than 4,400 workers . 1940 WPA poster using Little Miss Muffet to promote reading among children . WPA health education poster about cancer , c. 1936 -- 1938 Poster for the WPA shows various items that can be purchased at the 5 & 10 ¢ store WPA poster advertising art classes for children WPA poster promoting the zoo as a place to visit , showing an elephant 1936 WPA Poster for Federal Theatre Project presentation WPA poster encouraging laborers to work for America Relief for African Americans ( edit ) The share of Federal Emergency Relief Administration and WPA benefits for African Americans exceeded their proportion of the general population . The FERA 's first relief census reported that more than two million African Americans were on relief during early 1933 , a proportion of the African - American population ( 17.8 % ) that was nearly double the proportion of whites on relief ( 9.5 % ) . This was during the period of Jim Crow and racial segregation in the South , when blacks were largely disenfranchised . By 1935 , there were 3,500,000 African Americans ( men , women and children ) on relief , almost 35 percent of the African - American population ; plus another 250,000 African - American adults were working on WPA projects . Altogether during 1938 , about 45 percent of the nation 's African - American families were either on relief or were employed by the WPA . Civil rights leaders initially objected that African Americans were proportionally underrepresented . African American leaders made such a claim with respect to WPA hires in New Jersey , stating , `` In spite of the fact that Blacks indubitably constitute more than 20 percent of the State 's unemployed , they composed 15.9 % of those assigned to W.P.A. jobs during 1937 . '' Nationwide in 1940 , 9.8 % of the population were African American . However , by 1941 , the perception of discrimination against African Americans had changed to the point that the NAACP magazine Opportunity hailed the WPA : It is to the eternal credit of the administrative officers of the WPA that discrimination on various projects because of race has been kept to a minimum and that in almost every community Negroes have been given a chance to participate in the work program . In the South , as might have been expected , this participation has been limited , and differential wages on the basis of race have been more or less effectively established ; but in the northern communities , particularly in the urban centers , the Negro has been afforded his first real opportunity for employment in white - collar occupations . The WPA mostly operated segregated units , as did its youth affiliate , the National Youth Administration . Blacks were hired by the WPA as supervisors in the North ; however of 10,000 WPA supervisors in the South , only 11 were black . Historian Anthony Badger argues , `` New Deal programs in the South routinely discriminated against blacks and perpetuated segregation . '' Women ( edit ) Hispanic women in Costilla , New Mexico , weaving rag rugs in 1939 . About 15 % of the household heads on relief were women , and youth programs were operated separately by the National Youth Administration . The average worker was about 40 years old ( about the same as the average family head on relief ) . WPA policies were consistent with the strong belief of the time that husbands and wives should not both be working ( because the second person working would take one job away from some other breadwinner ) . A study of 2,000 female workers in Philadelphia showed that 90 % were married , but wives were reported as living with their husbands in only 18 percent of the cases . Only 2 percent of the husbands had private employment . Of the 2,000 women , all were responsible for one to five additional people in the household . In rural Missouri , 60 % of the WPA - employed women were without husbands ( 12 % were single ; 25 % widowed ; and 23 % divorced , separated or deserted ) . Thus , only 40 % were married and living with their husbands , but 59 % of the husbands were permanently disabled , 17 % were temporarily disabled , 13 % were too old to work , and remaining 10 % were either unemployed or handicapped . Most of the women worked with sewing projects , where they were taught to use sewing machines and made clothing and bedding , as well as supplies for hospitals , orphanages , and adoption centers . One WPA - funded project , the Pack Horse Library Project , mainly employed women to deliver books to rural areas in eastern Kentucky . Many of the women employed by the project were the sole breadwinners for their families . Criticism ( edit ) Poster representing the WPA defending itself from attacks The WPA had numerous critics , especially from conservatives . The strongest attacks were that it was the prelude for a national political machine on behalf of Roosevelt . Reformers secured the Hatch Act of 1939 that largely depoliticized the WPA . Others complained that far left elements played a major role , especially in the New York City unit . Representative J. Parnell Thomas of the House Committee on Un-American Activities claimed in 1938 that divisions of the WPA were a `` hotbed of Communists '' and `` one more link in the vast and unparalleled New Deal propaganda network . '' Much of the criticism of the distribution of projects and funding allotment is a result of the view that the decisions were politically motivated . The South , as the poorest region of the United States , received 75 percent less in federal relief and public works funds per capita than the West . Critics would point to the fact that Roosevelt 's Democrats could be sure of voting support from the South , whereas the West was less of a sure thing ; swing states took priority over the other states . There was a perception that WPA employees were not diligent workers , and that they had little incentive to give up their busy work in favor of productive jobs . Some employers said that the WPA instilled poor work habits and encouraged inefficiency . Some job applicants found that a WPA work history was viewed negatively by employers , who said they had formed poor work habits . A Senate committee reported that , `` To some extent the complaint that WPA workers do poor work is not without foundation. ... Poor work habits and incorrect techniques are not remedied . Occasionally a supervisor or a foreman demands good work . '' The WPA and its workers were ridiculed as being lazy . The organization 's initials were said to stand for `` We Poke Along '' or `` We Putter Along '' or `` We piddle around '' or `` Whistle , Piss and Argue . '' These were sarcastic references to WPA projects that sometimes slowed down deliberately because foremen had an incentive to keep going , rather than finish a project . The WPA 's Division of Investigation proved so effective in preventing political corruption `` that a later congressional investigation could n't find a single serious irregularity it had overlooked , '' wrote economist Paul Krugman . `` This dedication to honest government was n't a sign of Roosevelt 's personal virtue ; rather , it reflected a political imperative . FDR 's mission in office was to show that government activism works . To maintain that mission 's credibility he needed to keep his administration 's record clean . And he did . '' Evolution ( edit ) Francis C. Harrington , WPA national administrator 1938 -- 40 On December 23 , 1938 , after leading the WPA for 3.5 years , Harry Hopkins resigned and became the Secretary of Commerce . To succeed him Roosevelt appointed Francis C. Harrington , a colonel in the Army Corps of Engineers and the WPA 's chief engineer , who had been leading the Division of Engineering and Construction . Following the passage of the Reorganization Act of 1939 in April 1939 , the WPA was grouped with the Bureau of Public Roads , Public Buildings Branch of the Procurement Division , Branch of Buildings Management of the National Park Service , United States Housing Authority and the Public Works Administration under the newly created Federal Works Agency . Created at the same time , the Federal Security Agency assumed the WPA 's responsibility for the National Youth Administration . `` The name of the Works Progress Administration has been changed to Work Projects Administration in order to make its title more descriptive of its major purpose , '' President Roosevelt wrote when announcing the reorganization . As WPA projects became more subject to the state , local sponsors were called on to provide 25 % of project costs . As the number of public works projects slowly diminished , more projects were dedicated to preparing for war . Having languished since the end of World War I , the American military services were depopulated and served by crumbling facilities ; when Germany occupied Czechoslovakia in 1938 , the U.S. Army numbered only 176,000 soldiers . WPA researchers and map makers prepare the air raid warning map for New Orleans within days of the attack on Pearl Harbor ( December 11 , 1941 ) On May 26 , 1940 , FDR delivered a fireside chat to the American people about `` the approaching storm '' , and on June 6 Harrington reprioritized WPA projects , anticipating a major expansion of the U.S. military . `` Types of WPA work to be expedited in every possible way to include , in addition to airports and military airfields , construction of housing and other facilities for enlarged military garrisons , camp and cantonment construction , and various improvements in navy yards , '' Harrington said . He observed that the WPA had already made substantial contributions to national defense over its five years of existence , by building 85 percent of the new airports in the U.S. and making $420 million in improvements to military facilities . He predicted there would be 500,000 WPA workers on defense - related projects over the next 12 months , at a cost of $250 million . The estimated number of WPA workers needed for defense projects was soon revised to between 600,000 and 700,000 . Vocational training for war industries was also begun by the WPA , with 50,000 trainees in the program by October 1940 . `` Only the WPA , having employed millions of relief workers for more than five years , had a comprehensive awareness of the skills that would be available in a full - scale national emergency , '' wrote journalist Nick Taylor . `` As the country began its preparedness buildup , the WPA was uniquely positioned to become a major defense agency . '' Harrington died suddenly , aged 53 , on September 30 , 1940 . Notably apolitical -- he boasted that he had never voted -- he had deflected Congressional criticism of the WPA by bringing attention to its building accomplishments and its role as an employer . Harrington 's successor , Howard O. Hunter , served as head of the WPA until May 1 , 1942 . Termination ( edit ) Unemployment ended with war production for World War II , as millions of men joined the services , and cost - plus contracts made it attractive for companies to hire unemployed men and train them . Concluding that a national relief program was no longer needed , Roosevelt directed the Federal Works Administrator to end the WPA in a letter December 4 , 1942 . `` Seven years ago I was convinced that providing useful work is superior to any and every kind of dole . Experience had amply justified this policy , '' FDR wrote : By building airports , schools , highways , and parks ; by making huge quantities of clothing for the unfortunate ; by serving millions of lunches to school children ; by almost immeasurable kinds and quantities of service the Work Projects Administration has reached a creative hand into every county in this Nation . It has added to the national wealth , has repaired the wastage of depression , and has strengthened the country to bear the burden of war . By employing eight millions of Americans , with thirty millions of dependents , it has brought to these people renewed hope and courage . It has maintained and increased their working skills ; and it has enabled them once more to take their rightful places in public or in private employment . Roosevelt ordered a prompt end to WPA activities to conserve funds that had been appropriated . Operations in most states ended February 1 , 1943 . With no funds budgeted for the next fiscal year , the WPA ceased to exist after June 30 , 1943 . Legacy ( edit ) `` The agencies of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration had an enormous and largely unrecognized role in defining the public space we now use '' , wrote sociologist Robert D. Leighninger . `` In a short period of ten years , the Public Works Administration , the Works Progress Administration , and the Civilian Conservation Corps built facilities in practically every community in the country . Most are still providing service half a century later . It is time we recognized this legacy and attempted to comprehend its relationship to our contemporary situation . '' Alabama National Guard Armory , Guntersville , Alabama ( 1936 ) Prairie County Courthouse , DeValls Bluff , Arkansas ( 1939 ) Griffith Observatory , Los Angeles , California ( 1933 ) Santa Ana City Hall , Santa Ana , California ( 1935 ) Leon High School , Tallahassee , Florida ( 1936 -- 37 ) Government House , St. Augustine , Florida ( 1937 ) Fort Hawkins , Macon , Georgia ( 1936 -- 38 ) Boise High School Gymnasium , Boise , Idaho ( 1936 ) Midway International Airport , Chicago , Illinois ( 1935 -- 39 ) Gregg Park Bandshell , Vincennes , Indiana ( 1939 ) Canoe house , University of Iowa ( 1937 ) Jenkins Culvert , Gove County , Kansas ( 1938 ) Louisville Fire Department Headquarters , Louisville , Kentucky ( 1936 ) Alvar Street Branch , New Orleans Public Library ( 1940 ) WPA Field House and Pump Station , Scituate , Massachusetts ( 1938 ) Detroit Naval Armory , Detroit , Michigan ( 1936 -- 39 ) Brandon Auditorium and Fire Hall , Brandon , Minnesota ( 1936 ) Milaca Municipal Hall , Milaca , Minnesota ( 1936 ) Upland Auditorium , Upland , Nebraska ( 1936 ) Jackie Robinson Play Center , Harlem , New York ( 1936 ) LaGuardia Airport , Queens , New York ( 1937 -- 39 ) U.S. Post Office , Rhinebeck , New York ( 1940 ) Robeson County Agricultural Building , Lumberton , North Carolina ( 1937 ) Emmons County Courthouse , Linton , North Dakota ( 1934 ) Rubber Bowl Stadium , Akron , Ohio ( 1940 ) Timberline Lodge , Mt . Hood National Forest , Oregon ( 1936 -- 38 ) Oregon State Library , Salem , Oregon ( 1939 ) Schenley Park , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 1938 -- 39 ) McCoy Stadium , Pawtucket , Rhode Island ( 1942 ) Dock Street Theatre , Charleston , South Carolina ( 1937 ) Liberty Colored High School , Liberty , South Carolina ( 1937 ) Dinosaur Park , Rapid City , South Dakota ( 1936 ) Bristol Municipal Stadium , Bristol , Tennessee ( 1934 ) Dealey Plaza , Dallas , Texas ( 1940 ) Schoolhouse , Lometa , Texas ( 1938 -- 40 ) River Walk , San Antonio , Texas ( 1939 ) City Library , Monroe , Utah ( 1934 ) Bremerton Public Library , Bremerton , Washington ( 1938 ) White Center Fieldhouse , White Center , Washington ( 1938 -- 40 ) Raleigh County Courthouse , Beckley , West Virginia ( 1936 -- 37 ) Carson Park Baseball Stadium , Eau Claire , Wisconsin ( 1937 ) Mondeaux Lodge House , Westboro , Wisconsin ( 1936 -- 38 ) Natrona County High School , Casper , Wyoming ( 1941 ) See also ( edit ) American Guide Series Federal Art Project Federal Project Number One Hatch Act of 1939 List of Federal Art Project artists Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt Public Works of Art Project Section of Painting and Sculpture , in Treasury department References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Arnesen , Eric ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working - Class History . 1 . New York : Routledge . p. 1540 . ISBN 9780415968263 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jason Scott ( 2006 ) . Building New Deal Liberalism : The Political Economy of Public Works , 1933 -- 1956 . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 87 . ISBN 9780521828055 . Jump up ^ `` WPA Pays Up and Quits '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 1943 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Works Progress Administration ( 1936 ) . `` WPA Workers ' Handbook '' . New Deal Network . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Bradford A. ( Spring 1982 ) . `` The New Deal Reconsidered '' . The Wilson Quarterly . 6 ( 2 ) : 62 -- 76 . JSTOR 40256265 . ^ Jump up to : Leighninger , Robert D. ( 2007 ) . Long - Range Public Investment : The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal . Columbia , S.C. : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 9781570036637 . ^ Jump up to : Leighninger , Robert D. ( May 1996 ) . `` Cultural Infrastructure : The Legacy of New Deal Public Space '' . Journal of Architectural Education . 49 ( 4 ) : 226 -- 236 . JSTOR 1425295 . Jump up ^ `` Text of Relief Bill Offered in House '' . The New York Times . January 22 , 1935 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Key Events , Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Work Projects Administration and Its Predecessors '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( May 6 , 1935 ) . `` Executive Order 7034 - Creating Machinery for the Works Progress Administration '' . The American Presidency Project . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Deeben , John P. ( Fall 2012 ) . `` Family Experiences and New Deal Relief : The Correspondence Files of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration , 1933 -- 1936 '' . Prologue Magazine . Vol. 44 no . 2 . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Hallie ( 1965 ) . Arena : The History of the Federal Theatre . New York : Benjamin Blom , reprint edition ( 1940 ) . OCLC 855945294 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Engineering and Construction '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Professional and Service Projects '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Finance '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Information '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Investigation '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Statistics '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Project Control Divisions '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of Other WPA Divisions '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Nick ( 2008 ) . American - Made : The Enduring Legacy of the WPA , When FDR Put the Nation to Work . New York : Bantam Books . ISBN 9780553802351 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Donald S. ( 1973 ) ( 1943 ) . The WPA and Federal Relief Policy . New York : Da Capo Press . OCLC 255072517 . Jump up ^ `` WPA Employment . '' Gjenvick Archives : The Future of Our Past , Social and Cultural History . ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Records of WPA Projects '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. ( 1999 ) . Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195038347 . Jump up ^ `` Website on Merritt Parkway Bridges '' . Past-inc.org . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` WPA and Rural Libraries '' . Newdeal.feri.org . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Blazing the Way : The WPA Library Service Demonstration Project in South Carolina by Robert M. Gorman '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Don ; Goldbard , Arlene ( 1995 ) . `` New Deal Cultural Programs : Experiments in Cultural Democracy '' . Webster 's World of Cultural Democracy . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Cedric ( July 1939 ) . `` The Cultural Projects of the WPA '' . Public Opinion Quarterly . 3 ( 3 ) : 491 -- 496 . JSTOR 2744973 . ^ Jump up to : John Salmond , `` The New Deal and the Negro '' in John Braeman et al. , eds . The New Deal : The National Level ( 1975 ) . pp 188 -- 89 Jump up ^ Charles L. Lumpkins ( 2008 ) . American Pogrom : The East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics . Ohio University Press . p. 179 . Jump up ^ Cheryl Lynn Greenberg ( 2009 ) . To Ask for an Equal Chance : African Americans in the Great Depression . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Anthony J. Badger ( 2011 ) . New Deal / New South : An Anthony J. Badger Reader . U. of Arkansas Press . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Dickens , Bethany ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Episode 32 Tapestries '' . A History of Central Florida . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Pack Horse Librarians of Eastern Kentucky '' . Horse Canada . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Donald C. ( 2007 ) . `` The Book Women of Kentucky : The WPA Pack Horse Library Project , 1936 - 1943 '' . Libraries & the Cultural Record . 42 ( 2 ) : 120 -- via Project MUSE . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Alexander Keyssar , The right to vote : the contested history of democracy in the United States ( 2000 ) p 193 Jump up ^ Gina Misiroglu , ed. ( 2015 ) . American Countercultures : An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists , Alternative Lifestyles , and Radical Ideas in U.S. History . Routledge . p. 334 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ginzberg , Eli ( 2004 ) ( 1943 ) . The Unemployed . New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers . p. 447 . ISBN 9780765805744 . Jump up ^ Wood , Margaret Mary ( 1953 ) . Paths of Loneliness : The Individual Isolated in Modern Society . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 61 . OCLC 620533 . Jump up ^ Report of investigation of public relief in the District of Columbia ( U.S. Senate ) , ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ David A. Taylor , Soul of a people : the WPA Writer 's Project uncovers Depression America ( 2009 ) p 12 Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 2007 ) . The Conscience of a Liberal . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 62 . ISBN 9780393060690 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( April 15 , 1939 ) . `` Message to Congress on the Reorganization Act '' . The American Presidency Project . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. `` Fireside Chat 15 : On National Defense ( May 26 , 1940 ) '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( October 1 , 1940 ) . `` WPA Head Dies in Connecticut '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( December 4 , 1942 ) . `` Letter to the Federal Works Administrator Discontinuing the W.P.A '' . The American Presidency Project . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Further reading ( edit ) Adams , Don ; Goldbard , Arlene . `` New Deal Cultural Programs : Experiments in Cultural Democracy . '' Webster 's World of Cultural Democracy 1995 . Halfmann , Drew , and Edwin Amenta . `` Who voted with Hopkins ? Institutional politics and the WPA . '' Journal of Policy History 13 # 2 ( 2001 ) : 251 - 287 . online Hopkins , June . `` The Road Not Taken : Harry Hopkins and New Deal Work Relief '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 29 # 2 ( 1999 ) : 306 - 16 online Howard , Donald S. WPA and federal relief policy ( 1943 ) , 880pp ; highly detailed report by the independent Russell Sage Foundation . Kelly , Andrew , Kentucky by Design : The Decorative Arts , American Culture and the Arts Programs of the WPA . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . 2015 . Larson , Cedric . `` The Cultural Projects of the WPA . '' The Public Opinion Quarterly 3 # 3 ( 1939 ) : 491 -- 196 . Accessed in JSTOR Leighninger , Robert D. `` Cultural Infrastructure : The Legacy of New Deal Public Space . '' Journal of Architectural Education 49 , no . 4 ( 1996 ) : 226 -- 236 . Leighninger , Robert D. , Jr . Long - Range Public Investment : the Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal . Columbia , S.C. : University of South Carolina Press ( 2007 ) . Lindley , Betty Grimes & Lindley , Ernest K. A New Deal for Youth : the Story of the National Youth Administration ( 1938 ) McJimsey George T. Harry Hopkins : Ally of the Poor and Defender of Democracy ( 1987 ) Meriam ; Lewis . Relief and Social Security . 900 pp. Washington , DC : The Brookings Institution , 1946 . Millett ; John D. & Gladys Ogden . Administration of Federal Work Relief 1941 . Musher , Sharon Ann . Democratic Art : The New Deal 's Influence on American Culture . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2015 . Rose , Nancy . The WPA and Public Employment in the Great Depression ( 2009 ) Sargent , James E. `` Woodrum 's Economy Bloc : The Attack on Roosevelt 's WPA , 1937 - 1939 . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 1985 ) : 175 - 207 . in JSTOR Sheppard , Si . Buying of the Presidency ? , The : Franklin D. Roosevelt , the New Deal , and the Election of 1936 ( ABC - CLIO , 2014 ) . Singleton , Jeff . The American Dole : Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression ( 2000 ) Smith , Jason Scott . Building New Deal Liberalism : the Political Economy of Public Works , 1933 -- 1956 ( 2005 ) Taylor , David A. Soul of a People : The WPA Writers ' Project Uncovers Depression America . ( 2009 ) Taylor , Nick . American - Made : The Enduring Legacy of the WPA : When FDR Put the Nation to Work ( 2008 ) United States Senate . `` Report of investigation of public relief in the District of Columbia '' . Washington D.C. : 1938 Williams , Edward Ainsworth . Federal aid for relief ( 1939 ) Young , William H. , & Nancy K . The Great Depression in America : a Cultural Encyclopedia . 2 vols . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 2007 ISBN 0 - 313 - 33520 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Works Progress Administration . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Executive Order 7034 John C. Kennedy Papers. 1912 - 1938 . 5 '' linear ( circa 80 items ) . Footage of the Federal Theatre Project 's 1936 `` Voodoo Macbeth '' -- with informative annotations . The Great Depression in Washington State Project , including an illustrated map of major WPA projects and a multimedia history of the Federal Theater Project in the State . The Index of American Design at the National Gallery of Art Works by Work Projects Administration at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Works Progress Administration at Internet Archive Works by Works Progress Administration at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Guide to the WPA Oregon Federal Art Project collection at the University of Oregon WPA inspired Gulf Coast Civic Works Project An Introduction to the Employer of Last Resort Proposal from Dollars & Sense . Includes several images from the original WPA . Living New Deal Project -- The Living New Deal Project documents the living legacy of New Deal agencies , including the WPA . The Living New Deal website includes an extensive digital map featuring detailed information about specific WPA projects by location . New Deal Agencies : The Works Progress Administration Soul of a People documentary on Smithsonian Networks Works Progress Administration Tampa Office Records at the University of South Florida Arizona Archives Online Finding Aid -- The Arizona State Museum Library & Archives holds the records of the WPA Statewide Archaeological Project ( 1938 -- 1940 ) and are found on AAO . WPA Art Inventory Project at the Connecticut State Library WPA Omaha , Nebraska City Guide Project by the University of Nebraska Omaha Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library . WPA publications from Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , North Carolina , and Tennessee housed at the University of Kentucky Libraries Special Collections Research Center Tapestries at A History of Central Florida Podcast WPA digital collection at the New York Public Library WPA Music Manuscripts at Wayne State University Library is a digitization project that contains 174 images of WPA music copies from 1935 - 1943 . WPA posters : Posters from the WPA at the Library of Congress Libraries and the WPA : The WPA Library Project in South Carolina South Carolina Public Library History , 1930 -- 1945 WPA Children 's Books ( 1935 -- 1943 ) Broward County Library 's Bienes Museum of the Modern Book WPA murals : Database of WPA murals WPA - FAP Mural Division in NYC , and restoration of murals at the Williamsburg Houses and Hospital for Chronic Diseases on Welfare Island WPA mural projects by noted muralist Sr. Lucia Wiley WPA Artist Louis Schanker WPA Artist Robert Tabor Works Progress Administration Federal Project Number One Federal Art Project Federal Music Project Federal Theatre Project Federal Writers ' Project Pack Horse Library Project Historical Records Survey New Deal Causes and legacy Great Depression New Deal Coalition Brain Trust American Liberty League Criticism New Deal Emergency Banking Act Economy Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) Civil Works Administration Communications Act Executive Order 6102 Homeowners Refinancing Act Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frazier -- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Glass -- Steagall Act National Industrial Recovery Act National Housing Act National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Public Works Administration ( PWA ) Public Works of Art Project Reciprocal Tariff Act Railroad Retirement Act Securities Act Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) Second New Deal Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) Federal Project Number One Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Farm Security Administration Judicial Procedures Reform Act National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act National Labor Relations Board ( Act ) Rural Electrification Act Rural Electrification Administration Social Security United States Housing Authority Individuals Franklin D. Roosevelt Harold L. Ickes Frances Perkins Harry Hopkins Henry Morgenthau , Jr . Huey Long Herbert Hoover Robert F. Wagner Commons Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Adams_1995 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Leighninger_Long_Range was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Smith was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Taylor was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&oldid=810147501 '' Categories : Works Progress Administration New Deal agencies Defunct agencies of the United States government History of the United States government Former United States Federal assistance programs 1935 establishments in Washington , D.C. Government agencies established in 1935 Government agencies disestablished in 1943 1943 disestablishments in Washington , D.C. Great Depression in the United States Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2016 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本語 Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 16 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the purpose of the works progress administration	[ "The Works Progress Administration (WPA; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration) was the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency, employing millions of people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects,[1] including the construction of public buildings and roads. In a much smaller project, Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects.[1]" ]	[ "employing millions of people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects" ]
-5836259088789780428	List of Ohio State Buckeyes football seasons	List of Ohio State Buckeyes football seasons - wikipedia List of Ohio State Buckeyes football seasons Jump to : navigation , search The first football team representing the Ohio State University in 1890 . The Buckeyes take to the field for a game during the 2006 season . The Ohio State Buckeyes college football team competes as part of the National Jonny Red Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision , representing the Ohio State University in the East Division of the Big Ten Conference . Ohio State has played their home games at Ohio Stadium in Columbus , Ohio since 1922 . The Buckeyes claim eight national championships along with 37 conference championships and ten undefeated seasons ( six perfect seasons ) . Ohio State is second among all Big Ten programs in terms of conference championships ( 35 ) and has an overall record of 468 - 171 - 24 in conference play . With 837 wins in over 123 seasons of football , Ohio State ranks sixth among all programs in terms of total wins and is sixth all - time in win -- loss records in the NCAA . Football was introduced to the university by George Cole and Alexander S. Lilley in 1890 . Lilley led the Buckeyes to a record of three wins and five losses over his two seasons as head coach . Ohio State was a football independent from 1890 to 1901 before joining the Ohio Athletic Conference ( OAC ) as a charter member in 1902 . The Buckeyes won two conference championships while members of the OAC and in 1913 became members of the Big Ten Conference . The school saw its first real success in football and in the Big Ten under head coach John Wilce , who spent sixteen years at the university and won three conference championships , with a Rose Bowl appearance in 1921 . Ohio State won two more Big Ten titles under head coach Francis Schmidt and would win their first national championship in 1942 under legendary head coach Paul Brown . Following World War II , Ohio State saw sparse success on the football field with three separate coaches and in 1951 would hire Woody Hayes to coach the team . Under his guidance Ohio State won thirteen Big Ten championships and national championships in 1954 , 1957 , 1961 , 1968 and 1970 . During his tenure Ohio State appeared Rose Bowl eight times , with the Buckeyes winning four of them . Following Hayes ' dismissal in 1978 , Earl Bruce became the head coach , leading the Buckeyes to a conference championship and a Rose Bowl appearance in his first season . Bruce coached for the Buckeyes from 1979 to 1987 and was replaced in 1988 by John Cooper . Under Cooper and Bruce the Buckeyes won seven conference championships . Jim Tressel was hired as head coach in 2001 and quickly gave Ohio State its seventh national championship in 2002 with a win in the Fiesta Bowl . Ohio State won seven Big Ten championships under Tressel and appeared in eight Bowl Championship Series games , winning five of them . Prior to the 2012 season , Ohio State hired their current head coach , Urban Meyer , who led the program to their eighth national championship in the 2014 season and an undefeated 2012 season . Through the 2015 season , Ohio State has compiled an official overall record of 886 wins , 322 losses , 53 ties and has appeared in 47 bowl games , with the most recent coming in 2016 Fiesta Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons 1.1 All - time records 2 Notes 3 References Seasons ( edit ) National Champions Conference Champions * Division Champions Bowl game berth ^ Season Head coach Conference Season results Bowl result Final ranking Conference finish Division finish Won Lost Tied Associated Press Poll Coaches ' Poll Ohio State Buckeyes 1890 Alexander Lilley Independent -- -- 0 -- N / A N / A 1891 Independent -- -- 0 -- N / A N / A 1892 Frederick Ryder Independent -- -- 5 0 -- N / A N / A 1893 Independent -- -- 5 0 -- N / A N / A 1894 Independent -- -- 6 5 0 -- N / A N / A 1895 Independent -- -- -- N / A N / A 1896 Charles Hickey Independent -- -- 5 5 -- N / A N / A 1897 David Edwards Independent -- -- 7 -- N / A N / A 1898 Frederick Ryder Independent -- -- 5 0 -- N / A N / A 1899 John Eckstorm Independent -- -- 9 0 -- N / A N / A 1900 Independent -- -- 8 -- N / A N / A 1901 Independent -- -- 5 -- N / A N / A 1902 Perry Hale Ohio Athletic Conference 2nd -- 6 -- N / A N / A 1903 Ohio Athletic Conference 2nd -- 8 0 -- N / A N / A 1904 Edwin Sweetland Ohio Athletic Conference 2nd -- 6 5 0 -- N / A N / A 1905 Ohio Athletic Conference 2nd -- 8 -- N / A N / A 1906 * Albert Herrnstein Ohio Athletic Conference 1st * -- 8 0 -- N / A N / A 1907 Ohio Athletic Conference 2nd -- 7 -- N / A N / A 1908 Ohio Athletic Conference 2nd -- 6 0 -- N / A N / A 1909 Ohio Athletic Conference 3rd -- 7 0 -- N / A N / A 1910 Howard Jones Ohio Athletic Conference 3rd -- 6 -- N / A N / A 1911 Harry Vaughan Ohio Athletic Conference 4th -- 5 -- N / A N / A 1912 * John Richards Ohio Athletic Conference 1st * -- 6 0 -- N / A N / A 1913 John Wilce Big Ten Conference T -- 6th -- -- N / A N / A 1914 Big Ten Conference T -- 4th -- 5 0 -- N / A N / A 1915 Big Ten Conference T -- 3rd -- 5 -- N / A N / A 1916 * Big Ten Conference 1st * -- 7 0 0 -- N / A N / A 1917 * Big Ten Conference 1st * -- 8 0 -- N / A N / A 1918 Big Ten Conference T -- 8th -- 0 -- N / A N / A 1919 Big Ten Conference 2nd -- 6 0 -- N / A N / A 1920 * Big Ten Conference 1st * -- 7 0 Lost Rose Bowl to California Golden Bears , 28 -- 0 ^ N / A N / A 1921 Big Ten Conference T -- 2nd -- 5 0 -- N / A N / A 1922 Big Ten Conference 8th -- 0 -- N / A N / A 1923 Big Ten Conference 8th -- -- N / A N / A 1924 Big Ten Conference 7th -- -- N / A N / A 1925 Big Ten Conference 8th -- -- N / A N / A 1926 Big Ten Conference 3rd -- 7 0 -- N / A N / A 1927 Big Ten Conference T -- 6th -- 0 -- N / A N / A 1928 Big Ten Conference 4th -- 5 -- N / A N / A 1929 Sam Willaman Big Ten Conference T -- 5th -- -- N / A N / A 1930 Big Ten Conference T -- 4th -- 5 -- N / A N / A 1931 Big Ten Conference T -- 4th -- 6 0 -- N / A N / A 1932 Big Ten Conference 4th -- -- N / A N / A 1933 Big Ten Conference 2nd -- 7 0 -- N / A N / A 1934 Francis Schmidt Big Ten Conference 2nd -- 7 0 -- N / A N / A 1935 * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 7 0 -- N / A N / A 1936 Big Ten Conference T -- 2nd -- 5 0 -- -- N / A 1937 Big Ten Conference 2nd -- 6 0 -- 13 N / A 1938 Big Ten Conference 6th -- -- -- N / A 1939 * Big Ten Conference 1st * -- 6 0 -- 15 N / A 1940 Big Ten Conference T -- 4th -- 0 -- -- N / A 1941 Paul Brown Big Ten Conference T -- 2nd -- 6 -- 13 N / A 1942 † * Big Ten Conference 1st -- 9 0 -- N / A 1943 Big Ten Conference 7th -- 6 0 -- -- N / A 1944 * Carroll Widdoes Big Ten Conference 1st * -- 9 0 0 -- N / A 1945 Big Ten Conference 3rd -- 7 0 -- 12 N / A 1946 Paul Bixler Big Ten Conference T -- 6th -- -- -- N / A 1947 Wes Fesler Big Ten Conference 9th -- 6 -- -- N / A 1948 Big Ten Conference 4th -- 6 0 -- -- N / A 1949 * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 7 Won Rose Bowl vs. California Golden Bears , 17 -- 14 ^ 6 N / A 1950 Big Ten Conference T -- 2nd -- 6 0 -- 10 14 1951 Woody Hayes Big Ten Conference 5th -- -- -- -- 1952 Big Ten Conference 3rd -- 6 0 -- 17j 15 1953 Big Ten Conference 4th -- 6 0 -- -- 20 1954 † * Big Ten Conference 1st * -- 10 0 0 Won Rose Bowl vs. USC Trojans , 20 -- 7 ^ 1955 * Big Ten Conference 1st * -- 7 0 -- 5 5 1956 Big Ten Conference T -- 4th -- 6 0 -- 15 -- 1957 † * Big Ten Conference 1st -- 9 0 Won Rose Bowl vs. Oregon Webfoots , 10 -- 7 ^ 1958 Big Ten Conference 3rd -- 6 -- 8 7 1959 Big Ten Conference T -- 8th -- 5 -- -- -- 1960 Big Ten Conference 3rd -- 7 0 -- 8 8 1961 † * Big Ten Conference 1st -- 8 0 -- 1962 Big Ten Conference T -- 3rd -- 6 0 -- -- 13 1963 Big Ten Conference T -- 2nd -- 5 -- -- -- 1964 Big Ten Conference 2nd -- 7 0 -- 9 9 1965 Big Ten Conference 2nd -- 7 0 -- -- 11 1966 Big Ten Conference 6th -- 5 0 -- -- -- 1967 Big Ten Conference 4th -- 6 0 -- -- -- 1968 † * Big Ten Conference 1st * -- 10 0 0 Won Rose Bowl vs. USC Trojans , 27 -- 16 ^ 1969 * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 8 0 5 1970 † * Big Ten Conference 1st * -- 9 0 Lost Rose Bowl to Stanford Indians , 27 -- 17 ^ 5 1971 Big Ten Conference T -- 3rd -- 6 0 -- -- 1972 * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 9 0 Lost Rose Bowl to USC Trojans , 42 -- 17 ^ 9 1973 * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 10 0 Won Rose Bowl vs. USC Trojans , 42 -- 21 ^ 1974 * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 10 0 Lost Rose Bowl to USC Trojans , 18 -- 17 ^ 1975 * Big Ten Conference 1st * -- 11 0 Lost Rose Bowl to UCLA Bruins , 23 -- 10 ^ 1976 * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 9 Won Orange Bowl vs. Colorado Buffaloes , 27 -- 10 ^ 6 5 1977 * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 9 0 Lost Sugar Bowl to Alabama Crimson Tide , 35 -- 6 ^ 11 12 1978 Big Ten Conference 4th -- 7 Lost Gator Bowl to Clemson Tigers , 17 -- 15 ^ 11 12 1979 * Earle Bruce Big Ten Conference 1st * -- 11 0 Lost Rose Bowl to USC Trojans , 17 -- 16 ^ 1980 Big Ten Conference T -- 2nd -- 9 0 Lost Fiesta Bowl to Penn State Nittany Lions , 31 -- 19 ^ 15 15 1981 * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 9 0 Won Liberty Bowl vs. Navy Midshipmen , 31 -- 28 ^ 12 15 1982 Big Ten Conference 2nd -- 9 0 Won Holiday Bowl vs. BYU Cougars , 47 -- 17 ^ 12 12 Big Ten Conference 4th -- 9 0 Won Fiesta Bowl vs. Pittsburgh Panthers , 28 -- 23 ^ 9 8 1984 * Big Ten Conference 1st * -- 9 0 Lost Rose Bowl to USC Trojans , 20 -- 17 ^ 12 13 1985 Big Ten Conference T -- 4th -- 9 0 Won Citrus Bowl vs. BYU Cougars , 10 -- 7 ^ 11 14 1986 * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 10 0 Won Cotton Bowl Classic vs. Texas A&M Aggies , 28 -- 12 ^ 6 7 Big Ten Conference 5th -- 6 -- -- -- 1988 John Cooper Big Ten Conference T -- 7th -- 6 -- -- -- 1989 Big Ten Conference T -- 3rd -- 8 0 Lost Hall of Fame Bowl to Auburn Tigers , 31 -- 14 ^ 21 -- 1990 Big Ten Conference 5th -- 7 Lost Liberty Bowl to Air Force Falcons , 23 -- 11 ^ -- -- 1991 Big Ten Conference T -- 3rd -- 8 0 Lost Hall of Fame Bowl to Syracuse Orange , 24 -- 17 ^ -- -- 1992 Big Ten Conference 2nd -- 8 Lost Citrus Bowl to Georgia Bulldogs , 21 -- 14 ^ 18 19 1993 * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 10 Won Holiday Bowl vs. BYU Cougars , 28 -- 21 ^ 11 10 1994 Big Ten Conference 2nd -- 9 0 Lost Citrus Bowl to Alabama Crimson Tide , 24 -- 17 ^ 14 9 1995 Big Ten Conference 2nd -- 11 0 Lost Citrus Bowl to Tennessee Volunteers , 20 -- 14 ^ 6 8 1996 * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 11 -- Won Rose Bowl vs. Arizona State Sun Devils , 20 -- 17 ^ 1997 Big Ten Conference T -- 2nd -- 10 -- Lost Sugar Bowl to Florida State Seminoles , 31 -- 14 ^ 12 12 1998 * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 11 -- Won Sugar Bowl vs. Texas A&M Aggies , 24 -- 14 ^ 1999 Big Ten Conference T -- 8th -- 6 6 -- -- -- -- 2000 Big Ten Conference 4th -- 8 -- Lost Outback Bowl to South Carolina Gamecocks , 24 -- 7 ^ -- -- 2001 Jim Tressel Big Ten Conference 3rd -- 7 5 -- Lost Outback Bowl to South Carolina Gamecocks , 31 -- 28 ^ -- -- 2002 † * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 14 0 -- Won Fiesta Bowl vs. Miami Hurricanes , 31 -- 24 ^ 2003 Big Ten Conference T -- 2nd -- 11 -- Won Fiesta Bowl vs. Kansas State Wildcats , 35 -- 28 ^ Big Ten Conference T -- 5th -- 8 -- Won Alamo Bowl vs. Oklahoma State Cowboys , 33 -- 7 ^ 20 19 2005 * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 10 -- Won Fiesta Bowl vs. Notre Dame Fighting Irish , 34 -- 20 ^ 2006 * Big Ten Conference 1st * -- 12 -- Lost BCS National Championship to Florida Gators , 41 -- 14 ^ 2007 * Big Ten Conference 1st * -- 11 -- Lost BCS National Championship to LSU Tigers , 38 -- 24 ^ 5 2008 * Big Ten Conference T -- 1st * -- 10 -- Lost Fiesta Bowl to Texas Longhorns , 24 -- 21 ^ 9 11 2009 * Big Ten Conference 1st * -- 11 -- Won Rose Bowl vs. Oregon Ducks , 26 -- 17 ^ 5 5 Big Ten Conference T -- 1st -- 0 ( 12 ) -- Won Sugar Bowl vs. Arkansas Razorbacks , 31 -- 26 ^ 5 5 2011 Luke Fickell Big Ten Conference -- 4th 6 7 -- Lost Gator Bowl to Florida Gators , 24 -- 17 ^ -- -- 2012 Urban Meyer Big Ten Conference -- 1st 12 0 -- Ineligible Ineligible 2013 Big Ten Conference 2nd 1st 12 -- Lost Orange Bowl to Clemson Tigers , 40 -- 35 ^ 12 10 2014 † * Big Ten Conference 1st * 1st 14 -- Won Sugar Bowl vs. Alabama Crimson Tide , 42 -- 35 ( CFP Semifinal ) Won College Football Playoff National Championship vs. Oregon Ducks , 42 -- 20 ^ 2015 Big Ten Conference -- T -- 1st 12 -- Won Fiesta Bowl vs. Notre Dame Fighting Irish , 44 -- 28 ^ 2016 Big Ten Conference -- T -- 1st 11 -- Lost Fiesta Bowl vs. Clemson Tigers , 31 - 0 ( CFP Semifinal ) ^ 6 6 2017 Big Ten Conference -- All - time records ( edit ) Records current through Sept. 1 , 2017 . Statistic Wins Losses Ties Ohio State Buckeyes regular season record ( 1890 -- 2017 ) 866 297 53 Ohio State Buckeyes bowl game record ( 1890 -- 2017 ) 22 25 -- All - time regular and bowl game record ( 1890 -- 2017 ) 887 322 53 Notes ( edit ) The Big Ten Conference introduced divisional play in 2011 ; the divisional winners advance to the Big Ten Championship Game to determine the conference champion . The Associated Press began conducting a weekly college football poll in 1936 . The college football coaches ' poll has been sponsored by multiple organizations since its creation in 1950 . Its current sponsor is USA Today . Overtime rules in college football were introduced in 1996 , making ties impossible . Ohio State vacated all 12 of its victories and its Big Ten Conference championship from the 2010 season . Ohio State finished with a share of the Big Ten championship in 2010 , which was unaffected by the vacation of the school 's victories from that season . Luke Fickell was named as the interim head coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes in 2011 , following Jim Tressel 's dismissal on May 30 , 2011 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ohio Stadium '' . Ohio State Buckeyes . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ohio State Buckeyes Football Results by Year '' ( PDF ) . Ohio State Buckeyes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Opponents '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football Bowl Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten History '' . Big Ten Conference . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Fiesta Bowl '' . FiestaBowl.org . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Buckeyes Football Coaching Records '' ( PDF ) . Ohio State Buckeyes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Buckeyes Football Bowl Results '' ( PDF ) . Ohio State Buckeyes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Announces Football Division Alignments and 2011 and 2012 Conference Schedules '' . Big Ten.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Overtime system still excites coaches '' . USA Today.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ludlow , Randy ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Ohio State vacates wins from 2010 football season , places program on probation '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Dispatch Printing Co . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ohio State vacates all 2010 victories , ESPN , July 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ NCAA record book , Ohio State , 2010 - 11 season Jump up ^ `` Luke Fickell Named Interim Ohio State Football Coach '' . 10TV.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Ohio State Buckeyes football Venues Recreation Park ( 1890 -- 1897 ) Ohio Field ( 1898 -- 1921 ) Ohio Stadium ( 1922 -- present ) Woody Hayes Athletic Center ( practice ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Illinois ( Illibuck ) Michigan ( The Ten Year War ) Penn State Culture & lore History Brutus Buckeye `` Across the Field '' `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' `` Carmen Ohio '' Neutron Man Marching band Snow Bowl ( 1950 ) 1969 Michigan game 1973 Michigan game The Kick `` Holy Buckeye '' 2006 `` Game of the Century '' Block O `` Hang On Sloopy '' The Ten Year War WBNS - TV WBNS WBNS - FM Ohio State IMG Sports Network People Head coaches All - Century Team Yearly statistical leaders NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_seasons&oldid=803638206 '' Categories : Lists of college football seasons Ohio State Buckeyes football seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 18 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did ohio state last lose at home	[]	[]
-7996404251089947964	Seneca people	Seneca People - wikipedia Seneca People Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Seneca the Younger . Seneca Total population 8,000 Regions with significant populations United States ( New York , Oklahoma ) Canada ( Ontario ) Cattaragus Reservation 2,412 Tonawanda Reservation 543 Allegany Reservation 1,099 Languages Seneca , English , Other Iroquoian languages , Religion Longhouse , Handsome Lake , Kai'hwi'io , Kanoh'hon'io , Kahni'kwi'io , other Christian denominations Related ethnic groups Onondaga Nation , Oneida Nation , Tuscarora Nation , Mohawk Nation , Cayuga Nation , other Iroquoian peoples , Wyandot ( Huron ) Nation , Neutral Nation , Erie Nation , Lenape Nation , Shawnee Nation , Mingo Nation The Seneca are a group of indigenous Iroquoian - speaking people native to North America who historically lived south of Lake Ontario . They were the nation located farthest to the west within the Six Nations or Iroquois League ( Haudenosaunee ) in New York before the American Revolution . In the 21st century , more than 10,000 Seneca live in the United States , which has three federally recognized Seneca tribes . Two are in New York : the Seneca Nation of New York , with two reservations in western New York near Buffalo ; and the Tonawanda Band of Seneca Native Americans . The Seneca - Cayuga Nation is located in Oklahoma , where their ancestors were relocated from Ohio during Indian Removal . Approximately 1,000 Seneca live in Canada , near Brantford , Ontario , at the Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation . They are descendants of Seneca who resettled there after the American Revolution , as they had been allies of the British and forced to cede much of their lands . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Contact with Europeans 2.2 Seneca 's expanding influence and diplomacy 2.3 Interactions with the United States 2.3. 1 Pre-American Revolution Involvement 2.3. 2 Involvement in the American Revolution 2.3. 3 After the American Revolution 3 Today 4 Kinzua Dam displacement 5 Leased land disputes 6 Grand Island claims 7 Thruway claims 8 Economy 8.1 Diversified businesses 8.2 Seneca Medical Marijuana Initiative 8.3 Tax - free gasoline and cigarette sales 8.4 Casinos 8.5 Broadcasting 8.6 Employment 9 Notable Seneca 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Further reading 13 External links Name ( edit ) The Seneca nation 's own name is Onöndowága , meaning `` Great Hill Place '' . It is identical to the endonym used by the Onondaga people . At the time of formation of the Haudenosaunee , they lived as the farthest west of the five nations within the league . They were referred to as the Keepers of the Western Door . Other nations called them Seneca after their principal village of Osininka . Since `` Osininka '' sounds like the Anishinaabe word Asinikaa ( n ) , meaning `` Those at the Place Full of Stones '' , this gave rise to further confusion . Non-Haudenosaunee nations confused the Seneca nation 's name with that of the Oneida nation 's endonym Onyota'a : ka , meaning `` People of the Standing Stone '' . Oas - in - in Ka ( Seneca ) means `` Stone Place '' . History ( edit ) A legend of the Seneca tribe states that the tribe originated in a village called Nundawao , near the south end of Canandaigua Lake , at South Hill . Close to South Hill stands the 865 foot ( 264 m ) - high Bare Hill , known to the Seneca as Genundowa . Bare Hill is part of the Bare Hill Unique Area , which began to be acquired by the state in 1989 . Bare Hill had been the site of a Seneca or pre-Seneca indigenous fort . The first written reference to this fort was made in 1825 by David Cusick in his history of the Seneca Indians : The traces of an ancient fort , covering about an acre , and surrounded by a ditch , and formerly by a formidable wall , are still to be seen on top of Bare Hill . They indicate defenses raised by Indian hands , or more probably belong to the labors of a race that preceded the Indian occupation . The wall is now about tumbled down , the stones seem somewhat scattered , and the ground is overgrown with brush . -- S.C. Cleveland , History of Yates County , New York ( 1873 ) In the early 1920s , the material that made up the Bare Hill fort was used by the Town of Middlesex highway department for road fill . The Seneca traditionally lived in what is now New York state between the Genesee River and Canandaigua Lake . The dating of an oral tradition mentioning a solar eclipse yields 1142 AD as the year for the Seneca joining the Iroquois ( Haudenosaunee ) . Some recent archaeological evidence indicates their territory eventually extended to the Allegheny River in present - day northwestern Pennsylvania , particularly after the Iroquois destroyed both the Wenrohronon and Erie nations in the 17th century , who were native to the area . The Seneca were by far the most populous of the Haudenosaunee nations , numbering about four thousand by the seventeenth century . Seneca villages were located as far east as current - day Schuyler County ( e.g. Catherine 's Town and Kanadaseaga ) , south into current Tioga and Chemung counties , north and east into Tompkins and Cayuga counties , and west into the Genesee River valley . The villages were the homes and headquarters of the Seneca . While the Seneca maintained substantial permanent settlements and raised agricultural crops in the vicinity of their villages , they also hunted widely through extensive areas . They prosecuted far - reaching military campaigns . The villages , where hunting and military campaigns were planned and executed , indicate the Seneca had hegemony in these areas . Major Seneca villages were protected with wooden palisades . Ganondagan , with 150 longhouses , was the largest Seneca village of the 17th century , while Chenussio , with 130 longhouses , was a major village of the 18th century . The Seneca had two branches ; the western and the eastern . Each branch distinct , they were individually incorporated and recognized by the Iroquois Confederacy Council . The western Seneca lived predominately in and around the Genesee River , gradually moving west and southwest along the Erie and Niagara rivers , then south along the Allegheny River into Pennsylvania . The eastern Seneca lived predominantly south of Seneca Lake . They moved south and east into Pennsylvania and the western Catskill area . The west and north were under constant attack from their powerful Iroquoian brethren , the Huron ( Wyandot ) To the South , the Iroquoian - speaking tribes of the Susquehannock ( Conestoga ) also threatened constant warfare . The Algonkian tribes of the Mohican blocked access to the Hudson River in the east and northeast . In the southeast , the Algonkian tribes of the Lenape people ( Delaware , Minnisink and Esopus ) threatened war from eastern Pennsylvania , New Jersey and the Lower Hudson . The Seneca used the Genesee and Allegheny rivers , as well as the Great Indian War and Trading Path ( the Seneca Trail ) , to travel from southern Lake Ontario into Pennsylvania and Ohio ( Merrill , Arch . Land of the Senecas ; Empire State Books , 1949 , p 18 - 25 ) . The eastern Seneca had territory just north of the intersection of the Chemung , Susquehanna , Tioga and Delaware rivers , which converged in Tioga . The rivers provided passage deep into all parts of eastern and western Pennsylvania , as well as east and northeast into the Delaware Water Gap and the western Catskills . The men of both branches of the Seneca wore the same head gear . Like the other Haudenosaunee , they wore hats ( basically ) with dried cornhusks on top . The Seneca had one feather sticking up straight . Traditionally , the Seneca Nation 's economy was based on hunting and gathering activities , fishing , and the cultivation of varieties corn , beans , and squash . These vegetables were the staple of the Haudenosaunee diet and were called `` the three sisters '' . Seneca women generally grew and harvested varieties of the three sisters , as well as gathering and processing medicinal plants , roots , berries , nuts , and fruit . Seneca women held sole ownership of all the land and the homes . The women also tended to any domesticated animals such as dogs and turkeys . The Iroquois had a matrilineal kinship system ; inheritance and property descended through the maternal line . Women were in charge of the kinship groups called clans . Children were considered born into their mother 's clan and took their social status from her family . Their mother 's eldest brother was generally more of a major figure in their lives than their biological father , who did not belong to their clan . The presiding elder of a clan was called the `` clan mother '' . Despite the prominent position of women in Iroquois society , their influence on the diplomacy of the nation was limited . If the `` clan mothers '' did not agree with any major decisions made by the chiefs , they could eventually depose them . Seneca men were generally in charge of locating and developing the town sites , including clearing the forest for the production of fields . Seneca men also spent a great deal of time hunting and fishing . This activity took them away from the towns or villages to well - known and productive hunting and fishing grounds for extended amounts of time . These hunting and fishing locations were altered and well maintained to encourage game ; they were not simply `` wild '' lands . Seneca men maintained the traditional title of war sachems within the Haudenosaunee . A Seneca war sachem was in charge of gathering the warriors and leading them into battle . Seneca people lived in villages and towns . Archaeological excavations indicate that some of these villages were surrounded by palisades because of warfare . These towns were relocated every ten to twenty years as soil , game and other resources were depleted . During the nineteenth century , many Seneca adopted customs of their immediate American neighbors by building log cabins , practicing Christianity , and participating in the local agricultural economy . Contact with Europeans ( edit ) Seneca Chief Cornplanter Portrait by F. Bartoli , 1796 During the colonial period , the Seneca became involved in the fur trade , first with the Dutch and then with the British . This served to increase hostility with competing native groups , especially their traditional enemy , the Huron ( Wyandot ) , an Iroquoian - speaking tribe located near Lac Toronto in New France . In 1609 , the French allied with the Huron ( Wyandot ) and set out to destroy the Iroquois . The Iroquois - Huron war raged until approximately 1650 . Led by the Seneca , the Confederacy began a near 35 - year period of conquest over surrounding tribes following the defeat of its most powerful enemy , the Huron ( Wyandot ) . The Confederacy conducted Mourning Wars to take captives to replace people lost in a severe smallpox epidemic in 1635 . Through raids , they stabilized their population after adopting young women and children as captives and incorporating them into the tribes . By the winter of 1648 , the Confederacy , led by the Seneca , fought deep into Canada and surrounded the capital of Huronia . Weakened by population losses due to their own smallpox epidemics as well as warfare , the Huron ( Wyandot ) unconditionally surrendered . They pledged allegiance to the Seneca as their protector . The Seneca subjugated the Huron ( Wyandot ) survivors and sent them to assimilate in the Seneca homelands . ( Parker at pp 36 -- 52 ; Merrill at pp. 78 -- 83 . ) In 1650 , the Seneca attacked and defeated the Neutrals to their west . In 1653 , the Seneca attacked and defeated the Erie to their southwest . Survivors of both the Huron and Erie were subjugated to the Seneca and relocated to the Seneca homeland . The Seneca took over the vanquished tribe 's traditional territories in western New York . ( Parker at pp 36 -- 52 ; Merrill at pp. 78 -- 83 . ) In 1675 , the Seneca defeated the Andaste / Susquehannock to the south and southeast . The Confederacy 's hegemony extended along the frontier from Canada to Ohio , deep into Pennsylvania , along the Mohawk Valley and into the lower Hudson in the east . They sought peace with the Algonquian - speaking Mohegan ( Mahican ) , who lived along the Hudson River . Within the Confederacy , Seneca power and presence extended from Canada to what would become Pittsburgh , east to the future Lackawanna and into the land of the Minnisink on the New York / New Jersey border . ( Parker at pp 36 -- 52 ; Merrill at pp. 78 -- 83 . ) The Seneca tried to curtail the encroachment of white settlers . This increased tensions and conflict with the French to the north and west , and the English and Dutch to the south and east . As buffers , the Confederacy resettled conquered tribes between them and the European settlers , with the greatest concentration of resettlements on the lower Susquehanna . ( Folts at pp. 33 -- 38 ) . In 1685 , King Louis XIV of France sent Marquis de Denonville to govern New France in Quebec . Denonville set out to destroy the Seneca Nation and in 1687 landed a French armada at Irondequoit Bay . Denonville struck straight into the seat of Seneca power and destroyed many of its villages , including the Seneca 's eastern capital of Ganondagan . Fleeing before the attack , the Seneca moved further west , east and south down the Susquehanna River . Although great damage was done to the Seneca home land , the Seneca 's military might was not appreciably weakened . The Confederacy and the Seneca moved into an alliance with the British in the east . ( Houghton at 244 ) . Seneca 's expanding influence and diplomacy ( edit ) In and around 1600 , the area currently comprising Sullivan , Ulster and Orange counties of New York was home to the Lenape Indians , an Algonquian - speaking people whose territory extended deep along the coastal areas of the mid-Atlantic coast , up into present - day Connecticut . They occupied the western part of Long Island as well . The Lenape nation was Algonkian - speaking and made up of the Delaware , Minnisink and Esopus bands , differentiated according to their territories . These bands later became known as the Munsee , based on their shared dialect . ( Folts at pp 32 ) The Munsee inhabited large tracts of land from the middle Hudson into the Delaware Water Gap , and into northeast Pennsylvania and northwest New Jersey . The Esopus inhabited the Mid-Hudson valley ( Sullivan and Ulster counties ) . The Minnisink inhabited northwest New Jersey . The Delaware inhabited the southern Susquehanna and Delaware water gaps . The Minnisink - Esopus trail , today 's Route 209 , helped tie this world together . To the west of the Delaware nation were the Iroquoian - speaking Andaste / Susquehannock . To the east of the Delaware Nation lay the encroaching peoples of Dutch New Netherland . From Manhattan , up through the Hudson , the settlers were interested in trading furs with the Susquehannock occupying territory in and around current Lancaster , Pennsylvania . As early as 1626 , the Susquehannock were struggling to get past the Delaware to trade with the Dutch in New Amsterdam ( Manhattan ) . In 1634 , war broke out between the Delaware and the Susquehannock , and by 1638 , the defeated Delaware became tributaries to the Susquehanna . The Iroquois Confederacy to the north was growing in strength and numbers , and the Seneca , as the most numerous and adventurous , began to travel extensively . Eastern Seneca traveled down the Chemung River to the Susquehanna River . At Tioga the Seneca had access to every corner of Munsee country . Seneca warriors traveled the Forbidden Path south to Tioga to the Great Warrior Path to Scranton and then east over the Minnisink Path through the Lorde 's valley to Minnisink . The Delaware River path went straight south through the ancient Indian towns of Cookhouse , Cochecton and Minnisink , where it became the Minsi Path . Using these ancient highways , the Seneca exerted influence in what is today Ulster and Sullivan counties from the Dutch colonial era onward . Historical evidence demonstrating Seneca presence in the Lower Catskills includes : In 1657 and 1658 , the Seneca visited , as diplomats , Dutch colonial officials in New Amsterdam . In 1659 and 1660 , the Seneca interceded in the First Esopus War , which was going on between the Dutch and Esopus at current - day Kingston . The Seneca chief urged Stuyvesant to end the bloodshed and `` return the captured Esopus savages '' . In 1675 , after a decade of warfare between the Iroquois ( mainly the Mohawk and Oneida ) and the Andaste / Susquehannock , the Seneca finally succeeded in vanquishing their last remaining great enemy. ( Parker at pp 49 ) Survivors were colonized in settlements along the Susquehanna River and were assimilated into the Seneca and Cayuga people . In 1694 , Captain Arent Schuyler , in an official report , described the Minnisink chiefs as being fearful of being attacked by the Seneca because of not paying wampum tribute to these Iroquois . Around 1700 , the upper Delaware watershed of New York and Pennsylvania became home of the Minnisink Indians moving north and northwest from New Jersey , and of Esopus Indians moving west from the Mid-Hudson valley . By 1712 , the Esopus Indians were reported to have reached the east Pepacton branch of the Delaware River , on the western slopes of the Catskill Mountains . From 1720 to the 1750s , the Seneca resettled and assimilated the Munsee into their people and the Confederacy . Historical accounts had noted the difficulties encountered by the Seneca during this period and noted a dissolution of their traditional society under pressure of disease and encroachment by European Americans . But fieldwork at the 1715 - 1754 Seneca Townley - Read site near Geneva , New York , has recovered evidence of `` substantial Seneca autonomy , selectivity , innovation , and opportunism in an era usually considered to be one of cultural disintegration '' . In 1756 , the Confederacy directed the Munsee to settle in a new satellite town in Seneca territory called Assinisink ( where Corning developed ) on the Chemung River . In this period , they developed satellite towns for war captives who were being assimilated near several of their major towns . The Seneca received some of the Munsee 's war prisoners as part of their negotiations . At a peace conference in Easton , Pennsylvania in 1758 , the Seneca chief Tagashata required the Munsee and Minnisink to conclude a peace with the colonists and `` take the hatchet out of your heads , and bury it under ground , where it shall always rest and never be taken up again '' . A large delegation of Iroquois attended this meeting to demonstrate that the Munsee were under their protection . In 1759 , as colonial records indicate , negotiators had to go through the Seneca in order to have diplomatic success with the Munsee . Despite the French military campaigns , Seneca power remained far - reaching at the beginning of the 18th century . Gradually , the Seneca began to ally with their trading partners , the Dutch and British , against France 's ambitions in the New World . By 1760 during the Seven Years ' War , they helped the British capture Fort Niagara from the French . The Seneca had relative peace from 1760 to 1775 . In 1763 a Seneca war party ambushed a British supply train and soldiers in Battle of Devil 's Hole , also known as the Devil 's Hole massacre , during Pontiac 's Rebellion . After the American Revolutionary War broke out between the British and the colonists , the Seneca at first attempted to remain neutral but both sides tried to bring them into the action . When the rebel colonists defeated the British at Fort Stanwix , they killed many Seneca onlookers . Interactions with the United States ( edit ) Seneca woman Ah - Weh - Eyu ( Pretty Flower ) , 1908 . Pre-american Revolution involvement ( edit ) The Seneca Tribe before the American Revolution had a prosperous society . The Iroquois Confederacy had ended the fighting amongst the war - based Iroquois tribes and allowed them to live in peace with each other . Yet , despite this peace amongst themselves , the Iroquois tribes were all revered as fierce warriors and were reputed to control together a large empire that stretched hundreds of miles along the Appalachian Mountains . The Seneca were a part of this confederacy with the Cayuga , Onondagas , Oneidas , Mohawks , and , later on , the Tuscaroras . However , although the Seneca and Iroquois tribes had ceased fighting each other , they still continued to conduct raids on outsiders , or rather their European visitors . Despite the Iroquois continuing raids on their new European neighbors , the Iroquois tribes struck up profitable relationships with the Europeans , especially the English . In 1677 , the English were able to make an alliance with the Iroquois league called the `` Covenant Chain '' . In 1768 , the English renewed this alliance when Sir William Johnson , 1st Baronet signed the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768 . This treaty put the British in good favor with the Iroquois , as they felt that the British had their best interests in mind as well . The Americans , unlike the British , were disliked by the Seneca because of their continual disregard for the Treaty of Fort Stanwix . Specifically , the Iroquois were enraged by the Americans movement into the Ohio Territory . However , despite their continual encroachment on established Iroquois land , the Americans respected their skills at warfare and attempted to exclude from their conflict with the British . The Americans viewed their conflict with the British as a conflict meant to include only them . The Albany Council occurred in August , and the Iroquois Confederacy debated about the Revolution from August 25 to August 31 . The non-Iroquois present at the council consisted of important figures like Philip Schuyler , Oliver Wolcott , Turbutt Francis , Volkert Douw , Samuel Kirkland , and James Dean . The Iroquois at the council were representatives from all the tribes , but the Mohawk , Oneidas , and Tuscaroras had the most representatives . The Iroquois agreed with the Americans and decided at their Albany Council that they should remain as spectators to the conflict . A Mohawk Chief named Little Abraham declared that `` the determination of the Six Nations not to take any part ; but as it is a family affair , to sit still and see you fight it out '' . Thus , the Iroquois chose to remain neutral for the time being . They felt it would be best to stand aside while the Colonists and the British battled . They did not wish to get caught up in this supposed `` family quarrel between ( them ) and Old England '' . Despite this neutrality , the anti-Native American rhetoric of the Americans pushed the Iroquois over to the side of the British . The Americans put forth an extremely racist and divisive message . They viewed the Iroquois and other Native Americans as savages and lesser people . An example of this rhetoric came on this quote from Raphael : `` the merciless Indian Savages , whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes , and conditions . '' As a result of this terrible rhetoric , many Mohawk , Cayuga , Onondaga , and Seneca prepared to join the British . However , many Oneida and Tuscarora were able to be swayed by an American missionary , Samuel Kirkland . The Iroquois nation began to divide as the Revolution continued and , as a result , they extinguished the council fire that united the six Iroquois nations , therefore ending the Iroquois Confederacy . The Iroquois ended their political unity during the most turbulent time in their history . Two powers in the midst of battle pulled them apart to gain their skill as warriors . This divided the Iroquois and the tribes chose sides based on preference . In addition to the push of American bigoted rhetoric , the British , also , continued to attempt to sway the Iroquois towards their side . One British 's attempt to sway the Iroquois were described by two Seneca tribesmen , Mary Jemison and Governor Blacksnake . They both described the grandeur of the lavish gifts that the British bestowed upon the Iroquois . Governor Blacksnake 's account held many details about the luxurious treatment that they received from the British : `` ( I ) mmediately after arrival the officers came to see us to See what wanted for to Support the Indians with prvisions and with the flood of Rum . they are Some of the ... warriors made use of this intoxicating Drinks , there was several Barrel Delivered to us for us to Drinked for the white man told us to Drinked as much as we want of it all free gratus , and the goods if any of us wishes to get for our own use . '' Contingent to this generosity was the loyalty of the Iroquois to the British . The Iroquois debated whether to side with the British or not . An argument to remain neutral until further development came from Governor Blacksnake 's uncle Cornplanter , but Joseph Brant twisted his recommendation to wait as a sign of cowardice . The British noticed that the Indian warriors were divided on the issue , so the British presented them with rum , bells , ostrich feathers , and a covenant belt . The Americans attempted a similar wine and dine method on the Tuscarora and Oneidas . In the end , the Mohawk , Onondaga , Cayuga , and Seneca sided with the British , and the Tuscarora and Oneida sided with the Americans . From this point on , the Iroquois would have a serious role in the American Revolution . The war divided them and now they would be fighting against each other from 1777 till the end on opposite sides . Involvement in the American Revolution ( edit ) The Seneca chose to side with the British in the American Revolution . One of the earliest battles the Iroquois were involved in occurred on August 6 , 1777 , in Oriskany During the Battle of Oriskany , Native Americans led a brutal attack against the rebel Americans where they `` killed , wounded , or captured the majority of patriot soldiers '' . The Seneca Governor Blacksnake described the battle from the viewpoint of the victorious Indians : `` as we approach to a firghting we had preparate to make one fire and Run amongst them we So , while we Doing it , feels no more to Kill the Beast , and killed most all , the americans army , only a few white man Escape from us ... there I have Seen the most Dead Bodies all it over that I neve Did see . '' The Native American warriors had brutalized the American soldiers . Yet , this quote from Governor Blacksnake cited an instance of remorse from a Native American involvement in the American Revolution . Despite their reputed reputation as savages , the Iroquois clearly , like any other human , felt the mental effects of war . They were not the savage beasts that colonial Americans made them out to be previously . Author Ray Raphael made a connection between the Seneca warriors and Continental Army soldiers by noting that Blacksnake `` was not unlike '' known Revolutionary veterans `` Joseph Plumb Martin and James Collins and other white American ( veterans ) who could never finally resolve whether killing was right or wrong '' . As the war went on , many more brutal attacks and atrocities would be committed by both sides . The most brutal being the Sullivan Expedition , which devastated Iroquois and Seneca lands . The Fate of Jane Wells . A non-combatant woman killed during the Cherry Valley Massacre . The Iroquois were involved in numerous other battles during the American Revolution . Notable raids like the Cherry Valley massacre and Battle of Minisink , were carefully planned raids on a trail laid out `` from the Susquehanna to the Delaware Valley and over the Pine Hill to the Esopus Country '' . In 1778 Seneca , Cayuga , Onondaga , and Mohawk warriors conducted raids on white settlements in the upper Susquehanna Valley . Although the Iroquois were active participants , Seneca like Governor Blacksnake were extremely fed up with the brutality of the war . He noted particularly on his behavior at Oriskany , and how he felt `` it was great sinfull by the sight of God '' . Warriors like Blacksnake were feeling the mental toll of killing so many people during the American Revolution . As Raphael noted in his book , `` warfare had been much more personal '' for the Iroquois before the American Revolution . During the revolution , these once proud Iroquois were now reduced to conducting brutal acts such as the killing of women and children at the Cherry Valley massacre and the clubbing of surviving American soldiers at Oriskany . Although Seneca like Governor Blacksnake felt sorrow for their brutal actions , the Americans responded in a colder and more brutal fashion . This retaliation came in the Sullivan Expedition . The planning of the Sullivan Expedition began in 1778 as a way to respond to the Iroquois victories and massacres . This plan came about from the complaints of New Yorkers at the Continental Congress . The New Yorkers had suffered from the massive Iroquois offensives from 1777 to 1778 , and they wanted revenge . Besides the brutal battles described previously , the New Yorkers were especially concerned with Joseph Brant . Joseph Brant had Mohawk parents and British lineage , and at a young age , he was taken under the superintendent for Indian affairs . Brant grew to be a courteous and well - spoken man , and he took up the fight for the British because of harassment and discrimination from the Americans during the lead - up to the American Revolution . Thus , Brant formed a military group known as Brant 's Volunteers , which consisted of Mohawks and Loyalists . Brant and his band of volunteers led many raids against hamlets and farms in New York , especially Tryon County . As a result of Brant 's exploits , the Iroquois offensives , and several massacres the Iroquois inflicted against colonial towns , in 1778 the Seneca and other western nations were attacked by United States forces as part of the Sullivan Expedition . George Washington called upon Continental Army General John Sullivan ( general ) to lead this attack upon the Iroquois . He had received anywhere from 3000 to 4500 soldiers to wreak havoc upon the helpless Iroquois . Overall , the Sullivan Expedition wreaked untold havoc and destruction upon the Iroquois lands , as the soldiers `` destroy ( ed ) not only the homes of the Iroquois but their food stocks as well '' . Seneca woman Mary Jemison recalled how the Continental soldiers `` destroyed every article of the food kind that they could lay their hands on '' . To make matters worse for the Iroquois , an especially hard winter added in 1780 caused more suffering for the downtrodden Iroquois . The Sullivan Expedition highlighted a period of true total war within the American Revolution . The Americans looked to cripple the Iroquois . They accomplished that , but they instilled a deep hatred in the Iroquois warriors . After the Sullivan Expedition , the recovered Seneca , Cayuga , Onondaga , and Mohawk , angered by the destruction caused , resumed their raids on American settlements in New York . These Iroquois tribes not only attacked and plundered the American colonists , they , also , set fire to Oneida and Tuscarora settlements . The Iroquois continued their attacks upon the Americans , even after General Charles Cornwallis , 1st Marquess Cornwallis had surrendered at Yorktown in 1781 . They did not stop until their allies had caved in and surrendered . In 1782 , the Iroquois had finally stopped fighting when the British General Frederick Haldimand recalled them `` pending the peace the negotiations in Paris '' . The Iroquois , also , interestingly seemed to have a much larger knowledge of the war beyond the scope of New York . A letter from 1782 written by George Washington to John Hanson described intelligence captured from the British . In the letter , British soldiers encounter a group of Native Americans , and a discussion ensues . A soldier by the name of Campbell informs the Native Americans that the war ended and the Americans expressed their sorrow for the war . However , an unknown Seneca sachem informed the British `` that the Americans and ( F ) rench had beat the English , that the latter could no longer carry on the War , and that the Indians knew it well , and must now be sacrificed or submit to the Americans '' . This instance showed that at least one Seneca had knowledge of the British loss . One could assume that based on the warring traditions of the other Iroquois tribes that this knowledge was common among them . The final part of the quote also highlighted the reality that the Iroquois knew what American would mean in the future . It would mean a future under the group of people who discriminated and oppressed them before the revolution . A future under a ruling government that did not have their best interests at heart . After the American Revolution ( edit ) After the Revolution , near the Ganson Settlement , which would become LeRoy NY . The historic record books indicate that Chiefs Red Jacket , Hot Bread , Little Beard and Jack Berry were seen often at Ganson 's Tavern . Captain John Ganson had left his 2 sons with the tribes as he had to journey to his ill wife , who subsequently died . He returned to find his sons very healthy and happy to see him . Ganson 's daughter is quoted as saying there would be a whole mess of folks , all enjoying a good time . Travelers through the area state `` the Proprietor was drunk and women were screaming '' , yet somehow these folks managed to live in the Wilderness peacefully . This should be thoughtfully considered for the era . Not typical as stories go . The men had already been through war , maybe they had enough . The record book states Ganson 's daughter felt her father was somehow able to quell problems , probably a good BS'er , that was able to communicate with them very successfully . The settlers and the Natives lived peacefully in the Ganson Settlement . A well known scandal would occur however . A few years later , when the problem with the Freemasons and William Morgan 's disappearance / murder happened , only Freemasonry were involved . Many were indicted and tried for various charges . The Ganson 's were acquitted , as the large group of men had enjoyed a meal at the Tavern on their way to carry out their plan . Chief Red Jacket wears the Peace Medallion , see his wiki info and picture , that was given him by George Washington . His speech on Religion is widely recommended . These settlers literally owe their lives to the peaceful co-existence in the Wilderness . Their descendants realize this , and are grateful . From this point on , with the Iroquois League dissolved , the nation settled in new villages along Buffalo Creek , Tonawanda Creek , and Cattaraugus Creek in western New York . The Seneca , Onondaga , Cayuga , and Mohawk , as allies of the British , were required to cede all their lands in New York State at the end of the war , as Britain ceded its territory in the Thirteen Colonies to the new United States . The late - war Seneca settlements were assigned to them as their reservations after the Revolutionary War , as part of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1784 . Although the Oneida and Tuscarora were allies of the rebels , they were also forced to give up most of their territory . On July 8 , 1788 , the Seneca ( along with some Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , and Cayuga tribes ) sold rights to land east of the Genesee River in New York to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham of Massachusetts . On November 11 , 1794 , the Seneca ( along with the other Haudenosaunee nations ) signed the Treaty of Canandaigua with the United States , agreeing to peaceful relations . On September 15 , 1797 , at the Treaty of Big Tree , the Seneca sold their lands west of the Genesee River , retaining ten reservations for themselves . The sale opened up the rest of Western New York for settlement by European Americans . On January 15 , 1838 , the US and some Seneca leaders signed the Treaty of Buffalo Creek , by which the Seneca were to relocate to a tract of land west of the state of Missouri , but most refused to go . The majority of the Seneca in New York formed a modern elected government , the Seneca Nation of Indians , in 1848 . The Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians split off , choosing to keep a traditional form of tribal government . Both tribes are federally recognized in the United States . Today ( edit ) Seneca people message stick , inviting tribes to Six Nations dance , received in 1905 . Exhibit from the Native American Collection , Peabody Museum , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts While it is not known exactly how many Seneca there are , approximately 10,000 Seneca live near Lake Erie . About 7,800 people are citizens of the Seneca Nation of Indians . These members live or work on five reservations in New York : the Allegany ( which contains the city of Salamanca ) ; the Cattaraugus near Gowanda , New York ; the Buffalo Creek Territory located in downtown Buffalo ; the Niagara Falls Territory located in Niagara Falls , New York ; and the Oil Springs Reservation , near Cuba . Few Seneca reside at the Oil Springs , Buffalo Creek , or Niagara territories due to the small amount of land at each . The last two territories are held and used specifically for the gaming casinos which the tribe has developed . The Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians has about 1,200 citizens who live on their Tonawanda Reservation near Akron , New York . The third federally recognized tribe is the Seneca - Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma who live near Miami , Oklahoma . They are descendants of Seneca and Cayuga who had migrated from New York into Ohio before the Revolutionary War , under pressure from European encroachment . They were removed to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River in the 1830s . Many Seneca and other Iroquois migrated into Canada during and after the Revolutionary War , where the Crown gave them land in compensation for what was lost in their traditional territories . Some 10,000 to 25,000 Seneca are citizens of Six Nations and reside on the Grand River Territory , the major Iroquois reserve , near Brantford , Ontario . Enrolled members of the Seneca Nation also live elsewhere in the United States ; some moved to urban locations for work . Kinzua dam displacement ( edit ) See also : Kinzua Dam § Native Americans , and John F. Kennedy § Native American relations The federal government through the Corps of Engineers undertook a major project of a dam for flood control on the Allegheny River . The proposed project was planned to affect a major portion of Seneca territory in New York . Begun in 1960 , construction of the Kinzua Dam on the Allegheny River forced the relocation of approximately 600 Seneca from 10,000 acres ( 40 km ) of land which they had occupied under the 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua . They were relocated to Salamanca , near the northern shore of the Allegheny Reservoir that resulted from the flooding of land behind the dam . The Seneca had protested the plan for the project , filing suit in court and appealing to President John F. Kennedy to halt construction . The Seneca lost their court case , and in 1961 , citing the immediate need for flood control , Kennedy denied their request . This violation of Seneca rights , as well as those of many other Indian Nations , was memorialzed in the 1960s by folksinger Peter La Farge , who wrote , `` As Long as the Grass Shall Grow '' . It was also sung by Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash . ( Peter La Farge 's recording can be heard on `` As Long As The Grass Shall Grow - Peter La Farge Sings Of The Indians '' - Folkways FN 2532 , 1963 . ) Leased land disputes ( edit ) The United States Senate had never ratified the treaty which New York made with the Iroquois nations , and only Congress had the right to make such treaties . In the late 20th century , several tribes filed suit in land claims , seeking to regain their traditional lands by having the treaty declared invalid . The Seneca had other issues with New York and had challenged some long - term leases in court . The dispute centered around 99 -- year leases granted by the Seneca in 1890 for lands now in the city of Salamanca and nearby villages . In 1990 the Seneca Settlement Act was passed by Congress to resolve this long - running land dispute , requiring the state to pay compensation and provide some lands as well . The settlement cropped up again in the early 2000s . Issues arose over Seneca use of settlement lands to establish casino gaming operations , which have generated considerable revenues for many tribes since the late 20th century . Grand Island claims ( edit ) On August 25 , 1993 , the Seneca filed suit in United States District Court to begin an action to reclaim land allegedly taken from it by New York without having gained required approval of the treaty by the United States Senate . Only the US government constitutionally has power to make treaties with the Native American nations . The lands consisted of Grand Island and several smaller islands in the Niagara River . In November 1993 , the Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians moved to join the claim as a plaintiff ; it was granted standing as a plaintiff . In 1998 , the United States intervened in the lawsuits on behalf of the plaintiffs in the claim . This was to allow the claim to proceed against New York ; the state had asserted that it was immune from suit under the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution . After extensive negotiations and pre-trial procedures , all parties to the claim moved for judgment as a matter of law . By decision and order dated June 21 , 2002 , the trial court held that the Seneca ceded the subject lands to Great Britain in the 1764 treaties of peace after the French and Indian War ( Seven Years ' War ) . Thus the disputed lands were no longer owned by the Seneca at the time of the 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua . The court found that the state of New York 's `` purchase '' of the lands from the Seneca in 1815 was intended to avoid conflict with them , but the state already owned it by virtue of Great Britain 's defeat in the Revolution and cession of its lands to the United States ( and by default to the states in which the colonial lands were located . The Seneca appealed this decision . The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the trial court 's decision on September 9 , 2004 . The Seneca sought review of this decision by the US Supreme Court , which on June 5 , 2006 , announced that it would decline to hear the case , leaving the lower court rulings in place . Thruway claims ( edit ) On April 18 , 2007 , the Seneca Nation laid claim to a stretch of Interstate 90 that crosses the Cattaraugus Reservation . They revoked their 1954 agreement that had granted the Interstate Highway System and New York State Thruway Authority permission to build the highway through the territory . They were retaliating for move Governor Eliot Spitzer 's attempts to collect state taxes from tribal businesses operating within Seneca sovereign territory . The Seneca had previously brought suit against the state on the issue of the highway easement . The court in 1999 had ruled that the State could not be sued by the tribe . In Magistrate Heckman 's `` Report and Recommendation '' , it was noted that the State of New York asserted its immunity from suit against both counts of the complaint . One count was the Seneca Tribe 's challenge regarding the state 's acquisition of Grand Island and other smaller islands in the Niagara River , and the second count challenged the state 's thruway easement . In 2007 the United States was permitted to intervene on behalf of the Seneca Nation and the Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians . The United States was directed to file an amended complaint that `` clearly states the relief sought by the United States in this action '' . In this amended complaint , the United States did not seek any relief on behalf of the Seneca Nation relative to the thruway easement . By not seeking such relief in its amended complaint , the United States permitted the action relative to the thruway easement to be subject to dismissal based on New York 's immunity from suit under the Eleventh Amendment to the US Constitution . On May 4 , 2007 , the Seneca Nation threatened to revoke its agreement of easement for Interstate 86 . Economy ( edit ) Diversified businesses ( edit ) The Seneca have a diversified economy that relies on construction , communications , recreation , tourism , and retail sales . They have recently started operating two tribal - owned gaming casinos and recreation complexes . Several large construction companies are located on the Cattaraugus and Allegany Territories . Many smaller construction companies are owned and operated by Seneca people . A considerable number of Seneca men work in some facet of the construction industry . Recreation is one component of Seneca enterprises . The Highbanks Campground ( reopened May 2015 after being closed in 2013 ) plays host to visitors in summer , as people take in the scenic vistas and enjoy the Allegheny Reservoir . Several thousand fishing licenses are sold each year to non-Seneca fishermen . Many of these customers are tourists to the region . Several major highways adjacent to or on the Seneca Nation Territories provide ready accessibility to local , regional and national traffic . Many tourists visit the region during the autumn for the fall foliage . A substantial portion of the Seneca economy revolves around retail sales . From gas stations , smokeshops , and sports apparel , candles and artwork to traditional crafts , the wide range of products for sale on Seneca Nation Territories reflect the diverse interests of Seneca Nation citizens . Seneca medical marijuana Initiative ( edit ) Seneca Tribe has decided to enter the fast - growing Medical Marijuana Industry . By doing this , Seneca will find itself growing , business wise , and participating in a business venture that in recent years is growing very quickly . According to Bill Wagner , an author writing for High Times , `` Members of the Seneca Nation of Indians in western New York state voted up a referendum Nov. 3 giving tribal leaders approval to move towards setting up a medical marijuana business on their territories . The measure passed by a vote of 448 - 364 , giving the Seneca Nation Council the power to draft laws and regulations allowing the manufacture , use and distribution of cannabis for medical purposes . `` A decision on our Nation 's path of action on medical cannabis is far from made '' , cautioned Seneca President Maurice A. John Sr. in comments to the Buffalo News . `` But now , having heard from the Seneca people , our discussions and due diligence can begin in earnest . '' Entering the marijuana industry is thought to help stimulate the economy of the Seneca Tribe and create local business , dispensaries and other types of jobs involving medical marijuana . Tax - free gasoline and cigarette sales ( edit ) See also : Seneca ( cigarette ) The price advantage of the Senecas ' ability to sell tax - free gasoline and cigarettes has created a boom in their economy . They have established many service stations along the state highways that run through the reservations , as well as many internet cigarette stores . Competing business interests and the state government object to their sales over the Internet . The state of New York believes that the tribe 's sales of cigarettes by Internet are illegal . It also believes that the state has the authority to tax non-Indians who patronize Seneca businesses , a principle which the Seneca reject . Seneca President Barry Snyder has defended the price advantage as an issue of sovereignty . Secondly , he has cited the Treaty of Canandaigua and Treaty of Buffalo Creek as the basis of Seneca exemption from collecting taxes on cigarettes to pay the state . The Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court , Third Department had rejected this conclusion in 1994 . The court held that the provisions of the treaty regarding taxation was only with regard to property taxes . The New York Court of Appeals on December 1 , 1994 affirmed the lower court 's decision . The Seneca have refused to extend these benefits and price advantages to non-Indians , in their own words `` has little sympathy for outsiders '' who desire to do so , They have tried to prosecute non-Indians who have attempted to claim the price advantages of the Seneca while operating a business on the reservation . Little Valley businessman Lloyd Long operated two Uni-Marts on the reservation which were owned by a Seneca woman . He was arrested after investigation by federal authorities at the behest of the Seneca Nation . In 2011 he was ordered by the court to pay more than one million dollars in restitution and serve five years on probation . In 1997 , New York State had attempted to enforce taxation on reservation sales of gasoline and cigarettes to non-Indians . Numerous Seneca had protested by setting fire to tires and cutting off traffic to Interstate 90 and New York State Route 17 ( the future Interstate 86 ) . Then Attorney General Eliot Spitzer attempted to cut off the Seneca Tribe 's internet cigarette sales . His office negotiated directly with credit card companies , tobacco companies , and delivery services to try to gain agreement to reject handling Seneca cigarette purchases by consumers . Another attempt at collecting taxes on gasoline and cigarettes sold to non-Indians was set to begin March 1 , 2006 ; but it was tabled by the State Department of Taxation and Finance . Shortly after March 1 , 2006 , other parties began proceedings to compel the State of New York to enforce its tax laws on sales to non-Indians on Indian land . Seneca County filed a suit which was dismissed . The New York State Association of Convenience Stores filed a similar suit , which was also dismissed . Based on the dismissal of these proceedings , Daniel Warren , a member and officer of Upstate Citizens for Equality , moved to vacate the judgment dismissing his 2002 state court action . The latter was dismissed because the court ruled that he had lack of standing . In 2008 Governor David Paterson included $62 million of revenue in his budget from the proposed collection of these taxes . He signed a new law requiring that manufacturers and wholesalers swear under penalty of perjury that they are not selling untaxed cigarettes in New York . In response , the Seneca announced plans to collect a toll from all who travel the length of I - 90 that goes through their reservation . In 2007 the Senecas rescinded the agreement that had permitted construction of the thruway and its attendant easement through their reservation . Some commentators have contended that this agreement was not necessary or moot because the United States was already granted free right - of - passage across the Seneca land in the Treaty of Canandaigua . A law to bar any tax - exempt organization in New York from receiving tax - free cigarettes went into effect June 21 , 2011 . The Seneca nation has repeatedly appealed the decision , continuing to do so as of June 2011 , but has not gained an overturn of this law . The state has enforced the law only on cigarette brands produced by non-Indian companies ( including all major national brands ) . It has not attempted to collect taxes on brands that are entirely tribally produced and sold ( these are generally lower - end and lower - cost brands that have always made up the majority of Seneca cigarette sales . ) Casinos ( edit ) As states struggled to raise revenues , in the 1980s , some state legislatures overturned longstanding prohibitions against state - sponsored gambling by authorizing state lotteries and other games of chance as a means to raise funds . In some cases , funds from such operations were earmarked for education or other worthy goals . Native American tribes asserted their right to run similar activities . With the US Supreme Court decision ruling in the late 1980s that federally recognized Native American tribes could establish gaming on their sovereign reservations , the Seneca Nation began to develop its gambling industry . It began , as states and other tribes did , with bingo . In 2002 , the Seneca Nation of Indians signed a Gaming Compact with the State of New York to cooperate in the establishment of three class III gambling facilities ( casinos ) . It established the Seneca Gaming Corporation to manage its operations . The Seneca Nation of Indians owns and operates two casinos on its territory in New York State : one in Niagara Falls called Seneca Niagara and the other in Salamanca , called Seneca Allegany . Construction began on a third , the Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino , in downtown Buffalo . In 2007 the Seneca opened a temporary casino on its land in Buffalo after federal approval , to satisfy its agreement with the state . Some citizens have opposed all Indian gambling , but especially the Buffalo location . Additional controversy has been engendered because there were questions about whether the Seneca - controlled land met other status criteria for gambling as defined in the IGRA . Some civic groups , including a `` broad coalition of Buffalo 's political , business , and cultural leaders '' , have opposed the Seneca Nation 's establishment of a casino in Buffalo . They believe the operations will adversely affect the economic and social environment of the already struggling city . Opponents include the Upstate Citizens for Equality and Citizens for a Better Buffalo . In 2008 they won a lawsuit challenging the legality of the proposed casino in Buffalo , because of the status of the land . It was not part of their original reservations but had been transferred in a settlement with the state . On July 8 , 2008 , United States District Judge William M. Skretny issued a decision holding that the Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino is not on gaming - eligible lands . The National Indian Gaming Commission is reviewing proposed Seneca regulations and weighing its appeal options . The Seneca were given five days to respond or to face fines and a forced shutdown . They said they refuse to comply with the commission 's order and will appeal . Given the declining economic situation because of a nationwide recession , in summer 2008 the Seneca halted construction on the new casino in Buffalo . In December 2008 they laid off 210 employees from the three casinos . Broadcasting ( edit ) The nation has established an official broadcasting arm , `` Seneca Broadcasting '' , to apply for and purchase radio station licenses . The company owns one commercial FM radio station ( broadcasting at 105.9 MHz ) licensed to the village of Little Valley , which the company purchased from Randy Michaels in early 2009 . That station , known as WGWE , signed on February 1 , 2010 from studios in the city of Salamanca with a classic hits format operated by former WPIG disc jockey Mike `` Smitty '' Smith . An earlier application , for a noncommercial FM station at 89.3 in Irving , New York , ran into mutual exclusivity problems with out - of - town religious broadcasters . Employment ( edit ) Many Seneca people are employed in the local economy of the region as professionals , including lawyers , professors , physicians , police officers , teachers , social workers , nurses , and managers . Notable Seneca ( edit ) George Abrams Chief John Big Tree Cornplanter ( ca . 1730s -- 1836 ) , military leader Jesse Cornplanter , traditional artist ( Governor Blacksnake Destroy Town Guyasuta Half - King Traynor Ora Halftown Handsome Lake ( 1735 -- 1815 ) , religious leader George Heron Alice Lee Jemison , journalist and activist Mary Jemison Little Beard John Arthur Gibson , Seneca Chief Catherine Montour Arthur C. Parker , anthropologist and author Ely S. Parker Sanford Plummer , artist and author Red Jacket ( ca . 1750 -- 1830 ) , chief and orator Sayenqueraghta Tyler Christopher Young King See also ( edit ) Indigenous peoples of North America portal Seneca language Seneca Mission Indian Church Grounds Desecration Seneca Rocks Gaasyendietha Ganondagan State Historic Site Lewis H. Morgan Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Culture '' . Seneca Nation of Indians . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2000 Census ) Jump up ^ `` Saint George , the Serpent '' . crookedlakereview.com . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canandaigua Lake , N.Y. : Of Indian Legends and Sylvan Trails '' . The New York Times . 1 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bare Hill Unique Area '' . ny.gov . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Built the `` Old Fort '' on Bare Hill `` . crookedlakereview.com . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce E. Johansen ( Fall 1995 ) . `` Dating the Iroquois Confederacy '' ( PDF ) . Akwesasne Notes New Series . 01 ( 3 / 04 ) : 62 -- 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bruce E. Johansen ; Mann , Barbara Alice ( 2000 ) . `` Ganondagan '' . Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois Confederacy ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30880 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Anthony F.C. Wallace , The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca ( New York : Vintage Books , 1969 ) . ISBN 0 - 394 - 71699 - X Jump up ^ ( Houghton , Frederick . `` The Migration of the Seneca Nation '' , American Anthropologist , New Series , Vo. 29 , No 2 ( April , 1927 ) pp. 241 - 250 ) Jump up ^ Parker , Arthur . The History of the Seneca Indians . Ira J. Freidman ( 1967 ) ; Empire State Historical Publications Series , XLIII , p. 13 - 20 . Jump up ^ Map 2 : Seneca Nation of Indians v. State of New York , 206 F , Supp. 448 ( 2002 ) Appendix D Jump up ^ Parker , pp. 25 - 28 ) Jump up ^ Folts , James D . The Westward Migration of the Munsee Indians in the Eighteenth Century , The Challenge : An Algonquian Peoples Seminar. Map 4 . Albany : New York State Bulletin No. 506 , 2005 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ William Cronon , Changes in the Land : Indians , Colonists , and the Ecology of New England ( New York : Hill and Wang , 1983 ) . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 0158 - 6 Jump up ^ Robert H. Keller & Michael F. Turek , American Indians & National Parks ( Arizona : University of Arizona Press , 1998 ) . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 2014 - 3 Jump up ^ Wallace , Paul A.W. ( 1965 ) . Indian Paths of Pennsylvania . Map 5 . Harrisburg , Pa : Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission . Jump up ^ Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan and Berthonl Fernow , Eds. , Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York ( Albany : Weed , Parsons , 1881 ) ( hereafter NYCD ) , 13 : 184 Jump up ^ NYCD 13 : 114,121,124,177 - 178 , 184 ; See also The Senecas and the First Esopus War . NYCD , 13 : 184 - 185 . ) In 1663 after the Second Esopus War , a Minnisink chief reported that the Seneca threatened to attack him ( NYCD , 13 : 361 . Jump up ^ NYCD , 4 : 98 - 99 `` Seneca Power Over the Minnisink Indians '' ^ Jump up to : Folts at pp 34 ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Kurt A. ( 2013 ) . `` Incorporation and Colonization : Postcolumbian Iroquois Satellite Communities and Processes of Indigenous Autonomy , '' American Athropologist 115 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Herbert C. Kraft , The Lenape : Archaeology , History and Ethnography ( Newark , N.J. : New Jersey Historical Society , 1986 ) , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Grumet , `` The Minnisink Settlements : Native American Identity and Society in the Munsee Heartland , 1650 - 1778 . '' In : The People of Minnisink , David Orr and Douglas Campana , Eds . ( Philadelphia : National Park Service , 1991 ) , p. 236 Jump up ^ Grumet cites the Colonial Records of Pennsylvania , 8 : 416 ) ) By the end of the eighteenth century , the Munsee who had previously migrated to the upper Susquehanna region were living in Seneca communities . Jump up ^ Merrill at pp 90 -- 97 ^ Jump up to : Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . p. 243 . Jump up ^ `` The League of the Iroquois The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History '' . www.gilderlehrman.org. 2011 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . p. 244 . Jump up ^ Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . pp. 244 -- 245 . ^ Jump up to : Graymont , Barbara ( 1972 ) . The Iroquois in the American Revolution . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . pp. 71 -- 72 . ^ Jump up to : Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . p. 245 . ^ Jump up to : Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . p. 247 . Jump up ^ Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . pp. 247 -- 248 . Jump up ^ Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . p. 248 . Jump up ^ Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . pp. 248 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . pp. 249 -- 250 . ^ Jump up to : Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . p. 250 . Jump up ^ Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . pp. 250 -- 251 . ^ Jump up to : Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . pp. 251 -- 252 . ^ Jump up to : Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . p. 254 . ^ Jump up to : Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . pp. 252 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : Ferling , John ( 2015 ) . Whirlwind : The American Revolution and the War That Won It . New York : Bloomsbury Press . p. 238 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2015 ) . Whirlwind . New York : Bloomsbury Press . pp. 239 -- 240 . ^ Jump up to : Ferling , John ( 2015 ) . Whirlwind . New York : Bloomsbury Press . p. 240 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2001 ) . Whirlwind . New York : Bloomsbury Press . p. 241 . Jump up ^ Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . p. 255 . Jump up ^ Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Review . pp. 242 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . p. 256 . ^ Jump up to : Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . p. 257 . Jump up ^ Raphael , Ray ( 2001 ) . A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence . New York : New Press . p. 258 . ^ Jump up to : `` Founders Online : From George Washington to John Hanson , 26 September 1782 '' . founders.archives.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Merrill at pp 90 -- 97 . Jump up ^ McKeveley , Blake ( January 1939 ) . `` Historic Aspects of the Phelps and Gorham Treaty of July 4 -- 8 , 1788 '' ( PDF ) . Rochester History . Rochester Public Library . 1 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0035 - 7413 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Birth of a Nation '' . Seneca Nation of Indians . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bilharz , Joy Ann ( 1998 ) . The Allegany Senecas and Kinzua Dam : forced relocation through two generations . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . p. 55 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1282 - 8 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ 320 - `` Letter to the President of the Seneca Nation of Indians Concerning the Kinzua Dam on the Allegheny River '' , 11 Aug 1961 , US Presidency , University of Santa Barbara , accessed 24 Mar 2009 ^ Jump up to : Staba , David ; Belson , Ken ( 4 Jul 2007 ) . `` Temporary Seneca Casino Opens in Downtown Buffalo '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Seneca Indian Law Suit , Grande Island , NY '' . isledegrande.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` SENECA NATION OF INDIANS v. NEW YORK '' ( PDF ) . Findlaw . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . supremecourt.gov . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Buffalo News ^ Jump up to : http://www.upstate-citizens.org/Seneca-v-NYS-tway.pdf US District Court , Seneca Tribe , et . al , v. State of New York , Gov. Pataki , et al. , Feb 1999 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Highbanks Campground '' . Highbanks Campground . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seneca Indian Nation Approves Medical Marijuana Initiative '' . High Times . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Honor Indian Treaties - Learn More '' . honorindiantreaties.org . Archived from the original on 4 July 2007 . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Snyder v. Wetzler , 193 A.D. 2d 329 Jump up ^ ' Snyder v. Wetzler , 84 N.Y. 2d 941 , Cornell University Law School Jump up ^ Chapman , Chris ( 2007 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Local Man ; Business Targets Of Multi Agency Raids '' , The Salamanca Press . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cigarette sales scheme gets man 5 years ' probation '' , The Buffalo News ( 2011 - 07 - 09 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Frens v State of New York ( 2006 NY Slip Op 51994 ( U ) ) '' . state.ny.us . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attorneys General And Philip Morris USA Reach Landmark Agreement To Reduce Illegal Internet Cigarette Sales '' , Office of the NY Attorney General Jump up ^ `` www.ag.ny.gov - New York State Attorney General '' . state.ny.us . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.upstate-citizens.org/WVPExhibitQ.pdf Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Warren v. Spitzer , Billet , Poloncarz and Erie County '' . upstate-citizens.org . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived December 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Christopher Smith , `` Seneca Nation To New York State : Bring It On '' Archived January 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Buffalo Geek Blog , 14 Jan 2009 , accessed 24 Mar 2009 Jump up ^ Gryta , Matt ( 2011 - 06 - 21 ) . Setback spurs Senecas to top N.Y. appeal . The Buffalo News . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Citizens Against Casino Gambling , et al. v. Philip Hogen , et al. , Citizens Against Casino Gambling Website Archived 2008 - 11 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Chapman , Chris . `` Battle for Buffalo Creek : Notice of Violation does n't change operations '' , Salamanca Press . Jump up ^ Athan Kompos , `` Unknown Future for Buffalo Creek Casino '' , WGRZ.com , Mar 2009 Jump up ^ `` NorthEast Radio Watch by Scott Fybush '' . fybush.com . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ VanRyzin , Robert R. ( 29 October 2009 ) . Fascinating Facts , Mysteries and Myths About U.S. Coins . Krause Publications . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1440206504 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Cornplanter '' . Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lester , Patrick D. ( September 1995 ) . The Biographical Directory of Native American Painters ( First ed . ) . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0806199368 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historic Seneca Leaders '' . Seneca Nation of Indians . 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Takeshi Kimura ( 2011 ) . `` The Biographical Essay of John A. Gibson ( 1850 - 1912 ) , the Seneca Chief of the Six Nations Reserve , Ontario , Canada '' . 哲学・思想論 , ( Journal of Philosophical Thought ) . University of Tsukuba. 3 ( 37 ) : 33 -- 67 . Retrieved Oct 4 , 2015 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Porter , Joy ( 2001 ) . To Be Indian : The Life of Seneca - Iroquois Arthur Caswell Parker , 1881 - 1955 . Norman , Oklahoma : Oklahoma University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3317 - 1 . Jump up ^ Morris , Robert ( 1 January 1897 ) . A history of the treaty of Big Tree : and an account of the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the making of the treaty , held at Geneseo , N.Y. , September the fifteenth , eighteen hundred ninety - seven . Dansville NY : Bunnell . ISBN 978 - 1429734288 . Further reading ( edit ) Cadwallander Colden , The History of the Five Indian Nations : Depending on the Province of New York in America . New York : Cornell University Press , 1958 . William Cronon , Changes in the Land : Indians , Colonists , and the Ecology of New England . New York : Hill and Wang , 1983 . John Ferling , Whirlwind : The American Revolution and the War That Won It , New York : Bloomsbury Press , 2015 . Barbara Graymont , The Iroquois in the American Revolution , Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press , 1972 . Laurence Marc Hauptman , In the Shadow of Kinzua : The Seneca Nation of Indians since World War II . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press , 2014 . Francis Jennings , The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire : The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 1984 . Bruce E. Johansen , Dating the Iroquois Confederacy . n.d. Robert H. Keller & Michael F. Turek , American Indians & National Parks . Arizona : University of Arizona Press , 1998 . Ray Raphael , A People 's History of the American Revolution : How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence , New York : New Press , 2001 . Daniel K. Richter , The Ordeal of the Longhouse : The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 1992 . Allen W. Trelease , Indian Affairs in Colonial New York : The Seventeenth Century . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 1960 . Anthony F.C. Wallace , The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca . New York : Vintage Books , 1969 . Jeanne Winston Adler , Chainbreaker 's War : A Seneca Chief Remembers the American Revolution . New York : Black Dome Press , 2002 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seneca nation . 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-7530329829598290961	Solar wind	Solar wind - wikipedia Solar wind This article is about the stellar wind from the Sun . For other uses , see Solar wind ( disambiguation ) . Ulysses ' observations of solar wind speed as a function of helio latitude during solar minimum . Slow wind ( ≈ 400 km / s ) is confined to the equatorial regions , while fast wind ( ≈ 750 km / s ) is seen over the poles . Red / blue colors show inward / outward polarities of the heliospheric magnetic field . An illustration of the structure of the Sun Granules Sunspot Photosphere Chromosphere Convection zone Radiation zone Tachocline Solar core Corona Flare Prominence Solar wind The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun , called the corona . This plasma consists of mostly electrons , protons and alpha particles with kinetic energy between 0.5 and 10 keV . Embedded within the solar - wind plasma is the interplanetary magnetic field . The solar wind varies in density , temperature and speed over time and over solar latitude and longitude . Its particles can escape the Sun 's gravity because of their high energy resulting from the high temperature of the corona , which in turn is a result of the coronal magnetic field . At a distance of more than a few solar radii from the Sun , the solar wind is supersonic and reaches speeds of 250 to 750 kilometers per second . The flow of the solar wind is no longer supersonic at the termination shock . The Voyager 2 spacecraft crossed the shock more than five times between 30 August and 10 December 2007 . Voyager 2 crossed the shock about a billion kilometers closer to the Sun than the 13.5 - billion - kilometer distance where Voyager 1 came upon the termination shock . The spacecraft moved outward through the termination shock into the heliosheath and onward toward the interstellar medium . Other related phenomena include the aurora ( northern and southern lights ) , the plasma tails of comets that always point away from the Sun , and geomagnetic storms that can change the direction of magnetic field lines . Contents 1 History 2 Acceleration 3 Properties and structure 3.1 Fast and slow solar wind 3.2 Pressure 3.3 Coronal mass ejection 4 Solar System effects 4.1 Magnetospheres 4.2 Atmospheres 4.3 Moons and planetary surfaces 5 Outer limits 6 Notable events 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The existence of particles flowing outward from the Sun to the Earth was first suggested by British astronomer Richard C. Carrington . In 1859 , Carrington and Richard Hodgson independently made the first observation of what would later be called a solar flare . This is a sudden , localised increase in brightness on the solar disc , which is now known to often occur in conjunction with an episodic ejection of material and magnetic flux from the Sun 's atmosphere , known as a coronal mass ejection . On the following day , a geomagnetic storm was observed , and Carrington suspected that there might be a connection , which is now attributed to the arrival of the coronal mass ejection in near - Earth space and its subsequent interaction with the Earth 's magnetosphere . George FitzGerald later suggested that matter was being regularly accelerated away from the Sun and was reaching the Earth after several days . Laboratory simulation of the magnetosphere 's influence on the Solar Wind ; these auroral - like Birkeland currents were created in a terrella , a magnetised anode globe in an evacuated chamber . In 1910 British astrophysicist Arthur Eddington essentially suggested the existence of the solar wind , without naming it , in a footnote to an article on Comet Morehouse . The idea never fully caught on even though Eddington had also made a similar suggestion at a Royal Institution address the previous year . In the latter case , he postulated that the ejected material consisted of electrons while in his study of Comet Morehouse he supposed them to be ions . The first person to suggest that the ejected material consisted of both ions and electrons was Kristian Birkeland . His geomagnetic surveys showed that auroral activity was nearly uninterrupted . As these displays and other geomagnetic activity were being produced by particles from the Sun , he concluded that the Earth was being continually bombarded by `` rays of electric corpuscles emitted by the Sun '' . In 1916 , Birkeland proposed that , `` From a physical point of view it is most probable that solar rays are neither exclusively negative nor positive rays , but of both kinds '' . In other words , the solar wind consists of both negative electrons and positive ions . Three years later in 1919 , Frederick Lindemann also suggested that particles of both polarities , protons as well as electrons , come from the Sun . Around the 1930s , scientists had determined that the temperature of the solar corona must be a million degrees Celsius because of the way it stood out into space ( as seen during total eclipses ) . Later spectroscopic work confirmed this extraordinary temperature . In the mid-1950s Sydney Chapman calculated the properties of a gas at such a temperature and determined it was such a superb conductor of heat that it must extend way out into space , beyond the orbit of Earth . Also in the 1950s , Ludwig Biermann became interested in the fact that no matter whether a comet is headed towards or away from the Sun , its tail always points away from the Sun . Biermann postulated that this happens because the Sun emits a steady stream of particles that pushes the comet 's tail away . Wilfried Schröder claimed that Paul Ahnert was the first to relate solar wind to comet tail direction based on observations of the comet Whipple - Fedke ( 1942g ) . Eugene Parker realised heat flowing from the Sun in Chapman 's model and the comet tail blowing away from the Sun in Biermann 's hypothesis had to be the result of the same phenomenon , which he termed the `` solar wind '' . In 1957 , Parker showed , even though the Sun 's corona is strongly attracted by solar gravity , it is such a good heat conductor that it is still very hot at large distances . Since gravity weakens as distance from the Sun increases , the outer coronal atmosphere escapes supersonically into interstellar space . Furthermore , Parker was the first person to notice that the weakening effect of the gravity has the same effect on hydrodynamic flow as a de Laval nozzle : it incites a transition from subsonic to supersonic flow . Opposition to Parker 's hypothesis on the solar wind was strong . The paper he submitted to The Astrophysical Journal in 1958 was rejected by two reviewers . It was saved by the editor Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar . In January 1959 , the Soviet spacecraft Luna 1 first directly observed the solar wind and measured its strength , using hemispherical ion traps . The discovery , made by Konstantin Gringauz , was verified by Luna 2 , Luna 3 and by the more distant measurements of Venera 1 . Three years later a similar measurement was performed by Neugebauer and collaborators using the Mariner 2 spacecraft . In the late 1990s , the Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer ( UVCS ) instrument on board the SOHO spacecraft observed the acceleration region of the fast solar wind emanating from the poles of the Sun and found that the wind accelerates much faster than can be accounted for by thermodynamic expansion alone . Parker 's model predicted that the wind should make the transition to supersonic flow at an altitude of about 4 solar radii from the photosphere ( surface ) ; but the transition ( or `` sonic point '' ) now appears to be much lower , perhaps only 1 solar radius above the photosphere , suggesting that some additional mechanism accelerates the solar wind away from the Sun . The acceleration of the fast wind is still not understood and can not be fully explained by Parker 's theory . The gravitational and electromagnetic explanation for this acceleration is , however , detailed in an earlier paper by 1970 Nobel laureate for Physics , Hannes Alfvén . The first numerical simulation of the solar wind in the solar corona including closed and open field lines was performed by Pneuman and Kopp in 1971 . The magnetohydrodynamics equations in steady state were solved iteratively starting with an initial dipolar configuration . In 1990 , the Ulysses probe was launched to study the solar wind from high solar latitudes . All prior observations had been made at or near the Solar System 's ecliptic plane . In 2018 , NASA launched the Parker Solar Probe , named in honor of Eugene Parker , on a mission to study the structure and dynamics of the solar corona , in an attempt to understand the mechanisms that cause particles to be heated and accelerated as solar wind . During its seven year mission , the probe will make twenty - four orbits of the sun , passing further into the corona with each orbit 's perihelion , ultimately passing within 0.04 astronomical units of the sun 's surface . It is the first NASA spacecraft named for a living person , and Parker himself , at age 91 , was on hand to observe the launch . Acceleration ( edit ) While early models of the solar wind relied primarily on thermal energy to accelerate the material , by the 1960s it was clear that thermal acceleration alone can not account for the high speed of solar wind . An additional unknown acceleration mechanism is required and likely relates to magnetic fields in the solar atmosphere . The Sun 's corona , or extended outer layer , is a region of plasma that is heated to over a million kelvin . As a result of thermal collisions , the particles within the inner corona have a range and distribution of speeds described by a Maxwellian distribution . The mean velocity of these particles is about 145 km / s , which is well below the solar escape velocity of 618 km / s . However , a few of the particles achieve energies sufficient to reach the terminal velocity of 400 km / s , which allows them to feed the solar wind . At the same temperature , electrons , due to their much smaller mass , reach escape velocity and build up an electric field that further accelerates ions away from the Sun . The total number of particles carried away from the Sun by the solar wind is about 1.3 × 10 per second . Thus , the total mass loss each year is about ( 2 -- 3 ) × 10 solar masses , or about ( 1.3 -- 1.9 ) million tonnes per second . This is equivalent to losing a mass equal to the Earth every 150 million years . However , only about 0.01 % of the Sun 's total mass has been lost through the solar wind . Other stars have much stronger stellar winds that result in significantly higher mass loss rates . Properties and structure ( edit ) Fast and slow solar wind ( edit ) The solar wind is observed to exist in two fundamental states , termed the slow solar wind and the fast solar wind , though their differences extend well beyond their speeds . In near - Earth space , the slow solar wind is observed to have a velocity of 300 -- 500 km / s , a temperature of 1.4 -- 1.6 × 10 K and a composition that is a close match to the corona . By contrast , the fast solar wind has a typical velocity of 750 km / s , a temperature of 8 × 10 K and it nearly matches the composition of the Sun 's photosphere . The slow solar wind is twice as dense and more variable in nature than the fast solar wind . The slow solar wind appears to originate from a region around the Sun 's equatorial belt that is known as the `` streamer belt '' , where coronal streamers are produced by magnetic flux open to the heliosphere draping over closed magnetic loops . The exact coronal structures involved in slow solar wind formation and the method by which the material is released is still under debate . Observations of the Sun between 1996 and 2001 showed that emission of the slow solar wind occurred at latitudes up to 30 -- 35 ° during the solar minimum ( the period of lowest solar activity ) , then expanded toward the poles as the solar cycle approached maximum . At solar maximum , the poles were also emitting a slow solar wind . The fast solar wind originates from coronal holes , which are funnel - like regions of open field lines in the Sun 's magnetic field . Such open lines are particularly prevalent around the Sun 's magnetic poles . The plasma source is small magnetic fields created by convection cells in the solar atmosphere . These fields confine the plasma and transport it into the narrow necks of the coronal funnels , which are located only 20,000 kilometers above the photosphere . The plasma is released into the funnel when these magnetic field lines reconnect . Pressure ( edit ) The wind exerts a pressure at 1 AU typically in the range of 1 -- 6 nPa ( 1 -- 6 × 10 N / m ) , although it can readily vary outside that range . The ram pressure is a function of wind speed and density . The formula is P = m * n * V = 1.6726 × 10 * n * V where m is the proton mass , pressure P is in nPa ( nanopascals ) , n is the density in particles / cm and V is the speed in km / s of the solar wind . Coronal mass ejection ( edit ) Main article : Coronal mass ejection Both the fast and slow solar wind can be interrupted by large , fast - moving bursts of plasma called interplanetary coronal mass ejections , or ICMEs . ICMEs are the interplanetary manifestation of solar coronal mass ejections , which are caused by release of magnetic energy at the Sun . CMEs are often called `` solar storms '' or `` space storms '' in the popular media . They are sometimes , but not always , associated with solar flares , which are another manifestation of magnetic energy release at the Sun . ICMEs cause shock waves in the thin plasma of the heliosphere , launching electromagnetic waves and accelerating particles ( mostly protons and electrons ) to form showers of ionizing radiation that precede the CME . When a CME impacts the Earth 's magnetosphere , it temporarily deforms the Earth 's magnetic field , changing the direction of compass needles and inducing large electrical ground currents in Earth itself ; this is called a geomagnetic storm and it is a global phenomenon . CME impacts can induce magnetic reconnection in Earth 's magnetotail ( the midnight side of the magnetosphere ) ; this launches protons and electrons downward toward Earth 's atmosphere , where they form the aurora . ICMEs are not the only cause of space weather . Different patches on the Sun are known to give rise to slightly different speeds and densities of wind depending on local conditions . In isolation , each of these different wind streams would form a spiral with a slightly different angle , with fast - moving streams moving out more directly and slow - moving streams wrapping more around the Sun . Fast moving streams tend to overtake slower streams that originate westward of them on the Sun , forming turbulent co-rotating interaction regions that give rise to wave motions and accelerated particles , and that affect Earth 's magnetosphere in the same way as , but more gently than , CMEs . Solar System effects ( edit ) Main article : Space weather The heliospheric current sheet results from the influence of the Sun 's rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the solar wind Over the Sun 's lifetime , the interaction of its surface layers with the escaping solar wind has significantly decreased its surface rotation rate . The wind is considered responsible for comets ' tails , along with the Sun 's radiation . The solar wind contributes to fluctuations in celestial radio waves observed on the Earth , through an effect called interplanetary scintillation . Magnetospheres ( edit ) Main article : Magnetosphere Schematic of Earth 's magnetosphere . The solar wind flows from left to right . Where the solar wind intersects with a planet that has a well - developed magnetic field ( such as Earth , Jupiter or Saturn ) , the particles are deflected by the Lorentz force . This region , known as the magnetosphere , causes the particles to travel around the planet rather than bombarding the atmosphere or surface . The magnetosphere is roughly shaped like a hemisphere on the side facing the Sun , then is drawn out in a long wake on the opposite side . The boundary of this region is called the magnetopause , and some of the particles are able to penetrate the magnetosphere through this region by partial reconnection of the magnetic field lines . Noon meridian section of magnetosphere The solar wind is responsible for the overall shape of Earth 's magnetosphere . Fluctuations in its speed , density , direction , and entrained magnetic field strongly affect Earth 's local space environment . For example , the levels of ionizing radiation and radio interference can vary by factors of hundreds to thousands ; and the shape and location of the magnetopause and bow shock wave upstream of it can change by several Earth radii , exposing geosynchronous satellites to the direct solar wind . These phenomena are collectively called space weather . From the European Space Agency 's Cluster mission , a new study has taken place that proposes that it is easier for the solar wind to infiltrate the magnetosphere than previously believed . A group of scientists directly observed the existence of certain waves in the solar wind that were not expected . A recent study shows that these waves enable incoming charged particles of solar wind to breach the magnetopause . This suggests that the magnetic bubble forms more as a filter than a continuous barrier . This latest discovery occurred through the distinctive arrangement of the four identical Cluster spacecraft , which fly in a controlled configuration through near - Earth space . As they sweep from the magnetosphere into interplanetary space and back again , the fleet provides exceptional three - dimensional insights on the phenomena that connect the sun to Earth . The research characterised variances in formation of the interplanetary magnetic field ( IMF ) largely influenced by Kelvin -- Helmholtz instability ( which occur at the interface of two fluids ) as a result of differences in thickness and numerous other characteristics of the boundary layer . Experts believe that this was the first occasion that the appearance of Kelvin - Helmholtz waves at the magnetopause had been displayed at high latitude dawnward orientation of the IMF . These waves are being seen in unforeseen places under solar wind conditions that were formerly believed to be undesired for their generation . These discoveries show how Earth 's magnetosphere can be penetrated by solar particles under specific IMF circumstances . The findings are also relevant to studies of magnetospheric progressions around other planetary bodies . This study suggests that Kelvin - Helmholtz waves can be a somewhat common , and possibly constant , instrument for the entrance of solar wind into terrestrial magnetospheres under various IMF orientations . Atmospheres ( edit ) The solar wind affects other incoming cosmic rays interacting with planetary atmospheres . Moreover , planets with a weak or non-existent magnetosphere are subject to atmospheric stripping by the solar wind . Venus , the nearest and most similar planet to Earth , has 100 times denser atmosphere , with little or no geo - magnetic field . Space probes discovered a comet - like tail that extends to Earth 's orbit . Earth itself is largely protected from the solar wind by its magnetic field , which deflects most of the charged particles ; however some of the charged particles are trapped in the Van Allen radiation belt . A smaller number of particles from the solar wind manage to travel , as though on an electromagnetic energy transmission line , to the Earth 's upper atmosphere and ionosphere in the auroral zones . The only time the solar wind is observable on the Earth is when it is strong enough to produce phenomena such as the aurora and geomagnetic storms . Bright auroras strongly heat the ionosphere , causing its plasma to expand into the magnetosphere , increasing the size of the plasma geosphere and injecting atmospheric matter into the solar wind . Geomagnetic storms result when the pressure of plasmas contained inside the magnetosphere is sufficiently large to inflate and thereby distort the geomagnetic field . Although Mars is larger than Mercury and four times farther from the Sun , it is thought that the solar wind has stripped away up to a third of its original atmosphere , leaving a layer 1 / 100th as dense as the Earth 's . It is believed the mechanism for this atmospheric stripping is gas caught in bubbles of magnetic field , which are ripped off by solar winds . In 2015 the NASA Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution ( MAVEN ) mission measured the rate of atmospheric stripping caused by the magnetic field carried by the solar wind as it flows past Mars , which generates an electric field , much as a turbine on Earth can be used to generate electricity . This electric field accelerates electrically charged gas atoms , called ions , in Mars ' upper atmosphere and shoots them into space . The MAVEN mission measured the rate of atmospheric stripping at about 100 grams ( ≈ 1 / 4 lb ) per second . Moons and planetary surfaces ( edit ) Apollo 's SWC experiment Mercury , the nearest planet to the Sun , bears the full brunt of the solar wind , and since its atmosphere is vestigial and transient , its surface is bathed in radiation . Mercury has an intrinsic magnetic field , so under normal solar wind conditions , the solar wind can not penetrate its magnetosphere and particles only reach the surface in the cusp regions . During coronal mass ejections , however , the magnetopause may get pressed into the surface of the planet , and under these conditions , the solar wind may interact freely with the planetary surface . The Earth 's Moon has no atmosphere or intrinsic magnetic field , and consequently its surface is bombarded with the full solar wind . The Project Apollo missions deployed passive aluminum collectors in an attempt to sample the solar wind , and lunar soil returned for study confirmed that the lunar regolith is enriched in atomic nuclei deposited from the solar wind . These elements may prove useful resources for lunar colonies . Outer limits ( edit ) Main article : Heliopause ( astronomy ) The solar wind `` blows a bubble '' in the interstellar medium ( the rarefied hydrogen and helium gas that permeates the galaxy ) . The point where the solar wind 's strength is no longer great enough to push back the interstellar medium is known as the heliopause and is often considered to be the outer border of the Solar System . The distance to the heliopause is not precisely known and probably depends on the current velocity of the solar wind and the local density of the interstellar medium , but it is far outside Pluto 's orbit . Scientists hope to gain perspective on the heliopause from data acquired through the Interstellar Boundary Explorer ( IBEX ) mission , launched in October 2008 . Notable events ( edit ) From May 10 to May 12 , 1999 , NASA 's Advanced Composition Explorer ( ACE ) and WIND spacecraft observed a 98 % decrease of solar wind density . This allowed energetic electrons from the Sun to flow to Earth in narrow beams known as `` strahl '' , which caused a highly unusual `` polar rain '' event , in which a visible aurora appeared over the North Pole . In addition , Earth 's magnetosphere increased to between 5 and 6 times its normal size . On 13 December 2010 , Voyager 1 determined that the velocity of the solar wind , at its location 10.8 billion miles ( 17.4 billion km ) from Earth had slowed to zero . `` We have gotten to the point where the wind from the Sun , which until now has always had an outward motion , is no longer moving outward ; it is only moving sideways so that it can end up going down the tail of the heliosphere , which is a comet - shaped - like object , '' said Voyager project scientist Edward Stone . See also ( edit ) Space portal Star portal Deep Space Climate Observatory Dyson - Harrop satellite Electric sail Helium Focusing Cone Interplanetary medium List of plasma ( physics ) articles Magnetic sail Parker Solar Probe Parker spiral Plasmasphere Solar Cycle Solar sail Solar Wind Composition Experiment STEREO Sunspot Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McComas , D.J. ; Elliott , H.A. ; Schwadron , N.A. ; Gosling , J.T. ; Skoug , R.M. ; Goldstein , B.E. ( 2003 - 05 - 15 ) . `` The three - dimensional solar wind around solar maximum '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 30 ( 10 ) : 1517 . Bibcode : 2003GeoRL ... 30.1517 M . doi : 10.1029 / 2003GL017136 . ISSN 1944 - 8007 . Jump up ^ Owens , Mathew J. ; Forsyth , Robert J. ( 2013 - 11 - 28 ) . `` The Heliospheric Magnetic Field '' . Living Reviews in Solar Physics. 10 ( 1 ) : 5 . Bibcode : 2013LRSP ... 10 ... 5O . doi : 10.12942 / lrsp - 2013 - 5 . ISSN 2367 - 3648 . Jump up ^ McGRAW - HILL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Science & Technology , 8th ed. , ( c ) 1997 , vol. 16 , page 685 Jump up ^ `` NASA - Voyager 2 Proves Solar System Is Squashed '' . Jump up ^ `` Voyager 2 finds solar system 's shape is ' dented ' '' . 11 December 2016 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ CNN , Kate Tobin . `` CNN.com - Spacecraft reaches edge of solar system - Nov. 5 , 2003 '' . Jump up ^ Cliver , Edward W. ; Dietrich , William F. ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The 1859 space weather event revisited : limits of extreme activity '' . 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Jump up ^ ( Brian Harvey , Russian planetary exploration : history , development , legacy , prospects . Springer , 2007 , p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 46343 - 7 ) Jump up ^ David Darling , Internet Encyclopedia of Science . Jump up ^ `` Luna 1 '' . NASA National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ M. Neugebauer & C.W. Snyder ( 1962 ) . `` Solar Plasma Experiment '' . Science . 138 ( 3545 ) : 1095 -- 1097 . Bibcode : 1962Sci ... 138.1095 N . doi : 10.1126 / science. 138.3545. 1095 - a . PMID 17772963 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks on the Rotation of a Magnetized Sphere with Application to Solar Radiation '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Hannes Alfvén ( 1942 ) . `` Remarks on the Rotation of a Magnetized Sphere with Application to Solar Radiation '' . Arkiv för Matematik , Astronomi och Fysik . 28A ( 6 ) : 1 -- 9 . Jump up ^ G.W. Pneuman & R.A. Kopp ( 1971 ) . `` Gas - magnetic field interactions in the solar corona '' . Solar Physics. 18 ( 2 ) : 258 . Bibcode : 1971SoPh ... 18 ... 258P . doi : 10.1007 / BF00145940 . Jump up ^ `` Solar System Exploration : Missions : By Target : Mars : Present '' . Solar System Exploration . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` Parker Solar Probe Launches on NASA Voyage to ' Touch the Sun ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Encrenaz , Thérèse ; Bibring , J. - P. ; Blanc , M. ( 2003 ) . The Solar System . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 00241 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Kallenrode , May - Britt ( 2004 ) . Space Physics : An Introduction to Plasmas and . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 20617 - 5 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Bradley W. ; Ostlie , Dale A. ( 1995 ) . An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics ( revised 2nd ed . ) . Benjamin Cummings . p. 409 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 54730 - 9 . Jump up ^ Schrijver , Carolus J. ; Zwaan , Cornelis ( 2000 ) . Solar and stellar magnetic activity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 58286 - 5 . Jump up ^ Meyer - Vernet , Nicole ( 2007 ) . Basics of the Solar Wind . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81420 - 0 . Jump up ^ Geiss , J. ; Gloeckler , G. ; Steiger , R. Von . `` Origin of the solar wind from composition data '' . Space Science Reviews . 72 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 49 -- 60 . Bibcode : 1995SSRv ... 72 ... 49G . doi : 10.1007 / BF00768753 . ISSN 0038 - 6308 . Jump up ^ Suess , Steve ( June 3 , 1999 ) . `` Overview and Current Knowledge of the Solar Wind and the Corona '' . The Solar Probe . NASA / Marshall Space Flight Center . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harra , Louise ; Milligan , Ryan ; Fleck , Bernhard ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Hinode : source of the slow solar wind and superhot flares '' . ESA . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Antiochos , S.K. ; Mikić , Z. ; Titov , V.S. ; Lionello , R. ; Linker , J.A. ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A Model for the Sources of the Slow Solar Wind '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 731 ( 2 ) : 112 . arXiv : 1102.3704 . Bibcode : 2011ApJ ... 731 ... 112A . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 731 / 2 / 112 . ISSN 0004 - 637X . Jump up ^ Fisk , L.A. ( 2003 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Acceleration of the solar wind as a result of the reconnection of open magnetic flux with coronal loops '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics. 108 ( A4 ) : 1157 . Bibcode : 2003JGRA ... 108.1157 F . doi : 10.1029 / 2002JA009284 . ISSN 2156 - 2202 . Jump up ^ Zirker , J.B. ( 1977 ) , Coronal holes and high ‐ speed wind streams , Reviews of Geophysics , 15 ( 3 ) , 257 - 269 Jump up ^ Hassler , Donald M. ; Dammasch , Ingolf E. ; Lemaire , Philippe ; Brekke , Pål ; Curdt , Werner ; Mason , Helen E. ; Vial , Jean - Claude ; Wilhelm , Klaus ( 1999 ) . `` Solar Wind Outflow and the Chromospheric Magnetic Network '' . Science . 283 ( 5403 ) : 810 -- 813 . Bibcode : 1999Sci ... 283 ... 810H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 283.5403. 810 . PMID 9933156 . Jump up ^ Marsch , Eckart ; Tu , Chuanyi ( April 22 , 2005 ) . `` Solar Wind Origin in Coronal Funnels '' . ESA . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dendy , Richard ( 1995 ) . Plasma Physics : An Introductory Course . Cambridge University Press . p. 234 . ISBN 9780521484527 . Jump up ^ Endal , A.S. ; Sofia , S. ( 1981 ) . `` Rotation in solar - type stars . I - Evolutionary models for the spin - down of the Sun '' . Astrophysical Journal , Part 1 . 243 : 625 -- 640 . Bibcode : 1981ApJ ... 243 ... 625E . doi : 10.1086 / 158628 . Jump up ^ Robin Kerrod ( 2000 ) . Asteroids , Comets , and Meteors . Lerner Publications , Co . Jump up ^ Jokipii , J.R. ( 1973 ) . `` Turbulence and Scintillations in the Interplanetary Plasma '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 11 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 28 . Bibcode : 1973ARA&A ... 11 ... 1J . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. aa. 11.090173. 000245 . Jump up ^ NASA Study Using Cluster Reveals New Insights Into Solar Wind , NASA , Greenbelt , 2012 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Grünwaldt H ; et al. ( 1997 ) . `` Venus tail ray observation near Earth '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 24 ( 10 ) : 163 -- 1166 . Bibcode : 1997GeoRL ... 24.1163 G . doi : 10.1029 / 97GL01159 . Jump up ^ `` Solar wind ripping chunks off Mars - '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ NASA . `` NASA Mission Reveals Speed of Solar Wind Stripping Martian Atmosphere '' . Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution ( MAVEN ) mission . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ @ MAVEN2Mars ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` NASA MAVEN mission measures solar wind atmospheric stripping on Mars '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Starukhina , L.V. ( 2006 ) . `` Polar regions of the moon as a potential repository of solar - wind - implanted gases '' . Advances in Space Research . 37 : 50 -- 58 . Bibcode : 2006AdSpR ... 37 ... 50S . doi : 10.1016 / j. asr. 2005.04. 033 . Jump up ^ `` The Day the Solar Wind Disappeared '' . NASA Science . 13 December 1999 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager Near Solar System Edge '' . BBC . 13 December 2010 . Retrieved 14 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Probe Sees Solar Wind Decline En Route To Interstellar Space '' . NASA . 13 December 2010 . Retrieved 14 December 2010 . References ( edit ) Fox , Karen C. ( 2012 ) `` NASA Study Using Cluster Reveals New Insights Into Solar Wind '' NASA . S. Cuperman and N. Metzler , Role of fluctuations in the interplanetary magnetic field on the heat conduction in the Solar Wind. J. Geophys . Res. 78 ( 16 ) , 3167 - 3168 , 1973 . S. Cuperman and N. Metzler . Astrophys . J. , 182 ( 3 ) , 961 - 975 , 1973 . S. Cuperman and N. Metzler , Solution of 3 - fluid model equations with anomalous transport coefficients for thequiet Solar Wind . Astrophys. J. , 196 ( 1 ) 205 - 219 , 1975 S. Cuperman , N. Metzler and M. Spygelglass , Confirmation of known numerical solutions for the quiet Solar Wind equations . Astrophys . J. , 198 ( 3 ) , 755 - 759 , 1975 . S. Cuperman and N. Metzler , Relative magnitude of streaming velocities of alpha particles and protons at 1AU . Astrophys. and Space Sci. 45 ( 2 ) 411 - 417 , 1976 . N. Metzler . A multi-fluid model for stellar winds. Proceedings of the L.D. de Feiter Memorial Symposium on the Study of Traveling Interplanetary Phenomena . AFGL - TR - 77 - 0309 , Air Force Systems Command , USAF , 1978 . N. Metzler and M. Dryer , A self - consistent solution of the three - fluid model of the Solar Wind . Astrophys . J. , 222 ( 2 ) , 689 - 695 , 1978 . S. Cuperman and N. Metzler , Comments on Acceleration of Solar Wind He + + 3 effects of Resonant and nonresonant interactions with transverse waves . J. Geophys . Res. 84 ( NA5 ) , 2139 - 2140 ( 1979 ) N. Metzler , S. Cuperman , M. Dryer and P. Rosenau , A time - dependent two - fluid model with thermal conduction for Solar Wind . Astrophys . J. , 231 ( 3 ) 960 - 976 , 1979 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar wind . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Solar - wind interaction with planetary ionospheres Real - time plots of solar wind activity from the Advanced Composition Explorer The Sun Internal structure Core Radiation zone Tachocline Convection zone Atmosphere Photosphere Supergranulation Granule Faculae Sunspot Chromosphere Plage Spicule Moreton wave Corona Transition region Coronal hole Coronal loop Coronal mass ejection Prominence Helmet streamer Supra - arcade downflows Variation Solar cycle List of solar cycles Solar maximum Solar minimum Wolf number Solar wind Flare Helioseismology Heliosphere Current sheet Termination shock Heliosheath Heliopause Bow shock Related topics Heliophysics Solar activity Solar astronomy Solar dynamo Eclipse Solar energy Solar neutrino Solar observation Solar phenomena Solar physics Solar System Solar telescope Solar time Space weather Standard solar model Radiation Spectral class : G2V Magnetospherics Submagnetosphere Atmospheric circulation Aurora Earth 's magnetic field Geosphere Jet stream Polar wind Earth 's magnetosphere Birkeland current Ionosphere Magnetopause Magnetosheath Magnetosphere Magnetosphere chronology Magnetosphere particle motion Plasmasphere Ring current Van Allen radiation belt Solar wind Coronal cloud Coronal mass ejection Solar flare Geomagnetic storm Heliosphere Interplanetary magnetic field Heliospheric current sheet Heliopause Space weather Satellites Full list Arase ( 2016 ) Cluster II Double Star Geotail IMAGE MMS ( 2015 ) Polar THEMIS Van Allen Probes Wind Research projects HAARP SHARE Unwin Radar SuperDARN Other magnetospheres Hermian Lunar Jovian Ganymedian Saturnian Uranian Neptunian Related topics Flux tube Gas torus Lunar swirls Planetary rings Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune BNF : cb119790203 ( data ) GND : 4135572 - 6 LCCN : sh85124550 NDL : 00572585 SUDOC : 027833666 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_wind&oldid=866501097 '' Categories : Solar phenomena Space plasmas Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 18 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is made up of charged particles that continually escape from the corona	[ "The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona. This plasma consists of mostly electrons, protons and alpha particles with kinetic energy between 0.5 and 10 keV. Embedded within the solar-wind plasma is the interplanetary magnetic field.[2] The solar wind varies in density, temperature and speed over time and over solar latitude and longitude. Its particles can escape the Sun's gravity because of their high energy resulting from the high temperature of the corona, which in turn is a result of the coronal magnetic field.\n" ]	[ "solar wind" ]
-6449492531953252603	Super Dancer	Super Dancer - Wikipedia Super Dancer Jump to : navigation , search Super Dancer Genre Dance Reality Created by Ashish Golwalkar Ranjeet Thakur Ujjwal Anand Arvind Rao Presented by Jay Bhanushali Paritosh Tripathi Rithvik Dhanjani ( former ) Judges Shilpa Shetty Kundra Geeta Kapoor Anurag Basu Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons 02 No. of episodes 52 Production Producer ( s ) Ranjeet Thakur Hemant Ruprell Location ( s ) Mumbai , India Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 70 minutes approx . Production company ( s ) Frames Production Distributor Sony Pictures Networks Release Original network Sony Entertainment Television Sony Entertainment Television Asia Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 10 September 2016 -- 24 March 2018 External links Website Super Dancer is an Indian Hindi kids dance reality television series , which airs on Sony Entertainment Television and Sony Entertainment Television Asia. The winner of season 1 of this series is Ditya Bhande and Bishal Sharma is the winner of Super Dancer Chapter 2 . The series is produced by Ranjeet Thakur and Hemant Ruprell for their production house Frames Production . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 Season 1 2.1 Participants 2.2 Power Card Entry 3 Season 2 3.1 Participants 3.2 Power Card Entry 3.3 Robo Girl Trend 3.4 5 - Year Old Dancers 3.5 Varun 's Kind Gesture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Concept ( edit ) The show Super Dancer - Dance Ka Kal aims to find a kid prodigy who has the potential to be the future of dance . The kids are aged between 4 and 13 years of age . They are not only required to have 3Ds of dancing - Desire , Discipline and Determination - but also should be a keen learner , adaptable to all dance styles and circumstances and should be a passionate dancer with a unique personality . This show is an ideal opportunity for every kid to hone their talent and dancing skills . After the initial auditions and mega auditions , 12 Super Dancers are selected to be competing for the title of Dance Ka Kal ( future of dance ) . They are each paired with one choreographer ( Super Guru ) who has a unique style similar to theirs . These Super Gurus train them , choreograph acts for them and also perform with them . The Super Dancers perform on Saturdays and along with their choreographers on Sunday . The performances are voted by the audience every week on the website or the SonyLiv App . On the basis of the number of votes , one kid is being eliminated every week . Season 1 ( edit ) Participants ( edit ) Contestant From Choreographer Notes Ditya Sagar Bhande ' Mumbai Ruel Dausan WINNER Dipali Borkar Pune Sonali Kar Finalist Masoom Narzary Guwahati Palden Lama Mawroh Finalist Yogesh Sharma Mathura Vaibhav Ghughe Finalist Laxman Kumbhar Raipur Paul Marshal Finalist Eliminated on 23 October 2016 Power Card entry on 30 October 2016 Siddhanth Damedhar Aurangabad Shyam Yadav Eliminated on 23 October 2016 Power Card entry on 30 October 2016 Eliminated on 26 November 2016 Ashish Das Guwahati Lipsa Acharya Eliminated on 19 November 2016 Ananya Choksi Raipur Amrita Maitra Eliminated on 12 November 2016 Varsha Mishra Agra Nishant Bhat Eliminated on 16 October 2016 Harsh Prajapati Jaipur Anuja Eliminated on 16 October 2016 Mahi Soni Chattarpur Sneha Kapoor Eliminated on 9 October 2016 Lakshay Sinha Malda Biki Das Eliminated Power Card Entry ( edit ) Five contestants - Laxman Kumbhar , Siddhanth Damedhar ( both of whom were eliminated from the show earlier ) , Lakshay Sinha ( who could n't perform earlier in the competition due to his injury ) , Tiyash Saha & Harsh Dhara ( both standby contestants ) were called back on 30 October 2016 to gain a Power Card Entry into the competition . The judges chose Laxman Kumbhar & Siddhanth Damedhar and they Re-entered the competition . Winner Ditya Sagar Bhande from Mumbai won the first season of Super dancer . Her choreographer was Ruel Dausan . Season 2 ( edit ) Participants ( edit ) Contestant From Choreographer Notes Bishal Sharma Jorhat , Assam Vaibhav Ghuge Winner Akash Thapa Dehradun , Uttarakhand Vivek Chachere Finalist Ritik Diwaker Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh Pratik Utekar Finalist Vaishnavi Prajapati Panipat , Haryana Manan Sachdeva Finalist Power card entry on 26th November 2017 Shagun Singh Bhilai , Chhattisgarh Aishwarya Radhakrishnan Eliminated on 18 March 2018 Akash Mitra Patna , Bihar Rishikaysh Jogadaand Power card entrant ( Eliminated on February 2018 ) Muskan Sharma Indore , Madhya Pradesh Paul Marshal Eliminated on 11th February 2018 Mishti Sinha Ahmednagar , Maharashtra Omkar Shinde Palden Lama Mawroh Left the show due to injury on 26th January 2018 Power card entry on 26th November 2017 Eliminated on 12 November 2017 Arushi Saxena Ludhiana , Punjab Nishant Bhat Eliminated on 14 January 2018 Vivek Jogdande Aurangabad , Maharashtra Ruel Dausan Varindani Eliminated on 19th November 2017 Jyoti Ranjan Sahu Bhubaneswar , Odisha Anuradha Iyengar Eliminated on 19 November 2017 Abir Rahman Kolkata , West Bengal Sonali Kar Eliminated on 12 November 2017 Kunal Jyoti Rabha Guwahati , Assam Palden Lama Mawroh Eliminated on 29 October 2017 Chandresh Delwar Indore , Madhya Pradesh Khushboo Gupta Eliminated on 29 October 2017 Power Card Entry ( edit ) Three contestants , Vaishnavi Prajapati from Panipat with her Super Guru Manan , Akash Mitra from Patna with his Super Guru Rishikesh Jogdand and Mishti Sinha from Ahmednagar with her Super Guru Palden Lama Mowroh took a return on Power Card Entry . With top 9 , voting started . For almost 6 weeks at a stretch , there was not a single elimination on the show . Firstly , Arushi Saxena ( known as all rounder of the show ) had to leave the show by normal elimination and provided the show Super 8 . Mishti Sinha had to bid goodbye to the show due to an injury in her leg . Doctors suggested her to have respite and show got Super 7 . Robo girl trend ( edit ) Muskan Sharma termed as `` robotic girl '' of the show had set a trend of perfect indomitable robotics . She pursued such a different and tough dance form making many persons her fan . She performed robotics with contemporary and salsa which gave her a distinct look . Appreciated , she was said as trendsetter by shilpa shetty as the incredible girl invigorated and emboldened many other girls to chase robotics . Her Super Guru Paul always tried to present a message in her dance in which they were invincible . But voted less till super 7 , she was eliminated . 5 - year old Dancers ( edit ) Akash Mitra is an amazing child on the show . He is super cute and seems to be Anurag Basu 's favorite . He is always indifferent to all the situations and is termed as `` God Ka Favourite Bachcha '' . With his Super Guru Rishikesh , this 5 year old showcase his talent in many styles . He is majorly seen in feud with his friend Vaishnavi. he later got eliminated just before top 5 . Vaishnavi is a 5 year old talented girl on the show who gets tickled easily . Judges were shocked when they come to know about her handicapped but willing mentor . She and her Super Guru Manan does simple but effective acts on the stage without getting encumbered . Varun 's kind gesture ( edit ) Moved by the plight of one of the contestants Ritik Diwaker , bollywood actor Varun Dhawan decides to sponsor the 11 - year - old boy 's education . In the day of grand finale , Ritik danced on a medley of songs , including `` Bulleya '' , `` Dil Diyan Gallan '' and the title track of Dangal , and Varun was impressed . He 's seen some of his earlier acts too and was bowled over by his happy feet . When he learnt that Ritik 's father , Gaurishankar Diwaker , is unable to work as his left hand is nonfunctional , Varun decided to help the child as he did n't want his studies to suffer . See also ( edit ) Super Dancer Season 2 : Winner Name 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Super Dancer Chapter 2 : Bishal Sharma from Assam wins the show , '' The GenX Times , 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's four new shows from different genres '' . Indian Television . 14 May 2016 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Dancer Official Site '' . superdancer.sonyliv.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` VARUN DHAWAN TO SPONSOR SUPER DANCER 2 CONTESTANT RITIK DIWAKER 'S EDUCATION '' . Mumbai Mirror . Indian Times . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) `` The template below ( Super Dancer ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Super Dancer Season 1 Season 2 Finalists Contestants Ditya Bhande Masoom Narzary Dipali Borkar Yogesh Sharma Lakshman Kumbhar Choreographers Ruel Varindani Palden Lama Sonali Kar Vaibhav Ghuge Paul Cardoz Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Reality and comedy The Drama Company Family Time With Kapil Sharma Super Dancer Drama Ek Deewaana Tha Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai History and mythology Mere Sai Porus Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi , Rahasya Bhi Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Dancer&oldid=836016340 '' Categories : 2010s Indian television series 2016 Indian television series debuts Hindi - language television programs Indian dance television shows Indian reality television series Television shows set in Mumbai Sony Entertainment Television series Frames Production series Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 04 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the winner of supper dancer 2018	[ "\n\nContestant\nFrom\nChoreographer\nNotes\n\n\nBishal Sharma\nJorhat, Assam\nVaibhav Ghuge\nWinner\n\n\nAkash Thapa\nDehradun, Uttarakhand\nVivek Chachere\nFinalist\n\n\nRitik Diwaker\nKanpur, Uttar Pradesh\nPratik Utekar\nFinalist\n\n\nVaishnavi Prajapati\nPanipat, Haryana\nManan Sachdeva\nFinalist\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\n\n\nShagun Singh\nBhilai, Chhattisgarh\nAishwarya Radhakrishnan\nEliminated on 18 March 2018\n\n\nAkash Mitra\nPatna, Bihar\nRishikaysh Jogadaand\nPower card entrant (Eliminated on February 2018)\n\n\nMuskan Sharma\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nPaul Marshal\nEliminated on 11th February 2018\n\n\nMishti Sinha\nAhmednagar, Maharashtra\nOmkar Shinde\nPalden Lama Mawroh\n\nLeft the show due to injury on 26th January 2018\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\n\n\n\nArushi Saxena\nLudhiana, Punjab\nNishant Bhat\nEliminated on 14 January 2018\n\n\nVivek Jogdande\nAurangabad, Maharashtra\nRuel Dausan Varindani\nEliminated on 19th November 2017\n\n\nJyoti Ranjan Sahu\nBhubaneswar, Odisha\nAnuradha Iyengar\nEliminated on 19 November 2017\n\n\nAbir Rahman\nKolkata, West Bengal\nSonali Kar\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\n\n\nKunal Jyoti Rabha\nGuwahati, Assam\nPalden Lama Mawroh\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n\nChandresh Delwar\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nKhushboo Gupta\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n" ]	[ "Bishal Sharma" ]
-8760622785715965007	Food drying	Food drying - wikipedia Food drying Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article only describes one highly specialized aspect of its associated subject . Please help improve this article by adding more general information . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Flattened fish drying in the sun in Madagascar . Fish are preserved through such traditional methods as drying , smoking and salting . A whole potato , sliced pieces ( right ) , and dried sliced pieces ( left ) Food drying is a method of food preservation in which food is dried ( dehydrated or desiccated ) . Drying inhibits the growth of bacteria , yeasts , and mold through the removal of water . Dehydration has been used widely for this purpose since ancient times ; the earliest known practice is 12,000 B.C. by inhabitants of the modern Middle East and Asia regions . Water is traditionally removed through evaporation ( air drying , sun drying , smoking or wind drying ) , although today electric food dehydrators or freeze - drying can be used to speed the drying process and ensure more consistent results . 1890 newspaper advertisement showing tin of dried coconut Contents ( hide ) 1 Food types 2 Preparation 3 Other methods 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Food types ( edit ) A collection of dried mushrooms Sun - drying octopus Many different foods can be prepared by dehydration . Meat has held an historically significant role . For centuries , much of the European diet depended on dried cod -- known as salt cod , bacalhau ( with salt ) , or stockfish ( without ) . It formed the main protein source for the slaves on the West Indian plantations , and was a major economic force within the triangular trade . Dried fish most commonly cod or haddock , known as Harðfiskur , is a delicacy in Iceland , while dried reindeer meat is a traditional Sami food . Currently popular dried meats include prosciutto ( a.k.a. Parma ham ) , bresaola , biltong and beef jerky . Dried fruits have been consumed historically due to their high sugar content and sweet taste , and a longer shelf - life from drying . Fruits are often observed differently when dried . The plum becomes a prune , the grape a raisin . Figs and dates are also transformed into new , different products that can either be eaten as they are , used in recipes , or rehydrated . Freeze - dried vegetables are often found in food for backpackers , hunters , and the military . Garlic and onion are often dried . Edible mushrooms , as well as other fungi , are also sometimes dried for preservation purposes or to be used as seasonings . Preparation ( edit ) Home drying of vegetables , fruit and meat can be carried out with electrical dehydrators ( household appliance ) or by sun - drying or by wind . Preservatives such as potassium metabisulfite , BHA , or BHT may be used , but are not required . However , dried products without these preservatives may require refrigeration or freezing to ensure safe storage for a long time . Industrial food dehydration is often accomplished by freeze - drying . In this case food is flash frozen and put into a reduced - pressure system which causes the water to sublimate directly from the solid to the gaseous phase . Although freeze - drying is more expensive than traditional dehydration techniques , it also mitigates the change in flavor , texture , and nutritional value.In addition , another widely used industrial method of drying of food is convective hot air drying . Industrial hot air dryers are simple and easy to design , construct and maintain . More so , it is very affordable and has been reported to retain most of the nutritional properties of food if dry using appropriate drying conditions . Other methods ( edit ) This electric food dehydrator has a hot air blower that blows air through trays with foods on them . Pictured are mango and papaya slices being dried . There are many different methods for drying , each with their own advantages for particular applications ; these include : Convection drying Bed dryers Drum drying Freeze Drying Microwave - vacuum drying Shelf dryers Spray drying Infrared radiation drying Combined thermal hybrid drying Sunlight Commercial food dehydrators Household oven See also ( edit ) Food portal Bouillon cube Curing Dried fruit Instant noodles Instant soup List of dried foods List of smoked foods List of foods Meat extract References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grandidier ( 1899 ) , p. 521 Jump up ^ `` Historical Origins of Food Preservation '' . Accessed June 2011 . Jump up ^ Trager , James ( 1997 ) . The Food Chronology : A Food Lover 's Compendium of Events and Anecdotes from Prehistory to the Present . Henry Holt . ISBN 080505247X . Jump up ^ `` Food Dehydrator reviews '' . www.dehydratorjudge.com . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Modeling the thin - layer drying of fruits and vegetables : A review '' . Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety . Wiley - Blackwell . 15 ( 3 ) : 599 -- 618 . 2016 - 02 - 04 . doi : 10.1111 / 1541 - 4337.12196 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Si X , Chen Q , Bi J , Wu X , Yi J , Zhou L , Li Z ( 2016 ) . `` Comparison of different drying methods on the physical properties , bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of raspberry powders '' . J Sci Food Agric. 96 ( 6 ) : 2055 -- 62 . doi : 10.1002 / jsfa. 7317 . PMID 26108354 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Recent advances of novel thermal combined hot air drying of agricultural crops '' . Trends in Food Science & Technology . Elsevier . 57 ( A ) : 132 -- 145 . 2016 - 10 - 30 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tifs. 2016.09. 012 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dried food . National Center for Home Food Preservation , drying section ( hide ) Food preservation Biopreservation Canning Cold chain Curing Drying Fermentation Freeze - drying Freezing Hurdle technology Irradiation Jamming Jellying Jugging Modified atmosphere Pascalization Pickling Potting Confit Potjevleesch Salting Smoking Sugaring Tyndallization Vacuum packing NDL : 00564857 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_drying&oldid=811450027 '' Categories : Cooking techniques Drying processes Food technology Dried foods Garde manger Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing context from July 2013 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Tagalog Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 18 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	advantages of drying as a method of food preservation	[ "Food drying is a method of food preservation in which food is dried (dehydrated or desiccated). Drying inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and mold through the removal of water. Dehydration has been used widely for this purpose since ancient times; the earliest known practice is 12,000 B.C. by inhabitants of the modern Middle East and Asia regions.[2] Water is traditionally removed through evaporation (air drying, sun drying, smoking or wind drying), although today electric food dehydrators or freeze-drying can be used to speed the drying process and ensure more consistent results." ]	[ "inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and mold" ]
7199474375147154625	Electrochemical gradient	Electrochemical gradient - wikipedia Electrochemical gradient Jump to : navigation , search Diagram of ion concentrations and charge across a semi-permeable cellular membrane . An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential , usually for an ion that can move across a membrane . The gradient consists of two parts , the chemical gradient , or difference in solute concentration across a membrane , and the electrical gradient , or difference in charge across a membrane . When there are unequal concentrations of an ion across a permeable membrane , the ion will move across the membrane from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration through simple diffusion . Ions also carry an electric charge that forms an electric potential across a membrane . If there is an unequal distribution of charges across the membrane , then the difference in electric potential generates a force that drives ion diffusion until the charges are balanced on both sides of the membrane . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Chemistry 3 Biological context 4 Ion gradients 5 Proton gradients 5.1 Bacteriorhodopsin 5.2 Photophosphorylation 5.3 Oxidative Phosphorylation 6 See also 7 References Overview ( edit ) Electrochemical potential is important in electroanalytical chemistry and industrial applications such as batteries and fuel cells . It represents one of the many interchangeable forms of potential energy through which energy may be conserved . In biological processes , the direction an ion moves by diffusion or active transport across a membrane is determined by the electrochemical gradient . In mitochondria and chloroplasts , proton gradients are used to generate a chemiosmotic potential that is also known as a proton motive force . This potential energy is used for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation or photophosphorylation , respectively . An electrochemical gradient has two components . First , the electrical component is caused by a charge difference across the lipid membrane . Second , a chemical component is caused by a differential concentration of ions across the membrane . The combination of these two factors determines the thermodynamically favourable direction for an ion 's movement across a membrane . An electrochemical gradient is analogous to the water pressure across a hydroelectric dam . Membrane transport proteins such as the sodium - potassium pump within the membrane are equivalent to turbines that convert the water 's potential energy to other forms of physical or chemical energy , and the ions that pass through the membrane are equivalent to water that ends up at the bottom of the dam . Also , energy can be used to pump water up into the lake above the dam . In similar manner , chemical energy in cells can be used to create electrochemical gradients . Chemistry ( edit ) The term is typically applied in contexts wherein a chemical reaction is to take place , such as one involving the transfer of an electron at a battery electrode . In a battery , an electrochemical potential arising from the movement of ions balances the reaction energy of the electrodes . The maximum voltage that a battery reaction can produce is sometimes called the standard electrochemical potential of that reaction ( see also Electrode potential and Table of standard electrode potentials ) . In instances pertaining specifically to the movement of electrically charged solutes , the potential is often expressed in units of volts . See : Concentration cell . Biological context ( edit ) The generation of a transmembrane electrical potential through ion movement across a cell membrane drives biological processes like nerve conduction , muscle contraction , hormone secretion , and sensory processes . By convention , a typical animal cell has a transmembrane electrical potential of - 50 mV to - 70 mV inside the cell relative to the outside . Electrochemical gradients also play a role in establishing proton gradients in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria . The final step of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain . Four complexes embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion make up the electron transport chain . However , only complexes I , III , and IV pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space ( IMS ) . In total , there are ten protons translocated from the matrix to the IMS which generates an electrochemical potential of more than 200mV . This drives the flux of protons back into the matrix through ATP synthase which produces ATP by adding an inorganic phosphate to ADP . Thus , generation of a proton electrochemical gradient is crucial for energy production in mitochondria . The total equation for the electron transport chain is : N A D H + 11 H + ( m a t r i x ) + 1 / 2 O 2 ⟶ N A D + + 10 H + ( I M S ) + H 2 O ( \ displaystyle NADH + 11H ^ ( + ) ( matrix ) + 1 / 2 \ O_ ( 2 ) \ longrightarrow NAD ^ ( + ) + 10H ^ ( + ) ( IMS ) + H_ ( 2 ) O ) Similar to the electron transport chain , the light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis pump protons into the thylakoid lumen of chloroplasts to drive the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase . The proton gradient can be generated through either noncyclic or cyclic photophosphorylation . Of the proteins that participate in noncyclic photophosphorylation , photosystem II ( PSII ) , plastiquinone , and cytochrome b f complex directly contribute to generating the proton gradient . For each four photons absorbed by PSII , eight protons are pumped into the lumen . The total equation for photophosphorylation is shown : 2 H 2 O + 6 H + ( s t r o m a ) + 2 N A D P + ⟶ O 2 + 8 H + ( l u m e n ) + 2 N A D P H ( \ displaystyle 2H_ ( 2 ) O + 6H ^ ( + ) ( stroma ) + 2NADP ^ ( + ) \ longrightarrow O_ ( 2 ) + 8H ^ ( + ) ( lumen ) + 2NADPH ) Several other transporters and ion channels play a role in generating a proton electrochemical gradient . One is TPK , a potassium channel that is activated by Ca and conducts K from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma which helps establish the pH gradient . On the other hand , the electro - neutral K efflux antiporter ( KEA ) transports K into the thylakoid lumen and H into the stroma which helps establish the electric field . Ion gradients ( edit ) Diagram of the Na - K - ATPase . Since the ions are charged , they can not pass through the membrane via simple diffusion . Two different mechanisms can transport the ions across the membrane : active or passive transport . An example of active transport of ions is the Na - K - ATPase ( NKA ) . NKA catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and an inorganic phosphate and for every molecule of ATP hydrolized , three Na are transported outside and two K are transported inside the cell . This makes the inside of the cell more negative than the outside and more specifically generates a V of about - 60mV . An example of passive transport is ion fluxes through Na , K , Ca , and Cl channels . These ions tend to move down their concentration gradient . For example , since there is a high concentration of Na outside the cell , Na will flow through the Na channel into the cell . Since the electric potential inside the cell is negative , the influx of a positive ion depolarizes the membrane which brings the transmembrane electric potential closer to zero . However , Na will continue moving down its concentration gradient as long as the effect of the chemical gradient is greater than the effect of the electrical gradient . Once the effect of both gradients are equal ( for Na this at a V of about + 70mV ) , the influx of Na stops because the driving force ( ΔG ) is zero . The equation for the driving force is : Δ G = R T l n ( C i n / C o u t ) + Z F V m ( \ displaystyle \ Delta G = RTln ( C_ ( in ) / C_ ( out ) ) + ZFV_ ( m ) ) In this equation , R represents the gas constant , T represents absolute temperature , Z is the ionic charge , and F represents the Faraday constant . Proton gradients ( edit ) Proton gradients in particular are important in many different types of cells as a form of energy storage . The gradient is usually used to drive ATP synthase , flagellar rotation , or transport of metabolites . This section will focus on three processes that help establish proton gradients in their respective cells : bacteriorhodopsin and noncyclic photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation . Bacteriorhodopsin ( edit ) Diagram of the conformational shift in retinal that initiates proton pumping in bacteriorhodopsin . The way bacteriorhodopsin generates a proton gradient in Archaea is through a proton pump . The proton pump relies on proton carriers to drive protons from the side of the membrane with a low H concentration to the side of the membrane with a high H concentration . In bacteriorhodopsin , the proton pump is activated by absorption of photons of 568 nm wavelength which leads to isomerization of the Schiff base ( SB ) in retinal forming the K state . This moves SB away from Asp85 and Asp212 , causing H transfer from the SB to Asp85 forming the M1 state . The protein then shifts to the M2 state by separating Glu204 from Glu194 which releases a proton from Glu204 into the external medium . The SB is reprotonated by Asp96 which forms the N state . It is important that the second proton comes from Asp96 since its deprotonated state is unstable and rapidly reprotonated with a proton from the cytosol . The protonation of Asp85 and Asp96 causing re-isomerization of the SB forming the O state . Finally , bacteriorhodopsin returns to its resting state when Asp85 releases its proton to Glu204 . Photophosphorylation ( edit ) Simplified diagram of photophosphorylation . PSII also relies on light to drive the formation of proton gradients in chloroplasts , however PSII utilizes vectorial redox chemistry to achieve this goal . Rather than physically transporting protons through the protein , reactions requiring the binding of protons will occur on the extracellular side while reactions requiring the release of protons will occur on the intracellular side . Absorption of photons of 680 nm wavelength is used to excite two electrons in P to a higher energy level . These higher energy electrons are transferred to protein - bound plastoquinone ( PQ ) and then to unbound plastoquinone ( PQ ) . This reduces plastoquinone ( PQ ) to plastoquinol ( PQH ) which is released from PSII after gaining two protons from the stroma . The electrons in P are replenished by oxidizing water through the oxygen - evolving complex ( OEC ) . This results in release of O and H into the lumen . The total reaction is shown : 4 p h o t o n s ( 680 n m ) + 2 H 2 O + 2 P Q + 4 H + ( s t r o m a ) ⟶ O 2 + 2 P Q H 2 + 4 H + ( l u m e n ) ( \ displaystyle 4 \ photons ( 680nm ) \ + \ 2H_ ( 2 ) O \ + \ 2PQ \ + \ 4H ^ ( + ) ( stroma ) \ longrightarrow O_ ( 2 ) \ + \ 2PQH_ ( 2 ) \ + \ 4H ^ ( + ) ( lumen ) ) After being released from PSII , PQH travels to the cytochrome b f complex which then transfers two electrons from PQH to plastocyanin in two separate reactions . The process that occurs is similar to the Q - cycle in Complex III of the electron transport chain . In the first reaction , PQH binds to the complex on the lumen side and one electron is transferred to the iron - sulfur center which then transfers it to cytochrome f which then transfers it to plastocyanin . The second electron is transferred to heme b which then transfers it to heme b which then transfers it to PQ . In the second reaction , a second PQH gets oxidized , adding an electron to another plastocyanin and PQ . Both reactions together transfer four protons into the lumen . Oxidative phosphorylation ( edit ) Detailed diagram of the electron transport chain in mitochondria . In the electron transport chain , Complex I ( CI ) catalyzes the reduction of ubiquinone ( UQ ) to ubiquinol ( UQH ) by the transfer of two electrons from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NADH ) which translocates four protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the IMS : N A D H + H + + U Q + 4 H + ( m a t r i x ) ⟶ N A D + + U Q H 2 + 4 H + ( I M S ) ( \ displaystyle NADH + H ^ ( + ) + UQ + 4H ^ ( + ) ( matrix ) \ longrightarrow NAD ^ ( + ) + UQH_ ( 2 ) + 4H ^ ( + ) ( IMS ) ) Complex III ( CIII ) catalyzes the Q - cycle . The first step involving the transfer of two electrons from the UQH reduced by CI to two molecules of oxidized cytochrome c at the Q site . In the second step , two more electrons reduce UQ to UQH at the Q site . The total reaction is shown : 2 c y t o c h r o m e c ( o x i d i z e d ) + U Q H 2 + 2 H + ( m a t r i x ) ⟶ 2 c y t o c h r o m e c ( r e d u c e d ) + U Q + 4 H + ( I M S ) ( \ displaystyle 2 \ cytochrome \ c \ ( oxidized ) \ + \ UQH_ ( 2 ) \ + \ 2H ^ ( + ) \ ( matrix ) \ longrightarrow 2 \ cytochrome \ c \ ( reduced ) \ + \ UQ \ + \ 4H ^ ( + ) \ ( IMS ) ) Complex IV ( CIV ) catalyzes the transfer of two electrons from the cytochrome c reduced by CIII to one half of a full oxygen . Utilizing one full oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation requires the transfer of four electrons . The oxygen will then consume four protons from the matrix to form water while another four protons are pumped into the IMS . The total reaction is shown : 2 c y t o c h r o m e c ( r e d u c e d ) + 4 H + ( m a t r i x ) + 1 / 2 O 2 ⟶ 2 c y t o c h r o m e c ( o x i d i z e d ) + 2 H + ( I M S ) + H 2 O ( \ displaystyle 2 \ cytochrome \ c \ ( reduced ) \ + \ 4H ^ ( + ) \ ( matrix ) \ + \ 1 / 2 \ O_ ( 2 ) \ longrightarrow 2 \ cytochrome \ c \ ( oxidized ) \ + \ 2H ^ ( + ) \ ( IMS ) \ + \ H_ ( 2 ) O ) See also ( edit ) Concentration cell Transmembrane potential difference Action potential Cell potential Electrodiffusion Galvanic cell Electrochemical cell Proton exchange membrane References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . p. 403 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nath , Sunil ; Villadsen , John ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Oxidative phosphorylation revisited '' . Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 112 ( 3 ) : 429 -- 437 . doi : 10.1002 / bit. 25492 . ISSN 1097 - 0290 . Jump up ^ Yang , Huanghe ; Zhang , Guohui ; Cui , Jianmin ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` BK channels : multiple sensors , one activation gate '' . Membrane Physiology and Membrane Biophysics. 6 : 29 . doi : 10.3389 / fphys. 2015.00029 . PMC 4319557 . PMID 25705194 . Jump up ^ Shattock , Michael J. ; Ottolia , Michela ; Bers , Donald M. ; Blaustein , Mordecai P. ; Boguslavskyi , Andrii ; Bossuyt , Julie ; Bridge , John H.B. ; Chen - Izu , Ye ; Clancy , Colleen E. ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Na+ / Ca2+ exchange and Na+ / K+ - ATPase in the heart '' . The Journal of Physiology. 593 ( 6 ) : 1361 -- 1382 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 2014.282319 . ISSN 1469 - 7793 . PMC 4376416 . PMID 25772291 . ^ Jump up to : Aperia , Anita ; Akkuratov , Evgeny E. ; Fontana , Jacopo Maria ; Brismar , Hjalmar ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Na+ - K+ - ATPase , a new class of plasma membrane receptors '' . American Journal of Physiology . Cell Physiology. 310 ( 7 ) : C491 -- C495 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpcell. 00359.2015 . ISSN 0363 - 6143 . PMID 26791490 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . p. 464 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Poburko , Damon ; Demaurex , Nicolas ( 2012 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Regulation of the mitochondrial proton gradient by cytosolic Ca2+ signals '' . Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology. 464 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 26 . doi : 10.1007 / s00424 - 012 - 1106 - y . ISSN 0031 - 6768 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . pp. 743 -- 745 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . p. 744 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . pp. 769 -- 770 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . p. 770 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Höhner , Ricarda ; Aboukila , Ali ; Kunz , Hans - Henning ; Venema , Kees ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Proton Gradients and Proton - Dependent Transport Processes in the Chloroplast '' . Plant Physiology. 7 : 218 . doi : 10.3389 / fpls. 2016.00218 . PMC 4770017 . PMID 26973667 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . pp. 464 -- 465 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Bob ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Interacting Ions in Biophysics : Real is not Ideal '' . Biophysical Journal . 104 ( 9 ) : 1849 -- 1866 . arXiv : 1305.2086 . Bibcode : 2013BpJ ... 104.1849 E . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpj. 2013.03. 049 . PMC 3647150 . PMID 23663828 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . p. 465 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Gunner , M.R. ; Amin , Muhamed ; Zhu , Xuyu ; Lu , Jianxun ( 2013 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Molecular mechanisms for generating transmembrane proton gradients '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - Bioenergetics . Metals in Bioenergetics and Biomimetics Systems . 1827 ( 8 -- 9 ) : 892 -- 913 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbabio. 2013.03. 001 . PMC 3714358 . PMID 23507617 . Jump up ^ Wickstrand , Cecilia ; Dods , Robert ; Royant , Antoine ; Neutze , Richard ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Bacteriorhodopsin : Would the real structural intermediates please stand up ? '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - General Subjects . Structural biochemistry and biophysics of membrane proteins . 1850 ( 3 ) : 536 -- 553 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbagen. 2014.05. 021 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . pp. 782 -- 783 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Schöttler , Mark Aurel ; Tóth , Szilvia Z. ; Boulouis , Alix ; Kahlau , Sabine ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Photosynthetic complex stoichiometry dynamics in higher plants : biogenesis , function , and turnover of ATP synthase and the cytochrome b 6 f complex '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 66 ( 9 ) : 2373 -- 2400 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / eru495 . ISSN 0022 - 0957 . PMID 25540437 . ^ Jump up to : Sun , Fei ; Zhou , Qiangjun ; Pang , Xiaoyun ; Xu , Yingzhi ; Rao , Zihe ( 2013 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Revealing various coupling of electron transfer and proton pumping in mitochondrial respiratory chain '' . Current Opinion in Structural Biology . 23 ( 4 ) : 526 -- 538 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sbi. 2013.06. 013 . Campbell & Reece ( 2005 ) . Biology . Pearson Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 7146 - X . Stephen T. Abedon , `` Important words and concepts from Chapter 8 , Campbell & Reece , 2002 ( 1 / 14 / 2005 ) '' , for Biology 113 at the Ohio State University Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrochemical_gradient&oldid=832158684 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Electrochemistry Electrophysiology Membrane biology Physical quantities Thermodynamics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 05 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what uses the energy found within a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of atp	[ "In biological processes, the direction an ion moves by diffusion or active transport across a membrane is determined by the electrochemical gradient. In mitochondria and chloroplasts, proton gradients are used to generate a chemiosmotic potential that is also known as a proton motive force. This potential energy is used for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation or photophosphorylation, respectively.[2]" ]	[ "oxidative phosphorylation or photophosphorylation" ]
6670959115660366016	Just Dance 2015	Just Dance 2015 - Wikipedia Just Dance 2015 Just Dance 2015 North American box art Developer ( s ) Ubisoft Paris Ubisoft Milan Ubisoft Reflections Ubisoft Pune Ubisoft Romania Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Producer ( s ) Ubisoft Series Just Dance Platform ( s ) PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Wii , Wii U , Xbox 360 , Xbox One Release NA : 21 October 2014 EU : 23 October 2014 UK : 24 October 2014 CHN : 25 August 2015 Genre ( s ) Rhythm Mode ( s ) Single - player video game Just Dance 2015 is a dance video game developed by Ubisoft Paris and Ubisoft Milan and published by Ubisoft . The sixth main installment in the franchise , it was officially announced at Ubisoft 's E3 2014 press event on 9 June 2014 alongside Just Dance Now -- a web - based spin - off of the franchise . It was released for PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , Wii , and Wii U on 21 October 2014 in North America , 23 October in Europe , 24 October in the UK and 25 October in Asia . A sequel , Just Dance 2016 was released in October 2015 . 2015 introduced additional social networking features to the series , including the ability for players to challenge other players online , and submit clips of themselves playing for inclusion into crowdsourced `` Community Remix '' routines featured in - game . The game also added the ability for a smartphone to be used as a controller with a companion app . Just Dance 2015 received mostly positive reviews by critics , praising the franchise 's continued focus on casual audience through its forgiving motion detection , multiplayer functionality , and pop - oriented soundtrack , although criticism was directed at the soundtrack for focusing too much on teen pop , as well as its user interface for having confusing and irregular conventions . As of December 31 , 2014 , 4 million copies have been shipped worldwide . Contents 1 Gameplay 2 Soundtrack 2.1 Downloadable content 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Gameplay ( edit ) As in previous installments , players must mimic the routine of an on - screen dancer to a chosen song , scoring points based on their accuracy . A new `` challenge '' feature was added , which allows players to send and receive challenges to and from other players as ghost data . As with the spin - off Just Dance Now , Just Dance 2015 allows a smartphone to be used as a controller with a companion app , as an alternative to requiring a console 's own motion control accessories . Motions are detected through the phone using its internal sensors . A new `` wall '' feature allows players to view news and updates , including received challenges . The online `` World Dance Floor '' mode introduced in 2014 returned , along with the `` Autodance '' video creator . Players could also submit clips of their own gameplay for a chance to be incorporated into a `` Community Remix '' -- routines for selected songs that feature a compilation of player videos in place of the rendered dancers . Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack of Just Dance 2015 includes 45 songs spanning across various genres . Geoffroy Sardin , Ubisoft EMEA 's senior vice president of marketing , explained that the soundtrack was intended to contain `` more top Billboard artists than ever before '' , citing demand by players . Note : Respect by Aretha Franklin , along with Dancing Queen by ABBA were announced to be in the game . However , both songs were removed for unknown reasons . Song Artist Year `` 4x4 '' Miley Cyrus 2013 `` Addicted to You '' Avicii 2013 `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell 1967 `` Bad Romance '' Lady Gaga 2009 `` Bailando '' Enrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente de Zona 2014 `` Bang Bang '' Jessie J , Ariana Grande , and Nicki Minaj 2014 `` Best Song Ever '' One Direction 2013 `` Birthday '' Katy Perry 2014 `` Black Widow '' Iggy Azalea featuring Rita Ora 2014 `` Built for This '' Becky G 2013 `` Burn '' Ellie Goulding 2013 `` Dark Horse '' Katy Perry 2014 `` Diamonds '' Rihanna 2012 `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' The Bench Men ( as made famous by Bobby McFerrin ) `` Epic Sirtaki '' The Bouzouki 's ( as made famous by Zorba The Greek ) 1964 `` Fatima '' Cheb Salama 1984 `` Get Low '' Dillon Francis and DJ Snake 2014 `` Happy '' Pharrell Williams 2013 `` Holding Out for a Hero '' Bonnie Tyler 1984 `` I Love It '' Icona Pop 2012 `` It 's My Birthday '' will.i.am and Cody Wise 2014 `` Let It Go '' Disney 's Frozen ( Cover by Nicki Gonzalez ) ( as made famous by Idina Menzel ) 2013 `` Love Is All '' The Sunlight Shakers ( as made famous by Roger Glover ) `` Love Me Again '' John Newman 2012 `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Remix ) '' The Girly Team ( as made famous by Los Del Rio ) 1995 `` Mahna Mahna '' Frankie Bostello ( as made famous by Piero Umiliani ) 1968 `` Maps '' Maroon 5 2014 `` Me and My Broken Heart '' Rixton 2014 `` Movement Is Happiness ( Find Your Thing ) '' Avishay Goren and Yossi Cohen 2014 `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' Gloria Gaynor `` Nitro Bot '' Sentai Express 2013 `` Only You ( and You Alone ) '' Love Letter ( as made famous by The Platters ) 1955 `` Papaoutai '' Stromae 2013 `` Problem '' Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea and Big Sean 2014 `` She Looks So Perfect '' 5 Seconds of Summer 2014 `` Speedy Gonzalez '' Los Pimientos Locos ( as made famous by Pat Boone ) 1962 `` Summer '' Calvin Harris 2014 `` Tetris '' Dancing Bros. ( as made famous by Hirokazu Tanaka ) `` The Fox ( What Does the Fox Say ? ) '' Ylvis 2013 `` Till I Find You '' Austin Mahone 2014 `` Walk This Way '' Run -- D.M.C. and Aerosmith 1986 `` Xmas Tree '' Bollywood Santa `` You Spin Me Round ( Like a Record ) Dead or Alive 1985 `` You 're on My Mind '' Imposs featuring J. Perry 2014 Jump up ^ Unlockable in the PAL regions . Available as DLC for NTSC regions , excluding the United States and Canada . Jump up ^ Uplay reward Jump up ^ PAL regions only . Available as DLC for NTSC regions . Jump up ^ NTSC regions only . Available as DLC for PAL regions . Downloadable content ( edit ) Additional songs for Just Dance 2015 were released as downloadable content . Some DLC songs were re-issues of songs released as DLC for previous editions . Song Artist Year Release date `` Break Free '' Ariana Grande featuring Zedd 2014 21 October 2014 `` I Luh Ya Papi '' Jennifer Lopez featuring French Montana 2014 21 October 2014 `` Papaoutai '' Stromae 2013 21 October 2014 ( NTSC regions ) `` Till I Find You '' Austin Mahone 2014 21 October 2014 ( PAL regions ) `` Movement Is Happiness ( Find Your Thing ) '' Avishay Goren and Yossi Cohen 2014 21 October 2014 ( NTSC regions ) `` One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) '' One Direction 2013 21 October 2014 ( 2014 re-release ) `` Do n't You Worry Child '' Swedish House Mafia featuring John Martin 2012 21 October 2014 ( 2014 re-release ) `` Wake Me Up '' Avicii featuring Aloe Blacc 2013 21 October 2014 ( 2014 re-release ) `` Sexy and I Know It '' LMFAO 2011 21 October 2014 ( 2014 re-release ) `` Gangnam Style '' PSY 2012 21 October 2014 ( 4 re-release ) `` Roar '' Katy Perry 2013 21 October 2014 ( 2014 re-release ) `` Die Young '' Ke $ ha 2012 21 October 2014 ( 4 re-release ) `` Just Dance '' Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis 2008 21 October 2014 ( 2014 re-release ) `` I Need Your Love '' Calvin Harris featuring Ellie Goulding 2013 21 October 2014 ( 2014 re-release ) `` Moves Like Jagger '' Maroon 5 featuring Christina Aguilera 2011 21 October 2014 ( 2014 re-release ) `` Beauty and a Beat '' Justin Bieber featuring Nicki Minaj 2012 21 October 2014 ( 4 re-release ) `` We Ca n't Stop '' Miley Cyrus 2013 25 November 2014 `` Want U Back '' Cher Lloyd featuring Astro 2012 25 November 2014 ( 4 re-release ) `` C'mon '' Ke $ ha 2012 25 November 2014 ( 2014 re-release ) `` Kiss You '' One Direction 2013 25 November 2014 ( 2014 re-release ) `` Funhouse '' P ! nk 2009 25 November 2014 ( 4 re-release ) `` Boom Clap '' Charli XCX 2014 20 January 2015 `` Kiss Kiss '' Prince Royce 2014 20 January 2015 `` Let It Go '' ( Sing - Along Alternate ) Disney 's Frozen ( as made famous by Idina Menzel ) 2013 20 January 2015 `` India Waale '' From Happy New Year 2014 20 January 2015 `` Rock N Roll '' Avril Lavigne 2013 20 January 2015 ( 2014 re-release ) Jump up ^ Not including the United States and Canada . Reception ( edit ) Just Dance 2015 received mixed - to - positive reviews by critics ; Metacritic lists the Xbox One version of the game with an aggregate score of 70 out of 100 based on 17 critic reviews . Zack Stein of IGN gave the Xbox One version of Just Dance 2015 an 8.0 out of 10 ; describing the game as `` a welcome , surprising reinvigoration of the series '' , Stein praised the game for continuing to provide an overall experience catered to a casual audience , jump - in multiplayer , along with improved Kinect motion tracking in - game , and the higher - quality production of the per - song background videos , but criticized the user interface for being `` as confusing and frustrating as ever '' due to irregular design choices and behaviors . In conclusion , Stein felt that `` It would be easy to dismiss Just Dance 2015 as the ' same - old - same - old , ' but that would overlook this finely tuned party game 's special - effects - laden dance numbers , complete with chorus lines and elaborate sets and costumes , and the social integration that holds the world - wide Just Dance community together . '' Game Revolution , giving the game a 3 out of 5 , felt that the game 's soundtrack was `` high - energy '' albeit catered to a casual audience , noting that `` singles like Pharrell 's ' Happy ' provide a strong pop basis while oddballs like a Tetris track or an unfortunately obnoxious song about a fox explore the far reaches of danceable contemporary music . '' Still , Just Dance 2015 was praised for its forgiving motion detection and multiplayer experience , concluding that `` of my own preferences regarding the music genre , dancing remains somewhere out of the lead when it comes to interacting with sound and visuals , though Just Dance 2015 hits on every requirement I have from anything asking me to move my feet without a pad to stomp on . '' Steve Hannley of Hardcore Gamer was more critical of Just Dance 2015 , arguing that it did not provide enough differentiation over Just Dance 2014 to be described as anything more than a `` track pack '' . Hannley felt that the game 's social features , although well - designed , would not appeal to what he believed was the game 's target audience ( those playing the game for exercise , not wanting to dance in public , or are `` underage '' ) . The game 's soundtrack was also criticized for being the worst in series history for `` clearly catering to teeny boppers and in doing so ( leaving ) out practically anybody older than 21 with decent taste in music '' , and containing fewer `` good '' songs than 2014 . In conclusion , giving the game a 3 out of 5 , Hannley argued that `` Just Dance is a series that 's hard to hate as it genuinely wants players to have a good time , but 2015 is a misstep . Hardly anything has changed and practically nothing has for those who do n't partake in the online functionality '' . As of December 31 , 2014 Just Dance 2015 has shipped 4 million copies . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Just Dance 2015 grooves onto systems in October ( update ) '' . Joystiq . June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ubisoft ® reports third quarter 2014 - 15 sales '' ( PDF ) . Ubisoft . February 13 , 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Just Dance 2015 Review : Happiness is the truth - ah '' . IGN . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance Now Releasing September 25 for Free on Android and iOS '' . NDTV Gadgets . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E3 2014 : Just Dance 2015 , Just Dance Now Announced '' . GameSpot . June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Just Dance 2015 '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft ® Unveils Just Dance ® 2015 for Consoles and Just Dance ® Now -- a New Mobile Experience '' . MarketWatch . June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Just Dance 2015 full track list announced '' . Computer and Video Games . Future . Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gamescom 2014 : 8 More Songs Revealed for Just Dance 2015 '' . IGN. 13 August 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Let It Go - Performed by Nicki Gonzalez for Just Dance 2015 '' . The Nicki Sessions. 4 April 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Just Dance 2015 Review '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Mahone 's Fan Experiences , ' If I Stay ' Premiere & ' Big Men ' Preview '' . AccessHollywood.com . NBCUniversal. 2014 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Just Dance ( 2 October 2014 ) . `` Ariana Grande Ft . Zedd - Break Free '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Just Dance ( 20 October 2014 ) . `` Xbox Market - I Luh Ya Papi '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance meets Bollywood with global superstar Shah Rukh Khan '' . Just Dance UK . 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` '' Rock N Roll '' by Avril Lavigne `` . Xbox Marketplace. 20 January 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Just Dance 2015 for Xbox One '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Just Dance series Main series Just Dance 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Kids Just Dance Kids Kids 2 Kids 2014 Disney Just Dance : Disney Party Disney Party 2 Greatest Hits games Just Dance : Greatest Hits Spin - off games Dance on Broadway Michael Jackson : The Experience The Smurfs Dance Party The Black Eyed Peas Experience ABBA : You Can Dance The Hip Hop Dance Experience Other games Just Dance : Summer Party Just Dance Now Ubisoft Reflections Shadow of the Beast series Shadow of the Beast ( 1989 ) Shadow of the Beast II ( 1990 ) Shadow of the Beast III ( 1992 ) Destruction Derby series Destruction Derby ( 1995 ) Destruction Derby 2 ( 1996 ) Driver series Driver ( 1999 ) Driver 2 ( 2000 ) Driver 3 ( 2004 ) Driver : Parallel Lines ( 2006 ) Driver 76 ( 2007 ) Driver : San Francisco ( 2011 ) Just Dance series Just Dance 3 ( 2011 ) Just Dance 4 ( 2012 ) Just Dance 2014 ( 2013 ) Just Dance 2015 ( 2014 ) Just Dance 2017 ( 2016 ) Grow Home series Grow Home ( 2015 ) Grow Up ( 2016 ) Other games Ravenskull ( 1986 ) Stryker 's Run ( 1987 ) Ballistix ( 1989 ) Awesome ( 1990 ) Thunder Truck Rally ( 1997 ) Stuntman ( 2002 ) Emergency Heroes ( 2008 ) Far Cry 3 ( 2012 ) The Crew ( 2014 ) Tom Clancy 's The Division ( 2016 ) Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Wildlands ( 2017 ) Atomega ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Dance_2015&oldid=856927184 '' Categories : 2014 video games Dance video games Exergames Just Dance ( video game series ) Kinect games Music video games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation Move - compatible games Ubisoft games Video games developed in France Video games developed in Italy Wii games Wii U games Wii U eShop games Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 12 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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3696089362098269197	Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology	Raj Kumar Goel institute of Technology - Wikipedia Raj Kumar Goel institute of Technology Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology , Ghaziabad Administrative Block Motto `` Knowledge is Enveloped by Ignorance '' Established 2000 Chairman Shri Dinesh Kumar Goel Dean Professor ( Dr . ) Arvind Singh Director Prof. ( Dr . ) R.P. Maheshwari Location Ghaziabad , India Campus Suburban , 27 acres Nickname RKGIT Affiliations Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University , AICTE Website www.rkgit.edu.in Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology ( RKGIT ) is a management and technical institute in the industrial city of Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh , India . The institute was founded in September 2000 . It is recognized by the All India Council for Technical Education . It is managed by an educational trust known as the Raj Kumar Goel Educational Foundation.It is one of the top most colleges of NCR . Contents ( hide ) 1 Courses offered 2 Placements 3 CCT Academy 4 Student societies 4.1 YantriKom 4.2 Electrazz 4.3 RKGIT CSI Student Branch 4.4 RKGLUG 4.4. 1 AECE 5 References Courses offered ( edit ) Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology , Ghaziabad , established in September 2000 , is a self financing institute under the registered trust Raj Kumar Goel Educational Foundations . The institute is recognized by All India Council for Technical Education ( AICTE ) and is affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University , Lucknow for B. Tech. , B. Pharm. , M.C.A. , & M.B.A. RKGIT is a AKTU study centre for their M. Pharm. and M. Tech . ( ECE ) programs . Placements ( edit ) http://rkgit.edu.in/placements.php CCT Academy ( edit ) RKG Group has established Center for Cloud Technologies ( CCT ) . CCT is a multipurpose facility that functions as a catalyst for the development and growth of students those desirous to work on virtualization , cloud computing and Big Data . This center is accredited as VMware IT Academy . CCT also provide a work space with computing and printing facility for Industry sponsored projects . Industry mentors are available to provide advice in planning , development and testing of these projects . An in - house support team also provides assistance for completion of these projects . Ten students of B. tech CSE final year have successfully established a prototype of `` private cloud Infrastructure '' in the center under the guidance of faculty and industry persons . CCT also houses the cloud computing Lab as well as faculty members involved in related projects . Recently CCT is accrediated by IBM and Amazon as Education Partner . For more Click here Student societies ( edit ) RACE It stands for Rankine 's Association Of Civil Engineers to give privilege to Sir William Rankine ( 1820 - 1872 ) and his infinite support in the field of Civil Engineering . This group is founded by Students under the supervision of faculties to conduct various activities in CIVIL ENGINEERING . The group co-founders are Vipul Jindal , Amit Verma , Shivam Srivastava , Vivek Nagar , Sujeet varun , Atul Kushwah , Aditya Kumar , Sachin Maheshwari , Satya Prakash Kushwah , Anil rathour , Nitish K Rao . Yantrikom ( edit ) The collegiate club of mechanical engineering , comprising Orion , the robotics club , Ingenium , the SAE club and the Flying club . YantriKom consistently organizes seminars on weekends skipping 4 or 5 to teach various practical aspects of engineering and actively encourages students to become better engineers , managers and politics players. Many esteem students have turned out to be diary carriers . Electrazz ( edit ) Electrazz Club has concerns related to electronics and electrical engineering . The department along with their hardworking students and co-operative faculty regularly organises such events which helps the students in technical field , their academics and improve their innovative ideas leading to a better future . RKGIT CSI Student Branch ( edit ) RKGIT is affiliated with Computer Society of India till 2016.It is one one of t he best promising branch under CSI Ghaziabad Chapter. Dr. Kavita Saxena is the present SBC of Student Branch. The objective of student branch is to bridge the gap between industry and academe . This student branch is the one of the active branch of the Ghaziabad chapter frequently organizes workshops / conferences / conventions to interact with academicians / IT experts / Research Scholars at national level . We believe that students members will get the maximum benefit by participating in all the activities organized by computer society of India . For more Click here Rkglug ( edit ) College has one of the Oldest Technical group started in 2003 to support GNU / Linux & Opensource . RKGLUG is under the department of Computer Science & Engineering ( CSE ) . Group involves Students / Teachers / Alumni activity are constantly running for the students . RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT Aece ( edit ) Association of Electronics & Communication Engineers is society of ECE students of RKGIT . AECE runs under the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering.It improves Technical Skills as well as Soft Skills of the students . References ( edit ) This article about a university or college in Uttar Pradesh , India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raj_Kumar_Goel_Institute_of_Technology&oldid=823801612 '' Categories : Engineering colleges in Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh Mahamaya Technical University Business schools in Uttar Pradesh Educational institutions established in 2000 2000 establishments in India Uttar Pradesh university stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles lacking reliable references from April 2011 All articles lacking reliable references All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 14 : 20 . About Wikipedia	raj kumar goel institute of technology ghaziabad uttar pradesh	[]	[]
-387969202654681221	United States Department of Transportation	United States Department of Transportation - wikipedia United States Department of Transportation Jump to : navigation , search `` USDOT '' redirects here . For U.S. Treasury Department , see United States Department of the Treasury . Seal of the United States Department of Transportation Flag of the United States Department of Transportation Headquarters of the U.S. Department of Transportation Department overview Formed April 1 , 1967 ; 50 years ago ( 1967 - 04 - 01 ) Jurisdiction United States of America Headquarters 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE , Washington , D.C. 38 ° 52 ′ 32.92 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 10.26 '' W / 38.8758111 ° N 77.0028500 ° W / 38.8758111 ; - 77.0028500 Coordinates : 38 ° 52 ′ 32.92 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 10.26 '' W / 38.8758111 ° N 77.0028500 ° W / 38.8758111 ; - 77.0028500 Employees 58,622 Annual budget $72.4 billion USD ( FY2015 , enacted ) Department executives Elaine Chao , Secretary Jeffrey A. Rosen , Deputy Secretary Joan DeBoer , Chief of Staff Kathryn B. Thomson , General Counsel Nitin Pradhan , CIO Chris Bertram , CFO Blair Anderson , Under Secretary for Policy Child agencies Federal Aviation Administration Federal Highway Administration Federal Railroad Administration Federal Transit Administration Maritime Administration Additional agencies Website www.transportation.gov The seal of the U.S. Department of Transportation prior to 1980 . The flag of the U.S. Department of Transportation prior to 1980 . The United States Department of Transportation ( USDOT or DOT ) is a federal Cabinet department of the U.S. government concerned with transportation . It was established by an act of Congress on October 15 , 1966 , and began operation on April 1 , 1967 . It is governed by the United States Secretary of Transportation . Its mission is to `` Serve the United States by ensuring a fast , safe , efficient , accessible , and convenient transportation system that meets our vital national interests and enhances the quality of life of the American people , today and into the future . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Administrations 3 Former Administrations 4 Budget 5 Related legislation 6 Freedom of Information Act processing performance 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the Department of Transportation , the Under Secretary of Commerce for Transportation administered the functions now associated with the DOT . In 1965 , Najeeb Halaby , administrator of the Federal Aviation Agency -- the future Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) -- suggested to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson that transportation be elevated to a cabinet - level post , and that the FAA be folded into the DOT . Administrations ( edit ) Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration ( FMCSA ) Federal Railroad Administration ( FRA ) Federal Transit Administration ( FTA ) Maritime Administration ( MARAD ) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) Office of the Secretary of Transportation ( OST ) Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration ( PHMSA ) Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation ( SLSDC ) Former Administrations ( edit ) Transportation Security Administration -- transferred to Department of Homeland Security in 2003 United States Coast Guard -- transferred to Department of Homeland Security in 2003 Surface Transportation Board ( STB ) -- spun off as an independent federal agency in 2015 Budget ( edit ) In 2012 , the DOT awarded $742.5 million in funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to 11 transit projects . The awardees include light rail projects . Other projects include both a commuter rail extension and a subway project in New York City , and a bus rapid transit system in Springfield , Oregon . The funds subsidize a heavy rail project in northern Virginia , completing the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority 's Metro Silver Line to connect Washington , D.C. , and the Washington Dulles International Airport . ( DOT had previously agreed to subsidize the Silver Line construction to Reston , Virginia . ) President Barack Obama 's budget request for fiscal year 2010 also included $1.83 billion in funding for major transit projects , of which more than $600 million went towards 10 new or expanding transit projects . The budget provided additional funding for all of the projects currently receiving Recovery Act funding , except for the bus rapid transit project . It also continued funding for another 18 transit projects that are either currently under construction or soon will be . Following the same the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2014 delegates $600 million for Infrastructure Investments , referred to as Discretionary Grants . The Department of Transportation was authorized a budget for Fiscal Year 2016 of $75.1 billion . The budget authorization is broken down as follows : Administration Funding ( in millions ) Employees ( in FTE 's ) Federal Aviation Administration $16,280.7 45,988 Federal Highway Administration $43,049.7 2,782 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration $580.4 1,175 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration $869.0 639 Federal Transit Administration $11,782.6 585 Federal Railroad Administration $1,699.2 934 Pipelines and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration $249.6 575 Maritime Administration $399.3 835 Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation $28.4 144 Office of the Secretary $935.4 1,284 Office of the Inspector General $87.5 413 TOTAL $75,536.1 55,739 Related legislation ( edit ) 1806 -- Cumberland Road 1862 -- Pacific Railway Act 1887 -- Interstate Commerce Act 1916 -- Adamson Railway Labor Act 1935 -- Motor Carrier Act 1946 -- Federal Airport Act PL 79 - 377 1950 -- Federal Aid to Highway PL 81 - 769 1954 -- Saint Lawrence Seaway Act 1956 -- Federal - Aid to Highway / Interstate Highway Act PL 84 - 627 1957 -- Airways Modernization Act PL 85 - 133 1958 -- Transportation Act of 1958 PL 85 - 625 1958 -- Federal Aviation Act PL 85 - 726 1959 -- Airport Construction Act PL 86 - 72 1964 -- Urban Mass Transportation Act PL 88 - 365 1965 -- Highway Beautification Act PL 89 - 285 1966 -- Department of Transportation established PL 89 - 670 1970 -- Urban Mass Transportation Act PL 91 - 453 1970 -- Rail Passenger Service Act PL 91 - 518 1970 -- Airport and Airway Development Act PL 91 - 258 1973 -- Federal Aid Highway Act PL 93 - 87 1973 -- Amtrak Improvement Act PL 93 - 146 1973 -- Federal Aid Highway Act PL 93 - 87 1974 -- National Mass Transportation Assistance Act PL 93 - 503 1976 -- Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act PL 94 - 210 1976 -- Hart - Scott - Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act PL 94 - 435 1978 -- Airline Deregulation Act PL 95 - 504 1980 -- Motor Carrier Act PL 96 - 296 1980 -- Staggers Rail Act PL 96 - 448 1982 -- Transportation Assistance Act PL 97 - 424 1982 -- Bus Regulatory Reform Act PL 97 - 261 1987 -- Surface Transportation Act PL 100 - 17 1991 -- Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act PL 102 - 240 1998 -- Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century PL 105 - 178 2000 -- Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century PL 106 - 181 2002 -- Homeland Security Act ( PL 107 - 296 ) 2005 -- Safe , Accountable , Flexible , Efficient Transportation Equity Act : A Legacy for Users ( PL 109 - 59 ) 2012 -- Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act ( MAP - 21 ) PL 112 - 141 2015 -- Fixing America 's Surface Transportation Act ( FAST Act ) PL 114 - 94 Freedom of Information Act processing performance ( edit ) In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act FOIA requests , published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data , the most recent years available ) , the Department of Transportation earned a D by scoring 65 out of a possible 100 points , i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Transportation portal Title 23 of the Code of Federal Regulations American Highway Users Alliance National Highway System ( United States ) National Transportation Safety Board Passenger vehicles in the United States Transportation in the United States United States Federal Maritime Commission Turner - Fairbank Highway Research Center Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ FY 2017 Department of Transportation Budget Request , pg 7 , United States Department of Transportation , Accessed 2017 - 10 - 25 Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/01/31/senate-confirms-chao-dot/97285812/ Jump up ^ `` US Department of Transportation , History '' . National Transportation Library . March 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` DOT Awards $742.5 Million in Recovery Act Funds to 11 Transit Projects '' . EERE Network News . May 13 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report on Funding Recommendations -- Fiscal Year 2010 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Transportation . 29 April 2009 . pp. A -- 75 ( 101 ) & seq . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/DOT_BH2017_508%5B2%5D.pdf Jump up ^ `` Profile Showing the Grades upon the Different Routes Surveyed for the Union Pacific Rail Road Between the Missouri River and the Valley of the Platte River '' . World Digital Library . 1865 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved 21 March 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Transportation . Official website United States Department of Transportation in the Federal Register Agencies under the United States Department of Transportation Headquarters : 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE ( Transportation Department Building ) Elaine Chao , Secretary of Transportation Jeffrey A. Rosen , Deputy Secretary of Transportation Deputy Secretary of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Federal Highway Administration Federal Railroad Administration Federal Transit Administration Inspector General U.S. Maritime Administration Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Research and Innovative Technology Administration Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation Surface Transportation Board Office of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy Office of Aviation and International Affairs Office of Transportation Policy Federal executive departments of the United States of America Executive Departments Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Former Air Force Army Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Government of the United States portal VIAF : 135454651 LCCN : n79058419 ISNI : 0000 0001 2162 7951 GND : 9688 - X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Transportation&oldid=806998703 '' Categories : United States Department of Transportation Transportation in the United States Government agencies established in 1966 United States federal executive departments 1966 establishments in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 09 : 14 . About Wikipedia	what is the purpose of a usdot number	[]	[]
-5400056415194410770	Green Eggs and Ham	Green Eggs and Ham - wikipedia Green Eggs and Ham Jump to : navigation , search For the television series , see Green Eggs and Ham ( TV series ) . For the video game , see Dr. Seuss : Green Eggs and Ham ( video game ) . Green Eggs and Ham Author Dr. Seuss Cover artist Dr. Seuss Country United States Language English Genre Children 's literature Publisher Random House The Living Books Company Publication date August 12 , 1960 ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 80016 - 5 OCLC 184476 Preceded by One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish Followed by The Sneetches and Other Stories Green Eggs and Ham is a children 's book by Dr. Seuss , first published on August 12 , 1960 . As of 2016 , the book has sold 8 million copies worldwide . The story has appeared in several adaptations starting with 1973 's Dr. Seuss on the Loose starring Paul Winchell as the voice of both Sam - I - Am and the first - person narrator . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Background 3 Reception and cultural impact 4 Adaptations 5 Temporary ban 6 Selected translations 7 References 8 External links Plot summary ( edit ) A character named `` Sam - I - am '' pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham . The unnamed character refuses , responding , `` I do not like green eggs and ham . I do not like them , Sam - I - am . '' He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him , asking him to try them in eight locations ( house , box , car , tree , train , dark , rain , boat ) and with three animals ( mouse , fox , and goat ) . Finally , he gives into Sam 's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham , which he does like after all and happily responds , `` I do so like green eggs and ham . Thank you . Thank you , Sam - I - am . '' Background ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham is one of Seuss 's `` Beginner Books '' , written in a very simple vocabulary for beginning readers . The vocabulary of the text consists of just 50 different words and was the result of a bet between Seuss and Bennett Cerf , Dr. Seuss 's publisher . that Seuss ( after completing The Cat in the Hat using 236 words ) could not complete an entire book without exceeding that limit . The 50 words are : a , am , and , anywhere , are , be , boat , box , car , could , dark , do , eat , eggs , fox , goat , good , green , ham , here , house , I , if , in , let , like , may , me , mouse , not , on , or , rain , Sam , say , see , so , thank , that , the , them , there , they , train , tree , try , will , with , would , you . Reception and cultural impact ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham was published on August 12 , 1960 . By 2001 , it had become the fourth - best selling English - language children 's hardcover book of all time . As of 2014 , the book has sold 8 million copies . In 1999 the National Education Association ( NEA ) conducted an online survey of children and teachers , seeking the 100 most popular children 's books . The children ranked Green Eggs and Ham third , just above another Dr. Seuss book , The Cat in the Hat . The teachers ranked it fourth . Teachers ranked it fourth again in a 2007 NEA poll . Scholastic Parent & Child magazine placed it # 7 among the `` 100 Greatest Books for Kids '' in 2012 . That same year , it was ranked number 12 among the `` Top 100 Picture Books '' in a survey published by School Library Journal -- the first of five Dr. Seuss books on the list . The book has become sufficiently ingrained in the cultural consciousness that U.S. District Court Judge James Muirhead referenced Green Eggs and Ham in his September 21 , 2007 court ruling after receiving an egg in the mail from prisoner Charles Jay Wolff who was protesting against the prison diet . Muirhead ordered the egg destroyed and rendered his judgment in the style of Seuss . Senator Ted Cruz read the book on the floor of the United States Senate during his filibuster over the funding over Obamacare . Musician will.i.am has stated that his moniker is inspired by the story . On September 29 , 1991 , following Dr. Seuss ' death earlier that week , the Reverend Jesse Jackson recited an excerpt of Green Eggs and Ham on Saturday Night Live during a special tribute segment . Adaptations ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham is the third of the three Geisel stories that were adapted into the television special Dr. Seuss on the Loose , which featured a connecting narration by The Cat In The Hat , in 1973 . ( The Sneetches and The Zax were the other two . ) The song `` Green Eggs and Ham '' was recorded by the band Moxy Früvous on their 1992 independent debut album Moxy Früvous and is a rap treatment of the famous story . The book was also made into a Living Books adaptation for the PC . Although similar there were differences to reflect the new media such as Sam - I - Am sings his opening lines . An upcoming animated television series based on the book , Green Eggs and Ham , will premiere on Netflix in 2018 , produced by Warner Bros. Animation , A Very Good Production , A Stern Talking To , Random House Children 's Entertainment and Gulfstream Television and distributed by Warner Bros. Television . The book was also featured as one of the segments brought to life via live - action in a stage - play fashion in the 1994 TV film In Search of Dr. Seuss . Temporary ban ( edit ) Main article : Book censorship in China In 1965 , the book was banned in the People 's Republic of China for its `` portrayal of early Marxism '' . The ban was lifted in 1991 , following Seuss ' death . Selected translations ( edit ) לֹא רָעֵב וְלֹא אוֹהֵב ( Lo ra'ev ve - lo ohev , 1960 , Hebrew ISBN 9789652294661 ) Huevos verdes con jamón ( 1960 , Spanish , ISBN 1880507013 ) Groene eieren met ham ( 1960s , Dutch , ISBN 9024002966 ) 火腿加綠蛋 ( Huǒ tuǐ jiā lǜ dàn , 1992 , Chinese , ISBN 9573211254 ) Prosciutto e uova verdi ( 2002 , Italian , ISBN 880902446X ) Virent ova ! Viret perna ! ( 2003 , Latin , ISBN 0865165556 ) Kto zje zielone jajka sadzone ? ( 2004 , Polish , ISBN 8372781249 ) Les œufs verts au jambon ( 2009 , French , ISBN 9781569756881 ) Grünes Ei mit Speck ( 2011 , German , ISBN 9783596854417 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/arts/literature/20-best-selling-childrens-books9.htm Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss on the Loose '' . IMDB . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 stories behind Dr. Seuss stories '' . CNN . January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Green Eggs and Ham '' . snopes.com. 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 99 Interesting Facts about the world # 18 '' . All That is Interesting . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ A 50 - year feast in 50 words , Marketplace . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Sam - I - Am ! 50 Years of Green Eggs and Ham '' . Gnews. 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books '' . Publishers Weekly . 17 December 2001 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Menand , Louis . `` A Critic at Large : Cat People : What Dr. Seuss Really Taught Us '' . The New Yorker . 23 December 2002 . Jump up ^ Kids ' top 100 books NEA : National Education Association . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books '' . NEA : National Education Association . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Parent & Child 100 Greatest Books for Kids '' ( PDF ) . Scholastic Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Picture Books Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Judge makes ' Green Eggs and Ham ' ruling '' . MSNBC . Jump up ^ `` ORDER the egg filed by the plaintiff is to be destroyed re : 55 Motion for Contempt , injunction '' , Wolff v. NH Department of Corrections et al ( Case 1 : 2006cv00321 ) , September 18 , 2007 , Filing 56 Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/why-ted-cruz-read-green-eggs-and-ham-in-the-u-s-senate-1.1867499 Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/23/magazine/23FOB-Q4-t.html?_r=0 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ABC News 2010 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Picks Up ' Green Eggs and Ham ' Animated Series From Ellen DeGeneres '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/20/surprisingly-banned-books_n_1218905.html Jump up ^ `` Banned Books Week : Green Eggs and Ham '' . New York Public Library . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Claasen , Lynda ( 16 January 2015 ) . How Dr. Seuss Created Green Eggs and Ham ( Video ) . Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer Geisel PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Eggs List of egg topics Types Bird Fish and amphibian Monotreme Fossil record Cephalopod Fish Reptile ( dinosaur ) Pathology Biology Embryo Ichthyoplankton Ootheca Oviparity Spawn Zygote Components Yolk White Shell As food List of egg dishes Boiled Coddled Custard desserts Deviled Eggs Benedict Fried Omelette Poached Pickled Roe Scotch Scrambled Smoked Soufflé Tea egg Trophic egg In culture Easter egg Egging Fabergé egg Humpty Dumpty Oomancy Ovo vegetarianism Yoshi Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Eggs_and_Ham&oldid=804726676 '' Categories : Books by Dr. Seuss 1960 children 's books Eggs in culture American children 's picture books Constrained writing Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 19 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the characters in green eggs and ham	[ "A character named \"Sam-I-am\" pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham. The unnamed character refuses, responding, \"I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am.\" He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him, asking him to try them in eight locations (house, box, car, tree, train, dark, rain, boat) and with three animals (mouse, fox, and goat). Finally, he gives into Sam's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham, which he does like after all and happily responds, \"I do so like green eggs and ham. Thank you. Thank you, Sam-I-am.\"", "A character named \"Sam-I-am\" pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham. The unnamed character refuses, responding, \"I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am.\" He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him, asking him to try them in eight locations (house, box, car, tree, train, dark, rain, boat) and with three animals (mouse, fox, and goat). Finally, he gives into Sam's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham, which he does like after all and happily responds, \"I do so like green eggs and ham. Thank you. Thank you, Sam-I-am.\"", "A character named \"Sam-I-am\" pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham. The unnamed character refuses, responding, \"I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am.\" He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him, asking him to try them in eight locations (house, box, car, tree, train, dark, rain, boat) and with three animals (mouse, fox, and goat). Finally, he gives into Sam's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham, which he does like after all and happily responds, \"I do so like green eggs and ham. Thank you. Thank you, Sam-I-am.\"", "A character named \"Sam-I-am\" pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham. The unnamed character refuses, responding, \"I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am.\" He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him, asking him to try them in eight locations (house, box, car, tree, train, dark, rain, boat) and with three animals (mouse, fox, and goat). Finally, he gives into Sam's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham, which he does like after all and happily responds, \"I do so like green eggs and ham. Thank you. Thank you, Sam-I-am.\"", "A character named \"Sam-I-am\" pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham. The unnamed character refuses, responding, \"I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am.\" He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him, asking him to try them in eight locations (house, box, car, tree, train, dark, rain, boat) and with three animals (mouse, fox, and goat). Finally, he gives into Sam's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham, which he does like after all and happily responds, \"I do so like green eggs and ham. Thank you. Thank you, Sam-I-am.\"" ]	[ "Sam-I-am", "an unnamed character", "mouse", "fox", "goat" ]
-1081049729702577486	History of education in the United States	History of education in the United States - wikipedia History of education in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Well equipped one - room rural school ( with desks , blackboard , books , globe , artwork , stove , piano ) in Oklahoma early 20th century Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal The history of education in the United States , or foundations of education covers the trends in educational philosophy , policy , institutions , as well as formal and informal learning in America from the 17th century to the early 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial era 1.1 New England 1.2 The South 1.3 Women and girls 1.4 Non-English schools 1.5 Textbooks 1.6 Colonial colleges 2 Federal era 2.1 Republican motherhood 2.2 Attendance 2.2. 1 Teachers , early 1800s 2.2. 2 One - room schoolhouses 2.2. 3 Mann reforms 2.2. 4 Compulsory laws 2.2. 5 Religion and schools 2.2. 6 Schools for Black students 2.2. 7 Influence of colleges in 19th century 3 20th century 3.1 Progressive Era 3.1. 1 Dewey and progressive education 3.1. 2 Black education 3.1. 3 Atlanta 3.1. 4 Gary plan 3.2 Great Depression and New Deal : 1929 - 39 3.3 Secondary schools 3.3. 1 College preparation 3.3. 2 The growth of human capital 3.3. 3 Teachers and administrators 3.4 Higher education 3.4. 1 Land Grant universities 3.4. 2 GI Bill 3.4. 3 Great Society 3.5 Segregation and integration 3.6 Education after 1945 3.6. 1 Inequality 3.6. 2 Special education 3.7 Reform efforts in the 1980s 4 21st century 4.1 Policy since 2000 5 Historiography 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Historiography 8.2 Primary sources 8.3 Journals 9 External links Colonial era ( edit ) See also : Education in the Thirteen Colonies New England ( edit ) The first American schools in the thirteen original colonies opened in the 17th century . Boston Latin School was founded in 1635 and is both the first public school and oldest existing school in the United States . The first free taxpayer - supported public school in North America , the Mather School , was opened in Dorchester , Massachusetts , in 1639 . Cremin ( 1970 ) stresses that colonists tried at first to educate by the traditional English methods of family , church , community , and apprenticeship , with schools later becoming the key agent in `` socialization . '' At first , the rudiments of literacy and arithmetic were taught inside the family , assuming the parents had those skills . Literacy rates were much higher in New England because much of the population had been deeply involved in the Protestant Reformation and learned to read in order to read the Scriptures . Literacy was much lower in the South , where the Anglican Church was the established church . Single working - class people formed a large part of the population in the early years , arriving as indentured servants . The planter class did not support public education but arranged for private tutors for their children , and sent some to England at appropriate ages for further education . By the mid-19th century , the role of the schools in New England had expanded to such an extent that they took over many of the educational tasks traditionally handled by parents . First Boston Latin School House All the New England colonies required towns to set up schools , and many did so . In 1642 the Massachusetts Bay Colony made `` proper '' education compulsory ; other New England colonies followed this example . Similar statutes were adopted in other colonies in the 1640s and 1650s . The schools were all male and all white , with few facilities for girls . In the 18th century , `` common schools '' were established ; students of all ages were under the control of one teacher in one room . Although they were publicly supplied at the local ( town ) level , they were not free . Students ' families were charged tuition or `` rate bills . '' The larger towns in New England opened grammar schools , the forerunner of the modern high school . The most famous was the Boston Latin School , which is still in operation as a public high school . Hopkins School in New Haven , Connecticut , was another . By the 1780s , most had been replaced by private academies . By the early 19th century New England operated a network of private high schools , now called `` prep schools , '' typified by Phillips Andover Academy ( 1778 ) , Phillips Exeter Academy ( 1781 ) , and Deerfield Academy ( 1797 ) . They became the major feeders for Ivy League colleges in the mid-19th century . These prep schools became coeducational in the 1970s , and remain highly prestigious in the 21st century . The South ( edit ) Residents of the Upper South , centered on the Chesapeake Bay , created some basic schools early in the colonial period . In late 17th century Maryland , the Catholic Jesuits operated some schools for Catholic students . Generally the planter class hired tutors for the education of their children or sent them to private schools . During the colonial years , some sent their sons to England or Scotland for schooling . In March 1620 , George Thorpe sailed from Bristol for Virginia . He became a deputy in charge of 10,000 acres ( 4,000 ha ) of land to be set aside for a university and Indian school . The plans for the school for Native Americans ended when George Thorpe was killed in the Indian Massacre of 1622 . In Virginia , rudimentary schooling for the poor and paupers was provided by the local parish . Most elite parents either home schooled their children using peripatetic tutors or sent them to small local private schools . In the deep south ( Georgia and South Carolina ) , schooling was carried on by primarily by private venture teachers and a hodgepodge of publicly funded projects . In the colony of Georgia , at least ten grammar schools were in operation by 1770 , many taught by ministers . The Bethesda Orphan House educated children . Dozens of private tutors and teachers advertised their service in newspapers . A study of women 's signatures indicates a high degree of literacy in areas with schools . In South Carolina , scores of school projects were advertised in the South Carolina Gazette beginning in 1732 . Although it is difficult to know how many ads yielded successful schools , many of the ventures advertised repeatedly over years , suggesting continuity . After the American Revolution , Georgia and South Carolina tried to start small public universities . Wealthy families sent their sons North to college . In Georgia public county academies for white students became more common , and after 1811 South Carolina opened a few free `` common schools '' to teach reading , writing and arithmetic to whites . Republican governments during the Reconstruction era established the first public school systems to be supported by general taxes . Both whites and blacks would be admitted , but legislators agreed on racially segregated schools . ( The few integrated schools were located in New Orleans ) . Particularly after white Democrats regained control of the state legislatures in former Confederate states , they consistently underfunded public schools for blacks which continued until 1954 when the United States Supreme Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional . Generally public schooling in rural areas did not extend beyond the elementary grades for either whites or blacks . This was known as `` eighth grade school '' After 1900 , some cities began to establish high schools , primarily for middle class whites . In the 1930s roughly one fourth of the US population still lived and worked on farms and few rural Southerners of either race went beyond the 8th grade until after 1945 . Women and girls ( edit ) The earliest continually operating school for girls in the United States is the Catholic Ursuline Academy in New Orleans . It was founded in 1727 by the Sisters of the Order of Saint Ursula . The Academy graduated the first female pharmacist , and the first woman to write a book of literary merit . The first convent established in the United States supported the Academy . This was the first free school and first retreat center for young women . It was the first school to teach free women of color , Native Americans , and female African - American slaves . In the region , Ursuline provided the first center of social welfare in the Mississippi Valley ; and it was the first boarding school for girls in Louisiana , and the first school of music in New Orleans . Tax - supported schooling for girls began as early as 1767 in New England . It was optional and some towns proved reluctant to support this innovation . Northampton , Massachusetts , for example , was a late adopter because it had many rich families who dominated the political and social structures . They did not want to pay taxes to aid poor families . Northampton assessed taxes on all households , rather than only on those with children , and used the funds to support a grammar school to prepare boys for college . Not until after 1800 did Northampton educate girls with public money . In contrast , the town of Sutton , Massachusetts , was diverse in terms of social leadership and religion at an early point in its history . Sutton paid for its schools by means of taxes on households with children only , thereby creating an active constituency in favor of universal education for both boys and girls . Colonial schoolhouse in Hollis , New Hampshire Historians note that reading and writing were different skills in the colonial era . Schools taught both , but in places without schools , writing was taught mainly to boys and a few privileged girls . Men handled worldly affairs and needed to both read and write . It was believed that girls needed only to read ( especially religious materials ) . This educational disparity between reading and writing explains why the colonial women often could read , but could not write and could not sign their names -- they used an `` X '' . The education of elite women in Philadelphia after 1740 followed the British model developed by the gentry classes during the early 18th century . Rather than emphasizing ornamental aspects of women 's roles , this new model encouraged women to engage in more substantive education , reaching into the classical arts and sciences to improve their reasoning skills . Education had the capacity to help colonial women secure their elite status by giving them traits that their ' inferiors ' could not easily mimic . Fatherly ( 2004 ) examines British and American writings that influenced Philadelphia during the 1740s -- 1770s and the ways in which Philadelphia women gained education and demonstrated their status . Non-english schools ( edit ) By 1664 , when the territory was taken over by the English , most towns in the New Netherland colony had already set up elementary schools . The schools were closely related to the Dutch Reformed Church , and emphasized reading for religious instruction and prayer . The English closed the Dutch - language public schools ; in some cases these were converted into private academies . The new English government showed little interest in public schools . German settlements from New York through Pennsylvania , Maryland and down to the Carolinas sponsored elementary schools closely tied to their churches , with each denomination or sect sponsoring its own schools . In the early colonial years , German immigrants were Protestant and the drive for education was related to teaching students to read Scripture . Following waves of German Catholic immigration after the 1848 revolutions , and after the end of the Civil War , both Catholics and Missouri Synod Lutherans began to set up their own German - language parochial schools , especially in cities of heavy German immigration : such as Cincinnati , St. Louis , Chicago and Milwaukee , as well as rural areas heavily settled by Germans . The Amish , a small religious sect speaking German , are opposed to schooling past the elementary level . They see it as unnecessary , as dangerous to preservation of their faith , and as beyond the purview of government . Spain had small settlements in Florida , the Southwest , and also controlled Louisiana . There is little evidence that they schooled any girls . Parish schools were administered by Jesuits or Franciscans and were limited to male students . Excerpt from The New England Primer of 1690 , the most popular American textbook of the 18th century Textbooks ( edit ) In the 17th century , colonists imported schoolbooks from England . By 1690 , Boston publishers were reprinting the English Protestant Tutor under the title of The New England Primer . The Primer was built on rote memorization . By simplifying Calvinist theology , the Primer enabled the Puritan child to define the limits of the self by relating his life to the authority of God and his parents . The Primer included additional material that made it widely popular in colonial schools until it was supplanted by Webster 's work . The `` blue backed speller '' of Noah Webster was by far the most common textbook from the 1790s until 1836 , when the McGuffey Readers appeared . Both series emphasized civic duty and morality , and sold tens of millions of copies nationwide . Webster 's Speller was the pedagogical blueprint for American textbooks ; it was so arranged that it could be easily taught to students , and it progressed by age . Webster believed students learned most readily when complex problems were broken into its component parts . Each pupil could master one part before moving to the next . Ellis argues that Webster anticipated some of the insights associated in the 20th century with Jean Piaget 's theory of cognitive development . Webster said that children pass through distinctive learning phases in which they master increasingly complex or abstract tasks . He stressed that teachers should not try to teach a three - year - old how to read -- wait until they are ready at age five . He planned the Speller accordingly , starting with the alphabet , then covering the different sounds of vowels and consonants , then syllables ; simple words came next , followed by more complex words , then sentences . Webster 's Speller was entirely secular . It ended with two pages of important dates in American history , beginning with Columbus ' `` discovery '' in 1492 and ending with the Battle of Yorktown in 1781 , by which the United States achieved independence . There was no mention of God , the Bible , or sacred events . As Ellis explains , `` Webster began to construct a secular catechism to the nation - state . Here was the first appearance of ' civics ' in American schoolbooks . In this sense , Webster 's speller was the secular successor to The New England Primer with its explicitly biblical injunctions . '' Bynack ( 1984 ) examines Webster in relation to his commitment to the idea of a unified American national culture that would prevent the decline of republican virtues and national solidarity . Webster acquired his perspective on language from such German theorists as Johann David Michaelis and Johann Gottfried Herder . He believed with them that a nation 's linguistic forms and the thoughts correlated with them shaped individuals ' behavior . He intended the etymological clarification and reform of American English to improve citizens ' manners and thereby preserve republican purity and social stability . Webster animated his Speller and Grammar by following these principles . Colonial colleges ( edit ) Higher education was largely oriented toward training men as ministers before 1800 . Doctors and lawyers were trained in local apprentice systems . Religious denominations established most early colleges in order to train ministers . New England had a long emphasis on literacy in order that individuals could read the Bible . Harvard College was founded by the colonial legislature in 1636 , and named after an early benefactor . Most of the funding came from the colony , but the college began to build an endowment from its early years . Harvard at first focused on training young men for the ministry , but many alumni went into law , medicine , government or business . The college was a leader in bringing Newtonian science to the colonies . The College of William & Mary was founded by Virginia government in 1693 , with 20,000 acres ( 8,100 ha ) of land for an endowment , and a penny tax on every pound of tobacco , together with an annual appropriation . It was closely associated with the established Anglican Church . James Blair , the leading Anglican minister in the colony , was president for 50 years . The college won the broad support of the Virginia planter class , most of whom were Anglicans . It hired the first law professor and trained many of the lawyers , politicians , and leading planters . Students headed for the ministry were given free tuition . The first history of Yale was written by President Thomas Clap in 1766 . Yale College was founded by Puritans in 1701 , and in 1716 was relocated to New Haven , Connecticut . The conservative Puritan ministers of Connecticut had grown dissatisfied with the more liberal theology of Harvard , and wanted their own school to train orthodox ministers . However president Thomas Clap ( 1740 -- 1766 ) strengthened the curriculum in the natural sciences and made Yale a stronghold of revivalist New Light theology . New Side Presbyterians in 1747 set up the College of New Jersey , in the town of Princeton ; much later it was renamed as Princeton University . Baptists established Rhode Island College in 1764 , and in 1804 it was renamed Brown University in honor of a benefactor . Brown was especially liberal in welcoming young men from other denominations . In New York City , the Anglicans set up Kings College in 1746 , with its president Samuel Johnson the only teacher . It closed during the American Revolution , and reopened in 1784 as an independent institution under the name of Columbia College ; it is now Columbia University . The Academy of Philadelphia was created in 1749 by Benjamin Franklin and other civic minded leaders in Philadelphia . Unlike colleges in other cities , it was not oriented toward the training of ministers . It was renamed the University of Pennsylvania in 1791 . The Dutch Reform Church in 1766 set up Queens College in New Jersey , which later became known as Rutgers University and gained state support . Dartmouth College , chartered in 1769 as a school for Native Americans , relocated to its present site in Hanover , New Hampshire , in 1770 . All of the schools were small , with a limited undergraduate curriculum oriented on the classical liberal arts . Students were drilled in Greek , Latin , geometry , ancient history , logic , ethics and rhetoric , with few discussions , little homework and no lab sessions . The college president typically tried to enforce strict discipline . The upperclassmen enjoyed hazing the freshmen . Many students were younger than 17 , and most of the colleges also operated a preparatory school . There were no organized sports , or Greek - letter fraternities , but many of the schools had active literary societies . Tuition was very low and scholarships were few . The colonies had no schools of law . A few young American students studied at the prestigious Inns of Court in London . The majority of aspiring lawyers served apprenticeships with established American lawyers , or `` read the law '' to qualify for bar exams . Law became very well established in the colonies , compared to medicine , which was in rudimentary condition . In the 18th century , 117 Americans had graduated in medicine in Edinburgh , Scotland , but most physicians learned as apprentices in the colonies . The trustees of the Academy of Philadelphia ( later the University of Pennsylvania ) established the first medical school in the colonies in 1765 . In New York , the medical department of King 's College was established in 1767 , and in 1770 it awarded the first American M.D. degree . Federal era ( edit ) `` The whole people must take upon themselves the education of the whole people and be willing to bear the expenses of it . There should not be a district of one mile square , without a school in it , not founded by a charitable individual , but maintained at the public expense of the people themselves . '' -- John Adams , U.S. President , 1785 After the Revolution , northern states especially emphasized education and rapidly established public schools . By the year 1870 , all states had tax - subsidized elementary schools . The US population had one of the highest literacy rates in the world at the time . Private academies also flourished in the towns across the country , but rural areas ( where most people lived ) had few schools before the 1880s . In 1821 , Boston started the first public high school in the United States . By the close of the 19th century , public secondary schools began to outnumber private ones . Over the years , Americans have been influenced by a number of European reformers ; among them Pestalozzi , Herbart , and Montessori . Republican motherhood ( edit ) By the early 19th century with the rise of the new United States , a new mood was alive in urban areas . Especially influential were the writings of Lydia Maria Child , Catharine Maria Sedgwick , and Lydia Sigourney , who developed the role of republican motherhood as a principle that united state and family by equating a successful republic with virtuous families . Women , as intimate and concerned observers of young children , were best suited to the role of guiding and teaching children . By the 1840s , New England writers such as Child , Sedgwick , and Sigourney became respected models and advocates for improving and expanding education for females . Greater educational access meant formerly male - only subjects , such as mathematics and philosophy , were to be integral to curricula at public and private schools for girls . By the late 19th century , these institutions were extending and reinforcing the tradition of women as educators and supervisors of American moral and ethical values . The ideal of Republican motherhood pervaded the entire nation , greatly enhancing the status of women and supporting girls ' need for education . The relative emphasis on decorative arts and refinement of female instruction which had characterized the colonial era was replaced after 1776 by a program to support women in education for their major role in nation building , in order that they become good republican mothers of good republican youth . Fostered by community spirit and financial donations , private female academies were established in towns across the South as well as the North . Rich planters were particularly insistent on having their daughters schooled , since education often served as a substitute for dowry in marriage arrangements . The academies usually provided a rigorous and broad curriculum that stressed writing , penmanship , arithmetic , and languages , especially French . By 1840 , the female academies succeeded in producing a cultivated , well - read female elite ready for their roles as wives and mothers in southern aristocratic society . Attendance ( edit ) The 1840 census indicated that of the 3.68 million children between the ages of five and fifteen , about 55 % attended primary schools and academies . Many families could not afford to pay for their children to go to school or spare them from farm work . Beginning in the late 1830s , more private academies were established for girls for education past primary school , especially in northern states . Some offered classical education similar to that offered to boys . Data from the indentured servant contracts of German immigrant children in Pennsylvania from 1771 -- 1817 show that the number of children receiving education increased from 33.3 % in 1771 -- 1773 to 69 % in 1787 -- 1804 . Additionally , the same data showed that the ratio of school education versus home education rose from . 25 in 1771 -- 1773 to 1.68 in 1787 -- 1804 . While some African Americans managed to achieve literacy , southern states largely prohibited schooling to blacks . Teachers , early 1800s ( edit ) Teaching young students was not an attractive career for educated people . Adults became teachers without any particular skill . Hiring was handled by the local school board , who were mainly interested in the efficient use of limited taxes and favored young single women from local taxpaying families . This started to change with the introduction of two - year normal schools starting in 1823 . Normal schools increasingly provided career paths for unmarried middle class women . By 1900 most teachers of elementary schools in the northern states had been trained at normal schools . One - room schoolhouses ( edit ) Given the high proportion of population in rural areas , with limited numbers of students , most communities relied on one - room school houses . Teachers would deal with the range of students of various ages and abilities by using the Monitorial System , an education method that became popular on a global scale during the early 19th century . This method was also known as `` mutual instruction '' or the `` Bell - Lancaster method '' after the British educators Dr Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster , who each independently developed it about 1798 . As older children in families would teach younger ones , the abler pupils in these schools became ' helpers ' to the teacher , and taught other students what they had learned . Mann reforms ( edit ) Upon becoming the secretary of education of Massachusetts in 1837 , Horace Mann ( 1796 -- 1859 ) worked to create a statewide system of professional teachers , based on the Prussian model of `` common schools . '' Prussia was attempting to develop a system of education by which all students were entitled to the same content in their public classes . Mann initially focused on elementary education and on training teachers . The common - school movement quickly gained strength across the North . Connecticut adopted a similar system in 1849 , and Massachusetts passed a compulsory attendance law in 1852 . Mann 's crusading style attracted wide middle - class support . Historian Ellwood P. Cubberley asserts : No one did more than he to establish in the minds of the American people the conception that education should be universal , non-sectarian , free , and that its aims should be social efficiency , civic virtue , and character , rather than mere learning or the advancement of sectarian ends . An important technique which Mann had learned in Prussia and introduced in Massachusetts in 1848 was to place students in grades by age . They were assigned by age to different grades and progressed through them , regardless of differences of aptitude . In addition , he used the lecture method common in European universities , which required students to receive instruction rather than take an active role in instructing one another . Previously , schools had often had groups of students who ranged in age from 6 to 14 years . With the introduction of age grading , multi-aged classrooms all but disappeared . Some students progressed with their grade and completed all courses the secondary school had to offer . These were `` graduated , '' and were awarded a certificate of completion . This was increasingly done at a ceremony imitating college graduation rituals . Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation 's unruly children into disciplined , judicious republican citizens , Mann won widespread approval for building public schools from modernizers , especially among fellow Whigs . Most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts , especially the program for `` normal schools '' to train professional teachers . This quickly developed into a widespread form of school which later became known as the factory model school . Free schooling was available through some of the elementary grades . Graduates of these schools could read and write , though not always with great precision . Mary Chesnut , a Southern diarist , mocks the North 's system of free education in her journal entry of June 3 , 1862 , where she derides misspelled words from the captured letters of Union soldiers . Compulsory laws ( edit ) A 1915 class at the Geyer School of Geyer , Ohio By 1900 , 34 states had compulsory schooling laws ; four were in the South . 30 states with compulsory schooling laws required attendance until age 14 ( or higher ) . As a result , by 1910 , 72 percent of American children attended school . Half the nation 's children attended one - room schools . In 1918 , every state required students to complete elementary school . Religion and schools ( edit ) As the nation was majority Protestant in the 19th century , most states passed a constitutional amendment , called Blaine Amendments , forbidding tax money be used to fund parochial schools . This was largely directed against Catholics , as the heavy immigration from Catholic Ireland after the 1840s aroused nativist sentiment . There were longstanding tensions between Catholic and Protestant believers , long associated with nation states that had established religions . Many Protestants believed that Catholic children should be educated in public schools in order to become American . By 1890 the Irish , who as the first major Catholic immigrant group controlled the Church hierarchy in the U.S. , had built an extensive network of parishes and parish schools ( `` parochial schools '' ) across the urban Northeast and Midwest . The Irish and other Catholic ethnic groups intended parochial schools not only to protect their religion , but to enhance their culture and language . Catholics and German Lutherans , as well as Dutch Protestants , organized and funded their own elementary schools . Catholic communities also raised money to build colleges and seminaries to train teachers and religious leaders to head their churches . In the 19th century , most Catholics were Irish or German immigrants and their children ; in the 1890s new waves of Catholic immigrants began arriving from Italy and Poland . The parochial schools met some opposition , as in the Bennett Law in Wisconsin in 1890 , but they thrived and grew . Catholic nuns served as teachers in most schools and were paid low salaries in keeping with their vows of poverty . In 1925 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Pierce v. Society of Sisters that students could attend private schools to comply with state compulsory education laws , thus giving parochial schools an official blessing . Schools for black students ( edit ) Further information : Black school and History of education in Missouri In the early days of the Reconstruction era , the Freedmen 's Bureau opened 1000 schools across the South for black children . This was essentially building on schools that had been established in numerous large contraband camps . Freedmen were eager for schooling for both adults and children , and the enrollments were high and enthusiastic . Overall , the Bureau spent $5 million to set up schools for blacks . By the end of 1865 , more than 90,000 freedmen were enrolled as students in these schools . The school curriculum resembled that of schools in the North . Many Bureau teachers were well - educated Yankee women motivated by religion and abolitionism . Half the teachers were southern whites ; one - third were blacks , and one - sixth were northern whites . Most were women but among African Americans , male teachers slightly outnumbered female teachers . In the South , people were attracted to teaching because of the good salaries , at a time when the societies were disrupted and the economy was poor . Northern teachers were typically funded by northern organizations and were motivated by humanitarian goals to help the freedmen . As a group , only the black cohort showed a commitment to racial equality ; they were also the ones most likely to continue as teachers . When the Republicans came to power in the Southern states after 1867 , they created the first system of taxpayer - funded public schools . Southern Blacks wanted public schools for their children but they did not demand racially integrated schools . Almost all the new public schools were segregated , apart from a few in New Orleans . After the Republicans lost power in the mid-1870s , conservative whites retained the public school systems but sharply cut their funding . Almost all private academies and colleges in the South were strictly segregated by race . The American Missionary Association supported the development and establishment of several historically black colleges , such as Fisk University and Shaw University . In this period , a handful of northern colleges accepted black students . Northern denominations and their missionary associations especially established private schools across the South to provide secondary education . They provided a small amount of collegiate work . Tuition was minimal , so churches supported the colleges financially , and also subsidized the pay of some teachers . In 1900 , churches -- mostly based in the North -- operated 247 schools for blacks across the South , with a budget of about $1 million . They employed 1600 teachers and taught 46,000 students . Prominent schools included Howard University , a federal institution based in Washington ; Fisk University in Nashville , Atlanta University , Hampton Institute in Virginia , and many others . Most new colleges in the 19th century were founded in northern states . In 1890 , Congress expanded the land - grant program to include federal support for state - sponsored colleges across the South . It required states to identify colleges for black students as well as white ones in order to get land grant support . Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute was of national importance because it set the standards for what was called industrial education . Of even greater influence was Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers , led from 1881 by Hampton alumnus Booker T. Washington . In 1900 few black students were enrolled in college - level work ; their schools had very weak faculties and facilities . The alumni of Keithley became high school teachers . While the colleges and academies were generally coeducational , until the late 20th century , historians had taken little notice of the role of women as students and teachers . Influence of colleges in 19th century ( edit ) Summarizing the research of Burke and Hall , Katz concludes that in the 19th century : The nation 's many small colleges helped young men make the transition from rural farms to complex urban occupations . These colleges especially promoted upward mobility by preparing ministers , and thereby provided towns across the country with a core of community leaders . The more elite colleges became increasingly exclusive and contributed relatively little to upward social mobility . By concentrating on the offspring of wealthy families , ministers and a few others , the elite Eastern colleges , especially Harvard , played an important role in the formation of a Northeastern elite with great power . 20th century ( edit ) Progressive era ( edit ) The progressive era in education was part of a larger Progressive Movement , extending from the 1890s to the 1930s . The era was notable for a dramatic expansion in the number of schools and students served , especially in the fast - growing metropolitan cities . After 1910 , smaller cities also began building high schools . By 1940 , 50 % of young adults had earned a high school diploma . Radical historians in the 1960s , steeped in the anti-bureaucratic ethos of the New Left , deplored the emergence of bureaucratic school systems . They argue its purpose was to suppress the upward aspirations of the working class . But other historians have emphasized the necessity of building non-politicized standardized systems . The reforms in St. Louis , according to historian Selwyn Troen , were , `` born of necessity as educators first confronted the problems of managing a rapidly expanding and increasingly complex institutions . '' Troen found that the bureaucratic solution removed schools from the bitterness and spite of ward politics . Troen argues : In the space of only a generation , public education had left behind a highly regimented and politicized system dedicated to training children in the basic skills of literacy and the special discipline required of urban citizens , and had replaced it with a largely apolitical , more highly organized and efficient structure specifically designed to teach students the many specialized skills demanded in a modern , industrial society . In terms of programs this entailed the introduction of vocational instruction , a doubling of the period of schooling , and a broader concern for the welfare of urban youth . The social elite in many cities in the 1890s led the reform movement . Their goal was to permanently end political party control of the local schools for the benefit of patronage jobs and construction contracts , which had arisen out of ward politics that absorbed and taught the millions of new immigrants . New York City elite led progressive reforms . Reformers installed a bureaucratic system run by experts , and demanded expertise from prospective teachers . The reforms opened the way for hiring more Irish Catholic and Jewish teachers , who proved adept at handling the civil service tests and gaining the necessary academic credentials . Before the reforms , schools had often been used as a means to provide patronage jobs for party foot soldiers . The new emphasis concentrated on broadening opportunities for the students . New programs were established for the physically handicapped ; evening recreation centers were set up ; vacation schools were opened ; medical inspections became routine ; programs began to teach English as a second language ; and school libraries were opened . Dewey and progressive education ( edit ) The leading educational theorist of the era was John Dewey ( 1859 -- 1952 ) , a philosophy professor at the University of Chicago ( 1894 -- 1904 ) and at Teachers College ( 1904 to 1930 ) , of Columbia University in New York City . Dewey was a leading proponent of `` Progressive Education '' and wrote many books and articles to promote the central role of democracy in education . He believed that schools were not only a place for students to gain content knowledge , but also as a place for them to learn how to live . The purpose of education was thus to realize the student 's full potential and the ability to use those skills for the greater good . Dewey noted that , `` to prepare him for the future life means to give him command of himself ; it means so to train him that he will have the full and ready use of all his capacities . '' Dewey insisted that education and schooling are instrumental in creating social change and reform . He noted that `` education is a regulation of the process of coming to share in the social consciousness ; and that the adjustment of individual activity on the basis of this social consciousness is the only sure method of social reconstruction . '' . Although Dewey 's ideas were very widely discussed , they were implemented chiefly in small experimental schools attached to colleges of education . In the public schools , Dewey and the other progressive theorists encountered a highly bureaucratic system of school administration that was typically not receptive to new methods . Black education ( edit ) Booker T. Washington was the dominant black political and educational leader in the United States from the 1890s until his death in 1915 . Washington not only led his own college , Tuskegee Institute in Alabama , but his advice , political support , and financial connections proved important to many other black colleges and high schools , which were primarily located in the South . This was the center of the black population until after the Great Migration of the first half of the 20th century . Washington was a respected advisor to major philanthropies , such as the Rockefeller , Rosenwald and Jeanes foundations , which provided funding for leading black schools and colleges . The Rosenwald Foundation provided matching funds for the construction of schools for rural black students in the South . Washington explained , `` We need not only the industrial school , but the college and professional school as well , for a people so largely segregated , as we are ... Our teachers , ministers , lawyers and doctors will prosper just in proportion as they have about them an intelligent and skillful producing class . '' Washington was a strong advocate of progressive reforms as advocated by Dewey , emphasizing scientific , industrial and agricultural education that produced a base for lifelong learning , and enabled careers for many black teachers , professionals , and upwardly mobile workers . He tried to adapt to the system and did not support political protests against the segregated Jim Crow system . At the same time , Washington used his network to provide important funding to support numerous legal challenges by the NAACP against the systems of disenfranchisement which southern legislatures had passed at the turn of the century , effectively excluding blacks from politics for decades into the 1960s . Atlanta ( edit ) In most American cities , Progressives in the Efficiency Movement looked for ways to eliminate waste and corruption . They emphasized using experts in schools . For example , in the 1897 reform of the Atlanta schools , the school board was reduced in size , eliminating the power of ward bosses . The members of the school board were elected at - large , reducing the influence of various interest groups . The power of the superintendent was increased . Centralized purchasing allowed for economies of scale , although it also added opportunities for censorship and suppression of dissent . Standards of hiring and tenure in teachers were made uniform . Architects designed school buildings in which the classrooms , offices , workshops and other facilities related together . Curricular innovations were introduced . The reforms were designed to produce a school system for white students according to the best practices of the day . Middle - class professionals instituted these reforms ; they were equally antagonistic to the traditional business elites and to working - class elements . Gary plan ( edit ) The `` Gary plan '' was implemented in the new industrial `` steel '' city of Gary , Indiana , by William Wirt , the superintendent who served from 1907 -- 30 . Although the U.S. Steel Corporation dominated the Gary economy and paid abundant taxes , it did not shape Wirt 's educational reforms . The Gary Plan emphasized highly efficient use of buildings and other facilities . This model was adopted by more than 200 cities around the country , including New York City . Wirt divided students into two platoons -- one platoon used the academic classrooms , while the second platoon was divided among the shops , nature studies , auditorium , gymnasium , and outdoor facilities . Then the platoons rotated position . Wirt set up an elaborate night school program , especially to Americanize new immigrants . The introduction of vocational educational programs , such as wood shop , machine shop , typing , and secretarial skills proved especially popular with parents who wanted their children to become foremen and office workers . By the Great Depression , most cities found the Gary plan too expensive , and abandoned it . Great Depression and New Deal : 1929 - 39 ( edit ) Public schools across the country were badly hurt by the Great Depression , as tax revenues fell in local and state governments shifted funding to relief projects . Budgets were slashed , and teachers went unpaid . During the New Deal , 1933 -- 39 , President Franklin Roosevelt and his advisers were hostile to the elitism shown by the educational establishment . They refused all pleas for direct federal help to public or private schools or universities . They rejected proposals for federal funding for research at universities . But they did help poor students , and the major New Deal relief programs built many schools buildings As requested by local governments . The New Deal approach to education was a radical departure from educational best practices . _̈ It was specifically designed for the poor and staffed largely by women on relief . It was not based on professionalism , nor was it designed by experts . Instead it was premised on the anti-elitist notion that a good teacher does not need paper credentials , that learning does not need a formal classroom and that the highest priority should go to the bottom tier of society . Leaders in the public schools were shocked : They were shut out as consultants and as recipients of New Deal funding . They desperately needed cash to cover the local and state revenues that it disappeared during the depression , they were well organized , and made repeated concerted efforts in 1934 , 1937 , and 1939 , all to no avail . The conservative Republican establishment headed collaborated with for so long was out of power and Roosevelt himself was the leader in anti-elitism . The federal government had a highly professional Office of Education ; Roosevelt cut its budget and staff , and refused to consult with its leader John Ward Studebaker . The CCC programs were deliberately designed not teach skills that would put them in competition with unemployed union members . The CCC did have its own classes . They were voluntary , took place after work , and focused on teaching basic literacy to young men who had quit school before high school . The relief programs did offer indirect help . The CWA and FERA focused on hiring unemployed people on relief , and putting them to work on public buildings , including public schools . It built or upgraded 40,000 schools , plus thousands of playgrounds and athletic fields . It gave jobs to 50,000 teachers to keep rural schools open and to teach adult education classes in the cities . It gave a temporary jobs to unemployed teachers in cities like Boston . Although the New Deal refused to give money to impoverished school districts , it did give money to impoverished high school and college students . The CWA used `` work study '' programs to fund students , both male and female . The National Youth Administration ( NYA ) , a semi-autonomous branch of the WPA under Aubrey Williams developed apprenticeship programs and residential camps specializing in teaching vocational skills . It was one of the first agencies to set up a `` Division of Negro Affairs '' and make an explicit effort to enroll black students . Williams believed that the traditional high school curricula had failed to meet the needs of the poorest youth . In opposition , the well - established National Education Association ( NEA ) saw NYA as a dangerous challenge to local control of education NYA expanded Work - study money to reach up to 500,000 students per month in high schools , colleges , and graduate schools . The average pay was $15 a month . However , in line with the anti-elitist policy , the NYA set up its own high schools , entirely separate from the public school system or academic schools of education . Despite appeals from Ickes and Eleanor Roosevelt , Howard University -- the federally operated school for blacks -- saw its budget cut below Hoover administration levels . Secondary schools ( edit ) In 1880 , American high schools were primarily considered to be preparatory academies for students who were going to attend college . But by 1910 they had been transformed into core elements of the common school system and had broader goals of preparing many students for work after high school . The explosive growth brought the number of students from 200,000 in 1890 to 1,000,000 in 1910 , to almost 2,000,000 by 1920 ; 7 % of youths aged 14 to 17 were enrolled in 1890 , rising to 32 % in 1920 . The graduates found jobs especially in the rapidly growing white - collar sector . Cities large and small across the country raced to build new high schools . Few were built in rural areas , so ambitious parents moved close to town to enable their teenagers to attend high school . After 1910 , vocational education was added , as a mechanism to train the technicians and skilled workers needed by the booming industrial sector . In the 1880s the high schools started developing as community centers . They added sports and by the 1920s were building gymnasiums that attracted large local crowds to basketball and other games , especially in small town schools that served nearby rural areas . College preparation ( edit ) In the 1865 -- 1914 era , the number and character of schools changed to meet the demands of new and larger cities and of new immigrants . They had to adjust to the new spirit of reform permeating the country . High schools increased in number , adjusted their curriculum to prepare students for the growing state and private universities ; education at all levels began to offer more utilitarian studies in place of an emphasis on the classics . John Dewey and other Progressives advocated changes from their base in teachers ' colleges . Before 1920 most secondary education , whether private or public , emphasized college entry for a select few headed for college . Proficiency in Greek and Latin was emphasized . Abraham Flexner , under commission from the philanthropic General Education Board ( GEB ) , wrote A Modern School ( 1916 ) , calling for a de-emphasis on the classics . The classics teachers fought back in a losing effort . Prior to World War I , German was preferred as a subject for a second spoken language . Prussian and German educational systems had served as a model for many communities in the United States and its intellectual standing was highly respected . Due to Germany being an enemy of the US during the war , an anti-German attitude arose in the United States . French , the international language of diplomacy , was promoted as the preferred second language instead . French survived as the second language of choice until the 1960s , when Spanish became popular . This reflected a strong increase in the Spanish - speaking population in the United States , which has continued since the late 20th century . The growth of human Capital ( edit ) By 1900 educators argued that the post-literacy schooling of the masses at the secondary and higher levels , would improve citizenship , develop higher - order traits , and produce the managerial and professional leadership needed for rapid economic modernization . The commitment to expanded education past age 14 set the U.S. apart from Europe for much of the 20th century . From 1910 to 1940 , high schools grew in number and size , reaching out to a broader clientele . In 1910 , for example , 9 % of Americans had a high school diploma ; in 1935 , the rate was 40 % . By 1940 , the number had increased to 50 % . This phenomenon was uniquely American ; no other nation attempted such widespread coverage . The fastest growth came in states with greater wealth , more homogeneity of wealth , and less manufacturing activity than others . The high schools provided necessary skill sets for youth planning to teach school , and essential skills for those planning careers in white collar work and some high - paying blue collar jobs . Claudia Goldin argues this rapid growth was facilitated by public funding , openness , gender neutrality , local ( and also state ) control , separation of church and state , and an academic curriculum . The wealthiest European nations , such as Germany and Britain , had far more exclusivity in their education system ; few youth attended past age 14 . Apart from technical training schools , European secondary schooling was dominated by children of the wealthy and the social elites . American post-elementary schooling was designed to be consistent with national needs . It stressed general and widely applicable skills not tied to particular occupations or geographic areas , in order that students would have flexible employment options . As the economy was dynamic , the emphasis was on portable skills that could be used in a variety of occupations , industries , and regions . Public schools were funded and supervised by independent districts that depended on taxpayer support . In dramatic contrast to the centralized systems in Europe , where national agencies made the major decisions , the American districts designed their own rules and curricula . Teachers and administrators ( edit ) Early public school superintendents emphasized discipline and rote learning , and school principals made sure the mandate was imposed on teachers . Disruptive students were expelled . Support for the high school movement occurred at the grass - roots level of local cities and school systems . After 1916 , the federal government began to provide for vocational education funding as part of support for raising readiness to work in industrial and artisan jobs . In these years , states and religious bodies generally funded teacher training colleges , often called `` normal schools '' . Gradually they developed full four - year curriculums and developed as state colleges after 1945 . Teachers organized themselves during the 1920s and 1930s . In 1917 , the National Education Association ( NEA ) was reorganized to better mobilize and represent teachers and educational staff . The rate of increase in membership was constant under the chairmanship of James Crabtree -- from 8,466 members in 1917 to 220,149 in 1931 . The rival American Federation of Teachers ( AFT ) was based in large cities and formed alliances with the local labor unions . The NEA identified as an upper - middle - class professional organization , while the AFT identified with the working class and the union movement . Higher education ( edit ) Main article : History of higher education in the United States At the beginning of the 20th century , fewer than 1,000 colleges with 160,000 students existed in the United States . Explosive growth in the number of colleges occurred at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries , supported in part by Congress ' land grant programs . Philanthropists endowed many of these institutions . For example , wealthy philanthropists established Johns Hopkins University , Stanford University , Carnegie Mellon University , Vanderbilt University and Duke University ; John D. Rockefeller funded the University of Chicago without imposing his name on it . Land grant universities ( edit ) Each state used federal funding from the Morrill Land - Grant Colleges Acts of 1862 and 1890 to set up `` land grant colleges '' that specialized in agriculture and engineering . The 1890 act required states that had segregation also to provide all - black land grant colleges , which were dedicated primarily to teacher training . These colleges contributed to rural development , including the establishment of a traveling school program by Tuskegee Institute in 1906 . Rural conferences sponsored by Tuskegee also attempted to improve the life of rural blacks . In the late 20th century , many of the schools established in 1890 have helped train students from less - developed countries to return home with the skills and knowledge to improve agricultural production . Iowa State University was the first existing school whose state legislature officially accepted the provisions of the Morrill Act on September 11 , 1862 . Other universities soon followed , such as Purdue University , Michigan State University , Kansas State University , Cornell University ( in New York ) , Texas A&M University , Pennsylvania State University , The Ohio State University , and the University of California . Few alumni became farmers , but they did play an increasingly important role in the larger food industry , especially after the federal extension system was set up in 1916 that put trained agronomists in every agricultural county . Engineering graduates played a major role in rapid technological development . The land - grant college system produced the agricultural scientists and industrial engineers who constituted the critical human resources of the managerial revolution in government and business , 1862 -- 1917 , laying the foundation of the world 's pre-eminent educational infrastructure that supported the world 's foremost technology - based economy . Representative was Pennsylvania State University . The Farmers ' High School of Pennsylvania ( later the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania and then Pennsylvania State University ) , chartered in 1855 , was intended to uphold declining agrarian values and show farmers ways to prosper through more productive farming . Students were to build character and meet a part of their expenses by performing agricultural labor . By 1875 the compulsory labor requirement was dropped , but male students were required to have an hour a day of military training in order to meet the requirements of the Morrill Land Grant College Act . In the early years , the agricultural curriculum was not well developed , and politicians in the state capital of Harrisburg often considered the land - grant college a costly and useless experiment . The college was a center of middle - class values that served to help young people on their journey to white - collar occupations . GI Bill ( edit ) Rejecting liberal calls for large - scale aid to education , Congress in 1944 during World War II passed the conservative program of aid limited to veterans who had served in wartime . Daniel Brumberg and Farideh Farhi state , `` The expansive and generous postwar education benefits of the GI Bill were due not to Roosevelt 's progressive vision but to the conservative American Legion . '' The GI Bill made college education possible for millions by paying tuition and living expenses . The government provided between $800 and $1,400 each year to these veterans as a subsidy to attend college , which covered 50 -- 80 % of total costs . This included foregone earnings in addition to tuition , which allowed them to have enough funds for life outside of school . The GI Bill helped create a widespread belief in the necessity of college education . It opened up higher education to ambitious young men who would otherwise have been forced to immediately enter the job market after being discharged from the military . When comparing college attendance rates between veterans and non-veterans during this period , veterans were found to be 10 % more likely to go to college than non-veterans . In the early decades after the bill was passed , most campuses became largely male thanks to the GI Bill , since only 2 % of wartime veterans were women . But by 2000 , female veterans had grown in numbers and began passing men in rates of college and graduate school attendance . Great Society ( edit ) When liberals regained control of Congress in 1964 , they passed numerous Great Society programs supported by President Lyndon B. Johnson to expand federal support for education . The Higher Education Act of 1965 set up federal scholarships and low - interest loans for college students , and subsidized better academic libraries , ten to twenty new graduate centers , several new technical institutes , classrooms for several hundred thousand students , and twenty - five to thirty new community colleges a year . A separate education bill enacted that same year provided similar assistance to dental and medical schools . On an even larger scale , the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 began pumping federal money into local school districts . Segregation and integration ( edit ) Segregation laws in the United States prior to Brown v. Board of Education For much of its history , education in the United States was segregated ( or even only available ) based upon race . Early integrated schools such as the Noyes Academy , founded in 1835 , in Canaan , New Hampshire , were generally met with fierce local opposition . For the most part , African Americans received very little to no formal education before the Civil War . Some free blacks in the North managed to become literate . In the South where slavery was legal , many states had laws prohibiting teaching enslaved African Americans to read or write . A few taught themselves , others learned from white playmates or more generous masters , but most were not able to learn to read and write . Schools for free people of color were privately run and supported , as were most of the limited schools for white children . Poor white children did not attend school . The wealthier planters hired tutors for their children and sent them to private academies and colleges at the appropriate age . During Reconstruction a coalition of freedmen and white Republicans in Southern state legislatures passed laws establishing public education . The Freedmen 's Bureau was created as an agency of the military governments that managed Reconstruction . It set up schools in many areas and tried to help educate and protect freedmen during the transition after the war . With the notable exception of the desegregated public schools in New Orleans , the schools were segregated by race . By 1900 more than 30,000 black teachers had been trained and put to work in the South , and the literacy rate had climbed to more than 50 % , a major achievement in little more than a generation . Many colleges were set up for blacks ; some were state schools like Booker T. Washington 's Tuskegee Institute in Alabama , others were private ones subsidized by Northern missionary societies . Although the African - American community quickly began litigation to challenge such provisions , in the 19th century Supreme Court challenges generally were not decided in their favor . The Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) upheld the segregation of races in schools as long as each race enjoyed parity in quality of education ( the `` separate but equal '' principle ) . However , few black students received equal education . They suffered for decades from inadequate funding , outmoded or dilapidated facilities , and deficient textbooks ( often ones previously used in white schools ) . Starting in 1914 and going into the 1930s , Julius Rosenwald , a philanthropist from Chicago , established the Rosenwald Fund to provide seed money for matching local contributions and stimulating the construction of new schools for African American children , mostly in the rural South . He worked in association with Booker T. Washington and architects at Tuskegee University to have model plans created for schools and teacher housing . With the requirement that money had to be raised by both blacks and whites , and schools approved by local school boards ( controlled by whites ) , Rosenwald stimulated construction of more than 5,000 schools built across the South . In addition to Northern philanthrops and state taxes , African Americans went to extraordinary efforts to raise money for such schools . The Civil Rights Movement during the 1950s and 1960s helped publicize the inequities of segregation . In 1954 , the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education unanimously declared that separate facilities were inherently unequal and unconstitutional . By the 1970s segregated districts had practically vanished in the South . Integration of schools has been a protracted process , however , with results affected by vast population migrations in many areas , and affected by suburban sprawl , the disappearance of industrial jobs , and movement of jobs out of former industrial cities of the North and Midwest and into new areas of the South . Although required by court order , integrating the first black students in the South met with intense opposition . In 1957 the integration of Central High School in Little Rock , Arkansas , had to be enforced by federal troops . President Dwight D. Eisenhower took control of the National Guard , after the governor tried to use them to prevent integration . Throughout the 1960s and 1970s , integration continued with varying degrees of difficulty . Some states and cities tried to overcome de facto segregation , a result of housing patterns , by using forced busing . This method of integrating student populations provoked resistance in many places , including northern cities , where parents wanted children educated in neighborhood schools . Although full equality and parity in education has still to be achieved ( many school districts are technically still under the integration mandates of local courts ) , technical equality in education had been achieved by 1970 . Education after 1945 ( edit ) In mid-20th century America , there was intense interest in using institutions to support the innate creativity of children . It helped reshape children 's play , the design of suburban homes , schools , parks , and museums . Producers of children 's television programming worked to spark creativity . Educational toys proliferated that were designed to teach skills or develop abilities . For schools there was a new emphasis on arts as well as science in the curriculum . School buildings no longer were monumental testimonies to urban wealth ; they were redesigned with the students in mind . The emphasis on creativity was reversed in the 1980s , as public policy emphasized test scores , school principal were forced to downplay art , drama , music , history and anything that was not being scored on standardized tests , lest their school be labelled `` failing '' by the quantifiers behind the `` No Child Left Behind Act . In the 21st century teachers report that many students in classrooms seem mesmerized by their personal cell phones or smart phones , often checking their text messages or Facebook page . Inequality ( edit ) The Coleman Report , by University of Chicago sociology professor James Coleman proved especially controversial in 1966 . Based on massive statistical data , the 1966 report titled `` Equality of Educational Opportunity '' fueled debate about `` school effects '' that has continued since . The report was widely seen as evidence that school funding has little effect on student final achievement . A more precise reading of the Coleman Report is that student background and socioeconomic status are much more important in determining educational outcomes than are measured differences in school resources ( i.e. per pupil spending ) . Coleman found that , on average , black schools were funded on a nearly equal basis by the 1960s , and that black students benefited from racially mixed classrooms . The comparative quality of education among rich and poor districts is still often the subject of dispute . While middle class African - American children have made good progress ; poor minorities have struggled . With school systems based on property taxes , there are wide disparities in funding between wealthy suburbs or districts , and often poor , inner - city areas or small towns . `` De facto segregation '' has been difficult to overcome as residential neighborhoods have remained more segregated than workplaces or public facilities . Racial segregation has not been the only factor in inequities . Residents in New Hampshire challenged property tax funding because of steep contrasts between education funds in wealthy and poorer areas . They filed lawsuits to seek a system to provide more equal funding of school systems across the state . Some scholars believe that transformation of the Pell Grant program to a loan program in the early 1980s has caused an increase in the gap between the growth rates of white , Asian - American and African - American college graduates since the 1970s . Others believe the issue is increasingly related more to class and family capacity than ethnicity . Some school systems have used economics to create a different way to identify populations in need of supplemental help . Special education ( edit ) In 1975 Congress passed Public Law 94 - 142 , Education for All Handicapped Children Act . One of the most comprehensive laws in the history of education in the United States , this Act brought together several pieces of state and federal legislation , making free , appropriate education available to all eligible students with a disability . The law was amended in 1986 to extend its coverage to include younger children . In 1990 the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) extended its definitions and changed the label `` handicap '' to `` disabilities '' . Further procedural changes were amended to IDEA in 1997 . Reform efforts in the 1980s ( edit ) In 1983 , the National Commission on Excellence in Education released a report titled A Nation at Risk . Soon afterward , conservatives were calling for an increase in academic rigor including an increase in the number of school days per year , longer school days and higher testing standards . English scholar E.D. Hirsch made an influential attack on progressive education , advocating an emphasis on `` cultural literacy '' -- the facts , phrases , and texts that Hirsch asserted are essential for decoding basic texts and maintaining communication . Hirsch 's ideas remain influential in conservative circles into the 21st century . Hirsch 's ideas have been controversial because as Edwards argues : Opponents from the political left generally accuse Hirsch of elitism . Worse yet in their minds , Hirsch 's assertion might lead to a rejection of toleration , pluralism , and relativism . On the political right , Hirsch has been assailed as totalitarian , for his idea lends itself to turning over curriculum selection to federal authorities and thereby eliminating the time - honored American tradition of locally controlled schools . By 1990 , the United States spent 2 per cent of its budget on education , compared with 30 per cent on support for the elderly . 21st century ( edit ) Policy since 2000 ( edit ) Main article : No Child Left Behind Act `` No Child Left Behind '' Was a major national law passed by a bipartisan coalition in Congress in 2002 , marked a new direction . In exchange for more federal aid , the states were required to measure progress and punish schools that were not meeting the goals as measured by standardized state exams in math and language skills . By 2012 , half the states were given waivers because the original goal that 100 % students by 2014 be deemed `` proficient '' had proven unrealistic . By 2012 , 45 states had dropped the requirement to teach cursive writing from the curriculum . Few schools start the school day by singing the national anthem , as was once done . Few schools have mandatory recess for children . Educators are trying to reinstate recess . Few schools have mandatory arts class . Continuing reports of a student 's progress can be found online , supplementing the former method of periodic report cards . By 2015 , criticisms from a broad range of political ideologies had cumulated so far that a bipartisan Congress stripped away all the national features of No Child Left Behind , turning the remnants over to the states . Main article : 21st century skills Beginning in the 1980s , government , educators , and major employers issued a series of reports identifying key skills and implementation strategies to steer students and workers towards meeting the demands of the changing and increasingly digital workplace and society . 21st century skills are a series of higher - order skills , abilities , and learning dispositions that have been identified as being required for success in 21st century society and workplaces by educators , business leaders , academics , and governmental agencies . Many of these skills are also associated with deeper learning , including analytic reasoning , complex problem solving , and teamwork , compared to traditional knowledge - based academic skills . Many schools and school districts are adjusting learning environments , curricula , and learning spaces to include and support more active learning ( such as experiential learning ) to foster deeper learning and the development of 21st century skills . Historiography ( edit ) Further information : Social history § History of education For much of the 20th century , the dominant historiography , as exemplified by Ellwood Patterson Cubberley ( 1868 -- 1941 ) at Stanford , emphasized the rise of American education as a powerful force for literacy , democracy , and equal opportunity , and a firm basis for higher education and advanced research institutions . It was a story of enlightenment and modernization triumphing over ignorance , cost - cutting , and narrow traditionalism whereby parents tried to block their children 's intellectual access to the wider world . Teachers dedicated to the public interest , reformers with a wide vision , and public support from the civic - minded community were the heroes . The textbooks help inspire students to become public schools teachers and thereby fulfill their own civic mission . The crisis came in the 1960s , when a new generation of New Left scholars and students rejected the traditional celebratory accounts , and identified the educational system as the villain for many of America 's weaknesses , failures , and crimes . Michael Katz ( 1939 -- 2014 ) states they : tried to explain the origins of the Vietnam War ; the persistence of racism and segregation ; the distribution Of power among gender and classes ; intractable poverty and the decay of cities ; and the failure of social institutions and policies designed to deal with mental illness , crime , delinquency , and education . The old guard fought back in bitter historiographical contests . The younger scholars largely promoted the proposition that schools were not the solution To America 's ills , they were in part the cause of Americans problems . The fierce battles of the 1960s died out by the 1990s , but enrollment declined sharply in education history courses and never recovered . Most histories of education deal with institutions or focus on the ideas histories of major reformers , but a new social history has recently emerged , focused on who were the students in terms of social background and social mobility . Attention has often focused on minority , and ethnic students . The social history of teachers has also been studied in depth . Historians have recently looked at the relationship between schooling and urban growth by studying educational institutions as agents in class formation , relating urban schooling to changes in the shape of cities , linking urbanization with social reform movements , and examining the material conditions affecting child life and the relationship between schools and other agencies that socialize the young . The most economics - minded historians have sought to relate education to changes in the quality of labor , productivity and economic growth , and rates of return on investment in education . A major recent exemplar is Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz , The Race between Education and Technology ( 2009 ) , on the social and economic history of 20th - century American schooling . See also ( edit ) History of Catholic education in the United States History of education in Missouri Education in the United States Education reform Federal Involvement in US Education References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of Boston Latin School -- oldest public school in America '' . BLS Web Site . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Mather Elementary School . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Mather School is marking 375 years of public education ; NYPD 's Bratton , an alumnus , to speak at assembly Dorchester Reporter '' . www.dotnews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Cremin , American Education : The Colonial Experience , 1607 -- 1783 ( Harper & Row , 1970 ) Jump up ^ Maris A. Vinovskis , `` Family and Schooling in Colonial and Nineteenth - Century America , '' Journal of Family History , Jan 1987 , Vol. 12 Issue 1 - 3 , pp 19 -- 37 Jump up ^ `` Schooling , Education , and Literacy , In Colonial America '' . faculty.mdc.edu. 2010 - 04 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Walter H. Small , `` The New England Grammar School , 1635 -- 1700 , '' School Review 7 ( September 1902 ) : 513 -- 31 Jump up ^ Ronald Story , `` Harvard Students , The Boston Elite , And The New England Preparatory System , 1800 -- 1870 , '' History of Education Quarterly , Fall 1975 , Vol. 15 Issue 3 , pp 281 -- 298 Jump up ^ James McLachlan , American Boarding Schools : A Historical Study ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Powell , Lessons from Privilege : The American Prep School Tradition ( Harvard UP , 1998 ) ( Jump up ^ Bernard Christian Steiner ( 1894 ) . History of education in Maryland . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Lyon Gardiner ( 1897 ) . `` Education in Colonial Virginia . Part I : Poor Children and Orphans '' . William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine : 219 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Lyon Gardiner ( 1897 ) . `` Education in Colonial Virginia . Part II : Private Schools and Tutors '' . William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine . 6 : 1 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Linda L. ( 2000 ) . `` A New Look at Schooling and Literacy : The Colony of Georgia '' . Georgia Historical Quarterly . 84 ( 4 ) : 563 -- 588 . Jump up ^ Sundue , Sharon Braslaw ( 2009 ) . Industrious in Their Stations : Young People at Work in Urban America , 1720 -- 1810 . Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2713 - 8 . Jump up ^ Spady , James O'Neil ( 2011 ) . `` To Vie with One against Another : Race and Demand for Non-elite White Education in an Eighteenth - Century Colonial Society '' . Early American Studies . 9 ( 3 ) : 649 -- 676 . doi : 10.1353 / eam. 2011.0028 . Jump up ^ https://www.bankstreet.edu/school-children/admissions/progressive-education/volume-i/the-fall-and-rise-of-the-8th-grade-school/ Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/20/us/farm-population-lowest-since-1850-s.html Jump up ^ John Hardin Best , `` Education in the Forming of the American South , '' History of Education Quarterly 36 # 1 ( 1996 ) , pp. 39 -- 51 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Charles Dabney , Universal Education in the South ( 2 vols. 1939 ) Jump up ^ James D. Anderson , The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Clark , Robenstine . `` French Colonial Policy and the Education of Women and Minorities : Louisiana in the Early Eighteenth Century , '' History of Education Quarterly ( 1992 ) 32 # 2 pp. 193 -- 211 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Kathryn Kish Sklar , `` The Schooling of Girls and Changing Community Values in Massachusetts Towns , 1750 -- 1820 , '' History of Education Quarterly 1993 33 ( 4 ) : 511 -- 542 Jump up ^ E. Jennifer Monaghan , `` Literacy Instruction and Gender in Colonial New England , '' American Quarterly 1988 40 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 41 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Sarah E. Fatherly , `` Women 's Education in Colonial Philadelphia , '' Pennsylvania Magazine Of History and Biography 2004 128 ( 3 ) : 229 -- 256 Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , William Heard ( 1912 ) . The Dutch Schools of New Netherland and Colonial New York . pp. 13 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Kessel , Elizabeth A. ( 1982 ) . `` ' A Mighty Fortress Is Our God ' : German Religious and Educational Organizations on the Maryland Frontier , 1734 -- 1800 '' . Maryland Historical Magazine . 77 ( 4 ) : 370 -- 387 . Jump up ^ Maurer , Charles Lewis ( 1932 ) . Early Lutheran Education in Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ Coburn , Carol ( 1992 ) . Life at Four Corners : Religion , Gender , and Education in a German - Lutheran Community , 1868 -- 1945 . Jump up ^ https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/social-organization/education/ The Supreme Court supported them in the Wisconsin v. Yoder decision in 1972 . Jump up ^ Gage Raley , `` ' Yoder ' Revisited : Why The Landmark Amish Schooling Case Could -- And Should -- Be Overturned '' Virginia Law Review 97 # 3 ( 2011 ) , pp. 681 - 722 in JSTOR Jump up ^ MacDonald , Victoria ( 2004 ) . Latino Education in the United States : A Narrated History from 1513 -- 2000 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Kyle B. ( 2010 ) . `` Rethinking The New - England Primer '' . Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America . 104 : 489 -- 523 . Jump up ^ Watters , David H. ( 1985 ) . `` ' I Spake as a Child ' : Authority , Metaphor and the New England Primer '' . Early American Literature. 20 ( 3 ) : 193 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Westerhoff , John H. III ( 1978 ) . McGuffey and His Readers : Piety , Morality , and Education in Nineteenth - Century America . Nashville : Abingdon . ISBN 0 - 687 - 23850 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Joseph J. ( 1979 ) . After the Revolution : Profiles of Early American Culture . New York : Norton . pp. 174 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Bynack , Vincent P. ( 1984 ) . `` Noah Webster and the Idea of a National Culture : the Pathologies of Epistemology '' . Journal of the History of Ideas. 45 ( 1 ) : 99 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Harvard University ( 1902 ) . Report of the president of Harvard College and reports of departments . pp. 2 -- . Jump up ^ Frederick E. 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Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Jurgen Herbst , The Once and Future School : Three Hundred and Fifty Years of American Secondary Education ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Sarah Robbins , `` ' The Future Good and Great of our Land ' : Republican Mothers , Female Authors , and Domesticated Literacy in Antebellum New England , '' New England Quarterly 2002 75 ( 4 ) : 562 -- 591 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Catherine Clinton , `` Equally Their Due : The Education of the Planter Daughter in the Early Republic , '' Journal of the Early Republic 1982 2 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 60 Jump up ^ 1840 Census Data . Progress of the United States in Population and Wealth in Fifty Years , accessed May 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Farley Grubb , `` Educational Choice in the Era Before Free Public Schooling : Evidence from German Immigrant Children in Pennsylvania , 1771 -- 1817 '' The Journal of Economic History , 52 # 2 ( 1992 ) , pp. 363 -- 375 . 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Community and Class in American Education , 1865 -- 1918 . New York : Wiley . Jump up ^ Timothy Walch , Parish School : American Catholic Parochial Education From Colonial Times to the Present ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ James J. Hennesey , American Catholics : A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States ( 1983 ) p 172 Jump up ^ Walch , Parish School ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Dennis Clark , The Irish in Philadelphia : Ten Generations of Urban Experience , ( 1984 ) , pp. 96 -- 101 Jump up ^ Carol Coburn and Martha Smith Spirited Lives : How Nuns Shaped Catholic Culture and American Life , 1836 -- 1920 ( 1999 ) p 144 Jump up ^ Hennesey , American Catholics pp 247 -- 48 Jump up ^ Anderson , James D. ( 1988 ) . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1793 - 7 . Jump up ^ Butchart , Ronald E. ( 2010 ) . Schooling the Freed People : Teaching , Learning , and the Struggle for Black Freedom , 1861 -- 1876 . 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Burke , American Collegiate Populations : A Test of the Traditional View ( New York University Press , 1982 ) and Peter Dobkin Hall , The Organization of American Culture : Private Institutions , Elites , and the Origins of American Nationality ( New York University Press , 1982 ) Jump up ^ Diane Ravitch , The Revisionists Revised : A Critique of the Radical Attack on the Schools ( 1978 ) pp 32 -- 41 Jump up ^ Selwyn K. Troen , The Public and the Schools : Shaping the St. Louis System 1838 -- 1920 ( 1975 ) pp 151 , 224 -- 26 , quoted in Ravitch , The Revisionists Revised , pp 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Diane Ravitch ( 1978 ) . The Revisionists Revised : A Critique of the Radical Attack : the Schools . Basic Books . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Paul Peterson , Saving Schools : From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning ( 2010 ) pp 37 -- 50 Jump up ^ William J. Reese , `` The Origins of Progressive Education , '' History of Education Quarterly 2001 41 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 24 . Jump up ^ John Dewey , My Pedagogic Creed ( 1897 ) PP. 6 , 16 Jump up ^ Diane Ravitch , Left Back : A Century of Failed School Reforms ( 2000 ) , p. 169 ; David Tyack , The One Best System : A History of American Urban Education ( 1974 ) pp. 197 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Harlan , Louis R. ( 1983 ) . Booker T. Washington : The Wizard of Tuskegee 1901 -- 1915 . Oxford University Press . pp. 174 -- 201 ( quote pp. 174 -- 5 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503202 - 0 . Jump up ^ Generals , Donald ( 2000 ) . `` Booker T. Washington and Progressive Education : An Experimentalist Approach to Curriculum Development and Reform '' . Journal of Negro Education . 69 ( 3 ) : 215 -- 234 . JSTOR 2696233 . Jump up ^ Plank , David N. ; Peterson , Paul E. ( 1983 ) . `` Does Urban Reform Imply Class Conflict ? The Case Of Atlanta 's Schools '' . History of Education Quarterly . 23 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 173 . JSTOR 368157 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ronald D. ; Mohl , Raymond A. ( 1979 ) . The Paradox of Progressive Education : The Gary Plan and Urban Schooling. Port Washington , NY : Kennikat Press . ISBN 0 - 8046 - 9237 - 8 . Jump up ^ David Tyack et al. Public Schools in Hard times : the Great Depression and Recent Years ( 1984 ) pp 93 - 107 . Jump up ^ Adam R. Nelson ; John L. Rudolph ( 2010 ) . Education and the Culture of Print in Modern America . p. 160 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg , p 121 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tyack et al. Public Schools in Hard Times pp 105 Jump up ^ Kevin P. Bower , `` ' A favored child of the state ' : Federal Student Aid at Ohio Colleges and Universities , 1934 -- 1943 . '' History of Education Quarterly 44.3 ( 2004 ) : 364 - 387 . Jump up ^ Ronald Story , The New Deal and Higher Education in The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism ed. by Sidney M. Milkis ( 2002 ) . pp 272 - 96 . Jump up ^ Report of the National Youth Administration , June 26 , 1935 to June 30 , 1938 ( 1938 ) online Jump up ^ Tyack et al. Public Schools in Hard Times p 104 Jump up ^ Stephen Lassonde , `` The Real , Real Youth Problem : The New Deal and American Youth : Ideas and Ideals in a Depression Decade by Richard A. Reiman , '' Reviews in American History 22 # 1 ( 1994 ) pp. 149 - 155 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Clifford L. Muse , `` Howard University and The Federal Government During The Presidential Administrations of Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt , 1928 - 1945 . '' The Journal of Negro History 76.1 / 4 ( 1991 ) : 1 - 20 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Church , Robert L. ; Sedlak , Michael W. ( 1976 ) . Education in the United States : An Interpretive History . New York : Free Press . pp. 288 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 905490 - 7 . Jump up ^ Krug , Edward ( 1964 ) . The Shaping of the American High School , 1880 -- 1920 . New York : Harper & Row . Jump up ^ Pruter , Robert ( 2013 ) . The Rise of American High School Sports and The Search for Control , 1880 -- 1930 . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 3314 - 3 . Jump up ^ Cremin , Lawrence A. ( 1988 ) . American Education : The Metropolitan Experience , 1876 -- 1980 . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015804 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wraga , William G. ( 2008 ) . `` The Assault on ' The Assault on Humanism ' : Classicists Respond to Abraham Flexner 's ' A Modern School ' '' . Historical Studies in Education . 20 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Watzke , John L. ( 2003 ) . Lasting Change in Foreign Language Education : A Historical Case for Change in National Policy . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ; Katz , Lawrence F. ( 1999 ) . `` Human Capital and Social Capital : The Rise of Secondary Schooling in America , 1910 -- 1940 '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 29 ( 4 ) : 683 -- 723 . doi : 10.1162 / 002219599551868 . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ; Katz , Lawrence F. ( 2009 ) . `` Why the United States Led in Education : Lessons from Secondary School Expansion , 1910 to 1940 '' . Human Capital and Institutions : A Long - Run View . New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 143 -- 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76958 - 7 . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ( 2001 ) . `` The Human - Capital Century and American Leadership : Virtues of the Past '' . Journal of Economic History . 61 ( 2 ) : 263 -- 290 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Education in the United States : Secondary Schools '' . K -- 12 Academics . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ; Katz , Lawrence F. ( 2008 ) . The Race between Education and Technology . Cambridge : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02867 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rousmaniere , Kate ( 2013 ) . The Principal 's Office : A Social History of the American School Principal . State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 4823 - 7 . Jump up ^ Eaton , William ( 1975 ) . The American Federation of Teachers , 1916 -- 1961 : A History of the Movement . Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 0708 - 1 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Marjorie ( 1992 ) . Blackboard Unions : The AFT and the NEA , 1900 -- 1980 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8076 - 0 . Jump up ^ Veysey , Laurence R. ( 1965 ) . The Emergence of the American University . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Mayberry , B.D. ( 1991 ) . A Century of Agriculture in the 1890 Land Grant Institutions and Tuskegee University , 1890 -- 1990 . New York : Vantage Press . ISBN 0 - 533 - 09510 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Morrill Act of 1862 . '' Morrill Act of 1862 An Iowa Legacy . N.p. , n.d. Web . 07 Mar. 2017 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Alan I. , ed. ( 2005 ) . Engineering in a Land Grant Context : The Past , Present , and Future of an Idea . West Lafayette , IN : Purdue University Press . ISBN 1 - 55753 - 360 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ferleger , Louis ; Lazonick , William ( 1994 ) . `` Higher Education for an Innovative Economy : Land - grant Colleges and the Managerial Revolution in America '' . Business & Economic History . 23 ( 1 ) : 116 -- 128 . JSTOR 23702838 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Jim ( 1995 ) . `` A New Race of Farmers : the Labor Rule , the Farmers ' High School , and the Origins of the Pennsylvania State University '' . Pennsylvania History . 62 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Daniel Brumberg ; Farideh Farhi ( 2016 ) . Power and Change in Iran : Politics of Contention and Conciliation . Indiana UP . p. 82 . Jump up ^ See also Theda Skocpol ( 2000 ) . The Missing Middle : Working Families and the Future of American Social Policy . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Altschuler , Glenn ; Blumin , Stuart ( 2009 ) . The GI Bill : The New Deal for Veterans . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518228 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Irving ( 1996 ) . Guns or Butter : The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 202 -- 222 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506312 - 0 . Jump up ^ Anderson , James D. ( 1988 ) . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 244 -- 245 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1793 - 7 . Jump up ^ Anderson , James D. ( 1988 ) . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 158 -- 161 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1793 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Desegregation Hearing To Be Held Tuesday '' . TheJacksonChannel . Retrieved February 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Amy F. Ogata , Designing the Creative Child : Playthings and Places in Midcentury America ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Amy F. Ogata , `` Building for learning in postwar American elementary schools . '' Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians '' 67.4 ( 2008 ) : 562 - 591 . online Jump up ^ Deborah Meier and George Wood , eds. , Many Children Left Behind : How the No Child Left Behind Act Is Damaging Our Children and Our Schools ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Leo M. Casey , `` The Will to Quantify : The '' Bottom Line '' in the Market Model of Education Reform . '' Teachers College Record 115.9 ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ E. Bun Lee , `` Too much information : Heavy smartphone and Facebook utilization by African American young adults . '' Journal of Black Studies 46.1 ( 2015 ) : 44 - 61 . Jump up ^ See Hanushek , Eric A. ( 1998 ) . `` Conclusions and Controversies about the Effectiveness of School Resources '' ( PDF ) . Economic Policy Review . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . 4 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 27 . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Raymond ( 2008 ) . `` Educational Reform in the 1960s '' . Race and Education , 1954 -- 2007 . University of Missouri Press . pp. 155 -- 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1828 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hanushek , Eric A. ; Kain , John F. ; Rivkin , Steve G. ( 2009 ) . `` New Evidence about Brown v. Board of Education : The Complex Effects of School Racial Composition on Achievement '' . Journal of Labor Economics . 27 ( 3 ) : 349 -- 383 . doi : 10.1086 / 600386 . Jump up ^ Adams , J.Q. ; Strother - Adams , Pearlie ( 2001 ) . Dealing with Diversity . Chicago : Kendall / Hunt . ISBN 0 - 7872 - 8145 - X . Jump up ^ Chambers , Jay G. ; Hartman , William T. ( 1983 ) . Special Education Policies : Their History , Implementation , and Finance . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 0 - 87722 - 280 - 0 . Jump up ^ Longmore , Paul K. ( 2009 ) . `` Making Disability an Essential Part of American History '' . OAH Magazine of History . 23 ( 3 ) : 11 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Dr. Jason R. Edwards , `` E.D. Hirsch Jr. : The Twentieth Century 's Liberal Conservative Educator , '' The Center for Vision & Values ( 2009 ) online Jump up ^ `` U.S. spending '' . Rolling Stone . April 19 , 1990 . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Jesse Rhodes ( 2012 ) . An Education in Politics : The Origins and Evolution of No Child Left Behind . Cornell U.P. pp. 179 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Steven Brill ( 2011 ) . Class Warfare : Inside the Fight to Fix America 's Schools . Simon and Schuster . p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` Archived : Fact Sheet on No Child Left Behind '' . Jump up ^ Resmovits , Joy ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` No Child Left Behind Waivers Granted To More Than Half Of U.S. States '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Te - Erika Patterson . `` 10 School Traditions Your Kids Will Never Experience '' . mom.me . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lyndsey Layton , `` Obama signs new K -- 12 education law that ends No Child Left Behind '' Washington Post Dec 11 , 2015 Jump up ^ Chris Dede , Comparing Frameworks for 21st Century Skills , Harvard Graduate School of Education , 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 09 Jump up ^ Stedman Graham , Preparing for the 21st Century : Soft Skills Matter , Huffington Post , April 26 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 Jump up ^ Larry Cuban , Content vs. skills in high schools -- 21st century arguments echo 19th century conflicts , November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 Jump up ^ Sol Cohen , `` The history of the history of American education , 1900 -- 1976 : The uses of the past . '' Harvard Educational Review 46 # 3 ( 1976 ) : 298 -- 330 . online Jump up ^ Lawrence A. Cremin , The Wonderful World of Ellwood Patterson Cubberley ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Michael B. Katz ( 2009 ) . Reconstructing American Education . Harvard UP . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Diane Ravitch , The Revisionists Revised : A Critique of the Radical Attack on the Schools ( 1978 ) was a major counterattack . Jump up ^ McClellan , B. Edward ; Reese , William J. , eds. ( 1988 ) . The Social History of American Education . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01462 - 6 . Jump up ^ Margo , Robert A. ( 1990 ) . Race and Schooling in the South , 1880 -- 1950 : An Economic History . ISBN 0 - 226 - 50510 - 3 . Jump up ^ Galenson , David W. ( 1998 ) . `` Ethnic difference in neighborhood effects on the school attendance of boys in early Chicago '' . History of Education Quarterly . 38 : 17 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Perlmann , Joel ; Margo , Robert A. ( 2001 ) . Women 's Work ? American Schoolteachers , 1650 -- 1920 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 66039 - 7 . Jump up ^ Reeder , David A. ( 1992 ) . `` Schooling in the City : Educational History and the Urban Variable '' . Urban History . 19 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Herbst , Jürgen ( 1999 ) . `` The History of Education : State of the Art at the Turn of the Century in Europe and North America '' . Paedagogica Historica. 35 ( 3 ) : 737 -- 747 . doi : 10.1080 / 0030923990350308 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Michael ( 2007 ) . `` Educational and Economic History : The Good Neighbours '' . History of Education . 36 ( 4 / 5 ) : 429 -- 445 . Further reading ( edit ) For a detailed bibliography , see History of education in the United States : Bibliography . Altenbaugh ; Richard J. Historical Dictionary of American Education ( 1999 ) online edition Best , John Hardin . `` Education in the Forming of the American South . '' History of Education Quarterly 36.1 ( 1996 ) : 39 -- 51 . in JSTOR Button , H. Warren and Provenzo , Eugene F. , Jr . History of Education and Culture in America . ( 1983 ) . 379 pp . Clifford , Geraldine J. Those Good Gertrudes : A social history of women teachers in America ( 2014 ) Clifford , Geraldine Jonçich . `` ' Daughters into Teachers ' : Educational and Demographic Influences on the Transformation of Teaching into ' Women 's Work ' in America , '' in Alison Prentice And Marjorie R. Theobald , eds . Women Who Taught : Perspectives on the History of Women and Teaching ( 1991 ) pp. 115 -- 135 . Cremin , Lawrence A. American Education : The Colonial Experience , 1607 -- 1783 . ( 1970 ) ; the later two volumes have surprisingly little on schools : American Education : The National Experience , 1783 -- 1876 . ( 1980 ) ; American Education : The Metropolitan Experience , 1876 -- 1980 ( 1990 ) Curti , M.E. The social ideas of American educators , with new chapter on the last twenty - five years . ( 1959 ) . Eisenmann , Linda . Historical Dictionary of Women 's Education in the United States ( 1998 ) online Geiger , Roger L. The History of American Higher Education : Learning and Culture from the Founding to World War II ( Princeton UP 2014 ) , 584pp ; encyclopedic in scope Goldin , Claudia . `` The Human - Capital Century and American Leadership : Virtues of the Past '' , Journal of Economic History , ( 2001 ) vol. 61 # 2 pp 263 -- 90 online Herbst , Juergen . The once and future school : Three hundred and fifty years of American secondary education . ( 1996 ) . online edition Herbst , Jurgen . `` Nineteenth ‐ Century Normal Schools in the United States : a Fresh Look . '' History of Education 9.3 ( 1980 ) : 219 -- 227 . Hyde , Sarah L. Schooling in the Antebellum South : The Rise of Public and Private Education in Louisiana , Mississippi , and Alabama ( Louisiana State University Press , 2016 ) , xvi , 212 pp Lucas , C.J. American higher education : A history . ( 1994 ) . pp. ; reprinted essays from History of Education Quarterly McClellan , B. Edward and Reese , William J. , ed . The Social History of American Education . U. of Illinois Press , 1988 . 370 pp. ; reprinted essays from History of Education Quarterly Mohr , Clarence L. ed . The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture : Education ( 2011 ) online review ; comprehensive coverage in 135 articles Monroe , Paul , ed . A cyclopedia of education ( 5 vol. 1911 ) online vol 1 ; online vol 5 Nasaw , David ; Schooled to Order : A Social History of Public Schooling in the United States ( 1981 ) online version Parkerson , Donald H. and Parkerson , Jo Ann . Transitions in American Education : A Social History of Teaching . Routledge , 2001 . 242 pp . Parkerson , Donald H. and Parkerson , Jo Ann . The Emergence of the Common School in the U.S. Countryside . Edwin Mellen , 1998 . 192 pp . Peterson , Paul . Saving Schools : From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning ( 2010 ) , theorists from Mann to the present Rudolph , Frederick . The American College and University : A History ( 1962 ) long the standard history Rury , John L. ; Education and Social Change : Themes in the History of American Schooling . ' ; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . 2002 . online version Spring , Joel . The American School : From the Puritans to No Child Left Behind . ( 7th ed . McGraw - Hill , 2008 ) . 494 pp . Thelin , John R. A History of American Higher Education ( 2004 ) stress on most important 50 universities Theobald , Paul . Call School : Rural Education in the Midwest to 1918 . Southern Illinois U. Press , 1995 . 246 pp . Tyack , David B . The One Best System : A History of American Urban Education ( 1974 ) , Tyack , David B. , and Elizabeth Hansot . Managers of virtue : Public school leadership in America , 1820 -- 1980 . ( 1982 ) . Urban , Wayne J. , and Jennings L. Wagoner . American education : A history ( 4th ed . Routledge , 2009 ) , A frequently used Universitytextbook Walch , Timothy . Parish School : American Catholic Parochial Education From Colonial Times to the Present ( 2003 ) Zeichner , Kenneth M. , and Daniel P. Liston . `` Traditions of reform in US teacher education . '' Journal of teacher Education 41 # 2 ( 1990 ) : 3 -- 20 . Historiography ( edit ) Altenbaugh , Richard J. `` Oral history , American teachers and a social history of schooling : An emerging agenda . '' Cambridge Journal of Education 27 # 3 ( 1997 ) : 313 -- 330 . Best , John Hardin , ed . Historical inquiry in education : A research agenda ( American Educational Research Association , 1983 ) ; The most comprehensive overview of the historiography of American education , with essays by 13 scholars . Cohen , Sol . `` The history of the history of American education , 1900 -- 1976 : The uses of the past . '' Harvard Educational Review 46 # 3 ( 1976 ) : 298 -- 330 . Cohen , Sol . Challenging orthodoxies : Toward a new cultural history of education ( Peter Lang , 1999 ) . Dougherty , Jack . `` From anecdote to analysis : Oral interviews and new scholarship in educational history . '' Journal of American History 86 # 2 ( 1999 ) : 712 -- 723 . in JSTOR Finkelstein , Barbara . `` Education historians as mythmakers . '' Review of research in education 18 ( 1992 ) : 255 -- 297 . in JSTOR Katz , Michael ed . Education in American History : Readings on the Social Issues Praeger Publishers , 1973 Perko , F. Michael . `` Religious schooling in America : an historiographic reflection . '' History of Education Quarterly 40 # 3 ( 2000 ) , pp. 320 -- 338 in JSTOR Ramsey , Paul J. `` Histories taking root : the contexts and patterns of educational historiography during the twentieth century . '' American Educational History Journal 34 # 1 / 2 ( 2007 ) : 347 + . Ravitch , Diane . The Revisionists Revised : A Critique of the Radical Attack on the Schools ( 1978 ) Ravitch , Diane . The Revisionists Revised : Studies in the Historiography of American Education : a Review ( National Academy of Education , 1977 ) pp. 1 -- 84 ; a shorter version Reese , William J. and John J. Rury , eds . Rethinking the History of American Education ( 2008 ) excerpt Santora , Ellen Durrigan . `` Historiographic Perspectives of Context and Progress During a Half Century of Progressive Educational Reform . '' Education and Culture 16 #. 1 ( 2012 ) : 2 + online Sloan , Douglas . `` Historiography and the History of Education , '' in Fred Kerlinger , ed. , Review of Research in Education , 1 ( 1973 ) : 239 -- 269 . Urban , W.J. `` Some historiographical problems in revisionist educational history , '' American Educational Research Journal ( 1975 ) 12 # 3 pp 337 -- 350 . Primary sources ( edit ) Cohen , Sol , ed . Education In the United States : A Documentary History ( 5 vol , 1974 ) , 3600pp of primary sources from origins to 1972 Hofstadter , Richard and Wilson Smith , eds . American Higher Education : A Documentary History ( 2 vol 1967 ) Knight , Edgar W. , ed . A Documentary History of Education in the South Before 1860 ( 5 vol 1952 ) Journals ( edit ) American Educational History Journal External links ( edit ) American Education : Colonial America School : The Story of American Public Education at PBS.org . ( hide ) History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_education_in_the_United_States&oldid=810141453 '' Categories : Social history of the United States Cultural history of the United States History of education in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 15 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did education become free in the us	[]	[]
7555413282788977205	Baby Won't You Please Come Home	Baby Wo n't You Please Come Home - wikipedia Baby Wo n't You Please Come Home Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Baby Wo n't You Please Come Home '' Song Published 1919 Genre Blues Songwriter ( s ) Charles Warfield , Clarence Williams `` Baby Wo n't You Please Come Home '' is a blues song written by Charles Warfield and Clarence Williams in 1919 . The song 's authorship is disputed ; Warfield claims that he was the sole composer of the song . The song has been covered by a large number of musicians and has become a jazz standard . The first hit version was Bessie Smith 's 1923 recording , which stayed on four weeks on the charts peaking at No. 6 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Renditions 2 Film appearances 3 See also 4 References Renditions ( edit ) Bessie Smith ( 1923 ) Clarence Williams ' Blue Five ( 1927 ) George Thomas with McKinney 's Cotton Pickers ( 1930 ) The Mills Brothers ( 1932 ) Django Reinhardt ( 1937 ) Lionel Hampton ( 1938 ) Louis Armstrong ( 1939 ) Count Basie Orchestra ( 1944 ) Bing Crosby with Eddie Heywood , recorded August 9 , 1945 . Benny Goodman and His Orchestra ( 1945 ) Jo Stafford with the Nat King Cole Trio ( 1946 ) Sidney Bechet & His Feetwarmers ( 1949 ) Ray Charles ( 1952 ) Jack Teagarden ( 1954 ) Frank Sinatra - included in his album Where Are You ? ( 1957 ) Louis Prima with Keely Smith ( 1957 ) Billie Holiday ( 1959 ) Ricky Nelson ( 1960 ) Della Reese ( 1960 ) Ella Fitzgerald on her 1961 Verve release Ella in Hollywood Sam Cooke ( 1962 ) Sarah Vaughan ( 1962 ) Al Hirt ( 1962 ) on his album , Horn A-Plenty Miles Davis - Seven Steps to Heaven ( 1963 ) Dean Martin in his album Dream with Dean ( 1964 ) Gloria Lynne ( 1965 ) Julie London - Nice Girls Do n't Stay for Breakfast ( 1967 ) Coco Briaval ( France 1999 album Minor Swing ) David Sanborn - Only Everything ( 2010 ) Elisabeth Bougerol ( 2011 ) with The Hot Sardines Band Kathy Hampson 's New Elastic Band Leon Redbone Film appearances ( edit ) 1945 That 's the Spirit - performed by Johnny Coy and Peggy Ryan . 1986 Act of Vengeance See also ( edit ) List of pre-1920 jazz standards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David A. Jasen , Gene Jones : Spreadin ' Rhythm Around : Black Popular Songwriters , 1880 -- 1930 . Routledge , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97704 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Jazz Standards Songs and Instrumentals ( Baby Wo n't You Please Come Home ) '' . Jazzstandards.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Yanow . `` Horn A-Plenty - Al Hirt Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . ( hide ) Bessie Smith Singles `` Downhearted Blues '' `` Baby Wo n't You Please Come Home '' `` T'ai n't Nobody 's Biz - Ness If I Do '' `` The St. Louis Blues '' `` Careless Love Blues '' `` I Ai n't Got Nobody '' `` After You 've Gone '' `` Alexander 's Ragtime Band '' `` Nobody Knows You When You 're Down and Out '' Related articles St. Louis Blues Book : Bessie Smith Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby_Won%27t_You_Please_Come_Home&oldid=799884691 '' Categories : Songs written by Clarence Williams ( musician ) 1919 songs 1910s jazz standards Blues songs Bessie Smith songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 11 : 43 . About Wikipedia	baby won't you please come home clarence williams	[]	[]
-7797208467345357704	Suez Canal	Suez canal - wikipedia Suez canal Suez Canal Specifications Length 193 km ( 120 miles ) ( originally 164 km or 102 mi ) Maximum boat beam 77.5 m ( 254 ft 3 in ) Minimum boat draft 20.1 m Minimum boat air draft 68 m Locks None Navigation authority Suez Canal Authority History Original owner Suez Canal Company ( Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez ) Construction began 25 September 1859 ( 1859 - 09 - 25 ) Date completed 17 November 1869 ( 1869 - 11 - 17 ) Geography Start point Port Said End point Port Tewfik , Suez The southern terminus of the Suez Canal at Suez on the Gulf of Suez ( Red Sea ) The Suez Canal ( Arabic : قناة السويس ‎ qanāt as - suwēs ) is an artificial sea - level waterway in Egypt , connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez . Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869 , it was officially opened on 17 November 1869 . The canal offers watercraft a shorter journey between the North Atlantic and northern Indian Oceans via the Mediterranean and Red Seas by avoiding the South Atlantic and southern Indian Oceans , reducing the journey by approximately 7,000 kilometres ( 4,300 mi ) . It extends from the northern terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of Suez . Its length is 193.30 km ( 120.11 mi ) , including its northern and southern access channels . In 2012 , 17,225 vessels traversed the canal ( average 47 per day ) . The original canal was a single - lane waterway with passing locations in the Ballah Bypass and the Great Bitter Lake . It contains no locks system , with seawater flowing freely through it . In general , the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer . South of the lakes , the current changes with the tide at Suez . The canal is owned and maintained by the Suez Canal Authority ( SCA ) of Egypt . Under the Convention of Constantinople , it may be used `` in time of war as in time of peace , by every vessel of commerce or of war , without distinction of flag '' . In August 2014 , construction was launched to expand and widen the Ballah Bypass for 35 km ( 22 mi ) to speed the canal 's transit time . The expansion was planned to double the capacity of the Suez Canal from 49 to 97 ships a day . At a cost of $ 8.4 billion , this project was funded with interest - bearing investment certificates issued exclusively to Egyptian entities and individuals . The `` New Suez Canal '' , as the expansion was dubbed , was opened with great fanfare in a ceremony on 6 August 2015 . On 24 February 2016 , the Suez Canal Authority officially opened the new side channel . This side channel , located at the northern side of the east extension of the Suez Canal , serves the East Terminal for berthing and unberthing vessels from the terminal . As the East Container Terminal is located on the Canal itself , before the construction of the new side channel it was not possible to berth or unberth vessels at the terminal while the convoy was running . Contents 1 Precursors 1.1 2nd millennium BCE 1.2 Canals dug by Necho , Darius I and Ptolemy 1.3 Receding Red Sea and the dwindling Nile 1.4 Old Cairo to the Red Sea 1.5 Repair by al - Ḥākim 1.6 Conception by Venice 1.7 Napoleon 's discovery of an ancient canal 2 History 2.1 Interim period 2.2 Construction by the Suez Canal Company 2.3 Company rule after opening 2.4 Suez Crisis 2.5 Arab -- Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973 2.6 Bypass expansion 2.7 Timeline 2.8 Leadership 3 Layout and operation 3.1 Capacity 3.2 Navigation 3.3 Operation 3.4 Convoy sailing 3.5 Canal crossings 4 Alternative routes 4.1 Cape Agulhas 4.2 Northern Sea Route 4.3 Negev desert railroad 5 Environmental impact 6 Suez Canal Economic Zone 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Precursors ( edit ) Main article : Canal of the Pharaohs Ancient west -- east canals were built to facilitate travel from the Nile River to the Red Sea . One smaller canal is believed to have been constructed under the auspices of Senusret II or Ramesses II . Another canal , probably incorporating a portion of the first , was constructed under the reign of Necho II , but the only fully functional canal was engineered and completed by Darius I . 2nd millennium bce ( edit ) The legendary Sesostris ( likely either Pharaoh Senusret II or Senusret III of the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt ) may have started work on an ancient canal joining the Nile with the Red Sea ( 1897 BC -- 1839 BC ) , when an irrigation channel was constructed around 1850 BC that was navigable during the flood season , leading into a dry river valley east of the Nile River Delta named Wadi Tumelat . ( It is said that in ancient times the Red Sea reached northward to the Bitter Lakes and Lake Timsah . ) In his Meteorology , Aristotle wrote : One of their kings tried to make a canal to it ( for it would have been of no little advantage to them for the whole region to have become navigable ; Sesostris is said to have been the first of the ancient kings to try ) , but he found that the sea was higher than the land . So he first , and Darius afterwards , stopped making the canal , lest the sea should mix with the river water and spoil it . Strabo wrote that Sesostris started to build a canal , and Pliny the Elder wrote : 165 . Next comes the Tyro tribe and , the harbour of the Daneoi , from which Sesostris , king of Egypt , intended to carry a ship - canal to where the Nile flows into what is known as the Delta ; this is a distance of over 60 miles . Later the Persian king Darius had the same idea , and yet again Ptolemy II , who made a trench 100 feet wide , 30 feet deep and about 35 miles long , as far as the Bitter Lakes . In the second half of the 19th century , French cartographers discovered the remnants of an ancient north -- south canal past the east side of Lake Timsah and ending near the north end of the Great Bitter Lake . This proved to be the celebrated canal made by the Persian king Darius I , as his stele commemorating its construction was found at the site . ( This ancient , second canal may have followed a course along the shoreline of the Red Sea when it once extended north to Lake Timsah . ) In the 20th century the northward extension of this ancient canal was discovered , extending from Lake Timsah to the Ballah Lakes . This was dated to the Middle Kingdom of Egypt by extrapolating the dates of ancient sites along its course . The reliefs of the Punt expedition under Hatshepsut , 1470 BC , depict seagoing vessels carrying the expeditionary force returning from Punt . This suggests that a navigable link existed between the Red Sea and the Nile . Recent excavations in Wadi Gawasis may indicate that Egypt 's maritime trade started from the Red Sea and did not require a canal . Evidence seems to indicate its existence by the 13th century BC during the time of Ramesses II . Canals dug by Necho , Darius I and Ptolemy ( edit ) Remnants of an ancient west -- east canal through the ancient Egyptian cities of Bubastis , Pi - Ramesses , and Pithom were discovered by Napoleon Bonaparte and his engineers and cartographers in 1799 . According to the Histories of the Greek historian Herodotus , about 600 BC , Necho II undertook to dig a west -- east canal through the Wadi Tumilat between Bubastis and Heroopolis , and perhaps continued it to the Heroopolite Gulf and the Red Sea . Regardless , Necho is reported as having never completed his project . Herodotus was told that 120,000 men perished in this undertaking , but this figure is doubtless exaggerated . According to Pliny the Elder , Necho 's extension to the canal was about 57 English miles , equal to the total distance between Bubastis and the Great Bitter Lake , allowing for winding through valleys . The length that Herodotus tells , of over 1000 stadia ( i.e. , over 114 miles ( 183 km ) ) , must be understood to include the entire distance between the Nile and the Red Sea at that time . With Necho 's death , work was discontinued . Herodotus tells that the reason the project was abandoned was because of a warning received from an oracle that others would benefit from its successful completion . Necho 's war with Nebuchadnezzar II most probably prevented the canal 's continuation . Necho 's project was completed by Darius I of Persia , who ruled over Ancient Egypt after it had been conquered by his predecessor Cambyses II . It may be that by Darius 's time a natural waterway passage which had existed between the Heroopolite Gulf and the Red Sea in the vicinity of the Egyptian town of Shaluf ( alt . Chalouf or Shaloof ) , located just south of the Great Bitter Lake , had become so blocked with silt that Darius needed to clear it out so as to allow navigation once again . According to Herodotus , Darius 's canal was wide enough that two triremes could pass each other with oars extended , and required four days to traverse . Darius commemorated his achievement with a number of granite stelae that he set up on the Nile bank , including one near Kabret , and a further one a few miles north of Suez . The Darius Inscriptions read : Saith King Darius : I am a Persian . Setting out from Persia , I conquered Egypt . I ordered this canal dug from the river called the Nile that flows in Egypt , to the sea that begins in Persia . When the canal had been dug as I ordered , ships went from Egypt through this canal to Persia , even as I intended . -- Darius Inscription The canal left the Nile at Bubastis . An inscription on a pillar at Pithom records that in 270 or 269 BC , it was again reopened , by Ptolemy II Philadelphus . In Arsinoe , Ptolemy constructed a navigable lock , with sluices , at the Heroopolite Gulf of the Red Sea , which allowed the passage of vessels but prevented salt water from the Red Sea from mingling with the fresh water in the canal . Receding Red Sea and the dwindling Nile ( edit ) The Red Sea is believed by some historians to have gradually receded over the centuries , its coastline slowly moving southward away from Lake Timsah and the Great Bitter Lake . Coupled with persistent accumulations of Nile silt , maintenance and repair of Ptolemy 's canal became increasingly cumbersome over each passing century . Two hundred years after the construction of Ptolemy 's canal , Cleopatra seems to have had no west -- east waterway passage , because the Pelusiac branch of the Nile , which fed Ptolemy 's west -- east canal , had by that time dwindled , being choked with silt . Old Cairo to the Red Sea ( edit ) By the 8th century , a navigable canal existed between Old Cairo and the Red Sea , but accounts vary as to who ordered its construction -- either Trajan or ' Amr ibn al - ' As , or Omar the Great . This canal was reportedly linked to the River Nile at Old Cairo and ended near modern Suez . A geography treatise by Dicuil reports a conversation with an English monk , Fidelis , who had sailed on the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea during a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the first half of the 8th century The Abbasid Caliph al - Mansur is said to have ordered this canal closed in 767 to prevent supplies from reaching Arabian detractors . Repair by al - Hakim ( edit ) Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah is claimed to have repaired the Cairo to Red Sea passageway , but only briefly , circa 1000 AD , as it soon `` became choked with sand . '' However , we are told that parts of this canal still continued to fill in during the Nile 's annual inundations . Conception by Venice ( edit ) The successful 1488 navigation of southern Africa by Bartolomeu Dias opened a direct maritime trading route to India and the spice islands , and forever changed the balance of Mediterranean trade . One of the most prominent losers in the new order , as former middlemen , was the former spice trading center of Venice . Venetian leaders , driven to desperation , contemplated digging a waterway between the Red Sea and the Nile -- anticipating the Suez Canal by almost 400 years -- to bring the luxury trade flooding to their doors again . But this remained a dream . -- Colin Thubron , Seafarers : The Venetians ( 1980 ) , p. 102 Despite entering negotiations with Egypt 's ruling Mamelukes , the Venetian plan to build the canal was quickly put to rest by the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517 , led by Sultan Selim I Napoleon 's discovery of an ancient canal ( edit ) During the French campaign in Egypt and Syria in late 1798 , Napoleon showed an interest in finding the remnants of an ancient waterway passage . This culminated in a cadre of archaeologists , scientists , cartographers and engineers scouring northern Egypt . Their findings , recorded in the Description de l'Égypte , include detailed maps that depict the discovery of an ancient canal extending northward from the Red Sea and then westward toward the Nile . Later , Napoleon , who would become French Emperor in 1804 , contemplated the construction of a north -- south canal to connect the Mediterranean with the Red Sea . But the plan was abandoned because it wrongly concluded that the waterway would require locks to operate . These would be very expensive and take a long time to construct . This decision was based on an erroneous belief that the Red Sea was 10 m ( 33 ft ) higher than the Mediterranean . The error was the result of using fragmentary survey measurements taken in wartime during Napoleon 's Egyptian Expedition . In 1819 the Pacha of Egypt undertook some canal work . However , as late as 1861 , the unnavigable ancient route discovered by Napoleon from Bubastis to the Red Sea still channeled water in spots as far east as Kassassin . History ( edit ) Interim period ( edit ) Bathymetric chart , northern Gulf of Suez , route to Cairo , 1856 Although the alleged difference in sea levels could be problematic for construction , the idea of finding a shorter route to the east remained alive . In 1830 , F.R. Chesney submitted a report to the British government that stated that there was no difference in elevation and that the Suez Canal was feasible , but his report received no further attention . Lieutenant Waghorn established his `` Overland Route '' , which transported post and passengers to India via Egypt . Linant de Bellefonds , a French explorer of Egypt , became chief engineer of Egypt 's Public Works . In addition to his normal duties , he surveyed the Isthmus of Suez and made plans for the Suez Canal . French Saint - Simonianists showed an interest in the canal and in 1833 , Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin tried to draw Muhammad Ali 's attention to the canal but was unsuccessful . Alois Negrelli , the Austrian railroad pioneer , became interested in the idea in 1836 . In 1846 , Prosper Enfantin 's Société d'Études du Canal de Suez invited a number of experts , among them Robert Stephenson , Negrelli and Paul - Adrien Bourdaloue to study the feasibility of the Suez Canal ( with the assistance of Linant de Bellefonds ) . Bourdaloue 's survey of the isthmus was the first generally accepted evidence that there was no practical difference in altitude between the two seas . Britain , however , feared that a canal open to everyone might interfere with its India trade and therefore preferred a connection by train from Alexandria via Cairo to Suez , which was eventually built by Stephenson . Construction by the Suez canal Company ( edit ) Suez Canal , 1869 In 1854 and 1856 , Ferdinand de Lesseps obtained a concession from Sa'id Pasha , the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan , to create a company to construct a canal open to ships of all nations . The company was to operate the canal for 99 years from its opening . De Lesseps had used his friendly relationship with Sa'id , which he had developed while he was a French diplomat in the 1830s . As stipulated in the concessions , Ferdinand convened the International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez ( Commission Internationale pour le percement de l'isthme des Suez ) consisting of 13 experts from seven countries , among them John Robinson McClean , later President of the Institution of Civil Engineers in London , and again Negrelli , to examine the plans developed by Linant de Bellefonds , and to advise on the feasibility of and the best route for the canal . After surveys and analyses in Egypt and discussions in Paris on various aspects of the canal , where many of Negrelli 's ideas prevailed , the commission produced a unanimous report in December 1856 containing a detailed description of the canal complete with plans and profiles . The Suez Canal Company ( Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez ) came into being on 15 December 1858 and work started on the shore of the future Port Said on 25 April 1859 . 1881 drawing of the Suez Canal The excavation took some 10 years using forced labour ( corvée ) of Egyptian workers during the first years . Some sources estimate that over 30,000 people were working on the canal at any given period , that more than 1.5 million people from various countries were employed , and that thousands of labourers died , many of them from cholera and similar epidemics . The British government had opposed the project from the outset to its completion . As one of the diplomatic moves against the canal , it disapproved of the use of `` slave labour '' of forced workers . The British Empire was the major global naval force and officially condemned the forced work and sent armed Bedouins to start a revolt among workers . Involuntary labour on the project ceased , and the viceroy condemned the corvée , halting the project . Angered by the British opportunism , de Lesseps sent a letter to the British government remarking on the British lack of remorse a few years earlier when forced workers died in similar conditions building the British railway in Egypt . Initially international opinion was skeptical and Suez Canal Company shares did not sell well overseas . Britain , Austria , and Russia did not buy a significant number of shares . However , with assistance from the Cattaui banking family , and their relationship with James de Rothschild of the French House of Rothschild bonds and shares were successfully promoted in France and other parts of Europe . All French shares were quickly sold in France . A contemporary British skeptic claimed `` One thing is sure ... our local merchant community does n't pay practical attention at all to this grand work , and it is legitimate to doubt that the canal 's receipts ... could ever be sufficient to recover its maintenance fee . It will never become a large ship 's accessible way in any case . '' Suez Canal , Egypt . early 1900s . Goodyear Archival Collection . Brooklyn Museum The canal opened under French control on 17 November 1869 . Although numerous technical , political , and financial problems had been overcome , the final cost was more than double the original estimate . The opening was performed by Khedive Isma'il Pasha of Egypt and Sudan , and at Ismail 's invitation French Empress Eugenie in the Imperial yacht L'Aigle piloted by Napoléon Coste , upon whom the Khedive bestowed the Ottoman Order of the Medjidie . The Khedive , in particular , was able to overcome initial reservations held by both British and French creditors by enlisting the help of the Sursock Family , whose deep connections proved invaluable in securing much international support for the project . The first ship to follow L'Aigle through the canal was the British P&O liner Delta . Fourth ship through the canal was the Swedish steam frigate Vanadis . Although L'Aigle was officially the first vessel through the canal , HMS Newport , captained by George Nares , passed through it first . On the night before the canal was due to open , Captain Nares navigated his vessel , in total darkness and without lights , through the mass of waiting ships until it was in front of L'Aigle . When dawn broke , the French were horrified to find that the Royal Navy was first in line and that it would be impossible to pass them . Nares received both an official reprimand and an unofficial vote of thanks from the Admiralty for his actions in promoting British interests and for demonstrating such superb seamanship . An Anchor Line ship , the S.S. Dido , became the first to pass through the Canal from South to North . After the opening , the Suez Canal Company was in financial difficulties . The remaining works were completed only in 1871 , and traffic was below expectations in the first two years . De Lesseps therefore tried to increase revenues by interpreting the kind of net ton referred to in the second concession ( tonneau de capacité ) as meaning a ship 's cargo capacity and not only the theoretical net tonnage of the `` Moorsom System '' introduced in Britain by the Merchant Shipping Act in 1854 . The ensuing commercial and diplomatic activities resulted in the International Commission of Constantinople establishing a specific kind of net tonnage and settling the question of tariffs in its protocol of 18 December 1873 . This was the origin of the Suez Canal Net Tonnage and the Suez Canal Special Tonnage Certificate , both of which are still in use today . Company rule after opening ( edit ) Suez Canal , ca 1914 The canal had an immediate and dramatic effect on world trade . Combined with the American transcontinental railroad completed six months earlier , it allowed the world to be circled in record time . It played an important role in increasing European colonization of Africa . The construction of the canal was one of the reasons for the Panic of 1873 , because goods from the Far East were carried in sailing vessels around the Cape of Good Hope and were stored in British warehouses . An inability to pay his bank debts led Said Pasha 's successor , Isma'il Pasha , to sell his 44 % share in the canal for £ 4,000,000 ( about £ 89.1 million in 2017 ) to the government of Great Britain in 1875 . French shareholders still held the majority . Local unrest caused the British to invade in 1882 and take full control , although nominally Egypt remained part of the Ottoman Empire . The British representative 1883 to 1907 was Evelyn Baring , 1st Earl of Cromer , who reorganized and modernized the government and suppressed rebellions and corruption . thereby facilitating increased traffic on the canal . The Convention of Constantinople in 1888 declared the canal a neutral zone under the protection of the British , who had occupied Egypt and Sudan at the request of Khedive Tewfiq to suppress the Urabi Revolt against his rule . The revolt went on from 1879 to 1882 . As a result of British involvement on the side of Khedive Tewfiq , Britain gained control of the canal in 1882 . The British defended the strategically important passage against a major Ottoman attack in 1915 , during the First World War . Under the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty of 1936 , the UK retained control over the canal . The canal was again strategically important in the 1939 -- 1945 Second World War , and Italo - German attempts to capture it were repulsed during the North Africa Campaign , during which the canal was closed to Axis shipping . In 1951 Egypt repudiated the treaty and in October 1954 the UK agreed to remove its troops . Withdrawal was completed on 18 July 1956 . Suez Crisis ( edit ) Main article : Suez Crisis Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the Suez Canal hit during the initial Anglo - French assault on Port Said , 5 November 1956 Because of Egyptian overtures towards the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom and the United States withdrew their pledge to support the construction of the Aswan Dam . Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser responded by nationalizing the canal on 26 July 1956 and transferring it to the Suez Canal Authority , intending to finance the dam project using revenue from the canal . On the same day that the canal was nationalized Nasser also closed the Straits of Tiran to all Israeli ships . This led to the Suez Crisis in which the UK , France , and Israel invaded Egypt . According to the pre-agreed war plans under the Protocol of Sèvres , the Israelis invaded the Sinai Peninsula on 29 October , forcing Egypt to engage them militarily , and allowing the Anglo - French partnership to declare the resultant fighting a threat to stability in the Middle East and enter the war - officially to separate the two forces but in reality to regain the Canal and bring down the Nasser government . To save the British from what he thought was a disastrous action and to stop the war from a possible escalation , Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs Lester B. Pearson proposed the creation of the first United Nations peacekeeping force to ensure access to the canal for all and an Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula . On 4 November 1956 , a majority at the United Nations voted for Pearson 's peacekeeping resolution , which mandated the UN peacekeepers to stay in Sinai unless both Egypt and Israel agreed to their withdrawal . The United States backed this proposal by putting pressure on the British government through the selling of sterling , which would cause it to depreciate . Britain then called a ceasefire , and later agreed to withdraw its troops by the end of the year . Pearson was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . As a result of damage and ships sunk under orders from Nasser the canal was closed until April 1957 , when it was cleared with UN assistance . A UN force ( UNEF ) was established to maintain the free navigability of the canal , and peace in the Sinai Peninsula . According to the historian Abd aI - Azim Ramadan , Nasser 's decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his alone , made without political or military consultation . The events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as other events during Nasser 's rule , showed Nasser 's inclination to solitary decision making . Ramadan considered Nasser to be far from a rational , responsible leader . Arab -- Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973 ( edit ) Egyptian vehicles crossing the Suez Canal on 7 October 1973 , during the Yom Kippur War Israeli tank crossing the Suez Canal , 1973 In May 1967 , Nasser ordered the UN peacekeeping forces out of Sinai , including the Suez Canal area . Israel objected to the closing of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping . The canal had been closed to Israeli shipping since 1949 , except for a short period in 1951 -- 1952 . After the 1967 Six - Day War , Israeli forces occupied the Sinai peninsula , including the entire east bank of the Suez Canal . Unwilling to allow the Israelis to use the canal , Egypt immediately imposed a blockade which closed the canal to all shipping until 5 June 1975 . As a result , 15 cargo ships , known as the `` Yellow Fleet '' , were trapped in the canal for over eight years . In 1973 , during the Yom Kippur War , the canal was the scene of a major crossing by the Egyptian army into Israeli - occupied Sinai and a counter-crossing by the Israeli army to Egypt . Much wreckage from this conflict remains visible along the canal 's edges . After the Yom Kippur War the United States initiated Operation Nimbus Moon . The amphibious assault ship USS Inchon ( LPH - 12 ) was sent to the Canal , carrying 12 RH - 53D minesweeping helicopters of HM - 12 . These partly cleared the canal between May and December 1974 . She was relieved by the LST USS Barnstable County ( LST1197 ) . The British Royal Navy initiated Operation Rheostat and Task Group 65.2 provided for Operation Rheostat One ( six months in 1974 ) , the minehunters HMS Maxton , HMS Bossington , and HMS Wilton , the Fleet Clearance Diving Team ( FCDT ) and HMS Abdiel , a practice minelayer / MCMV support ship ; and for Operation Rheostat Two ( six months in 1975 ) the minehunters HMS Hubberston and HMS Sheraton , and HMS Abdiel . When the Canal Clearance Operations were completed , the canal and its lakes were considered 99 % clear of mines . The canal was then reopened by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat aboard an Egyptian destroyer , which led the first convoy northbound to Port Said in 1975 . At his side stood the Iranian Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi , delegated to represent his father , Mohammed Reza Pahlavi , the Shah of Iran . The cruiser USS Little Rock was the only American naval ship in the convoy . The UNEF mandate expired in 1979 . Despite the efforts of the United States , Israel , Egypt , and others to obtain an extension of the UN role in observing the peace between Israel and Egypt , as called for under the Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty of 1979 , the mandate could not be extended because of the veto by the Soviet Union in the UN Security Council , at the request of Syria . Accordingly , negotiations for a new observer force in the Sinai produced the Multinational Force and Observers ( MFO ) , stationed in Sinai in 1981 in coordination with a phased Israeli withdrawal . It is there under agreements between the United States , Israel , Egypt , and other nations . Bypass expansion ( edit ) Main article : New Suez Canal In the summer of 2014 , months after taking office as President of Egypt , Abdel Fattah el - Sisi ordered the expansion of the Ballah Bypass from 61 metres wide to 312 metres wide for 35 kilometers . The project was called the New Suez Canal , as it would allow ships to transit the canal in both directions simultaneously . The project cost more than $8 billion and was completed within one year . Sisi declared the expanded channel open for business in a ceremony on 6 August 2015 . Timeline ( edit ) Suez Canal in February 1934 . Air photograph taken by Swiss pilot and photographer Walter Mittelholzer USS America ( CV - 66 ) , an American aircraft carrier in the Suez Canal Container ship Hanjin Kaohsiung transiting the Suez Canal Circa 1799 -- Napoleon Bonaparte conquers Egypt and orders a feasibility analysis . This reports a supposed 10 - metre ( 33 ft ) difference in sea levels and a high cost , so the project is put on hold . Circa 1840 -- A second survey finds the first analysis incorrect . A direct link between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea is possible and not as expensive as previously estimated . 30 November 1854 -- The former French consul in Cairo , Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps , obtains the first license for construction and subsequent operation from the Viceroy for a period of 99 years . 6 January 1856 -- de Lesseps is provided with a second , more detailed license . 15 December 1858 -- de Lesseps establishes the `` Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez '' , with Said Pasha acquiring 22 % of the Suez Canal Company ; the majority is controlled by French private holders . 25 April 1859 -- construction officially starts . 17 November 1869 -- The canal is opened , owned and operated by Suez Canal Company . 18 December 1873 -- The International Commission of Constantinople establishes the Suez Canal Net Ton and the Suez Canal Special Tonnage Certificate ( as known today ) 25 November 1875 -- Britain becomes a minority share holder in the company , acquiring 44 % , with the remainder being controlled by French business syndicates . 20 May 1882 -- Britain invades Egypt , with French assistance , and begins its occupation of Egypt . 25 August 1882 -- Britain takes control of the canal . 2 March 1888 -- The Convention of Constantinople renews the guaranteed right of passage of all ships through the canal during war and peace ; these rights were already part of the licenses awarded to de Lesseps , but are recognised as international law . 14 November 1936 -- Following a new treaty , Britain theoretically pulls out of Egypt , but establishes the ' Suez Canal Zone ' under its control . 13 June 1956 -- Suez Canal Zone is restored to Egyptian sovereignty , following British withdrawal and years of negotiations . 26 July 1956 -- Egypt nationalizes the company ; its Egyptian assets , rights and obligations are transferred to the Suez Canal Authority , which compensates the previous owners at the established pre-nationalization price . Egypt closes the canal to Israeli shipping as part of a broader blockade involving the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba . 31 October 1956 to 24 April 1957 -- the canal is blocked to shipping following the Suez Crisis , a conflict that leads to an Israeli , French and British occupation of the canal zone . 22 December 1956 -- The canal zone is restored to Egyptian control , following French and British withdrawal , and the landing of UNEF troops . 5 June 1967 to 10 June 1975 -- the canal is blocked by Egypt , following the war with Israel ; it becomes the front line during the ensuing War of Attrition and the 1973 war , remaining closed to international shipping , until general agreement was near . 1 January 2008 -- New rules of navigation passed by the Suez Canal Authority come into force . 6 August 2015 -- The new canal extensions are opened . Leadership ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ferdinand de Lesseps , developer of the Suez Canal Presidents of the Suez Canal Company ( 1858 -- 1956 ) : Ferdinand de Lesseps ( 15 December 1858 -- 7 December 1894 ) Jules Guichard ( 17 December 1892 -- 17 July 1896 ) ( acting for de Lesseps to 7 December 1894 ) Auguste - Louis - Albéric , prince d'Arenberg ( 3 August 1896 -- 1913 ) Charles Jonnart ( 19 May 1913 -- 1927 ) Louis de Vogüé ( 4 April 1927 -- 1 March 1948 ) François Charles - Roux ( 4 April 1948 -- 26 July 1956 ) Chairmen of the Suez Canal Authority ( 1956 -- present ) : Doctor Mohamed Helmy Bahgat Badawy ( 26 July 1956 -- 9 July 1957 ) Engineer Mahmoud Younis ( 10 July 1957 -- 10 October 1965 ) Engineer Mashhour Ahmed Mashhour ( 14 October 1965 -- 31 December 1983 ) Engineer Mohamed Ezzat Adel ( 1 January 1984 -- December 1995 ) Admiral Ahmed Ali Fadel ( 22 January 1996 -- Aug 2012 ) Admiral Mohab Mamish ( 2012 -- present ) Layout and Operation ( edit ) Suez Canal Legend km Mediterranean Sea Approaches ( Southward convoy waiting area ) 0.0 Port Said 0.0 Port Said lighthouse , fishing harbour , cruise terminal Port Said ( city ) , former headquarters Port Said harbour , Port Fuad ( city ) , East Port , SCCT container terminal E-class turning dock Al Salam Bridge 51.5 Ballah ( former by - pass ) 59.9 Eastern lane : second shipping lane , New Suez Canal El Ferdan Railway Bridge 76.5 Ismaïlia , SCA headquarters Lake Timsah 95.0 Deversoir Great Bitter Lake Small Bitter Lake Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel overhead powerline 162 Suez , Suez Port Petroleum Dock , Port Tewfik Gulf of Suez ( Northward convoy waiting area ) Red Sea Legend : Navigable canal Anchorage Dock , industrial or logistical area Village or town , feature Railroad ( defunct ) with swing bridge When built , the canal was 164 km ( 102 mi ) long and 8 m ( 26 ft ) deep . After several enlargements , it is 193.30 km ( 120.11 mi ) long , 24 m ( 79 ft ) deep and 205 metres ( 673 ft ) wide . It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km ( 14 mi ) , the canal itself of 162.25 km ( 100.82 mi ) and the southern access channel of 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) . The so - called New Suez Canal , functional since 6 August 2015 , currently has a new parallel canal in the middle part , with its length over 35 km ( 22 mi ) . The current parameters of the Suez Canal , including both individual canals of the parallel section are : depth 23 to 24 metres ( 75 to 79 ft ) and width at least 205 to 225 metres ( 673 to 738 ft ) ( that width measured at 11 metres ( 36 ft ) of depth ) . Capacity ( edit ) See also : Suezmax The canal allows passage of ships up to 20 m ( 66 ft ) draft or 240,000 deadweight tons and up to a height of 68 m ( 223 ft ) above water level and a maximum beam of 77.5 m ( 254 ft ) under certain conditions . The canal can handle more traffic and larger ships than the Panama Canal , as Suezmax dimensions are greater than both Panamax and New Panamax . Some supertankers are too large to traverse the canal . Others can offload part of their cargo onto a canal - owned boat to reduce their draft , transit , and reload at the other end of the canal . Navigation ( edit ) Ships moored at El Ballah during transit Predominant currents in the Mediterranean Sea for June The canal has no locks because of the flat terrain , and the minor sea level difference between each end is inconsequential for shipping . As the canal has no sea surge gates , the ports at the ends would be subject to the sudden impact of tsunamis from the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea , according to a 2012 article in the Journal of Coastal Research . There is one shipping lane with passing areas in Ballah - Bypass near El Qantara and in the Great Bitter Lake . On a typical day , three convoys transit the canal , two southbound and one northbound . The passage takes between 11 and 16 hours at a speed of around 8 knots ( 15 km / h ; 9 mph ) . The low speed helps prevent erosion of the banks by ships ' wakes . By 1955 , about two - thirds of Europe 's oil passed through the canal . Around 8 % of world sea trade is carried via the canal . In 2008 , 21,415 vessels passed through the canal and the receipts totaled $5.381 billion , with an average cost per ship of $251,000 . New Rules of Navigation came into force on 1 January 2008 , passed by the board of directors of the Suez Canal Authority ( SCA ) to organise vessels ' transit . The most important amendments include allowing vessels with 62 - foot ( 19 m ) draught to pass , increasing the allowed breadth from 32 metres ( 105 ft ) to 40 metres ( 130 ft ) ( following improvement operations ) , and imposing a fine on vessels using divers from outside the SCA inside the canal boundaries without permission . The amendments allow vessels loaded with dangerous cargo ( such as radioactive or flammable materials ) to pass if they conform with the latest amendments provided by international conventions . The SCA has the right to determine the number of tugs required to assist warships traversing the canal , to achieve the highest degree of safety during transit . Operation ( edit ) Post-deepening , a capesize bulk carrier approaches the Friendship Bridge Northbound convoy waits in the Great Bitter Lake as southbound convoy passes , October 2014 Before August 2015 , the canal was too narrow for free two - way traffic , so ships would pass in convoys and use bypasses . The by - passes were 78 km ( 48 mi ) out of 193 km ( 120 mi ) ( 40 % ) . From north to south , they are : Port Said by - pass ( entrances ) 36.5 km ( 23 mi ) , Ballah by - pass & anchorage , 9 km ( 6 mi ) , Timsah by - pass 5 km ( 3 mi ) , and the Deversoir by - pass ( northern end of the Great Bitter Lake ) 27.5 km ( 17 mi ) . The bypasses were completed in 1980 . Typically , it would take a ship 12 to 16 hours to transit the canal . The canal 's 24 - hour capacity was about 76 standard ships . In August 2014 , Egypt chose a consortium that includes the Egyptian army and global engineering firm Dar Al - Handasah to develop an international industrial and logistics hub in the Suez Canal area , and began the construction of a new canal section from km 60 to km 95 combined with expansion and deep digging of the other 37 km of the canal . This will allow navigation in both directions simultaneously in the 72 km long central section of the canal . These extensions were formally opened on 6 August 2015 by President Al - Sisi . Convoy sailing ( edit ) Since the canal does not cater to unregulated two - way traffic , all ships transit in convoys on regular times , scheduled on a 24 - hour basis . Each day , a single northbound convoy starts at 04 : 00 from Suez . At dulka lane sections , the convoy uses the eastern route . Synchronised with this convoy 's passage is the southbound convoy . It starts at 03 : 30 from Port Said and so passes the Northbound convoy in the two - lane section . Canal crossings ( edit ) The canal in 2015 From north to south , the crossings are : The Suez Canal Bridge ( 30 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 32 ° 19 ′ 03 '' E / 30.828248 ° N 32.317572 ° E / 30.828248 ; 32.317572 ( Suez Canal Bridge ) ) , also called the Egyptian - Japanese Friendship Bridge , a high - level road bridge at El Qantara . In Arabic , al qantara means `` arch '' . Opened in 2001 , it has a 70 - metre ( 230 ft ) clearance over the canal and was built with assistance from the Japanese government and by Kajima . El Ferdan Railway Bridge ( 30 ° 39 ′ 25 '' N 32 ° 20 ′ 02 '' E / 30.657 ° N 32.334 ° E / 30.657 ; 32.334 ( El Ferdan Railway Bridge ) ) 20 km ( 12 mi ) north of Ismailia ( 30 ° 35 ′ N 32 ° 16 ′ E / 30.583 ° N 32.267 ° E / 30.583 ; 32.267 ( Ismailia ) ) was completed in 2001 and is the longest swing - span bridge in the world , with a span of 340 m ( 1100 ft ) . The previous bridge was destroyed in 1967 during the Arab - Israeli conflict . The current bridge is no longer functional due to the expansion of the Suez Canal , as the parallel shipping lane completed in 2015 just east of the bridge lacks a structure spanning it . Pipelines taking fresh water under the canal to Sinai , about 57 km ( 35 mi ) north of Suez , at 30 ° 27.3 ′ N 32 ° 21.0 ′ E / 30.4550 ° N 32.3500 ° E / 30.4550 ; 32.3500 ( Fresh - water pipelines ) . Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel ( 30 ° 5 ′ 9 '' N 32 ° 34 ′ 32 '' E / 30.08583 ° N 32.57556 ° E / 30.08583 ; 32.57556 ( Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel ) ) south of the Great Bitter Lake ( 30 ° 20 ′ N 32 ° 23 ′ E / 30.333 ° N 32.383 ° E / 30.333 ; 32.383 ( Great Bitter Lake ) ) was built in 1983 . Because of leakage problems , a new water - tight tunnel was built inside the old one from 1992 to 1995 . The Suez Canal overhead powerline crossing ( 29 ° 59 ′ 46 '' N 32 ° 34 ′ 59 '' E / 29.996 ° N 32.583 ° E / 29.996 ; 32.583 ( Suez Canal overhead powerline crossing ) ) was built in 1999 . A railway on the west bank runs parallel to the canal for its entire length . Six new tunnels for cars and trains are also planned across the canal . Currently the Ahmed Hamdi is the only tunnel connecting Suez to the Sinai . Alternative routes ( edit ) Cape Agulhas ( edit ) The main alternative is around Cape Agulhas , the southernmost point of Africa , commonly referred as the Cape of Good Hope route . This was the only sea route before the canal was constructed , and when the canal was closed . It is still the only route for ships that are too large for the canal . In the early 21st century , the Suez Canal has suffered from diminished traffic due to piracy in Somalia , with many shipping companies choosing to take the long route instead . Between 2008 and 2010 , it is estimated that the canal lost 10 % of traffic due to the threat of piracy , and another 10 % due to the financial crisis . An oil tanker going from Saudi Arabia to the United States has 2,700 mi ( 4,345 km ) longer to go when taking the route south of Africa rather than the canal . Before the canal 's opening in 1869 , goods were sometimes offloaded from ships and carried overland between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea . Northern Sea route ( edit ) A graphical comparison between the Northern Sea Route ( blue ) and an alternative route through Suez Canal ( red ) In recent years , the shrinking Arctic sea ice has made the Northern Sea Route feasible for commercial cargo ships between Europe and East Asia during a six - to - eight - week window in the summer months , shortening the voyage by thousands of miles compared to that through the Suez Canal . According to polar climate researchers , as the extent of the Arctic summer ice pack recedes the route will become passable without the help of icebreakers for a greater period each summer . The Bremen - based Beluga Group claimed in 2009 to be the first Western company to attempt using the Northern Sea Route without assistance from icebreakers , cutting 4000 nautical miles off the journey between Ulsan , Korea and Rotterdam , the Netherlands . Negev desert railroad ( edit ) Israel has declared that it will construct a railroad through the Negev desert to compete with the canal , with construction partly financed by China . Environmental impact ( edit ) Main article : Lessepsian migration The opening of the canal created the first salt - water passage between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea . Although the Red Sea is about 1.2 m ( 4 ft ) higher than the eastern Mediterranean , the current between the Mediterranean and the middle of the canal at the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer . The current south of the Bitter Lakes is tidal , varying with the tide at Suez . The Bitter Lakes , which were hypersaline natural lakes , blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades , but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea the barrier to migration was removed , and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the eastern Mediterranean . The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient - poor than the Atlantic , so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the less salty and nutrient - rich eastern Mediterranean . Accordingly , most Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota , and only few do the opposite . This migratory phenomenon is called Lessepsian migration ( after Ferdinand de Lesseps ) or `` Erythrean invasion '' . Also impacting the eastern Mediterranean , starting in 1968 , was the operation of Aswan High Dam across the Nile . While providing for increased human development , the project reduced the inflow of freshwater and ended all natural nutrient - rich silt entering the eastern Mediterranean at the Nile Delta . This provided less natural dilution of Mediterranean salinity and ended the higher levels of natural turbidity , additionally making conditions more like those in the Red Sea . Invasive species originating from the Red Sea and introduced into the Mediterranean by the canal have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the ecology , endangering many local and endemic species . About 300 species from the Red Sea have been identified in the Mediterranean , and there are probably others yet unidentified . The Egyptian government 's intent to enlarge the canal has raised concerns from marine biologists , fearing that this will worsen the invasion of Red Sea species . Construction of the canal was preceded by cutting a small fresh - water canal called Sweet Water Canal from the Nile delta along Wadi Tumilat to the future canal , with a southern branch to Suez and a northern branch to Port Said . Completed in 1863 , these brought fresh water to a previously arid area , initially for canal construction , and subsequently facilitating growth of agriculture and settlements along the canal . Suez canal Economic zone ( edit ) The Suez Canal Economic Zone , sometimes shortened to the Suez Canal Zone , describes the set of locations neighbouring the canal where customs rates have been reduced to zero in order to attract investment . The zone comprises over 600km2 within the governorates of Port Said , Ismailia and Suez . Projects in the zone are collectively described as the Suez Canal Area Development Project ( SCADP ) . The plan focuses on development of East Port Said and the port of Ain Sokhna , and hopes to extend to four more ports at West Port Said , El - Adabiya , Arish and El Tor . The zone incorporates the three `` Qualifying Industrial Zones '' at Port Said , Ismailia and Suez , a 1996 American initiative to encourage economic ties between Israel and its neighbours . See also ( edit ) Egypt portal Transport portal Kanal İstanbul New Imperialism New Suez Canal Panama Canal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Yearly Number & Net Tone by Ship Type , Direction & Ship Status '' . Suez Canal . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 23 Apr 2014 . Jump up ^ Suez Canal Authority ^ Jump up to : The Red Sea Pilot . Imray Laurie Norie & Wilson . 1995 . p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` Official Web Site of the Suez Canal Authority '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Constantinople Convention of the Suez Canal of 2 March 1888 still in force and specifically maintained in Nasser 's Nationalization Act . ^ Jump up to : `` New Suez Canal project proposed by Egypt to boost trade '' . Cairo News.Net . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tadros , Sherine ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` Egypt Opens New £ 6bn Suez Canal '' . Sky News . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt opens East Port Said side channel for navigation - Xinhua '' . News.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Suez Canal '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 22 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Rappoport , S. ( Doctor of Philosophy , Basel ) . History of Egypt ( undated , early 20th century ) , Volume 12 , Part B , Chapter V : `` The Waterways of Egypt '' , pages 248 -- 257 . London : The Grolier Society . ^ Jump up to : Hassan , F.A. & Tassie , G.J. Site location and history ( 2003 ) . Kafr Hassan Dawood On - Line , Egyptian Cultural Heritage Organization . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Please refer to Sesostris # Modern research . Jump up ^ J.H. Breasted attributes the ancient canal 's early construction to Senusret III , up through the first cataract . Please refer to J.H. Breasted , Ancient Records of Egypt , Part One , Chicago 1906 , § § 642 -- 648 Jump up ^ Fisher , William B. ; Smith , Charles Gordon . `` Suez Canal '' . www.britannica.com . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition , s.v. `` Suez Canal '' Archived 14 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 14 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Naville , Édouard . `` Map of the Wadi Tumilat '' ( plate image ) , in The Store - City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus ( 1885 ) . London : Trubner and Company . Jump up ^ `` Meteorology ( 1.15 ) '' . Ebooks.adelaide.edu.au. 25 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ The Elder Pliny and John Healey Natural History ( 6.33. 165 ) Penguin Classics ; Reprint edition ( 5 February 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044413 - 1 p. 70 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Carte hydrographique de l'Basse Egypte et d'une partie de l'Isthme de Suez ( 1855 , 1882 ) . Volume 87 , page 803 . Paris . See ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Shea , William H. `` A Date for the Recently Discovered Eastern Canal of Egypt '' , in Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 226 ( April 1977 ) , pp. 31 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Sanford ( 1938 ) , p. 72 ; Garrison ( 1999 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Hess , Richard S. Rev. of Israel in Egypt : The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus Tradition , by James K. Hoffmeier . The Denver Journal 1 ( 1 January 1998 ) . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Fekri A. Kafr Hassan Dawood On - line , 17 August 2003 . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Martínez Babon , Javier . `` Consideraciones sobre la Marinay la Guerra durante el Egipto Faraónico '' Archived 1 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Descriptions de l'Égypte , Volume 11 ( État Moderne ) , containing Mémoire sur la communication de la mer des Indes à la Méditerranée par la mer Rouge et l'Isthme de Sueys , par M.J.M. Le Père , ingénieur en chef , inspecteur divisionnaire au corps impérial des ponts et chaussées , membre de l'Institut d'Égypte , pp. 21 -- 186 Jump up ^ Their reports were published in Description de l'Égypte Jump up ^ Montet , Pierre . Everyday Life in the Days of Ramesses The Great ( 1981 ) , page 184 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . Jump up ^ Silver , Morris . Ancient Economies II ( 6 April 1998 ) , `` 5c . Evidence for Earlier Canals . '' ANCIENT ECONOMIES II . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Economics Department , City College of New York . Jump up ^ Herodotus ii. 158 . Jump up ^ `` The figure ' 120,000 ' is doubtless exaggerated . Mehemet Ali lost only 10,000 in making the Mahmûdieh Canal ( from the Nile to Alexandria ) . '' remarked W.W. How and J. Wells , A Commentary on Herodotus . Jump up ^ According to Herodotus , work on the project was `` stayed by a prophetic utterance that he ( Necho ) was toiling beforehand for the barbarian . The Egyptians call all men of other languages barbarians . '' ( Herodotus , eo . loc ... ) Jump up ^ `` Cambyses II - king of Persia '' . ^ Jump up to : Apparently , Ptolemy considered the Great Bitter Lake as a northern extension of the Red Sea , whereas Darius had not , because Arsinoe is located north of Shaluf . ( See Naville , `` Map of the Wadi Tumilat '' , referenced above . ) Jump up ^ Please refer to Darius the Great 's Suez Inscriptions . Jump up ^ Jona Lendering . `` Darius ' Suez Inscriptions '' . Livius.org . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pithom Stele - translation of inscription '' . www.attalus.org . Jump up ^ R.E. Gmirkin , `` Berossus and Genesis , Manetho and Exodus : Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch '' , p. 236 Jump up ^ Petermann , A. Karte Der Bai Von Súes ( 1856 ) . Nach der Engl . Aufnahme v. Comm . Mansell . Jump up ^ Tuchman , Barbara Bible and Sword : How the British came to Palestine MacMillan , London ( 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 333 - 33414 - 0 Jump up ^ Starthern , P ( 2013 ) `` The Venetians '' p. 175 ^ Jump up to : Hall , Linda . The Search for the Ancient Suez Canal . Kansas City , Missouri . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Please refer to Description de l'Égypte . Jump up ^ Descriptions de l'Égypte , Volume 11 ( État Moderne ) , containing Mémoire sur la communication de la mer des Indes à la Méditerranée par la mer Rouge et l'Isthme de Sueys , par M.J.M. Le Père , ingénieur en chef , inspecteur divisionnaire au corps impérial des ponts et chaussées , membre de l'Institut d'Égypte , pp. 21 -- 186 Jump up ^ Wilson , The Suez Canal Jump up ^ `` ( untitled ) '' . The Hobart Town Gazette. 26 February 1820 . p. 2 , col. 1 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Percement de l'isthme de Suez . Rapport et Projet de la Commission Internationale . Documents Publiés par M. Ferdinand de Lesseps . Troisième série . Paris aux bureaux de l'Isthme de Suez , Journal de l'Union des deux Mers , et chez Henri Plon , Éditeur , 1856 . On Google Books ( french ) Jump up ^ Arnold . T. Wilson , The Suez Canal Jump up ^ `` Le canal de Suez -- ARTE '' . Arte.tv. 13 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Oster ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ There is differing information on the exact amounts Jump up ^ ( reported by German historian Uwe A. Oster ) Archived 19 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kassir , Samir . Beirut , First Edition . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Suez Canal '' . Russojapanesewar.com . Archived from the original on 30 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Haddad , Emily A. ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Digging to India : Modernity , Imperialism , and the Suez Canal '' . Victorian Studies . Indiana University Press . 47 ( 3 ) : 363 . JSTOR 3830220 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Ångkorvetter Byggda I Karlskrona '' . vhfk.se . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The People : Captain Nares '' . HMS Challenger . University of California , San Diego . Archived from the original on 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Glasgow Herald , 17 November 1903 Jump up ^ History of the Anchor Line 1852 - 1911 . 1911 . Glasgow , UK : John Horn , for Anchor Line . Jump up ^ Protocol of the Commission ( in french ) Jump up ^ Geoffrey Hicks , `` Disraeli , Derby and the Suez Canal , 1875 : some myths reassessed . '' History 97.326 ( 2012 ) : 182 - 203 . online Jump up ^ Robert L. Tignor , `` Lord Cromer : Practitioner and Philosopher of Imperialism . '' Journal of British Studies 2.2 ( 1963 ) : 142 - 159 . online Jump up ^ First World War -- Willmott , H.P. Dorling Kindersley , 2003 , Page 87 Jump up ^ `` The Suez Canal formally opened to ships '' . stratscope.com . StratScope . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 : Egypt seizes Suez Canal '' . 26 July 1956 -- via news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ The Other Side of Suez ( documentary ) -- 2003 Jump up ^ Elie Podeh ; Onn Winckler ( 1 December 2004 ) . Rethinking Nasserism : Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt . University Press of Florida . pp. 105 , 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3137 - 8 . the prominent historian and commentator Abd al - Azim Ramadan , In a series of articles published in AlWafd , subsequently compiled in a hook published in 2000 , Ramadan criticized the Nasser cult , ... The events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as other events during Nasser 's rule , Ramadan wrote , showed Nasser to be far from a rational , responsible leader ... His decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his alone , made without political or military consultation ... The source of all this evil . Ramadan noted , was Nasser 's inclination to solitary decision making ... the revolutionary regime led by the same individual -- Nasser -- repeated its mistakes when it decided to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the Straits of Tiran in 1967 . Both decisions led to a state of war with Israel , despite the lack of military preparedness Jump up ^ `` OPERATION RHEOSTAT ONE -- ROYAL NAVY MINESWEEPERS ARRIVE AT PORT SAID TO HELP CLEAR THE SUEZ CANAL ( Allocated Title ) '' . www.iwm.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` OPERATION RHEOSTAT ONE -- FLEET CLEARANCE DIVING TEAM AT WORK ON THE WRECK OF THE MECCA ( Allocated Title ) '' . www.iwm.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` OPERATION RHEOSTAT TWO -- THE SUEZ CANAL IS REOPENED ( Allocated Title ) '' . www.iwm.org.uk . Jump up ^ http://www.history.navy.mil/nan/backissues/1970s/1974/sep74.pdf Jump up ^ `` The Stars and Stripes '' . 1975 - 06 - 07 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Multinational Force and Observers ) Jump up ^ Lakshmi , Aiswarya ( 17 July 2015 ) . `` Egypt Completes New Waterway in Suez Canal '' . MarineLink . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt completes dredging for new waterway in Suez Canal '' . Al - Ahram. 16 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Knecht , Eric ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` Egypt 's Sisi launches nationalist New Suez Canal celebration '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Suez Canal '' . Government of Egypt ( Suez Canal Authority ) . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Canal Characteristics '' . Suez Canal Authority . 2010 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Characteristics of the canal '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Navigation Circular `` The New Suez Canal '' No 5 / 2015 `` . Suez Canal Authority . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` '' Attached Charts '' to Navigation Circular `` The New Suez Canal '' No 5 / 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Suez Canal Authority . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Suez Canal Authority http://www.suezcanal.gov.eg Jump up ^ `` Canal Characteristics '' . Suez Canal Authority . 2010 . Retrieved 14 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Finkl , Charles W. ; Pelinovsky , Efim ; Cathcart , Richard B. ( 2012 ) . `` A Review of Potential Tsunami Impacts to the Suez Canal '' . Journal of Coastal Research . 283 : 745 -- 759 . doi : 10.2112 / JCOASTRES - D - 12A - 00002.1 . ISSN 0749 - 0208 . Jump up ^ SC News Jump up ^ `` Traffic system '' . Egyptian Maritime Data Bank ( EMDB ) . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Saleh , Stephen Kalin and Yasmine . `` Egypt awards Suez hub project to consortium that includes army : sources '' . Jump up ^ http://www.suezcanal.gov.eg/sc.aspx?show=69 Jump up ^ Kingsley , Patrick ( 5 August 2014 ) . `` Egypt to build new Suez canal '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ `` Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion '' . BBC News . 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic system '' . Jump up ^ `` Navigation Circular 5 / 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Navigation , Convoy System '' . Suez Canal Authority . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kajima History '' . Kajima . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Salt - Corroded Tunnel Undergoes Major Renovation '' . Kajima.co.jp . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Six tunnels under Suez Canal '' . Tunnelbuilder. 1 December 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Liam Stack , Arab countries meet to tackle Somali pirate threat -- The Christian Science Monitor ( 21 November 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Louis Wasser , Somali piracy costs Suez Canal business , San Francisco Chronicle ( 29 April 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Bowden , Anna et al . The Economic Cost of Maritime Piracy Archived 29 June 2012 at Archive - It page 13 . One Earth Future , December 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Overland Mail by Thomas Fletcher Waghorn , Railway Alexandria -- Cairo -- Suez built by Robert Stephenson Jump up ^ `` The Final Frontier : The Northern Sea Route '' . Jump up ^ `` Bye pirates , hello Northeast Passage '' . AsianCorrespondent.com. 3 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Melting ice cap opens up Northeast Passage to British ships '' . Daily Mail . 12 September 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` German vessels ready for the Northern Sea Route '' . BarentsObserver.com. 5 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 21 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ( In Estonian ) Israel builds a railroad between the Mediterranean and the Red sea '' . E24.ee. 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Madl , Pierre ( 1999 ) . Essay about the phenomenon of Lessepsian Migration , Colloquial Meeting of Marine Biology I , Salzburg , April 1999 ( revised in Nov. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Galil and Zenetos ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Britannica ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Suez Canal Economic Zone '' . GAFI . Ministry of Investment , Egypt . 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt aims to attract $30 bln in investment in Suez Canal Zone within 5 years : Investment minister '' . Ahram Online . 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Abdel - Razek , Sherine ( 4 August 2015 ) . `` Canal corridor developments '' . Al Ahram Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Qualifying Industrial Zones '' . American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt . March 2018 . References ( edit ) Britannica ( 2007 ) `` Suez Canal '' , in : The new Encyclopædia Britannica , 15th ed. , 28 , Chicago , Ill . ; London : Encyclopædia Britannica , ISBN 1 - 59339 - 292 - 3 Farnie , D.A. East and West of Suez : Suez Canal in History , 1854 - 1956 , a stanmdard scholarly history ; 870pp Galil , B.S. and Zenetos , A. ( 2002 ) . `` A sea change : exotics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea '' , in : Leppäkoski , E. , Gollasch , S. and Olenin , S. ( eds ) , Invasive aquatic species of Europe : distribution , impacts , and management , Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic , ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0837 - 6 , p. 325 -- 336 Garrison , Ervan G. ( 1999 ) A history of engineering and technology : artful methods , 2nd ed. , Boca Raton , Fla . ; London : CRC Press , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 9810 - X Hallberg , Charles W . The Suez Canal : Its History and Diplomatic Importance ( 1931 ) , a stanmdard scholarly history ; 440pp ; online Karabell , Zachary ( 2003 ) Parting the Desert : The Creation of the Suez Canal , Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 40883 - 0 Oster , Uwe ( 2006 ) Le fabuleux destin des inventions : le canal de Suez , TV documentary produced by ZDF and directed by Axel Engstfeld ( Germany ) Rathbone , William ( 1882 ) . Great Britain and the Suez Canal . London : Chapman and Hall , Limited . Sanford , Eva Matthews ( 1938 ) The Mediterranean world in ancient times , Ronald series in history , New York : The Ronald Press Company , 618 p . Pudney , John . Suez ; De Lesseps ' Canal . New York : Praeger , 1969 . Print . Wilson , Sir Arnold T . The Suez Canal ( 1939 ) online External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suez Canal . Suez Canal Authority Darius the Great 's Suez Inscriptions Suez Canal on OpenStreetMap Encyclopedia of the Orient : Suez Canal Entrance of the Suez Canal -- 1882 Suez Canal Container Terminal at Port Said Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library 3min video of sailing the 163km on YouTube , including the new section American Society of Civil Engineers - Suez Canal Suez Canal Authorities Suez Canal Authority ( SCA ) Port Said Port Authority Suez Governorate Ismailia Governorate Port Said Governorate Cities and ports Port Said Port Fuad Suez Canal Container Terminal Ismailia Suez Suez Port Infrastructure Waterworks Suezmax Lake Manzala Lake Timsah Great Bitter Lake Sweet Water Canal Constructions Port Said Lighthouse Suez Canal Bridge El Ferdan Railway Bridge Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel Power line crossing Canal expansion ( 2015 ) Area Development Project New Suez Canal Marine life Lessepsian migration List History Heroopolite Gulf Canal of the Pharaohs Société d'études du Canal de Suez ( 1846 ) French / UK operation Ferdinand de Lesseps Isma'il Pasha Suez Canal Company Convention of Constantinople Raid on the Suez Canal Anglo - Egyptian treaty of 1936 Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Operation Musketeer Operation Tarnegol Operation Telescope Protocol of Sèvres United Nations Security Council Resolution 118 United Nations Security Council Resolution 119 Egypt topics History Chronology Prehistoric Ancient topics Achaemenid Ptolemaic Battle of Actium Lighthouse of Alexandria Roman Diocese of Egypt Library of Alexandria Christian Sassanid Muslim Muslim conquest Islamization Fustat Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty Fatimid Caliphate Crusader invasions Ayyubid dynasty Mamluk Sultanate Mamluk Ottoman Egypt Eyalet Muhammad Ali dynasty Al - Nahda Khedivate Ethiopian -- Egyptian War ' Urabi revolt Modern French occupation Revolt of Cairo British occupation 1919 revolution World War II Sultanate Kingdom 1948 Arab -- Israeli War Republic Nasser era 1952 revolution Land reform Suez Crisis United Arab Republic Six - Day War Sadat era Yom Kippur War Libyan -- Egyptian War Assassination of Anwar Sadat Mubarak era 2010s crisis 2013 Rabaa massacre By topic Anarchism Capital Cigarette industry Constitution Copts Genetic Healthcare Jews Muslim Brotherhood 1928 - 38 1939 - 54 1954 - present Parliament Population Postal Saladin Timekeeping devices By city Alexandria Cairo Port Said Geography Biota Cities Climate Deserts Earthquakes Environmental issues Fossils Geology Halfaya Pass Islands Lakes Mountains Mount Sinai Nile Delta Northern coast Qattara Depression Red Sea Riviera Rivers Nile Sinai Peninsula Suez Canal Towns and villages Wadis Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Governorates Postal codes Civil Code Conflicts Conscription Constitution Elections Foreign relations Missions Islamic extremism Judiciary Law enforcement Massacres Military Supreme Council Nationality law Parliament Passport Political parties President list Prime Minister list Proposed new capital Refugees of the Syrian Civil War Terrorism Terrorism and tourism Twin towns and sister cities Economy Agriculture Banking National Bank Companies Economic regions Egyptian stock exchange Egyptian pound Energy Entrepreneurship policies Fishing Impact on the environment Lighthouses Military industry Mining Mines Nuclear program Power stations Aswan Dam Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces Tallest buildings Telecommunications Internet Tourism Cultural tourism Transport Airlines Airports Railway stations Water supply and sanitation Water resources management Society General Abortion Animal welfare Billionaires Cannabis Capital punishment Censuses Corruption Crime Human trafficking Mass sexual assault Rape Demographics Diaspora Education Academic grading Law schools Medical schools Schools Universities Families Abaza family Feminism Gender inequality Health Healthcare Hospitals Homelessness Human rights Freedom of religion LGBT rights International rankings Languages Egyptian Arabic Sa'idi Arabic Sign Language Liberalism Literature Prostitution Religion Bahá'í Blasphemy law Christianity Catholic dioceses Coptic Churches Hinduism Identification card controversy Irreligion Islam Ahmadiyya Mosques Niqāb Judaism Synagogues Scientology Smoking Units of measurement Vehicle registration plates Women Culture Art Botanical gardens Castles Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Beer Wine Films Flag list regions Football Football clubs Football stadiums Egyptians Media Magazines Newspapers Radio TV Museums Music National anthem Olympics Public holidays World Heritage Sites Portal WikiProject Commons BIBSYS : 90591893 BNE : XX451056 BNF : cb119333319 ( data ) GND : 4058518 - 9 ISNI : 0000 0004 0644 1253 NARA : 10044415 SELIBR : 163296 VIAF : 139560417 Coordinates : 30 ° 42 ′ 18 '' N 32 ° 20 ′ 39 '' E / 30.70500 ° N 32.34417 ° E / 30.70500 ; 32.34417 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suez_Canal&oldid=854487867 '' Categories : Suez Canal Canals in Egypt Ship canals 1860s in Egypt Canals opened in 1869 Cuts ( earthmoving ) Macro-engineering Economy of Egypt Egypt -- United Kingdom relations Geography of Egypt Red Sea 1869 establishments in Egypt NM Rothschild & Sons Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template other archives Use dmy dates from August 2013 Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 129 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 18 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which waterway connects the mediterranean sea with red sea	[ "The Suez Canal (Arabic: قناة السويس‎ qanāt as-suwēs) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez. Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869, it was officially opened on 17 November 1869. The canal offers watercraft a shorter journey between the North Atlantic and northern Indian Oceans via the Mediterranean and Red Seas by avoiding the South Atlantic and southern Indian Oceans, reducing the journey by approximately 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi). It extends from the northern terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of Suez. Its length is 193.30 km (120.11 mi), including its northern and southern access channels. In 2012, 17,225 vessels traversed the canal (average 47 per day).[1]\n" ]	[ "Suez Canal" ]
4539822006561421356	Typhoon Haiyan	Typhoon Haiyan - Wikipedia Typhoon Haiyan Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2013 typhoon . For other typhoons of the same name , see Typhoon Haiyan ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see Tropical Storm Yolanda . It has been suggested that portions of this article be split out into another article titled Effects of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines . ( Discuss ) ( September 2017 ) Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) Typhoon ( JMA scale ) Category 5 ( Saffir -- Simpson scale ) Typhoon Haiyan at peak intensity on November 7 Formed November 3 , 2013 Dissipated November 11 , 2013 Highest winds 10 - minute sustained : 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) 1 - minute sustained : 315 km / h ( 195 mph ) Lowest pressure 895 hPa ( mbar ) ; 26.43 inHg Fatalities 6,329 confirmed , 1,074 missing Damage $2.86 billion ( 2013 USD ) ( Preliminary total ) Areas affected Caroline Islands , Philippines , South China , Vietnam Part of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season History Meteorological history Response Humanitarian response Other wikis commons : Category : Typhoon Haiyan ( 2013 ) Typhoon Haiyan was an extremely deadly and intense typhoon , known as Super Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines . On making landfall , Haiyan devastated portions of Southeast Asia , particularly the Philippines . It is the deadliest Philippine typhoon on record , killing at least 6,300 people in that country alone . In terms of JTWC - estimated 1 - minute sustained winds , Haiyan is tied with Meranti for being the strongest landfalling tropical cyclone on record . In January 2014 , bodies were still being found . The thirtieth named storm of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season , Haiyan originated from an area of low pressure several hundred kilometers east - southeast of Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia on November 2 , 2013 . Tracking generally westward , environmental conditions favored tropical cyclogenesis and the system developed into a tropical depression the following day . After becoming a tropical storm and attaining the name Haiyan at 0000 UTC on November 4 , the system began a period of rapid intensification that brought it to typhoon intensity by 1800 UTC on November 5 . By November 6 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) assessed the system as a Category 5 - equivalent super typhoon on the Saffir - Simpson hurricane wind scale ; the storm passed over the island of Kayangel in Palau shortly after attaining this strength . Thereafter , it continued to intensify ; at 1200 UTC on November 7 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) upgraded the storm 's maximum ten - minute sustained winds to 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) , the highest in relation to the cyclone . The Hong Kong Observatory put the storm 's maximum ten - minute sustained winds at 285 km / h ( 180 mph ) prior to landfall in the central Philippines , while the China Meteorological Administration estimated the maximum two - minute sustained winds at the time to be around 78 m / s ( 280 km / h or 175 mph ) . At the same time , the JTWC estimated the system 's one - minute sustained winds to 315 km / h ( 195 mph ) , unofficially making Haiyan the strongest tropical cyclone ever observed based on wind speed , a record which would then be surpassed by Hurricane Patricia in 2015 at 345 km / h ( 215 mph ) . Haiyan is also tied with Typhoon Meranti in 2016 as the strongest tropical cyclone in the Eastern Hemisphere by 1 - minute sustained winds ; several others have recorded lower central pressure readings . At 20 : 04 UTC on November 7 , the eye of the cyclone made its first landfall in the Philippines at Guiuan , Eastern Samar . Gradually weakening , the storm made five additional landfalls in the country before emerging over the South China Sea . Turning northwestward , the typhoon eventually struck northern Vietnam as a severe tropical storm on November 10 . Haiyan was last noted as a tropical depression by the JMA the following day . The cyclone caused catastrophic destruction in the Visayas , particularly on Samar and Leyte . According to UN officials , about 11 million people have been affected -- many have been left homeless . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 2.1 Micronesia and Palau 2.2 Philippines 2.3 Southern China 2.4 Vietnam 3 Impact 3.1 Micronesia and Palau 3.2 Philippines 3.3 China and Taiwan 3.4 Vietnam 4 Aftermath 4.1 Philippines 4.1. 1 Environmental impact 4.1. 2 Looting and violence 4.1. 3 Criticism of government response 4.1. 4 Humanitarian crisis and population displacement 4.1. 5 International response 4.1. 5.1 Supranational bodies 4.1. 6 Celebrities , companies , and NGOs 4.1. 6.1 Politics involving aid relief 4.2 Vietnam 4.3 Climate change 5 In popular media 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Meteorological history ( edit ) Main article : Meteorological history of Typhoon Haiyan Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale On November 2 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) began monitoring a broad low - pressure area about 425 kilometers ( 265 miles ) east - southeast of Pohnpei , one of the states in the Federated States of Micronesia . As the system moved through a region favoring tropical cyclogenesis , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) classified it as a tropical depression early on November 3 . The system quickly intensified into a tropical storm , prompting the JMA to assign it the name Haiyan ( Chinese : 海燕 ; literally : `` petrel '' ) at 0000 UTC on November 4 . Tracking generally westward along the southern periphery of a subtropical ridge , rapid intensification ensued by November 5 as a central dense overcast with an embedded eye developing ; the JMA classified Haiyan as a typhoon later that day . On November 6 , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) assigned the storm the local name Yolanda as it approached their area of responsibility . Intensification slowed somewhat during the day , though the JTWC estimated the storm to have attained Category 5 - equivalent super typhoon status on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale around 1200 UTC . Later , the eye of the typhoon passed over the island of Kayangel in Palau . Comparison between Haiyan and Katrina Around 1200 UTC on November 7 , Haiyan attained ten - minute sustained winds of 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) and a minimum central pressure of 895 mbar ( hPa ; 26.43 inHg ) . Six hours later , the JTWC estimated Haiyan to have attained one - minute sustained winds of 315 km / h ( 195 mph ) and gusts up to 380 km / h ( 235 mph ) . The storm displayed some characteristics of an annular tropical cyclone , though a strong convective band remained present along the western side of the system . At 2040 UTC on November 7 , Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in Guiuan , Eastern Samar at peak intensity . The JTWC 's unofficial estimate of one - minute sustained winds of 305 km / h ( 190 mph ) would , by that measure , make Haiyan the most powerful storm ever recorded to strike land . Interaction with land caused slight degradation of the storm 's structure , though it remained an exceptionally powerful storm when it struck Tolosa , Leyte around 2300 UTC . The typhoon made four additional landfalls as it traversed the Visayas : Daanbantayan , Bantayan Island , Concepcion , and Busuanga Island . Haiyan , with its core disrupted by interaction with the Philippines , emerged over the South China Sea late on November 8 . Environmental conditions ahead of the storm soon became less favorable , as cool stable air began wrapping into the western side of the circulation . Continuing across the South China Sea , Haiyan turned more northwesterly late on November 9 and through November 10 as it moved around the southwestern edge of the subtropical ridge previously steering it westward . Rapid weakening ensued as Haiyan approached its final landfall in Vietnam , ultimately striking the country near Haiphong around 2100 UTC as a severe tropical storm . Once onshore , the storm quickly diminished and was last noted as it dissipated over Guangxi Province , China , on November 11 . Preparations ( edit ) Micronesia and Palau ( edit ) Typhoon Haiyan near Palau on November 6 Upon JTWC 's declaration of Tropical Depression 31W on November 3 , a tropical storm warning was issued for Chuuk Lagoon , Losap , and Poluwat in the Federated States of Micronesia . Further west , Faraulep , Satawal , and Woleai , were placed under a typhoon watch while Fananu and Ulul were placed under a tropical storm watch . The following day , the tropical storm warning expanded to include Satawal while a typhoon warning was issued for Woleai . Much of Yap State and the islands of Koror and Kayangel in Palau were placed under a typhoon watch . The government issued a mandatory evacuation for Kayangel , and although most residents ignored the warning , they all survived the storm . As Haiyan progressed westward , the easternmost advisories were gradually discontinued . As Haiyan intensified into a typhoon on November 5 , warnings were raised across Palau and Yap State . Government offices in Melekeok were used as an evacuation building for Palau . Despite mandatory evacuation orders , most residents on Kayangel remained on the island and rode out the typhoon . Philippines ( edit ) PAGASA raised rainfall warning advisory in the Central and Eastern Visayas during the passage of Haiyan ( Yolanda ) . Shortly before Typhoon Haiyan entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility on November 6 , PAGASA raised Public Storm Warning Signal ( PSWS ) No. 1 , the lowest of four levels , for much of the Visayas and Mindanao . As the storm continued to approach the country , warnings expanded into Luzon and increased in severity for eastern areas . By the evening of November 7 , PSWS No. 4 , the highest level of warning which indicates winds in excess of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) are expected , was raised for Biliran Island , Eastern Samar , Leyte , Northern Cebu , Metro Cebu , Samar , and Southern Leyte . Through November 8 , the coverage of PSWS No. 4 continued to expand , with areas in southern Luzon being included . PSWS Map in the Philippines during the passage of Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) . Officials placed police officers in the Bicol Region ahead of the storm . In the provinces of Samar and Leyte , classes were canceled , and residents in flood - and landslide - prone areas were required to evacuate . Some of the storm - threatened areas were affected by an earlier earthquake in Bohol . Then - Philippine President Noynoy Aquino requested the military to deploy planes and helicopters to the region expected to be affected . As Haiyan was moving very fast , PAGASA issued warnings at different levels to about 60 of the 80 provinces , including the capital Metro Manila . On November 8 , the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated , providing widespread charitable satellite coverage to relief organizations . Southern China ( edit ) The State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters hoisted a level three emergency response in the provinces of Hainan , Guangdong and Guangxi . All fishing vessels were urged to return to ports by noon on November 9 . The Hong Kong Observatory issued the Strong Monsoon Signal at 19 : 10 HKT on November 9 , and it was still in place on November 13 . Vietnam ( edit ) On November 8 , Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung activated the highest state of preparedness in the country . Approximately 600,000 people across southern and central provinces were evacuated while a further 200,000 were evacuated in northern provinces . Alerts were sent to 85,328 seagoing vessels , with a collective crew of 385,372 people , to sail to safer waters away from the storm . Requests were sent to China , Malaysia , Indonesia , and the Philippines to aid any fishermen who needed immediate shelter from the typhoon . Threatening Vietnam after two other typhoons , Wutip and Nari , there were concerns that the storm would cause significant damage to homes with makeshift repairs . Roughly 460,000 military personnel and other authorities were mobilized to assist in evacuation efforts . Hundreds of flights were canceled across the country while schools were closed on November 11 . On the small island of Cồn Cỏ , all residents were moved to underground shelters with enough supplies for several days . The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) branches in Vietnam prepared relief stockpiles , consisting of food , water , housing material , and ₫ 6.6 billion ( US $310,000 ) in funds . The local United Nations Resident Coordinator , Pratibha Mehta , praised the government 's actions and credited them with saving numerous lives . However , there were complaints from many residents that the warnings came too late . Impact ( edit ) Fatalities by country Country Deaths Missing Philippines 6,300 1,061 China 11 9 Vietnam 10 Taiwan 8 0 Total 6,329 1,074 Micronesia and Palau ( edit ) On Kayangel in Palau , a high storm surge damaged several houses , while strong winds downed trees . Despite residents ' refusal to evacuate , no fatalities or major injuries took place on the island . Helicopters were flown to the island to survey damage and provide relief supplies . The government planned to evacuate those who were left homeless from the island . Koror , Babeldaob and Kayangel each lost access to water and power . In Koror , winds reaching as high as 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) blew out rooftops and downed trees and power lines . A causeway linking an offshore hospital to the main island was temporarily shut down after being inundated by water . On the northern end of Babeldaob , Haiyan damaged schools and buildings . Lying closest to Haiyan at the time of the typhoon 's passage , Kayangel was flooded in its entirety , and all homes were destroyed . Though no people were killed there , 69 others were displaced by the storm . Philippines ( edit ) This article about a catastrophe contains content that is written like a promotional piece . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Effects of Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) in the Philippines ( hide ) Casualties Region Dead Injured Missing CALABARZON ( IV - A ) 0 MIMAROPA ( IV - B ) 19 61 24 Bicol Region ( V ) 6 21 0 Western Visayas ( VI ) 294 2,068 27 Central Visayas ( VII ) 74 348 5 Eastern Visayas ( VIII ) 5,877 26,186 1,005 Zamboanga Peninsula ( IX ) 0 Caraga ( XIII ) 0 0 Total 6,300 28,689 1,061 ( hide ) Damages Amount in PH ₱ in US $ Productive 21,833,622,975.09 499,969,224.19 Infrastructure 9,584,596,305.69 219,478,150.03 Social 55,110,825,740.69 1,261,985,554.18 Cross-Sectoral 3,069,023,613.41 70,277,725.17 Total damages 89,598,068,634.88 2,051,710,653.57 SOURCE : Data gathered from the last update by National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council ( NDRRMC ) as of April 17 , 2014 . Animated enhanced infrared satellite loop of Typhoon Haiyan from peak intensity to landfall in the Philippines Weather radar reflectivity loop of Haiyan 's landfall on Leyte Island . Tacloban City was struck by the northern eyewall , the most powerful part of the storm . ( show ) Costliest Philippine typhoons Rank Name Year PHP USD Haiyan ( Yolanda ) 2013 89.6 billion 2.02 billion Bopha ( Pablo ) 2012 42.2 billion 1.04 billion Rammasun ( Glenda ) 2014 38.6 billion 871 million Parma ( Pepeng ) 2009 27.3 billion 608 million 5 Nesat ( Pedring ) 2011 15 billion 333 million 6 Fengshen ( Frank ) 2008 13.5 billion 301 million 7 Koppu ( Lando ) 2015 11 billion 236 million 8 Megi ( Juan ) 11 billion 255 million 9 Ketsana ( Ondoy ) 2009 11 billion 244 million 10 Mike ( Ruping ) 10.8 billion 241 million Sources Destructive Typhoons from 1970 until 2003 by NDRRMC . Situation Report No. 50 of the Effects of TS Ondoy and TY Pepeng by NDRRMC . Situation Report No. 27 of the Effects of TS Juan by NDRRMC . Situation Report No. 38 of the Effects of TY Pablo by the NDRRMC . NDRRMC Updates re Effects of TY YOLANDA ( HAIYAN ) NDRRMC FINAL REPORT re Effects of Typhoon `` GLENDA '' ( RAMMASUN ) SitRep No. 26 re Preparedness Measures and Effects of Typhoon LANDO ( KOPPU ) ( show ) Deadliest Philippine typhoons Rank Typhoon Year Deaths September 1881 Typhoon 1881 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 Haiyan ( Yolanda ) 2013 7003630000000000000 ♠ 6,300 Thelma ( Uring ) 1991 7003510000000000000 ♠ 5,100 Bopha ( Pablo ) 2012 7003190100000000000 ♠ 1,901 5 `` Angela Typhoon '' 1867 7003180000000000000 ♠ 1,800 6 Winnie 7003161900000000000 ♠ 1,619 7 October 1897 Typhoon 1897 7003150000000000000 ♠ 1,500 8 Ike ( Nitang ) 1984 7003136300000000000 ♠ 1,363 9 Washi ( Sendong ) 2011 7003126800000000000 ♠ 1,268 10 Trix 1952 7002995000000000000 ♠ 995 Sources Philippine Storm Surge History by Project NOAH of PAGASA . Deadliest typhoons in the Philippines article published by ABS - CBN News on November 8 , 2013 . Worst Typhoons in the Philippines according to Typhoon 2000 . NDRRMC Updates re Effects of TY YOLANDA ( HAIYAN ) by the NDRRMC on April 15 , 2014 . Pedro Ribera , Ricardo Garcia - Herrera and Luis Gimeno ( July 2008 ) . `` Historical deadly typhoons in the Philippines '' . Weather . Royal Meteorological Society . 63 ( 7 ) : 196 . doi : 10.1002 / wea. 275 . Typhoon Haiyan , called Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines , caused catastrophic damage throughout much of the islands of Leyte , where cities and towns were largely destroyed . As of April 17 , 2016 , the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council ( NDRRMC ) confirmed 6,300 fatalities across the country , 5,877 of those taking place in the Eastern Visayas . The true death toll remains unclear , being claimed to be at least 10,000 by some victims from Tacloban City , Leyte . As of November 13 , 2015 , the Philippine Red Cross estimated that 22,000 people were missing . In Surigao City , 281.9 mm ( 11.10 in ) of rainfall was recorded , much of which fell in under 12 hours . Storm surges were also recorded in many places . In the island of Leyte and Samar , PAGASA measured 5 -- 6 meter ( 15 -- 19 ft ) waves . In Tacloban , Leyte , the terminal building of Tacloban Airport was destroyed by a 5.2 m ( 17 ft ) storm surge up to the height of the second story . Along the airport , a storm surge of 4 m ( 13 ft ) was estimated . Waves of 4.6 m ( 15 ft ) were also estimated . On the western coast of Samar , the storm surge was not as significant . Haiyan 's first landfall was at Guiuan in Eastern Samar , where the typhoon touched down at 4 : 40am . Nearly all structures in the township suffered at least partial damage , many of which were completely flattened . For several days following Haiyan 's first landfall , the damage situation in the fishing town remained unclear due to lack of communication in and out of the area . The damage could finally be assessed after Philippine Air Force staff arrived in Guiuan on November 10 . Prior to this , a local priest was able to take his motorbike from Guiuan to the towns of Cabalogan and Calbayog ( also in Samar ) armed with photos of the devastation , shot on his mobile phone . There was widespread devastation from the storm surge in Tacloban City especially in San Jose , with many buildings being destroyed , trees knocked over or broken , and cars piled up . The low - lying areas on the eastern side of Tacloban city were hardest hit , with some areas completely washed away . Flooding also extended for 1 km ( 0.62 mi ) inland on the east coast of the province . City administrator Tecson John Lim stated that roughly 90 percent of the city had been destroyed . Journalists on the ground have described the devastation as , `` off the scale , and apocalyptic '' . Most families in Samar and Leyte lost some family members or relatives ; families came in from outlying provinces looking for relatives , especially children , who may have been washed away . The entire first floor of the Tacloban City Convention Center , which was serving as an evacuation shelter , was submerged by storm surge . Many residents in the building were caught off - guard by the fast rising waters and subsequently drowned or were injured in the building . Although wind speeds were extreme , the major cause of damage and loss of life appears to have been storm surge . The major focus of devastation appears to have been on the east coast of Samar and Leyte , with a particular focus on Tacloban , because of its location between Samar and Leyte , and the large population in low - lying areas . Philippine Department of the Interior and Local Government ( DILG ) Secretary Mar Roxas said the scale of the relief operation that was now required was overwhelming , with some places described as a wasteland of mud and debris . Sebastian Rhodes Stampa , head of a UN disaster assessment co-ordination team , said there was `` destruction on a massive scale '' in Tacloban . `` There are cars thrown like tumbleweed and the streets are strewn with debris . The last time I saw something of this scale was in the aftermath of the ( 2004 ) Indian Ocean tsunami . '' There is little communication in the city , and no mobile phone coverage . Up the east coast of the Leyte there are numerous towns and villages that are completely cut off without any assistance . Large parts of Leyte and Samar are without power and may have no power for a month . The storm crossed the Visayas region for almost a day , causing widespread flooding . In Cebu and Bohol , struck by a magnitude 7.2 earthquake two weeks before , cities were also severely devastated . During the morning of November 8 , media stations across the country were able to broadcast live the destruction of Haiyan . However , before afternoon , all communications on the Visayas region failed . The Presidential Communications Department of President Benigno Aquino III had difficulty contacting DILG Secretary Mar Roxas and Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin in Tacloban City to plan relief . Widespread power interruptions , landslides and flash floods were also reported . Major roads were blocked by trees , and impassable. 453 domestic and international airline flights were canceled . Some airports were also closed on November 8 and 9 . Ferries were affected . Relief and rescue efforts were underway by November 9 , but some places remained isolated and out of communication due to severe damage . China and Taiwan ( edit ) Typhoon Haiyan reached Hainan Province , where severe damage took place and six people were killed in various incidents . The hardest hit area was Qionghai , where roughly 3,500 people across 20 villages were isolated due to extensive flooding . Direct economic losses in Hainan amounted to ¥ 4.9 billion ( US $803 million ) . In Guangxi Province to the north , heavy rains up to 380 mm ( 15 in ) fell and wind gusts reached 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) . An estimated 1.21 million people were affected , of whom 26,300 were evacuated . Two people died while four others went missing after a car fell off a flooded road into a river near Beihai . Losses throughout Guangxi amounted to ¥ 275 million ( US $45 million ) . Approximately 900 homes and 25,500 hectares of crops were destroyed , while 8,500 homes were damaged . Additionally , an estimated 3 million people were affected by the storm throughout Southern China . A cargo ship broke moorings at Sanya on November 8 ; three members of the crew drowned while four others went missing . One person also went missing off the coast of Lantau Island , Hong Kong . Along the coast of New Taipei , 16 people were swept out to sea by three 8 m ( 26 ft ) waves . After several hours of search and rescue , eight were hospitalized while the other eight drowned . This was considered the largest loss of life from waves in Taiwan in several years . Vietnam ( edit ) Haiyan made landfall as a severe tropical storm in Quảng Ninh Province on November 10 and produced high winds and widespread heavy rainfall which affected northern Vietnam . Rainfall totals of up to 461 mm ( 18.1 in ) and wind gusts of up to 147 km / h ( 91 mph ) were recorded . Ten people were killed while they were preparing for Haiyan 's landfall , while no one was killed after the system made landfall ; however , 4 people are missing in Quảng Ninh Province . Aftermath ( edit ) Due to extensive damage and high death toll , PAGASA announced that the name Yolanda would be stricken off the typhoon naming lists . PAGASA chose the name Yasmin to replace Yolanda for the 2017 season . During their 2014 annual session the ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee announced that the name Haiyan would also be retired from its naming lists on January 1 , 2015 , and was therefore replaced by the name Bailu . Philippines ( edit ) Animated satellite comparison of power outages across the Visayas following Typhoon Haiyan . Map of damaged houses by municipality showing track of storm , from the United Nations , as of November 18 , 2013 An aerial view of Guiuan , the town where the typhoon made its first landfall Destruction in Basey , Samar after the typhoon passed over the town . By November 11 , the provinces of Aklan , Capiz , Cebu , Iloilo , Leyte , Palawan , and Samar , were placed under a state of national calamity , allowing the government to use state funds for relief and rehabilitation and to control prices of basic goods . Additionally , approximately ₱ 30.6 million ( US $700,000 ) had been allocated in relief assistance by the NDRRMC . Local and national agencies deployed a collective 18,177 personnel , 844 vehicles , 44 seagoing vessels , and 31 aircraft for various operations . CBCP also declared 8 days of mourning for victims of the typhoon on the same date . World Health Organization Representative in the Philippines Dr Julie Hall noted that while many survivors requiring medical attention in the first week suffer from trauma and fractures , the concern shifts toward chronic conditions as the weeks pass . The WHO coordinated the massive international response to help the Philippine government meet the acute need for healthcare services in the affected areas . Extreme damage to infrastructure throughout the region posed logistical problems that greatly slowed relief efforts . Though aid was flown into local airports , most of it remained there as roads remained closed . According to estimates on November 13 , only 20 percent of the affected population in Tacloban City was receiving aid . With lack of access to clean water , some residents dug up water pipes and boiled water from there in order to survive . Thousands of people sought to evacuate the city via C - 130 cargo planes , however , the slow process fueled further aggravation . Reports of escaped prisoners raping women in the city prompted a further urgency to evacuate . One resident was quoted as saying `` Tacloban is a dead city . '' Due to the lack of electricity , planes could only operate during the daylight , further slowing the evacuations . At dawn on November 12 , thousands of people broke through fences and rushed planes only to be forced back by police and military personnel . A similar incident occurred later that day as a U.S. cargo plane was landing . On November 14 , a correspondent from the BBC reported Tacloban to be a `` war zone , '' although the situation soon stabilized when the presence of government law enforcement was increased . Safety concerns prompted several relief agencies to back out of the operation , and some United Nations staff were pulled out for safety reasons . A message circulating among the agencies urged them to not go into Tacloban for this reason . On the west coast of Leyte Island , residents in Ormoc were fearing that the focus on Tacloban City would leave them without aid . Though not as hard hit , roughly 90 percent of the city was damaged or destroyed and supplies were running low . Hospitals in the city were either shut down or working at partial capacity , leaving many of the nearly 2,000 injured in the city without medical assistance . In nearby Baybay , lack of assistance fueled anger and incited looting for survival . In the coastal community Guiuan , which took the full brunt of the typhoon , Mayor Christopher Gonzalez is credited with saving countless lives after he incessantly urged residents to evacuate . He referred to the storm as `` delubyo ( deluge ) , '' which roughly translates to Armageddon . Of the town 's 45,000 residents , 87 died , 931 were injured , and 23 others were listed as missing . U.S. Navy Capt . Russell Hays , a medical officer , estimated that a storm of Haiyan 's caliber could have killed as many as 4,500 in Guiuan alone had it not been for the mayor 's efforts . On November 18 , the government of the Philippines launched an online portal , called the Foreign Aid Transparency Hub ( FaiTH ) , that provides the public a transparency view of the funds and other aids received by the government from the international community . To lead the management and rehabilitation efforts of the central provinces in the Philippines affected by Typhoon Haiyan , Philippines President Benigno Aquino III appointed Panfilo Lacson as Typhoon Haiyan Rehabilation Czar . Environmental impact ( edit ) Devastated coconut trees in Guiuan Typhoon Haiyan knocked over Power Barge 103 of NAPOCOR in Estancia , Iloilo causing an oil spill . As a result of the typhoon , the government is planning to replant mangroves in coastal areas while preserving the remaining ones . Affected residents were allowed to return to their homes by the Department of Health on December 7 , 2013 after an air quality test found out that benzene levels in affected areas reached near - zero parts per million . Earlier , residents were asked to evacuate affected areas as the benzene levels had reached unhealthy amounts . Looting and violence ( edit ) The remains of a home destroyed by the storm in Tacloban City . Throughout Tacloban City , widespread looting took place in the days following Haiyan 's passage . In some instances , relief trucks were attacked and had food stolen in the city . Two of the city 's malls and numerous grocery stores were subjected to looting . A fuel depot in the city was guarded by armed police while 200 additional officers were dispatched to assist . Security checkpoints had since been set up all over Tacloban and a curfew was imposed on residents to prevent more attacks . Philippine military forces also prevented members of the New People 's Army from ambushing a relief convoy bound for Samar in Matnog , Sorsogon , killing two . President Benigno Aquino III considered declaring martial law in hopes of restoring order in affected areas . Looting intensified as slow recovery efforts forced residents to seek any means necessary to survive . Tacloban city administrator Tecson John Lim stated , `` The looting is not criminality . It is self - preservation . '' The Chicago Tribune reported that some areas were on the brink of anarchy , though Interior Secretary Mar Roxas denied such claims . Further complicating efforts to retain order was the lack of officers reporting for work . In Tacloban , only 100 of the city 's 1,300 police personnel reported for duty . In Alangalang , just west of Tacloban , eight people were crushed to death after the walls of a warehouse collapsed during a raid on a government rice stockpile . Approximately 33,000 bags of rice , each weighing 50 kg ( 110 lb ) , were stolen . Warehouses were also raided in Jaro and Palo . Throughout the city of Tacloban itself , people began looting from homes as stores had been completely emptied . Criticism of government response ( edit ) Color coded map of Eastern Visayas showing the number of deaths caused by Typhoon Haiyan . More than 1,000 500 - 999 100 - 499 50 - 99 25 - 49 1 - 24 0 Condemnations of slow government action in the relief effort in response to the typhoon mounted days after the storm had passed . Media reports criticized the Aquino administration for apparent lack of preparation and coordination among government agencies in the aid operation . Up until November 12 , five days after the typhoon struck , survivors continued to struggle with basic necessities such as food , water , and shelter while remote towns in Leyte and Samar were yet to be reached by aid . The Philippine government responded by saying that they have dealt with the tragedy `` quite well '' but the response had been slow due to the breakdown of the local governance in affected areas where officials and employees , who were usually the first to respond in these events , were victims of the typhoon themselves . Cabinet Secretary Jose Rene Almendras said that the national government had to take over despite logistical challenges and assured it is working toward providing aid the quickest way possible to the survivors . The national Government was also criticized for putting the responsibility of handling the dead to the Bureau of Fire instead to the Department of Health . Dr. Racquel Fortun , one of the forensic experts to go to the area three days after the typhoon insisted that handling of the bodies is a health matter and therefore a responsibility of DOH . One of the biggest controversies of Typhoon Haiyan is probably the number of the victims or the body count . According to the Philippine government sources , the number of those killed during the typhoon ranges from 4,000 to 6,000 individuals while some sources claim that the body count reaches up to 15,000 . Humanitarian crisis and population displacement ( edit ) The Philippines faced a humanitarian crisis days after the typhoon hit much of the Visayas with 1.9 million homeless and more than 6,000,000 displaced . In Tacloban alone , ninety percent of the structures are either destroyed or damaged while other cities , such as Ormoc , are reporting similar damage . The United Nations fear that the possibility of the spread of disease is high due to the lack of food , water , shelter , and medication . Casualties have been reported as a result of the lack of aid in affected areas and the number of dead is likely to rise . As a result of the damage in Tacloban and much of Leyte , thousands of people who once lived in the area left and made their way into less affected areas such as Cebu and Manila . Catbalogan reported that their population more than doubled after the typhoon with the influx of refugees into the city . Around 20,000 people have fled to Manila as a result of the storm . International response ( edit ) Main article : Humanitarian response to Typhoon Haiyan Summary of international relief efforts in the Philippines following Typhoon Haiyan Country Cash donation ( in US dollars ) Humanitarian aid and supplies Other aid Source Australia 7007700000000000000 ♠ $70 million Emergency and humanitarian supplies . Royal Australian Air Force and Royal Australian Navy deployed with Australian Medical Assistance Team and supplies . Bahrain 90 tons of relief supplies . Bangladesh 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1 million Belgium 7005677000000000000 ♠ $677 thousand Humanitarian aid . Field hospital , water purification system , 5 medical doctors , 13 nurses , and 10 logistic personnel . Brunei Humanitarian aid and relief supplies . Emergency team deployed . Aircraft from the Royal Brunei Air Force deployed with supplies . Canada 7007400000000000000 ♠ $40 million Humanitarian aid ; water purification units ; infrastructure repair teams ; medical units Three hundred members of the Canadian military Disaster Assistance Response Team ( DART ) and their equipment are sent , along with three additional Griffon helicopters . Canadian Medical Assistance Team deployed several mobile primary medical teams , to assist under - serviced rural and remote communities in northern Cebu , and western and central Leyte . GlobalMedic , a Toronto - based NGO has three teams of rescuers and medics dispatched to the disaster zone along with large quantities of water purification supplies and equipment . Chile Humanitarian aid . China 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1.4 million Deployed the naval hospital ship , Peace Ark . Denmark 7006780000000000000 ♠ $7.8 million Humanitarian aid . Provided UN with the emergency response base camp and infrastructure to facilitate the rapid humanitarian relief efforts . France 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1.4 million Sent 70 tons of relief supplies and a team of 61 persons from the Sécurité Civile , to restore electricity and water supplies , and others . Germany 23 tons of aid . Rescue teams sent . Holy See 7005150000000000000 ♠ $150 thousand Hong Kong Call to postpone economic sanctions . 7006515900000000000 ♠ $5.16 million given to international charities . Iceland 7005100000000000000 ♠ $100 thousand India 15 tonnes of relief supplies . Indonesia 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1 million Humanitarian aid of goods and logistics worth 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1 million . Indonesian Red Cross sent 688,862 tonnes emergency supplies . Three Indonesian Air Force Hercules aircraft deployed with supplies to affected areas . Logistical aid including aircraft , food , generators and medicine . The Indonesian Red Cross deployed KM Emir cargo ship loaded with emergency supplies and also 30 Indonesian Red Cross volunteers . Ireland 7006135500000000000 ♠ $1.36 million 100 tonnes of emergency supplies . Israel Sent members of the Israeli Foreign Ministry and the Israeli Defense Forces ' Home Command . Italy 7006135700000000000 ♠ $1.36 million Japan 7007520000000000000 ♠ $52 million Humanitarian aid . Deployed the JDS Ise ( DDH - 182 ) and JDS Ōsumi ( LST - 4001 ) and Boeing KC - 767 along with 1,180 members of the Japanese Self - Defense Forces. The Japan Disaster Relief team was also deployed . Kuwait 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10 million Malaysia 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1 million Essential relief supplies and humanitarian aid . Malaysian Filipino community collected supplies to be sent . Aircraft from the Royal Malaysian Air Force deployed with supplies . The Malaysian disaster relief team was also deployed . Mexico 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1 million Netherlands 7007490000000000000 ♠ $49 million New Zealand 7006122000000000000 ♠ $1.22 million 30 tonnes of food and medical supplies . Norway 7007416000000000000 ♠ $41.6 million 100 tonnes of food and 70 tonnes of communication equipment . In addition to the aid provided by the Norwegian government , Norwegians supported various aid agencies , such as the Norwegian Red Cross and the Norwegian branch of Save the Children , with donations through texting reaching 30 million NOK ( US $4.9 million ) . On October 24 , a relief concert with various Norwegian artists was held in Norway for the victims of the typhoon in the Philippines . During the 70 min . TV sendt broadcast , Norwegians donated another 24.7 million NOK ( 4 million USD ) . Panama 200,000 worth of humanitarian aid . Qatar 80 tonnes of relief supplies . Russia Over 200 personnel from the Ministry of Emergency Situations deployed for medical and relief efforts . Saudi Arabia 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10 million Relief supplies . Saudi Prince Talal bin Abdul Aziz pledged $100,000 in behalf of the Arab Gulf Program for Development ( AGFUND ) . Singapore 7005276000000000000 ♠ $276 thousand Humanitarian aid . Aircraft from the Republic of Singapore Air Force deployed with supplies . South Africa Rescue South Africa Disaster Response Team sent . The 50 man trauma / rescue team treated patients and repaired the Abuyog District Hospital . South Korea 7007250000000000000 ♠ $25 million Humanitarian aid including Humanitarian teams and Relief goods ( family tents , water purifiers , beef fried rice , blankets , and sanitation kits ) turned over to DSWD . Deployed Emergency relief team ( two batches of medical and rescue personnel , 17 - man survey team ) . Pledged USD 5M worth of assistance and USD 20M ODA for construction and rehabilitation from 2014 - 2016 . Deployed 2 C - 130 planes , Bi Ro Bong LST and Sung In Bong LST for humanitarian transport along with 520 members of the Korean Army . Spain 7006180000000000000 ♠ $1.8 million The Spanish government also chartered two flights that brought 35 tons of humanitarian aid to the disaster area . Switzerland 7006540000000000000 ♠ $5.4 million 21 tons of Emergency Assistance . Members of Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit sent . Taiwan 7005200000000000000 ♠ $200 thousand 680 tons of relief supplies . Estimated total amount of donated relief materials and money reached US $12.3 million as of mid-December . Taiwan , by Navy and Air Force , is the first country delivering relief supplies to Philippines . A 35 - person team organized by the Taiwan Root Medical Peace Corps arrived in the affected areas to provide free medical assistance . Aircraft from the Republic of China Air Force and Republic of China Navy vessel deployed with supplies . Thailand Humanitarian aid . Turkey Humanitarian supplies . United Arab Emirates 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10 million United Kingdom 7008131092123000000 ♠ $131 million Deployed HMS Daring and HMS Illustrious and Royal Air Force C - 130J - stationed in Cebu delivering over 235,000 of aid - and Royal Air Force Boeing C - 17 Globemaster III for Humanitarian Aid and Relief ( HADR ) efforts . United States 7007867000000000000 ♠ $86.7 million Deployed the USS George Washington ( CVN - 73 ) and her embarked carrier strike group , along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit , embarked aboard the USS Ashland ( LSD 48 ) and USS Germantown ( LSD 42 ) , of Amphibious Squadron 11 . At its peak , the U.S. military efforts included more than 13,400 military personnel from the US Marine Corps , US Navy and US Air Force . 66 aircraft were involved in the mission including the fixed - wing C17 Globemaster , C - 130 Hercules , and MV - 22 Osprey , as well as HH - 60 helicopters. 12 U.S. Navy vessels responded in all . The US also deployed the United States Agency for International Development and Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance crisis response teams to oversee military operations , and coordinate the US government response with the government of the Philippines . Vietnam 7005100000000000000 ♠ $100 thousand Supranational bodies ( edit ) Debris littering the streets of Tacloban City on November 14 , nearly a week after the storm struck . Devastation in the town of Basey , Samar , where more than 300 individuals perished due to storm surge . The United Nations said it was going to increase critical relief operations as a result of the devastation caused by the typhoon . Its Manila office issued a statement that read , `` Access remains a key challenge as some areas are still cut off from relief operations . Unknown numbers of survivors do not have basic necessities such as food , water and medicines and remain inaccessible for relief operations , as roads , airports and bridges were destroyed or covered in wreckage . '' The United Nations also began relief operations by this time ; however , the severe damage to infrastructure hampered efforts to distribute supplies . The UN activated the Cluster System , in which groups of humanitarian organizations ( UN and non-UN ) work to restore health , shelter , nutrition and economic activity . The World Health Organization , which leads the Health Cluster , the largest one , has developed guidance on donations of medicine and healthcare equipment , so that the Philippines receives supplies appropriate for this emergency . According to WHO , many people suffered cuts , wounds , and broken bones during the disaster and others were injured in flooding that followed the typhoon . Interpol announced that they would send in Interpol officers from Lyon to help local law enforcement identify any of the corpses that are unidentified . The World Health Organization has spearheaded initiatives among help workers , especially from the Department of Health ( Philippines ) , in extending Psychological First Aid to people in typhoon - affected areas . WHO Representative in the country Dr Julie Hall foresees long - lasting effects from the typhoon . She calls for increased preparedness to give support to families and communities for the long - term , citing the need for more trained field workers . Celebrities , companies , and NGOs ( edit ) American band Journey donated $350,000 to help relief efforts in the Philippines , and its lead singer had a message for his homeland : `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' . Arnel Pineda ( the band 's Filipino vocalist ) and the rest of the band announced the donation on November 15 , 2013 . It will go to the United Nations World Food Programme , which is providing Filipinos with food assistance . The donation should provide 1.4 million meals . IKEA , Walmart , Samsung , and HSBC are among those taking advantage of the event to donate to those in need . Northwestern Mutual announced they will donate $100,000 to the American Red Cross . The Coca - Cola Company says they have donated $2.5 million of their advertising budget to the relief efforts as of November 25 . By mid-December FIFA donated $1 million . DHL deployed its Asia Pacific Disaster Response Team to the disaster areas to provide on - the - ground logistics support to assist with the relief effort in the aftermath of the devastating Typhoon Haiyan . Three rotating teams made up of volunteer employees from the Asia Pacific region were based at the Mactan Cebu Airport on Cebu island , providing support and assistance to the country 's most affected areas west of Leyte Island , including Guiuan , Roxas , and Tacloban city . Many smaller initiatives were founded as well - e.g. to prepare by donating to children a typhoon - ready backpack as floating device . U.S. Marines assisting in the Philippine disaster relief . Sixteen - time NBA Champions Los Angeles Lakers donated $150,000 to the Philippine Red Cross to aid the typhoon affected victims . During their home game against the Memphis Grizzlies , Kobe Bryant handed the check to the Junior NBA players representing the Philippines . His teammate , Pau Gasol , pledged to donate $1,000 per point to UNICEF with the directive to help victims of Super Typhoon Haiyan in the country as well . He scored 24 points in a won game against the Golden State Warriors . Major League Baseball donated $200,000 to UNICEF and the American Red Cross , with Commissioner Bud Selig encouraging fans to donate to the organizations . UNICEF delivered portable toilets and hygiene supplies to the region and also appealed for $34 million to help the four million children affected . The American Red Cross announced that they collected $11 million in donations for the Philippines Relief Fund . Mercy Corps dispatched a `` emergency response '' team to help with humanitarian efforts . MAP International launched medical relief efforts providing over $10 million in medicines and supplies to the Philippines . Among the NGO responses , among the most comprehensive disaster response came from the Taiwan - based `` Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation '' . , which organized a large - scale cash - for - work program in Tacloban from Nov 20 to Dec 8 with up to 31,000 participants per day , totaling nearly 300,000 day shifts . This operation not only helped clean out the thousands of tons of debris covering the city , but also kick - started the local economy . Tzu Chi also contributed emergency cash aid of 8000 , 12000 or 15000 pesos depending on family size for over 60,000 families in the affected areas of Tacloban , Ormoc , Palo , Tanauan and Tunga , and has been providing free clinics , hot meals , and temporary class rooms for over 15 schools in the area . Doctors Without Borders is sending 200 tons of aid . The International Society for Krishna Consciousness 's Food For Life Global , the world 's largest vegan food relief organisation , raised money and provided vegan meals in the Philippines to Typhoon Haiyan survivors . Other NGOs run by faith - based organisations that raised money and / or aided in the disaster relief efforts of Typhoon Haiyan included Catholic Relief Services , Catholic Medical Mission Board ( CMMB ) , Adventist Development and Relief Agency ( ADRA ) , LDS Philanthropies , American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee ( AJJDC ) , Samaritan 's Purse , Salvation Army , Christian Children 's Fund of Canada , MAP International and World Vision . The Iglesia Ni Cristo ( INC ) , the largest indigenous Christian church based in the Philippines held series of massive relief distributions and medical and dental missions to affected population of the storm to different parts of Visayas . The humanitarian mission was done under the `` Lingap sa Mamamayan '' ( Aid for Humanity ) project in cooperation with the Felix Y . Manalo ( FYM ) Foundation Inc. , the INC 's charitable arm . The church conducted the largest walk for a cause in the world ( walkathon ) on February 15 , 2014 , dubbed as ' Iglesia Ni Cristo World Wide Walk for Those Affected by Typhoon Yolanda / Haiyan ' . The walk for a cause raised millions of money to help the victims of the super typhoon for the construction of their houses and shelters . The aim of the activity is to make the world understand that Haiyan survivors are still in dare need of help and financial assistance . Indeed , the worldwide walk caught the attention of the world when it breaks two Guinness world records as the largest charity walk in a single venue ( Manila , Philippines ) with 175,000 participants , and largest charity walk in 24 hours for multiple venues ( from Christchurch , New Zealand to Hawaii , USA ) in 13 time zones , 54 countries , 24 hours with 519 , 521 participants . Celebrities such as David and Victoria Beckham , Stephen Colbert , Kim Kardashian , David Guetta , and The X Factor contributed to the fundraising . On November 26 , iTunes released a compilation album entitled Songs for the Philippines featuring different artists , including Katy Perry , Madonna , Bob Dylan , and The Beatles . All proceeds will go to the Philippine Red Cross . OneRepublic donated $100,000 on November 30 , 2013 . Other celebrities that offered their support included Linkin Park , The Offspring , Alicia Keys , and Justin Bieber . On the day of his death , actor Paul Walker attended a charity event for his organization , Reach Out Worldwide , for the victims of the typhoon that was held right before his accident . On March 11 , 2014 , a benefit concert called The Pinoy Relief Benefit Concert was held at Madison Square Garden in New York , City . Jennifer Hudson , Pentatonix , A Great Big World , Plain White T 's , Jessica Sanchez , Charice and REO Brothers performed . Special guests also included Dr. Oz , Dante Basco , Bobby Lopez , Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Apl. de. ap. 100 % of proceeds raised directly went to the Typhoon Haiyan survivors . Pinoy Relief was created to help survivors and focus on three specific areas : restoring livelihoods , building classrooms and providing shelter in partnership with local NGOs , Habitat for Humanity Philippines and Operation Blessing Philippines . On March 13 , 2016 , former United States of America vice president Al Gore , visited Tacloban and delivered his speech in front of the survivors of Haiyan . He also dropped by at the MV Eva Jocelyn , a cargo ship that washed out inland during the typhoon and now converted into a memorial park . Politics involving aid relief ( edit ) First UK - funded humanitarian flight arrives at Mactan - Cebu International Airport . The island of Binuluanguan overflown by a helicopter from HMS Daring . The aid contributions of China and the United States were given focus with regards to their involvement in the politics of the Philippines . Apart from having the two largest economies in the world , both countries are involved in a complex relationship with the island country . China is currently disputing the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea with the Philippines while the United States used to be an occupying power and currently has a mutual defense treaty with the islands . China was initially criticized for its meager contribution of US $100,000 cash each from the government and the Chinese Red Cross to the typhoon victims , which led to commentary about its disputes with the Philippines . Earlier in 2013 , the Philippines sued China over the nine - dotted line . Commentators attribute this low amount to China 's intentions to isolate the Philippines while strengthening its ties with the rest of Southeast Asia . The move had mixed reactions from the public of China with some commending its decision while others , such as The Global Times , insisted that China should be a responsible power . China later increased its contributions by US $1.64 million in supplies and sent its naval hospital ship Peace Ark for disaster relief . '' The contributions of the United States was in contrast to that of China . It gave the Philippines an amount of US $51.9 million worth of aid apart and deployed the United States Marines , United States Navy and United States Air Force in order to assist with the humanitarian operations . This was seen by observers as part of the Asia pivot that the United States government had previously announced . The Philippine government had been discussing with the U.S. plans regarding the deployment of U.S. military troops within the country . Aid contributions of the U.S. was seen as a sign of goodwill in order to further strengthen relations . Vietnam ( edit ) Following Typhoon Haiyan 's landfall in Vietnam , widespread search and rescue missions took place in the affected provinces . Damage assessments were also conducted in 13 provinces to determine what aid was needed . The IFRC began distribution of relief supplies and assisted residents in returning home by November 12 . Operations regarding the aftermath of Typhoon Wutip were temporarily suspended due to Haiyan . Climate change ( edit ) Political leaders and climate scientists connected the typhoon to climate change , both at the time and subsequently and led to calls for climate justice . The 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference was coincidentally in progress when the typhoon struck and Yeb Saño , the lead negotiator of the Philippines delegation , received a standing ovation at the conference when he declared a hunger strike . In solidarity with my countrymen who are struggling to find food back home , I will now commence a voluntary fasting for the climate ; this means I will voluntarily refrain from eating food during this COP , until a meaningful outcome is in sight . -- Yeb Saño Several delegates , including American delegate Collin Reese , joined him in fasting . Sixty people from Climate Action Network , an umbrella group of environmental non-governmental organisations , also joined the hunger strike . The correlation between the increasing intensity of storms and the progression of climate change was discussed by climate scientists . `` Typhoons , hurricanes and all tropical storms draw their vast energy from the warmth of the sea . We know sea - surface temperatures are warming pretty much around the planet , so that 's a pretty direct influence of climate change on the nature of the storm , '' said Will Steffen , director of the Australian National University climate change institute . Myles Allen , head of the climate dynamics group at the University of Oxford , said that `` The current consensus is that climate change is not making the risk of hurricanes any greater , but there are physical arguments and evidence that there is a risk of more intense hurricanes . '' The Huffington Post made the point that the 70 % deforestation of the Philippines since 1900 , as reported by the national Forest Management Bureau , made far more lethal flooding from cyclones like Haiyan more likely . The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report had stated in September of the same year that `` Time series of cyclone indices such as power dissipation , an aggregate compound of tropical cyclone frequency , duration , and intensity that measures total wind energy by tropical cyclones , show upward trends in the North Atlantic and weaker upward trends in the western North Pacific since the late 1970s . '' In popular media ( edit ) A detailed analysis of Typhoon Haiyan and its destruction in the Philippines was featured in a documentary called Megastorm : World 's Biggest Typhoon . It aired on December 30 , 2013 on Discovery Channel . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal 2013 Bohol earthquake -- rocked Leyte 's neighboring islands of Bohol and Cebu less than a month before Haiyan struck Typhoons in the Philippines 1881 Haiphong typhoon Typhoon Axel ( Garding , 1994 ) -- last typhoon making landfall over Leyte before Haiyan Tropical Storm Thelma ( Uring ; 1991 ) -- second deadliest Philippine tropical cyclone Typhoon Son - Tinh ( Ofel , 2012 ) -- hit the same area a year ago and had a similar track with Haiyan Other most intense tropical cyclones Typhoon Tip ( Warling , 1979 ) -- strongest tropical cyclone based on pressure in recorded history Typhoon Rita ( Kading , 1978 ) Hurricane Patricia -- strongest tropical cyclone based on reliably measured maximum sustained winds in recorded history . Typhoon Nancy Typhoon Nora ( Luming , 1973 ) Typhoon Gay ( 1992 ) Typhoon Meranti Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy -- United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions . Jump up ^ The Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean . Jump up ^ A super typhoon is defined as a tropical cyclone with one - minute sustained winds of at least 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) . Jump up ^ Total damages figure includes agriculture , infrastructure , casualties , etc. damages . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Why Typhoon Haiyan Caused So Much Damage ( Report ) . NPR . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Typhoon Haiyan death toll rises over 5,000 ( Report ) . BBC . November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Final Report RE : Effects of Typhoon `` Yolanda '' ( Haiyan ) ( PDF ) ( Report ) . The Philippine National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . December 11 , 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joey Gabieta ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` More bodies turning up in Tacloban '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Asia News Network . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Cyclones in 2013 '' . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mersereau , Dennis . `` At 200 MPH , Hurricane Patricia Is Now the Strongest Tropical Cyclone Ever Recorded '' . The Vane . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tacloban : City at the centre of the storm '' . BBC . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement ( Report ) . Joint Typhoon Warning Center , United States Navy . 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2007 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans ( Report ) . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . November 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Typhoon Haiyan ( RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track ) . Japan Meteorological Agency . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo -- Typhoon Center 2000 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Japan Meteorological Agency . February 2001 . p. 3 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 31W ( Haiyan ) Warning Nr 04 ( Report ) . Joint Typhoon Warning Center , United States Navy . November 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tropical Cyclone Warning : Typhoon `` Yolanda '' ( Haiyan ) Severe Weather Bulletin Number One ( Report ) . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . November 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gary Padgett ; Kevin Boyle & Simon Clarke ( February 21 , 2007 ) . Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary -- October 2006 ( Report ) ( Report ) . Typhoon 2000 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 31W ( Haiyan ) Nr 14 ( Report ) . Joint Typhoon Warning Center , United States Navy . November 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Palau assesses damage after Super Typhoon Haiyan '' . ABC News . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 31W ( Haiyan ) Nr 19 ( Report ) . Joint Typhoon Warning Center , United States Navy . November 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tropical Cyclone Warning : Typhoon `` Yolanda '' ( Haiyan ) Severe Weather Bulletin Number Six ( Report ) . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . November 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeff Masters ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Super Typhoon Haiyan : Strongest Landfalling Tropical Cyclone on Record '' . Weather Underground . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 31W ( Haiyan ) Warning Nr 20 ( Report ) . Joint Typhoon Warning Center , United States Navy . November 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PAGASA : Typhoon Yolanda exits PAR '' . GMA News . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W ( Haiyan ) Warning Nr 23 ( Report ) . Joint Typhoon Warning Center , United States Navy . November 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W ( Haiyan ) Warning Nr 25 ( Report ) . Joint Typhoon Warning Center , United States Navy . November 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W ( Haiyan ) Warning Nr 28 ( Report ) . Joint Typhoon Warning Center , United States Navy . November 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 31W ( Haiyan ) Warning Nr 31 ( Report ) . Joint Typhoon Warning Center , United States Navy . November 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Derek L. Williams ( November 3 , 2013 ) . Tropical Depression 31W Advisory Number 1 . National Weather Service Office in Tiyan , Guam ( Report ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael P. Ziobro ( November 4 , 2013 ) . Tropical Storm Haiyan ( 31W ) Advisory Number 4 . National Weather Service Office in Tiyan , Guam ( Report ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carl Alan Mcelroy ( November 5 , 2013 ) . Tropical Storm Haiyan ( 31W ) Advisory Number 6 . National Weather Service Office in Tiyan , Guam ( Report ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenneth R. Kleeschulte & Charles P. Guard ( November 5 , 2013 ) . Typhoon Haiyan ( 31W ) Advisory Number 8 . National Weather Service Office in Tiyan , Guam ( Report ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patrick K. Chan ( November 5 , 2013 ) . Typhoon Haiyan ( 31W ) Advisory Number 9 . National Weather Service Office in Tiyan , Guam ( Report ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Palau : Typhoon Haiyan -- initial damage reports as at 7 November 2013 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . ReliefWeb . United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Palau assesses damage after Super Typhoon Haiyan '' . ABC News . November 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NDRRMC Advisory : Severe Weather Bulletin No. 01 re Typhoon `` Yolanda '' ( Haiyan ) ( PDF ) . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( Report ) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NDRRMC Advisory : Severe Weather Bulletin No. 02 re Typhoon `` Yolanda '' ( Haiyan ) ( PDF ) . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( Report ) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NDRRMC Advisory : Severe Weather Bulletin No. 04 re Typhoon `` Yolanda '' ( Haiyan ) ( PDF ) . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( Report ) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NDRRMC Advisory : Severe Weather Bulletin No. 04 - A ( Intermediate ) re Typhoon `` Yolanda '' ( Haiyan ) ( PDF ) . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( Report ) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NDRRMC Advisory : Severe Weather Bulletin No. 5 re Typhoon `` Yolanda '' ( Haiyan ) ( PDF ) . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( Report ) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ellalyn B. De Vera & Aaron B. Recuenco ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Super Typhoon ' Yolanda ' may hit Visayas Friday '' . Manila Bulletin . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ FR Jimenez ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` PNoy , nagbabala sa seryosong peligrong dala ng ' super typhoon ' na si ' Yolanda ' '' . GMA News . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joey Gabieta , Jani Arnaiz , Nestor Burgos , Doris Bongcac , Carla Gomez , Carmel Loise Matus and Jhunnex Napallacan ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Evacuation centers , rescue plans set in Visayas for supertyphoon Yolanda '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kristine Angeli Sabillo ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Aquino : PH ready to face supertyphoon ' Yolanda ' '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ANC ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Yolanda ' accelerates , signal number 4 up over parts of E. Visayas '' . ANC . Yahoo ! News Philippines . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Disaster Charter -- Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines ( Report ) . International Charter on Space and Major Disasters . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China issues higher Typhoon alert as Haiyan nears '' . People 's Daily . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hong Kong Observatory ( @ ObservatoryHK ) ( November 9 , 2013 ) . `` 7 : 10PM : Strong Monsoon Signal issued '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Today 's Weather Warnings and Signals Record ( 14 / Nov / 2013 ) '' . Hong Kong Observatory . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typhoon Haiyan : UN Praises Viet Nam for High State of Preparedness '' . UN Country Team in Vietnam . ReliefWeb . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Viet Nam : Typhoon Haiyan Information Bulletin n ° 3 '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies . ReliefWeb . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Hundreds feared dead in Philippines '' . BBC News . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tropical Storm Haiyan makes landfall in Vietnam '' . BBC News . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : OCHA Flash Update No. 3 FSM & Palau Tropical Storm Haiyan ( 31W ) ( Report ) . ReliefWeb . United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Typhoon Haiyan : Strongest Landfalling Tropical Cyclone on Record '' . Wunderground . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typhoon Haiyan : Desperate Philippine survivors turn to looting '' . Reuters . Chicago Tribune . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eric Leister ( November 9 , 2013 ) . `` Official : Super Typhoon Death Toll Could Reach 1,200 '' . AccuWeather . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Typhoon Haiyan smashes in to Philippines '' . The Daily Telegraph . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Typhoon Haiyan , one of the strongest storms ever seen , hit the Philippines with record force '' . Quartz . Jump up ^ `` '' Massive destruction '' as Typhoon Haiyan kills at least 1,200 in Philippines , says Red Cross `` . Thomson Reuters Foundation . Reuters . November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typhoon Haiyan : Hundreds feared dead in Philippines '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Storm Surges by Typhoon Yolanda '' . Project NOAH . Department of Science and Technology . Jump up ^ `` TYPHOON HAIYAN LEAVES EASTERN SAMAR SURF COMMUNITY IN SHAMBLES '' . surfline.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coren , Anna ; Botelho , Greg ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Everything is gone ' in Guiuan , tropical paradise forever transformed by typhoon '' . CNN . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Some towns in Eastern Samar remain isolated '' . GMA News . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Aben , Elena L. ; Recuenco , Aaron B. ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` 1,200 dead or missing '' . Manila , Philippines : Manila Bulletin . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Yolanda ' flattens Guiuan , Samar '' . GMA News . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Corp. , ABS - CBN . `` A Priest , a Motorcycle and Yolanda - Choose Philippines . Find . Discover . Share . '' . www.choosephilippines.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mullen , Jethro ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Super Typhoon Haiyan , one of strongest storms ever , hits central Philippines '' . CNN . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Kate Hodal ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Typhoon Haiyan : desperate survivors and destruction in flattened city '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mullen , Jethro ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Desperation , resilience in Tacloban : ' We really do n't know what we 're going to do ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Philippines battles to bring storm aid '' . BBC News . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Tran ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Philippines rescue services brace for devastation of typhoon Haiyan '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frances Mangosing ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Manila loses contact with Roxas , Gazmin in Leyte '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staffs ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Super typhoon Haiyan shuts airports , flights cancelled across Philippines '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typhoon Haiyan Leaves 7 Dead in South China '' . China Radio International . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan affects over 1,200 Hainan villages '' . Xinhua News Agency . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Haiyan Storm Kills 8 in China , Devastates Farming '' . ABC News . Associated Press . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Haiyan leaves 2 dead in China 's Guangxi '' . Xinhua News Agency . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China reports deaths amid Typhoon Haiyan '' . Xinhua News Agency . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan brings gales , rainstorms to S China '' . Xinhua News Agency . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eddie Luk ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Horror as teenager lost at sea '' . The Standard . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 8 - meter waves kill 8 in Taiwan '' . Xinhua News Agency . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vietnamese National Center for Hydro Meteorological Forecasts ( December 11 , 2013 ) . Member Report : Vietnam ( PDF ) . ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee : 8th Integrated Workshop / 2nd TRCG Forum . ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Villanueva , Marichu A. ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Full alphabet used but more to come '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Yolanda ' joins ' Labuyo , ' ' Santi ' in retired list '' . Manila Bulletin . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.typhooncommittee.org/46th/Docs/FINAL/TC46FINAL%20adopted%2013FEB.pdf Jump up ^ `` Proclamation No. 682 , s . 2013 '' . Official Gazette . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBCP declares 8 days of mourning for ' Yolanda ' victims '' . ABS - CBN News . November 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines typhoon : UK doctors speak from storm - hit country '' . November 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Pearson . Nick Paton Walsh and Anna Coren ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Typhoon Haiyan : Grief and hunger dominate amid survival struggle '' . CNN . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sunshine de Leon & Barbara Demick ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Desperation grows among Philippine survivors of Typhoon Haiyan '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kate Hodal ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Typhoon Haiyan : Philippines aid effort hampered by lawlessness '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gerry Mullany ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Overshadowed by Tacloban , Other Devastated Philippine Cities Fear Aid Will Not Come '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paul Baylis & Te - Ping Chen ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` How One Philippine Town Avoided Calamity '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cris Larano ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Have Faith in Aid Donations , Say Philippine Officials '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zinnia Dela Peña ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' FAiTH ' for foreign aid '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cris Larano ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Philippines ' Aquino Appoints Past Senator to Helm Typhoon Rehab '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hazel P. Villa ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` DOH : Air pollution in Iloilo oil spill site at critical level '' . Rappler . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Napocor president assures Iloilo oil spill cleanup to abide by DOH recommendations '' . Philippines News Agency . Interaksyon . November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dennis Carcamo ( November 29 , 2013 ) . `` Group urges Iloilo fishermen to sue Napocor for oil leak '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Benzene from Iloilo oil spill reaches alarming level '' . ABS - CBN News . November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Philippines to plant more mangroves '' . The Straits Times . November 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ K. Villanoy ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Mga residente ng Iloilo na apektado ng oil spill , pinauwi na sa kanilang mga tahanan '' ( in Filipino ) . DWIZ . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typhoon Haiyan slams into northern Vietnam '' . CBS News . Associated Press . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Curfew , armored vehicles in Tacloban '' . Rappler . Agence France - Presse . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Laude , Jaime ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Military foils NPA attempt to ambush relief convoy to Samar '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Red Cross says typhoon relief efforts being hampered by looters '' . Fox News . Associated Press . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harlan , Chico ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Philippines reeling after historic typhoon '' . The Washington Post . pp. A1 , A20 . Jump up ^ `` Manila media cite inept typhoon aid effort '' . The Standard . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aquino under pressure over typhoon aid , U.S. carrier to arrive '' . Reuters . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Govt slow response hit '' . Manila Standard Today . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Philippines defends aid response '' . BBC . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Palace aware of slow relief : ' We 're moving ' '' . Rappler . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons from Yolanda : 4 ways to improve the retrieval and identification of bodies in disasters '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov 't stops ' Yolanda ' body count at 4,011 '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan death toll tops 6,000 in the Philippines '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yolanda death toll as high as 15,000 , priest says '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estimate Of Number Left Homeless By Typhoon Soars '' . NPR . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Tacloban survivors wait for aid '' . BBC News . November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines typhoon : Aid effort gathers pace '' . BBC News . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exodus from hell : Residents flee typhoon - ravaged Tacloban '' . USA Today . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Philippines reflects on traumatic week '' . Financial Times . November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Over 18,000 Haiyan survivors flock to Manila '' . Rappler . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia boosts Philippines aid to US $28 mil '' . The Sun Daily . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Australian emergency medical team heads for Philippines '' . ABC News . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Relief ship HMAS Tobruk leaves Townsville bound for the Philippines '' . News Corp Australia . November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More foreign aid pour in for ' Yolanda ' victims '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release details '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bangladesh . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steun aan de Filippijnse bevolking '' ( in Dutch ) . Office of the Prime Minister of Belgium . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brunei sends emergency team to Philippines '' . The Brunei Times . November 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mackrael , Kim ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` Ottawa will match Canadians ' donations to Typhoon Haiyan relief efforts , minister says '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ottawa sending DART to Philippines after deadly storm '' . CTV News . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canada sending 3 military choppers to assist in Philippines relief effort '' . CTV News . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tamara Shephard ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` GlobalMedic responds to Philippine typhoon Haiyan '' . Etobicoke Guardian . Etobicoke Guardian . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connor , Kevin ( November 17 , 2013 ) . `` Toronto medic , firefighter to help typhoon - devastated Philippines '' . Sun News Network . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mike Blanchfield ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Harper says Canada 's DART mission heading to Iloilo , Philippines '' . The Canadian Press . CTV News . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines Typhoon Victims Await Assistance As Latin America And U.S. Send Aid '' . Fox News Latino . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` China Increases Aid to Philippines '' . The New York Times . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` China 's Peace Ark departs for typhoon - hit Philippines '' . Xinhua News Agency . November 21 , 2013 . November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danish support to the Filipino victims of Typhoon Haiyan '' . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark increases its support to the victims of the Typhoon Haiyan '' . November 12 , 2013 . November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines : la logistique , un défi pour l'aide humanitaire française '' ( in French ) . L'Express . November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia pledges $10 m in aid for the Philippines in wake of Typhoon Haiyan '' . ABC News . Agence France - Presse . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican gives $150,000 in emergency aid to PH '' . Agence France - Presse . Philippine Daily Inquirer . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of remarks by CE at media session ( with video ) '' . Hong Kong Government Information Centre . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HK $40 m boost for disaster relief fund approved , ensuring aid for typhoon '' . South China Morning Post . November 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tsang , Emily ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Disaster fund too rigid to offer timely help in Philippines , say charities '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland to Send ISK 12.3 Million to the Philippines '' . Iceland Review . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Akinyemi , Aron ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` India Launches Relief Effort for Typhoon Haiyan Victims '' . International Business Times . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Primanita , Arientha ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Indonesia Sends $2 m Typhoon Haiyan Aid to Philippines '' . Jakarta Globe . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia to Send Typhoon Aid to Philippines '' . Jakarta Globe . November 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pelepasan Misi Kemanusiaan PMI Untuk Filipina '' ( in Indonesian ) . Indonesian Red Cross . November 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : UN launches $301 m Philippines aid appeal Aid at a glance '' . BBC . 12 November 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hutton , Brian . `` Irish aid arriving in Philippines '' . Irish Independent . Press Association . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Munguia , Hayley ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` IsraAID sends medical team to Philippines to help after monster storm '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines typhoon Haiyan -- a million euro in aid from Italy '' . Ako ay Pilipino . November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan triples Philippines aid package to over $30 million '' . GMA News . November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Damage in the Philippines ( Dispatch of Assessment Team ) '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Japan sends first major deployment of relief troops '' . The Straits Times . November 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Belford , Aubrey ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` Aid flows to typhoon survivors as Philippines struggles to rebuild '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan MSDF relief ship arrives near typhoon - hit island in Philippines '' . GlobalPost . Kyodo News . November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kuwait to send $10 mn in urgent aid '' . Gulf Times . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hani Shamira Shahrudin ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` USD 1 million aid from Malaysia to the Philippines '' . New Straits Times . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia sends RM4. 2mil aid to typhoon - ravaged Philippines '' . The Star . November 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysian Red Crescent to send team to help Haiyan victims '' . New Straits Times , AsiaOne . November 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Melissa Goh ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Malaysia 's Filipino community sends relief aid to those affected by Typhoon Haiyan '' . Channel NewsAsia . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soo Wern Jun ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mercy teams land in the Philippines '' . The Sun Daily . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew Stevens ; Jethro Mullen & Greg Botelho ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Aid , troops head to typhoon - ravaged Philippines , but will it be enough ? '' . CNN . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NZ to donate another $2.9 m to Haiyan victims '' . The New Zealand Herald . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : NZ Air Force airlifts survivors to safety '' . The New Zealand Herald . November 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bent Tandstad ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` -- Situasjonen på Filippinane er desperat '' ( in Norwegian ) . NRK . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vegard Tjørhom ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Noreg gir nye millionar til tyfonofre '' ( in Norwegian ) . NRK . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Norwegian Training Center Manila sends vessel to Tacloban with relief goods '' . Norwegian Embassy in Manila . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enorm interesse for norsk skip - Nyheter , tv og radio fra hele verden '' ( in Norwegian ) . NRK . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Norwegian Training Center Manila sends vessel to Tacloban with relief goods '' . Norwegian Embassy in Manila . November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Artistdugnad for Filippinene - NRK - Kultur og underholdning '' ( in Norwegian ) . NRK . November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samlet inn 24 millioner kroner med fakkeltog og konsert - VG Nett om Filippinene '' ( in Norwegian ) . VG Nett . November 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 nye millioner til Filippinene '' ( in Norwegian ) . NRK . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Panama to send humanitarian aid to Philippines '' . The Global Times . November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Sends Urgent Aid To The Philippines '' . Bernama . November 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Russian emergencies ministry sends rescuers and doctors to typhoon - hit Philippines '' . Voice of Russia . November 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's Emergencies Ministry opens Philippines typhoon hotline - News - World - The Voice of Russia : News , Breaking news , Politics , Economics , Business , Russia , International current events , Expert opinion , podcasts , Video '' . Voice of Russia . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia offers $10 million aid for typhoon - hit Philippines '' . Al Arabiya . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saudia Cargo delivers aid to distressed Filipinos '' . Saudi Gazette . November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Christa Case ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Why Arab presidents and princes are pledging millions to Philippines in typhoon Haiyan aid ( + video ) '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dollar - for - Dollar Matching for All Donations to Singapore Red Cross Typhoon Haiyan Relief Appeal '' . Singapore Red Cross . November 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SAF sends relief supplies to the Philippines , helps in evacuation '' . Channel NewsAsia . November 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rescue South Africa Disaster Response Team '' . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Ministry Attends a Donors ' Pledging Session to Help the Philippines Recover from Typhoon Haiyan '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` S. Korea to offer 5 mln USD in aid for typhoon - hit Philippines '' . Xinhua News Agency . China Internet Information Center . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean soldiers check relief goods for victims of Typhoon Haiyan , loaded on a South Korean Air Force C - 130 cargo plane before it leaves for Tacloban airport in central Philippines , at Seoul military airport in Seongnam '' . Reuters . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean naval ships carrying relief cargo depart for Philippines '' . Yonhap news english . Yonhap news . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean troops in PHL to help with Yolanda rehabilitation '' . GMA news . December 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spain sends P80M aid for typhoon relief '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland allocates CHF 6 million to victims of Typhoon Haiyan '' . Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Love and Empathy Transcend Boundaries : Relief Aid Extended by Taiwan to the Philippines in Wake of Typhoon Haiyan , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Taiwan , December 2013 Jump up ^ `` World comes to aid of Haiyan victims '' . Bangkok Post . November 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 中和艦菲律賓人道救援紀實 '' ( in Chinese ) . Central News Agency . November 29 , 2013 . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Govt to help Philippines storm victims '' . Bangkok Post . November 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 's Humanitarian Aid Reaches to Philippines - Philippines ReliefWeb '' . ReliefWeb . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christa Case Bryant ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Why Arab presidents and princes are pledging millions to Philippines in typhoon Haiyan aid '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK to send ship to help Philippines , David Cameron announces '' . BBC . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HMS Daring arrives in Philippines to aid Typhoon Haiyan victims '' . BBC . November 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British carrier HMS Illustrious to aid typhoon victims '' . BBC . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klapper , Bradley ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Official : 5 Americans killed in Philippines typhoon ; US ups humanitarian aid to $37 million '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super-Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) '' . United States Agency for International Development . November 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan leaves 1,774 dead , ' hideous ' destruction '' . CNN . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Tom ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Newly sworn in US ambassador to Philippines heads to typhoon - ravaged country to coordinate massive humanitarian aid mission '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ JTF 505 ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` JTF 505 disestablished '' . US Embassy Manila . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ USAID ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` USAID Typhoon Haiyan Infographic '' . US Agency for International Development . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Matthew ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` USAID Secretary of State John Kerry announces $25 M in new aid for typhoon - ravaged Philippines '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typhoon Haiyan : Philippines declares state of calamity '' . BBC News . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World responds : Even equally typhoon - weary Vietnam sends aid '' . Agence France - Presse . Philippine Daily Inquirer . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yap , Cecilia , Guinto , Joel & Bennett , Simeon ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` UN Rushes Aid as Typhoon Haiyan Leaves Philippines Counting Dead '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Philippines : Typhoon Haiyan Situation Report No. 22 '' ( PDF ) . OCHA. 10 December 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Relief arriving in the Philippines , challenges for delivery persist '' . World Health Organization . November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interpol sends expertise team for typhoon - stricken Philippines '' . Azeri - Press Agency . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WHO recommendations for mental health support in emergencies shared with DoH '' . December 16 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Journey donates $350 K in Typhoon Haiyan relief '' . KGO - TV . Associated Press . November 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TYPHOON DEVASTATION '' . USA Today . November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : China gives less aid to Philippines than Ikea '' . The Guardian . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northwestern Mutual aids Philippines with $100,000 grant to American Red Cross '' ( Press release ) . Northwestern Mutual . PR Newswire . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Eleanor ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Coke Suspends Ad Campaign For Best Reason You Could Imagine '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Football : FIFA gives US $1 m aid for Philippines football '' . Channel News Asia . December 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DHL deploys Disaster Response Team to support Philippines relief and recovery effort following Typhoon Haiyan '' . Transglobal express . November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taclob - Give a child a typhoon - ready backpack '' . betterplace.org -- Change the world with your donation . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Helping Philippine Super Typhoon Victims '' . nbclosangeles.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Win , Gasol Donates $24,000 to Philippines '' . nbclosangeles.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Baseball donates $200,000 to support disaster relief efforts in Philippines '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cha , Frances ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` World Toilet Day aims to improve sanitation for 2.5 billion '' . CNN . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohan , Josh ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Red Cross : Philippines Relief Fund Tops $11 Million '' . ABC News . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Read , Richard ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Portland - based Mercy Corps sends team responding to Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World comes to aid of Haiyan victims '' . News24 . Agence France - Presse . November 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` URGENT Help Needed for Survivors of Typhoon Haiyan '' . Hare Krishna Food for Life . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Food for Life serving hot vegan pasta to kids in the Philippines '' . Hare Krishna Food for Life . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dawson , Christopher & Grubb , Jennifer ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` How to help Typhoon Haiyan survivors '' . CNN . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ November 15 , 2013 . `` Emergency Relief for Typhoon Haiyan '' . LDS Philanthropies . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` INC conducts second phase of massive relief distributions in Leyte '' . November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` INC conducts relief , medical mission in Tacloban '' . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Iglesia Ni Cristo conducts last leg of relief distribution for Yolanda survivors in Hernani , Samar '' . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` INC to Stage the Largest Worldwide Walk for Yolanda ( Haiyan ) Survivors '' . January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide walk For Yolanda / Haiyan Victims ( Charities and Fundraising ) '' . February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved Feb 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iglesia ni Cristo 's Worldwide Walk breaks 2 Guinness world records '' . Philippine News Agency . February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leslie Ann Aquino ( February 15 , 2014 ) . `` INC smashes Guinness Record '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Beckhams clothes sale prompts queues '' . BBC News . November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lu , Anne ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Stephen Colbert Mocks China 's Donation To Philippines , Raises Over $100 K For Haiyan Victims ( VIDEO ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Kardashian eBays her old clothes to help Philippines typhoon victims ... but donates just 10 % of the proceeds to charity '' . The Daily Mail . November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta shows # love for Philippines '' . USA Today . November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines Helped by Voting and Downloads on X Factor '' . Las Vegas Guardian Express . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Desta , Yohana ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` New album uses hit songs to aid Philippines '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic donate to Philippines relief efforts '' . Daily Express . November 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park , Offspring to Play Fundraising ' Concert for the Philippines ' '' . Billboard . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Singer Alicia Keys visits refugees in Philippines '' . The Straits Times . November 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber sings for Typhoon Haiyan victims '' . The Daily Telegraph . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast and Furious ' star Paul Walker dies in car accident '' . CNN . November 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charice , Jessica Sanchez others in NYC Yolanda relief concert '' . Rappler.com . March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pinoy Relief Benefit Concert @ Madison Square Garden -- Empowering Typhoon Victims to Get Back on Their Feet '' . AsianJournal.com . March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Gore visits ' Yolanda ' ground zero '' . ABS - CBN News . March 13 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US gives , China withholds in Philippine crisis '' . Asia Times . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan , the Philippines , the United States , and China '' . Council of Foreign Relations . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amid territorial spat with Manila , China 's paltry offer of typhoon aid threatens global image '' . Fox News . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China 's Philippine aid controversy '' . BBC News . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China to Philippines : Here , Have a Measly $100,000 in Aid '' . Time . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Haiyan : U.S. , Britain Send Warships to Philippines as New Weather Disturbance Threatens Relief Operations '' . The International Business Times . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yamada , Seiji ( 2017 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Hearts and Minds : Typhoon Yolanda / Haiyan and the Use of Humanitarian Assistance / Disaster Relief to Further Strategic Ends '' . Social Medicine . 11 ( 2 ) : 76 -- 83 . ISSN 1557 - 7112 . Jump up ^ `` The US Disaster Relief Mission In The Philippines Has Big Strategic Implications '' . The Business Insider . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Borenstein , Seth ( 29 November 2015 ) . `` Global warming seen as more concrete , urgent problem since Kyoto '' . PBS Newshour . Associated Press . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Yamada , Seiji ; Galat , Absalon ( Oct 2014 ) . `` Typhoon Yolanda / Haiyan and Climate Justice '' . Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 8 ( 5 ) : 432 -- 435 . ISSN 1935 - 7893 . doi : 10.1017 / dmp. 2014.97 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Matt ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Typhoon prompts ' fast ' by Philippines climate delegate '' . BBC . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan Chua ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` More delegates on hunger strike at UN climate talks '' . ABS - CBN News . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is climate change to blame for Typhoon Haiyan ? '' . The Guardian . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change This Week : Super Typhoon , Calls to Action , and More ! '' . The Huffington Post . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Megastorm : World 's Biggest Typhoon '' ( Press release ) . Discovery Channel . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : 10 deadliest typhoons in Philippines '' . Agence France - Presse . The Daily Telegraph . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 5 tropical cyclones have caused most deaths in the Philippines '' . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Typhoon Haiyan ( 2013 ) . General information about the typhoon JMA General Information of Typhoon Haiyan ( 1330 ) from Digital Typhoon Super Typhoon Haiyan from Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies Past Positions and Intensities of Typhoon Haiyan ( as of 20 : 00 HKT on November 11 , 2013 ) from the Hong Kong Observatory Compilation of satellite imagery and mapping products , pre - and post-disaster from UN-SPIDER Severe Weather Bulletin for Typhoon YOLANDA ( HAIYAN ) by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council General information about the response operation in the Philippines Assessing the Response to Typhoon Yolanda / Haiyan : Hearing before the Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations , United States Senate , One Hundred Thirteenth Congress , First Session , November 19 , 2013 Latest humanitarian response information via ReliefWeb Response to the crisis via FAO in emergencies Media coverage of Typhoon Haiyan 's destruction in the Philippines MULTIMEDIA REPORT : ' The Sea Washed it Away ' : On the Ground After Typhoon Haiyan by The Weather Channel IMAGES : Haiyan before and after the storm by BBC Typhoon Haiyan coverage by CBS News Typhoon Yolanda updates and coverage by Rappler Relief operations of the Government of the Philippines Updates : Typhoon Yolanda by the Government of the Philippines Foreign Aid Transparency Hub ( FAiTH ) -- Transparency portal by the Government of the Philippines Others Typhoon Yolanda Person Finder by Google Retired Pacific typhoon names Pre 2000 's Lucille ( 1960 ) , Ophelia ( 1960 ) , Karen ( 1962 ) , Bess ( 1974 ) , Bess ( 1982 ) , Ike ( 1984 ) , Roy ( 1988 ) , Mike ( 1990 ) , Mireille ( 1991 ) , Thelma ( 1991 ) , Omar ( 1992 ) 2000s 2001 : Vamei 2002 : Chataan , Rusa , Pongsona 2003 : Imbudo , Maemi 2004 : Sudal , Rananim 2005 : Matsa , Nabi , Longwang 2006 : Chanchu , Bilis , Saomai , Xangsane , Durian 2009 : Morakot , Ketsana , Parma 2010s 2010 : Fanapi 2011 : Washi 2012 : Vicente , Bopha 2013 : Sonamu , Utor , Fitow , Haiyan 2014 : Rammasun 2015 : Soudelor , Mujigae , Koppu , Melor 2016 : Meranti , Sarika , Haima , Nock - ten Typhoon names retired by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration 1960s Dading Welming 1970s Pitang Sening Titang Yoling Wening Didang Atang Kading 1980s Nitang Undang Sisang Herming Unsang Yoning 1990s Ruping Uring Rosing Iliang Loleng 2000s Gloria Harurot Unding Violeta Winnie Milenyo Reming Cosme Frank Ondoy Pepeng 2010s Juan Katring Bebeng Juaning Mina Pedring Sendong Pablo Labuyo Santi Yolanda Glenda Jose Mario Ruby Seniang Lando Nona ( Nonoy ) Karen Lawin Nina Tropical cyclones of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season Timeline STS Sonamu TD Bising TS Shanshan TD TD TS Yagi TD TD TS Leepi TS Bebinca STS Rumbia TY Soulik TS Cimaron TD TD STS Jebi TS Mangkhut TY Utor TD TD TD 13W STS Trami STS Pewa TS Unala TD 03C STS Kong - rey TD TD TD TD TS Yutu STS Toraji TY Man - yi TD 18W TY Usagi STS Pabuk TD TD TD TD TY Wutip TS Sepat TY Fitow TY Danas TD TD TD Phailin TY Nari TY Wipha TY Francisco TD 27W TY Lekima TY Krosa TD Wilma TY Haiyan ( history ) TS Podul TD TD TD Lehar TD 33W Book Portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Haiyan&oldid=805616277 '' Categories : Typhoon Haiyan 2013 disasters in China 2013 disasters in the Philippines 2013 in Palau 2013 in Taiwan 2013 in the Federated States of Micronesia 2013 in Vietnam 2013 Pacific typhoon season Retired Pacific typhoons Typhoons in China Typhoons in Palau Typhoons in Hong Kong Typhoons in Taiwan Typhoons in the Federated States of Micronesia Typhoons in the Philippines Typhoons in Vietnam Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use mdy dates from January 2016 Use American English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles to be split from September 2017 All articles to be split Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with a promotional tone from February 2016 All articles with a promotional tone Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 15 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did typhoon haiyan hit the philippines 2013	[ "At 2040 UTC on November 7, Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in Guiuan, Eastern Samar at peak intensity.[18] The JTWC's unofficial estimate of one-minute sustained winds of 305 km/h (190 mph) would, by that measure, make Haiyan the most powerful storm ever recorded to strike land.[19] Interaction with land caused slight degradation of the storm's structure, though it remained an exceptionally powerful storm when it struck Tolosa, Leyte around 2300 UTC.[20] The typhoon made four additional landfalls as it traversed the Visayas:[21] Daanbantayan, Bantayan Island, Concepcion, and Busuanga Island." ]	[ "At 2040 UTC on November 7" ]
8931818290288045015	Fiji	Fiji - Wikipedia Fiji This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fiji ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Fuji ( disambiguation ) . Republic of Fiji Matanitu Tugalala o Viti ( Fijian ) फ़िजी गणराज्य ( Fiji Hindi ) Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Rerevaka na Kalou ka Doka na Tui '' ( Fijian ) `` Fear God and honour the Queen '' Anthem : God Bless Fiji Capital Suva 18 ° 10 ′ S 178 ° 27 ′ E / 18.167 ° S 178.450 ° E / - 18.167 ; 178.450 Largest city Suva Official languages English iTaukei ( Fijian ) Hindi ( Fiji Hindi ) Ethnic groups ( 2016 ) 56.8 % iTaukei ( indigenous Fijians ) 37.5 % Indian 1.2 % Rotumans 4.5 % '' Others '' ( European , part European , other Pacific Islanders , Chinese ) Demonym Fijian Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic President George Konrote Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama Legislature Parliament Independence from the United Kingdom 10 October 1970 Republic 7 October 1987 Area Total 18,274 km ( 7,056 sq mi ) ( 151st ) Water ( % ) negligible Population 2016 estimate 898,760 ( 161st ) Density 46.4 / km ( 120.2 / sq mi ) ( 148th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $8.798 billion Per capita $9,777 GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $4.869 billion Per capita $5,411 Gini ( 2013 ) 36.4 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.736 high 91th Currency Fijian dollar ( FJD ) Time zone FJT ( UTC + 12 ) Summer ( DST ) FJST ( UTC + 13 ) Drives on the left Calling code + 679 ISO 3166 code FJ Internet TLD . fj Fiji ( / ˈfiːdʒiː / ( listen ) FEE - jee ; Fijian : Viti ( ˈβitʃi ) ; Fiji Hindi : फ़िजी ) , officially the Republic of Fiji ( Fijian : Matanitu Tugalala o Viti ; Fiji Hindi : फ़िजी गणराज्य ) , is an island country in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 1,100 nautical miles ( 2,000 km ; 1,300 mi ) northeast of New Zealand 's North Island . Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west , New Caledonia to the southwest , New Zealand 's Kermadec Islands to the southeast , Tonga to the east , the Samoas and France 's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast , and Tuvalu to the north . Fiji is an archipelago of more than 330 islands , of which 110 are permanently inhabited , and more than 500 islets , amounting to a total land area of about 18,300 square kilometres ( 7,100 sq mi ) . The farthest island is Ono - i - Lau . The two major islands , Viti Levu and Vanua Levu , account for 87 % of the total population of 898,760 . The capital , Suva on Viti Levu , serves as Fiji 's principal cruise port . About three - quarters of Fijians live on Viti Levu 's coasts , either in Suva or in smaller urban centres like Nadi ( tourism ) or Lautoka ( sugar cane industry ) . Viti Levu 's interior is sparsely inhabited due to its terrain . Fiji has one of the most developed economies in the Pacific due to an abundance of forest , mineral , and fish resources . Today , the main sources of foreign exchange are its tourist industry and sugar exports . The country 's currency is the Fijian dollar . Fiji 's local government , in the form of city and town councils , is supervised by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development . The majority of Fiji 's islands were formed through volcanic activity starting around 150 million years ago . Today , some geothermal activity still occurs on the islands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni . Fiji has been inhabited since the second millennium BC , and was settled first by Austronesians and later by Melanesians , with some Polynesian influences . Europeans visited Fiji from the 17th century , and , after a brief period as an independent kingdom , the British established the Colony of Fiji in 1874 . Fiji was a Crown colony until 1970 , when it gained independence as a Commonwealth realm . A republic was declared in 1987 , following a series of coups d'état . In a coup in 2006 , Commodore Frank Bainimarama seized power . When the High Court ruled in 2009 that the military leadership was unlawful , President Ratu Josefa Iloilo , whom the military had retained as the nominal Head of State , formally abrogated the Constitution and reappointed Bainimarama . Later in 2009 , Iloilo was replaced as President by Ratu Epeli Nailatikau . After years of delays , a democratic election was held on 17 September 2014 . Bainimarama 's FijiFirst party won with 59.2 % of the vote , and the election was deemed credible by international observers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Independence ( 1970 ) 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Politics 4.1 2006 military takeover 4.2 Armed forces and law enforcement 4.3 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Tourism 5.2 Transport 6 Science and technology 7 Society 7.1 Demographics 7.2 Ethnic groups 7.3 Family groups 7.4 Demonym 7.5 Languages 7.6 Religion 7.7 Education 8 Culture 8.1 Holidays and festivals 8.2 Sport 8.2. 1 Rugby union 8.2. 2 Rugby league 8.2. 3 Rugby war dance ( Cibi and Bole ) and Fijian hymn 8.2. 4 Association football 8.2. 5 Basketball 8.2. 6 Netball 8.2. 7 Cricket 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) Fiji 's main island is known as Viti Levu and it is from this that the name `` Fiji '' is derived , though the common English pronunciation is based on that of their island neighbours in Tonga . Its emergence can be described as follows : Fijians first impressed themselves on European consciousness through the writings of the members of the expeditions of Cook who met them in Tonga . They were described as formidable warriors and ferocious cannibals , builders of the finest vessels in the Pacific , but not great sailors . They inspired awe amongst the Tongans , and all their Manufactures , especially bark cloth and clubs , were highly valued and much in demand . They called their home Viti , but the Tongans called it Fisi , and it was by this foreign pronunciation , Fiji , first promulgated by Captain James Cook , that these islands are now known . `` Feejee '' , the Anglicised spelling of the Tongan pronunciation , was used in accounts and other writings until the late 19th century , by missionaries and other travellers visiting Fiji . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of Fiji Early History ( edit ) Pottery art from Fijian towns shows that Fiji was settled before or around 3500 to 1000 BC , although the question of Pacific migration still lingers . It is believed that the Lapita people or the ancestors of the Polynesians settled the islands first but not much is known of what became of them after the Melanesians arrived ; they may have had some influence on the new culture , and archaeological evidence shows that they would have then moved on to Samoa , Tonga and even Hawai'i . The first Europeans to land and live among the Fijians were shipwrecked sailors like Charles Savage . The first settlements in Fiji were started by voyaging traders and settlers from the west about 5000 years ago . Lapita pottery shards have been found at numerous excavations around the country . Aspects of Fijian culture are similar to the Melanesian culture of the western Pacific but have a stronger connection to the older Polynesian cultures . Trade between Fiji and neighbouring archipelagos long before European contact is testified by the canoes made from native Fijian trees found in Tonga and Tongan words being part of the language of the Lau group of islands . Pots made in Fiji have been found in Samoa and even the Marquesas Islands . Ratu Tanoa Visawaqa . Across 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) from east to west , Fiji has been a nation of many languages . Fiji 's history was one of settlement but also of mobility . Over the centuries , a unique Fijian culture developed . Constant warfare and cannibalism between warring tribes were quite rampant and very much part of everyday life . During the 19th century , Ratu Udre Udre is said to have consumed 872 people and to have made a pile of stones to record his achievement . According to Deryck Scarr , `` Ceremonial occasions saw freshly killed corpses piled up for eating . ' Eat me ! ' was a proper ritual greeting from a commoner to a chief . '' Scarr also reported that the posts that supported the chief 's house or the priest 's temple would have sacrificed bodies buried underneath them , with the rationale that the spirit of the ritually sacrificed person would invoke the gods to help support the structure , and `` men were sacrificed whenever posts had to be renewed '' . Also , when a new boat , or drua , was launched , if it was not hauled over men as rollers , crushing them to death , `` it would not be expected to float long '' . Fijians today regard those times as `` na gauna ni tevoro '' ( time of the devil ) . The ferocity of the cannibal lifestyle deterred European sailors from going near Fijian waters , giving Fiji the name Cannibal Isles ; as a result , Fiji remained unknown to the rest of the world . A Fijian mountain warrior , photograph by Francis Herbert Dufty , 1870s . The Dutch explorer Abel Tasman visited Fiji in 1643 while looking for the Great Southern Continent . Europeans settled on the islands permanently beginning in the 19th century . The first European settlers to Fiji were beachcombers , missionaries , whalers , and those engaged in the then booming sandalwood and bêche - de-mer trade . Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau was a Fijian chief and warlord from the island of Bau , off the eastern coast of Viti Levu , who united part of Fiji 's warring tribes under his leadership . He then styled himself as Tui Viti or King of Fiji , and then Vunivalu , or Protector , after the cession of Fiji to the United Kingdom . The British subjugated the islands as a colony in 1874 , and the British brought over Indian contract labourers to work on the sugar plantations as the first governor of Fiji , Arthur Charles Hamilton - Gordon , adopted a policy disallowing the use of native labour or any interference in their culture or way of life . In 1875 -- 76 , an epidemic of measles killed over 40,000 Fijians , about one - third of the Fijian population . The population in 1942 was approximately 210,000 of whom 94,000 were Indians , 102,000 native Fijians , 2,000 Chinese and 5,000 Europeans . Independence ( 1970 ) ( edit ) The British granted Fiji independence in 1970 . Democratic rule was interrupted by two military coups in 1987 precipitated by a growing perception that the government was dominated by the Indo - Fijian ( Indian ) community . The second 1987 coup saw both the Fijian monarchy and the Governor General replaced by a non-executive president and the name of the country changed from Dominion of Fiji to Republic of Fiji and then in 1997 to Republic of the Fiji Islands . The two coups and the accompanying civil unrest contributed to heavy Indo - Fijian emigration ; the resulting population loss resulted in economic difficulties and ensured that Melanesians became the majority . In 1990 , the new constitution institutionalised ethnic Fijian domination of the political system . The Group Against Racial Discrimination ( GARD ) was formed to oppose the unilaterally imposed constitution and to restore the 1970 constitution . In 1992 Sitiveni Rabuka , the Lieutenant Colonel who had carried out the 1987 coup , became Prime Minister following elections held under the new constitution . Three years later , Rabuka established the Constitutional Review Commission , which in 1997 wrote a new constitution which was supported by most leaders of the indigenous Fijian and Indo - Fijian communities . Fiji was re-admitted to the Commonwealth of Nations . Levuka , 1842 . The year 2000 brought along another coup , instigated by George Speight , which effectively toppled the government of Mahendra Chaudhry , who in 1997 had become the country 's first Indo - Fijian Prime Minister following the adoption of the new constitution . Commodore Frank Bainimarama assumed executive power after the resignation , possibly forced , of President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara . Later in 2000 , Fiji was rocked by two mutinies when rebel soldiers went on a rampage at Suva 's Queen Elizabeth Barracks . The High Court ordered the reinstatement of the constitution , and in September 2001 , to restore democracy , a general election was held which was won by interim Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase 's Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua party . In 2005 , the Qarase government amid much controversy proposed a Reconciliation and Unity Commission with power to recommend compensation for victims of the 2000 coup and amnesty for its perpetrators . However , the military , especially the nation 's top military commander , Frank Bainimarama , strongly opposed this bill . Bainimarama agreed with detractors who said that to grant amnesty to supporters of the present government who had played a role in the violent coup was a sham . His attack on the legislation , which continued unremittingly throughout May and into June and July , further strained his already tense relationship with the government . In late November and early December 2006 , Bainimarama was instrumental in the 2006 Fijian coup d'état . Bainimarama handed down a list of demands to Qarase after a bill was put forward to parliament , part of which would have offered pardons to participants in the 2000 coup attempt . He gave Qarase an ultimatum date of 4 December to accede to these demands or to resign from his post . Qarase adamantly refused either to concede or resign , and on 5 December the president , Ratu Josefa Iloilo , was said to have signed a legal order dissolving the parliament after meeting with Bainimarama . In April 2009 , the Fiji Court of Appeal ruled that the 2006 coup had been illegal . This began the 2009 Fijian constitutional crisis . President Iloilo abrogated the constitution , removed all office holders under the constitution including all judges and the governor of the Central Bank . He then reappointed Bainimarama under his `` New Order '' as interim Prime Minister and imposed a `` Public Emergency Regulation '' limiting internal travel and allowing press censorship . For a country of its size , Fiji has fairly large armed forces , and has been a major contributor to UN peacekeeping missions in various parts of the world . In addition , a significant number of former military personnel have served in the lucrative security sector in Iraq following the 2003 US - led invasion . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Fiji See also : Flora and fauna of Fiji Fiji 's location in Oceania . A map of Fiji Topography of Fiji Coconut palms line the beaches of Fiji Fiji covers a total area of some 194,000 square kilometres ( 75,000 sq mi ) of which around 10 % is land . Fiji is the hub of the South West Pacific , midway between Vanuatu and Tonga . The archipelago is located between 176 ° 53 ′ east and 178 ° 12 ′ west . The 180 ° meridian runs through Taveuni but the International Date Line is bent to give uniform time ( UTC + 12 ) to all of the Fiji group . With the exception of Rotuma , the Fiji group lies between 15 ° 42 ′ and 20 ° 02 ′ south . Rotuma is located 220 nautical miles ( 410 km ; 250 mi ) north of the group , 360 nautical miles ( 670 km ; 410 mi ) from Suva , 12 ° 30 ′ south of the equator . Fiji consists of 332 islands ( of which 106 are inhabited ) and 522 smaller islets . The two most important islands are Viti Levu and Vanua Levu , which account for about three - quarters of the total land area of the country . The islands are mountainous , with peaks up to 1,324 metres ( 4,341 ft ) , and covered with thick tropical forests . The highest point is Mount Tomanivi on Viti Levu . Viti Levu hosts the capital city of Suva , and is home to nearly three - quarters of the population . Other important towns include Nadi ( the location of the international airport ) , and Lautoka , Fiji 's second city with large sugar cane mills and a seaport . The main towns on Vanua Levu are Labasa and Savusavu . Other islands and island groups include Taveuni and Kadavu ( the third and fourth largest islands , respectively ) , the Mamanuca Group ( just off Nadi ) and Yasawa Group , which are popular tourist destinations , the Lomaiviti Group , off Suva , and the remote Lau Group . Rotuma , some 270 nautical miles ( 500 km ; 310 mi ) north of the archipelago , has a special administrative status in Fiji . Ceva - i - Ra , an uninhabited reef , is located about 250 nautical miles ( 460 km ; 290 mi ) southwest of the main archipelago . Climate ( edit ) The climate in Fiji is tropical marine and warm year round with minimal extremes . The warm season is from November to April and the cooler season lasts from May to October . Temperatures in the cool season still average 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) . Rainfall is variable , with the warm season experiencing heavier rainfall , especially inland . For the larger islands , rainfall is heavier on the southeast portions of the islands than on the northwest portions , with consequences for agriculture in those areas . Winds are moderate , though cyclones occur about once a year ( 10 -- 12 times per decade ) . On 20 February 2016 , Fiji was hit by the full force of Cyclone Winston , the only Category 5 tropical cyclone to make landfall in the nation . Winston destroyed tens of thousands of homes across the island , killing 44 people and causing an estimated FJ $2 billion ( $1 billion USD ) in damage . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Fiji Politics in Fiji normally take place in the framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic wherein the Prime Minister of Fiji is the head of government and the President the Head of State , and of a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the government , legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Fiji , and the judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature . 2006 military takeover ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Fijian coup d'état Citing corruption in the government , Commodore Josaia Voreqe ( Frank ) Bainimarama , Commander of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces , staged a military takeover on 5 December 2006 against the prime minister that he had installed after a 2000 coup . There had also been a military coup in 1987 . The commodore took over the powers of the presidency and dissolved the parliament , paving the way for the military to continue the takeover . The coup was the culmination of weeks of speculation following conflict between the elected prime minister , Laisenia Qarase , and Commodore Bainimarama . Bainimarama had repeatedly issued demands and deadlines to the prime minister . A particular issue was previously pending legislation to pardon those involved in the 2000 coup . Bainimarama named Jona Senilagakali as caretaker prime minister . The next week Bainimarama said he would ask the Great Council of Chiefs to restore executive powers to the president , Ratu Josefa Iloilo . On 4 January 2007 , the military announced that it was restoring executive power to president Iloilo , who made a broadcast endorsing the actions of the military . The next day , Iloilo named Bainimarama as the interim prime minister , indicating that the military was still effectively in control . In the wake of the takeover , reports emerged of alleged intimidation of some of those critical of the interim regime . On 9 April 2009 , the Court of Appeal overturned the High Court decision that Cdre . Bainimarama 's takeover of Qarase 's government was lawful and declared the interim government to be illegal . Bainimarama agreed to step down as interim PM immediately , along with his government , and president Iloilo was to appoint `` a distinguished person independent of the parties to this litigation as caretaker Prime Minister , ... to direct the issuance of writs for an election . '' On 10 April 2009 , President Iloilo suspended the Constitution of Fiji , dismissed the Court of Appeal and , in his own words , `` appoint ( ed ) ( him ) self as the Head of the State of Fiji under a new legal order '' . As President , Iloilo had been Head of State prior to his abrogation of the Constitution , but that position had been determined by the Constitution itself . The `` new legal order '' did not depend on the Constitution , thus requiring a `` reappointment '' of the Head of State . `` You will agree with me that this is the best way forward for our beloved Fiji '' , he said . Bainimarama was re-appointed as Interim Prime Minister ; he , in turn , re-instated his previous cabinet . On 2 May 2009 , Fiji became the first nation ever to have been suspended from participation in the Pacific Islands Forum , for its failure to hold democratic elections by the date promised . Nevertheless , it remains a member of the Forum . On 1 September 2009 , Fiji was suspended from the Commonwealth of Nations . The action was taken because Cdre . Bainimarama failed to hold elections by 2010 as the Commonwealth of Nations had demanded after the 2006 coup . Cdre . Bainimarama stated a need for more time to end a voting system that heavily favoured ethnic Fijians at the expense of the multi-ethnic minorities . Critics , however , claimed that he had suspended the constitution and was responsible for human rights violations by arresting and detaining opponents . In his 2010 New Year 's address , Cdre . Bainimarama announced the lifting of the Public Emergency Regulations ( PER ) . The PER had been put in place in April 2009 when the former constitution was abrogated . The PER had allowed restrictions on speech , public gatherings , and censorship of news media and had given security forces added powers . He also announced a nationwide consultation process leading to a new Constitution under which the 2014 elections will be held . On 14 March 2014 , the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group voted to change Fiji 's full suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations to a suspension from the councils of the Commonwealth , allowing them to participate in a number of Commonwealth activities , including the 2014 Commonwealth Games . The suspension was lifted in September 2014 . A general election took place on 17 September 2014 . Bainimarama 's FijiFirst party won with 59.2 % of the vote , and the election was deemed credible by a group of international observers from Australia , India and Indonesia . Armed forces and Law Enforcement ( edit ) The military consists of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces ( RFMF ) with a total manpower of 3,500 active soldiers and 6,000 reservists , and includes a Navy Unit of 300 personnel . The Land Force comprises the Fiji Infantry Regiment ( regular and territorial force organised into six light infantry battalions ) , Fiji Engineer Regiment , Logistic Support Unit and Force Training Group . The two regular battalions are traditionally stationed overseas on peacekeeping duties . The Law Enforcement branch is composed of : Fiji Police Force Fiji Corrections Service Administrative Divisions ( edit ) Main article : Local government of Fiji A map of Fiji 's administrative divisions . Fiji is divided into Four Major Divisions which are further divided into 14 provinces . They are : Central Division has 5 provinces : Naitasiri , Namosi , Rewa , Serua , and Tailevu . Eastern Division has 3 provinces : Kadavu , Lau , and Lomaiviti . Northern Division has 3 provinces : Bua , Cakaudrove , and Macuata . Western Division has 3 provinces : Ba , Nadroga - Navosa , and Ra . Fiji was also divided into 3 Confederacies or Governments during the reign of Seru Epenisa Cakobau , though these are not considered political divisions , they are still considered important in the social divisions of the indigenous Fijians : Confederacy Chief Burebasaga Ro Teimumu Vuikaba Kepa Kubuna Vacant Tovata Ratu Naiqama Tawake Lalabalavu Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Fiji A proportional representation of Fiji 's exports . Suva , capital and commercial centre of Fiji Endowed with forest , mineral , and fish resources , Fiji is one of the most developed of the Pacific island economies , though still with a large subsistence sector . Some progress was experienced by this sector when Marion M. Ganey , S.J. , introduced credit unions to the islands in the 1950s . Natural resources include timber , fish , gold , copper , offshore oil , and hydropower . Fiji experienced a period of rapid growth in the 1960s and 1970s but stagnated in the 1980s . The coup of 1987 caused further contraction . Economic liberalisation in the years following the coup created a boom in the garment industry and a steady growth rate despite growing uncertainty regarding land tenure in the sugar industry . The expiration of leases for sugar cane farmers ( along with reduced farm and factory efficiency ) has led to a decline in sugar production despite subsidies for sugar provided by the EU ; Fiji has been the second largest beneficiary of sugar subsidies after Mauritius . Fiji 's vital gold mining industry based in Vatukoula , which shut down in 2006 , was reactivated in 2008 . Urbanisation and expansion in the service sector have contributed to recent GDP growth . Sugar exports and a rapidly growing tourist industry -- with tourists numbering 430,800 in 2003 and increasing in the subsequent years -- are the major sources of foreign exchange . Fiji is highly dependent on tourism for revenue . Sugar processing makes up one - third of industrial activity . Long - term problems include low investment and uncertain property rights . The political turmoil in Fiji in the 1980s , the 1990s , and 2000 had a severe impact on the economy , which shrank by 2.8 % in 2000 and grew by only 1 % in 2001 . The tourism sector recovered quickly , however , with visitor arrivals reaching pre-coup levels in 2002 , resulting in a modest economic recovery which continued into 2003 and 2004 but grew by a mere 1.7 % in 2005 and by 2.0 % in 2006 . Although inflation is low , the policy indicator rate of the Reserve Bank of Fiji was raised by 1 % to 3.25 % in February 2006 due to fears of excessive consumption financed by debt . Lower interest rates have so far not produced greater investment in exports . However , there has been a housing boom due to declining commercial mortgage rates . The tallest building in Fiji is the fourteen - storey Reserve Bank of Fiji Building in Suva , which was inaugurated in 1984 . The Suva Central Commercial Centre , which opened in November 2005 , was planned to outrank the Reserve Bank building at seventeen stories , but last - minute design changes ensured that the Reserve Bank building remained the tallest . Trade and investment with Fiji have been criticised due to the country 's military dictatorship . In 2008 , Fiji 's interim Prime Minister and coup leader Frank Bainimarama announced election delays and said that Fiji would pull out of the Pacific Islands Forum in Niue , where Bainimarama was to have met with Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark . The South Pacific Stock Exchange ( SPSE ) is the only licensed securities exchange in Fiji and is based in Suva . Its vision is to become a regional exchange . Tourism ( edit ) Shangri - La 's Fijian Resort An island in the Mamanuca Islands group . Fiji has a significant amount of tourism with the popular regions being Nadi , the Coral Coast , Denarau Island , and Mamanuca Islands . The biggest sources of international visitors by country are Australia , New Zealand and the United States . Fiji has a significant number of soft coral reefs , and scuba diving is a common tourist activity . Fiji 's main attractions to tourists are primarily white sandy beaches and aesthetically pleasing islands with all - year - round tropical weather . In general , Fiji is a mid-range priced holiday / vacation destination with most of the accommodations in this range . It also has a variety of world class five - star resorts and hotels . More budget resorts are being opened in remote areas , which will provide more tourism opportunities . CNN named Fiji 's Laucala Island Resort as one of the fifteen world 's most beautiful island hotels . Official statistics show that in 2012 , 75 % of visitors stated that they came for a holiday / vacation . Honeymoons are very popular as are romantic getaways in general . There are also family friendly resorts with facilities for young children including kids ' clubs and nanny options . Fiji has several popular tourism destinations . The Botanical Gardens of Thursten in Suva , Sigatoka Sand Dunes , and Colo - I - Suva Forest Park are three options on the mainland ( Viti Levu ) . A major attraction on the outer islands is scuba diving . Most visitors arriving to Fiji on short term basis are from the following countries or regions of residence : Rank Country 2012 2015 Australia 337,291 367,273 New Zealand 106,122 138,537 United States 56,478 67,831 Pacific Islands 38,886 48,570 5 China 26,395 40,174 6 Continental Europe 29,327 31,195 7 United Kingdom 17,076 16,716 8 Canada 13,426 11,709 9 Other Asian countries 13,576 10,371 10 Japan 7,069 6,092 Total number of visitors 660,590 754,835 Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Fiji Nadi airport -- Arrivals . The Yasawa Flyer connects Port Denarau near Nadi with the Yasawa Islands . The Nadi International Airport is located 9 kilometres ( 5.6 mi ) north of central Nadi and is the largest Fijian hub . Nausori International Airport is about 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) northeast of downtown Suva and serves mostly domestic traffic . The main airport in the second largest island of Vanua Levu is Labasa Airport located at Waiqele , southwest of Labasa Town . The largest aircraft handled by Labasa Airport is the ATR42 . Airports Fiji Limited ( AFL ) is responsible for the operation of 15 public airports in the Fiji Islands . These include two international airports : Nadi international Airport , Fiji 's main international gateway , and Nausori Airport , Fiji 's domestic hub , and 13 outer island airports . Fiji 's main airline was previously known as Air Pacific , but is now known as Fiji Airways . An inter-island vessel sails past one of the islands in the east of Fiji Fiji 's larger islands have extensive bus routes that are affordable and consistent in service . There are bus stops , and in rural areas buses are often simply hailed as they approach . Buses are the principal form of public transport and passenger movement between the towns on the main islands . Buses also serve on roll - on - roll - off inter-island ferries . Bus fares and routes are heavily regulated by the Land Transport Authority ( LTA ) . Bus and taxi drivers hold Public Service Licenses ( PSVs ) issued by the LTA . Taxis are licensed by the LTA and operate widely all over the country . Apart from urban , town - based taxis , there are others that are licensed to serve rural or semi-rural areas . The flagfall for regular taxis is F $1.50 and tariff is F $0.10 for every 200 meters . For taxis that are allowed to charge Value Added Tax ( VAT ) , the flagfall is F $1.50 and tariff is F $0.30 for the first 200 meters , and F $0.11 for every 200 meters thereafter . Taxis operating out of Fiji 's international airport , Nadi charge a flagfall of F $5 . The elderly and Government welfare recipients are given a 20 % discount on their taxi fares . Inter-island ferries provide services between Fiji 's principal islands and large vessels operate roll - on - roll - off services , transporting vehicles and large amounts of cargo between the main island of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu , and other smaller islands . Science and technology ( edit ) Fiji is the only developing Pacific Island country with recent data for gross domestic expenditure on research and development ( GERD ) . The national Bureau of Statistics cites a GERD / GDP ratio of 0.15 % in 2012 . Private - sector research and development ( R&D ) is negligible . Government investment in R&D tends to favour agriculture . In 2007 , agriculture and primary production accounted for just under half of government expenditure on R&D , according to the Fijian National Bureau of Statistics . By 2012 , this share had risen to almost 60 % . Scientists publish much more in the field of geosciences and health than in agriculture , though . The rise in government spending on agricultural research has come to the detriment of research in education , which dropped to 35 % of total research spending between 2007 and 2012 . Government expenditure on health research has remained fairly constant , at about 5 % of total government research spending , according to the Fijian National Bureau of Statistics . The Fijian Ministry of Health is seeking to develop endogenous research capacity through the Fiji Journal of Public Health , which it launched in 2012 . A new set of guidelines are now in place to help build endogenous capacity in health research through training and access to new technology . Fiji is also planning to diversify its energy sector through the use of science and technology . In 2015 , the Secretariat of the Pacific Community observed that , ' while Fiji , Papua New Guinea and Samoa are leading the way with large - scale hydropower projects , there is enormous potential to expand the deployment of other renewable energy options such as solar , wind , geothermal and ocean - based energy sources ' . In 2014 , the Centre of Renewable Energy became operational at the University of Fiji , with the assistance of the Renewable Energy in Pacific Island Countries Developing Skills and Capacity programme ( EPIC ) funded by the European Union . Since the programme 's inception in 2013 , EPIC has also developed a master 's programmes in renewable energy management for the University of Fiji . Society ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Fiji The 2007 census found that the permanent population of Fiji was 837,000 . The population density at the time was 45.8 inhabitants per square kilometre . The life expectancy in Fiji was 72.1 years . Since the 1930s the population of Fiji has increased at a rate of 1.1 % per year . The population is dominated by the 15 -- 64 age segment . The median age of the population was 27.9 , and the gender ratio was 1.03 males per 1 female . Ethnic groups ( edit ) Native Fijian women , 1935 The population of Fiji is mostly made up of native Fijians , who are Melanesians ( 54.3 % ) , although many also have Polynesian ancestry , and Indo - Fijians ( 38.1 % ) , descendants of Indian contract labourers brought to the islands by the British colonial powers in the 19th century . The percentage of the population of Indo - Fijian descent has declined significantly over the last two decades due to migration for various reasons . Indo - Fijians suffered reprisals for a period after the Fiji coup of 2000 . There is also a small but significant group of descendants of indentured labourers from the Solomon Islands . About 1.2 % are Rotuman -- natives of Rotuma Island , whose culture has more in common with countries such as Tonga or Samoa than with the rest of Fiji . There are also small but economically significant groups of Europeans , Chinese , and other Pacific island minorities . The total membership of other ethnic groups of Pacific Islanders is about 7,300 . Relationships between ethnic Fijians and Indo - Fijians in the political arena have often been strained , and the tension between the two communities has dominated politics in the islands for the past generation . The level of political tension varies among different regions of the country . Family groups ( edit ) The concept of family and community is of great importance to Fijian culture . Within the indigenous ( iTaukei ) communities many members of the extended family will adopt particular titles and roles of direct guardians . Kinship is determined through a child 's lineage to a particular spiritual leader , so that a clan is based on traditional customary ties as opposed to actual biological links . These clans , based on the spiritual leader , are known as a matangali . Within the matangali are a number of smaller collectives , known as the mbito . The descent is patrilineal , and all the status is derived from the father 's side . Demonym ( edit ) Within Fiji , many argue that the term Fijian refers solely to indigenous Fijians : it denotes an ancestral ethnicity , not a nationality . Constitutionally , citizens of Fiji were previously referred to as `` Fiji Islanders '' though the term Fiji Nationals was used for official purposes . However , the current constitution refers to all Fijian citizens as `` Fijians '' . In August 2008 , shortly before the proposed People 's Charter for Change , Peace and Progress was due to be released to the public , it was announced that it recommended a change in the name of Fiji 's citizens . If the proposal were adopted , all citizens of Fiji , whatever their ethnicity , would be called `` Fijians '' . The proposal would change the English name of indigenous Fijians from `` Fijians '' to itaukei , the Fijian language endonym for indigenous Fijians . Deposed Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase reacted by stating that the name `` Fijian '' belonged exclusively to indigenous Fijians , and that he would oppose any change in legislation enabling non-indigenous Fijians to use it . The Methodist Church , to which a large majority of indigenous Fijians belong , also reacted strongly to the proposal , stating that allowing any Fiji citizen to call themselves `` Fijian '' would be `` daylight robbery '' inflicted on the indigenous population . In an address to the nation during the constitutional crisis of April 2009 , military leader and interim Prime Minister Voreqe Bainimarama , who has been at the forefront of the attempt to change the definition of `` Fijian '' , stated : I know we all have our different ethnicities , our different cultures and we should , we must , celebrate our diversity and richness . However , at the same time we are all Fijians . We are all equal citizens . We must all be loyal to Fiji ; we must be patriotic ; we must put Fiji first . Fijians In May 2010 , Attorney - General Aiyaz Sayed - Khaiyum reiterated that the term `` Fijian '' should apply to all Fiji nationals , but the statement was again met with protest . A spokesperson for the Viti Landowners and Resource Owners Association claimed that even fourth - generation descendants of migrants did not fully understand `` what it takes to be a Fijian '' , and added that the term refers to a legal standing , since legislation affords specific rights to `` Fijians '' ( meaning , in legislation , indigenous Fijians ) . Fiji academic Brij Lal , although a prominent critic of the Bainimarama government , said he `` would not be surprised '' if the new definition of the word `` Fijian '' were included in the government 's projected new Constitution , and that he personally saw `` no reason the term Fijian should not apply to everyone from Fiji '' . Languages ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Fiji Fijian is an Austronesian language of the Malayo - Polynesian family spoken in Fiji . It has 350,000 first - language speakers , which is less than half the population of Fiji , but another 200,000 speak it as a second language . The 1997 Constitution established Fijian as an official language of Fiji , along with English and Fiji Hindi . Fijian is a VOS language . The Fiji Islands developed many dialects , which may be classified in two major branches -- eastern and western . Missionaries in the 1840s chose an Eastern dialect , the speech of Bau Island off the southeast coast of the main island of Viti Levu , to be the written standard of the Fijian language . Bau Island was home to Seru Epenisa Cakobau , the chief who eventually became the self - proclaimed King of Fiji . English Hello / hi Good morning Goodbye Fijian bula yadra ( Pronounced Yandra ) moce ( Pronounced Mothe ) Fiji Hindi नमस्ते ( namaste ) सुप्रभात ( suprabhat ) अलविदा ( alavidā ) Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Fiji Religion in Fiji ( 2007 ) Methodist ( 34.6 % ) Roman Catholic ( 9.1 % ) Assemblies of God ( 5.7 % ) Seventh - Day Adventist ( 3.9 % ) Anglican ( 0.8 % ) Other Christian ( 10.3 % ) Hindu ( 27.9 % ) Muslim ( 6.3 % ) Sikh ( 0.3 % ) Other or none ( 1.1 % ) According to the 2007 census , 64.4 % of the population at the time was Christian , while 27.9 % was Hindu , 6.3 % Muslim , 0.8 % non-religious , 0.3 % Sikh , and the remaining 0.3 % belonged to other religions . Among Christians , 54 % were counted as Methodist , followed by 14.2 % Catholic , 8.9 % Assemblies of God , 6.0 % Seventh - day Adventist , 1.2 % Anglican with the remaining 16.1 % belonging to other denominations . The largest Christian denomination is the Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma . With 34.6 % of the population ( including almost two - thirds of ethnic Fijians ) , the proportion of the population adhering to Methodism is higher in Fiji than in any other nation . In 2012 , permission was granted by the government for Methodists to hold their annual conference , for the first time in four years , with the conditions that the conference not coincide with the national Hibiscus Festival and should only last for three days , and that no political matters were to be discussed , only church matters . Roman Catholics are headed by the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Suva , whose province also includes the dioceses of Raratonga ( on the Cook Islands , for those and Niue , both New Zealand - associated countries ) and Tarawa and Nauru ( with see at Tarawa on Kiribati , also for Nauru ) and the Mission Sui Iuris of Tokelau ( again with New Zealand ) . This reflects that much major Roman Catholic missionary activity was conducted through the former Apostolic Prefecture ( created in 1863 from the Apostolic Vicariate of Central Oceania ) , then Apostolic Vicariate of Fiji , which has since been promoted to Archdiocese of Suva , which spans the whole of Fiji . Furthermore , the Assemblies of God , the Seventh - day Adventists and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) are significant . Fiji also is the base for the Anglican Diocese of Polynesia ( part of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa , New Zealand and Polynesia ) . These and other denominations have small numbers of Indo - Fijian members ; Christians of all kinds comprise 6.1 % of the Indo - Fijian population . Hindus belong mostly to the Sanatan sect ( 74.3 % of all Hindus ) or else are unspecified ( 22 % ) . The small Arya Samaj sect claims the membership of some 3.7 % of Hindus in Fiji . Muslims are mostly Sunni ( 96.4 % ) following the Hanafi school of jurisprudence , with a small Ahmadiyya minority ( 3.6 % ) . The Sikh religion comprises 0.9 % of the Indo - Fijian population , or 0.4 % of the national population in Fiji . Their ancestors originated from the Punjab region of India ; they are a fairly recent wave of immigrants who did not live through the indenture system . The Bahá'í Faith has over 21 local Spiritual Assemblies throughout Fiji , and Baha'is live in more than 80 localities . The first Baha'i in the islands was a New Zealander who arrived in 1924 . There is a small Congregational presence with the Samoan community in Suva . The Congregational Christian Church of Samoa built a church of Samoan architecture in Suva . A remnant of the LMS presence in Fiji . There is also a small Jewish population of about 60 people . Every year the Israeli Embassy organises a Passover celebration with about 50 - 60 people attending . Education ( edit ) Further information : Education in Fiji Primary school education in Fiji is free ; it is compulsory for eight years . As of 2001 , attendance was decreasing due to security concerns and the burden of school fees , often due to the cost of transport . Following the government coup in May 2000 , more than 5,000 students were reported to have left school . Culture ( edit ) Main articles : Culture of Fiji and Music of Fiji Several bure ( one - room Fijian houses ) in the village of Navala in the Nausori Highlands . Fiji 's culture is a rich mosaic of indigenous Fijian , Indo - Fijian , Asian and European traditions , comprising social polity , language , food ( coming mainly from the sea , plus casava , dalo ( taro ) and other vegetables ) , costume , belief systems , architecture , arts , craft , music , dance , and sports . While indigenous Fijian culture and traditions are very vibrant and are integral components of everyday life for the majority of Fiji 's population , Fijian society has evolved over the past century with the introduction of traditions such as Indian and Chinese as well as significant influences from Europe and Fiji 's Pacific neighbours , particularly Tonga and Samoa . Thus , the various cultures of Fiji have come together to create a unique multicultural national identity . Fiji 's culture was showcased at the World Exposition held in Vancouver , Canada , in 1986 and more recently at the Shanghai World Expo 2010 , along with other Pacific countries in the Pacific Pavilion . Holidays and festivals ( edit ) See also : List of festivals in Fiji This is a list of holidays celebrated in Fiji : New Year 's Day Good Friday Easter Saturday Easter Monday Fiji Day Diwali Christmas Boxing Day Prophet Mohammed 's Birthday The exact dates of public holidays vary from year to year , but the dates for the next year can be found at the Fiji Government Web Site The following holidays are no longer celebrated in Fiji : Queen 's Official Birthday National Youth Day Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna Day Sport ( edit ) Main article : Sport in Fiji Sports are very popular in Fiji , particularly sports involving physical contact . Fiji 's national sport is Rugby Sevens . Rugby union ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Fiji national rugby union team during the 2007 Rugby World Cup playing against Canada Main article : Rugby union in Fiji Rugby Union is the most - popular team sport played in Fiji . The Fiji national sevens side is a popular and successful international rugby sevens team , and has won the Hong Kong Sevens a record fifteen times since its inception in 1976 . Fiji has also won the Rugby World Cup Sevens twice -- in 1997 and 2005 . The Fiji national rugby union sevens team is the reigning Sevens World Series Champions in World Rugby . In 2016 , they won Fiji 's first ever Olympic medal in the Rugby sevens at the Summer Olympics , winning gold by defeating Great Britain 43 - 7 in the final . The national rugby union team has competed at five Rugby World Cup competitions , the first being in 1987 , where they reached the quarter - finals . The Fiji national side did not match that feat again until the 2007 Rugby World Cup when they upset Wales 38 -- 34 to progress to the quarter - finals where they lost to the eventual Rugby World Cup winners , South Africa . Fiji also defeated the British and Irish Lions in 1977 . Fiji competes in the Pacific Tri-Nations and the IRB Pacific Nations Cup . The sport is governed by the Fiji Rugby Union which is a member of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance , and contributes to the Pacific Islanders rugby union team . At the club level there are the Skipper Cup and Farebrother Trophy Challenge . The Fiji national rugby union team is a member of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) formerly along with Samoa and Tonga . In 2009 , Samoa announced their departure from the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance , leaving just Fiji and Tonga in the union . Fiji is currently ranked eleventh in the world by the IRB ( as of 28 December 2015 ) . Fiji is one of the few countries where rugby union is the main sport . There are about 80,000 registered players from a total population of around 900,000 . One of the problems for Fiji is simply getting their players to play for their home country , as many have contracts in Europe or with Super Rugby teams , where monetary compensation is far more rewarding . The repatriated salaries of its overseas stars have become an important part of some local economies . In addition , a significant number of players eligible to play for Fiji end up representing Australia or New Zealand ; notable examples are Fiji - born cousins and former New Zealand All Blacks , Joe Rokocoko and Sitiveni Sivivatu , current All Blacks Waisake Naholo and Seta Tamanivalu as well as Australian Wallabies former winger , Lote Tuqiri and current Wallabies Tevita Kuridrani , Samu Kerevi and Henry Speight . Fiji has won the most Pacific Tri-Nations Championships of the three participating teams . Rugby league ( edit ) Main article : Rugby league in Fiji The Fiji national rugby league team , nicknamed the Bati ( pronounced ( mˈbatʃi ) ) , represents Fiji in the sport of rugby league football and has been participating in international competition since 1992 . It has competed in the Rugby League World Cup on three occasions , with their best results coming when they made consecutive semi-final appearances in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup and 2013 Rugby League World Cup . The team also competes in the Pacific Cup . Members of the team are selected from a domestic Fijian competition , as well as from competitions held in New Zealand and Australia . For the 2000 , 2008 and 2013 World Cups , the Bati were captained by Lote Tuqiri , Wes Naiqama and the legendary Petero Civoniceva respectively . Fiji have also produced stars like Akuila Uate , Jarryd Hayne , Kevin Naiqama , Semi Tadulala , Marika Koroibete , Apisai Koroisau , Sisa Waqa and the Sims brothers Ashton Sims , Tariq Sims and Korbin Sims . Rugby war dance ( Cibi and Bole ) and Fijian hymn ( edit ) The Cibi ( pronounced Thimbi ) war dance was traditionally performed by the Fiji rugby team before each match . It was replaced in 2012 with the new `` Bole '' ( pronounced mBolay ) war cry . Tradition holds that the original Cibi was first performed on the rugby field back in 1939 during a tour of New Zealand , when then Fijian captain Ratu Sir George Cakobau felt that his team should have something to match the Haka of the All Blacks . The ' Cibi ' had perhaps been used incorrectly though , as the word actually means `` a celebration of victory by warriors , '' whereas ' Bole ' is the acceptance of a challenge . The Fiji Bati rugby league team also gather in a huddle and perform the noqu masu before each match . Association football ( edit ) Association football was traditionally a minor sport in Fiji , popular largely amongst the Indo - Fijian community , but with international funding from FIFA and sound local management over the past decade , the sport has grown in popularity in the wider Fijian community . It is now the second most - popular sport in Fiji , after rugby ( union 15 's and union 7 's ) for men , and after netball for women . The Fiji Football Association is a member of the Oceania Football Confederation . The national football team defeated New Zealand 2 -- 0 in the 2008 OFC Nations Cup , on their way to a joint - record third - place finish . However , they have never reached a FIFA World Cup to date . Fiji won the Pacific Games football tournament in 1991 and 2003 . Fiji qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics men 's tournament for the first time in history . Basketball ( edit ) Due to the success of Fiji 's national basketball teams , the popularity of basketball in Fiji has experienced rapid growth in recent years . In the past , the country only had few basketball courts , which severely limited Fijians who desired to practice the sport more frequently . Due to recent efforts by the national federation Basketball Fiji and with the support of the Australian government , many schools have been able to construct courts and provide their students with basketball equipment such as shoes , etc . Netball ( edit ) Main article : Netball in Fiji Netball is the most popular women 's participation sport in Fiji . The national team has been internationally competitive , at Netball World Cup competitions reaching 6th position in 1999 , its highest level to date . The team won gold medals at the 2007 and 2015 Pacific Games . Cricket ( edit ) Cricket is a minor sport in Fiji . The Cricket Fiji is an Associate member of International Cricket Council . Fiji U19 cricket team won the 2015 edition of the tournament , and consequently qualified for the 2016 Under - 19 World Cup , becoming the first team outside of Papua New Guinea to qualify from the region . See also ( edit ) Islands portal Oceania portal Bua ( Fijian Communal Constituency , Fiji ) Fiji Meteorological Service Foreign relations of Fiji Index of Fiji - related articles Outline of Fiji Telecommunications in Fiji Visa policy of Fiji References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although Suva is the largest population center that is classified as a `` city '' , the town of Nasinu has a population that is slightly higher than Suva 's . See `` Age , Sex and Marital Status by Urban and Rural Enumeration , Fiji 2007 '' . statsfiji.gov.fj . Fiji Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Republic of Fiji '' . fiji.gov.fj . The Fijian Government . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Subsection 3 ( 3 ) reads : `` This Constitution is to be adopted in the English language and translations in the iTaukei and Hindi languages are to be made available . '' Subsection 31 ( 3 ) clarifies that Fiji Hindi is the intended meaning of `` Hindi '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiji '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiji '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` Gini Index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fiji Reignites Daylight Saving Time on November 29 '' . timeanddate.com. 10 November 2009 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FJST -- Fiji Summer Time '' . timeanddate.com . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ In February 2011 , the Prime Minister 's Office issued a statement saying that the name of the state had been officially changed from the Republic of the Fiji Islands to the Republic of Fiji , and that the name written in the 1997 constitution was now void ( constitution is suspended since April 2009 ) . See `` Country is now officially called Republic of Fiji '' . Fijivillage.com. 3 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Yavunivakavulewa ni Matanitu Tugalala o Viti ( Constitution of the Republic of Fiji , the Fijian language version ) . fiji.gov.fj Jump up ^ रिपब्लिक ऑफ फीजी का संविधान ( Constitution of the Republic of Fiji , the Hindi version ) ^ Jump up to : Fiji Cruises Destination Topics . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fiji : People '' . United States of America State department . 28 June 2010 . 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Sources ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a free content work . Licensed under CC - BY - SA IGO 3.0 UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 , 535 - 555 , UNESCO , UNESCO Publishing . To learn how to add freely licensed text to Wikipedia articles , please see the terms of use . Further reading ( edit ) Wright , Ronald ( 1986 ) . On Fiji Islands . Original from the University of Michigan , Digitized 5 December 2006 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 80634 - X . Traces the colonisation of the Fiji Islands , explains how the Fijians have managed to keep their language and culture intact , and describes modern Fiji society . Derrick , Ronald Albert ( 1951 ) . The Fiji Islands : A Geographical Handbook . Govt . Print . Dept Fiji , 334 pages , Original from the University of Michigan , Digitized 11 July 2006 . Details on Fiji its history and Geography . Lal , Brij V. ( 1992 ) . Broken Waves : A History of the Fiji Islands in the Twentieth Century . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1418 - 5 . Details of Fiji 's History , Geography , Economy . Mückler , Hermann ( 2002 ) . `` Back to the Chessboard : The Coup and the Re-Emergence of Pre-colonial Rivalries in Fiji '' . In Kolig , Erich ; Mückler , Hermann . Politics of Indigeneity in the South Pacific . Hamburg : LIT Verlag . pp. 143 -- 158 . ISBN 3 - 8258 - 5915 - 0 . Miller , Korina ; Jones , Robyn ; Pinheiro , Leonardo ( 2003 ) . Fiji . Lonely Planet . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 134 - 8 . Derrick , Ronald Albert ( 1957 ) . A History of Fiji . Suva , Fiji : Government Printer . David Routledge : Matanitu -- The Struggle for Power in Early Fiji , University of the South Pacific , Suva 1985 Scarr , Deryck ( 1984 ) . Fiji : A Short History . Sydney , Australia : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 86861 - 319 - 3 . Waterhouse , Joseph ( 1998 ) . The King and People of Fiji . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1920 - 9 . 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-3280963377494034044	List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States	List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy ( retiring July 31 , 2018 ) Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States . Its membership , as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices , any six of whom would constitute a quorum . Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and appointed after confirmation by the United States Senate . Justices of the Supreme Court have life tenure and receive a salary which is set at $255,500 per year for the chief justice and at $244,400 per year for each associate justice as of 2014 . The Supreme Court was created in 1789 by Article III of the United States Constitution , which stipulated that the `` judicial Power of the United States , shall be vested in one supreme Court '' together with any lower courts Congress may establish . Congress organized the Court that year with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 . It specified the Court 's original and appellate jurisdiction , created thirteen judicial districts , and fixed the number of justices at six ( one chief justice and five associate justices ) . Since 1789 , Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court , historically in response to the country 's own expansion in size . An 1801 act would have decreased the Court 's size to five members upon its next vacancy . However , an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred , maintaining the Court 's size at six members . Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807 , to nine in 1837 , and to ten in 1863 . An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court 's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies , and two vacancies did occur during this period . However , before a third vacancy occurred , the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened , restoring the Court 's size to nine members , where it has remained since . While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life , many have retired or resigned . Beginning in the early 20th century , many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether . A retired justice , according to the United States Code , is no longer a member of the Supreme Court , but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court , and many retired justices have served in these capacities . Historically , the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years . However , since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current justices of the Supreme Court 2 All justices of the Supreme Court 2.1 Notes 3 Timelines 3.1 All justices 3.2 Current justices 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Current justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court ; listed in order of seniority , they are : John Roberts , Chief Justice since September 29 , 2005 Age 7004231780000000000 ♠ 63 Anthony Kennedy , Associate Justice since February 18 , 1988 Age 7004299400000000000 ♠ 81 Clarence Thomas , Associate Justice since October 23 , 1991 Age 7004255870000000000 ♠ 70 Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Associate Justice since August 10 , 1993 Age 7004311660000000000 ♠ 85 Stephen Breyer , Associate Justice since August 3 , 1994 Age 7004291870000000000 ♠ 79 Samuel Alito , Associate Justice since January 31 , 2006 Age 7004249400000000000 ♠ 68 Sonia Sotomayor , Associate Justice since August 8 , 2009 Age 7004233940000000000 ♠ 64 Elena Kagan , Associate Justice since August 7 , 2010 Age 7004212600000000000 ♠ 58 Neil Gorsuch , Associate Justice since April 10 , 2017 Age 7004185810000000000 ♠ 50 All justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 113 persons have served on the Court . William O. Douglas holds the record for longest tenure on the Court -- 36 years , 211 days , and Thomas Johnson 's 163 day tenure is the shortest . Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice , and later appointed chief justice separately : Charles Evans Hughes , William Rehnquist , John Rutledge , Harlan F. Stone , and Edward Douglass White . While listed twice , each of them has been assigned only one index number . The justices of the Supreme Court are : Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) NY Chief Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) October 19 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003207900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 253 days George Washington John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) February 15 , 1790 -- March 4 , 1791 ( Resigned ) 7002382000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 17 days William Cushing ( 1732 -- 1810 ) MA Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) February 2 , 1790 -- September 13 , 1810 ( Died ) 7003752700000000000 ♠ 20 years , 223 days James Wilson ( 1742 -- 1798 ) PA Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) October 5 , 1789 -- August 21 , 1798 ( Died ) 7003324200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 320 days 5 John Blair ( 1732 -- 1800 ) VA Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) February 2 , 1790 -- October 25 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003209100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 265 days 6 James Iredell ( 1751 -- 1799 ) NC Associate Justice New seat February 10 , 1790 ( Acclamation ) May 12 , 1790 -- October 20 , 1799 ( Died ) 7003344800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 161 days 7 Thomas Johnson ( 1732 -- 1819 ) MD Associate Justice J. Rutledge November 7 , 1791 ( Acclamation ) August 6 , 1792 -- January 16 , 1793 ( Resigned ) 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 days 8 William Paterson ( 1745 -- 1806 ) NJ Associate Justice T. Johnson March 4 , 1793 ( Acclamation ) March 11 , 1793 -- September 8 , 1806 ( Died ) 7003492800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 181 days John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC Chief Justice Jay December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) August 12 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned , nomination having been rejected ) 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days 9 Samuel Chase ( 1741 -- 1811 ) MD Associate Justice Blair January 27 , 1796 ( Acclamation ) February 4 , 1796 -- June 19 , 1811 ( Died ) 7003561300000000000 ♠ 15 years , 135 days 10 Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) CT Chief Justice J. Rutledge March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days 11 Bushrod Washington ( 1762 -- 1829 ) VA Associate Justice Wilson December 20 , 1798 ( Acclamation ) November 9 , 1798 -- November 26 , 1829 ( Died ) 7004113390000000000 ♠ 31 years , 17 days John Adams 12 Alfred Moore ( 1755 -- 1810 ) NC Associate Justice Iredell December 9 , 1799 ( Acclamation ) April 21 , 1800 -- January 26 , 1804 ( Resigned ) 7003137500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 280 days 13 John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) VA Chief Justice Ellsworth January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( Died ) 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days 14 William Johnson ( 1771 -- 1834 ) SC Associate Justice Moore March 24 , 1804 ( Acclamation ) May 7 , 1804 -- August 4 , 1834 ( Died ) 7004110460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 89 days Thomas Jefferson 15 Henry Brockholst Livingston ( 1757 -- 1823 ) NY Associate Justice Paterson December 17 , 1806 ( Acclamation ) January 20 , 1807 -- March 18 , 1823 ( Died ) 7003590100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 57 days 16 Thomas Todd ( 1765 -- 1826 ) KY Associate Justice New seat March 2 , 1807 ( Acclamation ) March 3 , 1807 -- February 7 , 1826 ( Died ) 7003691600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 341 days 17 Gabriel Duvall ( 1752 -- 1844 ) MD Associate Justice S. Chase November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) November 23 , 1811 -- January 12 , 1835 ( Resigned ) 7003845100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 50 days James Madison 18 Joseph Story ( 1779 -- 1845 ) MA Associate Justice Cushing November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) February 3 , 1812 -- September 10 , 1845 ( Died ) 7004122730000000000 ♠ 33 years , 219 days 19 Smith Thompson ( 1768 -- 1843 ) NY Associate Justice Livingston December 9 , 1823 ( Acclamation ) September 1 , 1823 -- December 18 , 1843 ( Died ) 7003741300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 108 days James Monroe 20 Robert Trimble ( 1776 -- 1828 ) KY Associate Justice Todd May 9 , 1826 ( 25 -- 5 ) June 16 , 1826 -- August 25 , 1828 ( Died ) 7002801000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 70 days John Quincy Adams 21 John McLean ( 1785 -- 1861 ) OH Associate Justice Trimble March 7 , 1829 ( Acclamation ) January 11 , 1830 -- April 4 , 1861 ( Died ) 7004114060000000000 ♠ 31 years , 83 days Andrew Jackson 22 Henry Baldwin ( 1780 -- 1844 ) PA Associate Justice Washington January 6 , 1830 ( 41 -- 2 ) January 18 , 1830 -- April 21 , 1844 ( Died ) 7003520700000000000 ♠ 14 years , 94 days 23 James Moore Wayne ( 1790 -- 1867 ) GA Associate Justice W. Johnson January 9 , 1835 ( Acclamation ) January 14 , 1835 -- July 5 , 1867 ( Died ) 7004118600000000000 ♠ 32 years , 172 days 24 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) MD Chief Justice J. Marshall March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days 25 Philip Pendleton Barbour ( 1783 -- 1841 ) VA Associate Justice Duvall March 15 , 1836 ( 30 -- 11 ) May 12 , 1836 -- February 25 , 1841 ( Died ) 7003175000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 289 days 26 John Catron ( 1786 -- 1865 ) TN Associate Justice New seat March 8 , 1837 ( 28 -- 15 ) May 1 , 1837 -- May 30 , 1865 ( Died ) 7004102560000000000 ♠ 28 years , 29 days 27 John McKinley ( 1780 -- 1852 ) AL Associate Justice New seat September 25 , 1837 ( Acclamation ) January 9 , 1838 -- July 19 , 1852 ( Died ) 7003530500000000000 ♠ 14 years , 192 days Martin Van Buren 28 Peter Vivian Daniel ( 1784 -- 1860 ) VA Associate Justice Barbour March 2 , 1841 ( 25 -- 5 ) January 10 , 1842 -- May 31 , 1860 ( Died ) 7003671600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 142 days 29 Samuel Nelson ( 1792 -- 1873 ) NY Associate Justice Thompson February 14 , 1845 ( Acclamation ) February 27 , 1845 -- November 28 , 1872 ( Retired ) 7004101360000000000 ♠ 27 years , 275 days John Tyler 30 Levi Woodbury ( 1789 -- 1851 ) NH Associate Justice Story January 31 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) September 23 , 1845 -- September 4 , 1851 ( Died ) 7003217200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 346 days James K. Polk 31 Robert Cooper Grier ( 1794 -- 1870 ) PA Associate Justice Baldwin August 4 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) August 10 , 1846 -- January 31 , 1870 ( Retired ) 7003857500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 174 days 32 Benjamin Robbins Curtis ( 1809 -- 1874 ) MA Associate Justice Woodbury December 20 , 1851 ( Acclamation ) October 10 , 1851 -- September 30 , 1857 ( Resigned ) 7003218200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 355 days Millard Fillmore 33 John Archibald Campbell ( 1811 -- 1889 ) AL Associate Justice McKinley March 22 , 1853 ( Acclamation ) April 11 , 1853 -- April 30 , 1861 ( Resigned ) 7003294100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 19 days Franklin Pierce 34 Nathan Clifford ( 1803 -- 1881 ) ME Associate Justice Curtis January 12 , 1858 ( 26 -- 23 ) January 21 , 1858 -- July 25 , 1881 ( Died ) 7003858600000000000 ♠ 23 years , 185 days James Buchanan 35 Noah Haynes Swayne ( 1804 -- 1884 ) OH Associate Justice McLean January 24 , 1862 ( 38 -- 1 ) January 27 , 1862 -- January 24 , 1881 ( Retired ) 7003693700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 363 days Abraham Lincoln 36 Samuel Freeman Miller ( 1816 -- 1890 ) IA Associate Justice Daniel July 16 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) July 21 , 1862 -- October 13 , 1890 ( Died ) 7004103110000000000 ♠ 28 years , 84 days 37 David Davis ( 1815 -- 1886 ) IL Associate Justice Campbell December 8 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) December 10 , 1862 -- March 4 , 1877 ( Resigned ) 7003519800000000000 ♠ 14 years , 84 days 38 Stephen Johnson Field ( 1816 -- 1899 ) CA Associate Justice New seat March 10 , 1863 ( Acclamation ) May 10 , 1863 -- December 1 , 1897 ( Retired ) 7004126240000000000 ♠ 34 years , 205 days 39 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) OH Chief Justice Taney December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days 40 William Strong ( 1808 -- 1895 ) PA Associate Justice Grier February 18 , 1870 ( No vote recorded ) March 14 , 1870 -- December 14 , 1880 ( Retired ) 7003392800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 275 days Ulysses S. Grant 41 Joseph Philo Bradley ( 1813 -- 1892 ) NJ Associate Justice New seat March 21 , 1870 ( 46 -- 9 ) March 23 , 1870 -- January 22 , 1892 ( Died ) 7003797500000000000 ♠ 21 years , 305 days 42 Ward Hunt ( 1810 -- 1886 ) NY Associate Justice Nelson December 11 , 1872 ( Acclamation ) January 9 , 1873 -- January 27 , 1882 ( Retired ) 7003330500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 18 days 43 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) OH Chief Justice S.P. Chase January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days 44 John Marshall Harlan ( 1833 -- 1911 ) KY Associate Justice Davis November 29 , 1877 ( Acclamation ) December 10 , 1877 -- October 14 , 1911 ( Died ) 7004123600000000000 ♠ 33 years , 308 days Rutherford B. Hayes 45 William Burnham Woods ( 1824 -- 1887 ) GA Associate Justice Strong December 21 , 1880 ( 39 -- 8 ) January 5 , 1881 -- May 14 , 1887 ( Died ) 7003232000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 129 days 46 Stanley Matthews ( 1824 -- 1889 ) OH Associate Justice Swayne May 12 , 1881 ( 24 -- 23 ) May 17 , 1881 -- March 22 , 1889 ( Died ) 7003286600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 309 days James Garfield 47 Horace Gray ( 1828 -- 1902 ) MA Associate Justice Clifford December 20 , 1881 ( 51 -- 5 ) January 9 , 1882 -- September 15 , 1902 ( Died ) 7003755300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 249 days Chester A. Arthur 48 Samuel Blatchford ( 1820 -- 1893 ) NY Associate Justice Hunt March 22 , 1882 ( Acclamation ) April 3 , 1882 -- July 7 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003411300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 95 days 49 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II ( 1825 -- 1893 ) MS Associate Justice Woods January 16 , 1888 ( 32 -- 28 ) January 18 , 1888 -- January 23 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 5 days Grover Cleveland 50 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) IL Chief Justice Waite July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days 51 David Josiah Brewer ( 1837 -- 1910 ) KS Associate Justice Matthews December 18 , 1889 ( 53 -- 11 ) January 6 , 1890 -- March 28 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003738500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 81 days Benjamin Harrison 52 Henry Billings Brown ( 1836 -- 1913 ) MI Associate Justice Miller December 29 , 1890 ( Acclamation ) January 5 , 1891 -- May 28 , 1906 ( Retired ) 7003598600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 143 days 53 George Shiras , Jr . ( 1832 -- 1924 ) PA Associate Justice Bradley July 26 , 1892 ( Acclamation ) October 10 , 1892 -- February 23 , 1903 ( Retired ) 7003378700000000000 ♠ 10 years , 136 days 54 Howell Edmunds Jackson ( 1832 -- 1895 ) TN Associate Justice L. Lamar February 18 , 1893 ( Acclamation ) March 4 , 1893 -- August 8 , 1895 ( Died ) 7002887000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 157 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA Associate Justice Blatchford February 19 , 1894 ( Acclamation ) March 12 , 1894 -- December 18 , 1910 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003612400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 281 days Grover Cleveland 56 Rufus Wheeler Peckham ( 1838 -- 1909 ) NY Associate Justice H. Jackson December 9 , 1895 ( Acclamation ) January 6 , 1896 -- October 24 , 1909 ( Died ) 7003503900000000000 ♠ 13 years , 291 days 57 Joseph McKenna ( 1843 -- 1926 ) CA Associate Justice Field January 21 , 1898 ( Acclamation ) January 26 , 1898 -- January 5 , 1925 ( Retired ) 7003984000000000000 ♠ 26 years , 345 days William McKinley 58 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . ( 1841 -- 1935 ) MA Associate Justice Gray December 4 , 1902 ( Acclamation ) December 8 , 1902 -- January 12 , 1932 ( Retired ) 7004106270000000000 ♠ 29 years , 35 days Theodore Roosevelt 59 William R. Day ( 1849 -- 1923 ) OH Associate Justice Shiras February 23 , 1903 ( Acclamation ) March 2 , 1903 -- November 13 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days 60 William Henry Moody ( 1853 -- 1917 ) MA Associate Justice Brown December 12 , 1906 ( Acclamation ) December 17 , 1906 -- November 20 , 1910 ( Retired ) 7003143400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 338 days 61 Horace Harmon Lurton ( 1844 -- 1914 ) TN Associate Justice Peckham December 20 , 1909 ( Acclamation ) January 3 , 1910 -- July 12 , 1914 ( Died ) 7003166500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 204 days William Howard Taft 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY Associate Justice Brewer May 2 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) October 10 , 1910 -- June 10 , 1916 ( Resigned ) 7003207000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 244 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA Chief Justice Fuller December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days 63 Willis Van Devanter ( 1859 -- 1941 ) WY Associate Justice E.D. White December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) January 3 , 1911 -- June 2 , 1937 ( Retired ) 7003964700000000000 ♠ 26 years , 150 days 64 Joseph Rucker Lamar ( 1857 -- 1916 ) GA Associate Justice Moody December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) January 3 , 1911 -- January 2 , 1916 ( Died ) 7003182500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 364 days 65 Mahlon Pitney ( 1858 -- 1924 ) NJ Associate Justice J. Harlan March 13 , 1912 ( 50 -- 26 ) March 18 , 1912 -- December 31 , 1922 ( Resigned ) 7003394000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 288 days 66 James Clark McReynolds ( 1862 -- 1946 ) TN Associate Justice Lurton August 29 , 1914 ( 44 -- 6 ) October 12 , 1914 -- January 31 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003960800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 111 days Woodrow Wilson 67 Louis Brandeis ( 1856 -- 1941 ) KY Associate Justice J. Lamar June 1 , 1916 ( 47 -- 22 ) June 5 , 1916 -- February 13 , 1939 ( Retired ) 7003828800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 253 days 68 John Hessin Clarke ( 1857 -- 1945 ) OH Associate Justice Hughes July 24 , 1916 ( Acclamation ) October 9 , 1916 -- September 18 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003217000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 344 days 69 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) CT Chief Justice E.D. White June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 70 George Sutherland ( 1862 -- 1942 ) UT Associate Justice Clarke September 5 , 1922 ( Acclamation ) October 2 , 1922 -- January 17 , 1938 ( Retired ) 7003558600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 107 days 71 Pierce Butler ( 1866 -- 1939 ) MN Associate Justice Day December 21 , 1922 ( 61 -- 8 ) January 2 , 1923 -- November 16 , 1939 ( Died ) 7003616200000000000 ♠ 16 years , 318 days 72 Edward Terry Sanford ( 1865 -- 1930 ) TN Associate Justice Pitney January 29 , 1923 ( Acclamation ) February 19 , 1923 -- March 8 , 1930 ( Died ) 7003257400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 17 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY Associate Justice McKenna February 5 , 1925 ( 71 -- 6 ) March 2 , 1925 -- July 2 , 1941 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003596600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 122 days Calvin Coolidge 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY Chief Justice Taft February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 74 Owen Josephus Roberts ( 1875 -- 1955 ) PA Associate Justice Sanford May 20 , 1930 ( Acclamation ) June 2 , 1930 -- July 31 , 1945 ( Resigned ) 7003553800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 59 days 75 Benjamin N. Cardozo ( 1870 -- 1938 ) NY Associate Justice Holmes February 24 , 1932 ( Acclamation ) March 14 , 1932 -- July 9 , 1938 ( Died ) 7003230800000000000 ♠ 6 years , 117 days 76 Hugo Black ( 1886 -- 1971 ) AL Associate Justice Van Devanter August 17 , 1937 ( 63 -- 16 ) August 19 , 1937 -- September 17 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7004124470000000000 ♠ 34 years , 29 days Franklin D. Roosevelt 77 Stanley Forman Reed ( 1884 -- 1980 ) KY Associate Justice Sutherland January 25 , 1938 ( Acclamation ) January 31 , 1938 -- February 25 , 1957 ( Retired ) 7003696500000000000 ♠ 19 years , 25 days 78 Felix Frankfurter ( 1882 -- 1965 ) MA Associate Justice Cardozo January 17 , 1939 ( Acclamation ) January 30 , 1939 -- August 28 , 1962 ( Retired ) 7003861100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 210 days 79 William O. Douglas ( 1898 -- 1980 ) CT Associate Justice Brandeis April 4 , 1939 ( 62 -- 4 ) April 17 , 1939 -- November 12 , 1975 ( Retired ) 7004133600000000000 ♠ 36 years , 211 days 80 Frank Murphy ( 1890 -- 1949 ) MI Associate Justice Butler January 16 , 1940 ( Acclamation ) February 5 , 1940 -- July 19 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003345200000000000 ♠ 9 years , 164 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY Chief Justice Hughes June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days 81 James F. Byrnes ( 1882 -- 1972 ) SC Associate Justice McReynolds June 12 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 8 , 1941 -- October 3 , 1942 ( Resigned ) 7002452000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 87 days 82 Robert H. Jackson ( 1892 -- 1954 ) NY Associate Justice Stone July 7 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 11 , 1941 -- October 9 , 1954 ( Died ) 7003483800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 90 days 83 Wiley Blount Rutledge ( 1894 -- 1949 ) IA Associate Justice Byrnes February 8 , 1943 ( Acclamation ) February 15 , 1943 -- September 10 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003239900000000000 ♠ 6 years , 207 days 84 Harold Hitz Burton ( 1888 -- 1964 ) OH Associate Justice O. Roberts September 19 , 1945 ( Acclamation ) October 1 , 1945 -- October 13 , 1958 ( Retired ) 7003476000000000000 ♠ 13 years , 12 days Harry S. Truman 85 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) KY Chief Justice Stone June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days 86 Tom C. Clark ( 1899 -- 1977 ) TX Associate Justice Murphy August 18 , 1949 ( 73 -- 8 ) August 24 , 1949 -- June 12 , 1967 ( Retired ) 7003650100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 292 days 87 Sherman Minton ( 1890 -- 1965 ) IN Associate Justice W. Rutledge October 4 , 1949 ( 48 -- 16 ) October 12 , 1949 -- October 15 , 1956 ( Retired ) 7003256000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 3 days 88 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) CA Chief Justice Vinson March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 89 John Marshall Harlan II ( 1899 -- 1971 ) NY Associate Justice R. Jackson March 16 , 1955 ( 71 -- 11 ) March 28 , 1955 -- September 23 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7003602300000000000 ♠ 16 years , 179 days 90 William J. Brennan ( 1906 -- 1997 ) NJ Associate Justice Minton March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) October 16 , 1956 -- July 20 , 1990 ( Retired ) 7004123300000000000 ♠ 33 years , 277 days 91 Charles Evans Whittaker ( 1901 -- 1973 ) MO Associate Justice Reed March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) March 25 , 1957 -- March 31 , 1962 ( Resigned ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 6 days 92 Potter Stewart ( 1915 -- 1985 ) OH Associate Justice Burton May 5 , 1959 ( 70 -- 17 ) October 14 , 1958 -- July 3 , 1981 ( Retired ) 7003829800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 262 days 93 Byron White ( 1917 -- 2002 ) CO Associate Justice Whittaker April 11 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) April 16 , 1962 -- June 28 , 1993 ( Retired ) 7004113960000000000 ♠ 31 years , 73 days John F. Kennedy 94 Arthur Goldberg ( 1908 -- 1990 ) IL Associate Justice Frankfurter September 25 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) October 1 , 1962 -- July 25 , 1965 ( Resigned ) 7003103100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 300 days 95 Abe Fortas ( 1910 -- 1982 ) TN Associate Justice Goldberg August 11 , 1965 ( Acclamation ) October 4 , 1965 -- May 14 , 1969 ( Resigned ) 7003131800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 222 days Lyndon B. Johnson 96 Thurgood Marshall ( 1908 -- 1993 ) NY Associate Justice Clark August 30 , 1967 ( 69 -- 11 ) October 2 , 1967 -- October 1 , 1991 ( Retired ) 7003876500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 364 days 97 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) VA Chief Justice Warren June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon 98 Harry Blackmun ( 1908 -- 1999 ) MN Associate Justice Fortas May 12 , 1970 ( 94 -- 0 ) June 9 , 1970 -- August 3 , 1994 ( Retired ) 7003882100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 55 days 99 Lewis F. Powell Jr . ( 1907 -- 1998 ) VA Associate Justice Black December 6 , 1971 ( 89 -- 1 ) January 7 , 1972 -- June 26 , 1987 ( Retired ) 7003564900000000000 ♠ 15 years , 170 days 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) AZ Associate Justice J. Harlan II December 10 , 1971 ( 68 -- 26 ) January 7 , 1972 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003537600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 262 days 101 John Paul Stevens ( born 1920 ) IL Associate Justice Douglas December 17 , 1975 ( 98 -- 0 ) December 19 , 1975 -- June 29 , 2010 ( Retired ) 7004126110000000000 ♠ 34 years , 192 days Gerald Ford 102 Sandra Day O'Connor ( born 1930 ) AZ Associate Justice Stewart September 21 , 1981 ( 99 -- 0 ) September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 ( Retired ) 7003889400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 128 days Ronald Reagan 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) VA Chief Justice Burger September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days 103 Antonin Scalia ( 1936 -- 2016 ) VA Associate Justice Rehnquist September 17 , 1986 ( 98 -- 0 ) September 26 , 1986 -- February 13 , 2016 ( Died ) 7004107320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 140 days 104 Anthony Kennedy ( born 1936 ) CA Associate Justice Powell February 3 , 1988 ( 97 -- 0 ) February 18 , 1988 -- Incumbent 7004111030000000000 ♠ 30 years , 145 days 105 David Souter ( born 1939 ) NH Associate Justice Brennan October 2 , 1990 ( 90 -- 9 ) October 9 , 1990 -- June 29 , 2009 ( Retired ) 7003683800000000000 ♠ 18 years , 263 days George H.W. Bush 106 Clarence Thomas ( born 1948 ) GA Associate Justice T. Marshall October 15 , 1991 ( 52 -- 48 ) October 23 , 1991 -- Incumbent 7003976000000000000 ♠ 26 years , 263 days 107 Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( born 1933 ) NY Associate Justice B. White August 3 , 1993 ( 96 -- 3 ) August 10 , 1993 -- Incumbent 7003910300000000000 ♠ 24 years , 337 days Bill Clinton 108 Stephen Breyer ( born 1938 ) MA Associate Justice Blackmun July 29 , 1994 ( 87 -- 9 ) August 3 , 1994 -- Incumbent 7003874500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 344 days 109 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) MD Chief Justice Rehnquist September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 7003467000000000000 ♠ 12 years , 287 days George W. Bush 110 Samuel Alito ( born 1950 ) NJ Associate Justice O'Connor January 31 , 2006 ( 58 -- 42 ) January 31 , 2006 -- Incumbent 7003454600000000000 ♠ 12 years , 163 days 111 Sonia Sotomayor ( born 1954 ) NY Associate Justice Souter August 6 , 2009 ( 68 -- 31 ) August 8 , 2009 -- Incumbent 7003326100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 339 days Barack Obama 112 Elena Kagan ( born 1960 ) MA Associate Justice Stevens August 5 , 2010 ( 63 -- 37 ) August 7 , 2010 -- Incumbent 7003289700000000000 ♠ 7 years , 340 days 113 Neil Gorsuch ( born 1967 ) CO Associate Justice Scalia April 7 , 2017 ( 54 -- 45 ) April 10 , 2017 -- Incumbent 7002459000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 94 days Donald Trump Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Served on the Supreme Court twice , first as associate justice , and then , after a period of years off the Court , as chief justice . ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process . ^ Jump up to : State of residence at the time of appointment . For example , in 1971 , Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona , but in 1986 , when elevated to chief justice , he was appointed from Virginia . Jump up ^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office , with the end date being the date of the justice 's death , resignation , or retirement . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . Jump up ^ Was impeached , but not convicted , and remained in office . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , May 19 -- July 11 , 1921 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , February 3 -- 24 , 1930 . ^ Jump up to : While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Van Devanter received and accepted his first -- in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , June 30 -- July 3 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , April 22 -- June 24 , 1946 , and again , under 62 Stat. 869 , September 8 -- October 5 , 1953 . ^ Jump up to : While Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Powell received and accepted his first -- in accordance with 62 Stat. 869 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869 , September 3 -- 29 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : As of July 13 , 2018 . Timelines ( edit ) All justices ( edit ) This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court . Information regarding each justice 's predecessors , successors and fellow justices , as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned ( and comparisons between justices drawn ) from it . Additionally , The progression of presidents , along with the number of justices each nominated , is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context . Regarding the associate justice seat numbers , due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789 , two of the ten seats chronicled below -- `` Seat 7 '' and `` Seat 5 '' -- have been abolished , both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 . Current justices ( edit ) This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice 's tenure on the Court . See also ( edit ) List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office Law of the United States List of courts of the United States List of national supreme courts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stathis , Stephen W. ( 2014 ) . Landmark Legislation 1774 -- 2012 : Major U.S. Acts and Treaties . CQ Press . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. ( 2005 ) . `` Judiciary Act of 1869 '' . In Hall , Kermit L. ; Ely , James W. ; Grossman , Joel B . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 548 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article III '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Chief Justice Roberts has little to say at year 's end '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts opts not to ask Congress to raise judicial salaries '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowley , James ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Federal Judges in U.S. See $25,000 More as Salary Freeze Falls '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About The Supreme Court '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Stacking the Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Dems ' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim '' . CBS News . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice John G. Roberts , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Anthony M. Kennedy '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Clarence Thomas '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Stephen G. Breyer '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Samuel Anthony Alito , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Sonia Sotomayor '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Elena Kagan '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Neil M. Gorsuch '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 -- Present '' . www.senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justices 1789 to Present '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . 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Judges ) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma ( Civil ) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas ( Civil ) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=849984907 '' Categories : Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Lists of United States Supreme Court justices Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use mdy dates from March 2018 Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Lietuvių Polski Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 19 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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About Wikipedia	who are the current justices of the u.s. supreme court	[ "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte", "This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte" ]	[ "John Roberts", "Anthony Kennedy", "Clarence Thomas", "Ruth Bader Ginsburg", "Stephen Breyer", "Samuel Alito", "Sonia Sotomayor", "Elena Kagan", "Neil Gorsuch" ]
1113640489177450318	Area codes 203 and 475	Area codes 203 and 475 - wikipedia Area codes 203 and 475 Connecticut state map with numbering plan area 203 / 475 highlighted . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Area code 203 is a North American telephone area code that is assigned to the southwestern part of Connecticut , and is overlaid with area code 475 . The numbering plan area ( NPA ) 203 originally covered the entire state of Connecticut when the North American Numbering Plan was created in 1947 . Today the numbering plan area stretches from Connecticut 's western border , along its southern coast , to Madison , and north to Meriden . The region encompassed by 203 and 475 is mostly coextensive with the Connecticut side of the New York metropolitan area . On August 28 , 1995 the original numbering plan area was split with the rest of Connecticut being served with area code 860 , which was overlaid with 959 on August 30 , 2014 . Contents 1 Counties and municipalities 2 Area code 475 overlay 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Counties and municipalities ( edit ) The counties included in numbering plan area 203 / 475 are : Fairfield ( except the Town of Sherman ) , New Haven , and Litchfield ( the towns of Woodbury , Bethlehem , and a small part of Roxbury ) . Cities and towns served by 203 / 475 : Ansonia , Beacon Falls , Bethany , Bethel , Bethlehem , Branford , Bridgeport , Brookfield , Cheshire , Danbury , Darien , Derby , East Haven , Easton , Fairfield , Greenwich , Guilford , Hamden , Madison , Meriden , Middlebury , Milford , Monroe , Naugatuck , New Canaan , New Fairfield , New Haven , Newtown , North Branford , North Haven , Norwalk , Orange , Oxford , Prospect , Redding , Ridgefield , a small part of Roxbury , Seymour , Shelton , Southbury , Stamford , Stratford , Trumbull , Wallingford , Waterbury , West Haven , Weston , Westport , Wilton , Wolcott , Woodbridge , Woodbury The city of Meriden is notable as the only place in Connecticut from where one can call towns in either the Hartford or New Haven exchanges toll - free from a landline telephone . Area code 475 overlay ( edit ) The Connecticut Department of Public Utility Control , in August 1999 , proposed an area code overlay for the 203 area code . Area code 475 went into effect on December 12 , 2009 . Even though area code 475 overlays only 203 , all callers in Connecticut ( including those in area code 860 ) had to dial all calls with ten digits , effective November 14 , 2009 ; this was in preparation for the overlay of area code 959 on area code 860 that was implemented in 2014 . The first range of available numbers made available in Connecticut 's third area code was ( 475 ) 882 - 4xxx , in the Huntington section of Shelton . See also ( edit ) List of NANP area codes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Muñoz , Hilda ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) . `` New 959 Area Code Coming To Connecticut '' . Hartford Courant . Hartford , Connecticut : Tribune Company . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : http://phones.whitepages.com/203?page=1 Jump up ^ Regulators Have Area Code Plan Hartford Courant , August 1999 Jump up ^ Planning Letter 388 NANPA , Apr 14 , 2009 External links ( edit ) NANPA Area Code Map of Connecticut List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload.com , 203 Area Code Connecticut area codes : 203 / 475 , 860 / 959 North : 860 , 959 West : 914 , 845 area codes 203 and 475 East : 860 , 959 South : 516 , 631 New York area codes : 212 / 332 / 646 , 315 / 680 , 347 / 718 / 929 , 516 , 518 / 838 , 585 , 607 , 631 / 934 , 716 , 845 , 914 , 917 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Area_codes_203_and_475&oldid=828452933 '' Categories : Telecommunications - related introductions in 1947 Telecommunications - related introductions in 2009 Area codes in the United States Area codes in Connecticut Fairfield County , Connecticut New Haven County , Connecticut Litchfield County , Connecticut Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 17 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is area code 203 located in california	[]	[]
474338111734902669	The Originals (TV series)	The Originals ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Originals ( TV series ) The Originals Genre Horror Fantasy Supernatural Created by Julie Plec Starring Joseph Morgan Daniel Gillies Claire Holt Phoebe Tonkin Charles Michael Davis Daniella Pineda Leah Pipes Danielle Campbell Yusuf Gatewood Riley Voelkel Danielle Rose Russell Steven Krueger Composer ( s ) Michael Suby Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 92 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Julie Plec Michael Narducci ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Leslie Morgenstein Gina Girolamo Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) My So - Called Company Alloy Entertainment CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) -- August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) Chronology Related shows The Vampire Diaries Legacies External links Website The Originals is an American television series that began airing on The CW on October 3 , 2013 . Created as a spin - off of The Vampire Diaries , the series follows vampire - werewolf hybrid Klaus Mikaelson as he and his family become embroiled in the supernatural politics of New Orleans . On May 10 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth season . On July 20 , 2017 , it was announced by series creator Julie Plec ahead of Comic Con that the series ' fifth season would be its last . The final season debuted on April 18 , 2018 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 The Originals : The Awakening 7 Novels 8 Spin - off 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Series overview ( edit ) The Originals , a spin - off from The Vampire Diaries , centers around three of the Mikaelson siblings : Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ) , Elijah ( Daniel Gillies ) , and Rebekah ( Claire Holt ) . The Mikaelson family is called `` the Originals '' as they are the first vampires to ever exist . Niklaus `` Klaus '' Mikaelson is a descendant of a witch and a werewolf , and his quest to unleash his hybrid nature was detailed in The Vampire Diaries . The backdoor pilot , which aired on April 25 , 2013 , also revealed that the werewolf Hayley ( Phoebe Tonkin ) is pregnant with Klaus 's child . The series begins with the Original siblings returning to the city of New Orleans for the first time since 1919 , where a pregnant Hayley has also settled . Having originally built the city , they had been forced to abandon it when fleeing from their vengeful father . In their absence , Klaus 's protégé , Marcel ( Charles Michael Davis ) , took charge of the city . Klaus resolves that they must take down Marcel and get back the city that once belonged to them . While doing that they must also protect their city from a war brewing between vampires , werewolves , and witches . Over time , new and old friendships are formed , love is in the air , death surrounds them , and the Originals learn more about their own family past . The first season describes how Klaus 's mystical child is going to be born and speaks of the threats that the Originals together must keep her safe from . The second season deals with the return of Klaus and his siblings ' parents , and the arrival of an aunt who threatens the baby 's life . The third season shows the Mikaelsons facing both a prophecy that speaks of their downfall , and the first - sired vampires who have wanted revenge for a millennium . The fourth season jumps ahead five years , with the Mikaelsons returning to New Orleans and having to face a reawakened ancient menace set on destroying anything in its path . The fifth and final season of the series takes place seven years after the fourth season , with Hope now being a teenager at a school for supernatural children , the Salvatore Boarding School for the Young and Gifted . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Originals characters Joseph Morgan as Niklaus `` Klaus '' Mikaelson : The self - proclaimed King of New Orleans and the Original Hybrid : half - Original Vampire and half - werewolf . As the son of a witch and a werewolf plus being a vampire by magic , Klaus is one of the most ruthless and feared supernatural beings in history but also has a soft spot for his family . He is the father of Hayley 's daughter , Hope , and is the adoptive father of Marcel , also his former protégé . He eventually develops feelings for Cami . Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson : An Original Vampire and Klaus 's older maternal half - brother . He is shown to be extremely suave , always sporting a suit , and relatively level - headed compared to Klaus 's more heated tendencies . He harbors romantic affections for Hayley . Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson ( main season 1 ; special guest star season 2 -- 5 ) : An Original Vampire and Klaus 's younger maternal half - sister . She is Klaus 's favorite and the youngest of the Mikaelson siblings after the death of Henrik . At one time , she was in a romantic relationship with Marcel . Despite her unwavering love for her family , she desires to find love and start a family of her own , which is complicated by her family name and vampire status . She eventually leaves New Orleans to pursue a simpler life outside of her family . Holt departs the main cast near the end of season 1 , but has guest starred sporadically in every season since . Maisie Richardson - Sellers portrayed Rebekah during the second half of season 2 and one episode of season 3 , when Rebekah possessed witch Eva Sinclair 's body . Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall : Originally a werewolf , later hybrid , who conceived a daughter with Klaus named Hope . She is revealed to be the long - lost Alpha of her werewolf bloodline . Later , she rises to become the Alpha of the entire Crescent pack when the Alphas of all the other bloodlines bow down before her . She is initially reluctant to be involved with the Mikaelsons , but is eventually accepted into the family and accepts them in return . She reciprocates Elijah 's romantic feelings , but marries Jackson Kenner in order to unite their packs . Charles Michael Davis as Marcel Gerard : A vampire , now enhanced Original Vampire , and former slave . He was turned by Klaus , his adoptive father and former mentor . He has a romantic past with both Rebekah and Cami . His relationship with the Mikaelsons is complicated as a result of his history with them as well as philosophical differences . They are often adversarial as Klaus and Marcel constantly struggle for power over New Orleans . He rescues Davina from being sacrificed and takes her under his wing as his adoptive daughter . Daniella Pineda as Sophie Deveraux ( main season 1 ) : A powerful witch of the French Quarter . Leah Pipes as Camille O'Connell ( main seasons 1 -- 3 ; special guest star season 4 -- 5 ) : A human therapist for Klaus whom he is later affectionate toward , though she was briefly romantically involved with Marcel . Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire ( main seasons 1 -- 3 ; special guest star season 4 -- 5 ) : A powerful young witch and Marcel 's adoptive daughter who becomes Regent of all witch covens in New Orleans . She does n't much care for the Mikaelsons and seeks to destroy them with Marcel 's help , until she unknowingly falls in love with one . Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith ( guest star season 1 ; main season 2 -- 5 ) : A witch once possessed by Finn , the eldest brother among the Mikaelson siblings . He is the ex-husband of Eva Sinclair , the witch Rebekah possessed . He succeeds Davina as Regent of all witch covens in New Orleans . Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson ( recurring season 2 ; main season 3 -- 5 ) : Klaus 's long - lost maternal older half - sister , Freya is an immensely powerful and skilled thousand - year - old witch , former immortal , and the eldest of the Mikaelson siblings . Danielle Rose Russell as Hope Mikaelson ( main season 5 ) , the teen - aged daughter of Klaus and Hayley , and who is an extremely powerful supernatural being as she holds the three-fold lineage of vampire , werewolf , and witch . Steven Krueger as Joshua `` Josh '' Rosza ( recurring seasons 1 -- 4 ; main season 5 ) , a visitor to New Orleans who is soon turned into a vampire . He befriends Davina , and later serves as Marcel 's lieutenant . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Originals episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 22 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 22 October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 22 October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 5 13 April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) Production ( edit ) On January 11 , 2013 , it was announced that a backdoor pilot focused on the Originals , starring Joseph Morgan as Klaus and titled The Originals would air sometime in April for a potential series pick - up for the 2013 -- 2014 season . On April 26 , 2013 , The Originals was confirmed for a full series . This second spin - off attempt will be overseen by Julie Plec , with no involvement by Kevin Williamson . The Originals was officially picked up by The CW on April 26 , 2013 , for the 2013 -- 14 season . Season one of The Originals was set to premiere on Tuesday , October 15 . However , on July 29 , 2013 , The CW announced that the series premiere would instead air on October 3 , 2013 , following the fifth - season premiere of The Vampire Diaries in order to attract fans of the series . On October 10 , 2013 , the CW ordered three additional scripts for the series . On November 11 , 2013 , the CW decided to order a full season for The Originals . Following her March 11 episode Claire Holt left the main cast . Holt confirmed that she will be returning to the show , but she needs to spend time with her family first . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 2.21 May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 1.76 2013 -- 14 149 2.61 1.6 / 4 Monday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) 1.37 May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 1.19 2014 -- 15 172 1.81 0.9 / 3 Thursday 9 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 9 ) Friday 9 : 00 pm ( 10 -- 22 ) 22 October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 0.89 May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 0.85 2015 -- 16 181 1.44 0.6 / 2 Friday 8 : 00 pm 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) 1.05 June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 0.80 2016 -- 17 TBD TBD TBD 5 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 13 April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 0.97 August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 0.86 2017 -- 18 188 1.36 0.6 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Refs 2014 Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling For A Single - Camera Series Colleen Labaff , Kimberley Spiteri Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Actor in a New Series Joseph Morgan Won Favorite New TV Drama The Originals Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Joseph Morgan Nominated Choice TV Actress Fantasy / Sci - Fi Claire Holt Nominated 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Joseph Morgan Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Liplock Joseph Morgan & Leah Pipes Nominated Choice TV Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Joseph Morgan Nominated 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Joseph Morgan Nominated 2018 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Commercial Television Kurt Jones ( Episode : `` Bag of Cobras '' ) Nominated People 's Choice Awards The Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show of 2018 The Originals Pending Teen Choice Awards Choice Fantasy / Sci - Fi Series The Originals Nominated Choice TV Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Joseph Morgan Nominated The Originals : the Awakening ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals episodes § The Originals : The Awakening The Originals : The Awakening is a webseries . The series explores the character Kol Mikaelson and his relationships with his siblings . Flashing back to 1914 , Kol is on a quest to form an alliance with the witches of the French Quarter . Awakening gives answers to some questions about Kol 's past , including the origins of his rivalry with his family and the unique backstory he has with the New Orleans witches . Each webisode is approximately two minutes long . Novels ( edit ) On January 27 , 2015 , the first book in a series of novels based on the show was released . The Rise , The Loss , and The Resurrection make up the three novels in The Originals series written by Julie Plec . Spin - off ( edit ) Main article : Legacies ( TV series ) In August 2017 , it was announced that a spin - off focusing on Hope Mikaelson , the daughter of Klaus and Hayley , was in development . Julie Plec , co-creator of The Vampire Diaries and creator of The Originals , wrote the script and is credited with creating the series . In January 2018 , it was revealed that filming for the pilot would go into production in the second quarter of 2018 . It was announced in March 2018 that the spin - off was in fact ordered to pilot , but instead of a traditional pilot , Plec would be delivering a fifteen - minute pilot presentation of the series to The CW . It was also announced that The Vampire Diaries veteran Matt Davis would star in the project along with Aria Shahghasemi , Quincy Fouse , Jenny Boyd , and Kaylee Bryant . Shahghasemi will debut in the fifth season of The Originals as Hope 's friend Landon . On May 11 , 2018 , it was announced that the spin - off , titled Legacies , was ordered to series for the 2018 -- 19 season . The show will center around `` a 17 - year - old Hope , along with Alaric 's twin daughters , and other young witches , vampires , and werewolves '' as they come of age at the Salvatore Boarding School for the Young and Gifted . See also ( edit ) Vampire film List of vampire television series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Moves Up ' The Originals ' Premiere to Follow ' The Vampire Diaries ' + ' Supernatural ' Gets Earlier Start '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Originals ' & ' iZombie ' Renewed By The CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Originals ' to End After Season 5 on The CW '' . Variety . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ julieplec ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` An announcement ... # TheOriginals '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The CW Midseason Schedule Update '' . The Futon Critic . March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals Season 4 Promo Features ( Spoiler ) 's Shocking ' Return ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Campbell Is Returning to The Originals For a Visit '' . E ! Online . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Orders Backdoor Pilot for ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff , ' The Originals ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ; Philiana Ng ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff ' The Originals ' in the Works at CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Shows Renewed 2013 -- ' Hart of Dixie , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Kenneally ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` The CW sets fall premieres : ' Tomorrow People , ' ' The Originals ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Orders Additional Scripts for The Originals , Tomorrow People and Reign '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` CW Gives Full - Season Orders To Freshman Series ' The Originals ' , ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Reign ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` Claire Holt Quits ' The Originals ' -- Rebekah 's Last Episode Season 1 - TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Originals at PaleyFest : The Cast Talks Elijah 's Undoing , Klaroline , Whether Rebekah Will Return , and More '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Monday , October 6 Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Scorpion ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusted up , low CW premieres hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' finale adjusts up , ' Originals ' and ' Masters of Illusion ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Originals ' premiere and others hold , final NCAA Tournament numbers : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver ' rerun adjusts up , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Riverdale ' down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' reruns adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Nominations '' . Emmy Awards . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 : The winners list '' . CNN . January 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Winners : Full List '' . Variety . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crist , Allison ; Nordyke , Kimberly ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual ASC Awards - February 17 . 2018 '' . American Society of Cinematographers . February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 People 's Choice Awards : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! News . September 5 , 2018 . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards : Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Originals : The Rise : Julie Plec : 9780373788897 : Amazon.com : Books '' . amazon.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Originals Series '' . barnesandnoble.com . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Wednesday , August 2 '' . The Futon Critic . August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ducote , Jonathan . `` The Originals Spinoff - Ordered to Pilot ? '' . The TV Ratings Guide . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' TVD / The Originals ' Universe Spinoff : Matt Davis & Danielle Rose Russell Lead Cast of Hope - Centric Series In Works At the CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` The CW picks up Legacies , the Hope - centric Originals spin - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Originals ( TV series ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Originals ( TV series ) Official website The Originals on IMDb The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. 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( since 2013 ) Upcoming In the Dark ( TBA ) Roswell , New Mexico ( TBA ) Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Originals_(TV_series)&oldid=865837181 '' Categories : The Originals 2010s American drama television series 2013 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings American fantasy television series American horror fiction television series American supernatural television series American television spin - offs The CW shows Dark fantasy television series English - language television programs Serial drama television series Television series about siblings Television series by Alloy Entertainment Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in New Orleans Television shows filmed in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Vampires in television Werewolves in television Witchcraft in television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 14 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many seasons is there in the originals	[ "The Originals\nGenre\n\nHorror\nFantasy\nSupernatural\nCreated by\nJulie PlecStarring\n\nJoseph Morgan\nDaniel Gillies\nClaire Holt\nPhoebe Tonkin\nCharles Michael Davis\nDaniella Pineda\nLeah Pipes\nDanielle Campbell\nYusuf Gatewood\nRiley Voelkel\nDanielle Rose Russell\nSteven Krueger\nComposer(s)\nMichael SubyCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n5No. of episodes\n92 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nJulie Plec\nMichael Narducci (seasons 1–4)\nLeslie Morgenstein\nGina Girolamo\nRunning time\n45 minutesProduction company(s)\n\nMy So-Called Company\nAlloy Entertainment\nCBS Television Studios\nWarner Bros. Television\nDistributor\nWarner Bros. Television DistributionReleaseOriginal network\nThe CWOriginal release\nOctober 3, 2013 (2013-10-03) – August 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)ChronologyRelated shows\nThe Vampire DiariesLegaciesExternal links\nWebsite" ]	[ "5" ]
7150422193414678322	Minnesota	Minnesota - wikipedia Minnesota Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state of Minnesota . For other uses , see Minnesota ( disambiguation ) . State of Minnesota Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Land of 10,000 Lakes ; North Star State ; The Gopher State ; Agate State ; State of Hockey . Motto ( s ) : L'Étoile du Nord ( French : The Star of the North ) Demonym Minnesotan Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Largest metro Minneapolis -- Saint Paul Area Ranked 12th Total 86,936 sq mi ( 225,163 km ) Width c. 200 -- 351 miles ( c. 320 -- 560 km ) Length c. 400 miles ( c. 640 km ) % water 8.40 Latitude 43 ° 30 ′ N to 49 ° 23 ′ N Longitude 89 ° 29 ′ W to 97 ° 14 ′ W Population Ranked 22nd Total 5,519,952 ( 2016 est . ) Density 68.9 / sq mi ( 26.6 / km ) Ranked 30th ( 2015 est . ) Median household income $68,730 ( 6th ) Elevation Highest point Eagle Mountain 2,301 ft ( 701 m ) Mean 1,200 ft ( 370 m ) Lowest point Lake Superior 602 ft ( 183 m ) Before statehood Minnesota Territory Admission to Union May 11 , 1858 ( 32nd ) Governor Mark Dayton ( DFL ) Lieutenant Governor Tina Smith ( DFL ) Legislature Minnesota Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Amy Klobuchar ( DFL ) Al Franken ( DFL ) U.S. House delegation 5 Democrats , 3 Republicans ( list ) Time zone Central : UTC − 6 / − 5 ISO 3166 US - MN Abbreviations MN , Minn . Website mn.gov ( show ) Minnesota state symbols The Flag of Minnesota The Seal of Minnesota Living insignia Bird Common loon Butterfly Monarch Fish Walleye Flower Pink - and - white lady 's slipper Tree Norway pine Inanimate insignia Beverage Milk Food Fruit : Honeycrisp apple Muffin : Blueberry Mushroom : Morel Gemstone Lake Superior agate Motto L'Étoile du Nord ( Star of the North ) Song Hail ! Minnesota Other Photograph : Grace State route marker State quarter Released in 2005 Lists of United States state symbols Minnesota ( / ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə / ( listen ) ; locally ( ˌmɪnəˈso̞ɾɐ ) ) is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has a large number of lakes , and is known by the slogan `` Land of 10,000 Lakes '' . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 60 percent of its residents live in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the `` Twin Cities '' ) , the center of transportation , business , industry , education , and government and home to an internationally known arts community . The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout . Until European settlement , Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe / Anishinaabe . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , a large number of European settlers entered the state who had mainly emigrated from Scandinavia and Germany . The state remains today a center of Scandinavian American and German American culture . In recent decades , immigration from Asia , the Horn of Africa , the Middle East and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition . Minnesota 's standard of living index is among the highest in the United States , and the state is also among the best - educated and wealthiest in the nation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Geology 2.2 Flora and fauna 2.3 Climate 2.4 Protected lands 3 History 4 Cities and towns 5 Demographics 5.1 Population 5.2 Religion 6 Economy 6.1 Industry and commerce 6.2 Energy use and production 6.3 State taxes 7 Culture 7.1 Fine and performing arts 7.2 Literature 7.3 Entertainment 7.4 Popular culture 8 Health 9 Education 10 Transportation 11 Law and government 11.1 Executive 11.2 Legislature 11.3 Judiciary 11.4 Regional 11.5 Federal 11.6 Tribal 12 Politics 13 Media 14 Sports , recreation and tourism 14.1 Organized sports 14.2 Tourism 14.3 Outdoor recreation 15 See also 16 References 17 External links 17.1 Culture and history 17.2 General 17.3 Government 17.4 Maps and Demographics 17.5 Tourism and recreation Etymology ( edit ) The word Minnesota comes from the Dakota name for the Minnesota River : The river got its name from one of two words in the Dakota language , ' Mní sóta ' which means `` clear blue water '' , or ' Mnißota ' , which means cloudy water . Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota . Many places in the state have similar names , such as Minnehaha Falls ( `` curling water '' or waterfall ) , Minneiska ( `` white water '' ) , Minneota ( `` much water '' ) , Minnetonka ( `` big water '' ) , Minnetrista ( `` crooked water '' ) , and Minneapolis , a combination of mni and polis , the Greek word for `` city '' . Geography ( edit ) Minnesota , showing roads and major bodies of water Minnesota is the second northernmost U.S. state ( after Alaska ) . Its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods county is the only part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel . The state is part of the U.S. region known as the Upper Midwest and part of North America 's Great Lakes Region . It shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east . Iowa is to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west , and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba are to the north . With 86,943 square miles ( 225,180 km ) , or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States , Minnesota is the 12th - largest state . Geology ( edit ) Main article : Geology of Minnesota See also : List of lakes in Minnesota and List of Minnesota rivers Tilted beds of the Middle Precambrian Thomson Formation in Jay Cooke State Park Minnesota has some of the Earth 's oldest rocks , gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old ( 80 percent as old as the planet ) . About 2.7 billion years ago , basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean ; the remains of this volcanic rock formed the Canadian Shield in northeast Minnesota . The roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota . Following a period of volcanism 1.1 billion years ago , Minnesota 's geological activity has been more subdued , with no volcanism or mountain formation , but with repeated incursions of the sea , which left behind multiple strata of sedimentary rock . In more recent times , massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the landscape of the state and sculpted its terrain . The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago . These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast , an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock . This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift . Much of the remainder of the state outside the northeast has 50 feet ( 15 m ) or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated . Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago . Its bed created the fertile Red River valley , and its outflow , glacial River Warren , carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling . Minnesota is geologically quiet today ; it experiences earthquakes infrequently , and most of them are minor . Palisade Head on Lake Superior formed from a Precambrian rhyolitic lava flow . The state 's high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet ( 701 m ) , which is only 13 miles ( 21 km ) away from the low of 601 feet ( 183 m ) at the shore of Lake Superior . Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation , much of the state is a gently rolling peneplain . Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesota 's northeast in rural Hibbing , forming a triple watershed . Precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico , the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean , or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean . The state 's nickname , the `` Land of 10,000 Lakes '' , is apt , as there are 11,842 Minnesota lakes over 10 acres ( 4 ha ) in size . The Minnesota portion of Lake Superior is the largest at 962,700 acres ( 389,600 ha ; 3,896 km ) and deepest ( at 1,290 ft ( 390 m ) ) body of water in the state . Minnesota has 6,564 natural rivers and streams that cumulatively flow for 69,000 miles ( 111,000 km ) . The Mississippi River begins its journey from its headwaters at Lake Itasca and crosses the Iowa border 680 miles ( 1,090 km ) downstream . It is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling , by the St. Croix River near Hastings , by the Chippewa River at Wabasha , and by many smaller streams . The Red River , in the bed of glacial Lake Agassiz , drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada 's Hudson Bay . Approximately 10.6 million acres ( 4,300,000 ha ; 43,000 km ) of wetlands are contained within Minnesota 's borders , the most of any state except Alaska . Eagle Mountain , the highest natural point in Minnesota at 2,301 feet ( 701 m ) is in the state 's northeast . Flora and fauna ( edit ) Main article : Natural history of Minnesota A groundhog in Minneapolis , along the banks of the Mississippi River Minnesota has four ecological provinces : Prairie Parkland , in the southwestern and western parts of the state ; the Eastern Broadleaf Forest ( Big Woods ) in the southeast , extending in a narrowing strip to the state 's northwestern part , where it transitions into Tallgrass Aspen Parkland ; and the northern Laurentian Mixed Forest , a transitional forest between the northern boreal forest and the broadleaf forests to the south . These northern forests are a vast wilderness of pine and spruce trees mixed with patchy stands of birch and poplar . Much of Minnesota 's northern forest underwent logging at some time , leaving only a few patches of old growth forest today in areas such as in the Chippewa National Forest and the Superior National Forest , where the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness has some 400,000 acres ( 162,000 ha ) of unlogged land . Although logging continues , regrowth and replanting keep about one third of the state forested . Nearly all of Minnesota 's prairies and oak savannas have been fragmented by farming , grazing , logging , and suburban development . While loss of habitat has affected native animals such as the pine marten , elk , woodland caribou , and bison , others like whitetail deer and bobcat thrive . The state has the nation 's largest population of timber wolves outside Alaska , and supports healthy populations of black bears , moose , and gophers . Located on the Mississippi Flyway , Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as geese and ducks , and game birds such as grouse , pheasants , and turkeys . It is home to birds of prey , including the largest number of breeding pairs of bald eagles in the lower 48 states as of 2007 , red - tailed hawks , and snowy owls . The lakes teem with sport fish such as walleye , bass , muskellunge , and northern pike , and streams in the southeast and northeast are populated by brook , brown , and rainbow trout . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Minnesota Köppen climate types of Minnesota Minnesota experiences temperature extremes characteristic of its continental climate , with cold winters and hot summers . The lowest temperature recorded was − 60 ° F ( − 51 ° C ) at Tower on February 2 , 1996 , whereas the highest was 114 ° F ( 46 ° C ) at Moorhead on July 6 , 1936 . Meteorological events include rain , snow , blizzards , thunderstorms , hail , derechos , tornadoes , and high - velocity straight - line winds . The growing season varies from 90 days per year in the Iron Range to 160 days in southeast Minnesota near the Mississippi River , and average temperatures range from 37 to 49 ° F ( 3 to 9 ° C ) . Average summer dew points range from about 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) in the south to about 48 ° F ( 9 ° C ) in the north . Average annual precipitation ranges from 19 to 35 inches ( 48 to 89 cm ) , and droughts occur every 10 to 50 years . Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Minnesota Location July ( ° F ) July ( ° C ) January ( ° F ) January ( ° C ) Minneapolis 83 / 64 28 / 18 23 / 7 − 4 / − 13 Saint Paul 83 / 63 28 / 17 23 / 6 − 5 / − 14 Rochester 82 / 63 28 / 17 23 / 3 − 5 / − 16 Duluth 76 / 55 24 / 13 19 / 1 − 7 / − 17 St. Cloud 81 / 58 27 / 14 18 / − 1 − 7 / − 18 Albert Lea 84 / 62 29 / 17 23 / 5 − 5 / − 15 International Falls 77 / 52 25 / 11 15 / − 6 − 9 / − 21 Protected lands ( edit ) Pose Lake in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Minnesota 's first state park , Itasca State Park , was established in 1891 , and is the source of the Mississippi River . Today Minnesota has 72 state parks and recreation areas , 58 state forests covering about four million acres ( 16,000 km2 ) , and numerous state wildlife preserves , all managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . There are 5.5 million acres ( 22,000 km ) in the Chippewa and Superior national forests . The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness , which encompasses over a million acres ( 4,000 km2 ) and a thousand lakes . To its west is Voyageurs National Park . The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area ( MNRRA ) , is a 72 - mile - long ( 116 km ) corridor along the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis -- St. Paul Metropolitan Area connecting a variety of sites of historic , cultural , and geologic interest . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Minnesota Map of Minnesota Territory 1849 -- 1858 Before European settlement of North America , Minnesota was populated by a subculture of Sioux called the Dakota people . As Europeans settled the east coast , Native Americans moved away from them causing migration of the Anishinaabe ( also known as Ojibwe ) and other Native Americans into the Minnesota area . The first Europeans in the area were French fur traders who arrived in the 17th century . Late that century , Anishinaabe migrated westward to Minnesota , causing tensions with the Dakota people . Explorers such as Daniel Greysolon , Sieur du Lhut , Father Louis Hennepin , Jonathan Carver , Henry Schoolcraft , and Joseph Nicollet mapped out the state . In 1762 the region became part of Spanish Louisiana until 1802 . The portion of the state east of the Mississippi River became part of the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War , when the Second Treaty of Paris was signed . Land west of the Mississippi River was acquired with the Louisiana Purchase , although a portion of the Red River Valley was disputed until the Treaty of 1818 . In 1805 , Zebulon Pike bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers . The construction of Fort Snelling followed between 1819 and 1825 . Its soldiers built a grist mill and a sawmill at Saint Anthony Falls , the first of the water - powered industries around which the city of Minneapolis later grew . Meanwhile , squatters , government officials , and tourists had settled near the fort . In 1839 , the army forced them to move downriver and they settled in the area that became St. Paul . Minnesota Territory was formed on March 3 , 1849 . The first territorial legislature ( held September 2 , 1849 ) was dominated by men from New England or of New England ancestry . Thousands of people had come to build farms and cut timber , and Minnesota became the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 . The founding population was so overwhelmingly of New England origins that the state was dubbed `` the New England of the West '' . Settlers escaping the Dakota War of 1862 Treaties between European settlers and the Dakota and Ojibwe gradually forced the natives off their lands and on to smaller reservations . In 1861 , residents of Mankato formed the Knights of the Forest , with a goal of eliminating all Indians from Minnesota . As conditions deteriorated for the Dakota , tensions rose , leading to the Dakota War of 1862 . The result of the six - week war was the execution of 38 Dakota and the exile of most of the rest of the Dakota to the Crow Creek Reservation in Dakota Territory . As many as 800 white settlers died during the war . Logging and farming were mainstays of Minnesota 's early economy . The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls , and logging centers like Marine on St. Croix , Stillwater , and Winona , processed high volumes of lumber . These cities were situated on rivers that were ideal for transportation . Later , Saint Anthony Falls was tapped to provide power for flour mills . Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota `` patent '' flour , which commanded almost double the price of `` bakers ' '' or `` clear '' flour , which it replaced . By 1900 , Minnesota mills , led by Pillsbury , Northwestern and the Washburn - Crosby Company ( a forerunner of General Mills ) , were grinding 14.1 percent of the nation 's grain . Phelps Mill in Otter Tail County The state 's iron - mining industry was established with the discovery of iron in the Vermilion Range and the Mesabi Range in the 1880s , and in the Cuyuna Range in the early 20th century . The ore was shipped by rail to Duluth and Two Harbors , then loaded onto ships and transported eastward over the Great Lakes . Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 20th century . Nevertheless , farming remained prevalent . Minnesota 's economy was hard - hit by the Great Depression , resulting in lower prices for farmers , layoffs among iron miners , and labor unrest . Compounding the adversity , western Minnesota and the Dakotas were hit by drought from 1931 to 1935 . New Deal programs provided some economic turnaround . The Civilian Conservation Corps and other programs around the state established some jobs for Indians on their reservations , and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 provided the tribes with a mechanism of self - government . This provided natives a greater voice within the state , and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and native languages were no longer suppressed . After World War II , industrial development quickened . New technology increased farm productivity through automation of feedlots for hogs and cattle , machine milking at dairy farms , and raising chickens in large buildings . Planting became more specialized with hybridization of corn and wheat , and the use of farm machinery such as tractors and combines became the norm . University of Minnesota professor Norman Borlaug contributed to these developments as part of the Green Revolution . Suburban development accelerated due to increased postwar housing demand and convenient transportation . Increased mobility , in turn , enabled more specialized jobs . Minnesota became a center of technology after World War II . Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the United States Navy . It later merged with Remington Rand , and then became Sperry Rand . William Norris left Sperry in 1957 to form Control Data Corporation ( CDC ) . Cray Research was formed when Seymour Cray left CDC to form his own company . Medical device maker Medtronic also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949 . Cities and towns ( edit ) See also : List of cities in Minnesota and List of townships in Minnesota National Farmers Bank in Owatonna by Louis Sullivan Saint Paul , in east - central Minnesota along the banks of the Mississippi River , has been Minnesota 's capital city since 1849 , first as capital of the Territory of Minnesota , and then as state capital since 1858 . Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota 's most populous city , Minneapolis ; they and their suburbs are known collectively as the Twin Cities metropolitan area , the 13th - largest metropolitan area in the United States and home to about 60 percent of the state 's population . The remainder of the state is known as `` Greater Minnesota '' or `` Outstate Minnesota '' . The state has 17 cities with populations above 50,000 ( as of the 2010 census ) . In descending order of population , they are Minneapolis , Saint Paul , Rochester , Duluth , Bloomington , Brooklyn Park , Plymouth , Saint Cloud , Woodbury , Eagan , Maple Grove , Coon Rapids , Eden Prairie , Minnetonka , Burnsville , Apple Valley , Blaine and Lakeville . Of these only Rochester , Duluth , and Saint Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area . Minnesota 's population continues to grow , primarily in the urban centers . The populations of metropolitan Sherburne and Scott counties doubled between 1980 and 2000 , while 40 of the state 's 87 counties lost residents over the same period . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Minnesota Population ( edit ) Minnesota 's population distribution From fewer than 6,120 white settlers in 1850 , Minnesota 's official population grew to over 1.7 million by 1900 . Each of the next six decades saw a 15 percent increase in population , reaching 3.4 million in 1960 . Growth then slowed , rising 11 percent to 3.8 million in 1970 , and an average of 9 percent over the next three decades to 4.9 million in the 2000 Census . The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Minnesota was 5,489,594 on July 1 , 2015 , a 3.5 percent increase since the 2010 United States Census . The rate of population change , and age and gender distributions , approximate the national average . Minnesota 's center of population is in Hennepin County . As of the 2010 Census , the population of Minnesota was 5,303,925 . The gender makeup of the state was 49.6 % male and 50.4 % female. 24.2 % of the population were under the age of 18 ; 9.5 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 26.3 % were from 25 to 44 ; 27.1 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 12.9 % were 65 years of age or older . The racial makeup of Minnesota as of the 2010 Census was : White : 85.3 % ( 83.1 % non-Hispanic ) Black or African American : 5.2 % American Indian and Alaska Native : 1.1 % Asian : 4.0 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander : approx . 0.0 % Other race : 1.9 % Two or more races : 2.4 % Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.7 % of the population : 3.3 % were of Mexican , 0.2 % Puerto Rican , 0.1 % Cuban , and 1.1 % other Hispanic or Latino origin . According to the 2010 -- 2015 American Community Survey , the largest ancestry groups were German ( 34.3 % ) , Norwegian ( 15.4 % ) , Irish ( 10.6 % ) , and Swedish ( 8.3 % ) . In 2011 , non-Hispanic whites were involved in 72.3 percent of all the births . Minnesota 's growing minority groups , however , still form a smaller percentage of the population than in the nation as a whole . Minnesota has America 's largest Somali population , with an estimated 57,000 people , the largest concentration outside of East Africa . The French Renaissance style Cathedral of St. Paul in the city of St. Paul Religion ( edit ) Religion in Minnesota ( 2010 ) religion percent Mainline Protestant 32 % Catholic 28 % Evangelical Protestant 21 % Unaffiliated 13 % Other 1 % The majority of Minnesotans are Protestants , including a significant Lutheran contingent , owing to the state 's largely Northern European ethnic makeup . Roman Catholics ( of largely German , Irish , and Slavic descent ) make up the largest single Christian denomination . A 2010 survey by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life showed that 32 percent of Minnesotans were affiliated with Mainline Protestant traditions , 21 percent were Evangelical Protestants , 28 percent were Roman Catholic , 1 percent each were Jewish , Muslim , Buddhist , and Black Protestant , and smaller amounts were of other faiths , with 13 percent unaffiliated . According to the Association of Religion Data Archives , the denominations with the most adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 1,150,367 ; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 737,537 ; and the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod with 182,439 . This is broadly consistent with the results of the 2001 American Religious Identification Survey , which also gives detailed percentages for many individual denominations . Although Christianity is dominant , Minnesota has a long history with non-Christian faiths . Ashkenazi Jewish pioneers set up Saint Paul 's first synagogue in 1856 . Minnesota is home to over 30 mosques , mostly in the Twin Cities metro area . The Temple of ECK , the spiritual home of Eckankar , is based in Minnesota . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Minnesota See also : List of Minnesota locations by per capita income Once primarily a producer of raw materials , Minnesota 's economy has transformed to emphasize finished products and services . Perhaps the most significant characteristic of the economy is its diversity ; the relative outputs of its business sectors closely match the United States as a whole . The economy of Minnesota had a gross domestic product of $262 billion in 2008 . In 2008 , thirty - three of the United States ' top 1,000 publicly traded companies ( by revenue ) were headquartered in Minnesota , including Target , UnitedHealth Group , 3M , General Mills , U.S. Bancorp , Ameriprise , Hormel , Land O ' Lakes , SuperValu , Best Buy and Valspar . Private companies based in Minnesota include Cargill , the largest privately owned company in the United States , and Carlson Companies , the parent company of Radisson Hotels . The per capita personal income in 2008 was $42,772 , the tenth - highest in the nation . The three - year median household income from 2002 to 2004 was $55,914 , ranking fifth in the U.S. and first among the 36 states not on the Atlantic coast . As of January 2015 , the state 's unemployment rate was 3.7 percent . Industry and Commerce ( edit ) The IDS Tower , designed by Philip Johnson , is the state 's tallest building , reflecting César Pelli 's Art Deco - style Wells Fargo Center Minnesota 's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture . The city of Minneapolis grew around the flour mills powered by St. Anthony Falls . Although less than one percent of the population is now employed in the agricultural sector , it remains a major part of the state 's economy , ranking sixth in the nation in the value of products sold . The state is the U.S. 's largest producer of sugar beets , sweet corn , and green peas for processing , and farm - raised turkeys . Minnesota is also a large producer of corn and soybeans . Minnesota has the most food cooperatives per capita in the United States . Forestry remains strong , including logging , pulpwood processing and paper production , and forest products manufacturing . Minnesota was famous for its soft - ore mines , which produced a significant portion of the world 's iron ore for over a century . Although the high - grade ore is now depleted , taconite mining continues , using processes developed locally to save the industry . In 2004 , the state produced 75 percent of the country 's usable iron ore . The mining boom created the port of Duluth which continues to be important for shipping ore , coal , and agricultural products . The manufacturing sector now includes technology and biomedical firms in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry . The nation 's first indoor shopping mall was Edina 's Southdale Center and its largest is Bloomington 's Mall of America . Minnesota is one of 42 U.S. states with its own lottery ; its games include Powerball , Mega Millions , Hot Lotto ( all three multi-state ) , Northstar Cash and Gopher 5 . Energy use and production ( edit ) Minnesota produces ethanol fuel and is the first to mandate its use , a ten percent mix ( E10 ) . In 2005 there were more than 310 service stations supplying E85 fuel , comprising 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline . A two percent biodiesel blend has been required in diesel fuel since 2005 . As of December 2006 the state was the country 's fourth - largest producer of wind power , with 895 megawatts installed and another 200 megawatts planned , much of it on the windy Buffalo Ridge in the southwest part of the state . State taxes ( edit ) Minnesota has a progressive income tax structure ; the four brackets of state income tax rates are 5.35 , 7.05 , 7.85 and 9.85 percent . As of 2008 , Minnesota was ranked 12th in the nation in per capita total state and local taxes . In 2008 , Minnesotans paid 10.2 percent of their income in state and local taxes ; the U.S. average was 9.7 percent . The state sales tax in Minnesota is 6.875 percent , but there is no sales tax on clothing , prescription drug medications , some services , or food items for home consumption . The state legislature may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes , such as the 0.5 percent supplemental sales tax in Minneapolis . Excise taxes are levied on alcohol , tobacco , and motor fuel . The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within Minnesota . Owners of real property in Minnesota pay property tax to their county , municipality , school district , and special taxing districts . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Minnesota Fine and performing arts ( edit ) The Minneapolis Institute of Art 's Beaux - Arts north facade , designed by McKim , Mead , and White . Minnesota 's leading fine art museums include the Minneapolis Institute of Art , the Walker Art Center , the Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum , and The Museum of Russian Art ( TMORA ) . All are in Minneapolis . The Minnesota Orchestra and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra are prominent full - time professional musical ensembles that perform concerts and offer educational programs to the Twin Cities ' community . The world - renowned Guthrie Theater moved into a new Minneapolis facility in 2006 , boasting three stages and overlooking the Mississippi River . Attendance at theatrical , musical , and comedy events in the area is strong . In the United States , the Twin Cities ' number of theater seats per capita ranks behind only New York City ; with some 2.3 million theater tickets sold annually . The Minnesota Fringe Festival is an annual celebration of theatre , dance , improvisation , puppetry , kids ' shows , visual art , and musicals . The summer festival consists of over 800 performances over 11 days in Minneapolis , and is the largest non-juried performing arts festival in the United States . Literature ( edit ) The rigors and rewards of pioneer life on the prairie are the subject of Giants in the Earth by Ole Rolvaag and the Little House series of children 's books by Laura Ingalls Wilder . Small - town life is portrayed grimly by Sinclair Lewis in the novel Main Street , and more gently and affectionately by Garrison Keillor in his tales of Lake Wobegon . St. Paul native F. Scott Fitzgerald writes of the social insecurities and aspirations of the young city in stories such as Winter Dreams and The Ice Palace ( published in Flappers and Philosophers ) . Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's epic poem The Song of Hiawatha was inspired by Minnesota and names many of the state 's places and bodies of water . Minnesota native Robert Zimmerman ( Bob Dylan ) won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature . Entertainment ( edit ) Main article : Music of Minnesota First Avenue nightclub , the heart of Minnesota 's music community . Minnesota musicians include Bob Dylan , Eddie Cochran , The Andrews Sisters , The Castaways , The Trashmen , Prince , Soul Asylum , David Ellefson , Hüsker Dü , Owl City , and The Replacements . Minnesotans helped shape the history of music through popular American culture : the Andrews Sisters ' `` Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy '' was an iconic tune of World War II , while the Trashmen 's `` Surfin ' Bird '' and Bob Dylan epitomize two sides of the 1960s . In the 1980s , influential hit radio groups and musicians included Prince , The Original 7ven , Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis , The Jets , Lipps Inc. , and Information Society . Minnesotans have also made significant contributions to comedy , theater , media , and film . The comic strip Peanuts was created by St. Paul native Charles M. Schulz . Garrison Keillor resurrected old - style radio comedy with A Prairie Home Companion , which has aired since 1974 . A cult scifi cable t.v. triumph , Mystery Science Theater 3000 , was created by Joel Hodgson in Hopkins , and Minneapolis , MN . Another popular comedy staple developed in the 1990s , The Daily Show , was originated through Lizz Winstead and Madeleine Smithberg . Joel and Ethan Coen , Terry Gilliam , Bill Pohlad , and Mike Todd contributed to the art of filmmaking as writers , directors , and producers . Actors from Minnesota include Loni Anderson , Richard Dean Anderson , James Arness , Jessica Biel , Rachael Leigh Cook , Julia Duffy , Mike Farrell , Judy Garland , Peter Graves , Josh Hartnett , Garrett Hedlund , Tippi Hedren , Jessica Lange , Kelly Lynch , E.G. Marshall , Melissa Peterman , Chris Pratt , Jane Russell , Winona Ryder , Seann William Scott , Kevin Sorbo , Lea Thompson , Vince Vaughn , Jesse Ventura , and Steve Zahn . Popular culture ( edit ) See also : List of television shows and movies in Minnesota A youth fiddle performance at the Minnesota State Fair Stereotypical traits of Minnesotans include `` Minnesota nice '' , Lutheranism , a strong sense of community and shared culture , and a distinctive brand of North Central American English sprinkled with Scandinavian expressions . Potlucks , usually with a variety of hotdishes , are popular small - town church activities . A small segment of the Scandinavian population attend a traditional lutefisk dinner to celebrate Christmas . Many of these Scandinavian cultural characteristics and personality traits are satirized on the nationally syndicated public radio program A Prairie Home Companion . Life in Minnesota is depicted or used as a backdrop , in movies such as Fargo , Grumpy Old Men , Grumpier Old Men , Juno , Drop Dead Gorgeous , Young Adult , A Serious Man , New in Town , and in famous television series like Little House on the Prairie , The Mary Tyler Moore Show , The Golden Girls , Coach , The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show , How I Met Your Mother and Fargo . Major movies that were shot on location in Minnesota include That Was Then ... This Is Now , Purple Rain , Airport , Beautiful Girls , North Country , Untamed Heart , Feeling Minnesota , Jingle All The Way , A Simple Plan and The Mighty Ducks films . The Minnesota State Fair , advertised as The Great Minnesota Get - Together , is an icon of state culture . In a state of 5.5 million people , there were over 1.8 million visitors to the fair in 2014 , setting a new attendance record . The fair covers the variety of Minnesotan life , including fine art , science , agriculture , food preparation , 4 - H displays , music , the midway , and corporate merchandising . It is known for its displays of seed art , butter sculptures of dairy princesses , the birthing barn , and the `` fattest pig '' competition . One can also find dozens of varieties of food on a stick , such as Pronto Pups , cheese curds , and deep - fried candy bars . On a smaller scale , many of these attractions are offered at numerous county fairs . Other large annual festivals include the Saint Paul Winter Carnival , the Minnesota Renaissance Festival , Minneapolis ' Aquatennial and Mill City Music Festival , Moondance Jam in Walker , Sonshine Christian music festival in Willmar , the Judy Garland Festival in Grand Rapids , the Eelpout Festival on Leech Lake , and the WE Fest in Detroit Lakes . Health ( edit ) The Mayo Clinic in Rochester . Minnesotans have low rates of premature death , infant mortality , cardiovascular disease , and occupational fatalities . They have long life expectancies , and high rates of health insurance and regular exercise . These and other measures have led two groups to rank Minnesota as the healthiest state in the nation ; however , in one of these rankings , Minnesota descended from first to sixth in the nation between 2005 and 2009 because of low levels of public health funding and the prevalence of binge drinking . On October 1 , 2007 , Minnesota became the 17th state to enact the Freedom to Breathe Act , a statewide smoking ban in restaurants and bars . Medical care in the state is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics headed by two institutions with international reputations . The University of Minnesota Medical School is a high - rated teaching institution that has made a number of breakthroughs in treatment , and its research activities contribute significantly to the state 's growing biotechnology industry . The Mayo Clinic , a world - renowned hospital based in Rochester , was founded by William Worrall Mayo , an immigrant from England . U.S. News and World Report 's 2014 -- 2015 survey ranked 4,743 hospitals in the United States in 16 specialized fields of care , and placed the Mayo Clinic in the top four in all fields except psychiatry , where it ranked seventh . The hospital ranked # 1 in eight fields and # 2 in three others . The Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics , a state - funded program that conducts research into cancer , Alzheimer 's disease , heart health , obesity , and other areas . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Minnesota See also : List of colleges and universities in Minnesota , List of high schools in Minnesota , and List of school districts in Minnesota The Richardsonian Romanesque Pillsbury Hall ( 1889 ) is one of the oldest buildings on the University of Minnesota Minneapolis campus . One of the Minnesota Legislature 's first acts when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a normal school in Winona . Minnesota 's commitment to education has contributed to a literate and well - educated populace . In 2009 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau , Minnesota had the second - highest proportion of high school graduates , with 91.5 % of people 25 and older holding a diploma , and the tenth - highest proportion of people with bachelor 's degrees . In 2015 , Minneapolis was named the nation 's `` Most Literate City '' , while St. Paul placed fourth , according to a major annual survey . In a 2013 study conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics comparing the performance of eighth - grade students internationally in math and science , Minnesota ranked eighth in the world and third in the United States , behind Massachusetts and Vermont . In 2014 , Minnesota students earned the tenth - highest average composite score in the nation on the ACT exam . In 2013 , nationwide in per - student public education spending , Minnesota ranked 21st . While Minnesota has chosen not to implement school vouchers , it is home to the first charter school . The state supports a network of public universities and colleges , including 32 institutions in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System , and five major campuses of the University of Minnesota . It is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities , six of which rank among the nation 's top 100 liberal arts colleges , according to U.S. News & World Report . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Minnesota The Aerial Lift Bridge at Duluth Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the Minnesota Department of Transportation ( MnDOT for short and used in the local news media ) . Principal transportation corridors radiate from the Minneapolis -- St. Paul metropolitan area and Duluth . The major Interstate highways are Interstate 35 ( I - 35 ) , I - 90 , and I - 94 , with I - 35 and I - 94 passing through the Minneapolis -- St. Paul metropolitan area , and I - 90 traveling east - west along the southern edge of the state . In 2006 , a constitutional amendment was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation , with at least 40 percent dedicated to public transit . There are nearly two dozen rail corridors in Minnesota , most of which go through Minneapolis -- St. Paul or Duluth . There is water transportation along the Mississippi River system and from the ports of Lake Superior . A Metro Blue Line vehicle in Minneapolis Minnesota 's principal airport is Minneapolis -- St. Paul International Airport ( MSP ) , a major passenger and freight hub for Delta Air Lines and Sun Country Airlines . Most other domestic carriers serve the airport . Large commercial jet service is provided at Duluth and Rochester , with scheduled commuter service to four smaller cities via Delta Connection carriers SkyWest Airlines , Compass Airlines , and Endeavor Air . Amtrak 's daily Empire Builder ( Chicago -- Seattle / Portland ) train runs through Minnesota , calling at the Saint Paul Union Depot and five other stations . Intercity bus providers include Jefferson Lines , Greyhound , and Megabus . Local public transit is provided by bus networks in the larger cities and by two rail services . The Northstar Line commuter rail service runs from Big Lake to the Target Field station in downtown Minneapolis . From there , light rail runs to Saint Paul Union Depot on the Green Line , and to the MSP airport and the Mall of America via the Blue Line . Law and government ( edit ) As with the federal government of the United States , power in Minnesota is divided into three branches : executive , legislative , and judicial . Executive ( edit ) Main article : Governor of Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton The executive branch is headed by the governor . Governor Mark Dayton , DFL ( Democratic Farmer Labor ) , took office on January 3 , 2011 , to become the first DFL governor to hold the seat in two decades . The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state government agencies , called commissioners . The other elected constitutional offices are secretary of state , attorney general , and state auditor . Legislature ( edit ) Main article : Minnesota Legislature The Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul , designed by Cass Gilbert . The Minnesota Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives . The state has sixty - seven districts , each covering about sixty thousand people . Each district has one senator and two representatives , each senatorial district being divided into A and B sections for members of the house . Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years . In the November 2010 election , the Minnesota Republican Party gained twenty - five house seats , giving them control of the House of Representatives by a 72 -- 62 margin . The 2010 election also saw Minnesota voters elect a Republican majority in the Senate for the first time since 1972 . In 2012 , the Democrats regained the House of Representatives by a margin of 73 -- 61 , picking up 11 seats ; the Democrats also regained the Minnesota Senate . Control of the houses shifted to Republicans in the 2016 election . Judiciary ( edit ) Minnesota 's court system has three levels . Most cases start in the district courts , which are courts of general jurisdiction . There are 279 district court judgeships in ten judicial districts . Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the Minnesota Court of Appeals , consisting of nineteen judges who typically sit in three - judge panels . The seven - justice Minnesota Supreme Court hears all appeals from the tax court , the workers ' compensation court of appeals , first - degree murder convictions , and discretionary appeals from the court of appeals ; it also has original jurisdiction over election disputes . Two specialized courts within administrative agencies have been established : the workers ' compensation court of appeals , and the tax court , which deals with non-criminal tax cases . Regional ( edit ) In addition to the city and county levels of government found in the United States , Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning . Some actions in the Twin Cities metropolitan area are coordinated by the Metropolitan Council , and many lakes and rivers are overseen by watershed districts and soil and water conservation districts . Federal ( edit ) Minnesota 's United States senators are Democrat Amy Klobuchar and Democrat Al Franken . The outcome of the 2008 U.S. Senate election in Minnesota was contested until June 30 the next year ; when the Minnesota Supreme Court ruled in favor of Franken , Republican Norm Coleman conceded defeat , and the vacant seat was filled by Franken . The state has eight congressional districts ; they are represented by Tim Walz ( 1st district ; DFL ) , Jason Lewis ( 2nd ; R ) , Erik Paulsen ( 3rd ; R ) , Betty McCollum ( 4th ; DFL ) , Keith Ellison ( 5th ; DFL ) , Tom Emmer ( 6th ; R ) , Collin Peterson ( 7th ; DFL ) , and Rick Nolan ( 8th ; DFL ) . Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota , which holds court in Minneapolis , St. Paul , Duluth , and Fergus Falls . Appeals are heard by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals , which is based in St. Louis , Missouri and routinely also hears cases in St. Paul . Tribal ( edit ) The State of Minnesota was created by the U.S. out of the homelands of the Dakota and Anishinaabe native peoples . Today the remaining native governments are divided into 11 semi-autonomous reservations that negotiate with the US and the state on a peer nation - to - nation basis : Four Dakota Mdewakanton communities : Prairie Island Indian Community Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community Lower Sioux Indian Reservation Upper Sioux Community -- Pejuhutazizi Oyate Seven Anishinaabe reservations : Bois Forte Band of Chippewa Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Grand Portage Band of Chippewa Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe White Earth Band of Ojibwe Red Lake Band of Chippewa The first six of the Anishinaabe bands compose the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe , the collective federally recognized tribal government of the Bois Forte , Fond du Lac , Grand Portage , Leech Lake , Mille Lacs , and White Earth reservations . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Minnesota See also : List of political parties in Minnesota , United States congressional delegations from Minnesota , Minnesota 's congressional districts , and Political party strength in Minnesota Election results from statewide races Year Office GOP DFL Others 2016 President 44.9 % 46.4 % 8.6 % 2014 Governor 44.5 % 50.1 % 5.4 % Senator 42.9 % 53.2 % 3.9 % 2012 President 45.1 % 52.8 % 2.1 % Senator 30.6 % 65.3 % 4.1 % Governor 43.2 % 43.7 % 13.1 % 2008 President 43.8 % 54.1 % 2.1 % Senator 42.0 % 42.0 % 16.0 % 2006 Governor 46.7 % 45.7 % 7.6 % Senator 37.9 % 58.1 % 4.0 % President 47.6 % 51.1 % 1.3 % 2002 Governor 44.4 % 33.5 % 22.1 % Senator 49.5 % 47.3 % 1.0 % 2000 President 45.5 % 47.9 % 6.6 % Senator 43.3 % 48.8 % 7.9 % 1998 Governor 34.3 % 28.1 % 37.6 % President 35.0 % 51.1 % 13.9 % Senator 41.3 % 50.3 % 8.4 % Governor 63.3 % 34.1 % 2.6 % Senator 49.1 % 44.1 % 6.8 % President 31.9 % 43.5 % 24.6 % Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry , and populism has been a longstanding force among the state 's political parties . Minnesota has a consistently high voter turnout ( due in part to its liberal voter registration laws ) with virtually no evidence of unlawful voting . In the 2008 U.S. presidential election , 78.2 percent of eligible Minnesotans voted -- the highest percentage of any U.S. state -- versus the national average of 61.2 percent . Previously unregistered voters can register on election day at their polls with evidence of residency . Hubert Humphrey brought national attention to the state with his address at the 1948 Democratic National Convention . Minnesotans have consistently cast their Electoral College votes for Democratic presidential candidates since 1976 , longer than any other state . Minnesota is the only state in the nation that did not vote for Ronald Reagan in either of his presidential runs . Minnesota has gone to the Democratic Party in every presidential election since 1960 , with the exception of 1972 , when it was carried by Richard Nixon and the Republican Party . Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major party status in Minnesota , but its state - level `` Democratic '' party is actually a separate party , officially known as the Minnesota Democratic - Farmer - Labor Party ( DFL ) . It was formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and Farmer - Labor parties . The state has had active third party movements . The Reform Party , now the Independence Party , was able to elect former mayor of Brooklyn Park and professional wrestler Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998 . The Independence Party has received enough support to keep major party status . The Green Party , while no longer having major party status , has a large presence in municipal government , notably in Minneapolis and Duluth , where it competes directly with the DFL party for local offices . Official `` Major party '' status in Minnesota ( which grants state funding for elections ) is reserved to parties whose candidates receive five percent or more of the vote in any statewide election ( e.g. , Governor , Secretary of State , U.S. President ) . The state 's U.S. Senate seats have generally been split since the early 1990s , and in the 108th and 109th Congresses , Minnesota 's congressional delegation was split , with four representatives and one senator from each party . In the 2006 midterm election , Democrats were elected to all state offices except for governor and lieutenant governor , where Republicans Tim Pawlenty and Carol Molnau narrowly won reelection . The DFL posted double - digit gains in both houses of the legislature , elected Amy Klobuchar to the U.S. Senate , and increased the party 's U.S. House caucus by one . Keith Ellison ( DFL ) was elected as the first African American U.S. Representative from Minnesota , as well as the first Muslim elected to Congress nationwide . In 2008 , DFLer and former comedian and radio talk show host Al Franken beat incumbent Republican Norm Coleman in the United States Senate race by 312 votes out of 3 million cast . In the election of 2010 , Republicans took control of both chambers of the Minnesota legislature for the first time in 38 years and , with Mark Dayton 's election , the DFL party took the governor 's office for the first time in 20 years . Two years later , the DFL regained control of both houses , and with Governor Dayton in office , the party had same - party control of both the legislative and executive branches for the first time since 1990 . Two years later , the Republicans regained control of the Minnesota House in the 2014 election , and in 2016 , the GOP also regained control of the State Senate . Media ( edit ) KSTP studios The Twin Cities area is the fifteenth largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research . The state 's other top markets are Fargo -- Moorhead ( 118th nationally ) , Duluth -- Superior ( 137th ) , Rochester -- Mason City -- Austin ( 152nd ) , and Mankato ( 200th ) . Broadcast television in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest started on April 27 , 1948 , when KSTP - TV began broadcasting . Hubbard Broadcasting , which owns KSTP , is now the only locally owned television company in Minnesota . There are 39 analog broadcast stations and 23 digital channels broadcast over Minnesota . The four largest daily newspapers are the Star Tribune in Minneapolis , the Pioneer Press in Saint Paul , the Duluth News Tribune in Duluth and the Post-Bulletin in Rochester . The Minnesota Daily is the largest student - run newspaper in the U.S. Sites offering daily news on the Web include The UpTake , MinnPost , the Twin Cities Daily Planet , business news site Finance and Commerce and Washington D.C. - based Minnesota Independent . Weeklies including City Pages and monthly publications such as Minnesota Monthly are available . Two of the largest public radio networks , Minnesota Public Radio ( MPR ) and Public Radio International ( PRI ) , are based in the state . MPR has the largest audience of any regional public radio network in the nation , broadcasting on 37 radio stations . PRI weekly provides more than 400 hours of programming to almost 800 affiliates . The state 's oldest radio station , KUOM - AM , was launched in 1922 and is among the 10 - oldest radio stations in the United States . The University of Minnesota - owned station is still on the air , and since 1993 broadcasts a college rock format . Sports , recreation and tourism ( edit ) Minnesota has an active program of organized amateur and professional sports . Tourism has become an important industry , especially in the Lake region . In the North Country , what had been an industrial area focused on mining and timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination . Popular interest in the environment and environmentalism , added to traditional interests in hunting and fishing , has attracted a large urban audience within driving range . Organized sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in Minnesota The University of North Dakota and St. Cloud State University during the WCHA Final Five at the Xcel Energy Center . Minnesota has professional men 's teams in all major sports . The Minnesota Vikings have played in the National Football League since 1961 . The Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome hosted the team from 1982 until its demolition after the 2013 season for the construction of the team 's new home , U.S. Bank Stadium . The Minnesota Twins have played in the Major League Baseball since 1961 , having won the 1987 and 1991 World Series . The team has played at Target Field since 2010 . The Minneapolis Lakers of the National Basketball Association played in the Minneapolis Auditorium from 1947 to 1960 , after which they relocated to Los Angeles . The Minnesota Timberwolves joined the NBA in 1989 , and play in the Target Center since 1990 . The National Hockey League 's Minnesota Wild play in St. Paul 's Xcel Energy Center and reached 300 consecutive sold - out games on January 16 , 2008 . Previously , the Minnesota North Stars competed in NHL from 1967 to 1993 , which played the 1981 and 1991 Stanley Cup Finals . Minnesota United FC joined Major League Soccer as an expansion team in 2017 , having played in the lower - division North American Soccer League from 2010 to 2016 . The team plays at TCF Bank Stadium , but will open Allianz Field in St. Paul in 2019 . Minnesota also has minor - league professional sports teams . The Minnesota Swarm of the National Lacrosse League played at the Xcel Energy Center until the team moved to Georgia in 2015 . Minor league baseball is represented by major league - sponsored teams and independent teams such as the St. Paul Saints , who play at CHS Field in St. Paul . Professional women 's sports include the Minnesota Lynx of the Women 's National Basketball Association , winners of the 2011 , 2013 , and 2015 WNBA Championships , the Minnesota Lightning of the United Soccer Leagues W - League , the Minnesota Vixen of the Independent Women 's Football League , the Minnesota Valkyrie of the Legends Football League , and the Minnesota Whitecaps of the National Women 's Hockey League . The Twin Cities campus of the University of Minnesota is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I school competing in the Big Ten Conference . Four additional schools in the state compete in NCAA Division I ice hockey : the University of Minnesota Duluth ; Minnesota State University , Mankato ; St. Cloud State University and Bemidji State University . There are nine NCAA Division II colleges in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference , and nineteen NCAA Division III colleges in the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference and Upper Midwest Athletic Conference . The Hazeltine National Golf Club has hosted the U.S. Open , U.S. Women 's Open , U.S. Senior Open and PGA Championship . The course also hosted the Ryder Cup in the fall of 2016 , when it became one of two courses in the U.S. to host all major golf competitions . Interlachen Country Club has hosted the U.S. Open , U.S. Women 's Open , and Solheim Cup . Winter Olympic Games medallists from the state include twelve of the twenty members of the gold medal 1980 ice hockey team ( coached by Minnesota native Herb Brooks ) and the bronze medallist U.S. men 's curling team in the 2006 Winter Olympics . Swimmer Tom Malchow won an Olympic gold medal in the 2000 Summer games and a silver medal in 1996 . Grandma 's Marathon is run every summer along the scenic North Shore of Lake Superior , and the Twin Cities Marathon winds around lakes and the Mississippi River during the peak of the fall color season . Farther north , Eveleth is the location of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame . Tourism ( edit ) As the state 's tourism promotion office , Explore Minnesota pursues an entrepreneurial approach , leveraging the state 's tourism investment with increased involvement by the private sector . A council of representatives from the state 's tourism industry strongly connects Explore Minnesota with tourism businesses and organizations . Explore Minnesota 's mission is to inspire and facilitate travel to and within the state of Minnesota . Tourism is a $14.4 billion industry in Minnesota , and a key sector of the state 's economy . The leisure and hospitality industry -- a major provider of tourism services -- employs more than 260,000 workers , representing 11 percent of Minnesota 's private sector employment . Leisure and hospitality also generates 17 percent of the state 's sales tax revenues . Minnesota welcomes more than 70 million domestic and international travelers annually . In 2014 , Explore Minnesota launched an all - new travel marketing campaign , themed `` Only in Minnesota , '' to increase awareness about Minnesota as a one - of - a-kind Midwest travel destination . The strategic effort , which includes a new and improved website and market reach to audiences in 14 states and provinces , is the largest travel marketing campaign in the state 's history . A new series of advertisements and a strong , user - driven # OnlyinMN social media movement has been well - received and has engaged travelers , residents , businesses and visitors bureaus across the state . In the latest evolution of the popular # OnlyinMN campaign , Explore Minnesota generated 3.5 million trips to Minnesota and more than $388 million in traveler spending . Explore Minnesota engaged with hundreds of thousands of people through social media , surpassing half a million uses of the campaign hashtag as of May 2017 . The newly branded slogan represents the diversity of Minnesota , from its bustling downtowns to untouched wilderness , pine forests to bluff country and historic landmarks to modern - day attractions . # OnlyinMN celebrates the inspiring and sometimes unexpected experiences that await travelers on a Minnesota vacation . Outdoor recreation ( edit ) Fishing in Lake Calhoun in Minneapolis The common loon 's distinctive cry is heard during the summer months on lakes throughout the state . Minnesotans participate in high levels of physical activity , and many of these activities are outdoors . The strong interest of Minnesotans in environmentalism has been attributed to the popularity of these pursuits . In the warmer months , these activities often involve water . Weekend and longer trips to family cabins on Minnesota 's numerous lakes are a way of life for many residents . Activities include water sports such as water skiing , which originated in the state , boating , canoeing , and fishing . More than 36 percent of Minnesotans fish , second only to Alaska . Fishing does not cease when the lakes freeze ; ice fishing has been around since the arrival of early Scandinavian immigrants . Minnesotans have learned to embrace their long , harsh winters in ice sports such as skating , hockey , curling , and broomball , and snow sports such as cross-country skiing , alpine skiing , snowshoeing , and snowmobiling . Minnesota is the only U.S. state where bandy is played . State and national forests and the seventy - two state parks are used year - round for hunting , camping , and hiking . There are almost 20,000 miles ( 32,000 km ) of snowmobile trails statewide . Minnesota has more miles of bike trails than any other state , and a growing network of hiking trails , including the 235 - mile ( 378 km ) Superior Hiking Trail in the northeast . Many hiking and bike trails are used for cross-country skiing during the winter . See also ( edit ) United States portal Minnesota portal Outline of Minnesota -- organized list of topics about Minnesota Index of Minnesota - related articles French language in Minnesota References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Superior Water Levels '' , Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory . Updated daily . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota State Tree -- Red Pine ( Norway Pine ) '' . statesymbolsusa.org . State Symbols USA . Jump up ^ Frohlich , Thomas . `` America 's Most ( and Least ) Educated States '' . 24 / 7 WallStreet. 24 / 7 WallStreet . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ New Lakota dictionary . Lakota Language Consortium ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Mnisota '' Archived October 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Dakota Dictionary Online . University of Minnesota Department of American Indian Studies ( 2010 ) . Accessed October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mnisota '' , Dakota Dictionary Online . University of Minnesota Department of American Indian Studies ( 2010 ) . Accessed October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mnisota '' Dakota Dictionary Online . 2010 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 07 . ( September 7 , 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota State '' . Minnesota Historical Society . Retrieved April 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minnehaha Creek '' . Minnesota Historical Society . Retrieved April 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Just the Facts '' . Minnesota North Star ( official state government site ) . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved on July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and figures '' . infoplease.com. 2007 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Land and Water Area of States , 2008 '' . Information Please . 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ojakangas , Richard W. ; Charles L. Matsch ( 1982 ) . Minnesota 's Geology . Illus . Dan Breedy . Minneapolis , Minnesota : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0953 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Geologic Time : Age of the Earth '' . United States Geological Survey . October 9 , 1997 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Breining , Greg ( December 2005 ) . Compass American Guides : Minnesota , 3rd Edition ( 3rd ed . ) . Compass American Guides . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 1484 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Natural history -- Minnesota 's geology '' . Minnesota DNR. 2008 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2006 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Table Showing Minnesota Earthquakes '' . University of Minnesota , Morris . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 118 km ( 73 mi ) SW of Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada '' . Topographic map . U.S.G.S via terraserver.microsoft.com . July 1 , 1964 . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America '' . National Atlas . October 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lakes , rivers & wetlands '' . MN Facts . Minnesota DNR. 2008 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Seeley , Mark W. ( 2006 ) . Minnesota Weather Almanac . Minnesota Historical Society press . ISBN 0 - 87351 - 554 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ecological Provinces , Ecological Classification System , Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ( 1999 ) . Retrieved on May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Heinselman , Miron ( 1996 ) . The Boundary Waters Wilderness Ecosystem . Minneapolis , Minnesota : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 2805 - X . Jump up ^ Bewer , Tim ( 2004 ) . Moon Handbooks Minnesota ( First ed . ) . Avalon Travel Publishing . ISBN 1 - 56691 - 482 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Midwest forest - savanna transition ( NA0415 ) '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . 2001 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2001 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ( archived from original June 11 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Bison disappeared in the mid-19th century ; the last bison was reported in southwest Minnesota in 1879 . Moyle , J.B. ( 1965 ) . Big Game in Minnesota , Technical Bulletin , no . 9 . Minnesota Department of Conservation , Division of Game and Fish , Section of Research and Planning . p. 172 . As referenced in Anfinson , Scott F. ( 1997 ) . Southwestern Minnesota Archaeology . St. Paul , Minnesota : Minnesota Historical Society . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 87351 - 355 - X . Jump up ^ Gray Wolf Factsheet , U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( January 2007 ) . Retrieved on May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Center for Biological Diversity '' . www.biologicaldiversity.org . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota climate extremes '' . University of Minnesota . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2006 . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climate of Minnesota '' ( PDF ) . National Weather Service Forecast Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 104 Years of Twin Cities Dew Point Temperature Records : 1902 -- 2006 '' . Minnesota Climatology Office . March 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota climate averages '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Itasca State Park '' . Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Places To Go '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` TimePieces '' . Minnesota Historical Society . Retrieved September 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase -- History , Facts , & Map '' . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Colonial Louisiana -- Know Louisiana '' . ^ Jump up to : Lass , William E. ( 1998 ) ( 1977 ) . Minnesota : A History ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , NY : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04628 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Gilman , Rhoda R. ( July 1 , 1991 ) . The Story of Minnesota 's Past . St. Paul , Minnesota : Minnesota Historical Society Press . ISBN 0 - 87351 - 267 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Fort Snelling '' . Minnesota Historical Society Press . Retrieved July 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the City of Crystal , MN -- City History '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ New England in the Life of the World : A Record of Adventure and Achievement By Howard Allen Bridgman page 112 Jump up ^ A Collection of Confusible Phrases By Yuri Dolgopolov page 309 Jump up ^ Minnesota : A History of the State By Theodore Christian Blegen page 202 - 203 Jump up ^ Sketches of Minnesota , the New England of the West . With incidents of travel in that territory during the summer of 1849 . With a map by E.S. SEYMOUR page xii Jump up ^ Northern Lights : The Stories of Minnesota 's Past By Dave Kenney , Hillary Wackman , Nancy O'Brien Wagner page 94 Jump up ^ Kunnen - Jones , Marianne ( August 21 , 2002 ) . `` Anniversary Volume Gives New Voice To Pioneer Accounts of Sioux Uprising '' . University of Cincinnati . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Steil , Mark and Tim Post . Hundreds of settlers killed in attacks . Minnesota Public Radio . September 26 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Hazen , Theodore R. `` New Process Milling of 1850 -- 70 '' . Pond Lily Mill Restorations . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Danbom , David B. ( Spring 2003 ) . `` Flour Power : The Significance of Flour Milling at the Falls '' . Minnesota History . 58 ( 5 ) : 271 -- 285 . Jump up ^ `` Engineering Research Associates Records 1946 -- 1959 '' . Hagley Museum and Library . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Table 20 . Large Metropolitan Statistical Areas -- Population : 1990 to 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Abstract of the United States : 2012 . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Estimates '' . Minnesota Demographic Center . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Environmental Information Report , App . D Socioeconomic Information '' ( PDF ) . Minnesota Pollution Control Agency . May 30 , 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 6 , 2008 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . 2015 Population Estimates . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . December 25 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` statecenters '' . U.S. Census Bureau . 2000 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved November 21 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Demographic Profile Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` 2015 American Community Survey '' . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ New Americans in the North Star State Archived December 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ AP , `` Ellison Calls on Trump to Condemn Minnesota Mosque Bombing '' Archived August 11 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times , August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Religious Composition of Minnesota '' . Maps , U.S. Religious Landscape Survey . Pew Research Center . 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . www.thearda.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Religious Identification Survey '' . Exhibit 15 . The Graduate Center , City University of New York . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Rhonda R. ( 1989 ) . The Story of Minnesota 's Past . Saint Paul , Minnesota : Minnesota Historical Society Press . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 87351 - 267 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Mosques and Islamic schools in Minneapolis - St. Paul , Minnesota -- salatomatic.com : your guide to mosques & Islamic schools '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , James ( 2014 ) . Cults : A Reference and Guide . p. 127 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Information Report , App . D Socioeconomic Information '' ( PDF ) . US , MN . May 30 , 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) by State '' . US : Bureau of Economic Analysis . October 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved November 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` States '' . Fortune 500 . CNN Money . 2006 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Forbes ( 2008 ) . `` Largest US Private Cos '' . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Our Brands '' . Carlson Companies . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` State Personal Income 2008 '' ( PDF ) . US : Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United States and States -- R2001 . Median Household Income '' . US : Census Bureau . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Local Area Unemployment Statistics Home Page '' . www.bls.gov . Jump up ^ Coleman , Nick ( March 24 , 2008 ) . `` Capella Tower sports a cap , but it ca n't topple the IDS '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota -- DP - 3 . Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics : 2000 '' . US : Census Bureau . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Agriculture , Minnesota State Profile '' ( PDF ) . US : Department of Agriculture . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 1 , 2006 . Retrieved December 3 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wealth of Resources '' . Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Co-Op Advantage '' . Minnesota Monthly . Greenspring . August 2008 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii to meet E10 mandate with imported ethanol '' . Ethanol Producer Magazine . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The complete list of Minnesota E85 fuel Sites '' . Minnesota Department of Commerce . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Wind Energy Projects Throughout the United States of America '' . The American Wind Energy Association . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Income Tax Rates and Brackets : Income Tax Rates for 2013 '' . MN : Department of Revenue . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota 's State and Local Tax Burden 1977 -- 2008 '' . The Tax Foundation . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sales and Use Tax Instruction Book '' ( PDF ) . MN : Department of Revenue . July 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Local Sales Tax and Use '' ( PDF ) . MN : Department of Revenue . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 9 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Gopher Express '' . Coffman Info Desk . Regents of the University of Minnesota . October 12 , 2006 . Retrieved May 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Royce , Graydon Royce ( April 1 , 2006 ) . `` New Guthrie casts a huge shadow over theater scene '' . Minneapolis Star - Tribune via SavetheGuthrie.org . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2006 . Retrieved May 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` How to fringe '' . Fresh Art Delivered Daily . Minnesota Fringe Festival . 2006 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2006 . Retrieved November 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` General Information : Attendance '' . Minnesota State Fair . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Health Rankings 2009 '' . United Health Foundation . 2009 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statemaster Health Statistics -- Death Rate per 100,000 '' . Statemaster . Retrieved August 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Explore Minnesota Living '' ( PDF ) . Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development . Retrieved August 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Percentage of People Without Health Insurance Coverage by State Using 2 - and 3 - year Averages : 2003 to 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Health Insurance Coverage : 2005 . U.S. Census Bureau , Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division . August 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 6 , 2006 . Retrieved November 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Statemaster Health Statistics Physical Exercise by State '' . Statemaster. 2002 . Retrieved August 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Health Statistics Health Index by state '' . Statemaster . Retrieved August 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Put ' Em Out : Minnesota Smoking Ban Kicks In Monday '' . WCCO . September 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2007 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` University of Minnesota Medical Milestones '' . University of Minnesota Medical School . 2002 . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2006 . Retrieved August 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Richard Burkewood Welbourn ( 1990 ) . The History of Endocrine Surgery . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 353 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 92586 - 4 . Jump up ^ Francis J. Haddy ; Theresa B. Haddy ( 12 July 2011 ) . Minnesota Physicians in the 1862 Sioux Uprising . AuthorHouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4634 - 0264 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mayo Clinic : Rankings Archived May 12 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics '' . University of Minnesota Medical School . 2002 . Retrieved August 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Census.gov '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Minneapolis ranked most literate city '' . Jump up ^ Ryan , Julia . `` Report : American Education Is n't Mediocre -- It 's Deeply Unequal '' . Jump up ^ `` Newsroom -- Press Kit , Digital Media Library , and Press Releases '' . ACT . Jump up ^ `` The states that spend the most ( and the least ) on education , in one map '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Hallman , Charles ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` School vouchers : Who stands to gain at what cost ? '' . Minnesota Spokesman - Recorder . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charter Schools '' . Minnesota Department of Education . 2007 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Best Colleges 2009 : Liberal Arts Rankings '' . USNews.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 2007 -- 2008 Official Highway Map ( PDF ) ( Map ) . Minnesota Department of Transportation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Transportation amendment update '' . Minnesota Department of Transportation . 2006 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Minnesota Rail System ( PDF ) ( Map ) . Minnesota Department of Transportation . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Ports and Waterways '' . Minnesota Department of Transportation . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Delta Air Lines Map '' . Delta Air Lines . 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amtrak Train and Bus Stations in the Midwest '' . Amtrak . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Government '' . State of Minnesota . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2006 . Retrieved October 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ 2011 House Profile Minnesota House of Representatives . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Supreme Court '' . Court Information Office , State of Minnesota . Archived from the original ( doc ) on November 1 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Davey , Monica ; Hulse , Carl ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` After 8 Months , Franken Wins Senate Seat in Minnesota '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Leip , David . `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections '' . uselectionatlas.org . Jump up ^ Pomeroy , Leigh ( 2007 ) . `` Populism Is Alive and Well in Southern Minnesota '' . Minnesota Monitor . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2007 . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Grayson , Katharine ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Study : Minnesota tops nation in voter turnout '' . Minneapolis St. Paul Business Journal . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Huefner , Steven F. , Daniel P Tokaji , and Edward B. Foley ( 2007 ) , From Registration to Recounts : The Election Ecosystems of Five Midwestern States , The Ohio State University Moritz College of Law , p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9801400 - 0 - 2 . Jump up ^ Michael P. McDonald . `` 2008 Unofficial Voter Turnout '' . United States Elections Project , George Mason University . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 201.061 -- 2011 Minnesota Statutes '' . www.revisor.mn.gov . Jump up ^ `` Office Holders '' . Green Party of Minnesota . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2007 . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Democrat becomes first Muslim to win seat in Congress '' . International Herald Tribune . Associated Press . November 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2006 . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pugmire , Tim , Minn . House : Republicans take control , Minnesota Public Radio , November 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ MPR News Staff , Republicans take full control of Minnesota Legislature , Minnesota Public Radio , November 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` 210 Designated Market Areas -- 03 - 04 '' . Nielsen Media . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 5 EYEWITNESS NEWS History '' . kstp.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Board of Directors '' . The Minnesota Daily . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About MPR '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved August 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` PRI factsheet '' . Public Radio International . Retrieved May 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Aaron Shapiro , The Lure of the North Woods : Cultivating Tourism in the Upper Midwest ( University of Minnesota Press , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Recap , Flames 3 , Wild 2 , SO '' . Minnesota Wild . January 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Van Berkel , Jessie ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Minnesota United officials say ' big dig ' at stadium site will begin in spring '' . Star - Tribune . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Members By Division '' . NCAA . Retrieved April 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Midwest Athletic Conference -- History '' . Upper Midwest Athletic Conference . Retrieved April 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Club , Hazeltine National Golf . `` Hazeltine National Golf Club -- Premier Golf Destination '' . hazeltinenational.com . Jump up ^ `` All About Birds '' . Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2003 . Retrieved October 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Statemaster Health Statistics Physical Exercise by State '' . Statemaster. 2002 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Green Hunters : Minnesota DNR '' . Fish & Wildlife Today . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Water Skiing History '' . ABC of Skiing . MaxLifestyle.net `` Go Skiing like Max ! '' . 2006 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2008 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Managing for Results '' ( PDF ) . Minnesota DNR . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Robert W. ( July 15 , 2006 ) . `` Ice Fishing can be a very exciting experience '' . Buzzle.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Turning Snow into Sport '' . Explore Minnesota Experiences . Minnesota Department of Tourism . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . USA Bandy . Jump up ^ `` Snowmobiling Minnesota '' . Minnesota Department of Tourism . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Take to the Trails ! Explore Minnesota Biking '' . Minnesota Department of Tourism . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Superior Hiking Trail '' . Minnesota Department of Tourism . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . 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8024183670749283742	Mike Delfino	Mike Delfino - Wikipedia Mike Delfino hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Mike Delfino '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Michael Delfino Portrayed by James Denton Duration 2004 -- 12 First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , October 3 , 2004 Last appearance `` Finishing the Hat '' 8x23 , May 13 , 2012 Created by Marc Cherry Profile Other names Mike ( commonly used throughout the series ) Occupation Former Plumber Hitman Residence Los Angeles , California - before season 1 4356 Wisteria Lane in Fairview , Eagle State - season 1 to 3 and briefly in 5 4353 Wisteria Lane in Fairview , Eagle State - season 4 , 6 and 8 4352 Wisteria Lane in Fairview , Eagle State - season 5 Apartment located in Fairview , Eagle State ( season 7 ) Alaska ( several episodes of season 7 ) show Family Parents Adele Delfino ( mother ) Nick Delfino ( father ) Siblings Laura Delfino ( sister ) Spouse Amy Delfino ( wife ; deceased ) Susan Mayer ( widow ) Katherine Mayfair ( ex-fiancée ) Children Zach Young ( son ; via Deirdre ) Maynard James `` M.J. '' Delfino ( son ; via Susan ) Stepchildren Julie Mayer ( via Susan ) Grandchildren Sophie Mayer - Scavo ( step - granddaughter ; Julie via Porter ) Other relatives Maynard ( maternal grandfather ; deceased ) James Delfino ( paternal grandfather ) James Delfino ( cousin ) Sophie Bremmer Flickman ( mother - in - law ) Addison Prudy ( father - in - law ) Morty Flickman ( step - father - in - law ) Carol Prudy ( step - mother - in - law ) Three Unnamed Former Stepfather - in - laws Unnamed Half Sibling - in - laws Claire Bremmer ( aunt - in - law ) Frank Bremmer ( uncle - in - law ) Ella Bremmer ( aunt - in - law ) Regina Bremmer ( aunt - in - law ; deceased ) Tim Bremmer ( cousin - in - law ) Michael `` Mike '' Delfino is a fictional character on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives . The character was played by actor James Denton from the show 's inception , until the eighth and final season of the show . Contents 1 History 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.4. 1 5 - year leap 1.5 Season 5 1.6 Season 6 1.7 Season 7 1.8 Season 8 2 References History ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Mike Delfino lives at 4356 Wisteria Lane , renting the Simms 's house , and poses as the friendly neighborhood plumber . He was quietly searching for his missing ex-girlfriend ( Deirdre Taylor ) . Her father , Noah , wanted to know what had happened to her before he died . Deirdre 's remains are inside Zach 's toy chest , and are buried under the family pool . After Mary Alice kills herself , Paul Young excavates the toy chest out of the pool , wraps it , and tapes it up , and drives away with it to throw it in a body of water . The toy chest later comes up and is only mentioned once more when it appears on a local News channel . Paul is shown in his living room , while Zach sleeps on the couch , and the story comes on the News , making Paul quickly turn off the tv , and storm out of the room . Zach is seen opening his eyes , and realizes something is not right . Paul Young murdered Martha Huber after she admitted blackmailing his late wife . He tried framing Mike for the murder . Susan Meyer discovers that Mike had been in prison for manslaughter , and drug dealing . Devastated , she ends their relationship , disappointed that he did n't tell her the truth . However , she visited Kendra and Noah , looking for more answers . Kendra explains that Mike and Deirdre were drug addicts . Mike was defending Deirdre from an undercover policeman , and he tried stopping the policeman who had caught them together . Mike and the policeman got into a fight , and they went over a balcony . Mike survived , but the cop did n't . Mike discovers that Paul Young was involved in Deirdre 's murder . He took Paul hostage and planned to shoot him until Paul told him that he , and his late wife , Mary Alice , lived in Salt Lake City years ago . Mary Alice Young worked at a rehab center and met Deirdre . One night , wanting drugs , Deirdre tried to sell them her watch , claiming the baby needed food , but Mary Alice knew Deirdre would buy drugs , so she refused . Deirdre then offered them her baby son , Dana . Mary Alice agreed since she could n't conceive , and they moved to Fairview with the baby , now renamed Zach . Four years later , Deirdre found them and demanded her baby back , but they refused . Deirdre went to take Zach , but Mary Alice stabbed her in the process . They cut up her body , and put it inside Zach 's toy chest , and buried it underneath the pool they were about to have installed . Mike let Paul go , realizing Zach was his son . Meanwhile , Zach was holding Susan hostage because he had just found out Mike kidnapped Paul and intended to kill him . Season 2 ( edit ) When Mike got home , he and Susan fought off Zach and he fled because Zach was keeping Susan so Mike would come home and Zach intended to kill him . Susan was stunned to discover that Zach is Mike 's son . Susan was wary of Zach because his behaviour towards Julie was worrying , particularly when she asked him not to see Julie as much . She encouraged Zach to go to Utah , looking for Paul and gave him money . When Mike found out , he ended their relationship . Mike tried getting to know him , on his return from Utah , and Zach was initially interested . Paul , however , told Zach that he was getting tired of his obsession with two people who had n't loved him enough to keep him . After that , Zach made it clear that he felt Paul was his father . After Edie Britt set Susan 's house on fire , Mike got Susan a wire to record Edie 's confession . Susan moved into a caravan . Later , they made up and he planned to propose in the season finale but was run over by Orson Hodge . Season 3 ( edit ) Mike survived the accident but spent 6 months in the Fairview hospital . When he woke up , he was diagnosed with retrograde amnesia , causing him to forget the last 2 years . Edie Britt took advantage , telling him that Susan had treated him like dirt to make Mike fall in love with her . They had a brief relationship which she ended when he was arrested for Monique Polier 's murder . Susan pursued her new boyfriend , Ian , to hire the best lawyer to get Mike out of jail . In prison , Paul tried befriending Mike so Zach would help him find Felicia Tilman ( Mrs. Hughes ' sister ) , who had accused Paul murdering her sister . Later , he visited a hypnotherapist to try to make sense of some memories . He realized Orson Hodge ( who married Bree Van De Kamp ) was responsible . He and Mike had a fight on the hospital roof and Orson fell off . Mike was cleared when the police found Alma and Monique 's teeth and suicide note Alma wrote when she pretended to die . Mike was saddened when Ian and Susan got engaged but discovered that Ian proposed , knowing that Mike had intended to propose the night of his accident . Mike challenged Ian at a poker game and they did a deal : if Mike won , he could tell Susan but if Ian won , he could n't . Ian won and Mike kept his distance but Ian had to thank Mike when he rescued him from drowning . Following an argument with Ian , Mike consoled Susan and they kissed , renewing Mike 's hope that they would reconcile . Despite his deal with Ian , he told Susan what happened at the poker game . Susan was furious , refusing to see either of them but eventually decided to marry Ian . With broken Heart , Mike left her a message , saying goodbye and left Wisteria Lane , unaware that Ian had ended things with Susan . Mike went camping so Susan went after him but offended by her guide 's suggestion that she invited in too much drama , Susan went to find Mike alone . Back at the campground , she was reported lost , and Mike recognized Susan from the description . Susan left Mike a message , promising if they reconciled , they would be a normal couple . Mike found Susan and they went home . Exactly a year to the day after Mike 's accident , they went out to dinner and on returning to Wisteria Lane , the trailer Susan decorated a year before , was waiting on her driveway . They lived the experience they were meant to have that night and Mike proposed . They married in the woods in the middle of the night . Susan surprised him with a small wedding because she did n't want to put pressure on him for a big , expensive wedding . Season 4 ( edit ) In Season Four , Mike and Susan discovered that she was pregnant ( result of WB ) . Mike told Susan that he had never been happier but problems arose when Julie asked for permission to go to a party . Susan agreed but Mike said no as he 'd seen some crazy parties at the house in question . Susan agreed with Mike but later told Julie she could go but asked her not to tell Mike , wanting him to feel part of the decision - making process , and Julie went . Later that night , after Mike said he had driven past the house and seen topless girls , drunken people and music blaring , Susan claimed she needed something from the store and went to get Julie . However , at the party , she was mistaken for a stripper but brought Julie and Dylan home and a friend of Julie 's phoned to check she 'd got home all right , alerting Mike . He told Susan that he respected her decisions about how to raise Julie but expected her to consult him on how they raised their child . The doctor suggested Susan and Mike go for genetic counselling and Mike admitted his father , Nick , was alive and in prison for first degree murder . They visited and Susan was shocked by how cold Nick was and needing to know that Nick felt remorse for his actions , visited him alone the next day . Nick told Susan that he regretted what his actions did to Mike as he became very unpopular , claiming that one never truly overcame that , and told Susan to watch Mike carefully . While at Bree 's house , Mike dropped a painkiller . Bree found it and wondering what it was , researched it . On discovering that it was highly addictive , she told Susan who only believed it when she found pills hidden in Mike 's flashlight . She confronted him and he threw the pills down the sink , telling her that he was n't addicted but later retrieved them . Mike 's drug dealer hassled him for money so he blackmailed Adam and Orson into prescribing him more . Mike 's drug dealer came to the house and Susan , unaware he was a drug dealer , tried fixing him up with Julie until Mike told her that he was a drug dealer and she threw him out . He confessed that he had bought drugs illegally from the dealer so he could keep working , worried about the cost of raising a child . Susan thought that he had stopped taking them but found pills in the car . She confronted Mike and he accidentally pushed her down the stairs . They went to the hospital -- worried about the baby -- but punched a hospital worker so Mike was handcuffed to a seat . Luckily she and the baby were fine and Susan 's ankle was only sprained . She was prescribed painkillers and when Mike asked for one , she told him if he did n't go to rehab , she would leave him and refuse him access to the baby . Mike agreed and went for thirty days . Mike did n't go to the first Lamaze class , as he received his 30 - day chip ( 30 days without drugs ) but was there for the second . Mike told Susan that Bree Hodge 's husband , Orson , had run him over , Susan furiously told Orson to stay away from her family and told Bree what happened . Orson and Bree grew apart because of this , and Susan apologized for it . After Mike 's mother visited , Mike scolded his mother for her attitude towards Susan -- asking personal questions and unable to believe that Susan could n't cook . She apologized just before Susan gave birth to their baby boy . Mike wanted to name him Maynard after his grandfather ( who was a father figure for him ) but Susan preferred Connor . Mike convinced her to name their son Maynard James Delfino ( he 's known as M.J. ) . 5 - year leap ( edit ) As the plot fast forwards 5 years in the future , Susan is seen coming home to a man who is not Mike . Season 5 ( edit ) The fifth season premiered on U.S. television on Sunday September 28 , 2008 with the episode `` You 're Gonna Love Tomorrow '' . As previously stated , season five takes place five years after the events of season four . In the new timeline , it is revealed that Susan is having a secret relationship with her painter / decorator Jackson Braddock . When Jackson asked why they could n't go public , she replies , `` Maybe I do n't deserve to be happy , '' which led to flashbacks revealing why Susan and Mike divorced : they were involved in a crash with another car . They survived but the occupants of the other car -- Lila Dash and her daughter , Paige -- died . Susan and Mike were n't responsible ( the other car pulled out in front of them ) , but Susan blamed herself and Mike and the trauma took its toll on their marriage . When Mike arrives to collect their son ( `` M.J. '' ) for the weekend , Susan tells Mike that she is seeing someone . While Susan is now with Jackson , Mike started dating Katherine Mayfair , Susan 's older friend . Mike and Katherine bonded over after bad dates and realize they are attracted to each other . When Susan finds out that they are dating and that Bree knew , it is clear that she still has feelings for Mike , whom she refers to as her . This bad feeling spills over into Mike and Susan 's son , M.J. , when he attacks Katherine ( he threw chewed chewing gum on Katherine 's head ) . It emerges that this is a result of what Susan told M.J. when she and Mike first split up ; that they would get back together eventually . Worried about her and Mike 's relationship , Katherine tells him that her daughter wants her to move to Maryland , but is n't sure if she should go . Mike was non-committal but realized , thanks to Dave Williams ( AKA David Dash ) , that he was falling in love with Katherine and left her a basket of roses with a note saying `` Do n't go '' . When Katherine found them , she was thrilled -- unaware that Dave had an agenda of his own , thinking Mike was responsible for the deaths of his wife and daughter . Dave planned his revenge -- he , Mike and Katherine would go camping and he would shoot Katherine dead . Fortunately , Dave 's wife , Edie , sent him a text , telling him to come home . Edie confronts him -- during the confrontation , Edie is about to call Mike when Dave nearly strangles her . Edie rushed out and was killed after being electrocuted when she crashed her car into an electricity pole after swerving to avoid Orson . Dave later learns that he nearly killed the wrong person . Susan confessed she was driving the night that Lila and Paige died and realized he should have been targeting her . Dave decides to kill Susan and Mike 's six - year - old son , M.J. Delfino , in revenge . Mike later struggled with his feelings for Susan and Katherine , and proposes to Katherine , who gladly accepts . In the finale , Dave gives Mike a videotape which he says is rehearsal footage of their band ; it is actually Dave 's confession which Mike was n't supposed to see until after M.J. is dead . Needing a videotape to use at the wedding , Katherine puts it in her camera . Katherine and Mike are waiting to fly to Vegas and Katherine takes her wallet to buy cappuccinos and knocked the camera so Mike heard Dave 's voice from her purse . Watching it , he sees Dave confess to killing M.J. . Mike runs to save him , and asks a passenger to inform Katherine that he left due to an emergency . Unfortunately , it is misinterpreted . Mike phones Susan and told her that Dave is the man whose wife and daughter that died in the accident . He speaks to Dave , offering himself in Susan and M.J. 's place . Dave agrees and tells Mike to meet them at the site of the accident . Unknown to Mike , Dave plans to have Mike crash into his car and kill M.J. , just as Susan did when she killed Lila and Paige . Susan manages to escape and tried to warn Mike , but he crashed into Dave 's car anyway . Susan was relieved to find M.J. alive as Dave had told him to get out of the car . Susan , Mike , and M.J. share a hug , and Mike kisses Susan . At the end of the finale , Mike is seen marrying someone whose face is not shown . Season 6 ( edit ) It is revealed that Mike broke up with Katherine and asked Susan to marry him , again . She accepts and they plan their wedding . Her daughter , Julie , then returns to Wisteria Lane . Though Susan is happy and in love with Mike , Katherine is devastated and jealous . Their friendship is deeply scarred by this . At the ceremony , Katherine approaches Susan and explains how she feels and asks for her to make a public apology during the ceremony or she will make a huge scene . Susan then locks Katherine in a closet , she breaks out and a scene ensues after Mike and Susan are wed . Susan then apologizes publicly . However , Katherine tells her it does n't matter because as of this moment , they are at war and she begins to plot revenge . When Katherine tells M.J. how Susan stole Mike away and takes the child from school , Mike verbally blasts her , saying he never loved Katherine and was thinking of Susan the whole time they were together . When a hurt Katherine says it 'd be less painful for Mike to stab her with a knife , he retorts that he does n't care enough about Katherine to kill her . After he leaves , Katherine calls 911 to say she 's losing blood and then stabs herself . Katherine tells the police that Mike stabbed her and he 's arrested . Trying to help him , Susan calls on Katherine 's daughter Dylan , who 's believed Katherine 's tales that she 's married to Mike . After talking to Mike in jail , Dylan realizes her mother has been lying and confronts her , causing Katherine to have a full breakdown that presumably exonerates Mike . Mike is currently having financial problems , but while he refuses any help coming from Susan , he takes a loan from Carlos . Susan eventually learns of their financial ruin and , after going over their finances she and Mike realize they need to cut back . This includes them moving to an apartment across town and , renting out their home . Though Mike knows it will help them get back on their feet , Susan becomes very angry with him as she is forced to leave the house where she raised her children . Though they make up and leave Wisteria Lane , they quickly find a renter for their house . The renter is an old resident of Wisteria Lane , Paul Young . Season 7 ( edit ) When Susan tells Mike about her lingerie job on the Internet and Paul Young 's plan to buy their house , Mike decides to take an oil rig job in Alaska in order to earn more money . He has also been communicating with Felicia Tilman . When Susan develops kidney problems Mike surprises her at the hospital . They both fear the prospect of Susan succumbing to her disease and so they decide to have an early anniversary which turns into a sham . After everything backfires Mike admits he 's not ready to lose Susan and tells her that she 'll find a kidney donor . After Paul recovers from the gunshot wound he asks for Mike 's help in finding Zach . Mike rejects but later changes his mind when he realizes that Zach is on drugs . Both Mike and Paul visit Zach and ask him to go to rehab . When Susan gets a kidney , courtesy of Beth , they both can not wait for their sex drought to end with Susan dreaming of having sex but can not recall her male counterpart . Season 8 ( edit ) Making the fatal mistake of crossing Donny , an unruly and vengeful loan shark who harasses Renee , Mike is killed in a drive - by shooting by Donny himself in front of his home on Wisteria Lane , just seconds after expressing his love toward Susan . He pushes Susan down to the ground in order to save her while he is shot in the chest . He is then remembered by the housewives at his funeral . The fate of Mike 's killer is never shown afterwards , but Bree is later told that an arrest had been made . When Susan was cleaning out Mike 's closet , she finds papers indicating that Mike was writing checks to a woman . Susan visits the address she finds in Mike 's things and discovers that Mike had a sister , Laura , whom he only learned about eight years before . Mike 's mother did not want to be `` inconvenienced '' by their special needs child . In the final moments of the series , as Susan leaves Wisteria Lane , Mike is among the spirits watching her go . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Season 4 episode 15 Jump up ^ Season 4 episode 6 Jump up ^ Season 8 episode 19 Jump up ^ Julie mentioned her in season 1 , episode 1 , her first name is given in the pilot script in Behind Closed Doors Jump up ^ Season 2 episode 8 - 10 Jump up ^ Season 1 episode 18 , 21 and season 2 episode 8 Jump up ^ Season 2 episode 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Season 4 episode 11 Desperate Housewives Episodes Season 1 6 7 8 Characters Betty Applewhite Angie Bolen Edie Britt Mike Delfino Orson Hodge Bob Hunter and Lee McDermott Julie Mayer Karl Mayer Susan Mayer Katherine Mayfair Karen McCluskey Renee Perry John Rowland Lynette Scavo Tom Scavo Carlos Solis Gabrielle Solis Andrew Van de Kamp Bree Van de Kamp Rex Van de Kamp Dave Williams Mary Alice Young Paul Young Related Cast members Awards and nominations DVDs Soundtrack Game Mobile App Wisteria Lane Amas de Casa Desesperadas ARG COL / ECU US Donas de Casa Desesperadas Desperate Housewives Africa Devious Maids Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Delfino&oldid=849736009 '' Categories : Desperate Housewives characters Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional plumbers Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Fictional drug addicts Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from August 2012 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles lacking reliable references from August 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles to be expanded from May 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 00 : 37 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	does mike come out of a coma in desperate housewives	[]	[]
6416511843168255767	1st century	1st century - wikipedia 1st century Jump to : navigation , search Millennium : 1st millennium Centuries : 1st century BC 1st century 2nd century Timelines : 1st century BC 1st century 2nd century State leaders : 1st century BC 1st century 2nd century Decades : 0s 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s Categories : Births -- Deaths Establishments -- Disestablishments Eastern Hemisphere in AD 50 , in the middle of the first century Eastern Hemisphere in AD 100 , at the end of the first century The 1st century was the century that lasted from AD 1 to AD 100 according to the Julian calendar . It is often written as the 1st century AD or 1st century CE to distinguish it from the 1st century BC ( or BCE ) which preceded it . The 1st century is considered part of the Classical era , epoch , or historical period . During this period , Europe , North Africa and the Near East fell under increasing domination by the Roman Empire , which continued expanding , most notably conquering Britain under the emperor Claudius ( AD 43 ) . The reforms introduced by Augustus during his long reign stabilized the empire after the turmoil of the previous century 's civil wars . Later in the century the Julio - Claudian dynasty , which had been founded by Augustus , came to an end with the suicide of Nero in AD 68 . There followed the famous Year of Four Emperors , a brief period of civil war and instability , which was finally brought to an end by Vespasian , ninth Roman emperor , and founder of the Flavian dynasty . The Roman Empire generally experienced a period of prosperity and dominance in this period and the First Century is remembered as part of the Empire 's golden age . The 1st century saw the appearance of Christianity . China continued to be dominated by the Han Dynasty , despite a fourteen - year interruption by the Xin dynasty under Wang Mang . Han rule was restored in AD 23 ; Wang Mang 's rule represents the watershed between the Western / Former Han and the Eastern / Later Han . The capital was also moved from Chang'an to Luoyang . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regional events and politics 2 Events 3 Significant people 3.1 Literature 3.2 Science and philosophy 4 Inventions , discoveries , introductions 5 References Regional events and politics ( edit ) Western Europe : Celtic , Germanic , Saami and Finnic tribal chiefdom and the Roman Empire Eastern Europe : Roman Empire , Dacian , Sarmatian , Venedae and Balt tribal chiefdoms North Africa : Roman Empire , Garamantes , Mauri , Libyan and Gaetulian tribal chiefdoms West Africa : Gur , Kwa , Soninke and Mande tribal chiefdoms Central Africa : Bantu tribes , collapsing Nok culture Nok civilization East Africa : Kingdom of Kush , Kingdom of Blemmyes , Kingdom of Aksum Southern Africa : Bantu tribes , Khoisan . Western Asia : Roman and Parthian Empires , Sabaean and Arabian Kingdoms , smaller tribes . Central Asia : Kushan Empire , Sarmatian , Dahae and other Iranian tribal chiefdoms South Asia : Kushan Empire , Western Satraps , Satavahana Empire , Dravidian Kingdoms , Kingdom of Kalinga , Indo - Parthian Kingdom , Zhangzhung . Southeast Asia : Mandala of city - states , Kingdom of Funan East Asia : Han Dynasty , Yamatai , Xiongnu and Xianbei tribal chiefdoms , Three Kingdoms of Korea ( Goguryeo , Baekje and Silla ) . North America : Central America : Mayan , Teotihuacan and Zapotec civilizations . Caribbean : South America : Nazca , Moche civilizations , Tairona tribal chiefdoms . Events ( edit ) The skeleton called the `` Ring Lady '' unearthed in Herculaneum , one of the victims of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 Early 1st century -- Augustus of Primaporta , ( perhaps a copy of a bronze statue of ca . 20 BC ) , is made . It is now kept in Musei Vaticani , Braccio Nuovo , Rome . Early 1st century -- Gemma Augustea is made . It is now kept at Kunsthistorisches Museum , Vienna . Early 1st century -- House of the Silver Wedding , Pompeii , is built . Excavated in 1893 , the year of the silver wedding anniversary of Italy 's King Humbert and his wife , Margherita of Savoy , who have supported archaeological fieldwork at Pompeii . Early 1st century - Inner shrine , Ise , Mie , Mie Prefecture , is built . Yayoi period . AD 1 : Lions became extinct in Western Europe . AD 2 : First census of China , the census is one of the most accurate in Chinese history . AD 6 : Census of Quirinius . AD 7 : Prince Cunobeline of Catuvellauni defeats the Trinovantes in England and establishes his capital at Camulodunum ( modern - day Colchester ) . AD 9 : Three Roman legions were ambushed and destroyed at Teutoberg Forest by Germans under the leadership of Arminius . AD 9 : Prince Cunobeline is crowned King of Catuvellauni , his Kingdom dominates Southern England . AD 9 -- 23 : Wang Mang temporarily overthrew the Han dynasty of China . AD 9 -- 23 : Xin dynasty . AD 14 : Augustus Caesar , first emperor of Rome , dies . His adopted son , stepson and son - in - law Tiberius is his successor . AD 25 : The Han dynasty is restored by Liu Xiu who proclaims himself Emperor Guangwu of Han . AD 28 -- 75 : Emperor Ming of Han , Buddhism reaches China . Humans arrive on Pentecost Island and establish the Bunlap tribe , among others . c . AD 29 : Jesus begins his ministry ( traditional date ) . c . AD 33 : The Crucifixion of Jesus ( traditional date ) . c . AD 33 -- 36 : Conversion of Paul the Apostle . AD 40 : Succession crisis erupts at King Cunobeline 's court and his exiled younger son Prince Adminius flees to the court of Caligula in Rome . AD 40 : Emperor Caligula plans to invade Britain , but forgets to bring an army , he instead declares war upon the sea , whipping it and taking shells as prisoners . AD 40 -- 43 : Revolts erupts in Vietnam by the Trung sisters . AD 42 : King Cunobeline dies , his son Caratacus becomes King . He and his brother conquer much of South - Eastern England , expanding territory into Atrebates , driving out King Verica . King Verica travels to Rome to the court of Claudius to help reclaim his throne . AD 43 : Roman conquest of Britain begins . London is founded ( although it could have existed centuries before this date ) . AD 44 : Death of Herod Agrippa . AD 41 -- 54 : Rachias , an ambassador sent from Sri Lanka to the court of Claudius . Buddhist monks in Sri Lanka first write down Buddha 's teachings , creating the Pali canon . The regions of present - day Afghanistan , Pakistan and North India come under the control of the Kushans , a nomadic people forced out of northwest China by the Han Dynasty . Tacitus mentions the Suiones , who will one day be called the Swedes . Kaundinya , an Indian brahmin marries Soma and establishes the pre-Angkor Cambodian Kingdom of Funan . The Goths settle in northern Poland , which they called Gothiscandza , and shape the Wielbark culture . c . AD 50 : Christian Council of Jerusalem . Mid-1st century -- Wall niche , from garden in Pompeii , is made . It is now kept at Fitzwilliam Museum , University of Cambridge , England . Mid-1st century -- Detail of a wall painting in the House of M. Lucretius Fronto , Pompeii , is made . AD 58 -- 88 : Rule of Ming and Zhang . AD 60 : Queen Boudica of The Iceni in England launches a rebellion against The Romans . Tens of thousands die and the Roman army is massively damaged . The Rebellion fails and Boadicea commits suicide by poisoning herself . Three major cities are obliterated . AD 64 : Great Fire of Rome , first Roman mass Persecution of Christians , earliest significant recognition of Christians in Rome . AD 66 -- 73 : First Jewish - Roman War . AD 69 : Cartimandua , Queen of the Brigantes in Northern England , is overthrown in a civil war . Her unpopular alliance with Rome , the betrayal of Caratacus and her love for someone other than her husband are the three reasons which led to her demise . The Action enraged the Romans so much that they conquered and annexed The Kingdom . AD 70 : destruction of Herod 's Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans under Titus . AD 79 : Pompeii and Herculaneum destroyed by eruption of Mount Vesuvius . AD 80 : The Colosseum is finished . Jewish Council of Jamnia . Spread of the Roman Empire , reaches largest size under Trajan . Late 1st century -- Cityscape , detail of a Second Style wall painting from a bedroom in the House of Publius Fannius Synistor , Boscoreale , is made . It is now at The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York . The painting `` Alexander the Great confronts Darius III at the Battle of Issos '' , detail of mosaic floor decoration from Pompeii , Italy is made . It is a Roman copy after a Greek painting of c. 310 BC , perhaps by Philoxenos or Helen of Egypt . It is now at Museo Archeologico Nazionale , Naples , Italy . Late 1st century -- Bedroom , from the House of Publius Fannius Synistor , Boscoreale is made . It is reconstructed with later furnishings at The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York . Late 1st century -- Seascape , detail of a wall painting from Villa Farnesina , Rome , is made . Late 1st century -- Young Woman Writing , detail of a wall painting , from Pompeii , is made . It is now kept at Museo Archeologico Nazionale , Naples . Late 1st century -- Mausoleum under Construction , relief from the tomb of the Haterius family , Via Labicana , Rome , is made . It is now kept at Musei Vaticani , Museo Gregoriano Profano , ex Lateranese , Rome . Late 1st century -- Middle - Aged Flavian Woman , is made . It is now kept at Musei Vaticani , Museo Gregoriano Profano , ex Lateranese , Rome . c . Late 1st century - early 2nd century -- Buddha and Attendants , from Katra Keshavdev , Mathura , Madhya Pradesh , India , is made . Kushan period . It is now kept at Mathura Museum . 1st - 2nd centuries - Tomb model of a house , is made . Eastern Han dynasty . It is now kept at The Nelson - Atkins Museum of Art , Kansas City , Missouri . Significant people ( edit ) Augustus Antonia Minor Caligula Claudius Vespasian Seneca the Younger Plutarch Antonia Minor , Roman noblewoman , mother of Germanicus and Claudius Arminius , Germanic military leader Augustus Caesar ( Gaius Octavius ) , first emperor of Rome Ban Chao , Chinese general Boudica , Celtic Briton leader Caligula ( Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ) ( Caligula ) , emperor of Rome Gnaeus Julius Agricola , Roman general Livilla ( Claudia Livia Julia ) , Roman noblewoman Claudia Octavia , empress of Rome Claudius ( Tiberius Claudius Nero ) , emperor of Rome Clement I of Rome , pope of Rome Decebalus , king of Dacia Domitian ( Titus Flavius Domitianus ) , emperor of Rome Galba ( Servius Sulpicius Galba ) , emperor of Rome Gan Ying , Chinese ambassador to Rome Germanicus ( Nero Claudius Drusus ) , Roman general Guangwu of Han , emperor of China Heraios , Kushan chieftain Hillel the Elder , Jewish religious leader Ignatius of Antioch , bishop of Antioch James the Just , Christian apostle Jesus of Nazareth John the Baptist , religious prophet of Christianity and Islam Julia Agrippina , empress of Rome , mother of Nero Kujula Kadphises , Kushan ruler Livia Drusilla , first empress of Rome Ma Yuan , Chinese general Ming of Han , Chinese emperor Nero Claudius Caesar ( Nero ) , emperor of Rome Marcus Cocceius Nerva , emperor of Rome Marcus Salvius Otho , emperor of Rome Paul of Tarsus , Christian apostle Publius Quinctilius Varus , Roman general Saint Peter , Christian apostle , first pope of Rome Polycarp , bishop of Smyrna Pontius Pilate , Roman procurator of Judea Lucius Aelius Seianus , Roman statesman Thomas the Apostle , Christian apostle Tiberius ( Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar ) , emperor of Rome Titus ( Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus ) , emperor of Rome Trajan ( Marcus Ulpius Traianus ) , emperor of Rome Trung Sisters , Vietnamese rebel leaders Vespasian ( Titus Flavius Vespasianus ) , emperor of Rome Vitellius , emperor of Rome Valeria Messalina , empress of Rome Vipsania Agrippina Major , Roman noblewoman , mother of Caligula Wang Mang , Chinese official , founding emperor of the short - lived Xin dynasty Yuan An , Chinese statesman Zhang of Han , emperor of China Literature ( edit ) Martial ( Marcus Valerius Martialis ) , Roman poet Methodios I of Constantinople , Roman hagiographer , saint and patriarch Ovid ( Publius Ovidius Naso ) , Roman poet Petronius ( Gaius Petronius Arbiter ) , Roman poet Phaedrus , Roman fabulist of Macedonian origin Pliny the Elder ( Gaius Plinius Secundus ) , Roman writer , commentator and naturalist Pliny the Younger ( Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus ) , Roman writer and lawyer Lucius Annaeus Seneca , Roman writer , philosopher and statesman Silius Italicus ( Tiberius Catius Asconius Silius Italicus ) , Roman poet Statius ( Publius Papinius Statius ) , Roman poet Valerius Maximus , Roman writer Science and philosophy ( edit ) Aulus Cornelius Celsus , Roman encyclopaedist Apollonius of Tyana , Greek philosopher Ban Biao , Chinese historian Ban Gu , Chinese historian Ban Zhao , Chinese historian Columella ( Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella ) , Roman writer on agriculture Hero of Alexandria , Greek mathematician and engineer Josephus ( Titus Flavius Josephus ) , Jewish - Roman scholar and historian Livy ( Titus Livius Patavinus ) , Roman historian Philo of Alexandria , Jewish Hellenistic philosopher Plutarch , Greek historian and biographer Rabbi Akiva , Jewish tannaim theologian Strabo , Greek geographer , philosopher and historian Tacitus ( Gaius Cornelius Tacitus ) , Roman historian Quintilian ( Marcus Fabius Quintilianus ) , Roman rhetorician Quintus Asconius Pedianus , Roman historian Quintus Curtius Rufus , Roman historian Yochanan ben Zakkai , Jewish tannaim theologian Wang Chong , Chinese philosopher Inventions , discoveries , introductions ( edit ) Codex , the first form of the modern book , appears in the Roman Empire AD 78 : the beginning of the Saka Era used by South Asian calendars . Bookbinding Various inventions by Hero of Alexandria , including the steam turbine ( aeolipile ) , water organ , and various other water - powered machines . AD 31 : the Han Dynasty Chinese engineer and statesman Tu Shih ( d . AD 38 ) from Nanyang invented the first - known hydraulic - powered bellows to heat the blast furnace in smelting cast iron . He used a complex mechanical device that was powered by the rushing current against a waterwheel , a practice that would continue in China . Although Philo of Byzantium described the saqiya chain pump in the early 2nd century BC , the square - pallet chain pump was innovated in China during this century , mentioned first by the philosopher Wang Chong around AD 80 . Wang Chong also accurately described the water cycle in meteorology , and argued against the mainstream ' radiating influence ' theory for solar eclipses , the latter of which was accepted by many , including Zhang Heng . The Chinese astronomer Liu Xin ( d . AD 23 ) documented 1080 different stars , amongst other achievements . End of 1st century -- codex replaces the scroll . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ in violation of the general rule that the abbreviation AD should precede the date in question . Jump up ^ J. Dwight Pentecost , The Words and Works of Jesus Christ : A Study of the Life of Christ ( Zondervan , 1981 ) pages 577 - 578 . Jump up ^ Andreas J. Köstenberger , John ( Baker Academic , 2004 ) , page 110 . Jump up ^ Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 2000 Amsterdam University Press ISBN 90 - 5356 - 503 - 5 page 249 Jump up ^ Paul L. Maier `` The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus '' in Jerry Vardaman and Edwin M. Yamauchi , Chronos , kairos , Christos : nativity and chronological studies ( 1989 ) ISBN 0 - 931464 - 50 - 1 , pp. 113 - 129 Jump up ^ The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel : An Introduction to John by Paul N. Anderson 2011 ISBN 0 - 8006 - 0427 - X pages 200 Jump up ^ Herod the Great by Jerry Knoblet 2005 ISBN 0 - 7618 - 3087 - 1 page 183 - 184 Jump up ^ Jesus in Johannine tradition by Robert Tomson Fortna , Tom Thatcher 2001 ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22219 - 2 page 77 Jump up ^ Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity : A History of New Testament Times by Paul Barnett 2002 ISBN 0 - 8308 - 2699 - 8 pages 19 - 21 Jump up ^ The Cradle , the Cross , and the Crown : An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger , L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 4365 - 3 pages 77 - 79 Jump up ^ Paul 's early period : chronology , mission strategy , theology by Rainer Riesner 1997 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4166 - 7 page 19 - 27 ( page 27 has a table of various scholarly estimates ) Jump up ^ Bromiley , Geoffrey William ( 1979 ) . International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : A-D ( International Standard Bible Encyclopedia ( W.B. Eerdmans ) ) . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . p. 689 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3781 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Paul ( 2002 ) . Jesus , the Rise of Early Christianity : A History of New Testament Times . InterVarsity Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 2699 - 8 . Jump up ^ L. Niswonger , Richard ( 1993 ) . New Testament History . Zondervan Publishing Company . p. 200 . ISBN 0 - 310 - 31201 - 9 . 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-3525399650624936131	Jonathan Richman	Jonathan Richman - wikipedia Jonathan Richman Jump to : navigation , search Jonathan Richman Jonathan Richman at Ed 's , Winona , Minnesota ( 2014 ) Background information ( 1951 - 05 - 16 ) May 16 , 1951 ( age 66 ) Natick , Massachusetts , United States Genres Rock , folk , new wave , proto - punk , garage rock Occupation ( s ) Musician , singer - songwriter Instruments guitar , vocals , saxophone Years active 1970 -- present Labels Beserkley , Warner Bros . Associated acts The Modern Lovers Jonathan Michael Richman ( born May 16 , 1951 ) is an American singer , songwriter and guitarist . In 1970 he founded the Modern Lovers , an influential proto - punk band . Since the mid-1970s , Richman has worked either solo or with low - key , acoustic and electric , backing . Currently , he plays only acoustic to protect his hearing . He is known for his wide - eyed , unaffected and childlike outlook , and music that , while rooted in rock and roll , is influenced by music from around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 The Modern Lovers 1.3 Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers 1.4 Solo 1.5 Personal life 1.6 Influence 2 Discography 2.1 Studio albums 2.1. 1 The Modern Lovers 2.1. 2 Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers 2.1. 3 Jonathan Richman 2.2 Live albums 2.3 Compilations 2.4 Singles 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Early Life ( edit ) Born in Natick , Massachusetts , into a Jewish family , Richman began playing music and writing his own songs in the mid-1960s . He became infatuated with the Velvet Underground , and in 1969 he moved to New York City , lived on the couch of their manager , Steve Sesnick , worked odd jobs and tried to break in as a professional musician . Failing at this , he returned to Boston . The Modern Lovers ( edit ) Main article : The Modern Lovers While in Boston , Richman formed the Modern Lovers , a proto - punk garage rock band . Other notable members of the group were keyboard player Jerry Harrison and drummer David Robinson , who later joined Talking Heads and the Cars , respectively . In 1972 they recorded a series of demos with producer John Cale ( formerly of the Velvet Underground ) . Among these songs were the seminal `` Roadrunner '' and `` Pablo Picasso '' which were eventually released on the group 's post-breakup album , The Modern Lovers ( August 1976 ) . The album was strange for its time , featuring Velvets - influenced basic three - chord rock ( `` Roadrunner '' -- based on just two chords -- is an homage to `` Sister Ray '' ) at a time when glam and progressive rock were the norm . Later in 1972 , the group also recorded with producer Kim Fowley ; these demos were eventually released in 1981 as The Original Modern Lovers . Despite playing live regularly , the Modern Lovers had a difficult time securing a recording contract . By late 1973 , Richman wanted to scrap the recorded tracks and start again with a mellower , more lyrical sound , influenced by the laid - back local music he had heard when the band had a residency at the Inverurie Hotel in Bermuda earlier in the year . This stymied efforts to complete a debut album , and led to the breakup of the original Modern Lovers in February 1974 . Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers ( edit ) In 1975 , Richman moved to California to record as a solo singer / songwriter with Beserkley Records . His first released recordings appeared on 1975 's Beserkley Chartbusters compilation , where he was backed by members of Earth Quake and the Rubinoos ; these four songs also appeared on singles on the independent Beserkley label . In January 1976 , Richman put together a new version of the Modern Lovers , which included original Modern Lovers drummer , David Robinson , along with former Rubinoos bassist Greg ' Curly ' Keranen and Leroy Radcliffe on guitar . The albums produced by the new group found Richman turning away from electric rock music towards gentler acoustic textures , with a strong rooting in 1950s rock and roll ( Chuck Berry 's `` Back in the USA '' was part of his repertoire ) . The album Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers was released in May 1976 ( three months before the earlier The Modern Lovers sessions were finally released ) but David Robinson left the group soon thereafter , due to frustration with Richman 's quest for lower volume levels , and joined with Ric Ocasek in forming the band the Cars . After several months as a trio , Richman found a new drummer , D. Sharpe , an avant - garde jazz player on the Boston scene , who later went on to become a member of pianist Carla Bley 's band . Rock and Roll with the Modern Lovers was released in 1977 and , just as this record began to climb the charts in Europe , Keranen left the group ( to attend college ) . A subsequent live album , Modern Lovers Live , was released in 1978 , with Asa Brebner on bass . Jonathan Richman , live at the Soft Rock Cafe , Kitsilano , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada ( 1983 ) In the United Kingdom , Richman was recognised as a progenitor of the punk rock scene , and several of his singles became hits . `` Roadrunner '' reached Number 11 in the UK Singles Chart , and its follow - up , the instrumental `` Egyptian Reggae '' , made Number 5 in late 1977 . `` Egyptian Reggae '' was a version of Jamaican musician Earl Zero 's reggae song `` None Shall Escape the Judgment '' ; Zero was credited as co-writer on Richman 's later versions of the track . Back in Your Life was released in 1979 under the `` Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers '' moniker , but only about half the disc featured a backup band . The rest was solo work . Solo ( edit ) Richman singing solo in 2014 Following the Modern Lovers ' final breakup , Richman went on sabbatical for a few years , staying in Appleton , Maine , and playing at local bars in Belfast , Maine . He returned to recording in 1983 with Jonathan Sings ! , followed by Rockin ' and Romance ( produced by Andy Paley and engineered by Daniel Levitin ) . These were followed up with US tours and a brace of pop recordings ( It 's Time for Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers , and Modern Lovers 88 from 1986 and 1988 respectively ) . After the latter release , the `` Modern Lovers '' moniker was finally retired , and having begun a true solo career , he returned to a variety of musical genres : country music with 1990 's Jonathan Goes Country , and Spanish translations of his earlier work ( as well as traditional Spanish language songs ) with Jonathan , Te Vas a Emocionar ! ( 1993 ) . In 1993 , he contributed the track `` Hot Nights '' to the AIDS - Benefit Album No Alternative produced by the Red Hot Organization . Always possessing an ardent cult following , Richman has become better known in recent years thanks to a series of appearances on Late Night with Conan O'Brien . Another major profile boost was a key part in the Farrelly Brothers ' 1998 film There 's Something About Mary , where he played half of a two - man Greek chorus with drummer Tommy Larkins , that commented on the plot while performing in the framed action itself . He also appeared briefly in a bar scene in a previous Farrelly Brothers film , Kingpin , and performed the song `` As We Walk to Fenway Park '' for their 2005 comedy , Fever Pitch . Richman has continued his release schedule all along , with You Must Ask the Heart ( 1995 ) , Surrender to Jonathan ( 1996 ) , I 'm So Confused ( 1998 ) , Her Mystery Not of High Heels and Eye Shadow ( 2001 ) , and Not So Much to Be Loved as to Love ( 2004 ) . In 1998 a live album of Modern Lovers recordings from the early 1970s was released , Live at the Long Branch & More . There is also a DVD of a live performance , Take me to the Plaza ( 2002 ) . Richman 's minimalist songwriting style has been described as whimsical and childlike . He himself has stated , `` I do n't write , really . I just make up songs . '' Richman frequently tours with drummer Tommy Larkins . Personal Life ( edit ) His first marriage was to Gail Clook of Vermont , in 1983 , with whom he has a daughter , Jenny Rae . This marriage ended in divorce sometime shortly before the release of Surrender to Jonathan ( 1996 ) . In 2003 , Richman married Nicole Montalbano of Chico , California . She contributed backing vocals to the album Not So Much to Be Loved as to Love ( 2004 ) . Influence ( edit ) Richman in Barcelona , 2009 Richman 's work with the first incarnation of Modern Lovers is a major influence on punk rock . One critic called him the `` Godfather of Punk '' . Artists as diverse as the Sex Pistols and Joan Jett have covered `` Roadrunner '' . Boston ska - punk band Big D and the Kids Table have covered `` New England '' live and on their Gypsy Hill EP . A version of `` Pablo Picasso '' performed by Burning Sensations was included in the 1984 cult film , Repo Man . David Bowie covered `` Pablo Picasso '' on his album Reality . Velvet Underground founding member John Cale has a version of the song on his 1975 album , Helen of Troy , and continues to include the song in his live shows . Iggy Pop has performed `` Pablo Picasso '' live and wrote an extra verse for it . Echo and the Bunnymen covered `` She Cracked '' in concert in 1984 and 1985 and Siouxsie and the Banshees have a version of the song on Downside Up . Richman 's music has set the tone for many alternative rock bands , such as Violent Femmes , Galaxie 500 , They Might Be Giants ( `` Roadrunner '' reportedly inspired John Flansburgh to become a musician ) , Weezer , Tullycraft , Jens Lekman , singer Frank Black ( who composed the tribute song `` The Man Who Was Too Loud '' ) , Brandon Flowers , Art Brut , Craig Finn of the Hold Steady & Lifter Puller , Mac DeMarco and Nerf Herder who composed a song about him , titled `` Jonathan '' , which appeared on the band 's second album How To Meet Girls . British country rock band the Rockingbirds released the single `` Jonathan , Jonathan '' in tribute to Richman in 1992 . The Silos also covered the Modern Lovers ' `` I 'm Straight '' . As a producer himself , Richman and drummer Tommy Larkins produced Vic Chesnutt 's final album Skitter on Take - Off in 2009 which appeared on Vapor Records . Chesnutt opened for Richman at concerts many times during his later years . `` Roadrunner '' is on the School of Rock soundtrack . In the commentary , director Richard Linklater mentions it is often called `` the first punk song '' and wanted to include it for that reason , along with all the other seminal rock songs in that film . A tribute album , If I Were a Richman : a Tribute to the Music of Jonathan Richman , was released by Wampus Multimedia in 2001 . Rapper M.I.A. featured the opening lyrics from `` Roadrunner '' in the song `` Bamboo Banga '' on her 2007 album , Kala . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Jonathan Richman in Tokyo , sometime in the 80 's Ann Arbor , Michigan The Modern Lovers ( edit ) The Modern Lovers ( 1976 ) Modern Lovers ' Live ' ( 1978 ) The Original Modern Lovers ( 1981 ) Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers ( edit ) Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers ( 1976 ) Rock ' n ' Roll with the Modern Lovers ( 1977 ) UK # 50 Back in Your Life ( 1979 ) Jonathan Sings ! ( 1983 ) Rockin ' and Romance ( 1985 ) It 's Time For ( 1986 ) Modern Lovers 88 ( 1987 ) The Best Of Jonathan Richman & the Modern Lovers ( 1999 ) Jonathan Richman ( edit ) Jonathan Richman ( 1989 ) Jonathan Goes Country ( 1990 ) Having a Party with Jonathan Richman ( 1991 ) I , Jonathan ( 1992 ) ¡ Jonathan , Te Vas a Emocionar ! ( 1994 ) You Must Ask the Heart ( 1995 ) Surrender to Jonathan ( 1996 ) I 'm So Confused ( 1998 ) Radio On / Stop And Shop with the Modern Lovers ( 2 on 1 ) ( 1998 ) Her Mystery Not of High Heels and Eye Shadow ( 2001 ) Not So Much to Be Loved as to Love ( 2004 ) Revolution Summer ( 2007 ) Because Her Beauty Is Raw and Wild ( 2008 ) ¿ A qué venimos sino a caer ? ( 2008 ) O Moon , Queen of Night on Earth ( 2010 ) Ishkode ! Ishkode ! ( 2016 ) Live albums ( edit ) Modern Lovers ' Live ' ( 1977 ) Live at the Longbranch Saloon ( 1992 ) Precise Modern Lovers Order ( 1994 ) Live at the Longbranch and More ( 1998 ) ( These last three live albums are from the same three 1971 - 3 performances , but add and subtract a few different songs . The last two , combined , contain all the songs . ) Compilations ( edit ) Alternate versions of `` Roadrunner '' and `` Government Center '' , along with `` The New Teller '' , and `` It Will Stand '' , first appeared on the Beserkley Chartbusters Vol. 1 compilation ( 1975 ) `` I 'm Straight '' and `` Government Center '' , from the Modern Lovers ' Kim Fowley - produced Beserkley sessions , first appeared on the Warner Bros. Records compilation Troublemakers ( 1980 ) `` I Like Gumby '' ; On the Gumby compilation album -- Jonathan Richman 1993 , contributed `` Hot Nights '' ( live ) to the AIDS - Benefit Album No Alternative produced by the Red Hot Organization . Performs `` Stop Your Sobbing '' on the 2002 Kinks tribute album This Is Where I Belong . Action Packed : The Best Of Jonathan Richman ( 2002 ) `` The Origin of Love '' on Wig in a Box ( 2003 ) `` Our Dog Is Getting Older Now '' on the charity album Colours Are Brighter ( October 2006 ) Think About Mustapha ( 2 songs ) ( 1994 ) No Me Quejo De Mi Estrella ( 2014 ) Singles ( edit ) US issues except where stated `` Roadrunner '' / `` It Will Stand '' ( United Artists UP36006 , 1975 ) `` Roadrunner '' / ( `` Friday on My Mind '' by Earth Quake ) ( Beserkley B - 4701 , 1976 ) `` Roadrunner ( Once ) '' / `` Roadrunner ( Twice ) '' ( Beserkley BZZ 1 , UK , 1976 ) UK # 11 `` Roadrunner '' / `` Pablo Picasso '' ( Beserkley PA - 205 , 1976 ) `` New England '' / `` Here Come The Martian Martians '' ( Beserkley B - 5743 , 1976 ) `` Egyptian Reggae '' / `` Ice Cream Man '' ( Beserkley 6.12 217 , 1977 ) `` Egyptian Reggae '' / `` Rollercoaster by the Sea '' ( Beserkley BZZ 2 , UK , 1977 ) UK # 5 `` The Morning of Our Lives ( Live ) '' / `` Roadrunner ( Thrice ) ( Live ) '' ( Beserkley BZZ 7 , UK , 1977 ) UK # 29 `` New England ( Live ) '' / `` Astral Plane ( Live ) '' ( Beserkley BZZ 14 , UK , 1978 ) `` Abdul and Cleopatra '' / `` Astral Plane ( Live ) '' ( Beserkley 11813 , 1978 ) `` Abdul and Cleopatra '' / `` Oh Carol '' ( Beserkley BZZ 19 , UK , 1978 ) `` Buzz , Buzz , Buzz '' / `` Abdul and Cleopatra '' ( Beserkley 6.12 311 , 1978 ) `` Buzz , Buzz , Buzz '' / `` Hospital ( Live ) '' ( BZZ 25 , UK , 1978 ) `` My Little Kookenhaken '' / `` Roadrunner ( Thrice ) ( Live ) '' ( Beserkley 11819 , 1978 ) `` South American Folk Song ( Live ) '' / `` Ice Cream Man ( Live ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Lydia '' / `` Important in Your Life '' ( BZZ 28 , UK , 1979 ) `` That Summer Feeling '' / `` This Kind of Music '' ( 1984 ) `` That Summer Feeling '' / `` This Kind of Music '' / `` Tag Game '' ( Rough Trade RTT 152 , UK , 1984 ) `` I 'm Just Beginning To Live '' / `` Circle I '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm Just Beginning To Live '' / `` Circle I '' / `` Shirin and Fahrad '' ( Rough Trade RTT 154 , UK , 1985 ) `` California Desert Party '' / `` When Harpo Played His Harp '' ( DRD 1D474 , Spain , 1988 ) `` Egyptian Reggae '' / `` Roadrunner '' ( 1989 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ASCAP records for Jonathan Richman Archived November 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Strong , Martin C. ( 2000 ) . The Great Rock Discography ( 5th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Mojo Books . pp. 814 -- 815 . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 017 - 3 . Jump up ^ Henriquez , Ryan S. `` Concert review at '' . Popmatters.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steven Lee Beeber , The Heebie - Jeebies at CBGB 's : A Secret History of Jewish Punk , Chicago Review Press , 2008 , pp. 49 - 62 Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 462 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Originals by Arnold Rypens '' . Originals.be . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` View topic -- Egyptian Reggae -- Jonathan Richman video clip ! '' . Blood and Fire . May 16 , 2006 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World on a String '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With Jonathan Richman Synthesis Weekly '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of Peter Montalbano - aqw03. htm '' . Montalbano.org . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CN&R > Music > ' 2 big sets , 2 big nights ' > 01.30. 03 '' . Newsreview.com . January 30 , 2003 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brilliant Careers : Jonathan Richman '' Archived February 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Salon , September 4 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Modern Lovers ' Live ' , Modern Lovers , Beserkley `` Home of the Hits '' , Stereo , JBZ - 0055 , 1978 ^ Jump up to : http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/jonathan%20richman%20%26%20the%20modern%20lovers/ Further reading ( edit ) Tim Mitchell , There 's Something About Jonathan , London : Peter Owen Publishers , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 7206 - 1076 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jonathan Richman . Jonathan Richman on IMDb Jojo Blog -- long running community - authored blog www.icecoldnugrape.com -- Lots of live recordings of rare songs not found on studio albums VIAF : 1534361 LCCN : n93019544 ISNI : 0000 0000 8050 0558 GND : 123189314 SUDOC : 14559520X BNF : cb13957291j ( data ) MusicBrainz : bae34b81 - 9abd - 416e - a720 - fedc359df775 NKC : pna2012686429 IATH : w6c84zgc Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Richman&oldid=814685112 '' Categories : 1951 births American male singers American rock guitarists American male guitarists American rock singers Jewish American musicians Living people Natick High School alumni People from Natick , Massachusetts Protopunk musicians Rough Trade Records artists Singers from Massachusetts Sire Records artists Songwriters from Massachusetts The Modern Lovers members Jews in punk rock Guitarists from Massachusetts People from Knox County , Maine Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 08 : 27 . 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5989273132596272609	(Ghost) Riders in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend	( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky : a cowboy Legend - Wikipedia ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky : a cowboy Legend For the album , see Ghost Riders in the Sky ( Slim Whitman album ) . `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky : A Cowboy Legend '' Song Published 1948 , Edwin H. Morris & Co Inc Released June 5 , 1948 Genre Country , western Songwriter ( s ) Stan Jones `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky : A Cowboy Legend '' is a cowboy - styled country / western song written in 1948 by American songwriter , film and television actor Stan Jones . A number of versions were crossover hits on the pop charts in 1949 , the most successful being by Vaughn Monroe . The ASCAP database lists the song as `` Riders in the Sky '' ( title code 480028324 ) , but the title has been written as `` Ghost Riders '' , `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' , and `` A Cowboy Legend '' . Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents 1 Overview 2 Recordings 2.1 1948 2.2 1949 2.3 1950s 2.4 1960s 2.5 1970s 2.6 1980s 2.7 1990s 2.8 2000s 2.9 2010s 2.10 Additional versions 2.11 Non-English versions 2.11. 1 Czech 2.11. 2 Estonian 2.11. 3 Finnish 2.11. 4 French 2.11. 5 German 2.11. 6 Italian 2.11. 7 Lithuanian 2.11. 8 Portuguese 2.11. 9 Spanish 2.11. 10 Yugoslavian 3 Influences 4 References Overview ( edit ) The song tells a folk tale of a cowboy who has a vision of red - eyed , steel - hooved cattle thundering across the sky , being chased by the spirits of damned cowboys . One warns him that if he does not change his ways , he will be doomed to join them , forever `` trying to catch the Devil 's herd across these endless skies '' . Jones stated he had been told the story when he was 12 years old by an old cowboy friend . More than 50 performers have recorded versions of the song . Charting versions were recorded by The Outlaws , Vaughn Monroe ( `` Riders in the Sky '' with orchestra and vocal quartet ) , which topped the Billboard magazine charts , by Bing Crosby ( with the Ken Darby Singers ) , Frankie Laine , Burl Ives ( two different versions ) , Marty Robbins , The Ramrods and Johnny Cash . Other recordings were made by Eddy Arnold , Peggy Lee ( with the Jud Conlon Singers ) , Christopher Lee , and Spike Jones and his City Slickers . Gene Autry sang it in the 1949 movie , Riders in the Sky . Jones himself recorded it for his 1957 album Creakin ' Leather . Children of Bodom , Impaled Nazarene and Die Apokalyptischen Reiter have also made covers . The melody is based on the song `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home . '' Recordings ( edit ) 1948 ( edit ) The original version by Stan Jones was recorded in late 1948 . Fellow songwriter Eden Ahbez sent the song to Burl Ives , who recorded his own version a year later . 1949 ( edit ) Burl Ives recorded the song on February 17 , 1949 , and the song was released by Columbia Records as catalog No. 38445 . The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on April 22 , 1949 , lasting six weeks and peaking at No. 21 . The version by Vaughn Monroe and His Orchestra with Vaughn Monroe and The Moon Men on vocals , was recorded on March 14 , 1949 , and released by RCA Victor Records as catalog No. 20 - 3411 ( in USA ) and by EMI on the His Master 's Voice label as catalog No . BD 1247 , HN 3014 , HQ 2071 , IM 1425 and GY 878 . The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on April 15 , 1949 , lasting 22 weeks and reaching No. 1 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1949 . The Bing Crosby version was recorded on March 22 , 1949 , and released by Decca Records as catalog No. 24618 . The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on May 6 , 1949 , lasting 6 weeks and peaking at No. 14 . The Peggy Lee version was recorded on April 18 , 1949 , and released by Capitol Records as catalog No. 57 - 608 . It reached No. 2 on Billboard 's Most Played By Disc Jockeys listing without appearing in the retail Top 30 . Spike Jones recorded the song on May 24 , 1949 , and it was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog No. 20 - 3741 . Copies of the original release , containing lyrics ridiculing RCA stockholder Vaughn Monroe , are rare . The recording parodies the original Monroe recording , injecting much of Jones ' quintessential humor along the way . Gene Autry recorded the song for Columbia Records on August 16 , 1949 , which issued as Columbia 20635 , backed with `` Cowboy 's Trademarks '' ( recorded August 27 , 1940 ) , and sang it in his 1949 film Riders in the Sky released through Columbia Pictures . 1950s ( edit ) Opening track of Scatman Crothers ' 1956 album , Rock ' n ' roll with Scat Man . Theodore Bikel sang a humorous version of the song in his An Actor 's Holiday album ( 1956 ) . 1960s ( edit ) The song was recorded by the Norman Luboff Choir and released on their 1960 album , Songs of the Cowboy . Lawrence Welk and His Orchestra released an instrumental version in 1961 , featuring Neil Levang on guitar , which spent 3 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , reaching No. 87 . Curtis Lance ( Dick Jensen ) and the Uniques recorded an instrumental version in 1961 . The Brothers Four recorded a driven , up - tempo version . with edited lyrics and truncated to three stanzas , for their third LP , B.M.O.C. : Best Music On / Off Campus for Columbia Records in 1961 . The Sons of the Pioneers included the song on their album Cool Water put out by RCA Records in 1961 under the name `` Riders in the Sky '' . A twangy guitar instrumental version by The Ramrods -- featuring the sounds of mooing cattle , bronco cheers , and sound of cracking whips -- was recorded in late 1960 and it made the Billboard Top 30 in 1961 , as well as the UK Top 10 . This was covered by UK band The Scorpions ( not the German rock band ) on the `` Parlophone '' Label . The Ventures made a surf rock cover of the song in 1961 . A live performance of the tune , featuring surf rock band The Original Surfaris appeared in the 1962 compilation album titled Surf 's Up ! At Banzai Pipeline . The performance incorporates the riff from the Jørgen Ingmann hit , `` Apache '' . Bob James , recording as The Bob James Trio , included it as the last track on his very first album Bold Conceptions released in 1962 . The Spotnicks , a Swedish instrumental rock band , covered this song on their 1962 album , The Spotnicks in London , Out - a space . Frankie Laine recorded the song on his 1963 album , Wanderlust . Frank Ifield recorded the song for his 1963 UK album , Born Free ( Columbia 33SX 1534 ) . Dick Dale recorded a surf - rock version for his second album , King of the Surf Guitar , released in 1963 . Californian singer Peter Tevis recorded a version with orchestral and choral arrangements by Ennio Morricone for the 1965 album , Un pugno di ... West . Baja Marimba Band recorded this song on the album , Watch Out , in 1966 . Tom Jones recorded this song opening the album , Green , Green Grass of Home , in 1967 . Takeshi Terauchi & Bunnys recorded an instrumental version of this song on their 1967 album , The World Is Waiting For Terry . Davie Allan and the Arrows recorded two versions , one on the 1967 Blues ' Theme album ( Tower Records ) and the other on the 2008 Moving Right Along album ( Spinout Records ) . Jimmy Wakely , a cowboy singer , recorded the song on Shasta Records . Burl Ives made a second version of this song for his 1969 album Got the World by the Tail . 1970s ( edit ) Elvis Presley recorded it in June 1970 at MGM 's soundstage in Culver City , California . Susan Christie released a version on her 1970 album , Paint a Lady . Roy Clark recorded an instrumental version for his 1973 album Roy Clark / Superpicker , an album of all instrumentals . The song reached No. 27 on the Hot Country Singles chart that year . Former REO Speedwagon guitarist Gary Richrath quoted the melody of the song during his unaccompanied guitar solo on the band 's 1977 live album , Live : You Get What You Play For . Riders in the Sky recorded this song for their debut album , Three on the Trail , in 1979 and on several of subsequent albums . Johnny Cash made a recording of the song in 1979 for his album , Silver , which was faithful to the original , and peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . Johnny Cash also performs the song in his guest appearance on The Muppet Show in 1980 . 1980s ( edit ) Country singer and rodeo cowboy Chris LeDoux recorded a version of the song for his 1980 album Old Cowboy Heroes . LeDoux 's version swaps the placements of `` yippie yi yay '' and `` yippie yi oh '' , and refers to the cowboy instead as a `` cowpoke '' . A version by The Shadows reached No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart in 1980 . This version was a semitone higher than the original . Australian band , the Fabulaires from Adelaide did a cover version on their Apocalypso 12 '' E.P. circa 1980 . Rock band Outlaws made a recording on their 1980 album Ghost Riders that left out the last verse . They also released a live version of the song , recorded in 1982 at the King Biscuit Flower Hour radio show , which appeared on Greatest Hits of The Outlaws ... High Tides Forever . Dean `` Red Elvis '' Reed recorded the song on the album Country in 1982 in East Germany and Czechoslovakia . A Sesame Street version titled `` The Dirtiest Town In The West '' with altered lyrics first aired in 1982 . Vic Damone recorded a version on his 1982 album Over The Rainbow . Psychobilly band King Kurt released a version in 1983 on their album Ooh Wallah Wallah . The Danish cowpunk band Disneyland After Dark ( later just D-A-D ) recorded the song `` Riding With Sue '' in 1986 for their album Call of the Wild where the riffs from the melody were used in an intermezzo . 1990s ( edit ) The Chaps released a Scottish parody version called `` Rawhide '' in 1982 . Peter , Paul & Mary recorded a parody of the song titled `` Yuppies in the Sky '' on their 1990 album Flowers and Stones . Terry Scott Taylor and Daniel Amos recorded a version in 1990 that appeared on The Miracle Faith Telethon compilation album . Impaled Nazarene recorded a black metal version of the song , which was released on the Sadogoat EP in 1993 . It was subsequently included in the CD version of their bonus album , Tol Cormpt Norz Norz Norz . The Alberta Celtic rock group Captain Tractor recorded an unusual version for their 1994 album Land . New lyrics describe the frenzy of corruption in a prairie town at the climax of a real estate bubble . Rather than fire - and - brimstone Christian imagery , the warning takes the form of vaguely Zen lamentations : `` The winds still blow / The rains still fall / The trees do n't seem to care at all ! '' Buckethead played a dub style version of the song during his Giant Robot album tour in 1994 . Dick Dale once again covered the song for his 1994 album , Unknown Territory . For a time , this version accompanied a NASA montage as part of the preshow video on Space Mountain at Disneyland and Magic Kingdom . Duane Eddy brought his electrified `` twangy guitar '' sound along with a sax edition by Jim Horn to a 1996 version on an Curb Album Ghost Rider . On the 1997 album , VH1 Storytellers , the song was recorded live with Johnny Cash and Willie Nelson . In that performance , Willie Nelson misses the start of the third verse because he forgets the text , and ends up switching the third and fourth verses . Deborah Harry , lead singer of Blondie , recorded a trance version of the song , which features on the soundtrack to the film Three Businessmen ( 1998 ) . The song ( produced and arranged by Dan Wool and Pray for Rain ) is available free on her website . Christopher Lee recorded a version of this song on the album Devils , Rogues & Other Villains , released by Nikolas Schreck in 1998 on his Wolfslair label . The Blues Brothers performed the song in the 1998 movie Blues Brothers 2000 . This version appeared on both the movie 's soundtrack and the compilation album The Blues Brothers ' Greatest Hits of All Time . Similar to the `` Rawhide '' scene in the first movie , the band is mistakenly booked at a bluegrass festival ( announced to the crowd as `` The Bluegrass Brothers '' ) . Buster Blues ' ( J. Evan Bonifant ) harmonica parts for the film were recorded by John Popper of Blues Traveler . In 1999 , Ned Sublette included a merengue rendition on his album , Cowboy Rumba . 2000s ( edit ) The German `` Western Metal '' band Dezperadoz ( featuring a member of Sodom ) covered the song on their 2000 album , The Dawn Of Dying . Dolan Ellis , Arizona 's Official State Balladeer since 1966 , included this as the only cover on his CD , Tall Tales , Lost Trails & Heroes , released in 2000 . He has sung the song throughout the nation and in 20 foreign countries , solo and as a member of the New Christy Minstrels , always telling the folk tale of Stan Jones , the Cochise County cowboy . The Texas band , Ghoultown , recorded a version of this song on their album Tales from the Dead West ( 2000 ) . Concrete Blonde recorded a version for their last album , 2004 's Mojave . John Frusciante , Michael Rother , and Josh Klinghoffer performed a short instrumental version of the song live in 2004 . German heavy metal band , Die Apokalyptischen Reiter , released a version titled `` Ghostriders in the Sky '' on their 2006 4 - track EP , Friede Sei Mit Dir . California - based Me First and the Gimme Gimmes covered the song on their 2006 album Love Their Country This cover was later used in 2017 in racing video game Forza Horizon 3 's trailer for its Hot Wheels Expansion . Art Greenhaw , Grammy Award - Winning guitarist , producer and leader of The Light Crust Doughboys , recorded a world music fusion version of this song on the album Lone Star Sitar and released in 2006 on the Greenhaw Records label . During the credits of the 2007 movie Ghost Rider , a rock cover by the band Spiderbait is played . An instrumental version is also heard at points in the film . Finnish melodic death metal band Children of Bodom covered this song under the title ' Ghostriders in the Sky ' and have released it on the special edition of their 2008 album , Blooddrunk . 2010s ( edit ) Judy Collins , featuring the Nashville Rhythm Section and Ghost Riders Chorus , covered `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' on her 2010 album Paradise . Florida / Utah death metal band , Gorlock , covered it on their 2011 EP titled Despair is My Mistress . The song is the opening track on Roswell Rudd 's album , Trombone For Lovers . The character of Granddad Brown in the Irish comedy series Mrs Brown 's Boys briefly covered Ghost Riders in the Sky in the 2011 Christmas special episode `` Mammy 's Ass '' . The scene involves Granddad singing the song whilst Agnes hits him over the head with a metal tray , testing a crash helmet ( which Granddad 's wearing ) her friend Winnie is meant to be testing . A track on Drop The Lime 's 2012 album Enter The Night used the instrumental of `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky '' . `` Outsider '' music star , The Space Lady , featured it on her GREATEST HITS LP. ( 2013 , Night School Records ) Screaming Orphans covered on the album Lonely Boy . ( 2011 ) In 2015 , a lower tempo version of Johnny Cash 's cover was used on the announcement trailer for the forthcoming Space - Opera RPG , Mass Effect : Andromeda . Monster truck Black Stallion uses it as its theme song . Country artist Ray Scott ( singer ) covered Johnny Cash 's version of this song on his EP , `` Roots Sessions , Vol. 1 '' which was released in 2015 . Chrome Division covered Johnny Cash 's version of this song on their 2011 `` 3rd Round Knockout '' album . Devil Driver covered Johnny Cash 's version of this song on their 2018 `` Outlaws ' Til the End : Vol. 1 '' album . Additional versions ( edit ) Versions in various genres have also been made by the following artists : Carlos Malcolm All - American Boys Chorus Boston Pops Orchestra Chrome Division Dean Martin Devildriver Dixie Chicks Fred Penner Kaleidoscope Marty Robbins Mary McCaslin R.E.M. Scary Bitches ( UK goth rock ) Shebeen ( North Ireland underground music , as `` Ooh Ah Up the ' RA , or The SAM Song '' ) The Tubes ( under the track title , `` Cowboy Fee & The Heifer 's Dream '' ) Youn Sun Nah ( on her album Lento ) Vocal Majority Non-english versions ( edit ) Czech ( edit ) Czech versions titled `` Ďáblovo stádo '' by Rudolf Cortéz released in 1956 , and by Waldemar Matuška in 1981 . Czech version titled `` Nebeští Jezdci '' by Taxmeni & Roger Latzgo released in 1991 Estonian ( edit ) Estonian - Canadian musician Jüri Lipp translated and recorded a surf rock version in Estonian in 1968 . Finnish ( edit ) A Finnish version titled `` Aaveratsastajat '' was written by Kullervo ( born Tapio Kullervo Lahtinen ) and it has been recorded by several popular artists including Henry Theel ja Metro - tytöt , Kari Tapio , Danny , Tapani Kansa , Reijo Taipale , and Ismo Alanko . Juha Vainio wrote an alternative , humoristic version titled `` Hirvenmetsästys '' ( The Moose Hunt ) . Pertti Metsärinteen yhtye recorded it in 1970 . An instrumental jazz version by Kalle Kalima on the album High Noon released in 2016 . French ( edit ) A French - language version titled `` Les Cavaliers du Ciel '' was released by Les Compagnons de la chanson in 1949 . French guitarist and singer , Gill Dougherty , also released a version on his 1990 album , Live In Bourges . In 1992 , another French language version titled `` Où tu iras '' was released by Les Naufragés , on their album A contre - Courant . German ( edit ) In 1949 , a German - language version titled `` Geisterreiter '' was recorded and released by East German entertainer , Rita Paul & Her Cornel - Trio . In the same year , a version was released by Gerhard Wendland . Additional German - language versions have been released by surf - punk - electro band , Mikrowelle , and television entertainer , Götz Alsmann featuring Bela B of Die Ärzte . An instrumental version was done by the Austrian band `` da Blechhauf ` n '' in 2012 . Italian ( edit ) An Italian - language version of the song , titled `` I Cavalieri del Cielo '' was recorded by famous Italian singer Gino Latilla in 1952 . Lithuanian ( edit ) A Lithuanian - language version of the song titled `` Jupi Ja Je '' was recorded by Adolfas Jarulis ir Estradinės melodijos in 1971 . Portuguese ( edit ) Brazilian artist Milton Nascimento recorded a Portuguese - language version under the title `` Cavaleiros do céu '' released on his 1981 album , Caçador de Mim . Spanish ( edit ) In 1966 , a Spanish - language version , `` Jinetes en el cielo '' , was recorded and released by the Mexican group , Los Baby 's . Mexican singer Pedro Vargas also recorded a version . The popular singer from Spain , Raphael , also released a Spanish version in the 1970s . The lyrical subject was changed to reflect a cowboy doomed to ride for eternity for breaking a young girl 's heart . The song ends happily when the girl saves him from that horrible destiny by crying and praying for him then letting a rose fall on his grave . Mexican singers ( and actors ) Manolín and Shilinsky ( find them in Wikipedia in Spanish ) recorded a comic version . Yugoslavian ( edit ) Iskre - Nebeski Jahači ( Ghost Riders In The Sky ) 1965 Influences ( edit ) Apart from the numerous recordings by various artists , `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' has inspired various artists . The Doors ' `` Riders on the Storm '' , from the album L.A. Woman ( 1971 ) . The chorus lines of this song are and have been since the 1960s a terrace song of the Aston Villa Football Club of England . The words have been modified to include the line `` Holte Enders in the Sky , '' a reference to the occupants of the vast stand behind the goal at the southern end of the Villa Park stadium . REO Speedwagon 's `` Ridin ' the Storm Out '' , from the album Ridin ' the Storm Out ( 1973 ) . Def Leppard 's `` Foolin ' '' , from the album Pyromania ( 1983 ) , with the line `` On and on , we rode the storm '' . Motörhead 's Iron Fist , from the album Iron Fist ( 1982 ) . The song was also the inspiration for the Magazine Enterprises ' horror - Western comic - book character the Ghost Rider . After the trademark to the character 's name and motif lapsed , Marvel Comics debuted its own near - identical , non-horror version of the character in Ghost Rider # 1 ( Feb. 1967 ) , drawn by Ayers . This character was renamed the Phantom Rider when Marvel debuted its demonic motorcyclist character Ghost Rider . The Corries recorded a comic parody of the song called The Portree Kid written by Scottish musician Bill Hill , claiming that this was the original Scottish song and tune which had been usurped by American songwriters . Portree is the largest town on the Isle of Skye . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Stan Jones '' . Western Music Association . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ACE Repertory '' . Ascap.com . Retrieved 3 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Creakin ' Leather ( 1957 ) . Disneyland Records WDL - 3015 . `` Stan Jones sings his own compositions '' Recorded by Walt Disney Music Co . Copyright Walt Disney Productions . Jump up ^ `` ( Ghost ) Riders In the Sky by The Outlaws Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com. 1949 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1973 ) . Top Pop Records 1940 - 1955 . Record Research . Jump up ^ Number One Song of the Year : 1946 - 2013 , Bob Borst website Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Week Hot 100 '' , Billboard , October 9 , 1961 . Accessed July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DICK JENSEN - A DISCOGRAPHY '' . Stereocandies.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` Frank Ifield ' Born Free ' '' . 45worlds.com . Retrieved 31 - 03 - 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dean - Reed - Website '' . Deanreed.de . Retrieved 3 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dean - Reed - Website '' . Deanreed.de . Retrieved 3 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Collar , Matt . `` Ghostrider : Great Guitar Hits - Duane Eddy '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' . Debora Harry . Archived from the original ( MP3 ) on 2016 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` '' Ghostriders in the Sky '' on the 2006 Die Apokalyptischen Reiter EP , Friede Sei Mit Dir `` . discogs.com . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Art Greenhaw Music CD 's & Cassettes '' . Theconnextion.com . Retrieved 3 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Neder , Alvaro . `` Caçador de mim '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jinetes en el cielo '' by Mexican group , Los Baby 's `` . popsike.com . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' El Bueyecito '' by Mexican singers , Manolín and Shilinsky `` . youtube.com . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riders On The Storm by The Doors Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com. 1950 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The origins of Aston Villa 's famous terrace chants '' . Mat Kendrick. 2018 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Ayers : A Life in the ' Gowanus ' '' . Alter Ego. 3 ( 10 ) . interview part 1 of 2 . Autumn 2001 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2010 . Co-creator Dick Ayers recalled that editor Vin Sullivan `` describe ( d ) what he wanted in the Ghost Rider '' and told Ayers to see the 1949 Disney animated feature The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , one segment of which adapted Washington Irving 's story `` The Legend of Sleepy Hollow '' , featuring the Headless Horseman . `` ( A ) nd then he told me to play the Vaughn Monroe record `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky '' . And then he started talking about what he wanted the guy wearing . '' Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1946 -- 1959 ) 1946 : `` Prisoner of Love '' -- Perry Como 1947 : `` Near You '' -- Francis Craig 1948 : `` Twelfth Street Rag '' -- Pee Wee Hunt 1949 : `` Riders in the Sky '' -- Vaughn Monroe Orchestra 1950 : `` Goodnight , Irene '' -- Gordon Jenkins and The Weavers 1951 : `` Too Young '' -- Nat King Cole 1952 : `` Blue Tango '' -- Leroy Anderson 1953 : `` The Song from Moulin Rouge '' -- Percy Faith 1954 : `` Little Things Mean a Lot '' -- Kitty Kallen 1955 : `` Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White '' -- Pérez Prado 1956 : `` Heartbreak Hotel '' -- Elvis Presley 1957 : `` All Shook Up '' -- Elvis Presley 1958 : `` Nel Blu Dipinto di Blu ( Volare ) '' -- Domenico Modugno 1959 : `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Johnny Horton Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) The Shadows Hank Marvin Bruce Welch Brian Bennett Ian Samwell Mark Griffiths Jet Harris Tony Meehan Brian ' Licorice ' Locking Warren Bennett John Rostill John Farrar Alan Tarney Alan Hawkshaw Studio albums The Shadows Out of the Shadows Dance with The Shadows The Sound of The Shadows Shadow Music Jigsaw From Hank , Bruce , Brian and John Shades of Rock Rockin ' with Curly Leads Specs Appeal Tasty String of Hits Change of Address Hits Right Up Your Street Life in the Jungle XXV Guardian Angel Moonlight Shadows Simply Shadows Steppin ' to the Shadows At Their Very Best Reflection Singles `` Apache '' `` FBI '' `` Kon - Tiki '' `` The Savage '' `` Wonderful Land '' `` Dance On ! '' `` Foot Tapper '' `` Atlantis '' `` Geronimo '' `` Theme for Young Lovers '' `` The Rise and Fall of Flingle Bunt '' `` The War Lord '' `` Slaughter on Tenth Avenue `` Let Me Be the One '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` Theme from the Deer Hunter ( Cavatina ) '' `` Rodrigo 's Guitar Concerto '' `` Riders in the Sky '' `` Heart of Glass '' `` Equinoxe ( Part V ) '' `` The Third Man '' `` Telstar '' `` Imagine '' / Woman '' `` Treat Me Nice '' Compilations 20 Golden Greats Extended plays The Shadows The Shadows to the Fore Spotlight on The Shadows The Boys Related articles Discography Discography with Cliff Richard Cliff Richard Thank You Very Much ( 1979 , live album ) Book Johnny Cash Studio albums With His Hot and Blue Guitar Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous The Fabulous Johnny Cash Greatest ! Songs of Our Soil Sings Hank Williams Now , There Was a Song ! Now Here 's Johnny Cash The Sound of Johnny Cash All Aboard the Blue Train Ring of Fire : The Best of Johnny Cash The Original Sun Sound of Johnny Cash I Walk the Line Orange Blossom Special Everybody Loves a Nut Happiness Is You Old Golden Throat More of Old Golden Throat Hello , I 'm Johnny Cash The World of Johnny Cash Man in Black A Thing Called Love Any Old Wind That Blows Ragged Old Flag The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me John R. Cash Look at Them Beans One Piece at a Time The Last Gunfighter Ballad I Would Like to See You Again Gone Girl Silver Rockabilly Blues The Baron The Adventures of Johnny Cash Johnny 99 Rainbow Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town Classic Cash : Hall of Fame Series Water from the Wells of Home Boom Chicka Boom The Mystery of Life American Recordings Unchained American III : Solitary Man American IV : The Man Comes Around Personal File American V : A Hundred Highways American VI : Ai n't No Grave Out Among the Stars Concept albums Ride This Train Blood , Sweat and Tears Bitter Tears : Ballads of the American Indian Sings the Ballads of the True West From Sea to Shining Sea America : A 200 - Year Salute in Story and Song The Johnny Cash Children 's Album The Rambler Gospel albums Hymns by Johnny Cash Hymns from the Heart The Holy Land The Gospel Road Sings Precious Memories A Believer Sings the Truth Believe in Him Return to the Promised Land My Mother 's Hymn Book Christmas albums The Christmas Spirit The Johnny Cash Family Christmas Classic Christmas Johnny Cash Country Christmas Collaborations The Lure of the Grand Canyon Carryin ' On with Johnny Cash and June Carter Johnny Cash and His Woman The Legend of Jesse James Million Dollar Quartet The Survivors Live Highwayman Class of ' 55 Heroes Highwayman 2 The Road Goes on Forever VH1 Storytellers Live albums At Folsom Prison At San Quentin The Johnny Cash Show På Österåker Strawberry Cake Koncert v Praze ( In Prague -- Live ) At Madison Square Garden A Concert Behind Prison Walls Non-gospel soundtracks I Walk the Line Little Fauss and Big Halsy Compilations Greatest Hits , Vol. 1 Heart of Cash Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 Sunday Morning Coming Down International Superstar Five Feet High and Rising Destination Victoria Station Greatest Hits , Vol. 3 The Unissued Johnny Cash Johnny & June Tall Man Encore Biggest Hits The Man in Black 1954 -- 1958 The Man in Black 1959 -- 1962 Come Along and Ride This Train The Essential Johnny Cash ( 1992 ) Wanted Man The Man in Black 1963 -- 1969 The Man in Black -- His Greatest Hits 16 Biggest Hits Love , God , Murder The Essential Johnny Cash ( 2002 ) Unearthed The Legend The Legend of Johnny Cash Johnny Cash : Patriot 16 Biggest Hits : Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash The Legend of Johnny Cash Vol. II The Complete Columbia Album Collection Songs `` 25 Minutes to Go '' `` Seasons of My Heart '' `` Any Old Wind That Blows '' `` A Wonderful Time Up There '' `` The Ballad of Boot Hill '' `` The Ballad of Ira Hayes '' `` Ballad of a Teenage Queen '' `` Big River '' `` Blistered '' `` A Boy Named Sue '' `` Busted '' `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' `` Cocaine Blues '' `` Cry ! Cry ! Cry ! '' `` Daddy Sang Bass '' `` Dark as a Dungeon '' `` Do n't Take Your Guns to Town '' `` Engine 143 '' `` Flesh and Blood '' `` The Folk Singer '' `` Folsom Prison Blues '' `` Forty Shades of Green '' `` Get Rhythm '' `` Give My Love to Rose '' `` Goodnight , Irene '' `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' `` Greystone Chapel '' `` Guess Things Happen That Way '' `` Hey , Porter '' `` Home of the Blues '' `` Hurt '' `` I Could n't Keep from Crying '' `` I Love You Because '' `` I Still Miss Someone '' `` I Walk the Line '' `` If I Had a Hammer '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` In My Life '' `` In the Jailhouse Now '' `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Jackson '' `` Kate '' `` The Man Comes Around '' `` Man in Black '' `` The Matador '' `` Oh Lonesome Me '' `` One Piece at a Time '' `` Oney '' `` Orange Blossom Special '' `` The One on the Right Is on the Left '' `` Remember the Alamo '' `` ( Ghost ) Riders in the Sky '' `` Ring of Fire '' `` Rock Island Line '' `` So Doggone Lonesome '' `` Sunday Mornin ' Comin ' Down '' `` Tennessee Flat Top Box '' `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' `` A Thing Called Love '' `` Understand Your Man '' `` What Is Truth '' `` What 'd I Say '' Television The Johnny Cash Show Family June Carter Cash John Carter Cash Rosanne Cash Carlene Carter Tommy Cash Carter Family Related Albums discography Singles discography Sun Records discography The Highwaymen Carter Family Fold Man in Black : His Own Story in His Own Words Cash : The Autobiography Johnny Cash ! The Man , His World , His Music Walk the Line We Walk the Line : A Celebration of the Music of Johnny Cash Ring of Fire ( 2013 film ) Ring of Fire ( musical ) My Father and the Man in Black Forever Words Dyess , Arkansas The Tennessee Three Book Bing Crosby Discography Filmography Albums Music of Hawaii ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Patriotic Songs for Children ( 1939 ) Cowboy Songs ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . Two ( 1939 ) George Gershwin Songs , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Ballad for Americans ( 1940 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs ( 1940 ) Christmas Music ( 1940 ) Star Dust ( 1940 ) Hawaii Calls ( 1941 ) Small Fry ( 1941 ) Crosbyana ( 1941 ) Under Western Skies ( 1941 ) Song Hits from Holiday Inn ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1942 ) Merry Christmas ( 1945 ) Selections from Going My Way ( 1945 ) Selections from The Bells of St. Mary 's ( 1946 ) Do n't Fence Me In ( 1946 ) The Happy Prince ( 1946 ) Selections from Road to Utopia ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Stephen Foster ( 1946 ) What We So Proudly Hail ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . One ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . Two ( 1946 ) Blue Skies ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Jerome Kern ( 1946 ) St. Patrick 's Day ( 1947 ) Bing Crosby -- Victor Herbert ( 1947 ) Selections from Welcome Stranger ( 1947 ) Our Common Heritage ( 1947 ) El Bingo ( 1947 ) The Small One ( 1947 ) The Man Without a Country ( 1947 ) Drifting and Dreaming ( 1947 ) Blue of the Night ( 1948 ) Selections from Showboat ( 1948 ) The Emperor Waltz ( 1948 ) St. Valentine 's Day ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Al Jolson , Bob Hope , Dick Haymes and the Andrews Sisters ( 1948 ) Selections from Road to Rio ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Judy Garland , Mary Martin , Johnny Mercer ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Lionel Hampton , Eddie Heywood , Louis Jordan ( 1948 ) Auld Lang Syne ( 1948 ) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1949 ) Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1949 ) Christmas Greetings ( 1949 ) Ichabod -- The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( 1949 ) Top o ' the Morning / Emperor Waltz ( 1949 ) Songs from Mr. Music ( 1950 ) Go West Young Man ( 1950 ) Le Bing : Song Hits of Paris ( 1953 ) Some Fine Old Chestnuts ( 1954 ) Selections from White Christmas ( 1954 ) Bing : A Musical Autobiography ( 1954 ) High Tor ( 1956 ) A Christmas Sing with Bing Around the World ( 1956 ) High Society ( w / Frank Sinatra , Grace Kelly , and Louis Armstrong ) ( 1956 ) Songs I Wish I Had Sung the First Time Around ( 1956 ) Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings ( 1956 ) Bing with a Beat ( 1957 ) A Christmas Story ( 1957 ) Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves ( 1957 ) Never Be Afraid ( 1957 ) Jack B. Nimble -- A Mother Goose Fantasy ( 1957 ) New Tricks ( 1957 ) Fancy Meeting You Here ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1958 ) How the West Was Won ( 1959 ) Bing & Satchmo ( w / Louis Armstrong ) ( 1960 ) 101 Gang Songs ( 1960 ) Holiday in Europe ( 1960 ) The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) On the Happy Side ( 1962 ) On the Sentimental Side ( 1962 ) I Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1962 ) Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre ( 1963 ) Return to Paradise Islands ( 1963 ) Bing Crosby Sings the Great Country Hits ( 1963 ) America , I Hear You Singing ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) 12 Songs of Christmas ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) That Travelin ' Two - Beat ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1965 ) Bing ' n ' Basie ( w / Count Basie ) ( 1972 ) A Couple of Song and Dance Men ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1975 ) Seasons ( 1977 ) Bing Crosby : The Voice of Christmas ( 1998 ) Family Dixie Lee ( first wife ) Gary Crosby ( son ) Dennis Crosby ( son ) Phillip Crosby ( son ) Lindsay Crosby ( son ) Kathryn Crosby ( second wife ) Harry Crosby ( son ) Mary Crosby ( daughter ) Nathaniel Crosby ( son ) Denise Crosby ( granddaughter ) Larry Crosby ( brother ) Bob Crosby ( brother ) Related Songs Bing Crosby recorded multiple times A Tribute to Bing Crosby Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(Ghost)_Riders_in_the_Sky:_A_Cowboy_Legend&oldid=862303899 '' Categories : Western music ( North America ) 1948 songs Number - one singles in the United States Burl Ives songs Bing Crosby songs Gene Autry songs Johnny Cash songs Peggy Lee songs Vic Damone songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Outlaws ( band ) songs Ghosts in popular culture Fictional cowboys and cowgirls Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Ido Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2018 , at 14 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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-8363607536257121408	Operation Cobra	Operation Cobra - wikipedia Operation Cobra Jump to : navigation , search Operation Cobra Part of Operation Overlord ( the Battle of Normandy ) M4 Sherman tanks and infantrymen of the US 4th Armored Division in Coutances Date 25 -- 31 July 1944 Location Saint - Lô , Normandy , France 49 ° 06 ′ 55 '' N 1 ° 05 ′ 25 '' W / 49.115277 ° N 1.090277 ° W / 49.115277 ; - 1.090277 ( Saint Lo ) Coordinates : 49 ° 06 ′ 55 '' N 1 ° 05 ′ 25 '' W / 49.115277 ° N 1.090277 ° W / 49.115277 ; - 1.090277 ( Saint Lo ) Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Germany Commanders and leaders Bernard Montgomery Omar Bradley J. Lawton Collins Troy Middleton Charles H. Corlett Günther von Kluge Paul Hausser Eugen Meindl Strength 8 infantry divisions 3 armored divisions 2,451 tanks and tank destroyers 2 infantry divisions 1 parachute division 4 understrength Panzer divisions 1 Panzergrenadier division 190 tanks and assault guns Casualties and losses 1,800 casualties at least 109 medium tanks unknown number of light tanks and tank destroyers ~ 70 tanks and assault guns Operation Overlord Invasion of Normandy Prelude Atlantic Wall Bodyguard Fortitude Zeppelin Titanic Taxable , Glimmer & Big Drum Combined Bomber Offensive Pointblank Transport Plan Postage Able Tarbrush Tiger Fabius Initial airborne assault British sector Tonga Deadstick Merville Battery Mallard American sector Albany Boston Chicago Detroit Elmira Normandy landings American sector Omaha Utah Pointe du Hoc Anglo - Canadian sector Gambit Sword Juno Gold Port - en - Bessin Initial ground campaign American sector Brécourt Manor Graignes Hill 30 Saint - Lô Carentan Cherbourg Anglo - Canadian sector Caen Bréville Perch Villers - Bocage Le Mesnil - Patry Douvres Martlet Epsom Windsor Charnwood Jupiter 2nd Odon Atlantic Goodwood Verrières Ridge Breakout Cobra Spring Bluecoat Totalize Lüttich Tractable Hill 262 Chambois Falaise Brest Paris Air and sea operations Ushant La Caine Cherbourg Pierres Noires Audierne Bay Supporting operations Dingson Samwest Titanic Cooney Jedburgh Pluto Mulberry Dragoon Aftermath Cemeteries Operation Cobra was the codename for an offensive launched by the First United States Army ( Lieutenant General Omar Bradley ) seven weeks after the D - Day landings , during the Normandy Campaign of World War II . The intention was to take advantage of the distraction of the Germans by the British and Canadian attacks around Caen , in Operation Goodwood and break through the German defenses that were penning in his troops , while the Germans were unbalanced . Once a corridor had been created , the First Army would then be able to advance into Brittany , rolling up the German flanks once free of the constraints of the bocage country . After a slow start the offensive gathered momentum and German resistance collapsed as scattered remnants of broken units fought to escape to the Seine . Lacking the resources to cope with the situation , the German response was ineffectual and the entire Normandy front soon collapsed . Operation Cobra , together with concurrent offensives by the British Second Army and the Canadian First Army , was decisive in securing an Allied victory in the Normandy Campaign . Having been delayed several times by poor weather , Operation Cobra commenced on 25 July , with a concentrated aerial bombardment from thousands of Allied aircraft . Supporting offensives had drawn the bulk of German armored reserves toward the British and Canadian sector and coupled with the general lack of men and materiel available to the Germans , it was impossible for them to form successive lines of defense . Units of the U.S. VII Corps led the initial two - division assault , while other First Army corps mounted supporting attacks designed to pin German units in place . Progress was slow on the first day but opposition started to crumble once the defensive crust had been broken . By 27 July , most organized resistance had been overcome and the VII and VIII Corps advanced rapidly , isolating the Cotentin peninsula . By 31 July , XIX Corps had destroyed the last forces opposing the First Army , which emerged from the bocage . Reinforcements were moved west by Field Marshal Günther von Kluge and employed in various counterattacks , the largest of which , Unternehmen Lüttich ( Operation Liège ) , was launched on 7 August between Mortain and Avranches . Although this led to the bloodiest phase of the battle , it was mounted by already exhausted and understrength units and was a costly failure . On 8 August , troops of the newly activated Third United States Army captured the city of Le Mans , formerly the German 7th Army headquarters . Operation Cobra transformed the high - intensity infantry combat of Normandy into rapid maneuver warfare and led to the creation of the Falaise pocket and the loss of the German position in northwestern France . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Planning 2.1 Supporting operations 2.2 Logistics 3 Allied offensive 3.1 Preliminary attacks 3.2 Main attack and breakthrough 25 -- 27 July 3.3 Breakout and advance 28 -- 31 July 3.4 Operation Bluecoat , 30 July -- 7 August 4 Aftermath 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 Citations 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Invasion of Normandy and Operation Overlord Following the successful Allied invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944 , progress inland was slow . To facilitate the Allied build - up in France and to secure room for further expansion , the deep water port of Cherbourg on the western flank of the American sector and the historic town of Caen in the British and Canadian sector to the east , were early objectives . The original plan for the Normandy campaign envisioned strong offensive efforts in both sectors , in which the Second Army ( Lieutenant - General Sir Miles Dempsey ) would secure Caen and the area south of it and the First US Army ( Lieutenant General Omar Bradley ) would `` wheel round '' to the Loire . General Sir Bernard Montgomery -- commanding all Allied ground forces in Normandy -- intended Caen to be taken on D - Day , while Cherbourg was expected to fall 15 days later . The Second Army was to seize Caen and then form a front to the southeast , extending to Caumont - l'Éventé , to acquire airfields and protect the left flank of the First US Army as it moved on Cherbourg . Possession of Caen and its surroundings -- desirable for open terrain that would permit maneuver warfare -- would also give the Second Army a suitable staging area for a push south to capture Falaise , which could be used as the pivot for a swing right to advance on Argentan and then the Touques River . Caen 's capture has been described by historian L.F. Ellis as the most important D - Day objective assigned to Lieutenant - General Crocker 's British I Corps . Ellis and Chester Wilmot called the Allied plan `` ambitious '' since the Caen sector contained the strongest defences in Normandy . Anglo - Canadian offensives in the Caen area after D - Day , from 6 June - 20 July 1944 The initial attempt by I Corps to reach the city on D - Day was blocked by elements of the 21st Panzer Division and with the Germans committing most of the reinforcements sent to meet the invasion to the defense of Caen , the Anglo - Canadian front rapidly congealed short of Second Army 's objectives . Operation Perch in the week following D - Day and Operation Epsom ( 26 -- 30 June ) brought some territorial gains and depleted its defenders but Caen remained in German hands until Operation Charnwood ( 7 -- 9 July ) , when the Second Army managed to take the northern part of the city up to the River Orne in a frontal assault . The successive Anglo - Canadian offensives around Caen kept the best of the German forces in Normandy , including most of the available armor , to the eastern end of the Allied lodgement , but even so the First US Army made slow progress against dogged German resistance . In part , operations were slow due to the constraints of the bocage landscape of densely packed banked hedgerows , sunken lanes , and small woods , for which U.S. units had not trained . With no port facilities in Allied hands , all reinforcement and supply had to take place over the beaches via the two Mulberry harbors and was at the mercy of the weather . On 19 June , a severe storm descended on the English Channel , lasting for three days , and causing significant delays to the Allied build - up and the cancellation of some planned operations . The First US Army advance in the western sector was eventually halted by Bradley before the town of Saint - Lô , to concentrate on the seizure of Cherbourg . The defense of Cherbourg consisted largely of four battlegroups formed from the remnants of units that had retreated up the Cotentin peninsula but the port defenses had been designed principally to meet an attack from the sea . Organized German resistance ended only on 27 June , when the 9th US Infantry Division managed to reduce the defences of Cap - de-la - Hague , north - west of the city . Within four days , VII Corps ( Major General J. Lawton `` Lightning Joe '' Collins ) resumed the offensive toward Saint - Lô , alongside XIX Corps and VIII Corps , causing the Germans to move additional armor into the U.S. sector . Planning ( edit ) Further information : Operation Cobra order of battle The originator of the idea for Operation Cobra is disputed . According to Montgomery 's official biographer , the foundation of Operation Cobra was laid on 13 June . Planning was immensely aided by detailed Ultra intelligence which supplied up - to - date decodes of communications between Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW , the German armed forces high command ) and Hitler 's generals . Montgomery 's plan at that time called for the U.S. First Army to take Saint - Lô and Coutances and then make two southward thrusts ; one from Caumont toward Vire and Mortain and the other from Saint - Lô toward Villedieu and Avranches . Although pressure was to be kept up along the Cotentin Peninsula towards La Haye - du - Puits and Valognes , the capture of Cherbourg was not the priority . With the capture of Cherbourg by VII Corps ( Lieutenant - General Lawton Collins ) on 27 June , Montgomery 's initial timetable was soon outdated and the thrust from Caumont was never adopted . Following the conclusion of Operation Charnwood and the cancellation of the First Army offensive towards Saint - Lô , Montgomery met with Bradley and Dempsey on 10 July to discuss plans for the 21st Army Group . Bradley admitted that progress on the western flank was very slow but that plans had been laid for another breakout attempt , codenamed Operation Cobra , to be launched by the First Army on 18 July . Montgomery approved the plan and that the strategy would be to draw German attention from the First Army to the British and Canadian sector . Dempsey was instructed to `` go on hitting , drawing the German strength , especially the armour , onto yourself -- so as to ease the way for Brad ( ley ) '' . To accomplish this , Operation Goodwood was planned and Eisenhower ensured that both operations would have the support of the Allied air forces with their strategic bombers . German dispositions , night of 24 -- 25 July 1944 On 12 July , Bradley briefed his commanders on the Cobra plan , which consisted of three phases . The main effort would be under the control of VII Corps . In the first phase , the breakthrough attack would be conducted by the 9th Infantry Division ( Major General Manton S. Eddy ) and the 30th Infantry Division ( Major General Leland Hobbs ) , which would break into the German defensive zone and then hold the flanks of the penetration while the 1st Infantry Division ( Major General Clarence Huebner ) and 2nd Armored Division ( Major General Edward H. Brooks ) pushed into the depth of the position until resistance collapsed . The 1st Infantry Division `` was to take Marigny , with this objective exploited by a stream of General Watson 's 3rd Armored Division armor that would move south toward Coutances '' . The 2nd Armored Division -- part of `` Collins ' exploitation force '' of the 2nd Armored Division in the east of the VII Corps sector and the `` 1st Infantry Division reinforced by Combat Command B ( CCB ) of the 3rd Armored division in the west '' -- would `` pass through the 30th Infantry Division sector ... and guard the overall American left flank . '' If VII Corps succeeded , the western German position would become untenable , permitting a relatively easy advance to the southwest end of the bocage to cut off and seize the Brittany peninsula . First Army intelligence estimated that no German counterattack would occur in the first few days after Cobra 's launch and that if they did later , they would be no more than battalion - sized operations . Cobra was to be a concentrated attack on a 7,000 yd ( 6,400 m ) front , unlike previous American broad front offensives and would have a mass of air support . Fighter - bombers would concentrate on hitting forward German defenses in a 250 yd ( 230 m ) belt immediately south of the Saint - Lô -- Periers road , while General Spaatz 's heavy bombers would bomb to a depth of 2,500 yd ( 2,300 m ) behind the German main line of resistance . It was anticipated that the physical destruction and shock value of a short , intense preliminary bombardment would greatly weaken the German defense so in addition to divisional artillery , Army - and Corps - level units would provide support , including nine heavy , five medium and seven light artillery battalions . Over 1,000 divisional and corps artillery pieces were committed to the offensive and approximately 140,000 artillery rounds were allocated to the operation in VII Corps , with another 27,000 for VIII Corps . To overcome the constraints of the bocage that had made attacks so difficult and costly for both sides , Rhino modifications were made to some M4 Sherman , M5A1 Stuart tanks and M10 tank destroyers , by fitting them with hedge - breaching ' tusks ' that could force a path through hedgerows . German tanks remained restricted to the roads but U.S. armored vehicles could maneuver more freely , although the effectiveness of the devices was exaggerated . By the eve of Cobra , 60 percent of the tanks of the First Army had the rhino modification . To preserve operational security , Bradley forbade their use until Cobra was launched . In all , 1,269 M4 medium tanks , 694 M5A1 light tanks and 288 M10 tank destroyers were available . Supporting operations ( edit ) Main articles : Operation Goodwood , Operation Atlantic , and Operation Spring Men of the 1st Battalion , Welsh Guards , part of the 32nd Guards Brigade of the Guards Armoured Division , in action near Cagny , 19 July 1944 . On 18 July , the British VIII and I Corps -- to the east of Caen -- launched Operation Goodwood . The offensive began with the largest air bombardment in support of ground forces yet , with more than 1,000 aircraft dropping 6,000 short tons ( 5,400 t ) of high explosive and fragmentation bombs from low altitude . German positions to the east of Caen were shelled by 400 artillery pieces and many villages were reduced to rubble but German artillery further to the south , on the Bourguébus Ridge , was outside the range of the British artillery and the defenders of Cagny and Émiéville were largely unscathed by the bombardment . This contributed to the losses suffered by Second Army , which sustained over 4,800 casualties . Principally an armored offensive , between 250 and 400 British tanks were put out of action , although recent examination suggests that only 140 were completely destroyed with an additional 174 damaged . The operation remains the largest tank battle ever fought by the British Army and resulted in the expansion of the Orne bridgehead and the capture of Caen on the south bank of the Orne . Simultaneously , the II Canadian Corps on the western flank of Goodwood began Operation Atlantic to strengthen the Allied foothold along the banks of the Orne river and take Verrières Ridge to the south of Caen . Atlantic made initial gains but ran out of steam as casualties mounted . Having cost the Canadians 1,349 men and with the heavily defended ridge firmly in German hands , Atlantic was closed down on 20 July . At Montgomery 's urging , `` strongly underlined in the Supreme Commander 's communications to Montgomery '' , the II Canadian Corps commander , Lieutenant - General Guy Simonds , began a second offensive a few days later , codenamed Operation Spring . This had the limited but important aim of tying down German units to prevent them from being transferred to the American sector , although Simonds took the opportunity to make another bid for Verrières Ridge . Again the fighting for Verrières Ridge proved extremely bloody for the Canadians , with 25 July marking the costliest day for a Canadian battalion -- The Black Watch ( Royal Highland Regiment ) of Canada -- since the Dieppe Raid of 1942 . A counterstroke by two German divisions pushed the Canadians back past their start lines and Simonds had to commit reinforcements to stabilize the front . With Goodwood , the Canadian operations caused the Germans to commit most of their armor and reinforcements to the eastern sector . Operation Spring -- despite its cost -- had drawn the 9th SS Panzer Division away from the U.S. sector on the eve of Operation Cobra . Only two Panzer divisions with 190 tanks now faced the First Army . Seven Panzer divisions with 750 tanks were around Caen , far away from Operation Cobra as were all the heavy Tiger tank battalions and the three Nebelwerfer brigades in Normandy . Logistics ( edit ) Each division consumed 750 short tons ( 680 t ) of supplies daily . Allied offensive ( edit ) Preliminary attacks ( edit ) Bradley and Collins near Cherbourg To gain good terrain for Operation Cobra , Bradley and Collins conceived a plan to push forward to the Saint - Lô -- Periers road , along which VII and VIII Corps were securing jumping - off positions . On 18 July , at a cost of 5,000 casualties , the American 29th and 35th Infantry Divisions managed to gain the vital heights of Saint - Lô , driving back General der Fallschirmtruppen Eugen Meindl 's II Parachute Corps . Meindl 's paratroopers , together with the 352nd Infantry Division ( which had been in action since its D - Day defense of Omaha Beach ) were now in ruins , and the stage for the main offensive was set . Due to poor weather conditions that had also been hampering Goodwood and Atlantic , Bradley decided to postpone Cobra for a few days -- a decision that worried Montgomery , as the British and Canadian operations had been launched to support a break - out attempt that was failing to materialize . By 24 July the skies had cleared enough for the start order to be given , and 1,600 Allied aircraft took off for Normandy . However , the weather closed in again over the battlefield . Under poor visibility conditions , more than 25 Americans were killed and 130 wounded in the bombing before the air support operation was postponed until the following day . Some enraged soldiers opened fire on their own aircraft , a not uncommon practice in Normandy when suffering from friendly fire . Main attack and breakthrough 25 -- 27 July ( edit ) Operation Cobra 25 -- 29 July 1944 After the one - day postponement , Cobra got underway at 09 : 38 on 25 July , when around 600 Allied fighter - bombers attacked strongpoints and enemy artillery along a 300 yd ( 270 m ) - wide strip of ground located in the St. Lô area . For the next hour , 1,800 heavy bombers of the U.S. Eighth Air Force saturated a 6,000 yd × 2,200 yd ( 5,500 m × 2,000 m ) area on the Saint - Lô -- Periers road , succeeded by a third and final wave of medium bombers . Approximately 3,000 U.S. aircraft had carpet - bombed a narrow section of the front , with the Panzer - Lehr - Division taking the brunt of the attack . However , once again not all the casualties were German ; Bradley had specifically requested that the bombers approach the target from the east , out of the sun and parallel to the Saint - Lô -- Periers road , in order to minimize the risk of friendly losses , but most of the airmen instead came in from the north , perpendicular to the front line . Bradley , however , had apparently misunderstood explanations from the heavy bomber commanders that a parallel approach was impossible because of the time and space constraints Bradley had set . Additionally , a parallel approach would not in any event have assured that all bombs would fall behind German lines because of deflection errors or obscured aim points due to dust and smoke . Despite efforts by U.S. units to identify their positions , inaccurate bombing by the Eighth Air Force killed 111 men and wounded 490 . The dead included Bradley 's friend and fellow West Pointer Lieutenant General Lesley McNair -- the highest - ranking U.S. soldier to be killed in action in the European Theater of Operations . By 11 : 00 , the infantry began to move forward , advancing from crater to crater beyond what had been the German outpost line . Although no serious opposition was forecast , the remnants of Fritz Bayerlein ′ s Panzer Lehr -- consisting of roughly 2,200 men and 45 armored vehicles -- had regrouped and were prepared to meet the advancing U.S. troops , and to the west of Panzer Lehr the German 5th Parachute Division had escaped the bombing almost intact . Collins ' VII Corps were quite disheartened to meet fierce enemy artillery fire , which they expected to have been suppressed by the bombing . Several U.S. units found themselves entangled in fights against strongpoints held by a handful of German tanks , supporting infantry and 88 mm ( 3.46 in ) guns -- VII Corps gained only 2,200 yd ( 2,000 m ) during the rest of the day . However , if the first day 's results had been disappointing , General Collins found cause for encouragement ; although the Germans were fiercely holding their positions , these did not seem to form a continuous line and were susceptible to being outflanked or bypassed . Even with prior warning of the American offensive , the British and Canadian actions around Caen had convinced the Germans that the real threat lay there , and tied down their available forces to such an extent that a succession of meticulously prepared defensive positions in depth , as encountered during Goodwood and Atlantic , were not created to meet Cobra . The St. Lô breakthrough , 25 -- 31 July On the morning of 26 July , the U.S. 2nd Armored Division and the veteran 1st Infantry Division joined the attack as planned , reaching one of Cobra 's first objectives -- a road junction north of Le Mesnil - Herman -- the following day . Also on the 26th , Major General Troy H. Middleton 's VIII Corps entered the battle , led by the 8th and 90th Infantry Divisions . Despite clear paths of advance through the floods and swamps across their front , both divisions initially disappointed the First Army by failing to gain significant ground , but first light the next morning revealed that the Germans had been compelled to retreat by their crumbling left flank , leaving only immense minefields to delay VIII Corps ' advance . By noon on 27 July , the 9th Infantry Division of VII Corps was also clear of any organized German resistance , and was advancing rapidly . Breakout and advance 28 -- 31 July ( edit ) By 28 July , the German defenses across the U.S. front had largely collapsed under the full weight of VII and VIII Corps ' advance , and resistance was disorganised and patchy . VIII Corps ' 4th Armored Division -- entering combat for the first time -- captured Coutances but met stiff opposition east of the town , and U.S. units penetrating into the depth of the German positions were variously counterattacked by elements of the 2nd SS Panzer , 17th SS Panzergrenadier , and 353rd Infantry Divisions , all seeking to escape entrapment . A desperate counterattack was mounted against the 2nd Armored Division by German remnants , but this was a disaster and the Germans abandoned their vehicles and fled on foot . An exhausted and demoralized Bayerlein reported that his Panzer Lehr Division was `` finally annihilated '' , with its armor wiped out , its personnel either casualties or missing , and all headquarters records lost . US M5A1 Stuart tank of the 4th Armored Division ( VIII Corps ) in Coutances Meanwhile , Marshal von Kluge -- commanding all German forces on the Western Front ( Oberbefehlshaber West ) -- was mustering reinforcements , and elements of the 2nd and 116th Panzer Divisions were approaching the battlefield . The U.S. XIX Corps -- led by Major General Charles H. Corlett -- entered the battle on 28 July on the left of VII Corps , and between 28 and 31 July became embroiled with these reinforcements in the fiercest fighting since Cobra began . During the night of 29 July near Saint - Denis - le - Gast , to the east of Coutances , elements of the U.S. 2nd Armored Division found themselves fighting for their lives against a German column from the 2nd SS Panzer and 17th SS Panzergrenadier Divisions , which passed through the American lines in the darkness . Other elements of the 2nd Armored were attacked near Cambry and fought for six hours ; however , Bradley and his commanders knew that they were currently dominating the battlefield and such desperate assaults were no threat to the overall American position . When ordered to concentrate his division , Colonel Heinz Günther Guderian -- 116th Division 's senior staff officer -- was frustrated by the high level of Allied fighter - bomber activity . Without receiving direct support from the 2nd Panzer Division as promised , Guderian stated that his panzergrenadiers could not successfully counterattack the Americans . Advancing southward along the coast , later that day , the U.S. VIII Corps seized the town of Avranches -- described by historian Andrew Williams as `` the gateway to Brittany and southern Normandy '' -- and by 31 July XIX Corps had thrown back the last German counterattacks after fierce fighting , inflicting heavy losses in men and tanks . The American advance was now relentless , and the First Army was finally free of the bocage . Operation Bluecoat , 30 July -- 7 August ( edit ) Main article : Operation Bluecoat On 30 July , to protect Cobra 's flank and prevent the disengagement and relocation of further German forces , the British VIII Corps and XXX Corps launched Operation Bluecoat south from Caumont toward Vire and Mont Pinçon . Bluecoat kept German armoured units fixed on the British eastern front and continued the wearing down of the strength of German armoured formations in the area . The breakthrough in the centre of the Allied front surprised the Germans , when they were distracted by the Allied attacks at both ends of the Normandy bridgehead . By the time of the American breakout at Avranches , there was little to no reserve strength left for Unternehmen Lüttich ( Operation Liège ) , the German counter-offensive , which had been defeated by 12 August , leaving the 7th Army with no choice but to retire rapidly east of the Orne river , with a rearguard of the remaining armoured and motorised units , to allow time for the surviving infantry to reach the Seine . After the first stage of the withdrawal beyond the Orne , the manoeuvre collapsed for a lack of fuel , Allied air attacks and the constant pressure of the Allied armies , culminating in the encirclement of German forces in the Falaise pocket . Aftermath ( edit ) Map showing the breakout from the Normandy beachhead At noon on 1 August , the U.S. Third Army was activated under the command of Lieutenant General George S. Patton . Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to the overall command of both armies , named the U.S. 12th Army Group . Patton wrote a poem containing the words , So let us do real fighting , boring in and gouging , biting . Let 's take a chance now that we have the ball . Let 's forget those fine firm bases in the dreary shell raked spaces , Let 's shoot the works and win ! Yes , win it all ! The U.S. advance following Cobra was extraordinarily rapid . Between 1 August and 4 August , seven divisions of Patton 's Third Army had swept through Avranches and over the bridge at Pontaubault into Brittany . The German army in Normandy had been reduced to such a poor state by the Allied offensives that , with no prospect of reinforcement in the wake of the Soviet summer offensive against Army Group Centre , very few Germans believed they could now avoid defeat . Rather than order his remaining forces to withdraw to the Seine , Adolf Hitler sent a directive to von Kluge demanding `` an immediate counterattack between Mortain and Avranches '' to `` annihilate '' the enemy and make contact with the west coast of the Cotentin peninsula . Eight of the nine Panzer divisions in Normandy were to be used in the attack but only four ( one of them incomplete ) could be relieved from their defensive tasks and assembled in time . German commanders immediately protested that such an operation was impossible given their remaining resources but these objections were overruled and the counter-offensive , commenced on 7 August around Mortain . The 2nd , 1st SS and 2nd SS Panzer Divisions led the assault , although with only 75 Panzer IVs , 70 Panthers , and 32 self - propelled guns between them . Hopelessly optimistic , the offensive threat was over within 24 hours , although fighting continued until 13 August . By 8 August , the city of Le Mans -- the former headquarters of the German 7th Army -- had fallen to the Americans . With von Kluge 's few remaining battleworthy formations destroyed by the First Army , the Allied commanders realised that the entire German position in Normandy was collapsing . Bradley declared : This is an opportunity that comes to a commander not more than once in a century . We 're about to destroy an entire hostile army and go all the way from here to the German border . On 14 August , in conjunction with American movements northward to Chambois , Canadian forces launched Operation Tractable ; the Allied intention was to trap and destroy the German 7th Army and 5th Panzer Army near the town of Falaise . Five days later , the two arms of the encirclement were almost complete ; the advancing U.S. 90th Infantry Division had made contact with the Polish 1st Armored Division and the first Allied units crossed the Seine at Mantes Gassicourt , while German units were fleeing eastward by any means they could find . By 22 August , the Falaise Pocket -- which the Germans had been fighting desperately to keep open to allow their trapped forces to escape -- was finally sealed , ending the Battle of Normandy with a major Allied victory . All German forces west of the Allied lines were now dead or in captivity and although perhaps 100,000 German troops escaped they left behind 40,000 -- 50,000 prisoners and over 10,000 dead . A total of 344 tanks and self - propelled guns , 2,447 soft - skinned vehicles and 252 artillery pieces were found abandoned or destroyed in the northern sector of the pocket . The Allies were able to advance freely through undefended territory and by 25 August all four Allied armies ( First Canadian , Second British , First U.S. , and Third U.S. ) involved in the Normandy campaign were on the river Seine . See also ( edit ) Normandy portal Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Of which 700 were from VIII Corps , and 600 from VII Corps , while the rest are from unknown specific other units . Jump up ^ `` The quick capture of that key city ( Caen ) and the neighbourhood of Carpiquet was the most ambitious , the most difficult and the most important task of Lieutenant - General J.T. Crocker 's I Corps '' . Wilmot states `` The objectives given to Crocker 's seaborne divisions were decidedly ambitious , since his troops were to land last , on the most exposed beaches , with the farthest to go , against what was potentially the greatest opposition . '' Jump up ^ These included the bulk of the available armored reserves : the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler , the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend and the Panzer - Lehr - Division . Jump up ^ By 10 July , Bradley had become concerned enough to write that the Allies faced the possibility of a World War I - type stalemate in the campaign . Jump up ^ I Corps suffered 3,817 casualties and VIII Corps suffered 1,020 casualties . Jump up ^ Reynolds claims that a careful study of the relevant documents indicate a maximum tank loss of 253 tanks during Goodwood , most of which were repairable but Buckley claims 21st Army Group lost around 400 tanks during the operation , although he too notes that most were eventually recovered . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 204 ^ Jump up to : Bercuson , p. 232 ^ Jump up to : Pugsley , p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Zaloga , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 236 ^ Jump up to : Jackson , p. 113 Jump up ^ Green , p. 62 Jump up ^ Pugsley , p. 53 Jump up ^ Stephen Napier , Armoured Campaign Jump up ^ Stephen Napier , Armoured Campaign ^ Jump up to : Trew , p. 64 Jump up ^ Van der Vat , p. 110 Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 261 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 24 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 38 Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 78 Jump up ^ Greiss , p. 308 Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 81 ^ Jump up to : Keegan , p. 135 Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 171 Jump up ^ Wilmot , p. 272 Jump up ^ Bercuson , p. 215 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 131 Jump up ^ Greiss , p. 317 Jump up ^ Greiss , p. 308 -- 310 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 114 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 163 ^ Jump up to : Greiss , p. 312 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 163 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 165 ^ Jump up to : Greiss , p. 316 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 249 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 126 Jump up ^ Lewin , p. 336 Jump up ^ Esposito , pp. 78 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Wilmot , p. 351 Jump up ^ Greiss , p. 311 ^ Jump up to : Trew , p. 49 Jump up ^ Blumenson , p. 187 Jump up ^ Zaloga , p. 32 Jump up ^ D'Este , p. 338 Jump up ^ Weigley , p. 136 Jump up ^ Pogue , p. 197 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : Bradley , p. 272 Jump up ^ Zaloga , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 252 ^ Jump up to : Yenne , Bill ( 2004 ) . Operation Cobra and the Great Offensive : Sixty Days that Changed the Course of World War II . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 8263 - 5 . Jump up ^ Zaloga , Steven J. ( 2004 ) . Operation Cobra 1944 : Breakout from Normandy . Praeger . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98263 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 250 Jump up ^ Esposito , pp. 76 -- 77 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , pp. 249 -- 250 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 181 ^ Jump up to : Weigley , p. 151 Jump up ^ Griess , p. 324 Jump up ^ Blumenson , p. 219 Jump up ^ Zaloga , p. 3 Jump up ^ Weigley , p. 149 Jump up ^ Blumenson , p. 207 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 161 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 165 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 167 Jump up ^ Wilmot , p. 362 Jump up ^ Reynolds , p. 186 Jump up ^ Buckley , p. 36 Jump up ^ Trew , pp. 97 -- 98 Jump up ^ Van - Der - Vat , p. 158 ^ Jump up to : Copp , Approach to Verrières Ridge Jump up ^ Zuehlke , p. 166 Jump up ^ Stacey , pp. 195 -- 196 Jump up ^ Bercuson , p. 225 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 256 Jump up ^ Wilmot , p. 389 Jump up ^ Clymer , Samuel ( August 2011 ) . `` Operation Pluto : The Red Ball Express '' ( PDF ) . The Intercom , Journal of the Cape Canaveral Chapter of the Military Officers Association of America . 34 ( 8 ) : 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 253 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 174 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 180 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 254 Jump up ^ Sullivan , p. 107 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 182 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 183 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 255 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 258 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 260 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 261 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 262 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 263 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 265 Jump up ^ Daglish 2009 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1962 , pp. 419 -- 433 . Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 266 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 186 Jump up ^ Wilmot , p. 399 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 277 Jump up ^ D'Este , p. 414 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 196 Jump up ^ Wilmot , p. 401 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 283 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 285 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 286 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 194 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 197 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 301 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 203 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 306 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 313 References ( edit ) Bercuson , David ( 2004 ) ( 1996 ) . Maple Leaf Against the Axis . Red Deer Press . ISBN 0 - 88995 - 305 - 8 . Blumenson , M. ( 1961 ) . Breakout and Pursuit ( PDF ) . United States Army in World War II : European Theater of Operations . Washington , D.C. : US Government Printing Office . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 001882 - 4 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Bradley , General of the Army Omar N. ( 1983 ) . A General 's Life . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 41023 - 7 . Buckley , John , ed. ( 2007 ) ( 2006 ) . The Normandy Campaign 1944 : Sixty Years On . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 44942 - 1 . Copp , Terry ( 1 March 1999 ) . `` The Approach to Verrières Ridge '' . Legion Magazine . Ottawa : Canvet Publications ( 25 ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Daglish , I. ( 2009 ) . Operation Bluecoat . Pen & Sword . ISBN 0 - 85052 - 912 - 3 . D'Este , Carlo . Decision in Normandy . Konecky & Konecky . ISBN 1 - 56852 - 260 - 6 . Ellis , L.F. ( 2004 ) ( 1st pub . HMSO 1962 ) . Victory in the West : The Battle of Normandy . History of the Second World War , United Kingdom Military Series . I ( facsimile ed . ) . Uckfield : Naval & Military Press . ISBN 1 - 845740 - 58 - 0 . Esposito , Brigadier General Vincent ( 1995 ) . World War II : European Theater . The West Point Atlas of War . Tess Press . ISBN 1 - 60376 - 023 - 7 . Green , Michael ( 1999 ) . Patton and the Battle of the Bulge : Operation Cobra and Beyond . MBI . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 0652 - 4 . Griess , Thomas ( 2002 ) . The Second World War : Europe and the Mediterranean ( SquareOne ed . ) . West Point , New York : Department of History , United States Military Academy . ISBN 0 - 7570 - 0160 - 2 . Hastings , Max ( 2006 ) ( 1985 ) . Overlord : D - Day and the Battle for Normandy ( repr . ed . ) . Vintage Books USA . ISBN 0 - 307 - 27571 - X . Jackson , G.S. ( 2006 ) ( 1945 ) . 8 Corps : Normandy to the Baltic . Staff , 8 Corps . MLRS Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905696 - 25 - 3 . Keegan , John ( 2006 ) . Atlas of World War II . Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 089077 - 0 . Lewin , Ronald ( 2001 ) ( 1978 ) . Ultra goes to War ( Penguin Classic Military History ed . ) . London : Penguin Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 139042 - 0 . Napier , Stephen ( 2015 ) . Armoured Campaign in Normandy June - August 1944 . The History Press . ISBN 0750962704 . Pogue , Forrest C. ( 1954 ) . The Supreme Command . United States Government Printing Office . ISBN 0 - 16 - 001916 - 8 . Pugsley , Christopher ( 2005 ) . Operation Cobra . Battle Zone Normandy . Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3015 - 2 . Reynolds , Michael ( 2002 ) . Sons of the Reich : The History of II SS Panzer Corps in Normandy , Arnhem , the Ardennes and on the Eastern Front . Casemate Publishers and Book Distributors . ISBN 0 - 9711709 - 3 - 2 . Stacey , Colonel Charles Perry ; Bond , Major C.C.J. ( 1960 ) . `` The Victory Campaign : The operations in North - West Europe 1944 -- 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War . The Queen 's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa . OCLC 155106767 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Sullivan , John J. ( 1988 ) . `` The Botched Air Support of Operation Cobra '' ( PDF ) . Parameters , the US Army 's Senior Professional Journal . 18 ( March ) : 97 -- 110 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Trew , Simon ; Badsey , Stephen ( 2004 ) . Battle for Caen . Battle Zone Normandy . The History Press . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3010 - 1 . Van Der Vat , Dan ( 2003 ) . D - Day : The Greatest Invasion : A People 's History . Madison Press . ISBN 1 - 55192 - 586 - 9 . Weigley , Russell ( 1981 ) . Eisenhower 's Lieutenants . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 13333 - 5 . Williams , Andrew ( 2004 ) . D - Day to Berlin . Hodder . ISBN 0 - 340 - 83397 - 1 . Wilmot , Chester ; Christopher Daniel McDevitt ( 1997 ) ( 1952 ) . The Struggle for Europe . Wordsworth Editions . ISBN 1 - 85326 - 677 - 9 . Zaloga , Steven J. ( 2001 ) . Operation Cobra 1944 : Breakout from Normandy . Osprey . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 296 - 2 . Zuehlke , Mark ( 2001 ) . The Canadian Military Atlas . Stoddart . ISBN 0 - 7737 - 3289 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Normandiememoire.com . `` Operation Cobra : the break - out '' . Archived from the original on 21 August 2003 . Wiacek , Jacques . `` Operation Cobra and final stages of the battle in normandy '' . Youtube . `` The Big Picture , BREAKOUT AND PURSUIT 1961 , Operation Cobra '' . World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Portal Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy , Western Front , World War II Operations Locations See also Operation Overlord ( The overall invasion plan ) Operation Neptune ( The assault plan ) American airborne landings in Normandy Operation Deadstick ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Tonga ( UK 6th Airborne ) Battle of Merville Gun Battery ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Mallard ( UK 6th Airborne ) Battle of Bréville ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Pluto ( Pipe - Line Under The Ocean ) Operation Fortitude ( Deception plan ) Operation Perch ( UK ) Operation Martlet ( UK ) Operation Epsom ( UK ) Operation Windsor ( Canada ) Operation Charnwood ( UK ) Operation Jupiter ( UK ) Operations Greenline , Pomegranate and Express ( UK ) Operation Goodwood ( UK ) Operation Atlantic ( Canada ) Operation Spring ( Canada ) Operation Cobra ( US ) Operation Bluecoat ( UK ) Operation Totalize ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Operation Lüttich ( German ) Operation Tractable ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Battle for Brest ( US ) Battle for Caen ( UK , Canada ) Battle of Verriéres Ridge ( Canada ) Battle of Carentan ( US ) Battle of Cherbourg ( US ) Battle of Villers - Bocage ( UK ) Landing points ( W → E ) : Utah Beach ( US ) Omaha Beach ( US ) Pointe du Hoc ( US ) Gold Beach ( UK ) Juno Beach ( Canada ) Sword Beach ( UK ) Other : Crisbecq Battery Falaise Pocket Hill 262 Hillman Fortress Houlgate battery Longues - sur - Mer battery Maisy battery Merville Gun Battery Mont Canisy battery Pegasus Bridge Category : Operation Overlord Category : Operation Overlord people Atlantic Wall D - Day Dieppe Raid Hobart 's Funnies Rhino tank Allied forces in Normandy Mulberry harbour Liberation of Paris ( France ) Operation Dragoon ( France , UK , US ) Operation Jedburgh ( France , UK , US ) Normandy US Cemetery & Memorial Brittany US Cemetery & Memorial More information on Battle of Normandy : D - day from Wiktionary D - day Textbooks from Wikibooks D - day Quotations from Wikiquote D - day Source texts from Wikisource D - day Images and media from Commons D - day from Wikinews Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Cobra&oldid=802173162 '' Categories : 1944 in France Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States Military operations of World War II involving Germany Operation Overlord Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 13 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the allies break out of normandy	[ "\n\nOperation Cobra\n\n\nPart of Operation Overlord (the Battle of Normandy)\n\n\n\nM4 Sherman tanks and infantrymen of the US 4th Armored Division in Coutances\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n25–31 July 1944\n\n\nLocation\nSaint-Lô, Normandy, France\n49°06′55″N 1°05′25″W / 49.115277°N 1.090277°W / 49.115277; -1.090277 (Saint Lo)Coordinates: 49°06′55″N 1°05′25″W / 49.115277°N 1.090277°W / 49.115277; -1.090277 (Saint Lo)\n\n\nResult\nAllied victory[1][2]\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n United States\n Germany\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n Bernard Montgomery[3]\n Omar Bradley[3]\n J. Lawton Collins[3]\n Troy Middleton[3]\n Charles H. Corlett[3][3]\n Günther von Kluge[3]\n Paul Hausser[3]\n Eugen Meindl[3]\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n8 infantry divisions[3]\n3 armored divisions[3]\n2,451 tanks and tank destroyers[4][5][6]\n2 infantry divisions[3]\n1 parachute division[3]\n4 understrength Panzer divisions[3]\n1 Panzergrenadier division[3]\n190 tanks and assault guns[5][6]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n1,800 casualties[nb 1]\nat least 109 medium tanks\nunknown number of light tanks and tank destroyers [9]\n~ 70 tanks and assault guns [10]\n\n" ]	[ "25–31 July 1944" ]
451324774800899398	Long Range Discrimination Radar	Long Range Discrimination radar - wikipedia Long Range Discrimination radar This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( August 2016 ) The Long Range Discrimination Radar ( LRDR ) that is planned for operational service in Alaska in 2020 is part of the United States 's Ground - Based Midcourse Defense anti-ballistic missile system . The main contractor is Lockheed Martin , under a US $ 784 million contract from the Missile Defense Agency in October 2015 . LDLR is a Gallium Nitride ( GaN ) - based , solid - state Active Electronically Scanned Array ( AESA ) radar , that allows for continuous coverage , even when it 's undergoing maintenance . Construction in Alaska for the LDLR is scheduled to begin in 2019 , tentatively at Clear Air Force Station in central Alaska . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Alaska 's Long Range Discrimination Radar on Track for 2020 , Jen Judson , DefenseNews.com , 16 August 2016 Jump up ^ https://missilethreat.csis.org/defsys/lrdr/ Jump up ^ Department of Defense Identifies Planned Site of Future Long Range Discrimination Radar ( LRDR ) , DoD press release NR - 193 - 15 , 22 May 2015 , accessed 17 August 2016 External links ( edit ) Lockheed Martin - LDLR Categories ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Range_Discrimination_Radar&oldid=821922916 '' Categories : Radar Early warning systems Radar networks United States Space Surveillance Network Hidden categories : Orphaned articles from August 2016 All orphaned articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 11 : 40 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	lockheed martin long range discrimination radar (lrdr)	[]	[]
2363024258212874109	Don't Drop That Thun Thun	Do n't Drop That Thun Thun - wikipedia Do n't Drop That Thun Thun Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't Drop That Thun Thun '' Single by The Finatticz Released April 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 30 ) Format Digital download Genre Snap Length 3 : 22 Label Knockout Entertainment One Producer ( s ) Payso B & Yc Lopez The Finatticz singles chronology `` Do n't Drop That Thun Thun '' ( 2012 ) `` Pushing '' ( 2014 ) `` Do n't Drop That Thun Thun '' ( 2012 ) `` Pushing '' ( 2014 ) `` Do n't Drop That Thun Thun '' is a song by The Finatticz . First released in April 2012 as the group 's debut single , the song was a minor success locally . `` Do n't Drop That Thun Thun '' experienced a burst in mainstream popularity in July 2013 , after its use in a viral video uploaded to Vine which featured a group of women twerking to the song . As a result of the meme which developed around the song on Vine , sales of the `` Do n't Drop That Thun Thun '' single dramatically increased ; the song would peak at number 10 on Billboard 's Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart , and reach number 35 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Release and history 3 Charts 4 References 5 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Do n't Drop That Thun Thun '' is a hip hop song of a style known as ratchet ; LA Weekly noted its minimalistic sound and nursery rhyme - like lyrics , describing it as `` little more than a rubbery bass line , electronic cymbal crashes and a vocal hook , ' Do n't drop that thun thun thun , ' repeated ad infinitum . '' The titular `` thun thun '' mentioned in the song is a slang term for the drug MDMA , popularly known as ecstasy . Release and history ( edit ) `` Do n't Drop That Thun Thun '' was first released in April 2012 as the debut single of The Finatticz , a Los Angeles - based hip hop group . Produced by Payso B , the song was first recorded three years prior , with group member James `` Killa '' Dunn claiming they had recorded it in just fifteen minutes . `` Do n't Drop That Thun Thun '' would premiere later the same day at a house party hosted by a friend of one of the group 's members . Later on , Yc Lopez would bring the song to the attention of fellow producer Ray J , who in turn , presented it to Alan Grunblatt , president of eOne Music . eOne would ultimately sign The Finatticz to Ray J 's imprint Knockout Entertainment to release `` Do n't Drop That Thun Thun '' , with an option of releasing an album in the future . The song proved to be a hit locally , and received heavy airplay on L.A. - based radio stations such as Power 106 -- whose on - air personality DJ Carisma was an early supporter of the track . On July 9 , 2013 , a video was posted on the Twitter - owned video sharing service Vine entitled `` Twerk Team '' , which featured a group of five women provocatively twerking to `` Do n't Drop That Thun Thun '' . The clip was shared by users over 100,000 times , and users created their own responses and parodies featuring the song , collected under the hashtags `` # dontdropthat '' and `` # thunthun '' . The viral popularity of the Vine clips led to an unexpected increase in sales for the song ; prior to the posting of the `` Twerk Team '' clip , only 4,000 copies of the song had been sold ; in the following weeks , sales went up to 34,000 , then to over 72,000 . By late - July , `` Do n't Drop That Thun Thun '' had reached number 5 on the Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs chart , and it eventually peaked at number 35 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The unexpected growth in popularity for `` Do n't Drop That Thun Thun '' was compared to a similar surge experienced by J. Dash 's `` Wop '' just a few months prior , which was popularized by a twerking video posted by pop singer Miley Cyrus . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 35 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 10 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Finatticz 's mysterious hit `` Do n't Drop That Thun Thun ! '' `` . Chicago Reader . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Central 's The Finatticz Drop That Thun Thun '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sentinel Exclusive with hot rap group FinaTTicZ '' . Los Angeles Sentinel . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vine Twerk Mashups Bump Sales For FiNATTiCZ ' ' Do n't Drop That Thun Thun ' '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wop ' Life : How a Miley Cyrus Twerk Video Started Rap 's ' Harlem Shake ' Moment '' . Spin . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Viral Video Hits That Charted On The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Twerking on Vine Sent Years - Old Rap Songs Up The iTunes Charts '' . Animal New York . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Finatticz -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for The Finatticz . Jump up ^ `` The Finatticz -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for The Finatticz . External links ( edit ) Official video on YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Drop_That_Thun_Thun&oldid=781035963 '' Categories : 2012 singles 2012 songs American hip hop songs Debut singles Viral videos Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Song articles with missing songwriters Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 May 2017 , at 17 : 54 . About Wikipedia	what does the song don't drop that thun thun mean	[]	[]
-7054458291945610018	Food Network	Food Network - wikipedia Food Network This article is about the US channel . For the Canadian channel , see Food Network ( Canada ) . For other uses , see Food Network ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Food TV . Food Network Launched November 22 , 1993 ; 24 years ago ( 1993 - 11 - 22 ) Owned by Television Food Network , G.P. Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) 480i / 576i ( SDTV ) Audience share UK : 0.21 % 0.02 % ( + 1 ) ( April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 ) , BARB ) Slogan Dig In ! Country United States Broadcast area Worldwide Headquarters New York City , New York , United States Formerly called Television Food Network ( 1993 -- 97 ) Sister channel ( s ) American Heroes Channel Animal Planet Cooking Channel Destination America Discovery Channel Discovery en Español Discovery Familia Discovery Family Discovery Life DIY Network Great American Country HGTV Investigation Discovery Oprah Winfrey Network Science Channel TLC Travel Channel Velocity Website www.foodnetwork.com Availability Terrestrial Freeview ( UK ) Channel 41 Freeview ( Australia ) Channel 33 Satellite Astro ( Malaysia ) Channel 727 ( HD ) DirecTV Channel 231 ( SD / HD ) Channel 2104 ( Asia ) Dish Network Channel 110 ( HD / SD ) Channel 9462 ( HD ) SKY Brasil ( Brazil ) Channel 492 ( HD ) Channel 1492 ( VOD ) Sky ( UK & Ireland ) Channel 197 Channel 297 ( + 1 ) Freesat ( UK ) Channel 148 Channel 149 ( + 1 ) Astra 2E 11426 V 27500 5 / 6 DStv ( South Africa ) Channel 175 D - Smart ( Turkey ) Channel 54 ( HD ) beIN ( Middle East and North Africa ) Channel 358 ( HD ) Kontinent TV ( Russia ) 11960 H ( SD ) MTS TV ( Russia ) 12033 V ( HD ) Cable Available on must American cable systems check local listings Virgin Media ( UK ) Channel 291 Virgin Media Ireland ( Ireland ) Channel 508 Sky Cable ( Philippines ) Channel 68 ( SD Digital ) Channel 182 ( HD ) Ziggo ( Netherlands ) Channel 138 ( HD ) Destiny Cable ( Philippines ) Channel 68 ( SD Digital ) Channel 182 ( HD ) IPTV AT&T U-verse 1452 ( HD ) 452 ( SD ) Meo Online Watch live ( Portugal only ) horizon Watch live ( Ireland only ) Virgin TV Anywhere Watch live ( UK only ) Fetch TV ( Australia ) Channel 127 now TV ( Hong Kong ) Channel 526 ( SD / HD ) Zazeen ( Canada ) Channel 115 ( HD ) Streaming media TVPlayer Watch live ( UK only ) TVPlayer Watch live ( + 1 Timeshift ) ( UK only ) PlayStation Vue Internet Protocol television Sling TV Internet Protocol television Ziggo GO ZiggoGO.tv ( Netherlands only ) Food Network is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Television Food Network , G.P. , a joint venture and general partnership between Discovery , Inc. ( which owns 70 % of the network ) and Tribune Media ( which owns the remaining 30 % ) . Despite this ownership structure , the channel is managed as a division of Discovery Networks U.S. The channel airs both special and regular episodic programs about food and cooking . In addition to its headquarters in New York City , Food Network has offices in Atlanta , Los Angeles , San Francisco , Chicago , Detroit , Jersey City , Cincinnati , and Knoxville , Tennessee . 95 million households receive Food Network as of January 2016 . Contents 1 History 2 Food Network programming 3 Carriage 3.1 US station 3.2 UK and international 4 Food Network video game 5 Food Network around the world 6 Television Food Network , G.P. 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Food Network was founded on April 19 , 1993 , as `` TV Food Network '' ; its legal name remains Television Food Network , G.P. The network shortened its brand name within a few years and discontinued the `` TV '' portion of the name , thus leaving it as `` Food Network '' . The network initially launched on November 22 , 1993 with two initial shows featuring David Rosengarten , Donna Hanover , and Robin Leach . On November 23 , 1993 , Food Network launched its live broadcasting . It was developed by Reese Schonfeld ( one of the founders of CNN ) , under the direction of Providence Journal president Trygve Myrhen . Its original partners included the Journal itself , Adelphia , Scripps - Howard , Continental Cablevision , Cablevision , and most importantly , the Tribune Company , which provided the network 's technical output . Former logo , used from 1997 to 2003 . Schonfeld , was appointed as managing director of TV Food Network and maintained a spot on its management board along with two Providence Journal employees . The original lineup for the network included Emeril Lagasse ( Essence of Emeril ) , Debbi Fields , Donna Hanover , David Rosengarten , Curtis Aikens , Dr. Louis Aronne , Jacques Pépin , and Robin Leach . The following year , the network acquired the rights to the Julia Child library from WGBH . In 1995 , Schonfeld resigned as managing director of the network , but remained on its board until 1998 , when he sold his interest in the company to Scripps . In 1996 , Erica Gruen was hired as the president and CEO of TV Food Network , becoming the second woman in history to be the CEO of a U.S. television network . Gruen led the network into an explosive growth until 1998 , by launching the largest and number one site for food , FoodNetwork.com , more than doubling the subscriber base , tripling the viewership and multiplying the network 's yearly revenue . In 1997 , it was the second fastest growing cable network . Gruen changed the brand positioning from Schonfeld 's `` TV for people who cook '' to `` TV for everyone who loves to eat , '' thereby greatly improving the appeal to viewers and advertisers , and saving the network from bankruptcy . Greg Willis and Cathy Rasenberger were two of the original members of the start - up team who led the affiliate sales and marketing of the company from 1995 to 1998 . Greg Willis served as senior vice president of worldwide distribution until he left to join Liberty Media in 1998 . Food Network logo used from 2003 to 2013 . In 2013 , a new version of this logo was introduced with a different font . The A.H. Belo Corporation acquired Food Network when it purchased The Providence Journal Company in 1996 . Myrhen left the Journal Company the following year . Belo sold the network to the E.W. Scripps Company in 1997 , in a trade deal that resulted in Belo acquiring the television - radio station combination of KENS - AM / TV in San Antonio , Texas . In March 2009 , the Food Network launched a repurposed Food.com as a bookmarking site that allows users to aggregate and search for recipes from different sources online . The 1080i high definition simulcast feed of Food Network launched on March 31 , 2008 . Food Network was first launched outside of North America in the United Kingdom on November 9 , 2009 , and in Asia on July 5 , 2010 ( on StarHub TV channel 433 and in HD on channel 468 ) . Since the UK launch on November 9 , 2009 on Sky , the channel has been added to the Freesat , Freeview and Virgin Media platforms . In January 2015 , the Food Network collaborates with Snapchat and launches its own Food Network channel , `` Discover Food Network '' , where social media users can watch the channel through the app . The channel features recipes , food hacks , and tips to entertain and appeal to the social media savvy millenials of today while watching from the palm of their hands . Food Network programming ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : List of programs broadcast by Food Network Food Network programming is divided into a daytime block known as `` Food Network in the Kitchen '' and a primetime lineup branded as `` Food Network Nighttime '' . Generally , `` In the Kitchen '' is dedicated to instructional cooking programs , while `` Nighttime '' features food - related entertainment programs , such as cooking competitions , food - related travel shows , and reality shows . Promos identify `` Food Network Nighttime '' programming but not `` In the Kitchen '' daytime programming . Many of the channel 's personalities routinely pull double - duty ( or more ) -- hosting both daytime and nighttime programming -- and the channel regularly offers specials which typically either follow its personalities on working vacations , or bring together a number of personalities for a themed cooking event . Food Network airs infomercials on Sundays from 4 : 00 to 9 : 30 a.m. ET , Monday through Thursdays from 5 : 00 to 9 : 30 a.m. ET , and on Fridays and Saturdays from 4 : 00 to 7 : 00 a.m. ET . The UK channel has a teleshopping window from 03.00 to 06.00 ( UK time GMT / BST as applicable ) daily . Mario Batali and Bobby Flay joined the network in 1995 . In 1996 , Erica Gruen , the network 's CEO , and Joe Langhan , an executive producer at the Food Network , created Emeril Live ! , which became the channel 's signature series . Although Batali has moved on to other endeavours , Flay still appears regularly on many programs , including Iron Chef America , the channel 's well - received remake of the original Japanese series . Iron Chef America 's host , Alton Brown , gained a cult following for his Good Eats , which mixed science , cooking and off - beat humor . In 2002 , Food Network made an appeal to the home cook by adding Paula 's Home Cooking , hosted by Paula Deen . Home Cooking focused mostly on Southern cuisine and comfort food . The show took overly complicated recipes and classic dishes and broke them down for the home cook . The show did increasingly well , and Deen revamped the show in a series called Paula 's Best Dishes . In this series , friends and family members would join her in the kitchen and put a twist on classics and introduce new recipes . In June 2013 , Food Network announced that they were not renewing Deen 's contract due to publicity about her racial remarks revealed in a lawsuit brought on by a former worker . Currently , the channel 's biggest cross-over stars are Rachael Ray and Paula Deen , who have both taken their cable following ( primarily through the series 30 Minute Meals , $40 a Day , and Paula 's Best Dishes ) into a syndicated talk show and Positively Paula . Both Paula Deen and Rachael Ray also have merchandise lines of cookware , food products and pet lines . Beginning in 2005 , an annual reality contest , The Next Food Network Star , brought viewers to New York City to compete for their own show on the channel . Previous winners include Dan Smith and Steve McDonagh ( Party Line with The Hearty Boys ) , Guy Fieri ( Guy 's Big Bite , Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives , Guy Off the Hook , Ultimate Recipe Showdown , Guy 's Big Night , Guy 's Family Feast , Guy 's Grocery Games ) , Amy Finley ( The Gourmet Next Door ) , Aaron McCargo , Jr . ( Big Daddy 's House ) , Melissa d'Arabian ( Ten Dollar Dinners ) , and Aarti Sequeira ( Aarti Party ) . For the 2010 season , production of The Next Food Network Star was relocated to Los Angeles . It has become the network 's flagship show . For most of its 13 - year run , season finales of the show have been followed by lead - out shows the network deems has great potential and will draw even more viewers . These consist of either premieres of new shows , season premieres of continuing shows , or episodes of continuing shows that are significant to the schedule . For instance , the most recent season finale of Star was followed by the season premiere of Beat Bobby Flay . In December 2007 , The New York Times business section published an article on the end of Emeril Lagasse 's show Emeril Live , and quoted Brooke Johnson , the president , as saying that Lagasse `` remains a valued member of the Food Network family '' . Derek Baine , senior analyst at the media research firm SNL Kagan , is reported to have commented , `` It 's not surprising that people move on ... They pay almost nothing for the people as they are building their careers ... That 's been their strategy all along '' . The article also commented on the declining popularity of the Food Network whose daily ratings were reported had fallen `` to an average of 544,000 people from 580,000 a year ( earlier ) '' . It noted , `` More significant , its signature weekend block of instructional programs , known collectively as ' In the Kitchen , ' has lost 15 percent of its audience in the last year , to 830,000 viewers on average . This had left the network owing refunds , known as ' make goods , ' to advertisers . '' Erica Gruen , president and CEO of the Food Network from 1996 -- 1998 who created Emeril Live during her tenure , was reported to have blamed the decline on increased competition , `` There 's all sorts of instructional cooking video on the Web '' . But it reported that , `` Bob Tuschman , Food Network 's senior vice president for programming and production , said the weekend ratings drop was ' nothing we have n't anticipated ' . He said the network 's ratings in that time period grew by double digits in each of the last four years , growth that could not be sustained . '' It also wrote , `` About a year ago , the Food Network began aggressively trying to change that with new deals that were ' way more onerous ' from the stars ' point of view , said a person who has been affected by the changing strategy , by insisting on a stake in book deals and licensing ventures , and control over outside activities . Carriage ( edit ) U.S. station ( edit ) On January 1 , 2010 , HGTV and Food Network were removed from cable provider Cablevision , which operates systems serving areas surrounding New York City . Scripps removed HGTV and Food Network from Cablevision following the expiration of the company 's carriage contract on December 31 , 2009 ; Cablevision and Scripps had been in negotiations for several months to agree on a new contract , but no progress had been made . The discontinuance of Food Network from Cablevision led the channel to make arrangements with Tribune - owned CW affiliates WPIX in New York City and WTXX in Hartford , Connecticut to broadcast a special episode of Iron Chef America with First Lady Michelle Obama on January 10 , 2010 , after that episode enjoyed high ratings on its January 3 cable premiere . On January 21 , 2010 , Cablevision and Scripps reached an agreement that resulted in Food Network and HGTV being restored on Cablevision 's systems that day . A similar carriage dispute with AT&T U-verse resulted in Food Network , Cooking Channel , HGTV , DIY Network , and Great American Country being dropped by the provider on November 5 , 2010 ; the dispute was resolved two days later , on November 7 , 2010 , after the two parties reached a new carriage agreement . UK and international ( edit ) In accordance with an agreement between Scripps and Chellomedia , Food Network programs started to air internationally in the fourth quarter of 2009 in the United Kingdom and then in other markets in early 2010 . Food Network UK initially launched on the Sky platform as a free - to - air channel , joined by a + 1 hour timeshift , taking the channel slots vacated by the closure of Real Estate TV . ( Following Scripps ' acquisition of Travel Channel International , the four channel positions on Sky were reordered to move Food Network up the grid . ) Food Network and + 1 were subsequently also made available on the Freesat satellite platform . On terrestrial service Freeview , initially a four - hour primetime evening bloc was acquired , sharing capacity with channels including Create and Craft ; subsequently Food Network relocated to its own full - day service , with the four - hour berth used to bring Travel Channel to DTT . ( Travel has since itself moved to all - day operation , with the evening hours now absorbed into Create & Craft . ) Scripps subsequently signed a carriage deal with Virgin Media to bring Food Network and Travel Channel to the cable platform ( in Travel 's case this was a re-addition following its earlier removal from the cable platform . ) Food Network video game ( edit ) Red Fly Studio developed a video game for the Wii console in partnership with Food Network called Cook or Be Cooked . The game , which was published by Namco Bandai Games and was released on November 3 , 2009 , simulates real cooking experiences . Players can also try out the recipes featured on the game . There is also a video game based on Iron Chef America entitled Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine . Food Network around the world ( edit ) Some countries have their own Food Network . Examples include : Food Network Canada , Food Network Asia , Food Network Italy and Food Network Europe . In the second half of 2014 , Food Network Brazil began broadcasting with programs fully dubbed in Portuguese and optional subtitles . On February 1 , 2015 , Food Network launched on Australian IPTV service Fetch TV . Food Network South America began broadcasting in March 2015 with full Spanish dubbed programs . A localised free - to - air Australian version was launched on 17 November 2015 , owned by SBS which has a licensing and programming output arrangement with Scripps . Television Food Network , G.P. ( edit ) In 2011 , Scripps requested to add its Cooking Channel , formerly Fine Living Network , to the partnership and Tribune agreed . With the Cooking Channel considered to be worth $350 million , Tribune would need to add additional capital . See also ( edit ) United States portal Television portal Food portal Food Network ( Canada ) Food Network ( Australia ) List of programs broadcast by the Food Network The Food Network Awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cable Network Coverage Area Household Universe Estimates : January 2016 '' . Jump up ^ The New School ( 2013 - 09 - 30 ) , The Founding of the Food Network : A 20 Year Retrospective , retrieved August 6 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Reese Schonfeld HuffPost '' . www.huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network President and CEO Erica Gruen leaving network The E.W. Scripps Company '' . www.scripps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Scripps to acquire interest inTV Food Network The E.W. Scripps Company '' . www.scripps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Scripps Completes Harte - Hanks and The Food Network Acquisitions The E.W. Scripps Company '' . www.scripps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Food Business News : Schroeder , Eric `` Food Network to launch in international markets '' November 4 , 2009 . ( Registration required to view entire article . ) Jump up ^ `` Food Network coming to Sky '' . Digital Spy . October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network launches on Freesat '' . Digital Spy . December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network to launch on Freeview '' . Digital Spy . July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network , Travel Channel come to Virgin Media TV '' . Digital Spy . June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Launches New `` Discover Food Network '' Channel on Snapchat `` . Food Network . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Paula Deen Dropped by Food Network After Racial Slur Controversy '' . People Magazine . June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron McCargo , Jr '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Next Food Network Star ' season finale recap : And the winner is ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Changing Courses at the Food Network , New York Times , December 17 , 2007 Jump up ^ Wall Street Journal : `` Scripps to Offer Free Show In Fight With Cablevision '' , January 6 , 2010 . ( Subscription required to view entire article . ) Jump up ^ Scripps , Cablevision Deal Returns Food Network , HGTV to Subscribers , The Wrap , January 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ AT&T 's U-verse Drops Food Network , HGTV and Other Scripps Networks , Chicago Tribune , November 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ Food Network , HGTV , Back on U-verse , Chicago Tribune , November 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ AT&T U-verse , Scripps Reconnect on Carriage Contract , MultiChannel News , November 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Scripps , Chello to launch Food Network overseas '' . Business Courier of Cincinnati . October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Randy ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` Joystiq impressions : Food Network : Cook or Be Cooked '' . Joystiq.com . Jump up ^ Brion , Raphael ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` Upcoming : Food Network 's Cook or Be Cooked Video Game '' . EatMeDaily.com . Jump up ^ Cat Cora ( 2016 ) . Cooking as Fast as I Can : A Chef 's Story of Family , Food , and Forgiveness . Simon and Schuster . p. 193 . ISBN 9781476766157 . Jump up ^ http://www.vcfaz.tv/artigo.php?t=216209 , Vc Faz , August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Fetch TV adds BBC First '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perry , Kevin ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Big Blow for Foxtel as they Lose Exclusive Rights for Premium Drama Channel BBC First '' . Nelbie . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 October 2015 ) . `` Food Network to launch on SBS November 17 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Brickley , Peg . 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6714094447850093404	Howard McNear	Howard McNear - wikipedia Howard McNear Howard McNear McNear as Floyd Lawson Howard Terbell McNear ( 1905 - 01 - 27 ) January 27 , 1905 Los Angeles , California , U.S. January 3 , 1969 ( 1969 - 01 - 03 ) ( aged 63 ) San Fernando , California , U.S. Resting place Los Angeles National Cemetery Nationality American Alma mater Oatman School of Theater Occupation Actor Years active 1930s -- 1969 Spouse ( s ) Helen McNear ( 1902 -- 1969 ) Children Howard Terbell McNear ( January 27 , 1905 -- January 3 , 1969 ) was an American stage , screen , and radio character actor . McNear is best remembered as Floyd Lawson , the barber in The Andy Griffith Show ( 1960 - 1968 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Death 3 Filmography 4 Footnotes 5 External links Career ( edit ) McNear was born in Los Angeles to Luzetta M. Spencer and Franklin E. McNear . He studied at the Oatman School of Theater and later joined a stock company in San Diego . McNear also worked in radio from the late 1930s , distinguishing himself in the 1937 -- 1940 radio serial Speed Gibson of the International Secret Police as ace operator Clint Barlow . McNear could be effective in such authoritative roles , but he gravitated more toward character roles , often comic . He enlisted as a private in the United States Army Air Corps on November 17 , 1942 , during World War II . He created the role of Doc Charles Adams in CBS Radio 's Gunsmoke ( 1952 -- 1961 ) . McNear was under contract to CBS for many years and was featured in many of the network 's radio and TV programs . From 1955 to 1960 he appeared frequently , in various roles , in the popular radio detective series Yours Truly , Johnny Dollar . McNear made his film debut in an uncredited role in the 1951 sci - fi film The Day The Earth Stood Still as a boarding house resident along with the alien visitor Klaatu , and the 1953 film Escape from Fort Bravo . In a 1958 episode of Leave it to Beaver , McNear made his first TV appearance as a barber named `` Andy '' , who gave Wally his first shave . Over the course of his career , he would appear in over one hundred film and television guest spots . In 1959 , McNear portrayed Dr. Dompierre in the film Anatomy of a Murder who testified about collecting evidence of a rape . In 1961 , McNear was cast as the vague , chatty barber Floyd Lawson on The Andy Griffith Show . During the show 's run , he suffered a stroke that rendered the left side of his body nearly paralyzed . He left the series for nearly a year and a half to recover . Andy Griffith asked McNear to return to the series , to which McNear agreed despite being unable to walk or stand , and the production crew accommodated him accordingly , as Floyd was usually seen onscreen either seated , or standing with support . Many scenes were shot with him sitting on a bench outside the barber shop , as opposed to actively trimming hair as before . In most of his post-stroke scenes , McNear 's left hand would be holding a newspaper or resting in his lap , while he moved his right arm and hand as he spoke his lines . In a 1967 episode titled `` Goobers Contest , '' McNear 's character is heard , but not seen , walking into the courthouse . The next scene shows Floyd already seated in a chair . According to Jack Dodson , who played Howard Sprague on The Andy Griffith Show , McNear began having difficulty remembering his lines and became anxious and frustrated . He left the series in 1967 . Death ( edit ) On January 3 , 1969 , McNear died of complications from pneumonia following a stroke at San Fernando Valley Veterans Hospital in Sylmar , California . He was interred in the Los Angeles National Cemetery . Actor and old friend Parley Baer delivered his eulogy . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1953 Escape from Fort Bravo Watson Uncredited 1953 The Long , Long Trailer Joe Hittaway Uncredited 1954 Drums Across the River Stilwell 1956 You Ca n't Run Away from It Vernon , Second proprietor 1956 Bundle of Joy Mr. Appleby 1957 Affair in Reno James T. James 1957 Public Pigeon No . One Warden 1957 The Fuzzy Pink Nightgown John Myers Uncredited 1958 Bell , Book and Candle Andy White - Shep 's Co-Publisher 1959 Good Day for a Hanging Olson 1959 Anatomy of a Murder Dr. Dompierre 1959 The Big Circus Mr. Lomax 1959 It Started with a Kiss Emile Uncredited 1959 - 30 - Editor Alternative title : Deadline Midnight 1960 Heller in Pink Tights Photographer of dead gunmen 1960 The Last Time I Saw Archie General Williams 1960 Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea Congressman Llewellyn Parker 1961 Blue Hawaii Mr. Chapman 1960 The Errand Boy Dexter Sneak 1962 Bachelor Flat Dr. Dylan Bowman 1962 Follow That Dream George 1963 Irma la Douce Concierge 1963 The Wheeler Dealers Mr. Wilson Alternative title : Separate Beds 1963 Fun in Acapulco Dr. John Stevers Uncredited 1964 Kiss Me , Stupid Mr. Pettibone 1965 My Blood Runs Cold Henry 1965 Love and Kisses Mr. Frisby 1966 The Fortune Cookie Mr. Cimoli Alternative title : Meet Whiplash Willie Television Year Title Role Notes 1950 NBC Comics Voice role Unknown episodes 1952 - 1955 Four Star Playhouse Various roles 3 episodes 1953 -- 1958 The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show Mr. Jansen 7 episodes 1954 Dragnet Episode : `` The Big Threat '' 1954 Topper Judge Episode : `` County Fair '' 1955 Waterfront Mike Baxter Episode : `` The Rivals '' 1955 Willy Various roles 2 episodes 1955 - 1958 The Millionaire Various roles 2 episodes 1955 - 1959 Schlitz Playhouse of Stars Various roles 2 episodes 1956 Chevron Hall of Stars Teeples Episode : `` The Bequest '' 1956 The George Gobel Show Sketch Actor Episode # 2.18 1956 It 's a Great Life Mr. Johnson Episode : `` The Charity Drive '' 1956 Screen Directors Playhouse Various roles 2 episodes 1956 Lassie Professor Scott Episode : `` Bone '' 1956 I Love Lucy Mr. Crawford Episode : `` Little Ricky Gets Stage Fright '' 1956 - 1957 The Brothers Captain Sam Box 2 episodes 1956 - 1964 Gunsmoke Various roles 6 episodes 1956 - 1957 December Bride Various roles 3 episodes 1957 Private Secretary Eye Doctor Episode : `` Thy Name Is Sands '' 1957 Cavalcade of America Phil Episode : `` The Last Signer '' 1957 The Ford Television Theatre Dave Carter Episode : `` The Idea Man '' 1957 The Adventures of Jim Bowie Colonel Episode : `` Country Cousin '' 1957 The George Sanders Mystery Theater Ben Episode : `` The Night I Died '' 1957 - 1958 The People 's Choice Various roles 2 episodes 1957 - 1961 General Electric Theater Various roles 4 episodes 1958 The Thin Man Mr. Dingle Episode : `` Unlucky Lucky Number '' 1958 The Life of Riley Mr. Bellflower Episode : `` Bowling Beauties '' 1958 Playhouse 90 Bertram Episode : `` No Time At All '' 1958 Leave It to Beaver Andy the Barber Episode : `` The Shave '' 1958 - 1959 Bachelor Father Various roles 2 episodes 1958 - 1962 The Real McCoys Various roles 4 episodes 1958 - 1959 The Lineup Various roles 2 episodes 1958 - 1960 The Ann Sothern Show Various roles 3 episodes 1958 - 1962 The Jack Benny Program Various roles 7 episodes 1959 The Donna Reed Show Wilbur Wilgus 2 episodes 1959 M Squad Carl Hoganson Episode : `` Murder in C - Sharp Minor '' 1959 Alcoa Theatre Harry Episode : Tom , Dick , and Harry 1959 The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet Mr. Folwer Episode : `` The Nelsons Decide to Move '' 1959 Pony Express Ralph Whitaker Episode : `` - The Good Samaritan '' 1959 The Gale Storm Show Parker Episode : `` Spanish Souvenir '' 1959 - 1960 Peter Gunn Various roles 3 episodes 1960 Richard Diamond , Private Detective Dr. Braun Episode : `` The Fine Art of Murder '' 1960 Man with a Camera George Episode : `` Hot Ice Cream '' 1960 Goodyear Theatre Kramer Episode : `` Marked Down for Connie '' 1960 Happy Mr. Williams Episode : `` The Wedding Anniversary '' 1960 Tom , Dick and Harry Owner Television movie 1960 Outlaws Conductor Episode : `` Thirty a Month '' 1960 The Tab Hunter Show Plumber Episode : `` The Matchmaker '' 1960 Angel Mr. Hopkins Episode : `` The Maid '' 1960 Maverick Various roles 2 episodes 1960 Laramie Waldo Episode : `` Duel at Parkison Town '' 1960 - 1961 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Various roles 2 episodes 1960 - 1962 The Flintstones Doctor ( Voice ) 3 episodes 1961 Klondike Augustus Brown Episode : `` The Golden Burro '' 1961 Michael Shayne Ralph Beale Episode : `` Murder at the Convention '' 1961 Mister Ed Harry Sweetzer Episode : `` Pine Lake Lodge '' 1961 The Joey Bishop Show Episode : `` Charity Begins at Home '' 1961 The Tall Man Cyrus Skinner Episode : `` A Tombstone for Billy '' 1961 -- 1967 The Andy Griffith Show Floyd Lawson 80 episodes , ( incl . final television appearance ) 1962 Room for One More Mr. Sommers Episode : `` The Anniversary '' 1962 Pete and Gladys Professor Sheboyan Episode : `` Follow That Skeleton '' 1962 Thriller Jack Passasstroy Episode : `` Cousin Tundifer '' 1962 Frontier Circus Judge Stuart Episode : `` Calamity Circus '' 1962 Calvin and the Colonel Ernie ( Voice ) 2 episodes 1962 Margie Selkirk Episode : `` Margie , the Gossip Columnist '' 1962 Alcoa Premiere Charles Bennett Episode : `` The Time of the Tonsils '' 1962 The Wide Country Agent Carmody Episode : `` Straitjacket for an Indian '' 1962 The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis Various roles 2 episodes 1962 The Twilight Zone Mitchell Episode : `` Hocus - Pocus and Frisby '' 1963 The Twilight Zone Bramhoff Episode : `` The Bard '' 1965 Harris Against the World Clark Episode : `` Harris Against Anniversary Gifts '' 1965 Honey West Mr. Tweedy Episode : `` A Nice Little Till to Tap '' 1965 Please Do n't Eat the Daisies Mr. Arnold Episode : `` The Leaning Tower of Ridgemont '' Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Record of Howard McNear , Social Security Death Index . Jump up ^ Record of Howard T. McNear . Ancestry.com . California Death Index , 1940 - 1997 ( database on - line ) . Provo , UT , US : The Generations Network , Inc. , 2000 . Jump up ^ Ancestry.com community ; Howard T. McNear ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Richard Michael ( 1985 ) . The Andy Griffith Show . John F. Blair , Publisher . p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 895 - 87522 - 5 . Jump up ^ Radio Broadcast Log Of : Speed Gibson of the International Secret Police Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . U.S. World War II Army Enlistment Records , 1938 - 1946 ( database on - line ) . Provo , UT , US : The Generations Network , Inc. , 2005 . Jump up ^ Gunsmoke Radio series information Jump up ^ Golden Age of Radio Jump up ^ Shull , Richard K. ( June 27 , 1976 ) . `` TV 's Answer Man '' . Lakeland Ledger . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1985 p. 65 ^ Jump up to : `` Howard McNear , Actor , 63 ; On Andy Griffith Show '' , The New York Times , January 7 , 1969 , p. 38 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Howard McNear on IMDb Howard McNear at Find a Grave BNE : XX1295394 ISNI : 0000 0000 5933 4997 VIAF : 1269287 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_McNear&oldid=845401646 '' Categories : 1905 births 1969 deaths 20th - century American male actors Male actors from Los Angeles American male film actors American military personnel of World War II American male radio actors American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors Burials at Los Angeles National Cemetery Deaths from pneumonia Infectious disease deaths in California United States Army Air Forces soldiers Male Western ( genre ) film actors Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه فارسی Italiano 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 15 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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5914796527389134926	List of Jane the Virgin episodes	List of Jane the Virgin episodes - wikipedia List of Jane the Virgin episodes Jump to : navigation , search Jane the Virgin is an American comedy - drama television series that premiered on The CW on October 13 , 2014 . The series follows Jane Villanueva , a hard - working , religious young Latina woman whose vow to save her virginity until marriage is shattered when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup . To make matters worse , the biological donor is a married man , a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works , but was also her former teenage crush . The show was ordered to series on May 8 , 2014 , followed by a full season order on October 21 , 2014 . On January 11 , 2015 , the show was renewed for a second season . On March 11 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a third season . On January 8 , 2017 , the show was renewed for a fourth season , which debuted on October 13 , 2017 . On April 2 , 2018 , the show was renewed for a fifth season . The fifth season will be the show 's last and will bring the series to 100 total episodes . As of April 20 , 2018 , 81 episodes of Jane the Virgin have aired , concluding the fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 - 15 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 22 October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 20 October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 17 October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 5 19 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 - 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jane the Virgin ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One '' Brad Silberling Teleplay by : Jennie Snyder Urman October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 1.61 `` Chapter Two '' Uta Briesewitz Jennie Snyder Urman October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) 1.36 `` Chapter Three '' Brad Silberling Meredith Averill October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) 1.09 `` Chapter Four '' Debbie Allen Corinne Brinkerhoff November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 1.01 5 5 `` Chapter Five '' Edward Ornelas Josh Reims November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) 1.22 6 6 `` Chapter Six '' Jann Turner Paul Sciarrotta November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) 1.09 7 7 `` Chapter Seven '' Janice Cooke David S. Rosenthal November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 0.96 8 8 `` Chapter Eight '' Norman Buckley Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 1.22 9 9 `` Chapter Nine '' Zetna Fuentes Corinne Brinkerhoff December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) 1.28 10 10 `` Chapter Ten '' Elodie Keene Meredith Averill & Christopher Oscar Peña January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 1.39 11 11 `` Chapter Eleven '' Joanna Kerns Gracie Glassmeyer January 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) 1.55 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve '' Gina Lamar David S. Rosenthal February 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 02 ) 1.24 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen '' Howard Deutch Josh Reims February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 1.34 14 14 `` Chapter Fourteen '' Brad Silberling Paul Sciarrotta February 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 16 ) 1.31 15 15 `` Chapter Fifteen '' Melanie Mayron Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 1.26 16 16 `` Chapter Sixteen '' Joanna Kerns Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 1.10 17 17 `` Chapter Seventeen '' Uta Briesewitz Amy Rardin & Jessica O'Toole April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 0.93 18 18 `` Chapter Eighteen '' Edward Ornelas Meredith Averill April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 1.03 19 19 `` Chapter Nineteen '' Robert Luketic Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 1.05 20 20 `` Chapter Twenty '' Debbie Allen Corinne Brinkerhoff & Paul Sciarrotta April 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 27 ) 1.06 21 21 `` Chapter Twenty - One '' Stuart Gillard Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin May 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) 1.05 22 22 `` Chapter Twenty - Two '' Zetna Fuentes Josh Reims & Jennie Snyder Urman May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 1.24 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jane the Virgin ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Chapter Twenty - Three '' Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) 1.06 24 `` Chapter Twenty - Four '' Edward Ornelas David S. Rosenthal October 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 0.84 25 `` Chapter Twenty - Five '' Robert Luketic Corinne Brinkerhoff October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 0.94 26 `` Chapter Twenty - Six '' Zetna Fuentes Paul Sciarrotta November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 1.09 27 5 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven '' Jann Turner Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 1.11 28 6 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight '' Melanie Mayron Corinne Brinkerhoff & Micah Schraft November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 1.10 29 7 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine '' Edward Ornelas David S. Rosenthal & Dara Resnick Creasey November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 0.98 30 8 `` Chapter Thirty '' Uta Briesewitz Paul Sciarrotta & Carolina Rivera December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 0.98 31 9 `` Chapter Thirty - One '' Joanna Kerns Emmylou Diaz & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 0.99 32 10 `` Chapter Thirty - Two '' Jason Reilly Micah Schraft February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 1.04 33 11 `` Chapter Thirty - Three '' Uta Briesewitz Michael J. Cinquemani February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 0.94 34 12 `` Chapter Thirty - Four '' Howard Deutch Madeline Hendricks February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 0.94 35 13 `` Chapter Thirty - Five '' Melanie Mayron Chantelle M. Wells February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 0.91 36 14 `` Chapter Thirty - Six '' Uta Briesewitz Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 0.92 37 15 `` Chapter Thirty - Seven '' Melanie Mayron Sarah Goldfinger March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 0.77 38 16 `` Chapter Thirty - Eight '' Georgina Garcia Riedel Micah Schraft March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 0.94 39 17 `` Chapter Thirty - Nine '' Matthew Diamond Carolina Rivera April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 0.93 40 18 `` Chapter Forty '' Anna Mastro Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 0.96 41 19 `` Chapter Forty - One '' Gina Lamar Joe Lawson April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 0.84 42 20 `` Chapter Forty - Two '' Zetna Fuentes Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta May 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) 0.86 43 21 `` Chapter Forty - Three '' Melanie Mayron Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & Paul Sciarrotta May 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) 0.90 44 22 `` Chapter Forty - Four '' Jann Turner Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 0.97 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jane the Virgin ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 45 `` Chapter Forty - Five '' Gina Lamar Jennie Snyder Urman October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 1.09 46 `` Chapter Forty - Six '' Brad Silberling David S. Rosenthal & Paul Sciarrotta October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) 1.10 47 `` Chapter Forty - Seven '' Eva Longoria Baston Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) 0.97 48 `` Chapter Forty - Eight '' Melanie Mayron Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 1.08 49 5 `` Chapter Forty - Nine '' Anna Mastro Paul Sciarrotta November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 0.93 50 6 `` Chapter Fifty '' Melanie Mayron Valentina Garza & David S. Rosenthal November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 1.01 51 7 `` Chapter Fifty - One '' Gina Lamar Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) 1.15 52 8 `` Chapter Fifty - Two '' Anna Mastro Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 0.99 53 9 `` Chapter Fifty - Three '' Gina Lamar Chantelle M. Wells January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 0.91 54 10 `` Chapter Fifty - Four '' Melanie Mayron Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 0.93 55 11 `` Chapter Fifty - Five '' Brad Silberling Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 1.07 56 12 `` Chapter Fifty - Six '' Matthew Diamond Valentina Garza February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 1.06 57 13 `` Chapter Fifty - Seven '' Zetna Fuentes Madeline Hendricks February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 0.88 58 14 `` Chapter Fifty - Eight '' Melanie Mayron Merigan Mulhern March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 0.84 59 15 `` Chapter Fifty - Nine '' Anna Mastro Deidre Shaw March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) 0.89 60 16 `` Chapter Sixty '' Micah Schraft Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) 0.79 61 17 `` Chapter Sixty - One '' Melanie Mayron Paul Sciarrotta May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 0.77 62 18 `` Chapter Sixty - Two '' Fernando Sariñana Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & David S. Rosenthal May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 0.99 63 19 `` Chapter Sixty - Three '' Gina Lamar Paul Sciarrotta May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 0.76 64 20 `` Chapter Sixty - Four '' Melanie Mayron Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 0.96 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jane the Virgin ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 65 `` Chapter Sixty - Five '' Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 0.68 66 `` Chapter Sixty - Six '' Gina Lamar Valentina Garza & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 0.61 67 `` Chapter Sixty - Seven '' Fernando Sariñana Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 0.60 68 `` Chapter Sixty - Eight '' Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 0.69 69 5 `` Chapter Sixty - Nine '' Stuart Gillard Paul Sciarrotta November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 0.65 70 6 `` Chapter Seventy '' Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 0.61 71 7 `` Chapter Seventy - One '' Micah Schraft Valentina Garza & Deidre Shaw December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 0.65 72 8 `` Chapter Seventy - Two '' Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Paul Sciarrotta January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 0.68 73 9 `` Chapter Seventy - Three '' Eric Lea Valentina Garza & Chantelle M. Wells February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 0.67 74 10 `` Chapter Seventy - Four '' Gina Rodriguez Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) 0.80 75 11 `` Chapter Seventy - Five '' Gina Lamar Merigan Mulhern March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 0.59 76 12 `` Chapter Seventy - Six '' Melanie Mayron Leah Longoria March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 0.58 77 13 `` Chapter Seventy - Seven '' Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 0.59 78 14 `` Chapter Seventy - Eight '' Justin Baldoni Valentina Garza & Micah Schraft March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 0.65 79 15 `` Chapter Seventy - Nine '' Gina Lamar Paul Sciarrotta April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 0.53 80 16 `` Chapter Eighty '' Micah Schraft Micah Schraft April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 0.57 81 17 `` Chapter Eighty - One '' Gina Lamar Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 0.58 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV Scoop : The CW Orders Four Dramas , Including Flash , iZombie and Jane the Virgin , Passes on Supernatural Spin - Off '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' Get Full - Season Orders at CW '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow ' , ' Jane The Virgin ' , ' Reign ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Supernatural , ' The Originals ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Renewed by the CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ge , Linda ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews ' The Flash , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and 4 Other Series '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin ' Creator on the Show 's End : ' We 're Going to Close Things Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Clemmons , Rachael Vaughan ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` The fifth season of ' Jane the Virgin ' will be its last '' . Metro.us . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Gotham ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Originals ' , ' The Millers ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Castle ' , ' The Millers ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' The Originals ' , ' Countdown to the CMAs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Sleepy Hollow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice , , ' Castle ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Scorpion ' & ' State of Affairs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Great Christmas Light Fight ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Voice ' , ' The Great Christmas Light Fight ' & ' State of Affairs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' Castle ' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Sleepy Hollow ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Gotham ' , ' Sleepy Hollow ' , ' The Originals ' or ' Jane The Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' or ' Gotham ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Bachelor ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' NCIS : LA ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Jane The Virgin ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' or ' The Night Shift ' + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Jane The Virgin ' & ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , Gotham ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' Stalker ' & ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Mike and Molly ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusted up , ' Castle , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Scorpion ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusted down , ' Big Bang ' adjusted up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , ' Supergirl ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' Adjusts Up ; Everything Else Holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down but still hits season high , ' Scorpion ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Castle ' adjusts down to season average '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' X-Files , ' ' Lucifer ' and ' The Bachelor ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl , ' ' Blindspot ' and everything else hold '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' finale adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' finale and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Blindspot ' and ' Reign ' adjust down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' finale and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjusts up , ' Timeless , ' ' Supergirl , ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , CBS shows all adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple ' and ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple , ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voice ' adjusts up , ' Gotham , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and ABC adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Superior Donuts ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' adjusted up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Great Indoors ' adjust up ; ' Taken , ' ' Quantico , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and World Series adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' Agents of SHIELD , ' all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' finale , ' Jane the Virgin , ' all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics opening ceremony adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Blindspot , ' all other unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Blue Bloods , ' ' Taken , ' ' Confronting Putin ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament and ' Dynasty ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Jane the Virgin on IMDb Jane the Virgin at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Jane_the_Virgin_episodes&oldid=841908661 '' Categories : Lists of American comedy television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American comedy - drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 21 : 37 . About Wikipedia	when do new jane the virgin episodes come out	[]	[]
4309978668939011430	Aluminium recycling	Aluminium recycling - wikipedia Aluminium recycling Jump to : navigation , search An aluminium recycling symbol . The European Committee for Standardization logo for aluminium recycling . Aluminium recycling is the process by which scrap aluminium can be reused in products after its initial production . The process involves simply re-melting the metal , which is far less expensive and energy - intensive than creating new aluminium through the electrolysis of aluminium oxide ( Al O ) , which must first be mined from bauxite ore and then refined using the Bayer process . Recycling scrap aluminium requires only 5 % of the energy used to make new aluminium . For this reason , approximately 31 % of all aluminium produced in the United States comes from recycled scrap . Used beverage containers are the largest component of processed aluminum scrap , and most of it is manufactured back into aluminium cans . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Advantages 2.1 Energy savings 2.2 Environmental savings 3 Process for beverage cans 4 Ingot production using reverberatory furnaces 5 Recycling rates 6 Secondary aluminium recycling 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) A common practice since the early 1900s and extensively capitalized during World War II , aluminium recycling is not new . It was , however , a low - profile activity until the late 1960s , when the exploding popularity of aluminium beverage cans finally placed recycling into the public consciousness . Model promoting aluminium recycling at Douglas Aircraft Company in 1942 Sources for recycled aluminium include aircraft , automobiles , bicycles , boats , computers , cookware , gutters , siding , wire , and many other products that need a strong lightweight material , or a material with high thermal conductivity . As recycling does not transmute the element , aluminium can be recycled indefinitely and still be used to produce any product for which new aluminium could have been used . Baled cans ready for transport Advantages ( edit ) The recycling of aluminium generally produces significant cost savings over the production of new aluminium , even when the cost of collection , separation and recycling are taken into account . Over the long term , even larger national savings are made when the reduction in the capital costs associated with landfills , mines , and international shipping of raw aluminium are considered . Energy savings ( edit ) Recycling aluminium uses about 5 % of the energy required to create aluminium from bauxite ; the amount of energy required to convert aluminium oxide into aluminium can be vividly seen when the process is reversed during the combustion of thermite or ammonium perchlorate composite propellant . Aluminium die extrusion is a specific way of getting reusable material from aluminium scraps but does not require a large energy output of a melting process . In 2003 , half of the products manufactured with aluminium were sourced from recycled aluminium material . Environmental savings ( edit ) Recycled aluminium uses 5 % of the energy that would be needed to create a comparable amount from raw materials . The benefit with respect to emissions of carbon dioxide depends on the type of energy used . Electrolysis can be done using electricity from non-fossil - fuel sources , such as nuclear , geothermal , hydroelectric , or solar . Aluminium production is attracted to sources of cheap electricity . Canada , Brazil , Norway , and Venezuela have 61 to 99 % hydroelectric power and are major aluminium producers . The use of recycled aluminium also decreases the need for mining bauxite . The vast amount of aluminium used means that even small percentage losses are large expenses , so the flow of material is well monitored and accounted for financial reasons . Efficient production and recycling benefits the environment as well . Process for beverage cans ( edit ) Aluminium beverage cans are usually recycled by the following method : Cans are first divided from municipal waste , usually through an eddy current separator , and cut into small , equally sized pieces to lessen the volume and make it easier for the machines that separate them . Pieces are cleaned chemically / mechanically and blocked to minimize oxidation losses when melted . ( The surface of aluminium readily oxidizes back into aluminium oxide when exposed to oxygen . ) Blocks are loaded into the furnace and heated to 750 ° C ± 100 ° C to produce molten aluminium . Dross is removed , and the dissolved hydrogen is degassed . ( Molten aluminium readily disassociates hydrogen from water vapor and hydrocarbon contaminants . ) This is typically done with chlorine and nitrogen gas . Hexachloroethane tablets are normally used as the source for chlorine . Ammonium perchlorate can also be used , as it decomposes mainly into chlorine , nitrogen , and oxygen when heated . Samples are taken for spectroscopic analysis . Depending on the final product desired , high - purity aluminium , copper , zinc , manganese , silicon , and / or magnesium is added to alter the molten composition to the proper alloy specification . The top - five aluminium alloys produced are 6061 , 7075 , 1100 , 6063 , and 2024 . The furnace is tapped , the molten aluminium poured out , and the process is repeated again for the next batch . Depending on the end product , it may be cast into ingots , billets , or rods , formed into large slabs for rolling , atomized into powder , sent to an extruder , or transported in its molten state to manufacturing facilities for further processing . Ingot production using reverberatory furnaces ( edit ) The scrap aluminium is separated into a range of categories e.g. irony aluminium ( engine blocks etc . ) , clean aluminium ( alloy wheels ) . Scraps are classified according to ISRI . Depending on the specification of the required ingot casting , it will depend on the type of scrap used in the start melt . Generally , the scrap is charged to a reverberatory furnace ( other methods appear to be either less economical and / or dangerous ) and melted down to form a `` bath '' . The molten metal is tested using spectroscopy on a sample taken from the melt to determine what refinements are needed to produce the final casts . After the refinements have been added , the melt may be tested several times to be able to fine - tune the batch to the specific standard . Once the correct `` recipe '' of metal is available , the furnace is tapped and poured into ingot moulds , usually via a casting machine . The melt is then left to cool , stacked and sold on as cast silicon -- aluminium ingot to various industries for re-use . Mainly , cast alloys like ADC12 , LM2 , AlSi132 , LM24 etc. are produced . These secondary alloys ingots are used in die cast companies . Nowadays , tilting rotary furnaces are used for recycling of aluminum scrap , which give higher recovery compared to reverberatory furnaces ( Skelner Furnace ) . Recycling rates ( edit ) Brazil recycles 98.2 % of its aluminium can production , equivalent to 14.7 billion beverage cans per year , ranking first in the world , more than Japan 's 82.5 % recovery rate . Brazil has topped the aluminium can recycling charts eight years in a row . Secondary aluminium recycling ( edit ) White dross from primary aluminium production and from secondary recycling operations still contains useful quantities of aluminium which can be extracted industrially . The process produces aluminium billets , together with a highly complex waste material . This waste is difficult to manage . It reacts with water , releasing a mixture of gases ( including , among others , hydrogen , acetylene , and ammonia ) which spontaneously ignites on contact with air ; contact with damp air results in the release of copious quantities of ammonia gas . Despite these difficulties , however , the waste has found use as a filler in asphalt and concrete . See also ( edit ) Book : Aluminium Environmental issues with mining Ferrous metal recycling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The price of virtue '' . The Economist. 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ minerals.usgs.gov Jump up ^ EPA . `` Common Wastes & Material '' . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Mark ( 2006 ) . Aluminum Recycling . CRC Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 9662 - 5 . Jump up ^ WasteOnline : Metals aluminium and steel recycling Jump up ^ International Aluminum Institute ^ Jump up to : Aluminum : The Element of Sustainability A North American Aluminum Industry Sustainability Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . The Aluminum Association . September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manufacturing with Die Casting : An Eco-Friendly Option '' . NADCA Design . 2017 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Aluminium organisation : Environmental issues Jump up ^ aluminum.org : How Is An Aluminum Can Recycled ? Jump up ^ www.metalwebnews.com : Melting Practice Jump up ^ `` Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Casting Problems '' . key-to-metals.com . Jump up ^ Alcoa Primary Aluminum - North America : Products Jump up ^ `` In 2009 , Brazil was , once again , the leading country worldwide in the collection of aluminium beverage cans , with a recycling rate of 98.2 % '' . Alu - Aluminium for future generations . 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 's unemployed catadores keep recycling rates high while earning much - needed cash . - Free Online Library '' . Thefreelibrary.com. 2010 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hwang , J.Y. , Huang , X. , Xu , Z. ( 2006 ) , Recovery of Metals from Aluminum Dross and Salt cake , Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering . Vol. 5 , No. 1 , pp 47 - 62 Jump up ^ Why are dross & saltcake a concern ? Jump up ^ Dunster , A.M. , Moulinier , F. , Abbott , B. , Conroy , A. , Adams , K. , Widyatmoko , D. ( 2005 ) . Added value of using new industrial waste streams as secondary aggregates in both concrete and asphalt . DTI / WRAP Aggregates Research Programme STBF 13 / 15C . The Waste and Resources Action Programme External links ( edit ) Secondary Aluminum Smelters of the World - A list of companies who produce secondary aluminium ( i.e. , recycled or remelted from scrap metal ) ( hide ) Recycling Materials Aluminium Asphalt Concrete Copper Cotton Energy Ferrous metals Glass Gypsum Paper Plastic Refrigerant Scrap Timber Vegetable oil Water Products Appliances Automotive oil Batteries Bottles PET bottles Computers Drugs Fluorescent lamps Lumber Mobile phones Paint Ships Textiles Tires Vehicles Apparatus Bins Blue bags Blue boxes Codes Collection Materials recovery facility Waste sorting Countries Brazil Canada Ireland Japan The Netherlands Switzerland United Kingdom Northern Ireland United States Concepts Dematerialization Downcycling Eco-industrial park Ecodesign Extended producer responsibility Freecycling Industrial ecology Industrial metabolism Land recycling Material flow analysis Precycling Product stewardship Recursive recycling Recycling ( ecological ) Resource recovery Reuse of excreta Repurposing Reuse Upcycling Urban lumberjacking Waste hierarchy Waste minimisation Waste picking Zero waste See also Cogeneration Composting Container deposit legislation Dumpster diving Ethical consumerism Freeganism Simple living Waste Waste - to - energy Waste collection Waste legislation Waste management Waste management concepts Environment portal by country by material by product organizations Index Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_recycling&oldid=801569128 '' Categories : Aluminium Recycling by material Energy conservation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Italiano Português Slovenščina Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 13 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how much does it cost to recycle aluminium	[]	[]
-7392954485094617394	PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds	PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds - Wikipedia PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds Developer ( s ) PUBG Corporation Publisher ( s ) PUBG Corporation ( Windows ) Microsoft Studios ( Xbox One ) Tencent Games ( mobile ) Director ( s ) Brendan Greene Producer ( s ) Chang - han Kim Designer ( s ) Brendan Greene Composer ( s ) Tom Salta Engine Unreal Engine 4 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows Xbox One Android iOS Release Microsoft Windows WW : December 20 , 2017 Xbox One WW : December 12 , 2017 Android , iOS CHN : February 9 , 2018 WW : March 19 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Battle royale Mode ( s ) Multiplayer PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds ( PUBG ) is an online multiplayer battle royale game developed and published by PUBG Corporation , a subsidiary of South Korean video game company Bluehole . The game is based on previous mods that were created by Brendan `` PlayerUnknown '' Greene for other games using the film Battle Royale for inspiration , and expanded into a standalone game under Greene 's creative direction . In the game , up to one hundred players parachute onto an island and scavenge for weapons and equipment to kill others while avoiding getting killed themselves . The available safe area of the game 's map decreases in size over time , directing surviving players into tighter areas to force encounters . The last player or team standing wins the round . The game was released for Microsoft Windows via Steam 's early access beta program in March 2017 , with a full release on December 20 , 2017 . That same month , the game was released by Microsoft Studios for the Xbox One via its Xbox Game Preview program . A few months later , it was localized and released by Tencent Games in China , while two mobile versions based on the game for Android and iOS were also released . The game is one of the best - selling of all time , with over fifty million sold across all platforms by June 2018 . In addition , the Windows version holds a peak concurrent player count of over three million on Steam , which is an all - time high on the platform . Battlegrounds received positive reception from critics during both its early access period and on official release , who found that while the game still was not fully finished and had some technical flaws , Battlegrounds presented new types of gameplay that could be easily approached by players of any skill level and was highly replayable . The game received several Game of the Year nominations among other accolades , and is considered by Greene to be the defining game of the battle royale genre . Several other video games , following in Battlegrounds 's success , added battle royale - style modes , while a number of clones , primarily out of China , also appeared . PUBG Corporation has run several small tournaments and introduced in - game tools to help with broadcasting the game to spectators , as they wish for it to become a popular eSport . Contents 1 Gameplay 2 Development 2.1 Design 3 Release 3.1 Windows 3.2 Xbox One 3.3 Other platforms 4 Professional competition 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Awards and accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay Battlegrounds is a player versus player action game in which up to one hundred players fight in a battle royale , a type of large - scale last man standing deathmatch where players fight to remain the last alive . Players can choose to enter the match solo , or with a small team of up to four people . In either case , the last person or team left alive wins the match . Each match starts with players parachuting from a plane onto a map area approximately 8 × 8 kilometres ( 5.0 × 5.0 mi ) in size . The plane 's flight path across the map varies with each round , requiring players to quickly determine the best time to eject and parachute to the ground . Players start with no gear beyond customized clothing selections which do not affect gameplay . Once they land , players can search buildings and other sites to find weapons , vehicles , armor , and other equipment . These items are procedurally distributed throughout the map at the start of a match , with certain high - risk zones typically having better equipment . Killed players can be looted to acquire their gear as well . Players can opt to play either from the first - person or third - person perspective , each having their own advantages and disadvantages in combat and situational awareness ; though server - specific settings can be used to force all players into one perspective to eliminate some advantages . Every few minutes , the playable area of the map begins to shrink down towards a random location , with any player caught outside the safe area taking damage incrementally , and eventually being eliminated if the safe zone is not entered in time ; in game , the players see the boundary as a shimmering blue wall that contracts over time . This results in a more confined map , in turn increasing the chances of encounters . During the course of the match , random regions of the map are highlighted in red and bombed , posing a threat to players who remain in that area . In both cases , players are warned a few minutes before these events , giving them time to relocate to safety . At random , a plane will fly over various parts of the playable map and drop a loot package , containing items which are typically unobtainable during normal gameplay . These packages emit highly visible red smoke , drawing interested players near it and creating further confrontations . On average , a full round takes no more than 30 minutes . At the completion of each round , players gain in - game currency based on how long they survived , how many other players they had killed , and how much damage they dealt to other players . The currency is used to purchase crates which contain cosmetic items for character or weapon customization . A rotating `` event mode '' was added to the game around March 2018 . These events change up the normal game rules , such as establishing larger teams or squads , or altering the distribution of weapons and armor across the game map . Development Brendan `` PlayerUnknown '' Greene at the 2018 Game Developers Conference Lead designer Brendan Greene , better known by his online handle PlayerUnknown , had previously created the ARMA 2 mod DayZ : Battle Royale , an offshoot of popular mod DayZ , and inspired by the 2000 Japanese film Battle Royale . At the time he created DayZ : Battle Royale , around 2013 , Irish - born Greene had been living in Brazil for a few years as a photographer , graphic designer , and web designer , and played video games such as Delta Force : Black Hawk Down and America 's Army . The DayZ mod caught his interest , both as a realistic military simulation and its open - ended gameplay , and started playing around with a custom server , learning programming as he went along . Greene found most multiplayer first - person shooters too repetitive , considering maps small and easy to memorize . He wanted to create something with more random aspects so that players would not know what to expect , creating a high degree of replayability ; this was done by creating vastly larger maps that could not be easily memorized , and using random item placement across it . Greene was also inspired by an online competition for DayZ called Survivor GameZ , which featured a number of Twitch.tv and YouTube streamers fighting until only a few were left ; as he was not a streamer himself , Greene wanted to create a similar game mode that anyone could play . His initial efforts on this mod were more inspired by The Hunger Games novels , where players would try to vie for stockpiles of weapons at a central location , but moved away from this partially to give players a better chance at survival by spreading weapons around , and also to avoid copyright issues with the novels . In taking inspiration from the Battle Royale film , Greene had wanted to use square safe areas , but his inexperience in coding led him to use circular safe areas instead , which persisted to Battlegrounds . When DayZ became its own standalone title , interest in his ARMA 2 version of the Battle Royale mod trailed off , and Greene transitioned development of the mod to ARMA 3 . Sony Online Entertainment ( now the Daybreak Game Company ) had become interested in Greene 's work , and brought him on as a consultant to develop on H1Z1 , licensing the battle royale idea from him . In February 2016 , Sony Online split H1Z1 into two separate games , the survival mode H1Z1 : Just Survive , and the battle royale - like H1Z1 : King of the Kill , around the same time that Greene 's consultation period was over . Separately , the Seoul - based studio Ginno Games , led by Chang - han Kim and who developed massively multiplayer online games ( MMOs ) for personal computers , was acquired and renamed Bluehole Ginno Games by Bluehole in January 2015 , a major South Korean publisher of MMOs and mobile games . Kim recognized that producing a successful game in South Korea generally meant it would be published globally , and wanted to use his team to create a successful title for personal computers that followed the same model as other mobile games published by Bluehole . He had already been excited about making a type of battle royale game after he had played DayZ , in part that the format had not caught on in Korea . He also wanted to make this through an early access model and have a very limited development schedule to get the game out as quickly as possible , while treating the product as a `` games as a service '' model to be able to support it for many years . In researching what had been done , he came across Greene 's mods and reached out to him . In July 2017 , Bluehole partnered with social media platform Facebook to provide exclusive streaming content to Facebook 's gaming channels , as part of their pushing to provide more gaming content for its users . Around the same time that Greene left Sony Online , Kim contacted and offered him the opportunity to work on a new battle royale concept . Within a week , Greene flew out to Bluehole 's headquarters in Korea to discuss the options , and a few weeks later , became the creative director of Bluehole . He moved to South Korea to oversee development . According to Greene , this was the first time a Korean game studio had brought aboard a foreigner for a creative director role , and while a risk , he says that his relationship with Bluehole 's management is strong , allowing Greene 's team to work autonomously with minimal oversight . The game 's main theme was composed by Tom Salta , who was personally selected by Green as he and the team were looking for an `` orchestral electronic hybrid theme '' that would give players a `` huge build - up '' , keeping them `` resolutely determined '' until a match starts . Development began in early 2016 and was publicly announced that June , with plans to have the game ready within a year . Kim served as executive producer for the game . Bluehole started with a team of about 35 developers supporting Greene 's work , but had expanded to 70 by June 2017 . Greene stated that many of these developers were voluntarily putting in longer work hours into the game due to their dedication to the project , and not by any mandate from himself or Bluehole 's management . In addition to Bluehole , Greene also credits Bohemia Interactive , the developers of ARMA and DayZ , for support with motion capture animations via their Prague studio . With the rapid growth of interest in the game , Bluehole spun out the entire development for Battlegrounds into Bluehole Ginno Games in September 2017 , which was renamed PUBG Corporation with Kim as its chief executive officer . PUBG Corporation continued the development of the game and its marketing and growth , opening an office in the United States with plans for future ones in Europe and Japan . In August 2018 , PUBG Corporation launched the `` Fix PUBG '' campaign , acknowledging that that game by then still had several lingering bugs and other performance issues , with the website designed to showcase their roadmap until its completion in October 2018 . Design Battlegrounds represents the standalone version of what Greene believes is the `` final version '' of the battle royale concept , incorporating the elements he had designed in previous iterations . Faster development was possible with the game engine Unreal Engine 4 , compared with ARMA and H1Z1 , which were built with proprietary game engines . Greene acknowledged that implementing the size of the maps in Battlegrounds has been one of the challenges with working with Unreal , which was not designed with such maps in mind . The game was designed as a mix between the realistic simulation of ARMA 3 and the arcade - like action focus and player accessibility of H1Z1 . Based on Greene 's experience with the genre , an island with many terrain features was picked as the first map , known as `` Erangel '' . The map design scope was to offer players many possible options for strategic and unique gameplay . Some buildings and structures were designed to depict the style of the brutalist architecture of the Soviet Union during the 1950s . The developer team playtested architecture features and random item placement systems , looking at both how close - quarters encounters went , and for open terrain areas . The goal was to optimize the right distribution and placement of weapons and gear across the map , to encourage players to make strategic decisions about how to proceed in the game without overly penalizing players who may not find weapons within the first few minutes of a round . During early access , additional maps were planned , such as one set on a fictional island in the Adriatic Sea that included snow - covered Yugoslavian territories . Greene stated that he thought the Erangel map felt disjointed despite meeting their goals for gameplay , and sought to create more unified ideas with future maps . The freefall from an airplane at the start of each match was a new feature for the genre , to encourage strategy between staying with the pack of players or seeking out one 's own route for a better chance at finding good loot . With the added parachute drop , Greene considered that Battlegrounds had three distinct subgames : the airdrop during which one must quickly figure out the best time to jump and where to land in relationship to the other players , the loot game of knowing where and how to gather the best possible equipment , and the combat game with other players . Players who win a match are greeted with the phrase `` winner winner chicken dinner '' , an idiom that Greene had used in his prior battle royale games and kept in Battlegrounds , which itself had origins as early as the Great Depression . Features that Greene anticipates adding include custom games and modding support . He considered modding support an essential part of the full release as , just as he had his start with mods , he wants to enable others to create variations on his game so that he can `` find the next PlayerUnknown '' . Greene also wants to incorporate the game with streaming services like Twitch.tv that would enable replays or other features amenable to treating Battlegrounds as an eSport . Greene had anticipated that Battlegrounds would develop into an eSport , and this was an ultimate end goal for his development , but he wanted to let the nature of how it would play out as an eSport grow naturally with the player community . He also plans to introduce microtransactions to allow players to use real - world funds to purchase loot crates that provide randomly - selected cosmetic items , also known as `` skins '' , which they can trade with other players ; while Greene recognizes the issue with skin gambling , he believes that Valve has put safeguards in place to support a `` skin economy '' that will provide further revenue for them without concerns over gambling . However , by November 2017 , gray market skin gambling sites began to appear , using Battlegrounds cosmetics as virtual currency . Following controversy over the use of loot boxes to offer `` pay - to - win '' items in other games in November 2017 , the PUBG Corporation affirmed that while they will continue to add new cosmetic items rewarded by in - game crate purchases , they `` will never add anything that affects the gameplay '' . In May 2018 , PUBG Corporation disabled the ability to trade skins on the Steam Marketplace as they found that players were still abusing the system by selling them for monetary value through unofficial third - party platforms . While in early access , Bluehole offered an early preview of the system by offering time - limited crates that could be purchased during the first Battlegrounds Invitations tournament during Gamescom in August 2017 , with the sales from these contributing to the prize pool . Among loot from these crates are special outfits inspired by the Battle Royale movie . Greene anticipates adding a campaign mode with co-operative player support , though there would be `` no serious lore '' crafted for the narrative , comparing this to similar modes in Watch Dogs . The game , while in early access , has already received alternate gameplay modes created by players , determined by unenforceable rules that players agree to abide by , that have been popular with streamers . This was aided by a quiet release of custom server support to a number of influential streamers which subsequently made it into public release . In one case , `` Zombie Mode '' , all but four players pretend to be zombies , who may sometimes distinguish themselves by removing all clothing and are limited only to collecting melee weapons and consumable items , and must rush to attack the other four players , who are able to collect all gear and attempt to outrun and defeat the zombies . Inspired by this mode , Greene announced plans to introduce an official zombie - based gameplay mode based on this into Battlegrounds . Whereas most of the rest of the team continued to develop the core gameplay and maps , Greene is taking on the zombie mode as a near solo project , only using the assistance of the lead animator to help with the zombie animations . Greene sees Battlegrounds as a platform , and would like to see more custom game types and mods developed by players for it . Greene identified that some mods that he also previously worked on from ARMA 3 may become part of the Battlegrounds platform . To prevent in - game cheating , the game uses the `` BattlEye '' anti-cheating software , which was banning more than 6,000 players a day in October 2017 and over 2.5 million players in total by the beginning of 2018 , with over a million in January alone . In December 2017 , BattlEye indicated that 99 % of cheats were made in China . Release Windows Bluehole used closed alpha and beta periods with about 80,000 players , including popular Twitch streamers , to gauge initial reaction to the gameplay and adjust balance prior to a wider release . Just prior to the early access phase on Steam , Bluehole opened a few servers and invited some of the top streamers of the battle royale genre to try it out as to start gaining interest . Early access launched on March 23 , 2017 for the Windows version . This early access period was planned to last approximately six months , originally aiming for a September 2017 release . In July 2017 , Greene announced that they would need to extend the early access period by a few months , continuing to release updates on a regular basis , with plans to still release by the end of 2017 , as committing to this original period `` could hinder us from delivering a fully featured game and / or lead to disappointment within the community if the launch deadline is not met '' . Initially , Bluehole had expected that they would just gain enough players through early access to smooth out the gameplay , and only when the game was completed , they would have started more marketing for the title . The sudden interest in the game from early access exceeded their expectations , and put emphasis on the stability of the game and its underlying networking alongside gameplay improvements . Through August 2017 , these updates generally included a major weekly patch alongside major monthly updates that provided key performance improvements . However , from August onward Bluehole backed off the rate of such patches , as the high frequency has led to some quality control issues , and the developers rather make sure each patch content is well - vetted by the community before providing new updates ; this did not change their plans for a 2017 release , where it fully released out of early access on December 20 . In part of the game 's success in early access , Tencent Games , the largest publisher of video games in China , approached Bluehole that same month with an offer to publish Battlegrounds in China and purchase equity in the company . However , the China Audio - Video and Digital Publishing Association issued a statement in October 2017 that discouraged battle royale - style games , stating that they are too violent and deviate from Chinese values of socialism , deeming it harmful to young consumers . The following month however , PUBG had reached a formal agreement with the Chinese government to allow the release of the game in the country , with Tencent as the publishing partner . However , some changes were made to make sure it aligned with socialist values and traditional Chinese morals . In South Korea , the game is marketed and distributed by Kakao Games . Despite the lack of a Chinese publisher prior to the Tencent deal , players in China had found ways to acquire and play the game through Steam via proxies and other networking tricks . The large Chinese player base had led to some technical and community problems with the game . From a technical standpoint , while PUBG Corporation offers various servers in different geographic regions , they have not used region locking , thus allowing players from disparate regions playing in the same matches . The network latency has caused issued in - game that make some characters `` rubber band '' , appearing to be moving to one location before network synchronization that causes them to snap back to a different position . With the game out of early access , PUBG Corporation seeks to eliminate this effect to make this rubber banding less pronounced . To address the technical problems , PUBG Corporation plans to add maximum client ping limits for servers which can reduce the issues with latency problems and prevent some of the cheating that has occurred . This would not prevent cross-region matchmaking but may make it difficult for some players to play outside their region if they have a poor Internet infrastructure . Tencent has also helped by identifying and reporting around 30 software programs to Chinese police that can be used to cheat in Battlegrounds , leading to over a hundred arrests by the beginning of 2018 . Separately , this technical issue , in addition to the larger number of Chinese players , has created complaints in the player community . Some Western players fear that many Chinese players are able to cheat in the game by exploiting some of the network latency issues , something that PUBG Corporation continued to address as the game shifted out of early access . However , a small number of players called for server segregation by region , and had used racial insults at Chinese players they encounter in game . Greene was disappointed with this `` xenophobic attitude '' , calling it `` disgraceful '' , and asked the player community to respect the Chinese players more as their numbers were a key part of the game 's success . Greene also identified that players can easily get around such region locks using virtual private networks , making this approach ineffective . Xbox One Bluehole planned to port the game to consoles , which will be released sometime following the completion of the Windows release , with the company already having a team starting on the Xbox One port . Greene was part of Microsoft 's press conference during Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017 to announce that Battlegrounds would be coming to Xbox One as a timed console exclusive sometime by the end of 2017 , using the Xbox Game Preview early access approach to test it . Initially , Greene said that Microsoft was not directly involved in the porting but only providing assistance to make sure the port is good , and that most of the porting responsibilities are being done by Anticto , a Spanish developer . However , at Gamescom that year , Bluehole affirmed that Microsoft Studios would be publishing the Xbox One version of the title , helping to make a planned 2017 release for this version . Greene said that Microsoft 's support has helped in several ways , not only for the Xbox One version but improving the performance and security of the Windows version . Further , by being part of the group of studios under the Microsoft banner , they have been able to talk and incorporate technology from other developers , such as improved water rendering techniques they obtained from Rare that they had developed for Sea of Thieves . Microsoft considered Battlegrounds to be an important project to demonstrate their company 's ability to be more than just a publisher , according to Microsoft 's Nico Bihary who lead the project . Bihary said they have given Battlegrounds a `` white glove '' treatment , and for the Xbox One port have provided services from their advanced technology group and time and support from The Coalition , another of Microsoft Studios ' subsidiaries . Kim also stated that the team was interested in cross-platform play between the Windows and console versions , but did not anticipate this as a release feature , as they need to determine how to mitigate the advantage keyboard and mouse - using players would have over those using controllers . Titled `` Game Preview Edition '' , the early access version for the Xbox One was released on December 12 , 2017 in both digital and physical formats . To promote it , Microsoft performed real - life supply crate drops in Australia in the week prior , with the crates containing Xbox hardware , Battlegrounds merchandise , and other goods , using passcodes published alongside the drop locations on social media . The Xbox version also includes Xbox - specific in - game cosmetic items , some which could be purchased directly rather than through in - game crates . Other platforms Following the Chinese publication deal for the Windows version , Tencent Games and PUBG Corporation additionally announced that they were planning on releasing two mobile versions based on the game in the country . The first , PUBG : Exhilarating Battlefield , is an abridged version of the original game , and was developed by Lightspeed & Quantum Studio , an internal division of Tencent Games . The second , PUBG : Army Attack , includes more arcade - style elements , including action taking place on warships , and was developed by Tencent 's Timi Studio . Both versions are free - to - play , and were released for Android and iOS devices on February 9 , 2018 . The games had a combined total of 75 million pre-registrations , and ranked first and second on the Chinese iOS download charts at launch . Following a soft launch in Canada , an English version of Exhilarating Battlefield known as PUBG Mobile , was released worldwide on March 19 , 2018 . Kim also stated that a PlayStation 4 version is planned ; Bluehole 's head of global business Woonghee Cho said that because of Microsoft 's assistance and suggestions for supporting Battlegrounds , the title would be a timed console exclusive for the Xbox One . Following news that Microsoft Studios was serving as a publisher for the Xbox One version as a `` console launch exclusive '' in August 2017 , reporters questioned Bluehole about their PlayStation 4 plans , but Bluehole did not confirm either way on current plans for this platform . In an interview shortly after Gamescom , Greene said that their deal with Microsoft did not exclude a PlayStation 4 port , but that their focus at the time was only on the Windows and Xbox One version , given the small size of their team . Bluehole later confirmed they were in discussions with Sony for the PlayStation 4 version . When asked about it in January 2018 , Kim stated that the team released the game first on the Steam and Xbox Game Preview early access programs as they both easily allowed in - development games to be released and updated over time , which contrasted with Sony 's lack of their own early access program , as well as their strict quality control for even completed games . Kim further stated that if given the opportunity , he wants the game released on every possible platform . Professional competition To celebrate the game surpassing two million copies sold , Bluehole announced a 2017 Charity Invitational event , inviting 128 players to compete over their official Twitch.tv channel to raise money for the Gamers Outreach Foundation , with Bluehole matching all donations up to US $ 100,000 . The competition ran in early May 2017 , and raised at least US $120,000 from viewers along with Bluehole 's US $100,000 match , and served as a prototype for future eSports events for the game . During the August 2017 Gamescom event , Bluehole and ESL organized the first Battlegrounds invitational tournament , with a $350,000 prize pool . Separate events were held for solo players , two - player teams , two - player teams fixed to first - person perspective , and four - player squads . Each event featured three matches , with the player or team scoring the highest across all three named winners . Greene said that while he had envisioned the battle royale format to be a spectator sport since his ARMA II mod , their approach to making Battlegrounds an eSport would be a matter of taking `` baby steps '' . Greene said that they would not actively pursue eSports until after the game was fully released and that all major bugs were eliminated . The Gamescom 2017 event demonstrated the issues surrounding the logistics of running a large Battlegrounds tournament with a large number of players involved , and they had worked alongside ESL to explore how to do this effectively in the future . Further , Green stated there was also the need to establish a format for presenting a Battlegrounds match to make it interesting to spectators , which he thought would take some time to develop given the nature of the emergent gameplay , comparing it to established first - person shooters and multiplayer online battle arena eSport games . A 20 - team , 80 - player tournament produced by Intel took place in Oakland in November 2017 , with a prize pool of US $ 200,000 . Reception Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic PC : 86 / 100 iOS : 82 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Game Informer 9.5 / 10 GameSpot 8 / 10 IGN 9.5 / 10 Polygon 10 / 10 PCGamesN 9 / 10 USGamer The game received `` generally favorable '' reviews , according to review aggregator Metacritic . During both its early access phase and after , Battlegrounds also surpassed numerous player - count records . Bluehole released statistics for the first four months of release that showed that over ten million rounds of Battlegrounds had been played , effectively equal to more than 25,000 man - years of time . Data by SteamSpy showed that Battlegrounds had surpassed long - standing popular titles in concurrent player count on Steam , such as Fallout 4 and Grand Theft Auto V , eventually overtaking Dota 2 , the most played game on the platform for years , in August 2017 . The following month , the game had its peak concurrent player count reach over 1.3 million , surpassing Dota 2 's all - time record of 1.29 set in March 2016 . The game then reached a concurrent player count of two million in October 2017 , and three million by the end of the year . The game has also been shown popular in South Korean PC bangs ; analysis firm Gametrics reported that Battlegrounds had surpassed Overwatch and became the second-most played game in the country by August 2017 , only behind League of Legends , it subsequently surpassed League of Legends by October 2017 . Battlegrounds 's popularity from Chinese players led to large increases in users of Steam from that geographic region , and by November 2017 , more than half of Steam users were fluent in Chinese due to the game 's availability through the platform . Several journalists commented on the game 's rapid growth towards a large player base for a game that was still in early access . Greene had confidence that the game could reach over a million players within a month , but some of his development team were only anticipating around 200,000 to 300,000 within the first year , and were surprised by its performance in its first month . Greene himself believed that the strong growth was buoyed by non-traditional promotional channels like Twitch streamers and other content creators , which they have since worked to introduce new gameplay elements ahead of public release . IGN 's Rad believed that the popularity of the game was due to its fast - paced nature compared to similar type games available at the time , such as H1Z1 and DayZ . She thought that the design balanced the solitary periods when the player is scavenging or sneaking around with those of being in combat with others , and the approach is readily accessible to new players with very little waiting time to get into a new match . Andy Moore for Glixel considered that Battlegrounds 's popularity comes from how the game encouraged players to engage due to the situation they are placed in rather than from the player 's own disposition , comparing it to the Stanford prison experiment , and thus able to capture the interest of players who may normally eschew these types of games . Rock Paper Shotgun 's Michael Johnson described Battlegrounds as `` a tactical shooting sandbox , a story generator , and a horror game all in one '' , providing some of the `` highest highs '' in multiplayer gaming as reason for its popularity . Rob Zacny for Waypoint found that Battlegrounds offered the same type of entertainment experience for viewers that many other player - vs - player survival games have , but because of the lack of persistence , players were more likely to experiment with resources rather than hoard them , leading to humorous or unexpected situations that are often absent in survival games and making the title more enjoyable to watch and play , leading to its popularity . Jeff Grubb of Venture Beat considered Battlegrounds as a paradigm shift in the first - person shooter market similar to how Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare also changed the landscape of shooters when it was released in 2007 , and believed it did this by being an anti-Call of Duty in terms of pacing and strategy . Battlegrounds is considered the defining game of the battle royale game genre due to its popularity , even though other games , including Greene 's previous mods , were already on the market . After its large early access sales numbers , other games followed with battle royale mechanics , with either existing games that added a battle royale mode or fully new games . Notably , Epic Games updated their in - development title Fortnite , a sandbox - based survival game that included the ability to construct fortifications , to include a battle royale mode that retained the fortification aspects . Known as Fortnite Battle Royale , Epic later released it as a standalone free - to - play game in September 2017 . Shorty after its release , Bluehole expressed concerns about the game , acknowledging that while they can not claim ownership of the battle royale genre , they feared that since they had been working with Epic for technical support of the Unreal engine , that they may have had a heads - up on planned features they wanted to bring to Battlegrounds and could release it first . PUBG Corporation later filed a lawsuit against Epic Games Korea in January 2018 , alleging that Fortnite Battle Royale was infringing the copyright of Battlegrounds . However , the lawsuit was closed by PUBG in June 2018 for undisclosed reasons . Greene had expressed concern on the large number of games that have simply cloned the Battleground mechanics , particularly in China where clones of Battlegrounds are considered a new genre of `` chicken - eating game '' ( based on the `` winner winner chicken dinner '' line to a match winner in Battlegrounds ) . Greene said `` I want this genre of games to grow . For that to happen you need new and interesting spins on the game mode . If it 's just copycats down the line , then the genre does n't grow and people get bored . '' Greene claimed no ownership of the battle royale or last man standing genres , but believed that the clones were taking some specific mechanics he had developed in Battlegrounds and prior mods , such as the initial parachuting segment or the red - zone bombing runs , and would like to see legislation to give developers such as himself protection against these types of concepts as well as improve creativity as developers invent new approaches to mimic such innovations . Battlegrounds 's explosive growth and how it popularized the battle royale genre was considered to be one of the top stories in the video game industry during 2017 . Prior to release of their mobile versions , PUBG Corporation initiated legal action in the Northern Distinct Court of California against Chinese game publisher NetEase in January 2018 , claiming that their mobile games Rules of Survival and Knives Out infringe on Battlegrounds 's copyrights . PUBG 's lawsuit asserts that Rules of Survival is `` a copyrightable audio - visual work , individually and / or in combination with other elements of Battlegrounds '' , and identified several elements that appear similar in both games . While some of these elements are common features of a battle royale game , PUBG asserted that other elements reference specific facets of Battlegrounds , such as references to chicken for winning a game or using cookware as weapons or armor , makes Rules of Survival imply a connection to Battlegrounds . PUBG seeks both monetary damages and requiring NetEase from further distribution of the games . NetEase , in responding to PUBG 's request to Apple to remove the games , denied that their games violated Battlegrounds 's copyrights . Sales Battlegrounds made US $11 million in the first three days of its Windows early access release . By the second week of April 2017 , the game had sold over one million copies , with a peak player count of 89,000 , SuperData Research estimated that the game 's April sales exceeded US $34 million , putting it as one of the top 10 highest grossing revenue games for the month and exceeding revenue from Overwatch and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . By May 2017 , the game had sold over two million copies , with total gross revenues estimated at US $60 million . Within three months of its early access release , it had surpassed over five million copies sold , and Bluehole announced it had exceeded US $100 million in sale revenue . Battlegrounds reached this four million mark faster than Minecraft , which took over a year to reach similar sales figures while it was in its paid - beta development period . By September 2017 , Bluehole 's value , as tracked by a firm that tracks private Korean corporations , increased five-fold from June of that year to a value of US $4.6 billion , primarily due to Battlegrounds . By December 2017 , PUBG Corporation reported that there were more than 30 million players worldwide between the Windows and Xbox versions . The research film SuperData estimated that Battlegrounds drew in more than US $712 million in revenue within 2017 . By February 2018 , the game had sold over thirty million on Steam according to SteamSpy . The following month , Gabe Newell stated that the game was the third highest - grossing game of all time on the platform . Within three days of going live on the Xbox Live Preview Program in mid-December 2017 , Microsoft announced that Battlegrounds had sold more than a million copies on the platform . Alongside this , Microsoft announced that Battlegrounds would be offered as a free add - on for those buying the Xbox One X console through the end of 2017 . A month after release , the Xbox version had sold more than four million copies and was the fourth bestselling game in the United States , according to The NPD Group . By March 2018 , the game had sold forty million copies across all platforms , which had risen to over fifty million by June , averaging over 87 million players daily with over 400 million players in total . Awards and accolades While still in early access , Battlegrounds won the `` Best Multiplayer Game '' and was also nominated for the categories `` Game of the Year '' and `` Best Ongoing Game '' at The Game Awards 2017 . The game 's nomination for `` Game of the Year '' created some debate , being the first early access title to be named for one of the top industry awards . Also , about a month before it was released , the game won `` Best Multiplayer Game '' and `` PC Game of the Year '' at the 35th Golden Joystick Awards , whereas its other nominations were for `` Studio of the Year '' ( PUBG Corporation ) and `` Ultimate Game of the Year '' . It also won the `` Breakout Game of the Year '' award at PC Gamer 's end of the year awards , whereas its other nomination was for `` Game of the Year '' . Polygon ranked the game second on their list of the 50 best games of 2017 , and The Verge named it one of their 15 Best Games of 2017 , while Entertainment Weekly ranked it seventh on their `` Best Games of 2017 '' list . On the day it was released , the game won the award for `` Best PC Game '' , `` Best Multiplayer '' , and `` Best Spectator Game '' at the IGN Best of 2017 Awards , whereas its other nominations were for `` Game of the Year '' and `` Best Shooter '' . It also won the award for `` Best PC Game '' at Destructoid 's Game of the Year Awards 2017 . The game also won Giant Bomb 's `` Best Multiplayer '' , `` Best Surprise '' , `` Best Debut '' , and `` Game of the Year '' awards , and was classified as a runner - up for the `` Best Moment or Sequence '' award for the `` chicken - eating game '' . Eurogamer ranked PUBG fourth on their list of the `` Top 50 Games of 2017 '' , while GamesRadar+ ranked it 12th on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 . Game Informer gave it the award each for `` Best Competitive Multiplayer '' and `` Best Shooter '' in their Best of 2017 Awards , and also for `` Best Competitive Multiplayer '' , `` Best Multiplayer Map '' ( Erangel ) , `` Best Innovation '' , and `` Shooter of the Year '' in their 2017 Shooter of the Year Awards . In their Reader 's Choice Best of 2017 Awards , the game won the `` Best Competitive Multiplayer '' award , and was runner - up in the `` Best Microsoft Exclusive '' and `` Best Shooter '' categories . The game was also nominated for the Big Apple Award for Best Game of the Year at the New York Game Awards 2018 , and for `` Best Design '' , `` Innovation Award '' , and `` Game of the Year '' at the Game Developers Choice Awards . In addition , it was nominated for `` Game of the Year '' and `` Outstanding Achievement in Game Design '' , and won `` Action Game of the Year '' and `` Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay '' at the D.I.C.E. Awards ; it was also nominated for `` Game , eSports '' at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards , and won the awards for `` Excellence in Multiplayer '' , `` Trending Game of the Year '' , and `` eSports Game of the Year '' at the SXSW Gaming Awards , whereas its other nominations were for `` Most Promising New Intellectual Property '' , `` Excellence in Design '' , and `` Video Game of the Year '' ; and it was nominated for `` Evolving Game '' , `` Multiplayer '' and `` Original Property '' at the 14th British Academy Games Awards . Year Award Result Ref 2017 35th Golden Joystick Awards Best Multiplayer Game Won PC Game of the Year Won Studio of the Year ( PUBG Corporation ) Nominated Ultimate Game of the Year Nominated The Game Awards 2017 Best Multiplayer Game Won Best Ongoing Game Nominated Game of the Year Nominated 2018 New York Game Awards 2018 Big Apple Award for Best Game of the Year Nominated D.I.C.E. Awards 2017 Action Game of the Year Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay Won Game of the Year Nominated National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards 2017 Game , eSports Nominated 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards eSports Game of the Year Won Excellence in Design Nominated Excellence in Multiplayer Won Most Promising New Intellectual Property Nominated Trending Game of the Year Won Video Game of the Year Nominated 18th Game Developers Choice Awards Best Design Nominated Innovation Award Nominated Game of the Year Nominated 14th British Academy Games Awards Evolving Game Nominated Multiplayer Nominated Original Property Nominated Game Critics Awards 2018 Best Ongoing Game Nominated 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice Videogame Pending Notes Jump up ^ LightSpeed & Quantum Studio , an internal division of Tencent Games , developed the Android and iOS versions of the game . 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Jump up ^ Billcliffe , James ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` PUBG might get new cosmetic items , but only after launch and never `` anything that affects the gameplay '' `` . VG247 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Chris ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` Battlegrounds item trading shut down due to marketplace abuse '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : O'Conner , Alice ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Playerunknown 's Battlegrounds getting Battle Royale - ier '' . Rock Paper Shotgun . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown plans on adding replays and possibly a campaign for Battlegrounds '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2018 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexandra , Heather ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Players Are Turning Battlegrounds Into A Zombie Nightmare '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Luke ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Battlegrounds Getting Player - Controlled Zombies '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horti , Samuel ( October 15 , 2017 ) . `` PUBG 's anti-cheat system is banning more than 6,000 players a day '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Horti , Samuel ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` PUBG hits 3 million concurrent players ( and 1.5 million cheater bans ) '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charlie , Hall ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` PUBG anti-cheat maker banned a million players in January alone '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grayson , Nathan ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Majority of Battlegrounds Cheats Are From China , PlayerUnknown Says ( UPDATE ) '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Donaldson , Alex ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` How PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds went from scrappy mod to one of the games of 2017 '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` PUBG has dominated 2017 , here 's how it happened '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Livingston , Christopher ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds is now available on Steam Early Access '' . PC Gamer . Future US . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Christopher ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds will hit Early Access on March 23 , and here 's the official trailer '' . PC Gamer . Future US . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Vic ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds full launch delayed to end of 2017 '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds receives first patch with more coming on a regular basis '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Vic ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds patches to be released less often '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Villas - Boas , Antonio . `` The biggest game of 2017 is finally finished , and it will launch on December 20 '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nakamura , Yuji ; Kim , Sam ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` One Man 's Journey From Welfare to World 's Hottest Video Game '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chen , Lulu Yilun ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World 's Hottest PC Game Could Get Locked Out of China '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ali ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` The Chinese government is discouraging the development of battle royale games '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Handrahan , Matthew ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Tencent to publish PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds in China '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lemon , Marshall ( November 22 , 2017 ) , `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds has been approved in China , with a few changes '' , VG247 , archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 , retrieved November 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ Tebay , Andy ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Kakao signs contract with Bluehole to publish Korean version of PUBG '' . VentureSquare.com . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Charlie ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` PUBG creator on the rise of China and the future of Battlegrounds '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Dustin ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` PUBG wo n't region lock China , but new ping limits might prevent cross-region matchmaking '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lulu Yilun Chen , Yuji Nakamura , and Sam Kim ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` The World 's Top - Selling Video Game Has a Cheating Problem '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Saed , Sherif ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` PUBG 's Brendan Greene responds to calls to region lock Chinese players : `` Region locking just does n't work '' `` . VG247 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Ben ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` The crazy new game that pits 100 people against each other on a deserted island will come to consoles '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds comes to Xbox One X '' . Venture Beat . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lemon , Marshall ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds ' console launch will be Xbox One exclusive '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft will be the publisher of PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds when it comes to Xbox '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Handrahan , Matthew ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` PUBG : `` When you ask about growth on PC , I just look at League of Legends '' `` . GamesIndustry.biz . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` PUBG team got help from Gears of War developers The Coalition for Xbox port '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fallen , Patrick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` PUBG Physical Release Confirmed For Xbox One '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fenlon , Wes ; Wilde , Tyler . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds is leaving Early Access in December '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knezevic , Kevin ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` PUBG Xbox One Release Date Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saed , Sharif ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft is dropping supply crates in Australia to celebrate PUBG launch on Xbox One '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Billcliffe , James ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` You can buy Xbox exclusive PUBG cosmetics before the game 's even out '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McAloon , Alissa ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tencent working to bring Battlegrounds to mobile in China '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brightman , James ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` PUBG going mobile with Tencent 's help '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Higton , Ian . `` Here 's how PUBG on mobile phones compares to the original game '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wong , Alistair ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds Gets Two Mobile Versions In China '' . Siliconera . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arif , Shabana ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` PUBG 's Chinese Mobile Games Are Now in Early Access '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Madnani , Mikhail . `` Both of Tencent 's ' PUBG ' Mobile Games Are Now Available on the App Store in China for Free '' . TouchArcade . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saed , Sherif . `` PUBG Mobile gets surprise release in the West '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy . `` PUBG Mobile comes to the West with a ' soft launch ' in Canada '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knezevic , Kevin . `` PUBG Mobile Out Now For Free In The US And Other Regions '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ashcroft , Brian ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Battlegrounds producer Chang - han Kim reportedly told Inven , '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Bluehole built PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds ' for livestream viewers '' . Venture Beat . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Vic ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft and PlayerUnknown dance around the thorny issue of Battlegrounds console exclusivity '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saed , Sharif ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` PUBG CEO wants the game on every platform , says Sony is `` very strict '' about quality `` . VG247 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mike ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds Celebrates 2 Million Sold With Charity Tournament '' . USGamer . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Playerunknown 's Battlegrounds ' 2017 Charity Invitation raises over $220,000 for Gamers Outreach '' . Esports-Pro.com . May 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Gamescom PUBG Invitational winners get a golden frying pan trophy '' . Venture Beat . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` First PUBG Invitational will take place at gamescom in August , sales from vanity crates will go toward prizes '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Handranah , Matthew ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds is taking `` baby steps '' into esports `` . GamesIndustry.biz . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESL . `` PUBG Intel Extreme Masters '' . en.intelextrememasters.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home IEM Oakland 2017 PUBG Invitational qualifiers '' . pubg.iemoakland.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2018 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds Mobile for iPhone / iPad Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tack , Daniel ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Higham , Michael ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rad , Chloi ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` PUBG review : Playerunknown 's Battlegrounds is imperfectly perfect '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Forward , Jordan ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds PC review '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mike ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds ( PUBG ) Review : First Man Standing '' . US Gamer . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rad , Chloi ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds : Total Player Killcount and Other Crazy Stats '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McAloon , Alissa ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Playerunknown 's Battlegrounds claims record for most peak players in a non-Valve game '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris . `` PUBG Becomes The Biggest Game On Steam , Briefly Surpassing Dota 2 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donnelley , Joe ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds has passed 1 million concurrent players '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hester , Blake . `` More Than a Million People Are Playing ' PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds ' Right Now '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Fraser . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds beats Dota 2 's highest concurrent player record '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` PUBG Passes Another Major Milestone On Steam '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foxall , Sam ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds surpasses Overwatch in South Korea 's PC bangs '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saed , Sharif ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds overtakes League of Legends as the most played game at Korean PC bangs '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hestor , Blake ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Brendan `` Playerunknown '' Greene 's whirlwind year `` . Polygon . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rad , Chloi ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Why 1 Million People Play PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Andy ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Learning to Love the Masochism of ' Playerunknown 's Battlegrounds ' '' . Glixel . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacny , Rob ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` A Murder - Car in ' BATTLEGROUNDS ' Captures Why Its Mayhem Works '' . Waypoint . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds is the most important shooter since Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare '' . Venture Beat . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Steffan ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` PubG creator says games need ' better protection ' from copycat titles '' . BBC . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Christopher ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` PUBG exec clarifies objection to Fortnite Battle Royale : ' it 's not about the idea itself , it 's about Epic Games ' '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , Yuji ; Kim , Sam ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Most Popular Game on the Planet Accused of Copyright Violation '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kim , Sam ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Copyright Lawsuit Dropped Against Fortnite Creators , Ending Legal Battle '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wawro , Alex ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the PUBG - fueled rise of ' chicken eating games ' in China '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke . `` The Origins Of Battlegrounds ' `` Winner Winner Chicken Dinner '' Line `` . Kotaku . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benson , Julian ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds ' creator says legal protection `` will encourage creativity '' `` . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sapieha , Chad ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` The year in games : Five news stories and trends that dominated the industry in 2017 '' . National Post . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graft , Kris ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` 5 trends that defined the game industry in 2017 '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Colin ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` These were the biggest stories in video games in 2017 '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mackovech , Sam ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` PUBG creators finally decide a copycat game has gone too far , file suit '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hester , Blake ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` PUBG Corp . Sues Mobile Dev For Copyright Infringement '' . Glixel . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Chris ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Playerunknown 's Battlegrounds pulls in over $11 million in three days '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Christopher ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds has sold 1 million copies '' . PC Gamer . Future US . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burns , Ben ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds made $34 million in April , more than Overwatch or CS : GO '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Matt ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds Hits 2 Million Copies Sold '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany . `` PUBG has over 5 million players on Xbox One , players gifted with celebratory jacket '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds surpasses $100 million in revenue '' . Venture Beat . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Apocalyptic Appeal of PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McAloon , Alissa ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Now out of Early Access , Battlegrounds crosses 30M players '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Alex ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` SuperData : Global games market brought in $108.4 bn in 2017 , PUBG generated $712 m '' . PC Games Insider . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie . `` PUBG hits 30M sold on PC , but player counts are down '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gabe Newell : ' Hooray ! Valve 's going to start shipping games again ' '' . PC Gamer . March 8 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Minotii , Mike ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds sells 1 million Xbox One copies in 3 days '' . Venture Beat . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` PUBG celebrates 4M players on Xbox One with free loot crates '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` January 2018 NPD : PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds hits top 5 on Xbox alone '' . Venture Beat . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Dean ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` PlayerUnknown Brendan Greene points to PUBG 's future after its smashing first year '' . Venture Beat . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael . `` PUBG reaches 50M copies sold , 400M total players '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Julia ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards forgot to give PUBG its only award last night '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Kat ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Opinion : Nominating PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds for Game of the Year is a Terrible Idea '' . US Gamer . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds and GOTY : It 's about art vs. product '' . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Rachel ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild scores big at the 35th Golden Joystick Awards presented with OMEN by HP '' . GamesRadar+ . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gaito , Eri ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Nominees '' . Best in Slot . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Breakout Game 2017 : PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Games of the Year 2017 : The nominees '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polygon staff ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` the 50 best games of 2017 '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Verge staff ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` The 15 best games of 2017 '' . The Verge . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morales , Aaron ; Abrams , Natalie ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Year 's Best Games '' . Entertainment Weekly . No. 1496 - 97 . pp. 92 -- 94 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best PC Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Multiplayer '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Spectator Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Game of the Year '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Shooter '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Destructoid 's award for Best PC Game of 2017 goes to ... '' Destructoid . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb staff ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` Game of the Year 2017 Day Two : Music , Surprise , Multiplayer , and Mess '' . Giant Bomb . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb staff ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of the Year 2017 Day Three : World , Wolfenstein , Moments , and PLEASE STOP '' . Giant Bomb . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb staff ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Game of the Year 2017 Day Four : Debut , New Characters , Story , and Styyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyle '' . Giant Bomb . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb staff ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` Game of the Year 2017 Day Five : Best , Worst , Cast , and Capture '' . Giant Bomb . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eurogamer staff ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` Eurogamer 's Top 50 Games of 2017 : 10 - 1 '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ GamesRadar staff ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The best games of 2017 : Page 2 '' . GamesRadar+ . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Game Informer staff ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Game Informer 's Best Of 2017 Awards ( Page 2 ) '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Game Informer staff ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Game Informer 's Best Of 2017 Awards ( Page 4 ) '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bertz , Matt ( January 6 , 2018 ) . `` The 2017 Shooter of the Year Awards '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Reader 's Choice Best Of 2017 Awards '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Reader 's Choice Best Of 2017 Awards ( Page 2 ) '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Reader 's Choice Best Of 2017 Awards ( Page 3 ) '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Whitney , Kayla ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Complete list of winners of the New York Game Awards 2018 '' . AXS . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gamasutra staff ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Breath of the Wild & Horizon Zero Dawn lead GDC 2018 Choice Awards nominees ! '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Another Game Of The Year Award '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced for DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Game Of The Year At DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominee List for 2017 '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . February 9 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Horizon wins 7 ; Mario GOTY '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . March 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNeill , Andrew ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists ! '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : IGN Studios ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : deAlessandri , Marie ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` British Academy Games Awards Winners in 2018 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Faller , Patrick ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` E3 2018 : Game Critics Awards Nominations Revealed : Anthem , Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Top The List '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Resident Evil 2 Wins E3 Game Critics Awards ' Top Honor '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jess ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : Avengers : Infinity War , Black Panther and Riverdale Among Top Nominees '' . E !. Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds . 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About Wikipedia	when did pubg mobile come out in china	[ "Following the Chinese publication deal for the Windows version, Tencent Games and PUBG Corporation additionally announced that they were planning on releasing two mobile versions based on the game in the country.[70][71] The first, PUBG: Exhilarating Battlefield, is an abridged version of the original game, and was developed by Lightspeed & Quantum Studio, an internal division of Tencent Games.[72] The second, PUBG: Army Attack, includes more arcade-style elements, including action taking place on warships, and was developed by Tencent's Timi Studio.[73] Both versions are free-to-play, and were released for Android and iOS devices on February 9, 2018.[74][75] The games had a combined total of 75 million pre-registrations, and ranked first and second on the Chinese iOS download charts at launch.[75] Following a soft launch in Canada, an English version of Exhilarating Battlefield known as PUBG Mobile, was released worldwide on March 19, 2018.[76][77][78]\n" ]	[ "February 9, 2018" ]
3882348573856494788	Leeds	Leeds - Wikipedia Leeds Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city in England . For the administrative district , see City of Leeds . For other uses , see Leeds ( disambiguation ) . For the metropolitan area , see Leeds City Region . Leeds Clockwise from top left : Leeds Town Hall , Trinity Leeds , Bridgewater Place , Leeds Dock , First Direct Arena . Coat of arms Motto ( s ) : Pro rege et lege ( Latin : `` For king and the law '' ) Leeds shown within West Yorkshire Leeds Location of Leeds in the United Kingdom Leeds Leeds ( the United Kingdom ) Leeds Leeds ( Europe ) Show map of Yorkshire and the Humber Show map of the United Kingdom Show map of Europe Show all Coordinates : 53 ° 47 ′ 59 '' N 1 ° 32 ′ 57 '' W / 53.79972 ° N 1.54917 ° W / 53.79972 ; - 1.54917 Coordinates : 53 ° 47 ′ 59 '' N 1 ° 32 ′ 57 '' W / 53.79972 ° N 1.54917 ° W / 53.79972 ; - 1.54917 Sovereign state United Kingdom Constituent country England Region Yorkshire and the Humber City region Leeds Ceremonial county West Yorkshire Historic county Yorkshire Borough charter 1207 Municipal charter 1626 City status 1893 Administrative HQ Leeds Civic Hall , Millennium Square Government Type Metropolitan borough Body Leeds City Council Leadership Leader and cabinet Executive Labour Leader Judith Blake Lord Mayor Jane Dowson Chief Executive Tom Riordan Area City 213.0 sq mi ( 551.7 km ) Urban 188.3 sq mi ( 487.8 km ) Area rank 84th Highest elevation 1,115 ft ( 340 m ) Lowest elevation 33 ft ( 10 m ) Population ( mid-2016 est . ) City 781,700 Rank 2nd Density 3,670 / sq mi ( 1,416 / km ) Urban 1,901,934 ( 4th ) Urban density 9,440 / sq mi ( 3,645 / km ) Metro 2,454,000 ( 4th ) Demonym ( s ) Loiner , Leodensian Time zone Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC + 0 ) Summer ( DST ) British Summer Time ( UTC + 1 ) Postcode areas LS WF , BD ( parts ) Dialling codes 0113 ( Leeds ) 01924 ( Wakefield ) 01937 ( Wetherby ) 01943 ( Guiseley ) 01977 ( Pontefract ) ISO 3166 code GB - LDS GSS code E08000035 NUTS 3 code UKE42 ONS code 00DA OS grid reference SE296338 Motorways M1 M62 M621 A1 ( M ) A58 ( M ) A64 ( M ) Major railway stations Leeds ( A ) International airports Leeds Bradford ( LBA ) GDP US $ 82.98 billion -- Per capita US $33,355 GVA ( 2015 ) £ 21.3 bn ( 4th ) 14.6 % -- Per capita £ 27,466 ( 4th ) 14.6 % Councillors 99 MPs List of MPs ( show ) Alec Shelbrooke ( C ) Hilary Benn ( L ) Richard Burgon ( L ) Fabian Hamilton ( L ) Greg Mulholland ( LD ) Rachel Reeves ( L ) Andrea Jenkyns ( C ) Stuart Andrew ( C ) European Parliament Yorkshire and the Humber Website www.leeds.gov.uk Leeds / liːdz / ( listen ) is a city in West Yorkshire , England . Historically in Yorkshire 's West Riding , Leeds can be traced to the 5th century name for a wooded area of the Kingdom of Elmet . The name has been applied to many administrative entities over the centuries . It changed from being the name of a small manorial borough in the 13th century , through several incarnations , to being the name attached to the present metropolitan borough . In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a major centre for the production and trading of wool . During the Industrial Revolution , Leeds developed into a major mill town ; wool was the dominant industry , but flax , engineering , iron foundries , printing , and other industries were important . From being a compact market town in the valley of the River Aire , in the 16th century , Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century . Leeds has a population of around 781,700 ( 2016 ) , making it the third-most populous British city after London and Birmingham . The city lies within the United Kingdom 's fourth-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.4 million . The economy of Leeds is the most diverse of all of the UK 's main employment centres and has seen the fastest rate of private - sector jobs growth of any UK city . It also has the highest ratio of private to public sector jobs of all the UK 's Core Cities , with 77 % of its workforce working in the private sector . Leeds has the third - largest jobs total by local authority area , with 480,000 in employment and self - employment at the beginning of 2015 . Leeds is home to over 109,000 companies generating 5 % of England 's total economic output of £ 60.5 billion , and is also ranked as a gamma world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Leeds is considered the cultural , financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area . Leeds is served by four universities , and has the fourth largest student population in the country and the country 's fourth largest urban economy . After London , Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK , with the financial and insurance services industry worth £ 13 billion to the Leeds economy . with more than 30 national and international banks located in the city including the only subsidiary office of the Bank of England in the UK . Leeds is also the UK 's third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees , Leeds manufacturing firms account for 8.8 % of total employment in the city and is worth over £ 7 billion to the local economy . The largest sub-sectors are engineering , printing and publishing , food and drink , chemicals and medical technology . The city is the home of several firsts , including the oldest surviving film in existence , Roundhay Garden Scene ( 1888 ) and the 1767 invention of soda water , the defining component of most soft drinks . Outside London , Leeds has the third busiest railway station and tenth - busiest airport in terms of passenger numbers in England . Public transport , rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds . Its assigned role in the Leeds City Region partnership recognises the city 's importance to regional economic development , and the second phase of High Speed 2 plans to connect Leeds to London via East Midlands Hub and Sheffield Meadowhall . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Toponymy 1.2 Economic development 1.3 Local government 1.4 Suburban growth 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Green belt 3 Demography 3.1 Urban subdivision 3.2 Metropolitan district 4 Government 5 Economy 5.1 Public sector 5.2 Shopping 6 Landmarks 7 Transport 8 Recreation 8.1 Walking 8.2 Parks and open spaces 9 Education 9.1 Schools 9.2 Further and higher education 10 Culture 10.1 Art 10.2 Carnivals and festivals 10.3 Cinema 10.4 Media 10.5 Museums 10.6 Music , theatre and dance 10.7 Nightlife 11 Sports 11.1 Leeds teams 12 Religion 13 Public services 14 See also 15 References and notes 16 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Leeds Toponymy ( edit ) The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning `` people of the fast - flowing river '' , in reference to the River Aire that flows through the city . This name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet , which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century . Bede states in the fourteenth chapter of his Ecclesiastical History , in a discussion of an altar surviving from a church erected by Edwin of Northumbria , that it is located in ... regione quae vocatur Loidis ( Latin , `` the region which is called Loidis '' ) . An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner , a word of uncertain origin . The term Leodensian is also used , from the city 's Latin name . The name Leeds has also been explained as a derivative of Welsh lloed , meaning simply ' a place ' . Economic development ( edit ) The Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Granary Wharf The Leeds Corn Exchange opened in 1864 Leeds developed as a market town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy . Before the Industrial Revolution , it became a co-ordination centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth , and white broadcloth was traded at its White Cloth Hall . Leeds handled one sixth of England 's export trade in 1770 . Growth , initially in textiles , was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816 . The railway network constructed around Leeds , starting with the Leeds and Selby Railway in 1834 , provided improved communications with national markets and , significantly for its development , an east - west connection with Manchester and the ports of Liverpool and Hull giving improved access to international markets . Alongside technological advances and industrial expansion , Leeds retained an interest in trading in agricultural commodities , with the Corn Exchange opening in 1864 . Leeds from the Meadows by Joseph Rhodes , 1825 . Marshall 's Mill was one of the first of many factories constructed in Leeds from around 1790 when the most significant were woollen finishing and flax mills . Manufacturing diversified by 1914 to printing , engineering , chemicals and clothing manufacture . Decline in manufacturing during the 1930s was temporarily reversed by a switch to producing military uniforms and munitions during World War II . However , by the 1970s , the clothing industry was in irreversible decline , facing cheap foreign competition . The contemporary economy has been shaped by Leeds City Council 's vision of building a ' 24 - hour European city ' and ' capital of the north ' . The city has developed from the decay of the post-industrial era to become a telephone banking centre , connected to the electronic infrastructure of the modern global economy . There has been growth in the corporate and legal sectors , and increased local affluence has led to an expanding retail sector , including the luxury goods market . Leeds City Region Enterprise Zone was launched in April 2012 to promote development in four sites along the A63 East Leeds Link Road . Local government ( edit ) Main article : History of local government in Yorkshire Leeds ( parish ) population 1881 160,109 1891 177,523 1901 177,920 1911 259,394 1921 269,665 1931 482,809 1941 war * 1951 505,219 1961 510,676 * no census was held due to war source : UK census Leeds was a manor and township in the large ancient parish of Leeds St Peter , in the Skyrack wapentake of the West Riding of Yorkshire . The Borough of Leeds was created in 1207 , when Maurice Paynel , lord of the manor , granted a charter to a small area of the manor , close to the river crossing , in what is now the city centre . Four centuries later , the inhabitants petitioned Charles I for a charter of incorporation , which was granted in 1626 . The new charter incorporated the entire parish , including all eleven townships , as the Borough of Leeds and withdrew the earlier charter . Improvement commissioners were set up in 1755 for paving , lighting , and cleansing of the main streets , including Briggate and further powers were added in 1790 to improve the water supply . A crowd gathers outside Leeds Town Hall during the 1880 general elections . The borough corporation was reformed under the provisions of Municipal Corporations Act 1835 . Leeds Borough Police force was formed in 1836 , and Leeds Town Hall was completed by the corporation in 1858 . In 1866 , Leeds and each of the other townships in the borough became civil parishs . The borough became a county borough in 1889 , giving it independence from the newly formed West Riding County Council and it gained city status in 1893 . In 1904 the Leeds parish absorbed Beeston , Chapel Allerton , Farnley , Headingley cum Burley and Potternewton from within the borough . In the twentieth century the county borough initiated a series of significant territorial expansions , growing from 21,593 acres ( 87.38 km ) in 1911 to 40,612 acres ( 164.35 km ) in 1961 . In 1912 the parish and county borough of Leeds absorbed Leeds Rural District , consisting of the parishes of Roundhay and Seacroft ; and Shadwell , which had been part of Wetherby Rural District . On 1 April 1925 , the parish of Leeds was expanded to cover the whole borough . The county borough was abolished on 1 April 1974 , and its former area was combined with that of the municipal boroughs of Morley and Pudsey ; the urban districts of Aireborough , Horsforth , Otley , Garforth and Rothwell ; and parts of the rural districts of Tadcaster , Wetherby , and Wharfedale . This area formed a metropolitan district in the county of West Yorkshire . It gained both borough and city status and is known as the City of Leeds . Initially , local government services were provided by Leeds City Council and West Yorkshire County Council . When the county council was abolished in 1986 , the city council absorbed its functions , and some powers passed to organisations such as the West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Authority . From 1988 two run - down and derelict areas close to the city centre were designated for regeneration and became the responsibility of Leeds Development Corporation , outside the planning remit of the city council . Planning powers were restored to the local authority in 1995 when the development corporation was wound up . Suburban growth ( edit ) 1866 map of Leeds 19th century Briggate , Leeds In 1801 , 42 % of the population of Leeds lived outside the township , in the wider borough . Cholera outbreaks in 1832 and 1849 caused the authorities to address the problems of drainage , sanitation , and water supply . Water was pumped from the River Wharfe , but by 1860 it was too heavily polluted to be usable . Following the Leeds Waterworks Act of 1867 three reservoirs were built at Lindley Wood , Swinsty , and Fewston in the Washburn Valley north of Leeds . Residential growth occurred in Holbeck and Hunslet from 1801 to 1851 , but , as these townships became industrialised new areas were favoured for middle class housing . Land south of the river was developed primarily for industry and secondarily for back - to - back workers ' dwellings . The Leeds Improvement Act 1866 sought to improve the quality of working class housing by restricting the number of homes that could be built in a single terrace . Holbeck and Leeds formed a continuous built - up area by 1858 , with Hunslet nearly meeting them . In the latter half of the nineteenth century , population growth in Hunslet , Armley , and Wortley outstripped that of Leeds . When pollution became a problem , the wealthier residents left the industrial conurbation to live in Headingley , Potternewton and Chapel Allerton which led to a 50 % increase in the population of Headingley and Burley from 1851 to 1861 . The middle - class flight from the industrial areas led to development beyond the borough at Roundhay and Adel . The introduction of the electric tramway led to intensification of development in Headingley and Potternewton and expansion outside the borough into Roundhay . Two private gas supply companies were taken over by the corporation in 1870 , and the municipal supply provided street lighting and cheaper gas to homes . From the early 1880s , the Yorkshire House - to - House Electricity Company supplied electricity to Leeds until it was purchased by Leeds Corporation and became a municipal supply . Slum clearance and rebuilding began in Leeds during the Inter-war period when over 18,000 houses were built by the council on 24 estates in Cross Gates , Middleton , Gipton , Belle Isle and Halton Moor . The slums of Quarry Hill were replaced by the innovative Quarry Hill flats , which were demolished in 1975 . Another 36,000 houses were built by private sector builders , creating suburbs in Gledhow , Moortown , Alwoodley , Roundhay , Colton , Whitkirk , Oakwood , Weetwood , and Adel . After 1949 a further 30,000 sub-standard houses were demolished by the council and replaced by 151 medium - rise and high - rise blocks of council flats in estates at Seacroft , Armley Heights , Tinshill , and Brackenwood . Leeds has seen great expenditure on regenerating the city , attracting in investments and flagship projects , as found in Leeds city centre . Many developments boasting luxurious penthouse apartments have been built close to the city centre . Geography ( edit ) Map of Leeds in West Yorkshire River Aire in Leeds Leeds is located 190 miles ( 310 km ) north - northwest of London , on the valley of the River Aire in the eastern foothills of the Pennines . The city centre lies in a narrow section of the Aire Valley at about 206 feet ( 63 m ) above sea level ; while the district ranges from 1,115 feet ( 340 m ) in the far west on the slopes of Ilkley Moor to about 33 feet ( 10 m ) where the rivers Aire and Wharfe cross the eastern boundary . The centre of Leeds is part of a continuously built - up area extending to Pudsey , Bramley , Horsforth , Alwoodley , Seacroft , Middleton and Morley . Leeds has the second highest population of any local authority district in the UK ( after Birmingham ) , and the second greatest area of any English metropolitan district ( after Doncaster ) , extending 15 miles ( 24 km ) from east to west , and 13 miles ( 21 km ) from north to south . The northern boundary follows the River Wharfe for several miles , but it crosses the river to include the part of Otley which lies north of the river . The city centre is less than twenty miles ( 32 km ) from the Yorkshire Dales National Park , which has some of the most spectacular scenery and countryside in the UK . Inner and southern areas of Leeds lie on a layer of coal measure sandstones forming the Yorkshire Coalfield . To the north parts are built on older sandstone and gritstones and to the east it extends into the magnesian limestone belt . The land use in the central areas of Leeds is overwhelmingly urban . Attempts to define the exact geographic meaning of Leeds lead to a variety of concepts of its extent , varying by context include the area of the city centre , the urban sprawl , the administrative boundaries , and the functional region . Leeds is much more a generalised concept place name in inverted commas , it is the city , but it is also the commuter villages and the region as well . -- Brian Thompson , A History of Modern Leeds Leeds city centre is contained within the Leeds Inner Ring Road , formed from parts of the A58 road , A61 road , A64 road , A643 road and the M621 motorway . Briggate , the principal north - south shopping street , is pedestrianised and Queen Victoria Street , a part of the Victoria Quarter , is enclosed under a glass roof . Millennium Square is a significant urban focal point . The Leeds postcode area covers most of the City of Leeds and is almost entirely made up of the Leeds post town . Otley , Wetherby , Tadcaster , Pudsey and Ilkley are separate post towns within the postcode area . Aside from the built up area of Leeds itself , there are a number of suburbs and exurbs within the district . Climate ( edit ) Sunny early - June 2006 day at Park Square Leeds has a climate that is oceanic , and influenced by the Pennines . Summers are usually mild , with moderate rainfall , while winters are chilly , cloudy with occasional snow and frost . The nearest official weather recording station is at Bingley , some twenty kilometres away at a higher altitude . Situated on the eastern side of the Pennines , Leeds is among the drier cities in the United Kingdom , with an annual rainfall of 660 mm ( 25.98 in ) . The last reported tornado occurred on 14 September 2006 , causing uprooted trees and signal failures at Leeds City railway station . Green belt ( edit ) Further information : South and West Yorkshire Green Belt Leeds is within a green belt region that extends into the wider surrounding counties , and is in place to reduce urban sprawl , prevent the settlements in the West Yorkshire conurbation from further convergence , protect the identity of outlying communities , encourage brownfield reuse , and preserve nearby countryside . This is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas , and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building . Over 60 % of the Leeds district is green belt land and it surrounds the settlement , preventing further sprawl towards nearby communities . Larger outlying towns and villages are exempt from the green belt area . However , smaller villages , hamlets and rural areas are ' washed over ' by the designation . The green belt was first adopted in 1960 , and the size in the borough in 2017 amounted to some 33,970 hectares ( 339.7 km ; 131.2 sq mi ) . A subsidiary aim of the green belt is to encourage recreation and leisure interests , with rural landscape features , greenfield areas and facilities including Temple Newsam Park and House with golf course , Rothwell Country Park , Middleton Park , Kirkstall Abbey ruins and surrounding park , Bedquilts recreation grounds , Waterloo lake , Roundhay castle and park , and Morwick , Cobble and Elmete Halls . Demography ( edit ) Main article : Demography of Leeds Urban subdivision ( edit ) Leeds compared Leeds urban subdivision within the West Yorkshire urban area 2001 UK Census Leeds USD Leeds district West Yorks UA England Population 443,247 715,402 1,499,465 49,138,831 White 88.4 % 91.9 % 85.5 % 90.9 % Asian 6.4 % 4.5 % 11.2 % 4.6 % Black 2.2 % 1.4 % 1.3 % 2.3 % Source : Office for National Statistics This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2016 ) At the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001 , the Leeds urban subdivision occupied an area of 109 square kilometres ( 42 sq mi ) and had a population of 443,247 ; making it the fourth most populous urban subdivision within England and the fifth largest within the United Kingdom . The population density was 4,066 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 10,530 / sq mi ) , slightly higher than the rest of the West Yorkshire Urban Area . It accounts for 20 % of the area and 62 % of the population of the City of Leeds . The population of the urban subdivision had a 100 to 93.1 female -- male ratio . Of those over 16 years old , 39.4 % were single ( never married ) and 35.4 % married for the first time . The urban subdivision 's 188,890 households included 35 % one - person , 27.9 % married couples living together , 8.8 % were co-habiting couples , and 5.7 % single parents with their children . Leeds is the largest component of the West Yorkshire Urban Area and is counted by Eurostat as part of the Leeds - Bradford Larger Urban Zone . The Leeds Travel to Work Area in 2001 included all of the City of Leeds , a northern strip of the City of Bradford , the eastern part of Kirklees , and a section of southern North Yorkshire ; it occupies 751 square kilometres ( 290 sq mi ) . Metropolitan district ( edit ) At the 2011 UK census , the district had a total population of 751,500 , representing a 5 % growth since the last census of 2001 . Of the 301,614 households in Leeds in the 2001 census , 33.3 % were married couples living together , 31.6 % were one - person households , 9.0 % were co-habiting couples and 9.8 % were lone parents , following a similar trend to the rest of England . The population density was 1,967 / km ( 5,090 / sq mi ) and for every 100 females , there were 93.5 males . Leeds is a diverse city with over 75 ethnic groups , and with minority ethnic populations representing just under 11.6 % of the total population . According to figures from the 2011 census , 85.0 % of the population was White ( 81.1 % White British , 0.9 % White Irish , 0.1 % Gypsy or Irish Traveller , 2.9 % Other White ) , 2.7 % of mixed race ( 1.2 % White and Black Caribbean , 0.3 % White and Black African , 0.7 % White and Asian , 0.5 % Other Mixed ) , 7.7 % Asian ( 2.1 % Indian , 3.0 % Pakistani , 0.6 % Bangladeshi , 0.8 % Chinese , 1.2 % Other Asian ) , 3.5 % Black ( 2.0 % African , 0.9 % Caribbean , 0.6 % Other Black ) , 0.5 % Arab and 0.6 % of other ethnic heritage . The majority of people in Leeds identify themselves as Christian . The proportion of Muslims ( 3.0 % of the population ) is average for the country . Leeds has the third - largest community of Jews in the United Kingdom , after those of London and Manchester . The areas of Alwoodley and Moortown contain sizeable Jewish populations . 16.8 % of Leeds residents in the 2001 census declared themselves as having `` no religion '' , which is broadly in line with the figure for the whole of the UK ( also 8.1 % `` religion not stated '' ) . The crime rate in Leeds is well above the national average , like many other English major cities . In July 2006 , the think tank Reform calculated rates of crime for different offences and has related this to populations of major urban areas ( defined as towns over 100,000 population ) . Leeds was 11th in this rating ( excluding London boroughs , 23rd including London boroughs ) . Total recorded crime in Leeds fell by 45 % between 2002 / 03 and 2011 / 12 . The table below details the population of the current area of the district since 1801 , including the percentage change since the last available census data . Population growth in City of Leeds since 1801 year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Population 94,421 108,459 137,476 183,015 222,189 249,992 311,197 372,402 433,607 503,493 552,479 606,250 625,854 646,119 668,667 692,003 715,260 739,401 696,732 716,760 715,404 751,500 % change -- + 14.87 + 26.75 + 33.13 + 21.40 + 12.51 + 24.48 + 19.67 + 16.44 + 16.12 + 9.73 + 9.73 + 3.23 + 3.24 + 3.49 + 3.49 + 3.36 + 3.38 − 5.77 + 2.87 − 0.19 + 5.05 Source : Vision of Britain In 2011 , the Leeds USD had a population of 474,632 . Leeds compared Leeds USD Leeds City White British 73.9 % 81.1 % Asian 10.7 % 7.7 % Black 5.2 % 3.5 % In 2011 , 26.1 % of the population of the Leeds USD ( Urban Subdivision ) were non-white British , compared with 18.9 % for the surrounding borough . This makes the Leeds USD about as multicultural as Salford in Greater Manchester . Government ( edit ) See also : City of Leeds Leeds Civic Hall is the seat of local government . The City of Leeds is the local government district covering Leeds , and the local authority is Leeds City Council . The council is composed of 99 councillors , three for each of the district 's wards . Elections are held three years out of four , on the first Thursday of May . One third of the councillors are elected , for a four - year term , in each election . The council is currently controlled by Labour . West Yorkshire does not have a county council , so Leeds City Council is the primary provider of local government services for the city . The district is in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England . Most of the district is an unparished area . In the unparished area , there is no lower tier of government . Outside the unparished area , there are 31 civil parishes , represented by parish councils . These are the lowest tier of local government and absorb some limited functions from Leeds City Council in their areas . The district is represented by eight MPs , for the constituencies of Elmet and Rothwell ( Alec Shelbrooke , Conservative ) ; Leeds Central ( Hilary Benn , Labour ) ; Leeds East ( Richard Burgon , Labour ) ; Leeds North East ( Fabian Hamilton , Labour ) ; Leeds North West ( Alex Sobel , Labour ) ; Leeds West ( Rachel Reeves , Labour ) ; Morley and Outwood ( constituency shared with City of Wakefield ) ( Andrea Jenkyns , Conservative ) ; and Pudsey ( Stuart Andrew , Conservative ) . Leeds is within the Yorkshire and the Humber European constituency , which as of May 2017 is represented by two UKIP , two Labour , and two Conservative MEPs . In addition to other national governmental offices , the city is home to a large Department for Work and Pensions office building located in Quarry Hill , notable for its imposing design . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Leeds Infirmary Street in the heart of Leeds ' Financial District Leeds has the most diverse economy of all the UK 's main employment centres and has seen the fastest rate of private sector jobs growth of any UK city and has the highest ratio of public to private sector jobs of all the UK 's Core Cities . The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self - employment at the beginning of 2015 . 24.7 % were in public administration , education and health , 23.9 % were in banking , finance and insurance and 21.4 % were in distribution , hotels and restaurants . It is in the banking , finance and insurance sectors that Leeds differs most from the financial structure of the region and the nation . In 2011 , the financial and services industry in Leeds was worth £ 2.1 billion , the 5th largest in the UK , behind London , Edinburgh , Manchester and Birmingham . Tertiary industries such as retail , call centres , offices and media have contributed to a high rate of economic growth . The city also hosts the only subsidiary office of the Bank of England in the UK . In 2012 GVA for the city was recorded at £ 18.8 billion , with the entire Leeds City Region generating a £ 56 billion economy . Bridgewater Place It is the largest centre outside London for financial and business services . Over the next ten years , the economy is forecast to grow by 25 % with financial and business services set to generate over half of GVA growth over that period with Finance and business services accounting for 38 % of total output . Other key sectors include retail , leisure and the visitor economy , construction , manufacturing and the creative and digital industries . Leeds has over 30 national and international banks , many of whose northern or regional offices are based in the city . It is the headquarters for First Direct and Yorkshire Bank , and has large Barclays , HSBC , Santander , Lloyds Banking Group and RBS Group operations . The city is also an important centre for equity , venture and risk finance . Founded in Leeds , the venture capital provider , YFM Equity Partners , is now the UK 's largest provider of risk capital to small and medium - sized enterprises . Other major companies based in the city include William Hill , International Personal Finance , ASDA , Leeds Building Society and Northern Foods . Capita Group , KPMG , Direct Line , Aviva , Yorkshire Building Society , BT Group , Telefónica Europe ( otherwise known as O2 ) and TD Waterhouse all also have a considerable presence in the city . There are around 150 law firms operating in Leeds , employing over 6,700 people . According to The UK Legal 500 , `` Leeds has a sophisticated and highly competitive legal market , second only to London . '' Specialist legal expertise to be found in Leeds includes corporate finance , corporate restructuring and insolvency , global project financing , trade and investment , commercial litigation , competition , construction , Private Finance Initiatives and Public Private Partnerships , tax , derivatives , IT , employment , pensions , intellectual property , sport and entertainment . The establishment of an Administrative Court in Leeds in April 2009 reinforced Leeds ' position as one of the UK 's key legal centres . The court previously sat only in London . Leeds is the UK 's third largest manufacturing centre and 50 % of the UK 's manufacturing base is within a two - hour drive of Leeds . With around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees , Leeds manufacturing firms account for 8.8 % of total employment in the city . The largest sub-sectors are engineering , printing and publishing , food and drink , chemicals and medical technology . There is also an established creative industry in the city , particularly in the digital gaming sector . A number of large developers have studios in and around the city , including Activision , developers of the mobile versions of the Call of Duty series , and Rockstar Leeds , developers of the Grand Theft Auto series . In 2009 Leeds was the first city outside London to host the Eurogamer Expo . Park Row in Leeds ' Central Business District Office developments , also traditionally located in the inner area , have expanded south of the River Aire and total 11,000,000 square feet ( 1,000,000 m ) of space . In the period from 1999 to 2008 £ 2.5 bn of property development was undertaken in central Leeds ; of which £ 711m has been offices , £ 265m retail , £ 389m leisure and £ 794m housing . Manufacturing and distribution uses accounts for £ 26m of new property development in the period . There are 130,100 jobs in the city centre , accounting for 31 % of all jobs in the wider district . In 2007 , 47,500 jobs were in finance and business , 42,300 in public services , and 19,500 in retail and distribution . 43 % of finance sector jobs in the district are contained in Leeds city centre and 44 % of those employed in the city centre live more than nine kilometres ( 5.6 miles ) away . Tourism is important to the Leeds economy , in 2009 Leeds was the 8th most visited city in England by UK visitors . and the 13th most visited city by overseas visitors . Research by VisitEngland reported that the day visitor market to Leeds attracts 24.9 million people each year , worth over £ 654 million to the local economy . In January 2011 , Leeds was named as one of five `` cities to watch '' in a report published by Centre for Cities . The report shows that the average resident in Leeds earns £ 471 per week , seventeenth nationally and 30.9 % of Leeds residents had NVQ4+ high level qualifications , fifteenth nationally . Employment in Leeds was 68.8 % in the period June 2012 to June 2013 , which was lower than the national average , whilst unemployment was higher than the national average at 9.6 % over the same time period . It also shows that Leeds will be the least affected major city by welfare cuts in 2014 / 2015 , with welfare cuts of - £ 125 per capita predicted , compared to - £ 192 in Liverpool and - £ 175 in Glasgow . Leeds is overall less deprived than other large UK cities and average income is above regional averages . Public sector ( edit ) NHS England HQ . In Leeds , 108,000 people work in the public sector -- 24 % of the workforce . The largest employers are Leeds City Council , with 33,000 staff , and the Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , with 14,000 staff . Leeds has become a hub of public - sector health bodies . The Department of Health , NHS England , the Care Quality Commission , NHS Digital , and Public Health England all have large offices in Leeds . Europe 's largest teaching hospital is also based in Leeds , and is home to the Yorkshire Cancer Centre , the largest of its kind in Europe . Key government departments and organisations in Leeds include the Department for Work and Pensions , with over 3,000 staff , the Department of Health , with over 800 staff , HMRC with over 1,200 staff and the British Library with 1,100 staff . Shopping ( edit ) Victoria Quarter . Opened in 1900 Trinity Leeds is Leeds ' largest shopping centre Victoria Gate is Leeds ' newest shopping centre The extensive retail area of Leeds is identified as the principal regional shopping centre for the whole of the Yorkshire and the Humber region with a catchment of 5.5 million people offering a spend of £ 1.93 billion annually . There are a number of indoor shopping centres in the centre of the city , including the Merrion Centre , St John 's Centre , The Core , the Victoria Quarter , The Light , the Corn Exchange , Trinity Leeds , and Victoria Gate . In total there are well over 1,000 retail stores , with a combined floorspace of 3,660,000 square feet ( 340,000 m ) . in Leeds City Centre . The city centre has a large pedestrian zone . Briggate is the main shopping street where one can find many well - known British High street stores , including Marks & Spencer , House of Fraser , Debenhams , Topshop , Costa Coffee and Harvey Nichols . Many companies have several stores within Central Leeds and the wider city . The Victoria Quarter is notable for its high - end luxury retailers and impressive architecture . 70 stores such as Louis Vuitton , Vivienne Westwood , Paul Smith , Diesel and anchor Harvey Nichols are contained within two iron - wrought Victorian arcades , and a new arcade formed by arcading Queen Victoria Street with the largest expanse of stained glass in Britain . In the Churwell area of Leeds is the White Rose Shopping Centre . Opening in 1997 , the centre has over 100 high street stores anchored by Debenhams , Marks & Spencer , Primark and Sainsbury 's . Some stores have their only Leeds presence here and do not trade in Central Leeds , such as the Disney Store and Build - A-Bear workshop . Although the centre is below the average typical size for out of town shopping malls like the Trafford Centre or Meadowhall in nearby Yorkshire city Sheffield , it remains popular with national and international chains . Of the 40,000 people who work in retailing in Leeds 75 % work in places which are not located in the city centre . There are additional shopping centres located in the many villages that became part of the county borough and in the towns that were incorporated in the City of Leeds in 1974 . On 21 March 2013 , a large shopping and leisure complex called Trinity Leeds opened in the city centre . The modern and interactive retail space covers the old Burton Arcades and the former Leeds Shopping Plaza with its main entrance from Briggate . On 20 October 2016 , the newest shopping destination called Victoria Gate opened its doors to the public . The new shopping mall houses a flagship John Lewis store , the largest outside London . 75 per cent of the stores that opened in Victoria Gate were new to Leeds with many of those stores being the first outside of London . Landmarks ( edit ) The Old Post Office in Leeds City Square Kirkstall Abbey . Founded c. 1152 Leeds displays a variety of natural and built landmarks . Natural landmarks include such diverse sites as the gritstone outcrop of Otley Chevin and the Fairburn Ings RSPB reserve . The city 's parks at Roundhay and Temple Newsam have long been owned and maintained by the council for the benefit of ratepayers and among the open spaces in the centre of Leeds are Millennium Square , City Square , Park Square and Victoria Gardens . This last is the site of the central city war memorial : there are 42 other war memorials in the suburbs , towns and villages in the district . The built environment embraces edifices of civic pride like Morley Town Hall and the trio of buildings in Leeds , Leeds Town Hall , Corn Exchange and Leeds City Museum by the architect Cuthbert Brodrick . The two white buildings on the Leeds skyline are the Parkinson building of Leeds University and the Civic Hall , with golden owls adorning the tops of the latter 's twin spires . Armley Mills , Tower Works , with its campanile - inspired towers , and the Egyptian - style Temple Works hark back to the city 's industrial past , while the site and ruins of Kirkstall Abbey display the beauty and grandeur of Cistercian architecture . Notable churches are Leeds Minster ( formerly Leeds Parish Church ) , St George 's Church and Leeds Cathedral , in the city centre , and the Church of St John the Baptist , Adel and Bardsey Parish Church in quieter locations . Notable non-conformist chapels include the Salem Chapel , dating back to 1791 and notably the birthplace of Leeds United Football Club in 1919 . Leeds is one of only a few UK cities outside of London to have a significant number of high - rise buildings , the 112 - metre ( 367 ft ) tower of Bridgewater Place , also known as The Dalek , is part of a major office and residential development and the region 's tallest building ; it can be seen for miles around . Bridgewater Place has been the subject of debate as its erection in 2007 caused significant Wind Tunnel effects , channeling strong wind currents across Victoria Road . There have been numerous injuries attributed to the inadequate architecture of this building and Water Lane is frequently closed when high winds are expected . Leeds City Council are undertaking construction work in an attempt to deflect the wind from street level and the building owners of Bridgewater Place agreed to pay to cover the public money being spent . Among other Skyscrapers the 37 - storey Sky Plaza to the north of the city centre stands on higher ground so that its 106 metres ( 348 ft ) is higher than Bridgewater Place . Elland Road ( football ) and Headingley Stadium ( cricket and rugby ) are well known to sports enthusiasts and the White Rose Centre is a well - known retail outlet . Headingley Carnegie Stadium is also home to Leeds Rhinos rugby team . Leeds city centre , viewed from South Leeds at night Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Leeds M621 heading towards Central Leeds Leeds is the starting - point of the A62 , A63 , A64 , A65 and A660 roads , and is also situated on the A58 and A61 . The M1 and M62 intersect to its south and the A1 ( M ) passes to the east . Leeds is one of the principal hubs of the northern motorway network . Additionally , there is an urban motorway network ; the radial M621 takes traffic into central Leeds from the M62 and M1 . There is an Inner Ring Road with part motorway status and an Outer Ring Road . Part of the city centre is pedestrianised , and is encircled by the clockwise - only Loop Road . Leeds railway station Leeds Bradford International Airport Leeds has been identified as one of the most car - dependent cities in the UK . In one 2012 study of 31 European cities , Leeds - Bradford was rated as the seventh most grid - locked . Drivers spend an average of 80 hours in congestion . Measurements taken on some main roads in Leeds have revealed pollution levels over twice the legal limits . The main reason for these problems is the fact that unlike other cities in the UK similar in size to Leeds , such as Manchester and Sheffield , Leeds does not have a rapid transport system ( such as the Manchester Metrolink or Sheffield Supertram ) . Therefore commuters tend to either drive or use buses , which can be delayed when the roads are congested . There were plans for a Leeds Supertram in the 1990s , and £ 500 million in funding was to be provided , however due to spiraling costs the plans were cancelled by the Transport Minister Alistair Darling in 2005 , even though £ 40 million had already been spent on the project . Hopes were renewed with the proposal for a £ 250 million New Generation Transport Trolleybus service in 2007 , however after a long wait and millions of pounds spent on inquiries , the plans were cancelled in May 2016 citing little value for money . Public transport in the Leeds area is coordinated and developed by West Yorkshire Metro , with service information provided by Leeds City Council and West Yorkshire Metro . The primary means of public transport in Leeds are the bus services . The main provider is First Leeds and Arriva Yorkshire serves routes to the south of the city . Leeds City bus station is at Dyer Street and is used by bus services to towns and cities in Yorkshire , plus a small number of local services . Adjacent to it is the coach station for National Express coach services . Buses out of the city are mainly provided by First Leeds and Arriva Yorkshire . Harrogate Bus Company provides a service to Harrogate and Ripon . Keighley Bus Company provides a service to Shipley , Bingley and Keighley . The Yorkshire Coastliner service runs from Leeds to Bridlington , Filey , Scarborough and Whitby via York and Malton . Stagecoach provides a service to Hull via Goole . From Leeds railway station at New Station Street , West Yorkshire Metro trains operated by Northern run to Leeds ' suburbs and onwards to all parts of Leeds City Region . The station is one of the busiest in England outside London , with over 900 trains and 50,000 passengers passing through every day . It provides national and international connections as well as services to local and regional destinations . The station itself has 17 platforms , making it the largest in England outside London . Leeds Bradford International Airport is located in Yeadon , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the north - west of the city centre , and has both charter and scheduled flights to destinations within Europe plus Egypt , Tunisia , Pakistan , Turkey and the USA . There is a direct rail service from Leeds to Manchester Airport ; however , there is n't one to the nearby Leeds Bradford Airport . Humberside Airport is 70 miles ( 113 km ) east of Leeds . The city and metropolitan borough of Leeds is served by 16 railway stations and there are plans to open several more within the next 20 years . Recreation ( edit ) Waterloo Lake in Roundhay Park , one of the largest urban parks in Europe The Mansion at Temple Newsam Walking ( edit ) The Leeds Country Way is a waymarked circular walk of 62 miles ( 100 km ) through the rural outskirts of the city , never more than 7 miles ( 11 km ) from City Square . The Meanwood Valley Trail leads from Woodhouse Moor along Meanwood Beck to Golden Acre Park . The Leeds extension of the Dales Way follows the Meanwood Valley Trail before it branches off to head towards Ilkley and Windermere . Leeds is on the northern section of the Trans Pennine Trail for walkers and cyclists , and the towpath of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal is another popular walking and cycling route . The White Rose Way walking trail to Scarborough begins at City Square . In addition , there are many parks and public footpaths in both the urban and rural parts of Leeds , and the Ramblers ' Association , YHA and other walking organisations offer sociable walks . The Ramblers ' Association publish various booklets of walks in and around Leeds . Parks and open spaces ( edit ) Leeds has many large parks and open spaces . Roundhay Park is the largest park in the city , and is one of the largest city parks in Europe . The park has more than 700 acres ( 2.8 km2 ) of parkland , lakes , woodland and gardens which are all owned by Leeds City Council . Other parks in the city include : Middleton Park , Temple Newsam , Woodhouse Moor , Meanwood Park , Beckett Park , Bramley Fall Park , Horforth Hall Park , Potternewton Park , Golden Acre Park , East End Park , Cross Flatts Park , and Western Flatts Park . There are many more smaller parks and open spaces scattered around the city , which makes Leeds one of the Greenest cities in the United Kingdom . Education ( edit ) Schools ( edit ) Main article : List of schools in Leeds At the time of the 2001 census Leeds had a population of 183,000 young people aged 0 -- 19 of whom 110,000 were attending local authority schools . In 2008 Education Leeds , a non-profit company owned by Leeds City Council , provided for 220 primary schools , 39 secondary schools and 6 special inclusive learning centres . Under the government Building Schools for the Future initiative , Leeds secured £ 260m , to transform 13 secondary schools into high achieving , e-confident , inclusive schools . The first three of these schools at Allerton High School , Pudsey Grangefield School and Rodillian School , were opened in September 2008 . The demand for primary school places in Leeds has recently hit a 15 - year peak , with an estimated 10,500 new starters this year . The city 's oldest and largest private school is The Grammar School at Leeds , which was legally re-created in 2005 following the merger of Leeds Grammar School , established 1552 , and Leeds Girls ' High School , established 1857 . Other independent schools in Leeds include faith schools serving the Jewish and Muslim communities . Leeds was one of a number of local authorities to try the three - tier system with first , middle and secondary schools . It reverted to the two - tier system in 1992 . Further and higher education ( edit ) Parkinson Building at the University of Leeds Broadcasting Tower at the Leeds Beckett University Further education in Leeds is provided by Leeds City College ( formed by a merger in 2009 and having over 60,000 students ) , Leeds College of Building , Notre Dame Catholic Sixth Form College and Elliott Hudson College . The city has five universities : the University of Leeds -- which received its charter in 1904 having developed from the Yorkshire College which was founded in 1874 and the Leeds School of Medicine of 1831 ; Leeds Beckett University ( formerly Leeds Polytechnic ) which became a university in 1992 but can trace its roots to the Mechanics ' Institute of 1824 ; Leeds Trinity University which began in 1966 as two teacher training colleges which merged in 1980 to form Trinity and All Saints College and became a university in 2012 ; the University of Law ( formerly the College of Law ) which became a university in 2012 and moved to its current Leeds centre campus from York in 2014 ; and Leeds Arts University , which was founded in 1846 as the Leeds School of Art , and became a university in 2017 . The University of Leeds has about 31,000 students , of which 21,500 are full - time or sandwich undergraduate degree students , Leeds Beckett University has 25,805 students of which 12,000 are full - time or sandwich undergraduate degree students and 2,100 full - time or sandwich HND students . Leeds Trinity University has just under 3,000 students , Other higher education establishments are : Leeds College of Music and Northern School of Contemporary Dance . The city was voted the Best UK University Destination by a survey in The Independent newspaper . Culture ( edit ) See also : Culture of Leeds Art ( edit ) Henry Moore Statue outside Leeds Art Gallery Although the city 's municipal art gallery did not open until 1888 , the history of art practise and collecting has a long history in Leeds . J.M.W. Turner painted numerous scenes in and around the city , and the city was home to one of Britain 's largest collections of Pre-Raphaelite Art , owned by Thomas Plint , during the nineteenth century . There was also an early history of holding larg - scale public exhibitions in the city , most notably the series of ' Polytechnic Exhibitions ' held regularly from 1839 . Leeds produced many notable artists and sculptors , including Kenneth Armitage , John Atkinson Grimshaw , Jacob Kramer , Barbara Hepworth , Henry Moore and Edward Wadsworth , and was the centre for a particularly radical strain of British art . Before the First World War Leeds was the home of an unusual modernist arts organisation , called the Leeds Arts Club , founded by Alfred Orage , which lasted from 1903 to 1923 . Notable members included Jacob Kramer , Herbert Read , Frank Rutter and Michael Sadler . As well as advocating a radical political agenda , supporting the Suffragettes , the Independent Labour Party and the Fabian Society , and promoting the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche , the Leeds Arts Club was almost unique in Britain as being an exponent of German Expressionist ideas about art and culture . As a result , it staged very early British exhibitions of work by European expressionist artists , such as Wassily Kandinsky , showing their work in the city as early as 1913 , and produced its own English Expressionist artists , including Jacob Kramer and Bruce Turner . In the 1920s Leeds College of Art was the starting point for the careers of the sculptors Barbara Hepworth and Henry Moore , and in the 1950s , and 1960s it was one of the leading centres for radical art education in Britain under the guidance of artists such as Harry Thubron and Tom Hudson , and the art historian Norbert Lynton . Their attempts to redefine what art education should mean in the post-Second World War period led the artist Patrick Heron to claim in 1971 in The Guardian newspaper that ' Leeds is the most influential art school in Europe since the Bauhaus ' . This willingness to push at the boundaries of acceptable public behaviour from artists was also evident in 1966 when Leeds College of Art staged an exhibition of paintings by the Cypriot artist Stass Paraskos , who taught at the College , which was raided by the police after allegations of obscenity . This radicalism continued into the 1970s when the higher education component of Leeds College of Art was split from the college to form the nucleus of the new multidisciplinary Leeds Polytechnic , now called Leeds Beckett University . Performance art had been taught earlier at Leeds College of Art , notably by the Fluxus artist Robin Page during his time as a tutor there in the mid-1960s , but in 1977 a performance art work hit the national news headlines when the students Pete Parkin and Derek Wain used an air pistol to shoot a line up of live budgerigars in front of an audience at Leeds Polytechnic . The University of Leeds was the alma mater of Herbert Read , one of the leading international theorists of modern art from the mid-twentieth century , and also the teaching base for the Marxist art historian Arnold Hauser from 1951 to 1985 . Partly due to Herbert Read 's connection with the University , from 1950 to 1970 the University was the host of one of the first artist in residence schemes in Britain , using funding from the then owner of Lund Humphries books , Peter Gregory . The Gregory Fellowships , as the residencies were known , were given to painters and sculptors for up to two years to allow them to develop their own work and influence the University in any way they saw fit . Amongst those holding the fellowships were Kenneth Armitage , Reg Butler , Dennis Creffield and Terry Frost and others . Parallel Gregory Fellowships also existed in music and poetry at the University . Leeds was also a centre for radical feminist art , with one of the first galleries in Britain dedicated to showing the work of women photographers , the Pavilion Gallery , opening in the city in 1983 , and the University of Leeds School of Fine Art being a well - known centre for the development of feminist art history , under Griselda Pollock , during the 1980s and 1990s . Possibly as a result of the strength of feminist art in Leeds , in November 1984 an exhibition of ceramics by students and staff at Leeds Polytechnic was attacked by a group of feminist activists who destroyed eight sculptures on display which they deemed to be degrading to women . The University of Leeds 's School of Fine Art also specialised in Art and Language conceptual art practice , under Terry Atkinson , again in the 1980s and 1990s . A major sculpture research centre and gallery , the Henry Moore Institute , is located alongside Leeds Art Gallery in the city centre , and in 2013 a new contemporary art centre , called The Tetley , opened on the site of the former Tetley Brewery to the south of the city centre . In March 2017 , The Times voted Leeds as the number one cultural place to live in Britain . This was ahead of London , Birmingham , St Ives , Stratford - upon - Avon and Cheltenham . The citation notes that Leeds has Opera North , the Northern Ballet , the West Yorkshire Playhouse amongst may other attractions that ranked it at number one . Carnivals and festivals ( edit ) Leeds Carnival Leeds Carnival is Western Europe 's oldest West Indian Carnival , and the UK 's third largest after the Notting Hill and Nottingham Carnival . It attracts around 100,000 people over 2 days to the streets of Chapeltown and Harehills . There is a large procession that finishes at Potternewton Park , where there are stalls , entertainment and refreshments . The Leeds Festival , featuring some of the biggest names in rock and indie music , takes place every year in Bramham Park . The Leeds Asian Festival , formerly the Leeds Mela , is held in Roundhay Park . The Otley Folk Festival ( patron : Nic Jones ) , Walking Festival , Carnival and Victorian Christmas Fayre are annual events . Light Night Leeds takes place each October , and many venues in the city are open to the public for Heritage Open Days in September . The Leeds International Pianoforte Competition , established in 1963 by Fanny Waterman and Marion Stein , has been held in the city every three years since 1963 and has launched the careers of many major concert pianists . The Leeds International Concert Season , which includes orchestral and choral concerts in Leeds Town Hall and other events , is the largest local authority music programme in the UK . The Leeds International Film Festival is the largest film festival in England outside London and shows films from around the world . It incorporates the highly successful Leeds Young People 's Film Festival , which features exciting and innovative films made both for and by children and young people . Garforth is host to the fortnight long festival The Garforth Arts Festival which has been an annual event since 2005 . The Chapel Allerton Arts Festival is a week - long music and arts event starting in 1998 and held the week after August Bank Holiday each year . The Leeds Festival Fringe is a week long - music festival created in 2010 to showcase local talent in the week prior to Leeds Festival . Cinema ( edit ) Louis Le Prince In October 1888 Louis Le Prince filmed moving picture sequences Roundhay Garden Scene and a Leeds Bridge street scene using his single - lens camera and Eastman 's paper film . These were several years before the work of competing inventors such as Auguste and Louis Lumière and Thomas Edison . Today , Leeds International Film Festival 's International Short Film Competition is named after Louis Le Prince . The 2015 documentary film The First Film , which first aired at the Edinburgh International Film Festival , documents Le Prince 's pioneering status . Wordsworth Donisthorpe who was also from Leeds , filmed the second oldest surviving film . It is not known if he and Louis Le Prince ever met but they both had a strong connection to the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society . Donisthorpe 's patent for a camera to capture the moving image pre dated Le Prince 's by twelve years . Leeds has a rich film exhibition culture . In addition to the Leeds International Film Festival and Leeds Young Film Festival , the city hosts numerous independent cinemas and pop - up venues for film screenings . The Cottage Road Cinema and Hyde Park Picture House have continuously been showing films since 1912 and 1914 respectively , which ranks them among the oldest still running cinemas in the UK . Media ( edit ) See also : Category : Television shows set in Leeds and Category : Films set in Leeds BBC Yorkshire studios Yorkshire Post Newspapers Ltd , owned by Johnston Press plc , is based in the city , and produces a daily morning broadsheet , the Yorkshire Post , and an evening paper , the Yorkshire Evening Post ( YEP ) . The YEP has a website which includes a series of community pages which focus on specific areas of the city . The Wetherby News covers mainly areas within the north eastern sector of the district , and the Wharfedale & Airedale Observer , published in Ilkley , covers the north west , both appearing weekly . The two largest universities both have student newspapers , the weekly Leeds Student from the University of Leeds and the monthly The Met from Leeds Beckett University . The Leeds Guide was a fortnightly listings magazine , which was established in 1997 and ceased publication in 2012 . Free publications include the Leeds Weekly News , produced by Yorkshire Post Newspapers in four geographic versions and distributed to households in the main urban area of the city , and the regional version of Metro which is distributed on buses and at railway stations . Regional television and radio stations have bases in the city ; BBC Television and ITV both have regional studios and broadcasting centres in Leeds . ITV Yorkshire , formerly Yorkshire Television , broadcasts from the Leeds Studios on Kirkstall Road . There are a number of independent film production companies , including the not - for - profit cooperative Leeds Animation Workshop , founded in 1978 ; community video producers Vera Media and several small commercial production companies . BBC Radio Leeds , Radio Aire , Magic 828 , Capital Yorkshire , Real Radio and Yorkshire Radio broadcast from the city . LSRfm.com , is based in Leeds University Union , and regularly hosts outside broadcasts around the city . Many communities within Leeds now have their own local radio stations , such as East Leeds FM and Tempo FM for Wetherby and the surrounding areas . Made in Leeds is a local television station which launched across the city in 2014 . A privately owned television station : Leeds Television is run by volunteers and supported by professionals in the media industry . Museums ( edit ) Royal Armouries Museum Leeds City Museum Leeds Museum Discovery Centre A new Leeds City Museum opened in 2008 in Millennium Square . Abbey House Museum is housed in the former gatehouse of Kirkstall Abbey , and includes walk - through Victorian streets and galleries describing the history of the abbey , childhood , and Victorian Leeds . Armley Mills Industrial Museum is housed in what was once the world 's largest woollen mill , and includes industrial machinery and railway locomotives . This museum also shows the first known moving pictures in the world which were taken in the city , by Louis Le Prince , of a Roundhay Garden Scene and of Leeds Bridge in 1888 . These short film clips can be found on YouTube . Thwaite Mills Watermill Museum is a fully restored 1820s water - powered mill on the River Aire to the east of the city centre . The Thackray Museum is a museum of the history of medicine , featuring topics such as Victorian public health , pre-anaesthesia surgery , and safety in childbirth . It is housed in a former workhouse next to St James 's Hospital . The Royal Armouries Museum opened in 1996 in a dramatic modern building when this part of the national collection was transferred from the Tower of London . Nearby is the Leeds Museum Discovery Centre ( formerly housed at the Leeds Museum Resource Centre in Yeadon ) the major storage of items not currently on display in museums , and open to the public by appointment . Leeds Art Gallery houses important collections of traditional and contemporary British art . It is closed for refurbishment until 13 October 2017 . Smaller museums in Leeds include Otley Museum ; Horsforth Village Museum ; ULITA , an Archive of International Textiles ; and the museum at Fulneck Moravian Settlement . Music , Theatre and dance ( edit ) Main articles : Music in Leeds and List of bands originating in Leeds Leeds is home to the Grand Theatre where Opera North is based , this establishment seats 1,500 people and has recently undergone a £ 31.5 m refurbishment . The City Varieties Music Hall , which hosted performances by Charlie Chaplin and Harry Houdini and was also the venue of the BBC television programme The Good Old Days , and West Yorkshire Playhouse . Just south of Leeds Bridge once stood The Theatre which hosted Sarah Siddons and Ching Lau Lauro in 1786 and 1834 respectively . Leeds is also home to Phoenix Dance Theatre , who were formed in the Harehills area of the city in 1981 , and Northern Ballet Theatre . In autumn 2010 the two companies moved into a purpose - built dance centre which is the largest space for dance outside London . It is also the only space for dance to house a national classical and a national contemporary dance company alongside each another . The First Direct Arena opened in September 2013 . The 13,500 seater stadium is rapidly becoming the city 's number one venue for live music , indoor sports and many other events . Concerts are also held at the O2 Academy , Elland Road , which has hosted groups such as Queen and Kaiser Chiefs , among others and at the universities . Roundhay Park in north Leeds has seen some of the world 's biggest artists including Michael Jackson , Madonna , Bruce Springsteen and Robbie Williams . Popular musical acts originating from Leeds include Soft Cell , Kaiser Chiefs , The Pigeon Detectives , The Wedding Present , The Sunshine Underground , The Sisters of Mercy , Hadouken ! , Corinne Bailey Rae , Dinosaur Pile - Up , Pulled Apart By Horses , Gang of Four , Hood , The Rhythm Sisters , Utah Saints , Alt - J and Melanie B of the Spice Girls . Leeds First Direct Arena On Valentine 's Day , 1970 The Who performed and recorded their album Live at Leeds at the Leeds University refectory . Since its initial reception , Live at Leeds has been cited by several music critics as the best live rock recording of all time . Nightlife ( edit ) Leeds has the fourth largest student population in the country ( over 200,000 ) , and is therefore one of the UK 's hotspots for night - life . There are a large number of pubs , bars , nightclubs and restaurants , as well as a multitude of venues for live music . The full range of music tastes is catered for in Leeds . It includes the original home of the famous club nights Back 2 Basics , Speedqueen and Vague . Morley was the location of techno club The Orbit . Leeds has a number of large ' super-clubs ' and there is a selection of independent clubs such as Club Mission and Mint Club , which is consistently ranked as one of the world 's best clubs by DJ Magazine . Two other Leeds clubs , The Warehouse and The Garage featured in the Top 100 Clubs list from 2013 . Leeds has a well established gay nightlife scene . The Bridge Inn and The New Penny , both on Call Lane , have long been gay night spots . Towards Millennium Square and the Civic or Northern Quarter , is a growing entertainment district providing for both students and weekend visitors . The square has many bars and restaurants and a large outdoor screen . Millennium Square is a venue for large seasonal events such as a Christmas market , gigs and concerts , citywide parties and the Rhythms of the City Festival . It is adjacent to the Mandela Gardens , which were opened by Nelson Mandela in 2001 . A number of public art features , fountains , a canal and greenery can be found here . Yorkshire has a great history of real ale , but several bars near the railway station are fusing traditional beers with a modern bar . Popular bars such as this include The Hop , The Cross Keys and The Brewery Tap . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sport in Leeds Carnegie Pavilion at Headingley Stadium Elland Road Stadium The city has teams representing all the major national sports . Leeds United F.C. is the city 's main football club . Leeds Rhinos ( Rugby League ) , Leeds Carnegie ( Rugby Union ) and Yorkshire County Cricket Club are also based in the city . Leeds United was formed in 1919 and plays at the 37,890 capacity Elland Road stadium in Beeston . The team plays in The Championship but has enjoyed success at the highest level in the past , notably during the 1960s , and 1970s when it won two Football League titles , an FA Cup , a Football League Cup and an Inter-Cities Fairs Cup under the management of Don Revie . The club 's only other major trophy to date came in 1992 when it won another top division title under the management of Howard Wilkinson -- the last top division title of the Football League before the creation of the FA Premier League , in which Leeds would play for 12 years before being relegated . Leeds Rhinos are the most successful rugby league team in Leeds . In 2009 they became first club to be Super League champions three seasons running , giving them their fourth Super League title . They play their home games at the Headingley Carnegie Stadium . Hunslet ( previously Hunslet ) , based at the John Charles Centre for Sport play in Co-Operative Championship One . East Leeds and Oulton Raiders play in the National Conference League . Bramley Buffaloes ( previously Bramley ) , and Leeds Akkies were members of the Rugby League Conference . Yorkshire Carnegie , formerly known as Leeds Tykes and Leeds Carnegie , are the foremost rugby union team in Leeds and they play at Headingley Carnegie Stadium . They play in the RFU Championship having been relegated from The Guinness Premiership at the end of the 2010 -- 11 season . Otley R.U.F.C. are a rugby union club based to the north of the city and compete in National League 2 North , whilst Morley R.F.C. , located in Morley currently play in National Division Three North . Headingley stadium is home to Yorkshire County Cricket Club which is the most successful cricket team in England , with over 31 County Championship wins . Their main rivals are Lancashire . Leeds United L.F.C. are the best - placed women 's football team in Leeds , competing at the highest level in England , the FA Women 's Premier League National Division . Leeds City Athletic Club competes in the British Athletics League and UK Women 's League as well as the Northern Athletics League . Leeds is home to a number of field hockey clubs that compete in the North Hockey League , Yorkshire Hockey Association League and BUCS leagues . These include Leeds Hockey Club , Leeds Adel Carnegie Hockey Club , the University of Leeds Hockey Club and Leeds Beckett University Hockey Club . Leeds Hockey Club Men 's 1s gained promotion at the end of the 2016 / 2017 season to become Leeds ' first hockey team competing in a National League . The City of Leeds Synchronised Swimming Club train at the John Charles Centre for Sport and are represented by swimmers throughout the whole of the North East . The club was founded in 2008 and only compete in National and International Competition . The city has a wealth of sports facilities including the Elland Road football stadium , a host stadium during the 1996 European Football Championship ; the Headingley Carnegie Stadiums , adjacent stadia world - famous for both cricket and rugby league and the John Charles Centre for Sport with an Olympic sized pool in its Aquatics Centre and includes a multi-use stadium . Other facilities include the Leeds Wall ( climbing ) and Yeadon Tarn sailing centre . In 1929 the first Ryder Cup of Golf to be held on British soil was competed for at the Moortown Golf club in Leeds and Wetherby has a National Hunt racecourse . In the period 1928 to 1939 speedway racing was staged in Leeds on a track at the greyhound stadium known as Fullerton Park , adjacent to Elland Road . The track entered a team in the 1931 Northern league . Headingley Stadium , home of the Leeds Rhinos . The 2014 Tour de France Grand Départ took place from the Headrow in Leeds city centre on 5 July 2014 . Leeds is well known for its divers and features some of the best diving facilities in the UK . City of Leeds Diving Club who train at the John Charles Centre for Sport has trained many athletes who have competed at international and Olympic level , with Jack Laugher and Chris Mears making history by becoming the first ever divers from Great Britain to win an Olympic gold medal , a feat they accomplished at the 2016 Rio Olympics . Leeds teams ( edit ) Club League Venue Location Established Top flight championships Leeds United F.C. The Football League Championship Football Elland Road Stadium Beeston , Leeds 1919 Leeds United LFC FA Women 's Premier League National Division Football Throstle Nest Stadium Pudsey , Leeds 0 Leeds Rhinos Super League Rugby League Headingley Stadium Headingley , Leeds 1870 11 Hunslet Championship One Rugby League John Charles Centre for Sport Hunslet , Leeds . 1883 Yorkshire Carnegie RFU Championship Rugby Union Headingley Stadium Headingley , Leeds 1991 0 Yorkshire County Cricket Club County Championship Cricket Headingley Stadium Headingley , Leeds 1863 33 Leeds Force British Basketball League Basketball Carnegie Sports Centre Beckett Park 2006 0 Leeds Hockey Club England Hockey Men 's Conference North Sports Park Weetwood Headingley , Leeds 1924 0 Religion ( edit ) See also : List of places of worship in the City of Leeds Leeds Minster The majority of people in Leeds identify themselves as Christian . Leeds does not have a Church of England Cathedral : it is in the Anglican Diocese of Leeds ( formerly in the Diocese of Ripon and Leeds ) , headed by the Bishop of Leeds , which has cathedrals in Bradford , Ripon and Wakefield although the Bishop 's residence has been in Leeds since 2008 . The most important Anglican church is Leeds Minster , although St. George 's has the largest congregation by far . Leeds has a Roman Catholic Cathedral , the Episcopal seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Leeds . Many other Christian denominations and new religious movements are established in Leeds , including Assemblies of God , Baptist , Christian Scientist , Latter - day Saints ( `` LDS '' or `` Mormon '' ) , Community of Christ , Greek Orthodox , Jehovah 's Witnesses , Jesus Army , Lutheran , Methodist , Moravian , Nazarene , Newfrontiers , Pentecostal , Salvation Army , Seventh - day Adventist , Society of Friends ( `` Quakers '' ) , Unitarian , United Reformed , Vineyard , Wesleyan , an ecumenical Chinese church , Winners ' Chapel and several independent churches . Sikh Temple , Chapeltown Road Harehills Mosque The proportion of Muslims in Leeds is slightly above average for the country ( 5.4 % as of 2011 ) . Mosques can be found throughout the city , serving Muslim communities in Chapeltown , Harehills , Hyde Park and parts of Beeston . The largest mosque is Leeds Grand Mosque in Hyde Park . The Sikh community is represented by gurudwaras ( temples ) spread across the city , the largest being in Chapeltown . There is also a colourful religious annual procession , called the Nagar Kirtan , into Millennium Square in the city centre on 13 -- 14 April to celebrate Vaisakhi -- the Sikh New Year and the birth of the religion . It is estimated that around 3,000 Sikhs in Leeds take part in this annual event . Leeds ' Jewish community is the third - largest in the United Kingdom , after London and Greater Manchester . The areas of Alwoodley and Moortown contain sizeable Jewish populations . There are eight active synagogues in Leeds . The Hindu community in Leeds has a temple ( mandir ) at Hyde Park . The temple has all the major Hindu deities and is dedicated to the Lord Mahavira of the Jains . Various Buddhist traditions are represented in Leeds , including : Soka Gakkai , Theravada , Tibetan , Triratna Buddhist Community and Zen . The Buddhist community ( sangha ) comes together to celebrate the major festival of Wesak in May . There is also a community of the Bahai Faith in Leeds . Public services ( edit ) Water supply and sewerage services in Leeds are provided by Yorkshire Water , part of the Kelda Group . Prior to 1973 it had been provided by the Leeds Corporation . Leeds City Council has a target of 11MW of renewable energy from onshore wind by 2010 and an aspirational target of 75MW by 2020 . There are currently no operational wind farms in Leeds , but a planning application by Banks Renewables Ltd for five turbines at Hook Moor near Micklefield was approved in 2011 . Leeds Central Library . The area is policed by the West Yorkshire Police . The force has five policing districts covering the West Yorkshire area , one of which covers Leeds . The Leeds District Headquarters is located at Elland Road in the South of the City . In the North West of the City the main stations are Weetwood and Woodhouse Lane ; in the North East the main stations are Stainbeck near Chapel Allerton and Killingbeck ; in the South the main stations are Leeds Central located on Park Street in the city centre and the District Headquarters itself . Fire and rescue services are provided by the West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service . The fire stations in Leeds are : Cookridge , Gipton , Hunslet , Stanks , Moortown , Stanningley and the `` Leeds '' fire station ( near city centre , on Kirkstall Road ) . Health services are provided by the Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , Leeds Primary Care Trust and Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust which provides mental health services . Leeds General Infirmary ( `` LGI '' ) is a listed building with more recent additions and is in the city centre . St James 's University Hospital , known locally as `` Jimmy 's '' is to the north east of the city centre and is the largest teaching hospital in Europe . Other NHS hospitals are Chapel Allerton Hospital , Seacroft Hospital , Wharfedale Hospital in Otley , and Leeds Dental Institute . The new NHS Leeds Website provides information on NHS services in Leeds . West Yorkshire Joint Services provides analytical , archaeological , archives , ecology , materials testing and trading standards services in Leeds and the other four districts of West Yorkshire . It was created following the abolition of the county council in 1986 and expanded in 1997 , and is funded by the five district councils , pro rata to their population . The Leeds site of the archives service is in the former public library at Sheepscar , Leeds . Leeds City Council is responsible for over 50 public libraries across the whole city , including 5 mobile libraries . The main Central Library is located on the Headrow in the city centre . See also ( edit ) Yorkshire portal List of people from Leeds References and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Max ( City of Leeds ) at SE140445 Hawksworth Moor in extreme west of district . Jump up ^ Min ( City of Leeds ) at points where district boundary crosses Rivers Aire and Wharfe in extreme east . ^ Jump up to : `` Global city GDP 2014 '' . Brookings Institution . Archived from the original on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leeds economy '' . Archived from the original on 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 2008 ) , Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) , Longman , p. 457 , ISBN 9781405881180 Jump up ^ Burt and Grady 1994 , p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates for UK , England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland , Mid-2016 '' . Office for National Statistics . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . 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See also Caroline Arscott , ' Without Distinction of Party ' in Janet Wolff and John Seed ( eds . ) The Culture of Capital ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 1988 ) p. 135 Jump up ^ Tom Steele , Alfred Orage and the Leeds Arts Club ( London : Orage Press , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Michael Paraskos , The Yorkshire Art Exhibition ( Scarborough : Scarborough Museum and Art Gallery , 2000 ) ; see also Michael Paraskos , English Expressionism ( unpublished academic dissertation , University of Leeds , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Patrick Heron , ' Murder of the Art Schools ' , in The Guardian ( UK newspaper ) , 12 October 1971 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Norbert Lynton , Stass Paraskos ( Mitcham : Orage Press , 2003 ) p. 7f Jump up ^ Paul Rooney , Thin Air ( Leeds : Leeds Metropolitan University , 2009 ) p. 10f Jump up ^ Michael Paraskos , ' Herbert Read and Leeds ' , in Benedict Read and David Thistlewood , Herbert Read : A British Vision of World Art ( Leeds : Leeds City Art Gallery , 1993 ) p. 25 Jump up ^ Katharina Scherke , ' Arnold Hauser and the Social History of Art ' , in Peter Weibel , Beyond Art : A Third Culture : A Comparative Study in Cultures , Art and Science in 20th Century Austria and Hungary ( Berlin : Springer , 2005 ) p. 478 Jump up ^ Hilary Diaper , ' The Gregory Fellowships ' , in Benedict Read and David Thistlewood , Herbert Read : A British Vision of World Art ( Leeds : Leeds City Art Gallery , 1993 ) p. 133f Jump up ^ John A. Walker , Art and Outrage ( London : Pluto Press , 1999 ) pp. 134 -- 138 Jump up ^ James Charnley , Creative Licence : From Leeds College of Art to Leeds Polytechnic , 1963 - 1973 ( Cambridge : James Clarke and Co Ltd , 2015 ) p. 254 Jump up ^ Whateley , Laura ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` 20 best cultural places to live '' . The Times ( 72171 ) . times2 supplement . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISSN 0140 - 0460 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds Get - together -- Leeds West Indian Carnival '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds West Indian Carnival '' . Leedscarnival.co.uk. 7 August 2005 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Susan ( 6 August 2009 ) . `` Roundhay Park hosts Leeds Asian Festival '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Otley Folk Festival website '' . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Otley Walking Festival '' . Chevin Trek . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Otley Carnival '' . Otley Town Council . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . 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Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . he developed a single - lens camera which he used to make moving picture sequences at the Whitley family home in Roundhay and of Leeds Bridge in October 1888 ... it has been claimed that a photograph of a drowned man in the Paris police archives is that of Le Prince . Jump up ^ `` Leeds Short Film '' . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Youngs , Ian ( 23 June 2015 ) . `` Louis Le Prince , who shot the world 's first film in Leeds '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds Film City '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cottage Road Cinema '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Local pages '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . Archived from the original on 10 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds Weekly News '' . British Newspapers Online . Retrieved 29 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Licensing Local Television -- Statement '' . Ofcom . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Leodis , Discovering Leeds : The Theatre Retrieved 17 December 2013 Jump up ^ Playbill for Theatre , Leeds , Monday 22 September 1834 . See File : Ching Lau Lauro 1834. jpg Jump up ^ `` Northern Ballet Theatre : History '' . Northern Ballet Theatre . 2009 . Retrieved 13 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Building Momentum '' . Building Momentum . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds Arena '' . Arenaleeds.com . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The making of Soft Cell 's Tainted Love '' . www.stereosociety.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2009 . Retrieved 13 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Jonze on the retro games renaissance '' . The Guardian . UK . 8 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- South Yorkshire -- Entertainment -- Kaiser Chiefs interview '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Chiu , David ( 30 December 2004 ) . `` Gang of Four Return '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` UK Techno -- Notorious North '' . www.realtimeart.net . Archived from the original on 27 March 2005 . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . Jump up ^ DJmag.com . `` DJmag.com '' . Top 100 clubs . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds City Guide : Leeds Gay Scene '' . Jump up ^ `` Yorkshire and Humberside '' . Real Ale Pubs . Archived from the original on 10 April 2012 . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Helens 10 -- 18 Leeds Rhinos '' . BBC News . 10 October 2009 . Retrieved 4 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds Hockey Club '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds Adel Carnegie Hockey Club '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey ( M ) -- Leeds University Sport '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey ( W ) -- Leeds University Sport '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey -- Sport & Active Lifestyles -- Leeds Beckett University '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ -- England Hockey Premier Division and Conference Fixtures , Venues and Start Times http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/page_noside.asp?section=2343§ionTitle=Fixtures%2C+Results+%26+Standings -- England Hockey Premier Division and Conference Fixtures , Venues and Start Times Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The City of Leeds Synchronised Swimming Club '' . Synchroleeds.org . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds City Council -- John Charles Centre for Sport -- Swim '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2009 . Retrieved 30 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wetherby Racing -- Horseracing , Hospitality , Conference Venue , Yorkshire '' . www.wetherbyracing.co.uk . Retrieved 30 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Universities chaplaincy in Leeds. `` Student Guide to Churches in Leeds '' . Archived from the original on 12 December 2007 . Retrieved 6 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Yahoo . `` Churches in Leeds '' . Retrieved 7 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JCR - UK -- Leeds Jewish Community and Synagogues '' . Jewishgen.org . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds Hindu Mandir -- Welcome '' . Leedsmandir.org.uk . Archived from the original on 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Yjf.org.uk . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Buddhist organisations in : Leeds / Bradford areas P2 '' . Communigate.co.uk . Archived from the original on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds '' . Bahai Community of the UK . Archived from the original on 29 August 2008 . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Plans for Leeds ' first wind farm approved '' . BBC . 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Leeds PCT -- Welcome to the Leeds PCT '' . Leedspct.nhs.uk . Archived from the original on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds Partnerships NHS Foundation Trust Home '' . 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2009 . Retrieved 3 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds Mental Health -- Teaching NHS Trust '' . Leedsmentalhealth.nhs.uk . Archived from the original on 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ In the background section of page , additional text . Jump up ^ Gray , Nick ( 31 January 2010 ) . `` '' Jimmy 's `` : the rise of the docusoap and the fall of YTV '' ( PDF ) . `` No Such '' Research . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . What is `` Jimmy 's '' ? It 's the local nickname of a hospital in Leeds , actually called St. James 's University Hospital ... ( paper by Deviser / Producer / Director of TV series ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome to NHS Leeds '' . Leeds.nhs.uk . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` West Yorkshire Joint Services '' . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Bibliography Burt and Grady ( 1994 ) . The Illustrated History of Leeds . Breedon Books . ISBN 9781873626351 . Fraser , Derek ( 1982 ) . A History of Modern Leeds . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 0781 - 1 . Unsworth and Stillwell ( 2004 ) . Twenty - First Century Leeds : Geographies of a Regional City . Leeds : Leeds University Press . ISBN 0 - 85316 - 242 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leeds . Leeds travel guide from Wikivoyage ' Leeds Initiative ' Leeds Initiative city partnership . Leeds City Council Leeds City Council . Leeds About Leeds Architecture Tallest buildings Grade I buildings City Centre Culture Media Music Sport Demography Economy History People Places of worship Schools Transport Cycling Parliamentary constituencies Elmet and Rothwell Leeds Central Leeds East Leeds North East Leeds North West Leeds West Morley and Outwood Pudsey Government City of Leeds Leeds City Council Areas ( List ) Adel Alwoodley Armley Beckett Park Beeston Bramhope Bramley Burley Chapel Allerton Chapeltown Cookridge Farnley Far Headingley Halton Harehills Hawksworth Headingley Holbeck Holt Park Hunslet Kirkstall Lawnswood Little London Meanwood Moor Grange Oakwood Roundhay Sheepscar Seacroft Tinshill West Park Woodhouse Wortley Ceremonial county of West Yorkshire Yorkshire Portal Metropolitan districts City of Bradford City of Leeds City of Wakefield Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees Major settlements Baildon Batley Bingley Bradford Brighouse Castleford Cleckheaton Denholme Dewsbury Elland Farsley Featherstone Guiseley Halifax Hebden Bridge Heckmondwike Hemsworth Holmfirth Horsforth Huddersfield Ilkley Keighley Knottingley Leeds Liversedge Meltham Mirfield Morley Normanton Ossett Otley Pontefract Pudsey Rothwell Shipley Silsden South Elmsall Sowerby Bridge Todmorden Wakefield Warley Town Wetherby Yeadon See also : List of civil parishes in West Yorkshire Topics Parliamentary constituencies West Yorkshire Joint Services Places Population of major settlements SSSIs Country houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II * listed buildings Windmills History Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Monastic houses Museums Rivers Core Cities Group England Birmingham Bristol Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne Nottingham Sheffield Scotland Glasgow Wales Cardiff Cities of the United Kingdom England Bath Birmingham Bradford Brighton and Hove Bristol Cambridge Canterbury Carlisle Chelmsford Chester Chichester Coventry Derby Durham Ely Exeter Gloucester Hereford Kingston upon Hull Lancaster Leeds Leicester Lichfield Lincoln Liverpool London Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne Norwich Nottingham Oxford Peterborough Plymouth Portsmouth Preston Ripon St Albans Salford Salisbury Sheffield Southampton Stoke - on - Trent Sunderland Truro Wakefield Wells Westminster Winchester Wolverhampton Worcester York Scotland Aberdeen Dundee Edinburgh Glasgow Inverness Perth Stirling Wales Bangor Cardiff Newport St Asaph St Davids Swansea Northern Ireland Armagh Belfast Derry Lisburn Newry VIAF : 137204313 LCCN : n80070828 GND : 4111234 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leeds&oldid=837703642 '' Categories : Leeds Leeds City Region University towns in the United Kingdom Market towns in West Yorkshire Towns in West Yorkshire Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with URL errors Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with OS grid coordinates Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use British English from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is leeds in the north west or north east	[ "Leeds is located 190 miles (310 km) north-northwest of London, on the valley of the River Aire in the eastern foothills of the Pennines. The city centre lies in a narrow section of the Aire Valley at about 206 feet (63 m) above sea level; while the district ranges from 1,115 feet (340 m) in the far west on the slopes of Ilkley Moor to about 33 feet (10 m) where the rivers Aire and Wharfe cross the eastern boundary. The centre of Leeds is part of a continuously built-up area extending to Pudsey, Bramley, Horsforth, Alwoodley, Seacroft, Middleton and Morley.[53]" ]	[ "north-northwest of London" ]
4203412130444007428	Bicycle law in California	Bicycle law in California - wikipedia Bicycle law in California Jump to : navigation , search This article uses citations that link to broken or outdated sources . Please improve the article or discuss this issue on the talk page . Help on using footnotes is available . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bicycle law in California is the parts of the California Vehicle Code that set out the law for persons cycling in California , and a subset of bicycle law in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 General applicability of road rules 2 Locations of cycling 2.1 On - road 2.2 Off - road 3 Movement 3.1 Cyclist 's Duties to Other Cyclists , Pedestrians , Runners , and Self 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Equipment requirements 4.2 Bicycle helmets for minors 4.3 Possibility of licensing 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links General applicability of road rules ( edit ) CVC 21200 states that the rules of the road , set out in Division 11 of the California Vehicle Code , that do not specifically apply only to motor vehicles are applicable to cyclists . Police officers riding bicycles are exempt from the provisions when they are responding to an emergency call , engaged in rescue operations , or in immediate pursuit of a suspect . Laws Applicable to Bicycle Use 21200 . ( a ) Every person riding a bicycle upon a highway has all the rights and is subject to all the provisions applicable to the driver of a vehicle by this division ... except those provisions which by their very nature can have no application . -- California Department of Motor Vehicles , CVC 21200 , Laws Applicable to Bicycle Use : Peace Officer Exemption Locations of cycling ( edit ) On - road ( edit ) CVC 21650 sets the on - road position for all vehicles , including bicycles . Right Side of Roadway 21650 . Upon all highways , a vehicle shall be driven upon the right half of the roadway ... -- California Department of Motor Vehicles , CVC 21650 , Right Side of Roadway Cyclists are allowed but never required to ride on the shoulder . CVC 530 defines the `` roadway '' as `` that portion of a highway improved , designed , or ordinarily used for vehicular travel '' . The on - road position of cyclists is narrowed by CVC 21202 , which requires riding `` as close as practicable to the right - hand curb or edge of the roadway '' except in certain circumstances . Operation on Roadway 21202 . A. Any person operating a bicycle upon a roadway at a speed less than the normal speed of traffic moving in the same direction at that time shall ride as close as practicable to the right - hand curb or edge of the roadway except under any of the following situations : When overtaking and passing another bicycle or vehicle proceeding in the same direction . When preparing for a left turn at an intersection or into a private road or driveway . When reasonably necessary to avoid conditions ( including , but not limited to , fixed or moving objects , vehicles , bicycles , pedestrians , animals , surface hazards , or substandard width lanes ) that make it unsafe to continue along the right - hand curb or edge , subject to the provisions of Section 21656 . For purposes of this section , a `` substandard width lane '' is a lane that is too narrow for a bicycle and a vehicle to travel safely side by side within the lane . When approaching a place where a right turn is authorized . -- California Department of Motor Vehicles , CVC 21202 , Operation on Roadway The wording shall ride as close as practicable to the right is sometimes misunderstood by police officers as well as cyclists . CVC 21650.1 clarifies that cyclists , unlike drivers of vehicles , are generally not prohibited from riding on the shoulder of the road . Bicycle Operated on Roadway or Highway Shoulder 21650.1 . A bicycle operated on a roadway , or the shoulder of a highway , shall be operated in the same direction as vehicles are required to be driven upon the roadway . -- California Department of Motor Vehicles , CVC 21650.1 , Bicycle Operated on Roadway or Highway Shoulder CVC Section 21960 authorizes local authorities to prohibit or restrict the use of bicycles on freeways . Freeways and Expressways Use Restrictions 21960 . ( a ) The Department of Transportation and local authorities , by order , ordinance , or resolution , with respect to freeways , expressways , or designated portions thereof under their respective jurisdictions , to which vehicle access is completely or partially controlled , may prohibit or restrict the use of the freeways , expressways , or any portion thereof by pedestrians , bicycles or other nonmotorized traffic or by any person operating a motor - driven cycle , motorized bicycle , or motorized scooter . -- California Department of Motor Vehicles , CVC 21960 , Freeways and Expressways Use Restrictions Where bike lanes exist on roadways , CVC 21208 requires cyclists to use them , except under certain conditions . There is no requirement to ride in a bike lane or path that is not on the roadway . Permitted Movements from Bicycle Lanes 21208 . ( a ) Whenever a bicycle lane has been established on a roadway pursuant to Section 21207 , any person operating a bicycle upon the roadway at a speed less than the normal speed of traffic moving in the same direction at that time shall ride within the bicycle lane , except that the person may move out of the lane under any of the following situations : When overtaking and passing another bicycle , vehicle , or pedestrian within the lane or about to enter the lane if the overtaking and passing can not be done safely within the lane . When preparing for a left turn at an intersection or into a private road or driveway . When reasonably necessary to leave the bicycle lane to avoid debris or other hazardous conditions . When approaching a place where a right turn is authorized . ( b ) No person operating a bicycle shall leave a bicycle lane until the movement can be made with reasonable safety and then only after giving an appropriate signal in the manner provided in Chapter 6 ( commencing with Section 22100 ) in the event that any vehicle may be affected by the movement . -- California Department of Motor Vehicles , CVC 21208 , Permitted Movements from Bicycle Lanes There is no requirement in the California but side - by - side riding may be regulated by local ordinance . Off - road ( edit ) CVC 21100 sets out that `` Local authorities may adopt rules and regulations ... regarding the ... Operation of bicycles , and , as specified in Section 21114.5 , electric carts by physically disabled persons , or persons 50 years of age or older , on the public sidewalks . '' Under this provision , many California cities have banned sidewalk cycling in business districts . Movement ( edit ) CVC 22107 requires cyclists to yield and signal before moving left or right . Turning Movements and Required Signals 22107 . No person shall turn a vehicle from a direct course or move right or left upon a roadway until such movement can be made with reasonable safety and then only after the giving of an appropriate signal in the manner provided in this chapter in the event any other vehicle may be affected by the movement . -- California Department of Motor Vehicles , CVC 22107 , Turning Movements and Required Signals CVC 21656 specifies that slow - moving vehicles causing a queue of five or more vehicles behind them must turn off the roadway in order to allow the vehicles behind to pass them . Section 21202 explicitly states that cyclists are `` subject to the provisions of Section 21656 '' . Turning Out of Slow - Moving Vehicles 21656 . On a two - lane highway where passing is unsafe because of traffic in the opposite direction or other conditions , a slow - moving vehicle , including a passenger vehicle , behind which five or more vehicles are formed in line , shall turn off the roadway at the nearest place designated as a turnout by signs erected by the authority having jurisdiction over the highway , or wherever sufficient area for a safe turnout exists , in order to permit the vehicles following it to proceed . As used in this section a slow - moving vehicle is one which is proceeding at a rate of speed less than the normal flow of traffic at the particular time and place . -- California Department of Motor Vehicles , CVC 21656 , Turning Out of Slow - Moving Vehicles CVC 21760 requires motor vehicles to leave a 3 - foot margin while passing a cyclist if possible . Three Feet for Safety Act 21760 . ( a ) This section shall be known and may be cited as the Three Feet for Safety Act . ( b ) The driver of a motor vehicle overtaking and passing a bicycle that is proceeding in the same direction on a highway shall pass in compliance with the requirements of this article applicable to overtaking and passing a vehicle , and shall do so at a safe distance that does not interfere with the safe operation of the overtaken bicycle , having due regard for the size and speed of the motor vehicle and the bicycle , traffic conditions , weather , visibility , and the surface and width of the highway . ( c ) A driver of a motor vehicle shall not overtake or pass a bicycle proceeding in the same direction on a highway at a distance of less than three feet between any part of the motor vehicle and any part of the bicycle or its operator . ( d ) If the driver of a motor vehicle is unable to comply with subdivision ( c ) , due to traffic or roadway conditions , the driver shall slow to a speed that is reasonable and prudent , and may pass only when doing so would not endanger the safety of the operator of the bicycle , taking into account the size and speed of the motor vehicle and bicycle , traffic conditions , weather , visibility , and surface and width of the highway . ( e ) ( 1 ) A violation of subdivision ( b ) , ( c ) , or ( d ) is an infraction punishable by a fine of thirty - five dollars ( $35 ) . ( 2 ) If a collision occurs between a motor vehicle and a bicycle causing bodily injury to the operator of the bicycle , and the driver of the motor vehicle is found to be in violation of subdivision ( b ) , ( c ) , or ( d ) , a two - hundred - twenty - dollar ( $220 ) fine shall be imposed on that driver . ( f ) This section shall become operative on September 16 , 2014 . Cyclist 's duties to other cyclists , pedestrians , runners , and self ( edit ) It is arguably legal for cyclists to race each other on open public roads in California if that is safe at the time under the circumstances . In traffic , or where visibility is limited ( rain , fog , wooded areas , curvy roads ) , racing would be arguably negligent and unlawful . CVC 21200 ( a ) , provides : `` Every person riding a bicycle upon a highway ... is subject to all the provisions applicable to the driver of a vehicle by this division ... except those provisions which by their very nature can have no application . '' Under the common law in California , all vehicle operators ( including bike operators ) have a general duty to use reasonable care to avoid collisions with other cyclists , cars , runners and pedestrians , since it is not the case that runners and pedestrians ( for example ) are always prohibited by the CVC from sharing a bike lane . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Equipment requirements ( edit ) A bicycle ridden on public roads must have a brake on at least one wheel which can make the wheel skid on dry pavement . CVC 21201 ( d ) A bicycle operated during darkness upon a highway , a sidewalk where bicycle operation is not prohibited by the local jurisdiction , or a bikeway ... shall be equipped with all of the following A white front lamp ( either attached to the bike or to the rider ) which can be seen from 300 feet ( 91 m ) away . A red rear safety reflector visible from 500 feet ( 150 m ) away when illuminated by automobile headlights . White or yellow reflectors visible from on the bike 's pedals or the cyclist 's feet or ankles . A white or yellow reflector on each side of the bike 's front half . A white or red reflector on each side of the bike 's back half . Bicycle helmets for Minors ( edit ) CVC 21212 requires cyclists under the age of 18 to wear helmets . Youth Bicycle Helmets : Minors 21212 ( a ) A person under 18 years of age shall not operate a bicycle , a nonmotorized scooter , or a skateboard , nor shall they wear in - line or roller skates , nor ride upon a bicycle , a nonmotorized scooter , or a skateboard as a passenger , upon a street , bikeway , as defined in Section 890.4 of the Streets and Highways Code , or any other public bicycle path or trail unless that person is wearing a properly fitted and fastened bicycle helmet that meets the standards of either the American Society for Testing and Materials ( ASTM ) or the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission ( CPSC ) , or standards subsequently established by those entities . -- California Department of Motor Vehicles , CVC 21212 , Youth Bicycle Helmets Minors Under CVC 21100 ( a ) local authorities may adopt ordinances for the purpose of `` Regulating or prohibiting processions or assemblages on the highways . '' Possibility of licensing ( edit ) CVC 39002 allows local authorities to implement mandatory licensing for bicycles and prohibit unlicensed riding . 39002 . ( a ) A city or county , which adopts a bicycle licensing ordinance or resolution , may provide in the ordinance or resolution that no resident shall operate any bicycle , as specified in the ordinance , on any street , road , highway , or other public property within the jurisdiction of the city or county , as the case may be , unless the bicycle is licensed in accordance with this division . ( b ) It is unlawful for any person to tamper with , destroy , mutilate , or alter any license indicia or registration form , or to remove , alter , or mutilate the serial number , or the identifying marks of a licensing agency 's identifying symbol , on any bicycle frame licensed under this division . -- California Department of Motor Vehicles , CVC 39002 , Registration and Licensing of Bicycles See also ( edit ) Law of California Outline of cycling Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , Section 62.1. 3 of the Torrance Municipal Code states that `` Persons operating bicycles upon a roadway shall not ride more than two ( 2 ) abreast except on paths or parts of roadways set aside for the exclusive use of bicycles . '' Jump up ^ For example , Article 6275 - 1 of the Ventura County Code of Ordinances states that `` No resident of the unincorporated area of the County of Ventura shall operate any bicycle on any street , road , highway , or other public property within the unincorporated area of this County unless such bicycle is licensed in accordance with this Ordinance and Division 16.7 of the California Vehicle Code . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ California Department of Motor vehicles . `` 21200 , Laws Applicable to Bicycle Use : Peace Officer Exemption '' . California Vehicle Code . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ California Department of Motor Vehicles. `` 21650 , Right Side of Roadway '' . California Vehicle Code . State of California . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Wachtel , Alan . `` Bicycles and the Law : The Case of California '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ California Department of Motor Vehicles. `` 530 , Roadway '' . California Vehicle Code . State of California . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ California Department of Motor Vehicles. `` 21202 , Operation on Roadway '' . California Vehicle Code . State of California . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Mionske , Bob ( 2007 ) . Bicycling & the Law . Boulder , Colorado : VeloPress . pp. 57 -- 58 . A common mistake made by law - enforcement officers ( and others ) is to interpret the requirement to ride `` as close as practicable to the right '' to mean `` as close as possible . '' Jump up ^ California Department of Motor Vehicles . `` 21650.1 , Bicycle Operated on Roadway or Highway Shoulder '' . California Vehicle Code . State of California . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ California Department of Motor Vehicles. `` 21960 , Freeways and Expressways Use Restrictions '' . California Vehicle Code . State of California . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ California Department of Motor Vehicles. `` 21208 , Permitted Movements from Bicycle Lanes '' . California Vehicle Code . State of California . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ City of Torrance . `` Section 62.1. 3 , Riding in a Group '' . Code of Ordinances . Municipal Code Corporation . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ California Department of Motor Vehicles. `` 21100 , Rules and Regulations : Subject Matter '' . California Vehicle Code . State of California . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Glendale Municipal Code 10.64. 025 Jump up ^ California Department of Motor Vehicles. `` 22107 , Turning Movements and Required Signals '' . California Vehicle Code . State of California . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ California Department of Motor Vehicles. `` 21656 , Turning Out of Slow - Moving Vehicles '' . California Vehicle Code . State of California . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The common - law duty supplements statutory driving regulations : `` ( A driver is ) under a duty , both by statute and common law , to operate his vehicle without negligence so as to abstain from injuring any other person or his property . '' ( Bewley v. Riggs ( 1968 ) 262 Cal. App. 2d 188 , 194 ( 68 Cal. Rptr. 520 ) . ) . The standard of care is that of a reasonably careful person under the circumstances : `` ( The driver ) was required to act as a reasonably prudent person under the same or similar circumstances ... '' ( Watkins v. Ohman ( 1967 ) 251 Cal. App. 2d 501 , 502 -- 503 ( 59 Cal. Rptr. 709 ) . ) `` ' The degree of care required ... depends upon the facts and circumstances existing at the time and place of the accident ' and a driver is required to use that degree of care , only , which would be required of a reasonably prudent driver under similar circumstances . '' ( Whitford v. Pacific Gas and Electric Co. ( 1955 ) 136 Cal. App. 2d 697 , 702 ( 289 P. 2d 278 ) , internal citations omitted . ) Jump up ^ CVC 21211 ( a ) `` No person may stop , stand , sit , or loiter upon any class I bikeway ... '' ^ Jump up to : `` Section 21201 , Equipment Requirements '' . California Vehicle Code . Jump up ^ California Department of Motor Vehicles. `` 21212 , Youth Bicycle Helmets Minors '' . California Vehicle Code . State of California . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ County of Ventura . `` Code of Ordinances , Division 6 . - Police Regulations , Chapter 2 . - Public Protection , Article 6 . - Bicycle Registration and Licensing '' . Municipal Code Corporation . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ California State Legislative Information . `` 39002 , Registration and Licensing of Bicycles '' . California Vehicle Code . State of California . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . External links ( edit ) California Vehicle Code ( hide ) Cycling Glossary Outlines Bicycles Cycling General Bicycle Bicycle culture Bicycle dynamics Bicycle performance Electric bicycle History of the bicycle History of cycling infrastructure Utility and slow recreation Bicycle commuting Bicycle messenger Bicycle rental / hire Bicycle - sharing system Bicycle touring Challenge riding Cold - weather biking Freight bicycle Indoor cycling Rail trail Randonneuring Road cycling Utility cycling Vehicular cycling Sports - related cycling and fast - paced recreation Artistic cycling BMX Cross-country cycling Cycle speedway Cycle sport Cyclo - cross Cyclosportive Fatbiking Freeride Goldsprint Mountain bike trials Mountain biking Road bicycle racing Track cycling Triathlon U.S. intercollegiate champions Health , safety and infrastructure Active mobility Bicycle - friendly Bicycle law Bicycle parking Bicycle poverty reduction Bicycle safety Bicycle transportation planning and engineering Bike rage Bike registry Bike - to - Work Day Bike Week ( Bicycle Week ) Cycling advocacy Cycling infrastructure Hand signals Idaho stop Lane splitting Protected intersection Vehicular cycling Other Unicycle Tricycle Quadracycle Pentacycle Bicycle collecting Bicycle cooperative ( `` bicycle kitchen '' ) Clothing - optional bike ride Sustainable transport Mechanical doping Lists List of bicycle types List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies List of bicycle - sharing systems List of cyclists List of films about bicycles and cycling List of doping cases in cycling Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bicycle_law_in_California&oldid=783383374 '' Categories : Cycling in California California law Utility cycling Hidden categories : Articles with broken or outdated citations from March 2015 All articles with broken or outdated citations Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 June 2017 , at 22 : 55 . About Wikipedia	can you ride a bike without a helmet in california	[]	[]
-1786864158965857604	Frank Underwood (House of Cards)	Frank Underwood ( House of Cards ) - wikipedia Frank Underwood ( House of Cards ) Jump to : navigation , search Frank Underwood House of Cards character Kevin Spacey as Frank Underwood First appearance `` Chapter 1 '' Created by Beau Willimon Portrayed by Kevin Spacey Information Full name Francis J. Underwood Occupation Member of the South Carolina Senate ( Pre-series ) Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina 's 5th congressional district ( Season 1 ) Majority Whip of the United States House of Representatives ( Season 1 ) Vice President of the United States ( Season 2 ) President of the United States ( Season 2 -- Season 5 ) Second Gentleman of the United States ( Season 5 ) Special Advisor to the President ( Season 5 ) First Gentleman of the United States ( season 5 - present ) Title President of the United States Spouse ( s ) Claire Underwood ( m . 1987 ) Party Democratic Hometown Gaffney , South Carolina Alma mater The Sentinel ( 1981 ) Harvard Law School ( 1984 ) Based on Francis Urquhart Francis J. `` Frank '' Underwood is a fictional character and the protagonist / anti-hero of the American adaptation of House of Cards . He is portrayed by Kevin Spacey . He is based on Francis Urquhart , the protagonist of the British novel and television series House of Cards , from which the American Netflix series is drawn . He is married to Claire Underwood ( Robin Wright ) , but also had a sexual relationship with Zoe Barnes ( Kate Mara ) in season 1 . He made his first appearance in the series ' pilot episode , `` Chapter 1 '' . Underwood is from Gaffney , South Carolina . He graduated from The Sentinel ( a fictionalized version of The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina ) in 1981 and , subsequently , Harvard Law School in 1984 . Some of Underwood 's dialogue throughout the series is presented in a direct address to the audience , a narrative technique that breaks the fourth wall . The character speaks with a Southern accent . During season 1 , he is the Democratic Majority Whip in the United States House of Representatives . In season 2 , he is the newly appointed Vice President of the United States , before becoming President of the United States in the season finale . Underwood has been described as manipulative , conniving , Machiavellian , sociopathic , and a symbol of political corruption and evil . Throughout the series , he manipulates and destroys several people , including those he calls friends , for his own ends . Among other crimes , he personally commits murder twice , signs off on another murder committed by a subordinate , orders the deaths of two former employees , critically injures a member of his cabinet to prevent her testifying against him , and indirectly allows for murder of a civilian for political ends . Spacey has received positive reviews for his portrayal of Frank Underwood , but the character itself has been criticized for its repetitive nature and one - dimensionality . Spacey shared the distinction of being among the first three leading web - television roles to be nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards . Spacey has also been nominated for two Golden Globe Awards , winning one , and five Screen Actors Guild Awards , including two cast nominations and including two wins , for his performance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and description 1.1 Early life 1.2 Family 1.3 Political career 1.3. 1 South Carolina Legislature 1.3. 2 Congressional Election 1.4 Underwood vs. Urquhart 1.5 Relationship with Claire Underwood 1.6 Relationship with Zoe Barnes 1.7 Relationship with Edward Meechum 1.8 Breaking the fourth wall 2 Biography 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 5 3 Critical response 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 3.3 Season 3 3.4 Season 4 3.5 Awards and nominations 4 Notes 5 External links Background and description ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Francis J. Underwood was born on November 5 , 1959 , to Catherine and Calvin T. Underwood in Gaffney , South Carolina . He is an only child . He was raised in impoverished circumstances , with the threat of bank foreclosure on the farm they lived on . He entered The Sentinel , a military school in Charleston , South Carolina , loosely based on The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina , in the fall of 1976 . He graduated in 1981 and , despite having made poor grades , gained admittance into Harvard Law School . He graduated from there in 1984 . While at the Sentinel , he had a homosexual relationship with his roommate , Tim Corbet , which lasted until his first year of law school . Underwood was raised Christian but holds God in complete contempt . Family ( edit ) Underwood 's great - great - great - grandfather , Corporal Augustus Elijah Underwood , was a Confederate soldier who served in the 12th South Carolina Infantry Regiment of McGowan 's Brigade at the Battle of Spotsylvania . He served at the Bloody Angle on May 12 , 1864 , during the Civil War and was killed by a bludgeon to the back of the head from his own regiment during the middle of the night . Underwood is fascinated by his ancestry . When Underwood falls into a coma following an assassination attempt , Augustus appears in several of his hallucinations . However , he dismisses the Confederacy as weak and calls their cause of preserving the institution of slavery `` asinine '' . His great - great grandfather was two when Augustus was killed . His father , Calvin T. Underwood , was a peach farmer in his home town of Gaffney who died at the age of 43 of a heart attack . The Underwoods lived in poverty , and nearly lost the farm when Frank was a child ; to get a bank loan and avoid foreclosure , his father attended a meeting of the Ku Klux Klan , of which the bank manager was a member . Underwood speaks fondly of his father in public , but this is a political ploy ; in his asides to the audience , Underwood describes his father as a weak man who accomplished nothing with his life . He even urinates on his father 's grave in season 3 . Despite disliking his father , however , Underwood was influenced by him . Calvin was an abusive alcoholic and caused his wife and son years of misery . Underwood has said that when he was 13 , he walked in on his father putting a shotgun in his mouth . Calvin asked him to pull the trigger , which he refused to do . He has stated that his biggest regret is not killing his father when he had the chance . Political career ( edit ) South Carolina legislature ( edit ) Underwood was elected at the age of 25 to the South Carolina State Senate as one of the youngest members in the state 's legislative history after graduating from Harvard in 1984 . He was re-elected to the state senate at 29 in 1988 for his second , and last , term as a State Senator . Congressional election ( edit ) Underwood was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1990 as a Democratic representative for the 5th Congressional District of South Carolina , being sworn in during January 1991 . He won another 11 consecutive elections , winning his final term in 2012 . He was elected Whip for the Democratic Party in 2005 , serving as House Majority Whip between 2005 and 2013 . Often , Underwood 's thoughts throughout the series are presented in a direct address to the audience , a narrative technique known as breaking the fourth wall . Immediately prior to starring in House of Cards , Spacey had starred in a production of William Shakespeare 's Richard III as Richard III of England , a character that serves as a partial basis for both Urquhart and Underwood . His last name is derived from Oscar Underwood , who served as the first Democratic House Minority Whip from about 1900 to 1901 . His few vices include smoking cigarettes and playing video games ; when the Secret Service cuts off his online gaming service after he becomes Vice President , he takes up creating model figurines . Spacey viewed portraying Underwood for a second season as a continuing learning process . `` There is so much I do n't know about Francis , so much that I 'm learning ... I 've always thought that the profession closest to that of an actor is being a detective ... We are given clues by writers ... Then you lay them all out and try to make them come alive as a character who 's complex and surprising , maybe even to yourself . '' Underwood 's sexuality is ambiguous throughout much of the first two seasons ; he has sexual liaisons with both men and women , but he is never explicitly identified by any sexual label . Before Season 2 , various sources speculated about his homosexuality . It is revealed in `` Chapter 8 '' he had an experience with homosexuality in college . Underwood and Claire are never depicted having sex in season 1 . Slate journalist Hanna Rosin noted : if Frank and Claire Underwood were a real - life Washington couple and they were found each to be having an affair , he would be accused of being `` secretly gay , turned on by women only when he can use them for a pure power play '' . Other sources make no definite stance on Underwood 's sexuality , but hypothesize that he is not sexually attracted to Claire . In season 2 , Underwood is involved in a threesome with Claire and Secret Service agent Edward Meechum ( Nathan Darrow ) , while in season 3 , there is a moment of sexual tension between Underwood and his biographer , Tom Yates ( Paul Sparks ) . The same season , however , also features the only scene in the series in which Underwood and Claire have sex exclusively with each other . In season five , he has sex with Eric Rawlings ( Malcolm Madera ) , his male personal trainer . According to Time television critic James Poniewozik , by the end of the first episode , it becomes clear that Underwood both literally and figuratively uses meat as his metaphor of choice . He may begin a day with a celebratory rack of ribs , because `` I 'm feelin ' hungry today ! '' , and he depicts his life with meat metaphors . For example , he describes the White House Chief of Staff with grudging admiration : `` She 's as tough as a two - dollar steak '' and plans to destroy an enemy the way `` you devour a whale . One bite at a time '' . He also endures a tedious weekly meeting with House leaders , as he tells the audience , by `` ( imagining ) their lightly salted faces frying in a skillet . '' Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter notes that , in Season 2 , with Underwood 's new position as Vice President , `` He 's got more power now and that means he instills more fear in his enemies '' . At one point during the season , he states `` The road to power is paved with hypocrisy and casualties . I need to prove what the vice president is capable of . '' Underwood and Claire `` continue their ruthless rise to power as threats mount on all fronts . '' Underwood vs. Urquhart ( edit ) Underwood is an Americanized version of the original BBC series lead character Francis Urquhart , a Machiavellian post-Margaret Thatcher Chief Whip of the Conservative Party . Urquhart employs deceit , cunning , murder , and blackmail to influence and pursue the office of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . According to series producer Beau Willimon , the change in last name stemmed from the `` Dickensian '' feeling and `` more legitimately American '' sounding resonance of the name ' Underwood ' . Whereas Urquhart is an aristocrat by birth , Underwood is a self - made man , having been born into a poor Southern family with an alcoholic father . Urquhart was one of television 's first antiheroes , whereas Underwood follows the more recent rash of antiheroes that includes Tony Soprano of The Sopranos , Walter White of Breaking Bad , and Dexter Morgan of Dexter . However , unlike most other antiheroes , Underwood is not forced into immorality either by circumstance ( White ) , birth ( Soprano ) or upbringing ( Morgan ) . In his review of Season 2 , Slant Magazine 's Alan Jones writes that Underwood is evil by choice . Although the character is based on the BBC show 's lead character , in interviews during the writing and filming of season 2 , creator and showrunner Willimon said that he used Lyndon B. Johnson as a source of themes and issues addressed in House of Cards . Unlike the right - wing Urquhart , who leads the Conservative Party , the center - left Underwood is a member of the Democratic Party , but cares little for ideology in favor of `` ruthless pragmatism '' in furthering his own political influence and power . Relationship with Claire Underwood ( edit ) Stelter described Frank and Claire Underwood as a `` scheming '' couple . Michael Dobbs , the author of the trilogy of novels upon which the British miniseries is based , compares the compelling nature of their relationship favorably to the characters in the original miniseries , and likens them to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth . Underwood has strong feelings for Claire , and frequently plots with her at night . He says , `` I love that woman . I love her more than sharks love blood . '' While Underwood is Machiavellian , Claire , like Lady Macbeth , encourages her husband to do whatever is necessary to seize power . Hank Stuever of The Washington Post describes her as an ice - queen wife . She encourages his vices while noting her disapproval of his weakness , saying , `` My husband does n't apologize ... even to me . '' Her overt encouragement gives a credibility to their symbiosis. Smith says `` The Underwoods have proven themselves ruthless , manipulative , and robotic in their pursuit and lust of power . '' Upon viewing a four - episode preview of season 2 , Goodman says the series `` ... sells husband and wife power - at - all - costs couple ... as a little too oily and reptilian for anyone 's good . '' Willimon notes that `` What 's extraordinary about Frank and Claire is there is deep love and mutual respect , but the way they achieve this is by operating on a completely different set of rules than the rest of us typically do . '' Los Angeles Times critic Mary McNamara makes the case that House of Cards is a love story on many levels , but most importantly between Underwood and Claire . It is a story about a man who will commit any crime imaginable while in pursuit of power and a political wife who gives him the encouragement to pursue that power . Underwood and Claire engage in a threesome with their Secret Service bodyguard Edward Meechum at one point in season 2 , but have otherwise largely given up intramarital and extramarital sex in favor of their pursuit of power . International Business Times critic Ellen Killoran notes that this may relate back to Underwood 's quotation of Oscar Wilde to Zoe Barnes in Season 1 : `` A great man once said , ' everything is about sex except sex . Sex is about power . ' '' Avoiding sex may retain the balance of power in their relationship . His relationship with Claire is the epicenter of season 2 . Relationship with Zoe Barnes ( edit ) Underwood develops an intimate relationship with Washington Herald and Slugline reporter Zoe Barnes ( Kate Mara ) , with Claire 's knowledge . As the show begins , Barnes is desperate to rise from covering the Fairfax County Council beat to covering what 's going on `` behind the veil of power in the Capitol hallways . '' By the end of the first episode , Barnes is among the cadre of Underwood 's accomplices . They begin a relationship , with Barnes promising to earn his trust and not `` ask any questions '' in return for his supplying her with sensitive political information . Toward the end of Season 1 , she ends their personal relationship and begins investigating his connection to Congressman Peter Russo 's apparent suicide ( Underwood had in fact killed him by locking him in his car in a closed garage ) . Underwood ultimately kills Barnes in the season 2 premiere , by pushing her in front of an oncoming Washington Metro train after she begins to follow clues related to the murder . Relationship with Edward Meechum ( edit ) Underwood is fond of the head of his Secret Service detail , Edward Meechum ( Nathan Darrow ) , and it is hinted several times that they harbor unacknowledged sexual feelings for each other . When Meechum stumbles upon Underwood watching pornography , Underwood and Claire joke about there being sexual chemistry between the two men . Shortly after Underwood becomes vice president , he , Claire and Meechum have a threesome . Meechum remains Underwood 's bodyguard once he becomes the president , and there does not appear to be any continuing sexual relationship . Meechum remains fiercely loyal , however ; he warns Underwood 's biographer Tom Yates ( Paul Sparks ) not to write anything that would damage Underwood 's reputation . In season 4 , Underwood traces Meechum 's hand with a marker on one of the walls of the White House when he wants to replace a Confederate painting ; Meechum suggests he put up something he likes instead . When Lucas Goodwin shoots Underwood during a campaign event , Meechum trades fire with the assassin , and both are killed instantly . Meechum 's death is one of the tragedies Claire mentions in a press briefing for a gun control bill she is sponsoring , and Underwood has him buried in Arlington National Cemetery , a rare privilege for a Secret Service agent , though Meechum may have been eligible , in his own right , as a former member of the US Military who served in Afghanistan . When Underwood recovers and finds that Meechum 's hand tracing has been painted over , he expresses grief and regret at the loss to Claire , who says that Meechum was one of the few people who truly understood them . Breaking the fourth wall ( edit ) Spacey summed up Underwood 's relationship with the viewer - i.e. whenever he breaks the fourth wall - as being like that of a `` best friend '' and `` the person ( he trusts ) more than anyone . '' Because of this , his asides to the viewer serves as an indication of Underwood 's true feelings and intentions - typically when he is feigning politeness and courtesy to people whom he despises . In the season 2 premiere , after having gone the whole episode without doing so , Underwood addresses the viewer directly , saying , `` Did you think I had forgotten you ? Perhaps you hoped I had . '' In addition , in season 3 , after an argument with Claire that ends with her storming out on him , a seething Frank vents his anger by lashing out at the viewer ; looking directly into the camera , he snaps `` What 're you lookin ' at ? ! '' For the first four seasons , Underwood was the only character to break the fourth wall until the very end of the fourth season , during which his wife Claire - though silent - addresses the camera directly with Frank . Biography ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 1 ) `` Power is a lot like real estate . It 's all about location , location , location . The closer you are to the source , the higher your property value . '' -- Underwood At the start of the show , Underwood is a Democratic Majority Whip in the House of Representatives , where he has represented South Carolina 's 5th congressional district since 1990 . Underwood is passed over for an appointment as United States Secretary of State even though he had been promised the position after ensuring the election of Colorado Governor Garrett Walker ( Michel Gill ) as President . Walker 's Chief of Staff Linda Vasquez ( Sakina Jaffrey ) gives him this news prior to the January 2013 United States presidential inauguration . With the aid of Claire , and his fiercely loyal Chief of Staff Doug Stamper ( Michael Kelly ) , Underwood uses his position as House Whip to seek retribution . He quickly allies with Washington Herald reporter Zoe Barnes ( Kate Mara ) , whom he uses to undermine his rivals via the press . The viciousness of Underwood 's manipulations escalates over the course of the season . He befriends Pennsylvania Rep. Peter Russo ( Corey Stoll ) , encouraging him to quit drinking and run for Governor of Pennsylvania ; then his underlings create enough pressure in the race to push Russo into publicly falling off the wagon and ruining his career . Underwood finally murders him and makes it look like suicide . He persuades Vice President Jim Matthews ( Dan Ziskie ) to resign so he can run for the office he previously held , Governor of Pennsylvania , the race being wide open following Russo 's death . In the season finale , `` Chapter 13 '' , Underwood is appointed Vice President to replace Matthews . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 2 ) `` There are two types of vice presidents : doormats and Matadors . Which do you think I intend to be ? '' -- Underwood Underwood assumes the position of Vice President of the United States . Over the course of the season , he `` faces challenges from similarly ambitious businessmen , the Chinese government and Congress itself '' as he continues to pursue his political aspirations . His plotline revolves around battles with billionaire Raymond Tusk ( Gerald McRaney ) , involving Chinese money laundering . Over the course of the season his biggest challenges are the institutional power of the Office of the President and Tusk 's power as a billionaire industrialist . He finds new rivals in Tusk , who seeks to maintain his position as Walker 's right - hand adviser against Underwood 's intrusion , and his former communications director , Remy Danton ( Mahershala Ali ) , who is now a lobbyist working with Tusk . At the beginning of the season , Underwood is trying to erase all links to Russo 's death . Thus , he kills Barnes by shoving her in front of an oncoming Washington Metro train , and frames her colleague and lover Lucas Goodwin ( Sebastian Arcelus ) for cyberterrorism . Another early task for newly promoted Underwood is finding his own replacement as House Majority Whip . He supports Jacqueline Sharp ( Molly Parker ) , a military veteran and third - term Representative from California , although he refrains from offering public backing . Toward the end of the season , Underwood orchestrates Walker 's downfall . He secretly leaks the details of the money laundering , for which Walker is blamed . While publicly supporting Walker , Underwood works behind the scenes to have him impeached , with Sharp 's help . In the season finale , `` Chapter 26 '' , Walker resigns , and Underwood succeeds him as President of the United States . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 3 ) `` When they bury me , it wo n't be in my backyard , and when they come to pay their respects , they 'll have to wait in line . '' -- Underwood Season 3 begins with Underwood 's presidency off to a rocky start : six months into his term , he is unpopular with the public , and Congress is blocking his attempts to move legislation forward . He plans to secure his legacy with an ambitious jobs bill , America Works , but the Democratic Congressional leadership refuses to support it ; they also tell him that they will not support him if he seeks the presidential nomination in the next election . He nominates Claire for United States Ambassador to the United Nations , but her nomination is defeated after she makes a gaffe during a Senate nomination hearing . Underwood announces that he will not run for reelection , and advocates for America Works , which he intends to pay for by stripping entitlement programs . He fails to get the bill through Congress and uses that as a reason to renege on his promise to not run in 2016 . Solicitor General Heather Dunbar ( Elizabeth Marvel ) announces that she will seek the presidential nomination , and actually gives Underwood a battle . Underwood convinces Sharp to get married so she can announce her candidacy , for the sole reason of sapping women 's votes from Dunbar , at which point she will withdraw and accept the nomination for VP . After the presidential debate , in which Underwood publicly humiliates Sharp in order to go after Dunbar , Sharp retaliates by backing Dunbar 's campaign . Ultimately , however , Underwood wins the Iowa caucuses . Meanwhile , the Underwoods ' marriage is faltering . Underwood gives Claire the ambassador job in a recess appointment , but she is forced to resign in order to solve a diplomatic crisis . Claire begins to question whether she still loves her husband , and they get into an ugly fight in which he tells her that she is nothing without him . Season 3 ends with Claire leaving Underwood as he prepares for the New Hampshire primary . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 4 ) `` That 's right , we do n't submit to terror . We make the terror . '' -- Underwood Underwood trails Dunbar in the polls , eventually losing the New Hampshire primary . Realizing that he needs Claire to win , he persuades her to come back by promising to support her run for a congressional district in Texas . However , he sandbags her prospective candidacy by endorsing a political ally 's daughter , in order to keep Claire focused on his campaign . On the day of the South Carolina primary , Claire retaliates by arranging for two compromising photos to be leaked : one of Underwood 's father with a Klansman , and one of Underwood posing with a Confederate Civil War re-enactor . Underwood deduces that Claire was behind the leaks , and confronts her . Claire calmly admits what she did , and puts forth a proposition : that she run as his vice president . He angrily rejects the idea . Lucas Goodwin is released from prison and , seeking revenge for Barnes ' death , shoots Underwood at a campaign rally , hitting him in the liver . He also mortally wounds Meechum , who manages to kill him before succumbing to his injuries . Underwood is rushed to the hospital for immediate surgery , and falls into a coma . It is soon discovered that he needs a liver transplant . Stamper manages to bump him to the top of the transplant list , and he survives . Once he recovers , he agrees to let Claire run as his vice president . Dunbar drops out of the race due to the discovery of a meeting she 'd had with Goodwin a few days before the attempt on Underwood 's life . Underwood begins planning to maneuver Claire into the VP spot and to use the NSA to illegally obtain voter information and spy on the Republican nominee , Will Conway ( Joel Kinnaman ) . This happens while Underwood and Claire advocate for a controversial gun control bill for the sole purpose of creating an atmosphere divisive enough to weed out potential running mates . During the resulting open convention , Underwood intimidates the front - runner , Secretary of State Catherine Durant ( Jayne Atkinson ) , into surrendering her delegates , and uses the public sympathy from Claire 's mother 's death to ensure that he and Claire are nominated . When American extremists loyal to the terrorist group Islamic Caliphate Organization ( ICO ) kidnap a suburban family , Underwood allows Conway to negotiate with them , making his opponent look like a hero - and then releases NSA data that proves Conway illegally influenced Congress . Soon afterward , however , Underwood is hit with two crises at once : ICO 's leader orders his followers to kill one of the hostages , while journalist Tom Hammerschmidt ( Boris McGiver ) exposes Underwood 's crimes in the Washington Herald . Facing disgrace and possible impeachment , Underwood decides to declare war on ICO and allow the public to see the hostage die in order to distract from the scandal and create an atmosphere of widespread fear that he and Claire can exploit in the weeks before the election . Season 5 ( edit ) `` The American people do n't know what 's best for them . I do . I know exactly what they need . They 're like little children , Claire , children we never had . We have to hold their sticky fingers and wipe their filthy mouths . Teach them right from wrong . Tell them what to think and how to feel and what to want . They even help writing their wildest dreams , crafting their worst fears . Lucky for them , they have me , they have you . Underwood , Underwood , 2016 . 2020 . 2024 . 2028 . 2032 . 2036 . One nation , Underwood . '' -- Underwood In the days before the election , Underwood pushes Congress to formally declare war on ICO , and orders the CIA to kill one of the terrorists and make it look like he had died fleeing capture . Underwood still lags in the polls , however , and on election night it appears he is going to lose to Conway . With help from Stamper and campaign strategist LeAnn Harvey ( Neve Campbell ) , Underwood has NSA contractor Aidan Macallan ( Damian Young ) stage a cyberattack on several election stations . He also uses the fear of a possible terrorist attack to pressure the governors of Tennessee and Ohio to halt voting . The tactics work ; the two states refuse to declare a winner , and the election drags on unresolved for several weeks . The presidency is finally set to be decided by a contingent election in the House . Neither Underwood nor Conway receive enough votes , however , so Underwood appoints Claire Acting President until the House votes again . Underwood tries to convince Arizona Congressman Alex Romero ( James Martinez ) to vote in his favor , but when Underwood refuses to help him with his own agenda , Romero forms a committee to impeach him . The Underwoods blackmail Conway 's influential campaign manager Mark Usher ( Campbell Scott ) into joining their side by threatening to release recordings of Conway berating a pilot and his running mate Ted Brockhart ( Colm Feore ) threatening to kill Frank . Once Usher begins working for them , they release the tapes anyway , which costs Conway the election . Underwood is now President - elect , but his past comes back to haunt him once again when Hammerschmidt begins investigating Zoe Barnes ' death , convinced it was not an accident . Underwood and Claire nip any potential story in the bud by convincing Stamper to `` confess '' to murdering Barnes . When Romero 's committee intensifies its investigation , Underwood tries to divert their attention by ordering troops into Syria on the pretense of preventing a terrorist attack . This provokes Durant to testify against him ; before she can take the stand , however , Underwood pushes her down a flight of stairs , incapacitating her . When Walker testifies about Underwood 's role in the Chinese money laundering , Underwood takes the stand in his own defense and stuns the committee by resigning the presidency . When Claire demands an explanation , Underwood reveals that his resignation was part of a plan to ensure that they control the country for years to come : Claire from the White House , he from the private sector . To tie up loose ends , he has Macallan and Harvey killed . For Underwood 's plan to work , however , Claire has to pardon him and Stamper , which would damage her credibility with the public . Claire promises him that she will grant the pardons , but makes no mention of them during her first address to the nation as president . Angered , Underwood calls her several times , but each time he gets her voicemail , causing him to worry that she has abandoned him . He breaks the fourth wall and says , `` If she does n't pardon me , I 'll kill her . '' Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The New York Times ' David Itzkoff called Underwood a `` scheming politician '' who does `` some of the most evil and underhanded things imaginable '' . Brian Stelter of The New York Times said Underwood `` ... is on a quest for power that 's just as suspenseful as anything on television . '' New York Daily News critic Don Kaplan says `` ... conniving Congressman Frank Underwood , is easily one of the most complex antiheroes on TV -- except he 's not on TV '' . David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle describes the character as one who `` all but salivates over the chance to use his considerable power to gain more power , especially if it involves pulling the rug out from under some colleagues and the wool over the eyes of others . '' Andrew Davies , the producer of the original UK TV series , feels that Underwood lacks the `` charm '' of the original character , Francis Urquhart . The Independent praised Spacey 's portrayal as a more `` menacing '' character , `` hiding his rage behind Southern charm and old - fashioned courtesy , '' while The New Republic noted that `` When Urquhart addressed the audience , it was partly in the spirit of conspiratorial fun . His asides sparked with wit . He was n't just ruthlessly striving , he was amusing himself , mocking the ridiculousness of his milieu . There is no impishness about Spacey 's Frank Underwood , just numb , machine - like ambition . Even his affection for his wife is a calculation . '' Poniewozik praises Underwood 's accent , saying `` Spacey gives Underwood a silky Southern accent you could pour over crushed ice and sip with a sprig of mint on Derby Day . '' Nancy deWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal describes the accent as a `` mild but sometimes missing Carolina accent '' . Time listed Frank Underwood among the 11 most influential fictional characters in 2013 . Season 2 ( edit ) According to The Kansas City Star 's Smith , `` Frank has n't changed , and neither has his brand of Machiavellian political theater '' and `` Spacey has lost none of his smarmy magnetism as the cartoon - ish villain '' . According to Variety 's Brian Lowry , `` Kevin Spacey 's showy performance as an unscrupulous politician '' is foremost among the show 's strengths , but the show 's weakness is the `` failure to present its scheming protagonist with equally matched foes '' . Lowry feels that as conniving as Underwood is , it is unfathomable that `` nobody else in a town built on power seems particularly adept at recognizing this or combating him '' . Goodman says `` Spacey is nothing if not constantly magnetic '' . The delayed use of the fourth wall is perceived as clever . Alison Willmore of Indiewire says that `` Unlike Walter White or Tony Soprano , Frank feels at peace with his ruthless pragmatism and what he does in pursuit of power , and reminds us of the fact in his asides to the camera ... he may be a ruthless sociopath , but there 's something to admire there '' . However Willmore noted that Frank became lighter in season 2 noting that the season was `` ... delivered with more of a wink by Frank than before . '' Poniewozik notes that `` It also remains a delight to watch Spacey pump the humid breath of life into House of Cards ' arid Capitol chill . If only his character were n't so dominant of his surroundings as well . One reason the series ' movements can feel so mechanical is that , so far , no one seems nearly in Underwood 's league : not the adversaries he battles directly , nor the sad sacks that he gulls without their even knowing it . '' Chuck Barney of the San Jose Mercury News notes that the preview episodes show that `` Frank 's `` Survivor '' - like back - stabbing is beginning to feel a bit repetitive . '' and that his lack of an adversarial foil has become an issue : `` ... things always seem to fall neatly into place for him . Even his showdowns with the president ( Michel Gill ) come off as one - sided ... '' Verne Gay of Newsday notes that `` Frank Underwood has no remorse , no superannuated sense of Washington tradition or decorum , and certainly no second thoughts . He is TV 's perfect monster of the moment - a compleat malefactor , with a pleasing honey - toned drawl . '' Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times says `` By positing a Johnsonesque power broker and master schemer who wields cabalistic influence behind the scenes , House of Cards assigns order and purpose to what , in real life , is too often just an endless , baffling tick - tack - toe stalemate . '' NPR 's Eric Deggans says that Underwood `` blends velvety charm and mesmerizing menace like no other character on television '' . New York Observer critic Drew Grant notes that although the series aired during the golden age of dramatic antiheroes , Underwood 's villainy has become trite : `` House of Cards is a good reminder , however , that there is a reason Iago was n't the center of Othello . Unrelenting , unexplained cruelty can be as pedantic as constant kindness . '' Spacey 's portrayal was not without detractors : Hitfix reviewer Alan Sepinwall accused him of `` hamming it up '' and `` phoning it in on a not very good show to begin with '' . Season 3 ( edit ) Reviews for season 3 of House of Cards were mostly positive . However , a few critics found the Underwood character was becoming repetitive : the critical consensus on the review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes held that , `` Season three introduces intriguing new political and personal elements to Frank Underwood 's character , even if it feels like more of the same for some . '' Ed Power of The Daily Telegraph wrote , `` Everyone in House of Cards has an agenda - a secret twitching in the attic . The thrill , and the horror , may lie in the degree to which we catch reflections of real life in its dark , cool contours . '' Some critics opined that the Underwood character is less interesting once he achieves his goal of becoming president and actually has to govern . `` You could take the show seriously just as long as you did n't have to take it seriously , as long as it only took place in the dream world of imaginary fantasy politics , '' wrote Aaron Bady of The New Republic , who compared Underwood unfavorably with Josiah Bartlett of The West Wing . `` But when a cartoon becomes president , it starts to look too fake to be real , but too real to be a cartoon . Frank plays the role of President Bartlett , a cartoon president doing things that would actually , in reality , be kind of great . But Bartlett was too good to be true , and the old Frank was too evil to be true . President Underwood is just too dull to be a fantasy , and so the props take center stage . '' Critics continued to praise Spacey 's performance , however . Don Kaplan of The New York Daily News wrote , `` Underwood 's bottomless appetite for dark dealing keeps Spacey so deliciously detestable you ca n't help but keep rooting for the bad guy to win . '' Season 4 ( edit ) In season 4 , Jacob Solworthy wrote in his review of the first six episodes of season four : `` Until now , ' House of Cards ' has centred on the character 's outward expression of power -- not to mention his hunger for it -- but the writers have shrewdly stripped that back , instead focusing on the character 's internal fears in a way not dissimilar from Tony 's dream sequences in ' The Sopranos ' , '' he later added , `` You 'll never root for Frank more than you do by the end of these six episodes . '' On the other hand , Daniel Fienberg from The Hollywood Reporter was critical of Spacey 's performance , writing : `` Spacey 's performance , which at least had an appealingly theatrical extravagance when the series began , has grown less enjoyable . Having reached a pinnacle , there 's no way to root for Frank 's striving anymore , if you ever were , but House of Cards has yet to commit to urging us to root for Frank 's downfall . '' There was also considerable mention of the evolution of Underwood 's relationship with Claire . `` ( T ) heir partnership has morphed into an entirely professional exercise , with a shared lust for power having supplanted more conventional matrimonial bonds , '' wrote Brian Lowry of Variety . The Atlantic 's Spencer Kornhaber remarked , however , that the utter ruthlessness displayed by Underwoods in the season finale may have represented a `` jump the shark '' moment for the series : The Underwoods have murdered a politician and a journalist , and some innocents have also been collateral damage to their activities . Now , though , they 've set out to maintain their power at the cost of mass casualties . Netflix has n't said how many seasons are to come , but it 's hard to imagine the show being watchable for all that much longer now that this rubicon of despicability has been crossed . Some compared Underwood 's story line in season 4 to the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Brian Moyland of The Guardian wrote : House of Cards has never felt like the real presidency : Frank Underwood is evil incarnate , bumping off junior Congressmen and pushing journalists in front of trains . But now that , in real life , we 're in the throes of such a bizarre presidential race , his machinations are starting to look almost viable . There are several parallels between Underwood 's re-election campaign and the 2016 campaigns of Donald Trump , Ted Cruz , Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders . Awards and nominations ( edit ) At the 3rd Critics ' Choice Television Awards , Spacey was nominated for Best Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of Underwood . On July 18 , 2013 , Netflix earned the first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for original online only web television for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards . Three of its web series , Arrested Development , Hemlock Grove , and House of Cards , earned nominations . For the first time , three Primetime Emmy nominations for lead roles were from web television series : Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series to Spacey for his portrayal of Frank Underwood , Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series to Robin Wright for her portrayal of Claire Underwood , and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series to Jason Bateman for his portrayal of Michael Bluth in Arrested Development . Spacey submitted `` Chapter 1 '' for consideration to earn his nomination . Spacey also earned a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama and a Screen Actors Guild nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series nominations . In season 2 , Spacey won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards , as well as nominations for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards and a Screen Actors Guild nomination for Outstanding by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . In season 3 , Spacey was nominated for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards , his third nomination for the role . He also was nominated for both Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards . For his performance in season 4 , Spacey earned a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards . For his performance in season 5 , Spacey received his fifth consecutive Primetime Emmy Award for Outstianding Lead Actor in a Drama Series nomination for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Handler , Rachel . `` ' House Of Cards ' Has Been Renewed For A Fifth Season , But Not Everybody Is Coming Back '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret . `` House of Cards Has a Frank - and - Claire Problem '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bady , Aaron . `` ' House of Cards ' Should Stop Trying to Be ' The West Wing ' '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan . `` ' House of Cards ' season 2 in review : It gets weaker the more you watch '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sirota , David ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` Why was Francis Underwood a Democrat ? '' . Salon . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` What linguists say about Kevin Spacey 's bizarre Southern accent on House of Cards '' . Vox . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` A Drama 's Streaming Premiere '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Stuart ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` House of Cards recap : episodes two , three and four = Frank speaks to God '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) ( House of Cards ( season 2 ) ) ( Streaming video ) . Chapter 18 , 29 : 10 remaining : Netflix. 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) ( House of Cards ( season 1 ) ) ( Streaming video ) . Chapter 3 , 20 : 05 remaining : Netflix. 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Frank Underwood 's 10 Most Ruthless Moments ( Poll ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Let 's talk all of season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Stuart ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards recap , series two , episode 13 -- ' Cut out his heart and put it in his hands ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cornet , Roth ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's Original Series House of Cards -- From David Fincher and Kevin Spacey -- May be the New Face of Television '' . IGN . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Laura ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Spacey 's Leading - Man Problem The star of the 13 - hour `` House of Cards '' is as impenetrable as ever `` . New Republic . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Sarah ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Urquhart is deliciously diabolical ' : Kevin Spacey is back in a remake of House of Cards '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCormack , Kirsty ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kate Mara steals the show at ' House of Cards ' season premiere in sexy cut - out dress '' . Daily Express . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Review : House of Cards Returns for Season Two : Kevin Spacey 's D.C. power play still has cynical bite , but some old problems remain . '' . Time . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Spacey dealing Season 2 of ' House of Cards ' '' . Boston.com . Associated Press . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Carr , David and Ashley Parker ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Recap , Episode 8 : You Can Go Home Again , It Just Might Get Complicated '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosin , Hanna ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` '' More Than Sharks Love Blood `` : Do Frank and Claire Underwood have the ideal marriage ? '' . Slate . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGee , Ryan ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` House Of Cards : `` Chapter 8 '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` The 9 Most Shocking Moments from House of Cards Season 2 '' . Time . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Review : House of Cards Sinks Its Sharp Teeth into Washington '' . Time . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Tim ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` House Of Cards : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Season 2 Trailer : The Threats and Power Grabs Mount ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blake , Meredith ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere date for ' House of Cards ' Season 2 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lacob , Jace ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` David Fincher , Beau Willimon & Kate Mara On Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards : Season Two '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leopold , Todd ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' creator Beau Willimon plays a solid hand '' . CNN . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : deWolf Smith , Nancy ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Fantasies About Evil , Redux '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ostrow : Kevin Spacey shines in `` House of Cards '' political drama on Netflix `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , Alessandra ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Political Animals That Slither : ' House of Cards ' on Netflix Stars Kevin Spacey '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stuever , Hank ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Power corrupts ( plus other non-breaking news ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Sara ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Second season of ' House of Cards ' is a vote for vice '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' promises more ' plotting and scheming ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' House of Cards ' plays new hand with brutal , clear resolve '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Killoran , Ellen ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Season 2 Review : Burning Questions Remain After Netflix Binge '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woods , Baynard ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Review : House of Cards Season 2 : Francis Underwood gives liberals their own Dick Cheney : a vice president able to push through his agenda . '' . City Paper . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( February 15 , 2014 ) . `` Yes , that really just happened on `` House of Cards '' `` . Salon . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.bustle.com/articles/14708-house-of-cards-kevin-spacey-isnt-talking-to-you-when-he-speaks-into-camera Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Bosses Break Down Those Final Two Words of Season 5 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Obama wishes D.C. worked more like it does in ' House of Cards ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Terry ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Humble pie on the menu '' . The Herald . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGee , Ryan ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` House Of Cards : `` Chapter 5 '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jancelewicz , Chris ( May 4 , 2013 ) . `` House Of Cards Season 1 , Episode 13 Recap : All 's Well That Ends Well ( Or Not ) '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welshman , Tom ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review -- House of Cards , Season 2 '' . Impact . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ VandenDolder , Tess ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Season 2 Review : Shocking and Messy , But Just as Addictive as Ever '' . In The Capital . Streetwise Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Season 2 of ' House of Cards ' packs theatrical power '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards season 2 shock twist was planned from day one , says showrunner '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sara ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` New season brings a formidable female player to ' House of Cards ' '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Season On ' House Of Cards , ' It 's Tough To Be The Boss '' . www.npr.org . February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Where Does Frank Underwood Go From Here , and Other House of Cards Season 3 Questions '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 39 '' . House of Cards . Season 3 . Episode 13 . February 27 , 2015 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Stern , Warlow ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Explosive ' House of Cards ' Finale : Creator Beau Willimon on the State of the Underwoods '' . Daily Beast . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fowle , Kyle ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards recap : Chapter 52 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Brian ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' House of Cards , ' The Complete Fourth Season for Binge Viewers ( SPOILERS ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 52 '' . House of Cards . Season 4 . Episode 13 . March 4 , 2016 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Fowle , Kyle ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards recap : Chapter 65 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Itskoff , Dave ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Emmy Nominees : Kevin Spacey of ' House of Cards ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Spacey and Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' receive Emmy nominations , signaling a new order in TV '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' review : Sexy political revenge '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alter , Charlotte and Eliana Dockterman ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` The 11 Most Influential Fictional Characters of 2013 : These are the on - screen figures who got our attention : 6 . Frank Underwood '' . Time . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Brian ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review : ' House of Cards ' -- Season Two '' . Variety . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Willmore , Alison ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` In Its Second Season , ' House of Cards ' Brings Its D.C. Machinations to the Next Level '' . Indiewire . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' House of Cards ' returns for more political dirty deeds '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Season 2 review : A joyride '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` How Absolute Power Can Delight Absolutely : ' House of Cards ' Returns , With More Dark Scheming '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deggans , Eric ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Antihero Or Villain ? In ' House Of Cards , ' It 's Hard To Tell '' . NPR . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grant , Drew ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` The Anhedonia of Antiheroes : Why House of Cards ' Second Season Is n't as Fun as It Should Be '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan . `` Best movie star on TV , ' Constantine ' and best - cast TV show ever '' . Ask Alan . Archived from the original ( movie ) on May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/house-of-cards/s03/ Jump up ^ Power , Ed ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` House of Cards , season 3 , episode 1 , review : ' an underwhelming return ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' TV review : Season 3 is worth your weekend '' . The New York Daily News . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards season 4 : Spoiler - free thoughts on the first six episodes '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel . `` ' House of Cards ' Season 4 : TV Review '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards season 4 , Episode 13 : The Live - Binge Review '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Griggs , Brandon ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards Season 4 : What 's the Verdict ? '' . cnn.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moyland , Brian ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards : A KKK connection is n't all Frank Underwood and Donald Trump share '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang , Horror Story , Parks & Rec , Good Wife , The Americans Lead Critics Choice Nominations '' . TVLine . May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Riley , Jenelle ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` Emmy Episode Submissions : Lead Actor in a Drama '' . Backstage . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SAG nominations 2014 : The complete list of nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Golden Globes Nominations 2014 : ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' American Hustle ' Lead Field '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Emmy Nominations : ' Breaking Bad , ' ' True Detective ' Among the Honored '' . New York Times . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` SAG Awards : Modern Family , Thrones , Homeland , Boardwalk , Cards Lead Noms ; Mad Men Shut Out ; HTGAWM , Maslany and Aduba Get Nods '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : Fargo , True Detective Lead Nominations ; Jane the Virgin , Transparent Score Multiple Nods '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` List : Who won Golden Globe awards '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . January 11 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards : The Complete 2015 Winners List '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 67th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Emmys . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards : Game of Thrones , Homeland , House of Cards Lead Noms ; Empire , Inside Amy Schumer Shut Out ; Mr. Robot 's Rami Malek Sneaks In '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2016 : The Full List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2017 : The Full List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' 5 Characters Frank Underwood Claire Underwood List of politicians See also Awards and nominations Related House of Cards ( UK TV series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Underwood_(House_of_Cards)&oldid=804048417 '' Categories : House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Atheism in television Drama television characters Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional atheists and agnostics Fictional bisexual males Fictional characters from South Carolina Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional Democrats ( United States ) Fictional Harvard University people Fictional members of the United States House of Representatives Fictional murderers Fictional Presidents of the United States Fictional Vice Presidents of the United States Metafictional characters Fictional smokers Fictional pansexuals Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Good articles Use mdy dates from September 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 11 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does frank become president in house of cards	[ "Toward the end of the season, Underwood orchestrates Walker's downfall. He secretly leaks the details of the money laundering, for which Walker is blamed. While publicly supporting Walker, Underwood works behind the scenes to have him impeached, with Sharp's help. In the season finale, \"Chapter 26\", Walker resigns, and Underwood succeeds him as President of the United States.[13]" ]	[ "Chapter 26" ]
19101618462267859	Names of God in Christianity	Names of God in Christianity - wikipedia Names of God in Christianity Jump to : navigation , search The Tetragrammaton YHWH , the name of God written in Hebrew , All Saints church , Nyköping , Sweden In Christian theology the name of God has always had much deeper meaning and significance than being just a label or designator . In Christianity , the name of God is not a human invention , but has divine origin and is based on divine revelation . Respect for the name of God is one of the Ten Commandments , which Christian teachings view not simply an avoidance of the improper use of the name of God , but as a directive to exalt it , through both pious deeds and praise . This is reflected in the first petition in the Lord 's Prayer addressed to God the Father : `` Hallowed be Thy Name '' . Going back to the Church Fathers , the name of God has been seen as a representation of the entire system of `` divine truth '' revealed to the faithful `` that believe on his name '' as in John 1 : 12 or `` walk in the name of the LORD our God '' in Micah 4 : 5 . In Revelation 3 : 12 those who bear the name of God are destined for Heaven . John 17 : 6 presents the teachings of Jesus as the manifestation of the name of God to his disciples . John 12 : 28 presents the sacrifice of Jesus the Lamb of God , and the ensuing salvation delivered through it as the glorification of the name of God , with the voice from Heaven confirming Jesus ' petition ( `` Father , glorify thy name '' ) by saying : `` I have both glorified it , and will glorify it again '' referring to the Baptism and crucifixion of Jesus . The Bible usually uses the name of God in the singular ( e.g. Ex. 20 : 7 or Ps. 8 : 1 ) , generally using the terms in a very general sense rather than referring to any special designation of God . However , general references to the name of God may branch to other special forms which express his multifaceted attributes . Scripture presents many references to the names for God , but the key names in the Old Testament are : God the High and Exalted One , El Shaddai and Jehovah . In the New Testament Theos , Kyrios and Patēr ( πατήρ i.e. Father in Greek ) are the essential names . Contents ( hide ) 1 Old Testament 2 New Testament 3 Sanctity and power of the name 3.1 More than a name 3.2 Name of God , way of God 3.3 Hallowed be Thy Name 4 See also 5 References Old Testament ( edit ) YHWH , the Hebrew Name for God . The Old Testament usually uses the name of God in the singular ( e.g. Ex. 20 : 7 or Ps. 8 : 1 ) , generally using the terms in a very general sense rather than referring to any special designation of God . However , the general name of God may branch to other special names which express his multifaceted attributes . The simplest form by which God is referred to in the Old Testament is El , likely derived from His being first and foremost . ( see proper names of earlier Canaanite gods ) Elohim ( singular Eloah ) is likely derived from the same root and points to God as being strong and mighty , able to judge and to strike fear . Elyon refers to elevation and being exalted . These are , however , not proper names for God , but epithets also used for rulers and judges . Adonai has a similar context and refers to God as a powerful ruler . Similarly , El Shaddai , derived from `` shad '' i.e. Lord , also points to the power of God . Yahweh is the principal name in the Old Testament by which God reveals himself and is the most sacred , distinctive and incommunicable name of God . Based on Lev , 24 : 16 : `` He that blasphemes the name of Yahweh shall surely be put to death '' , Jews generally avoided the use of Yahweh and substituted Adonai or Elohim for it when reading Scripture . The pronunciation of YHWH in the Old Testament can never be certain , given that the original Hebrew text only used consonants . The English form Jehovah was formed during the Middle Ages by combining the Latinization of the four consonants YHWH with the vowel points that Masoretes used to indicate that the reader should say Adonai when YHWH was encountered . Thus Jehovah was obtained by adding the vowels of Adonai to the consonants of YHWH . Jehovah appears in Tyndale 's Bible , the King James Version , and other translations from that time period and later . For instance , Jehovah 's Witnesses make consistent use of Jehovah . Many English translations of the Bible translate the Tetragrammaton as LORD , following the Jewish practice of substituting Adonai for it . In the same sense as the substitution of Adonai , the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible to Greek mainly used the word Kyrios ( Greek : Κύριος , meaning ' lord ' ) for YHWH . Apostle Paul was likely familiar with the use of the term Kyrios in the Septuagint and used it in his letters to refer to Jesus , thus signifying his divinity . The pronouncement `` I Am that I Am '' in Exodus 3 : 14 , in rabbinical scholarship taken as a gloss on the meaning of the Tetragrammaton , was in Hellenistic Judaism rendered as ἐγώ εἰμί ὁ ὢν . In the iconographic tradition of Eastern Christianity , it is common to depict Christ with a cruciform halo inscribed with the letters Ο , Ω , Ν for ὁ ὢν `` He Who Is '' . In Exodus 34 : 14 , God does give his name as Jealous . Exodus 34 : 14 - For thou shalt worship no other god : for the LORD , whose name is Jealous , is a jealous God ( 1611 edition of King James Version Bible ) . New Testament ( edit ) See also : Holy Name of Jesus and Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Latin inscription of Philippians 2 : 10 : `` At the name of Jesus every knee should bow '' , Church of the Gesù , Rome . While the Old Testament has a wide variety of names and epithets that refer to God in Hebrew , the Greek text of the New Testament uses far fewer variants . The essential uses of the name of God the Father in the New Testament are Theos ( θεός the Greek term for God ) , Kyrios ( i.e. Lord in Greek ) and Patēr ( πατήρ i.e. Father in Greek ) . The Aramaic word `` Abba '' ( אבא ) , meaning `` Father '' is used by Jesus in Mark 14 : 36 and also appears in Romans 8 : 15 and Galatians 4 : 6 . In the New Testament the two names Jesus and Emmanuel that refer to Jesus have salvific attributes . The name Jesus is given in Luke 1 : 31 and Matthew 1 : 21 and in both cases the name is not selected by humans but is received by angelic messages with theological significance , e.g. the statement in Matthew 1 : 21 `` you shall call His name Jesus , for He will save his people from their sins '' associates salvific attributes to the name Jesus . Emmanuel which appears in Matthew 1 : 23 may refer to Isaiah 7 : 14 , and does not appear elsewhere in the New Testament , but in the context of Matthew 28 : 20 ( `` I am with you always , even unto the end of the world '' ) indicates that Jesus will be with the faithful to the end of the age . According to Ulrich Luz , the Emmanuel motif brackets the entire Gospel of Matthew between 1 : 23 and 28 : 20 , appearing explicitly and implicitly in several other passages , setting the tone for the salvific theme of Matthew . The names of the Father , Son and the Holy Spirit are inherently related in the New Testament , e.g. with Jesus ' instruction to His disciples at the end of the Gospel of Matthew ( 28 : 19 ) : `` make disciples of all the nations , baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit '' . The Greek word pneuma , generally translated spirit , is found around 385 times in the New Testament . The English terms Holy Spirit and Holy Ghost have identical meanings , with the former having become the usual term in the 20th century . Three separate terms , namely Holy Spirit , Spirit of Truth and Paraclete are used in the Johannine writings . The `` Spirit of Truth '' in used in John 14 : 17 , 15 : 26 and 16 : 13 . The First Epistle of John then contrasts this with the `` spirit of error '' in 1 John 4 : 6 . Sanctity and power of the name ( edit ) More than a name ( edit ) See also : God in Christianity A 1768 Ten Commandments parchment Although in some modern cultures names are simply labels and designators that distinguish one item from another , in Christian theology the names of God have always had much deeper meaning and significance . In the religious sense , the names of God are not human inventions , but have divine origin and are based on divine revelation . Veneration of the name of God goes back to the Old Testament , and as in Exodus 20 : 7 , the Ten Commandments state : `` You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the LORD your God '' . Christians teachings view this commandment as not simply an avoidance of the use of the name of God , but as a directive to exalt it , through both pious deeds and praise . In Christian teachings , the name of God is not simply a label , but involves divine mysteries that require and preempt respect and praise . Louis Berkhof states that the issue surrounding the use and interpretation of the names of God provide a theological puzzle in that given that God is `` infinite and incomprehensible '' , His names transcend human thought , yet they allow Him to be revealed to humans as he descends to what is finite and comprehensible . Thus the name of God has always been revered in the Christian tradition , and has been associated with His presence . Name of God , way of God ( edit ) The traditions and the hymnody of Christian liturgy have for long emphasized the importance of acting in the name of God , e.g. the Sanctus ( which may go back to the year 200 ) states : `` Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord '' . Going back to Church Fathers such as Cyril of Alexandria , in Christian teachings the name of God has been seen as a representation of the entire system of `` divine truth '' revealed to the faithful `` that believe on His name '' as in John 1 : 12 or `` walk in the name of the Lord our God '' in Micah 4 : 5 . This is further shown in Jesus ' Farewell Discourse to His disciples at the end of the Last Supper , in which He addresses the Father and in John 17 : 6 and 17 : 26 states : `` I manifested Thy name unto the men whom Thou gavest me out of the world . '' ( 17 : 6 ) `` I made known unto them Thy name , and will make it known '' ( 17 : 26 ) In Revelation 3 : 12 those who bear the name of God are destined for Heaven . In Christian teachings , although the people of God bear the name of God , even they can offend the name of God by transgressing against the nature of God , and disobeying His commandments , as in Romans 2 : 24 : `` For the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles because of you , even as it is written . '' . Hallowed be Thy name ( edit ) The Lord 's Prayer , in Matthew 6 : 9 , 1500 , Vienna The first petition in the Lord 's Prayer is `` Hallowed be thy Name '' and is addressed to `` Our Father who art in Heaven '' . In his 4th century sermon `` Hallowed be Thy Name , Thy Kingdom Come '' , Gregory of Nyssa referred to Romans 2 : 24 and Ezekiel 36 : 23 which states : `` And I will sanctify My great name , which hath been profaned among the nations , which ye have profaned in the midst of them ; and the nations shall know that I am Yahweh , saith the Lord Yahweh , when I shall be sanctified in you before their eyes . '' Gregory stated that the petition that starts the Lord 's prayer deals with the insults , disregard , and inattention to the honor of God 's name and seeks to remedy that through the pious actions of believers . Modern Christian theology has continued that teaching , and also adds that the remedy also involves the judgement of God against those who disrespect his name . In John 12 : 27 Jesus submits a petition to the Father and receives a response : `` Father , glorify Thy name . There came therefore a voice out of heaven , saying , I have both glorified it , and will glorify it again . '' The first glorification refers to Matthew 3 : 17 : `` This is my beloved Son , in whom I am well pleased . '' at the start of the Ministry of Jesus with his Baptism , and the second to His upcoming crucifixion . Thus in John 12 : 30 Jesus explains to the crowd who hear the voice : `` This voice hath not come for My sake , but for your sakes '' , referring to His crucifixion as the key element of the path to salvation . Other prayers in various Christian traditions have continued to refer to the name of God , e.g. the Catholic Golden Arrow prayer begins with : May the most holy , most sacred , most adorable , most incomprehensible and ineffable Name of God be forever praised , blessed , loved , adored and glorified in Heaven , on earth , and under the earth , by all the creatures of God The widespread use of the Jesus prayer in the Eastern Orthodox Church has also been associated with the power of the name of God , with continuing theological discussions . See also ( edit ) Attributes of God in Christianity Imiaslavie Names of God Names of God in Islam Names of God in Judaism References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Systematic Theology by Louis Berkhof ( Sep 24 , 1996 ) ISBN 0802838200 pages47 - 51 ^ Jump up to : Mercer dictionary of the Bible by Watson E. Mills , Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 ISBN 0 - 86554 - 373 - 9 page 336 ^ Jump up to : The Ten Commandments : Interpretation : Resources for the Use of Scripture in the Church by Patrick D. Miller ( Aug 6 , 2009 ) ISBN 0664230555 page 111 ^ Jump up to : Theology of the New Testament by Georg Strecker ( 2000 ) ISBN 0664223362 page 282 ^ Jump up to : Ten Commandments by Arthur W. Pink ( Dec 30 , 2007 ) ISBN 1589603753 pages 23 - 24 ^ Jump up to : John 11 - 21 ( Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture ) by Joel C. Elowsky ( May 23 , 2007 ) ISBN 0830810994 page 237 ^ Jump up to : Wiersbe Bible Commentary by Warren W. Wiersbe ( Nov 1 , 2007 ) ISBN 0781445396 page 274 ^ Jump up to : Manual Of Christian Doctrine by Louis Berkhof ( Aug 1 , 2007 ) ISBN 1930367902 pages 19 - 20 ^ Jump up to : All the Doctrines of the Bible by Herbert Lockyer ( Sep 29 , 1988 ) ISBN 0310280516 pages 25 - 26 ^ Jump up to : International Standard Bible Encyclopedia ( E-J ) by Geoffrey W. Bromiley ( Mar 1982 ) ISBN 0802837824 pages 504 - 507 Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania ( 1984 ) . `` The Divine Name That Will Endure Forever '' . Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 11 . Jehovah 's name is `` majestic , great , fear - inspiring and unreachably high . '' All of God 's purposes are linked to his name . ' Jump up ^ NASB ( 1995 ) . `` Preface to the New American Standard Bible '' . New American Standard Bible ( Updated Edition ) . Anaheim , California : Foundation Publications ( for the Lockman Foundation ) . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 07 . There is yet another name which is particularly assigned to God as His special or proper name , that is , the four letters YHWH ( Exodus 3 : 14 and Isaiah 42 : 8 ) . This name has not been pronounced by the Jews because of reverence for the great sacredness of the divine name . Therefore , it has been consistently translated LORD . The only exception to this translation of YHWH is when it occurs in immediate proximity to the word Lord , that is , Adonai . In that case it is regularly translated GOD in order to avoid confusion . ^ Jump up to : The Letters of Paul , Fifth Edition by Calvin J. Roetzel ( Oct 30 , 2009 ) ISBN 0664233929 pages 21 - 22 Jump up ^ Mercer dictionary of the Bible by Watson E. Mills , Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 ISBN 0 - 86554 - 373 - 9 pages 520 - 525 Jump up ^ All the Divine Names and Titles in the Bible by Herbert Lockyer ( Sep 29 , 1988 ) ISBN 0310280419 page 93 Jump up ^ Mercer dictionary of the Bible by Watson E. Mills , Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 ISBN 0 - 86554 - 373 - 9 page 2 ^ Jump up to : Bible explorer 's guide by John Phillips 2002 ISBN 0 - 8254 - 3483 - 1 page 147 ^ Jump up to : All the Doctrines of the Bible by Herbert Lockyer 1988 ISBN 0 - 310 - 28051 - 6 page 159 Jump up ^ Theology of the New Testament by Georg Strecker , Friedrich Wilhelm Horn 2000 ISBN 0 - 664 - 22336 - 2 page 89 Jump up ^ Matthew by Thomas G. Long 1997 ISBN 0 - 664 - 25257 - 5 pages 14 - 15 Jump up ^ The Gospel of Matthew by Rudolf Schnackenburg 2002 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4438 - 3 page 9 Jump up ^ Who do you say that I am ? : essays on Christology by Jack Dean Kingsbury , Mark Allan Powell , David R. Bauer 1999 ISBN 0 - 664 - 25752 - 6 page 17 Jump up ^ The theology of the Gospel of Matthew by Ulrich Luz 1995 ISBN 0 - 521 - 43576 - 5 page 31 Jump up ^ Lord , giver of life by Jane Barter Moulaison 2006 ISBN 0 - 88920 - 501 - 9 page 5 Jump up ^ Companion Bible -- KJV -- Large Print by E.W. Bullinger , Kregel Publications , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8254 - 2099 - 7 . Page 146 . Jump up ^ Robin W. Lovin , Foreword to the English translation of Karl Barth 's The Holy Spirit and the Christian Life ( 1993 ISBN 0 - 664 - 25325 - 3 ) , page xvii Jump up ^ Spirit of Truth : The origins of Johannine pneumatology by John Breck 1990 ISBN 0 - 88141 - 081 - 0 pages 1 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Acts and Pauline writings by Watson E. Mills , Richard F. Wilson 1997 ISBN 0 - 86554 - 512 - X pages xl - xlx Jump up ^ Christian Ethics by D. Stephen Long ( 29 Jul 2010 ) ISBN 0199568863 page 32 Jump up ^ Perspectives on Christian Worship by J. Matthew Pinson , Timothy Quill , Ligon Duncan and Dan Wilt ( Mar 1 , 2009 ) ISBN 0805440992 pages 64 - 65 Jump up ^ Theological Dictionary of the New Testament by Gerhard Kittel , Gerhard Friedrich and Geoffrey W. Bromiley ( Jul 10 , 1985 ) ISBN 0802824048 page 1035 Jump up ^ The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia by Geoffrey W. Bromiley ( Feb 1 , 1995 ) ISBN 0802837859 page 482 Jump up ^ Gregory of Nyssa , `` Hallowed be Thy Name , Thy Kingdom Come '' , Sermon 3 , in The Lord 's Prayer : A Survey Theological and Literary by Nicholas Ayo ( Feb 2003 ) ISBN 0742514536 pages 125 - 129 Jump up ^ Ann Ball , Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices 2003 ISBN 0 - 87973 - 910 - X pages 209 - 210 Jump up ^ A collection of my Favorite Prayers G.P. Geoghegan ( Dec 2 , 2006 ) ISBN 1411694570 page 106 Jump up ^ The Jesus Prayer by Lev Gillet and Kallistos Ware ( Apr 16 , 1987 ) ISBN 0881410136 page 85 ( hide ) Names of God In Christianity In Hinduism In Islam In Judaism In Zoroastrianism In Chinese religion Adonai Ahura Mazda The All Allah Brahman Cao Đài El Elohim El Elyon El Shaddai God Great Spirit Haneullim Hu Hyang I Am that I Am Ik Onkar Ishvara Jah Khuda Ngai Olodumare The One Parvardigar Shangdi Svayam Bhagavan Tenri - Ō - no - Mikoto Tian Tianzhu Waheguru YHWH Jehovah Yahweh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God_in_Christianity&oldid=837416281 '' Categories : Names of God in Christianity God in Christianity Hidden categories : Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 17 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of god in bible	[]	[]
-7531126390691769845	Jay Sean discography	Jay Sean discography - wikipedia Jay Sean discography Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2013 ) Jay Sean discography Studio albums 5 Compilation albums Music videos 33 EPs Singles 28 The discography of British R&B recording artist Jay Sean consists of four studio albums , two compilation albums , two extended plays , two mixtapes , twenty - six singles ( including nine as a featured artist ) and thirty - one music videos . Contents ( hide ) 1 Albums 1.1 Studio albums 1.2 Extended plays 1.3 Compilation albums 1.4 Mixtapes 2 Singles 2.1 As lead artist 2.2 As featured artist 2.3 Promotional singles 3 Other appearances 4 Songwriting credits 5 Music videos 5.1 As lead artist 5.2 As featured artist 6 References Albums ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) List of albums , with selected chart positions and certifications Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications UK UK R&B UK IND AUS FRA JPN US Me Against Myself Released : 8 November 2004 Label : 2Point9 , Relentless , Virgin Formats : CD , digital download 29 -- -- -- -- -- -- UK : Silver IND : 5 × Platinum My Own Way Released : 12 May 2008 Label : Jayded , 2Point9 Formats : CD , digital download 6 -- -- -- 68 -- UK : Silver All or Nothing Released : 23 November 2009 Label : Jayded , 2Point9 , Cash Money , Universal Republic Formats : CD , digital download 62 11 57 168 11 37 UK : Silver Neon Released : 30 July 2013 Label : Cash Money , Universal Republic Formats : CD , digital download 105 -- -- 72 -- 199 116 `` -- '' denotes items that did not chart or were not released . Extended plays ( edit ) Title EP details iTunes Live : London Festival ' 08 Released : 4 August 2008 Label : Jayded , 2Point9 Format : digital download So High Released : 12 October 2012 ( AU ) Label : Cash Money Format : digital download Compilation albums ( edit ) Title Album details Peak chart positions JPN Hit the Lights ( India Tour Edition ) Released : 12 August 2011 ( India ) Label : Universal Music India Format : CD Notes : India exclusive . Compilation album consisting of tracks from `` All or Nothing '' , new version of `` War '' and two remix version of `` Hit the Lights '' . -- Hit the Lights ( Japan Edition ) Released : 18 January 2012 Label : Universal ( Japan ) International Format : digital download Notes : Japan exclusive . Compilation album consisting of tracks from `` All or Nothing '' and `` So High '' -- The Best of Jay Sean Released : 22 February 2012 ( JPN ) Label : Victor Entertainment Format : CD , digital download 166 So High ( Japan Edition ) Released : 26 December 2012 ( JPN ) Label : Cash Money , Universal ( Japan ) International Format : CD , digital download 173 `` -- '' denotes items that did not chart or were not released . Mixtapes ( edit ) Title Album details The Mistress Released : 6 September 2011 The Mistress II Released : 18 November 2014 The Mistress III To be released : 2018 Singles ( edit ) As lead artist ( edit ) List of singles as lead artist , with selected chart positions and certifications , showing year released and album name Single Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album UK UK R&B AUS CAN FRA GER IRE NLD NZ SWI US `` Eyes on You '' 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- 18 -- -- -- Me Against Myself `` Stolen '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Ride It '' 2008 11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- My Own Way `` Maybe '' 19 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Stay '' 59 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Tonight '' 2009 23 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Down '' ( featuring Lil Wayne ) 17 9 10 17 8 UK : Gold AUS : 2 × Platinum NZ : Platinum US : 6 × Platinum All or Nothing `` Do You Remember '' ( featuring Sean Paul and Lil Jon ) 13 10 7 11 13 -- 23 -- 11 -- 10 UK : Silver AUS : Platinum NZ : Gold US : 2x Platinum `` 2012 ( It Ai n't the End ) '' ( featuring Nicki Minaj ) 9 -- 40 23 -- -- 44 -- 9 -- 31 NZ : Gold US : Gold Hit the Lights `` Hit the Lights '' ( featuring Lil Wayne ) 2011 67 22 18 68 -- 62 -- -- 24 -- 18 `` Where Do We Go '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- The Mistress `` I 'm All Yours '' ( featuring Pitbull ) 2012 -- -- 13 53 107 40 -- -- 22 -- 85 AUS : 2 × Platinum Neon `` So High '' -- -- 47 -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- `` Where You Are '' 2013 -- -- -- 82 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Mars '' ( featuring Rick Ross ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Make My Love Go '' ( featuring Sean Paul ) 2016 49 7 -- -- -- 22 65 14 -- 48 -- UK : Silver NLD : Gold TBA `` Do You Love Me '' 2017 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` What You Want '' ( featuring Davido ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . As featured artist ( edit ) List of singles as featured artist , with selected chart positions and certifications , showing year released and album name Single Year Peak chart positions Album UK AUS CAN GER NLD NZ US US Pop US Rap US Latin `` Dance with You ( Nachna Tere Naal ) '' ( Rishi Rich featuring Jay Sean and Juggy D ) 2003 12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Rishi Rich Project `` Push It Up ( Aaja Kuriye ) '' ( Rishi Rich featuring Jay Sean and Juggy D ) 2006 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- The Project `` Deal With It '' ( Corbin Bleu featuring Jay Sean ) 2007 -- -- -- -- -- -- 112 87 -- -- Another Side `` Written on Her '' ( Birdman featuring Jay Sean ) 2009 -- -- -- -- -- -- 119 -- 17 -- Pricele $ $ `` Lush '' ( Skepta featuring Jay Sean ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Microphone Champion `` I Made It ( Cash Money Heroes ) '' ( Kevin Rudolf featuring Birdman , Jay Sean and Lil Wayne ) 37 44 -- -- 21 17 -- -- To the Sky `` Each Tear '' ( Mary J. Blige featuring Jay Sean ) 183 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Stronger With Each Tear `` What Happened to Us '' ( Jessica Mauboy featuring Jay Sean ) 2011 -- 14 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Get ' em Girls `` Every Little Part of Me '' ( Alesha Dixon featuring Jay Sean ) 78 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- The Entertainer `` Bebé Bonita '' ( Chino & Nacho featuring Jay Sean ) 2012 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Supremo `` Back to Love '' ( DJ Pauly D featuring Jay Sean ) 2013 113 -- 98 -- -- -- 107 -- -- -- Non-album single `` Wild Horses '' ( Antonia featuring Jay Sean ) 2014 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- This Is Antonia `` When You Feel This '' ( Stafford Brothers featuring Jay Sean and Rick Ross ) 2015 -- 70 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Non-album single `` Freak '' ( Rishi Rich featuring Jay Sean and Juggy D ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Rishi Rich Project `` Weekend Love '' ( DJ Antoine featuring Jay Sean ) 2016 -- -- -- 85 -- -- -- -- -- -- Provocateur `` Thinking About You '' ( Hardwell featuring Jay Sean ) -- -- -- -- 64 -- -- -- -- -- Non-album single `` Do n't Give Up on Me '' ( Johnny Good featuring Jay Sean ) 2017 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- TBA `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . Promotional singles ( edit ) List of promotional singles , with selected chart positions , showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Album UK US US R&B `` Like This , Like That '' ( featuring Birdman ) 2011 -- -- -- Hit the Lights `` Sex 101 '' ( Remix ) ( featuring Tyga ) 2012 -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart . Other appearances ( edit ) List of other album appearances Title Year Album `` Meri Jaan '' ( Juggy D featuring Jay Sean ) Juggy D `` Stomp '' ( Rishi Rich featuring JD ( Dready ) , Jay Sean and Mr. Phillips ) 2006 The Project `` Come Here '' ( Rishi Rich featuring Jay Sean ) `` M.U.R.D.E.R '' ( Thara featuring Jay Sean ) 2007 Thara `` Written On Her '' ( Remix ) ( Birdman featuring Jay Sean , Flo Rida and Mack Maine ) 2009 Pricele $ $ `` Fade Away ( Yaad Naal Jeena ) '' ( Navin Kundra featuring Jay Sean and Rishi Rich ) none `` Still Love You '' ( Tinie Tempah featuring Jay Sean ) Disc - Overy `` Love Dealer '' ( Esmée Denters featuring Jay Sean and Justin Timberlake ) Outta Here `` Your Love '' ( Remix ) ( Nicki Minaj featuring Jay Sean ) none `` What A Night '' ( Lil Jon featuring Jay Sean and Claude Kelly ) Crunk Rock `` That Ai n't Me '' ( Lil Wayne featuring Jay Sean ) I Am Not a Human Being `` Yalla Asia '' ( with Karl Wolf featuring Radhika Vekaria ) 2011 2011 AFC Asian Cup Theme Song `` YMCMB Heroes '' ( with Tyga , Busta Rhymes and Cory Gunz ) none `` The One '' ( Sonu Nigam featuring Jay Sean ) 2012 The One `` No Tomorrow '' ( Kylian Mash + Glasses Malone featuring Jay Sean ) none `` Promise '' ( Alex Gaudino featuring Jay Sean ) 2013 Doctor Love `` It 's Crazy '' ( Blush featuring Jay Sean ) 2014 none `` One Night '' ( DJ Prostyle featuring Jay Sean ) 2015 `` Disappear '' ( Christian Rich featuring Jay Sean ) FW14 `` Work '' ( Remix ) 2016 none `` Keep on Falling '' ( DJ Antoine featuring Jay Sean ) Provocateur `` Do n't Know Why '' ( Seeb featuring Jay Sean ) 2018 Nice to Meet You Songwriting credits ( edit ) List of Jay Sean 's songwriting credits on albums by other artists Song Year Artist Album Notes `` Deal With It '' 2007 Corbin Bleu Another Side BMI Songwriter Award for Jay Sean `` Juliette '' 2009 Shinee Romeo ( EP ) Korean version of `` Deal With It '' `` That 's My Girl '' JLS Outta This World `` Superstar '' 2011 Big Time Rush Elevate `` Boom Boom '' 2012 Justice Crew Live by the Words AUS # 1 , NZ # 3 and GER # 46 . ARIA 6 × Platinum , RMNZ 2 × Platinum `` Best Night '' 2013 AUS # 7 , NZ # 24 . ARIA 2 × Platinum `` Would U Love Me '' 2015 The Janoskians Would U Love Me ( EP ) `` Real Girls Eat Cake '' AUS # 63 , UK # 37 Music videos ( edit ) As lead artist ( edit ) List of music videos , showing year released and director Title Year Director ( s ) `` Eyes on You '' none `` Stolen '' `` Me Against Myself '' 2006 `` Ride It '' 2007 Richard Pengelley `` Maybe '' 2008 `` Stay '' `` Stay '' ( Boy Better Know Remix ) Adam Wood `` Tonight '' 2009 Richard Pengelley `` Down '' ( featuring Lil Wayne ) `` Do You Remember '' ( featuring Sean Paul and Lil Jon ) Gil Green `` 2012 ( It Ai n't the End ) / Break Ya Back '' ( featuring Nicki Minaj ) Marcus Raboy `` Yalla Asia '' ( featuring Karl Wolf and Radhika Vekaria ) 2011 Jelle Posthuma `` Hit the Lights '' ( featuring Lil Wayne ) Bille Woodruff `` Like This Like That '' ( featuring Birdman ) David Rousseau & Jeffrey A. Panzer `` Where Do We Go '' Derick G . `` I 'm All Yours '' ( featuring Pitbull ) 2012 Gil Green `` Sex 101 '' ( featuring Tyga ) Adam Wood `` So High '' Phil the God `` Back To Love '' 2013 Rik Cordero `` Where You Are '' Hannah Lux Davis `` Mars '' ( featuring Rick Ross ) Parris Stewart `` Tears In The Ocean '' 2014 Naroop `` All I Want '' `` Jameson '' `` Make My Love Go '' ( featuring Sean Paul ) 2016 As featured artist ( edit ) List of music videos , showing year released and director Title Year Director ( s ) `` Dance with You ( Nachna Tere Naal ) '' ( Rishi Rich featuring Jay Sean and Juggy D ) 2003 none `` Sohniye '' ( Cameo ) ( Juggy D featuring Rishi Rich ) `` Dil Mera ( One Night ) '' ( Rishi Rich featuring Jay Sean , Juggy D and Veronica ) 2005 `` Push It Up ( Aaja Kuriye ) '' ( Juggy D featuring Jay Sean and Rishi Rich ) 2006 `` Lush '' ( Skepta featuring Jay Sean ) 2009 `` Written on Her '' ( Birdman featuring Jay Sean ) Richard Pengelley `` Money to Blow '' ( Cameo ) ( Birdman featuring Drake and Lil Wayne ) Gil Green `` I Made It ( Cash Money Heroes ) '' ( Kevin Rudolf featuring Birdman , Jay Sean and Lil Wayne ) Jeff Panzer and David Rousseau `` Each Tear '' ( Mary J. Blige featuring Jay Sean ) Marcus Raboy `` Every Little Part of Me '' ( Alesha Dixon featuring Jay Sean ) 2011 Nick Frew `` What Happened to Us '' ( Jessica Mauboy featuring Jay Sean ) Mark Alston `` Original '' ( Cameo ) ( Mystikal featuring Birdman & Lil Wayne ) `` Bebé Bonita '' ( Chino & Nacho featuring Jay Sean ) 2012 Marlon Peña `` Wild Horses '' ( Antonia featuring Jay Sean ) 2014 none `` Just Ca n't Let Her Go '' ( Cameo ) ( Rajiv Dhall ) 2015 `` Freak '' ( Rishi Rich featuring Jay Sean and Juggy D ) `` Singles Out '' ( Cameo ) ( Candice Craig ) `` Weekend Love '' ( DJ Antoine featuring Jay Sean ) 2016 Naroop References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UK Charts > Jay Sean '' . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive > R&B Albums > 12 December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive > Independent Albums > 12 December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 4 May 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts > ARIA Report > 15 February 2010 '' ( PDF ) ( 1042 ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` French Charts > Jay Sean '' ( in French ) . lescharts.com Hung Medien . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography of Jay Sean '' . Oricon . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean > Album & Song Chart History > Billboard 200 '' . Billboard Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` BPI Certified Awards '' . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on 24 September 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Clements , Ginger ( 2009 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Jay Sean Featuring Lil Wayne , `` Down '' `` . Billboard Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Live : London Festival ' 08 > Preview '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` So High -- EP by Jay Sean '' . iTunes AU . Apple . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` rhythmhouse.in Hit the Lights ( India Tour Edition ) by Jay Sean '' . rhythmhouse.in. 2011 - 08 - 12 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean : NEWS '' ( in Japanese ) . Universal Music Group . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hit the Lights Jay Sean '' ( in Japanese ) . iTunes Store ( JPN ) . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Hits by Jay Sean '' . CDJapan.co.jp . Neowing . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean : So High : Japan Edition - HMV Online '' . HMV.co.jp . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean : So High : Japan Edition '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` So High by Jay Sean '' ( in Japanese ) . iTunes Store ( JPN ) . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean The Mistress '' . DatPiff.com . Idle Media . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Stats > Jay Sean '' . chartstats.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Peak positions for the UK R&B Chart : For `` Down '' : `` Chart Archive > R&B Singles > 7 November 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 22 December 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . For `` Hit the Lights '' : `` Chart Archive > R&B Singles > 19 February 2011 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Charts > Jay Sean '' . australian-charts.com Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 31 October 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean > Album & Song Chart History > Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jay Sean ( Single ) '' . officialcharts.de ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Charts > Jay Sean '' . irish-charts.com Hung Medien . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Top 40 > Jay Sean '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand Charts > Jay Sean '' . charts.org.nz Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean '' ( select `` Charts '' tab ) . hitparade.ch ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean > Album & Song Chart History > Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts > Accreditations > 2010 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radioscope > Latest Gold / Platinum Singles '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean > Album & Song Chart History > Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Top 40 > Jay Sean '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean > Album & Song Chart History > Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean > Album & Song Chart History > Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean > Album & Song Chart History > Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean > Album & Song Chart History > Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Alesha Dixon 's Every Little Part Of Me featuring Jay Sean '' . AleshaDixon.net. 6 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Back to Love ( feat . Jay Sean ) : DJ Pauly D: Official Music '' . Amazon . Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions for guest appearances in the United Kingdom : `` Hell Yeah '' : `` Ginuwine '' ( select `` Singles '' tab ) . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . `` Let 's Get Down '' : Zywietz , Tobias ( 6 February 1997 ) . `` Chart Log UK : Darren B. -- David Byrne '' . Zobbel.de . Tobias Zywietz . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . `` I Made It ( Cash Money Heroes ) '' : `` Kevin Rudolf Featuring Birdman , Lil ' Wayne & Jay Sean '' ( select `` Singles '' tab ) . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean > Album & Song Chart History > Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean > Album & Song Chart History > Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Juggy D ' Meri Jaan ' featuring Jay Sean www.itunes.apple.com Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 29 ' Jump up to : ^ Written On Her ' Birdman ' featuring Jay Sean , ' Flo Rida ' & ' Mack Maine www.nhaccuatui.com Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 29 ' Jump up to : ^ Love Dealer ' Esmée Denters ' featuring Jay Sean & ' Justin Timberlake www.youtube.com Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 29 ' Jump up to : ^ What A Night ' Lil Jon ' featuring Jay Sean & ' Claude Kelly www.livemixtapes.com Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 29 Jump up ^ `` Jay Sean Sings ' Yalla Asia ' For AFC Asian Cup in Qatar '' . DesiHits. 10 January 2011 . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . ( hide ) Jay Sean Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Me Against Myself ( 2004 ) My Own Way ( 2008 ) All or Nothing ( 2009 ) Neon ( 2013 ) Compilations Hit the Lights ( IN ) ( 2011 ) Hit the Lights ( JP ) ( 2012 ) So High ( 2012 ) The Best of Jay Sean ( 2012 ) EPs iTunes Live : London Festival ' 08 ( 2008 ) So High ( 2012 ) Mixtapes The Mistress ( 2011 ) Mistress II ( 2014 ) Singles `` Eyes on You '' `` Stolen '' `` Ride It '' `` Maybe '' `` Stay '' `` Tonight '' `` Down '' `` Do You Remember '' `` 2012 ( It Ai n't the End ) '' `` Hit the Lights '' `` Like This , Like That '' `` Where Do We Go '' `` I 'm All Yours '' `` Sex 101 '' `` So High '' `` Where You Are '' `` Mars '' `` Make My Love Go '' Featured singles `` Dance with You ( Nachna Tere Naal ) '' `` Written on Her '' `` Lush '' `` I Made It ( Cash Money Heroes ) '' `` Each Tear '' `` Your Love ( Remix ) '' `` What Happened to Us '' `` Every Little Part of Me '' `` Bebé Bonita '' `` Back to Love '' `` Wild Horses '' `` Weekend Love '' `` Thinking About You '' Related articles Cash Money Universal Republic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jay_Sean_discography&oldid=837678099 '' Categories : Discographies of British artists Rhythm and blues discographies Jay Sean Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2013 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use British English from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Pages using infobox artist discography with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Polski Română Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 09 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	download song do you love me by jay sean	[]	[]
-4546013627002712166	Ram Nath Kovind	Ram Nath Kovind - Wikipedia Ram Nath Kovind Jump to : navigation , search Ram Nath Kovind 14th President of India Incumbent Assumed office 25 July 2017 Prime Minister Narendra Modi Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansari Venkaiah Naidu Preceded by Pranab Mukherjee Governor of Bihar In office 16 August 2015 -- 20 June 2017 Chief Minister Nitish Kumar Preceded by Keshari Nath Tripathi Succeeded by Keshari Nath Tripathi Personal details ( 1945 - 10 - 01 ) 1 October 1945 ( age 72 ) Paraunkh , United Provinces , British India Political party Bharatiya Janata Party Other political affiliations National Democratic Alliance Spouse ( s ) Savita Kovind ( m . 1974 ) Residence Rashtrapati Bhavan Alma mater Kanpur University Ram Nath Kovind ( born 1 October 1945 ) is the 14th and current President of India , in office since 25 July 2017 . Previously he had served as the Governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and was a Member of Parliament , Rajya Sabha from 1994 to 2006 . Kovind was nominated as a presidential candidate by the ruling NDA coalition and won the 2017 presidential election , becoming the second Dalit to be elected to the post of President . Before entering politics , he was a lawyer for 16 years and practiced in the Delhi High Court and the Supreme Court until 1993 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Advocate 2.2 BJP member 2.3 Rajya Sabha 2.4 Other appointments 2.5 Governor 2.6 2017 presidency campaign 2.7 14th President of India 3 List of international trips as president 4 Personal life 5 Controversy 6 References 7 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Kovind was born on 1st October , 1945 in Paraukh village in the Kanpur Dehat district , Uttar Pradesh . His father Maikulal was a landless Kori ( a Dalit weaving community ) who ran a small shop to support his family . He was the youngest of five brothers and two sisters . He was born in a mud hut , which eventually collapsed . He was only five when his mother died of burns when their thatched dwelling caught fire . Kovind later donated the land to the community . After his elementary school education , he had to walk each day to Kanpur village , 8 km away , to attend junior school , as nobody in the village had a bicycle . He holds a bachelor 's degree in commerce and a LLB from DAV College ( affiliated with Kanpur University ) . Career ( edit ) Kovind at a function with Prime Minister Narendra Modi opening a bridge in Bihar , 2016 . Advocate ( edit ) After graduating in law from a Kanpur college , Kovind went to Delhi to prepare for the civil services examination . He passed this exam on his third attempt , but he did not join because he was selected for an allied service instead of IAS and thus started practicing law . Kovind enrolled as an advocate in 1971 with the bar council of Delhi . He was Central Government Advocate in the Delhi High Court from year 1977 to year 1979 . Between 1977 & 1978 , he also served as the personal assistant of Prime Minister of India Morarji Desai . In 1978 , he became an advocate - on - record of the Supreme Court of India and served as a standing counsel for the Central Government in the Supreme Court of India from 1980 to 1993 . He practiced in the Delhi High Court and Supreme Court until 1993 . As an advocate , he provided free legal aid to weaker sections of society , women and the poor under the Free Legal Aid Society of New Delhi . BJP member ( edit ) He joined the BJP in 1991 . He was President of the BJP Dalit Morcha between 1998 and 2002 and President of the All - India Koli Samaj . He also served as national spokesperson of the party . He donated his ancestral home in Derapur to the RSS . Soon after joining the BJP , he contested for Ghatampur assembly constituency , but lost and later contested for Bhognipur ( in 2007 ) ( both in Uttar Pradesh ) assembly constituency on the BJP ticket but lost again . In 1997 , Kovind joined the protest against certain orders from the Central government that had adverse effects on the SC / ST workers . Later , three amendments were made to the Constitution that revoked the orders , by the NDA government headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Rajya Sabha ( edit ) He was elected and became a Rajya Sabha MP from the state of Uttar Pradesh in April 1994 . He served a total of twelve years , two consecutive terms , until March 2006 . As a member of parliament , he served on the Parliamentary Committee for Welfare of Scheduled Castes / Tribes , Home Affairs , Petroleum and Natural Gas , Social Justice and Empowerment , Law and Justice . He also served as the chairman of the Rajya Sabha House Committee . During his career as a parliamentarian , under the Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme , he focused on education in rural areas by helping in construction of school buildings in Uttar Pradesh and Uttrakhand . As a member of parliament , he visited Thailand , Nepal , Pakistan , Singapore , Germany , Switzerland , France , the United Kingdom and the United States on study tours . Other appointments ( edit ) He has served on the Board of management of Dr. B.R Ambedkar University , Lucknow , and as on the Board of Governors of IIM Calcutta . He has also represented India at the UN and addressed the United Nations General Assembly in October 2002 . Governor ( edit ) On 8 August 2015 , the then President of India appointed Kovind as Governor of Bihar . On 16 August 2015 , the acting Chief Justice of Patna High Court , Iqbal Ahmad Ansari , administered the oath to Kovind as the 35th Governor of Bihar . The function took place at Raj Bhawan , Patna . Governor of Bihar Ram Nath Kovind welcoming President Pranab Mukherjee at Patna on April 17 , 2017 Kovind 's appointment was criticised by then Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar as it came months before State Assembly elections and the appointment made without consulting State Government as recommended by Sarkaria Commission . However , Kovind 's term as Governor , was praised for constituting a judicial commission to investigate irregularities in promotion of undeserving teachers , mis - management of funds and appointment of undeserving candidates in universities . In June 2017 , when Kovind was announced as candidate for Presidential election , Nitish Kumar backed Kovind 's choice and praised Kovind as being unbaised and working closely with the State Government during his Governorship . 2017 presidency campaign ( edit ) Main article : Indian presidential election , 2017 After nomination for the post of 14th President of India , he resigned from his post as Governor of Bihar , and President of India Pranab Mukherjee accepted his resignation on 20 June 2017 . He won election on 20 July 2017 . Ram Nath Kovind received 65.65 % of the valid votes , against former Speaker of the Lok Sabha - Meira Kumar , the presidential candidate of the Opposition who received 34.35 % of the total votes . Kovind received 2,930 votes ( From MPs and MLAs ) amounting to Electoral College votes of 702,044 ( 65.65 % ) as compared to 1,844 votes with a value of 367,314 ( 34.35 % ) votes for Meira Kumar lagging far behind with 367,314 votes , and 77 votes were invalid . He became only the second Dalit representative to become President after K.R. Narayanan , and also is the first BJP candidate to be elected to the post . The tally of votes ( 367,314 ) polled by Meira Kumar is only the second highest for a losing candidate , that of Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy or Neelam Sanjiva Reddy in the 1969 Presidential elections being the highest ever ; he received 405,427 votes as against 420,077 by VV Giri , the winner . President Ram Nath Kovind with Dipak Misra after administering his oath as the Chief justice of India on 28 August 2017 14th President of India ( edit ) Ram Nath Kovind took the oath as the 14th President of India on 25 July 2017 . List of international trips as president ( edit ) Country Areas Visited Date ( s ) Purpose References Djibouti Djibouti City 3 - 4 October State Visit Ethiopia Addis Ababa 5 - 6 October State Visit Personal life ( edit ) Kovind married Savita Kovind on 30 May 1974 . They have a son , Prashant Kumar , and a daughter , Swati . Controversy ( edit ) In 2010 , he was reported to have said that `` Islam and Christianity are alien to the nation '' as spokesperson of the BJP . As reported by IANS and published by Hindustan Times , he made this comment in response to the Ranganath Misra Commission which recommended 15 percent reservation for religious and linguistic minorities in government jobs . Although more recently , the issue was raised in the media if whether or not he was misquoted and that he in fact said `` Islam and Christianity are alien to the notion ( of caste ) '' as opposed to what was reported as `` nation '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind takes oath : In inaugural speech , president outlines vision for India as world leader '' . Firstpost. 25 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Releases Detail -- The President of India '' . presidentofindia.nic.in . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ram Nath Kovind resigns as Bihar Governor ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind resigns as Bihar Governor '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Huizhong Wu ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Man from India 's lowest caste elected president '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bihar Governor Ram Nath Kovind is NDA nominee for President '' . The Hindu . The Hindu . 19 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Governor of Bihar '' . governor.bih.nic.in . Archived from the original on 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind , Paraukh and the road to Raisina Hill '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` कानपुर से ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट : रामनाथ कोविंद के गांव में जश्न , लोग गा रहे हैं - मेरे बाबा की भई सरकार '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tiwari , Vaibhav ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` NDA Presidential nominee Ram Nath Kovind would walk 8 km daily for school '' . India.com . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : PTI ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind : A crusader for the rights of weaker sections '' . The Economic Times . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bihar governor Ram Nath Kovind : 10 facts about NDA 's Presidential nominee -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` What you should know about BJP 's presidential candidate Ram Nath Kovind '' . Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 -- via The Economic Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Ram Nath Kovind , a lawyer who cracked civils but lost 2 elections -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Enact tougher laws to prevent crimes against dalits '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind , a lawyer who cracked civils but lost 2 elections '' . Times of India . 20 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind is BJP 's choice for president : All you need to know about the Dalit leader from UP '' . Firstpost. 20 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ramnath Kovind Profile '' . Outlook . 19 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 8 August 2015 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind , Acharya Dev Vrat appointed as Bihar and Himachal Pradesh governors '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 -- via The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` 36th Governor of Bihar '' . indiatoday. 16 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 19 August 2015 ) . `` PM Modi praises new Bihar Governor Ram Nath Kovind '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 -- via India TV News . Jump up ^ IANS ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Presidential Election 2017 : Nitish Kumar praises Ram Nath Kovind , remains mum on party support '' . Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 -- via First Post . Jump up ^ `` Resignation as Governor of Bihar '' . firstpost. 20 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind is the 14th President of India '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` With 65 percent votes , Kovind sweeps elections '' . Times of India . 21 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kovind first President from Sangh , cross-voting boosts margin '' . Times of India . 21 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind takes oath as India 's 14th President '' . indtoday.com. 25 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Information Bureau '' . Archived from the original on 5 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Information Bureau '' . Archived from the original on 5 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Information Bureau '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Information Bureau '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Information Bureau '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why is India 's next president so unknown ? '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` When NDA Presidential pick Kovind said Islam , Christianity are alien to India '' . The New Indian Express . Archived from the original on 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Islam , Christianity alien , so can not get quota : BJP '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind 's ' Islam , Christianity ' statement triggers nation vs notion row '' . Hindustan Times . 27 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ईसाइयों और मुसलमानों पर कोविन्द के चौंकाने वाले विचार '' . 20 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Ram Nath Kovind at Wikimedia Commons Political offices Preceded by Keshari Nath Tripathi Governor of Bihar 2015 -- 2017 Succeeded by Keshari Nath Tripathi Preceded by Pranab Mukherjee President of India 2017 -- present Incumbent Presidents of India ( List ) Rajendra Prasad Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Hussain V.V. Giri ( acting ) Mohammad Hidayatullah ( acting ) V.V. Giri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed B.D. Jatti ( acting ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Zail Singh R. Venkataraman Shankar Dayal Sharma K.R. Narayanan A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Pratibha Patil Pranab Mukherjee Ram Nath Kovind Heads of state of the Group of 20 Macri Elizabeth II ( Governor - General : Cosgrove ) Temer Elizabeth II ( Governor General : Payette ) Xi Tusk Macron Steinmeier Kovind Jokowi Mattarella Akihito Peña Nieto Putin Salman Zuma Moon Erdoğan Elizabeth II Trump Governors of Bihar James Sifton Maurice Garnier Hallett Thomas Alexander Stewart Thomas George Rutherford Francis Mudie Thomas George Rutherford Hugh Dow Jairamdas Daulatram Madhav Shrihari Aney R.R. Diwakar Zakir Hussain M.A.S. Ayyangar Nityanand Kanungo Dev Kant Baruah Ramchandra Dhondiba Bhandare Jagannath Kaushal Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai P. Venkatasubbaiah Govind Narayan Singh R.D. Pradhan Jagannath Pahadia Mohammad Saleem Mohammad Shafi Qureshi Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Sunder Singh Bhandari V.C. Pande MR Jois Buta Singh Gopalkrishna Gandhi R.S. Gavai R.L. Bhatia Devanand Konwar D.Y. Patil Keshari Nath Tripathi Ram Nath Kovind Keshari Nath Tripathi * Satya Pal Malik * Acting Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Nath_Kovind&oldid=807352346 '' Categories : 1945 births 20th - century Indian lawyers 21st - century Indian politicians Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh Candidates for President of India Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University alumni Dalit politicians Governors of Bihar Living people People from Kanpur Dehat district Presidents of India Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh Supreme Court of India lawyers Hidden categories : Use Indian English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from June 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Bikol Central Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Lëtzebuergesch मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 12 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of current indian president	[ "Ram Nath Kovind (born 1 October 1945) is the 14th and current President of India, in office since 25 July 2017[1]. Previously he had served as the Governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017[2][3] and was a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from 1994 to 2006. Kovind was nominated as a presidential candidate by the ruling NDA coalition and won the 2017 presidential election, becoming the second Dalit to be elected to the post of President.[4]" ]	[ "Ram Nath Kovind" ]
-6985781152186633554	History of United States postage rates	History of United States postage rates - wikipedia History of United States postage rates Jump to : navigation , search This article is about postage rates in the USA . For other uses , see Postage rate . Main article : United States Postal Service Seal of the former U.S. Post Office Department ( 1792 -- 1971 ) , predecessor to the USPS Initial United States postage rates were set by Congress as part of the Postal Service Act signed into law by President George Washington on February 20 , 1792 . The postal rate varied according to `` distance zone '' , the distance a letter was to be carried from the post office where it entered the mail to its final destination . Rates were adopted in 1847 for mail to or from the Pacific Coast and in 1848 for mail sent from one place in the west to another place in the west . There were double and triple rates as a letter 's size increased . There were ship fees which were also added ( i.e. mail to Hawaii ) . The ship fee , including the ship rate on letters for delivery at the port of entry , were on a per letter basis , rather than weight . The United States issued its first postage stamps in 1847 . Before that time , the rates , dates and origin of the letter were written by hand or sometimes in combination with a handstamp device . Since enactment of the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970 , postage rates have been set by the Postal Regulatory Commission . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical rates 2 Historical trend 3 Historical notes 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 Further reading Historical rates ( edit ) United States domestic first class & postcard rates , 1863 -- present ( USD ) Date Introduced Letters ( for first ounce ) Packages ( for first ounce ) Additional ( per ounce ) Postcard rate Comments March 3 , 1863 . 06 (. 03 for ⁄ oz ) . 06 . 06 (. 03 per ⁄ oz ) . 06 . 02 per half ounce in drop boxes October 1 , 1883 . 04 (. 02 for ⁄ oz ) . 04 . 04 (. 02 per ⁄ oz ) . 04 July 1 , 1885 . 02 . 02 . 02 . 02 July 1 , 1898 . 02 . 02 . 02 . 01 November 2 , 1917 . 03 . 03 . 03 . 02 War Years July 1 , 1919 . 02 . 02 . 02 . 01 Dropped back by Congress July 1 , 1928 . 02 . 02 . 02 . 01 July 6 , 1932 . 03 . 03 . 03 . 01 January 1 , 1952 . 03 . 03 . 03 . 02 August 1 , 1958 . 04 . 04 . 04 . 03 January 7 , 1963 . 05 . 05 . 05 . 04 January 7 , 1968 . 06 . 06 . 06 . 05 May 16 , 1971 . 08 . 08 . 08 . 06 March 2 , 1974 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 08 September 14 , 1975 . 10 . 10 . 09 . 07 Last surface mail rate December 31 , 1975 . 13 . 13 . 11 . 09 All domestic first class & postcards by airmail May 29 , 1978 . 15 . 15 . 13 . 10 A Stamp Used March 22 , 1981 . 18 . 18 . 17 . 12 B Stamp Used November 1 , 1981 . 20 . 20 . 17 . 13 C Stamp Used February 17 , 1985 . 22 . 22 . 17 . 14 D Stamp Used April 3 , 1988 . 25 . 25 . 20 . 15 E Stamp Used February 3 , 1991 . 29 . 29 . 23 . 19 F Stamp Used ( also 4 cent F makeup rate stamp ) January 1 , 1995 . 32 . 32 . 23 . 20 G Stamp Used ( also 3 cent G makeup rate stamp ) January 10 , 1999 . 33 . 33 . 22 . 20 H Stamp Used ( also 1 cent H makeup rate stamp ) January 7 , 2001 . 34 . 34 . 21 . 20 Nondenominated Stamps Used July 1 , 2001 . 34 . 34 . 23 . 21 Nondenominated Stamps Used June 30 , 2002 . 37 . 37 . 23 . 23 Flag and Antique Toy Stamps Used January 8 , 2006 . 39 . 39 . 24 . 24 Lady Liberty Flag Stamp Used May 14 , 2007 . 41 1.13 . 17 . 26 Shape - based postage pricing introduced ; Forever stamps introduced ; different prices for letters and packages for the first time May 12 , 2008 . 42 1.17 . 17 . 27 Price change announced February 11 , 2008 May 11 , 2009 . 44 1.22 . 17 . 28 Price change announced February 10 , 2009 April 17 , 2011 . 44 1.71 ( 3 oz ) . 20 ( letters ) . 17 ( packages ) . 29 January 22 , 2012 . 45 1.95 ( 3 oz ) . 20 ( letters ) . 17 ( packages ) . 32 January 27 , 2013 . 46 2.07 ( 3 oz ) . 20 ( letters ) . 17 ( packages ) . 33 Price change announced October 11 , 2012 January 26 , 2014 . 49 2.32 ( 3 oz ) . 21 ( letters ) . 17 ( packages ) . 34 Price change announced September 25 , 2013 May 31 , 2015 . 49 2.54 ( 3 oz ) . 22 ( letters ) . 20 ( packages ) . 35 April 10 , 2016 . 47 2.54 ( 3 oz ) . 21 ( letters ) . 20 ( packages ) . 34 Price change announced February 25 , 2016 January 22 , 2017 . 49 2.67 ( 3 oz ) . 21 ( letters ) . 18 ( packages ) . 34 Price change announced October 12 , 2016 January 21 , 2018 . 50 3.50 ( 4 oz ) . 21 ( letters ) . 35 ( packages ) . 35 Price change announced October 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ 1oz is 28.34 g Historical trend ( edit ) Nominal and inflation adjusted first - class postage rates in the US Taking the above data and plotting it yields the graph shown to the right . The dark plot is the nominal issued price of the stamp and the light plot is the price adjusted for inflation and is shown in 2016 US cents . This plot shows that , despite the rise in the nominal cost of a first - class stamp , the adjusted cost of the stamp has stayed relatively stable . The large jumps in the early 1900s are because a change by a single penny was large compared to the cost of the stamp . For example , the price increase from $0.02 to $0.03 on July 6 , 1932 was a 50 % increase in cost . Additionally , while the cost of the stamp itself remained fixed , the adjusted price in 2016 dollars was not fixed over time which added to larger jumps in adjusted prices . Historical notes ( edit ) Domestic parcel post service was adopted in 1913 , 25 years after the Post Office had agreed to deliver international parcel post packages pursuant to the Universal Postal Union treaty and various bilateral agreements with other nations . Initially , there were no or few postal regulations governing packages mailed by parcel post . E.g. , to construct a bank in Vernal , Utah , in 1916 , a Salt Lake City company ascertained that the cheapest way to send 40 tons of bricks to the building was by parcel post . Bulk postal rates were restructured in 1996 : Second Class became Periodicals Third and Fourth Class Mail became Standard Mail ( A ) and ( B ) Special Fourth Class Mail was renamed Special Standard Mail In 2007 , First Class Mail was restructured to include variable pricing based on size , not just on weight . Shape - based postage pricing is a form of dimensional weight . Also at that time , International Parcel Post air service was re-branded as Priority Mail International , and Parcel Post surface service was discontinued for international destinations . Regular Air Mail service began in 1918 and over the years rates varied considerably depending on distance and technology . Domestic Air Mail , as a class of service , officially ended May 1 , 1977 . By that time all domestic First Class Mail was being dispatched by the most expeditious means , surface or air , whether or not the Air Mail postage had been paid . Additional charges for Special delivery existed from 1885 to 2001 . Today , Express Mail Overnight is the most similar service level . During the summer of 2010 the USPS requested the Postal Regulatory Commission to raise the price of a first class stamp by 2 cents , from 44 cents to 46 cents , to take effect January 2 , 2011 . On September 30 , 2010 , the PRC formally denied the request , but the USPS filed an appeal with the Federal Court of Appeals in Washington DC . On September 25 , 2013 , the USPS announced a 3 cent increase in the First Class postal rate , to be effective January 26 , 2014 , increasing the price of a stamp to 49 cents . Bulk mail , periodicals , and package service rates were also increased by 6 percent . A loss of US $5 billion during the 2013 fiscal year was the reason given for the increase . The legislation which set the price to 49 cents was enacted as a temporary measure and as an `` exigent surcharge for mailing products and services '' . However , this legislation was set to expire in April 2016 . As a result , the Post Office retained one cent of the price change as a previously allotted adjustment for inflation , but the price of a first class stamp became 47 cents : for the first time in 97 years ( and for the third time in the agency 's history ) , the price of a stamp decreased . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Philately portal United States postal abbreviations United States Postal Service creed Unions of the U.S. Postal Service : American Postal Workers Union National Association of Letter Carriers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association History : Post Office Murals American Letter Mail Company Postage stamps and postal history of the United States of America References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smoot , Frederick . `` Early United States Domestic Postal Rates '' . TNGenWeb . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Postcards ( privately printed cards ) did not qualify for a special postage rate until July 1 , 1898 . Since then , the rates for postcards have been the same as for stamped cards ( produced by the Postal Service ) except for the period from April 15 , 1925 , to July 1 , 1928 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , 9th ed. , Postal Service Jump up ^ https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/postcard-rates-since-1873.htm Jump up ^ https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/postcard-rates-since-1873.htm Jump up ^ https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/postcard-rates-since-1873.htm Jump up ^ https://postalmuseum.si.edu/about/frequently-asked-questions/us-domestic-postcard-rates.html Jump up ^ `` Postal rates go up today '' . The Galveston Daily News . Galveston , TX . AP . April 3 , 1988 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ U.S. Postal Service Stamp http://www.accuracyproject.org/postagechanges.html Jump up ^ New Prices and Services for 2014 , USPS Jump up ^ USPS website Jump up ^ `` Postal Service announces 2017 mailing services prices '' . about.usps.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ USPS Website Price List , Notice 123 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postal Service Announces New Prices for 2018 '' . Jump up ^ USPS Website Price List , Notice 123 Jump up ^ for the 5th through 8th oz , the price is a constant 25 cent increase . the 35 cent increase starts with the 9th oz . Jump up ^ Parcel Post : Delivery of Dreams http://www.sil.si.edu/ondisplay/parcelpost/cf/view.cfm Jump up ^ `` Precious Packages -- America 's Parcel Post Service '' . National Postal Museum . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ 2007 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Service Operations http://www.usps.com/strategicplanning/cs07/chpt2_007.htm Jump up ^ Metzler , Natasha ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Rate board denies Postal Service price hike plea '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Postage rates may still go up '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Allison ( 25 December 2013 ) . `` Postal Rates Going Up In January '' . DailyGlobe . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Laura Wagner ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` Stamp Prices Set To Drop 2 Cents In April , Putting USPS In Sticky Situation '' . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ http://money.cnn.com/2016/04/08/news/companies/stamp-price-decrease/index.html Sources ( edit ) First Class Mail Prices , 2010 Rates for Domestic Letters Since 1863 Rates for Stamped Cards and Postcards Consumer Price Index data Nondenomination Stamps FAQ Paying the Postage in the U.S. , 1776 -- 1921 USPS Price List Notice 123 Further reading ( edit ) Beecher , Henry W. and Anthony S. Wawrukiewicz . U.S. Domestic Postal Rates , 1872 -- 2011 . Bellefonte , Pa. : American Philatelic Society , 2011 . ISBN 9780933580787 Philately of the United States Pre-stamp Henry Thomas Windsor Provisional stamps Alexandria `` Blue Boy '' Postmaster 's Provisional United States postmasters provisional stamps New York Postmaster 's Provisional St. Louis Bears 19th century 1869 Pictorial Issue Black Jack Columbian Issue Hawaiian Missionaries Lost Continental Trans - Mississippi Issue Western Cattle in Storm Z Grill 20th century All Aboard ! 20th Century American Trains Americana series Antarctic Treaty issue Bicentennial Series Breast cancer research stamp Celebrate the Century Comic Strip Classics Federal Duck Stamp Five cents John Kennedy Fourth Bureau issue Great Americans series Hanukkah stamps Liberty Issue Norse - American Centennial Oklahoma Statehood Stamps Overrun Countries series Presidential Issue Prominent Americans series Series of 1902 Special handling stamps Transportation coils U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912 -- 13 US Regular Issues of 1922 -- 31 War savings stamps Washington Bicentennial stamps of 1932 Washington - Franklin Issues 21st century Distinguished Americans series Elvis Presley Forever stamp Nature of America Raising the Flag at Ground Zero Statue of Liberty Forever stamp 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp Airmails 1918 Curtiss Jenny airmail stamps 1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps Inverted Jenny List of United States airmail stamps EPOs CIA invert Dag Hammarskjöld invert Inverted Jenny Nixon invert Pan-American invert Topicals Artworks on stamps of the United States Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps History of Virginia on stamps List of fictional characters on stamps of the United States List of people on the postage stamps of the United States Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps Puerto Rico on stamps Territories of the United States on stamps U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps Women on US stamps Postmarks Earliest reported postmark Fancy cancel Collections and Benjamin Miller Collection Cardinal Spellman Philatelic Museum Florida Postal Museum National Philatelic Museum National Postal Museum Miscellaneous Air Mail scandal Apollo 15 postage stamp incident Barefoot mailman Boat Railway Post Office Citizens ' Stamp Advisory Committee Express mail in the United States History of United States postage rates Mail jumping Pneumatic tube mail in New York City Star routes Postal services American Letter Mail Company Butterfield Overland Mail Pony Express United States Post Office Department United States Postal Service U.S. Special Delivery Publications The American Philatelist Higgins & Gage World Postal Stationery Catalog Linn 's Stamp News Minkus catalogue Scott catalogue Stamp production Designers American stamp designers Companies American Bank Note Company Bureau of Engraving and Printing Homer Lee Bank Note Company Organizations American Air Mail Society American Philatelic Research Library American Philatelic Society Rocky Mountain Philatelic Library United Postal Stationery Society U.S. Philatelic Classics Society United States Stamp Society Related American philatelists American postmasters Revenue stamps of the United States United States postal notes United States Postmaster General United States Post Offices Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_United_States_postage_rates&oldid=821774077 '' Categories : United States Postal Service Postage stamps of the United States Postage rates by country Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 15 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did postage go up to 49 cents	[]	[]
3932900922973332212	The Late Show with Stephen Colbert	The Late Show with Stephen Colbert - wikipedia The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Jump to : navigation , search The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Also known as Late Show ( franchise brand ) Genre Late - night talk show News / political satire Created by Stephen Colbert Developed by Stephen Colbert Jay Katsir Opus Moreschi Written by Jay Katsir Opus Moreschi ( co-head writers ) Directed by Jim Hoskinson Presented by Stephen Colbert Starring Jon Batiste and Stay Human ( house band ) Theme music composer Jon Batiste Phil Kuehn Joe Saylor Eddie Barbash Ibanda Ruhumbika Opening theme `` Everyone ( Intro ) '' `` Humanism '' Ending theme `` I 'm from Kenner '' `` The Art of the Bumper '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 530 ( as of April 18 , 2018 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Stephen Colbert Jon Stewart Chris Licht Tom Purcell Barry Julien Location ( s ) Ed Sullivan Theater Manhattan , New York Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 46 minutes Production company ( s ) Spartina Productions CBS Television Studios Release Original network CBS Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release September 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 08 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by Late Show with David Letterman Related shows The Colbert Report The Daily Show External links Website The Late Show with Stephen Colbert is an American late - night talk show hosted by Stephen Colbert , which premiered on September 8 , 2015 . Produced by Spartina Productions and CBS Television Studios , The Late Show with Stephen Colbert is the second iteration of CBS 's Late Show franchise . Stay Human , led by bandleader Jon Batiste , serves as the program 's house band , and the announcer is program writer Jen Spyra . The program is taped at the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York City and airs live to tape in most U.S. markets at 11 : 35 p.m. Eastern and Pacific , and 10 : 35 in the Central . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Promotion 2 Production 3 Format 4 Episodes 4.1 Notable episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings and viewership 5.2 Reviews 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Prior to Colbert 's assumption of hosting duties , David Letterman had been host of Late Show for 22 years , dating to his arrival at CBS in 1993 . CBS had not had a regular late - night talk show for most of its existence prior to that point , with only one attempt ( the short - lived Pat Sajak Show in 1990 ) between 1972 and Letterman 's arrival . Letterman , who joined CBS from NBC after ending his eleven - year run as host of Late Night and losing out on being Johnny Carson 's successor on The Tonight Show to Jay Leno , was initially competitive with his show 's bitter rival , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ; Letterman 's Late Show , however , slowly experienced a decline in ratings over the course of the 1990s and 2000s , dating back to an affiliation agreement between New World Communications and Fox that resulted in all nine CBS - affiliated stations it owned or recently acquired switching to Fox between September and December 1994 , relegating the network to lower - rated former Fox affiliates and independent stations in many major cities . Stephen Colbert hosted his satirical news show , The Colbert Report , which won seven Primetime Emmy Awards on Comedy Central , from October 2005 to December 2014 According to TV by the Numbers , in February 2013 , the live - plus - seven - day ratings for Letterman 's Late Show averaged about 3.1 million per show for the 2012 -- 13 season to date . A year later , average viewership was down to 2.8 million . Late Show also had the oldest audience among the various late - night talk shows , which may have led to CBS ' decision to pick a younger replacement for Letterman to compete with The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and ABC 's Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . In addition , Colbert 's previous program did well among college students and young men 18 -- 34 , which are prime target audiences for late - night comedy programming . On April 3 , 2014 , Letterman announced his retirement , with his final episode as host of Late Show scheduled for May 20 , 2015 . On April 10 , 2014 , CBS announced Stephen Colbert as Letterman 's successor , signing him to a five - year agreement . In contrast with Colbert 's previous program The Colbert Report , in which he played a fictionalized version of himself , Colbert hosts the show ( which retains the Late Show branding , albeit with the article `` The '' formally inserted into the title ) as himself . On April 23 , 2014 , the character version of Stephen Colbert appeared on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart to announce that he had clearly `` won television '' and would be closing down The Colbert Report because he had met his goal . This came after the announcement the character would not be used after the end of The Colbert Report . The final episode of Report aired on December 18 , 2014 . Several states and municipalities attempted to coax CBS into moving production of the program from its long - time home in New York City with tax credits and other incentives , including Los Angeles , New Orleans and Connecticut . On July 23 , 2014 , CBS announced that Late Show would continue to be produced at the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York when Colbert takes over . Jonathan Batiste was announced as the bandleader on June 4 , 2015 , with his Stay Human band succeeding the CBS Orchestra ( which returned to its previous identity as the World 's Most Dangerous Band shortly thereafter ) as the house band . Promotion ( edit ) In anticipation of the program 's premiere , a new online presence was launched for The Late Show in June 2015 , including new social media accounts , a podcast , mobile app , and a monologue - styled video focusing on the beard Colbert had grown since leaving The Colbert Report . Throughout the remainder of the summer , videos would continue to be released through the show 's official YouTube channel and mobile app . On July 1 , 2015 , Colbert hosted a special edition of a public access program in Monroe , Michigan , interviewing Eminem . Production ( edit ) The Ed Sullivan Theater 's marquee Colbert has been given near - full control of the show , with little interference from CBS management in regard to format . Colbert brought most of his staff from The Colbert Report with him to The Late Show , as well as outsiders such as Brian Stack , who is best known for his work on Conan O'Brien 's programs , and Jon Stewart , former host of Colbert 's previous sister program The Daily Show , who is credited as executive producer . Colbert no longer uses the character he had portrayed on The Colbert Report , jokingly remarking to Jeb Bush that `` I used to play a narcissistic conservative pundit -- now I 'm just a narcissist . '' The Ed Sullivan Theater underwent a full restoration to its original 1927 splendor in a process that began following Letterman 's final episode , including the uncovering of the theater 's ceiling , stained - glass windows and a restoration of a chandelier , due to advances in technology that allow less sound and video equipment to cover up the auditorium 's architectural details . The 1993 restoration project for Letterman was only done on a few months ' notice after the theater was repurchased in February 1993 by CBS . In April 2016 , former CBS This Morning executive producer Chris Licht was named showrunner for The Late Show ; CBS had shown concerns that , despite improved ratings in comparison to Letterman 's tenure , Colbert had a weak online presence in comparison to The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , and Colbert 's lead - out The Late Late Show with James Corden ( whose `` Carpool Karaoke '' segments have been popular as viral videos ) . The Hollywood Reporter believed that Licht 's experience in news programming would be leveraged to complement Colbert 's strengths in topical and news - oriented material . Format ( edit ) See also : List of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert sketches Colbert originally started the show with a cold open and brief monologue before the opening sequence , which uses tilt -- shift photography of day and night New York City scenes that make the city appear like a miniature model . During the opening sequence , a voice - over announces the night 's guests . Starting with the April 18 , 2016 broadcast , the first under new showrunner Chris Licht , the format was modified to replace the cold open monologue with short sketches starring Colbert , his staff , and often featuring that night 's guests , followed by the opening sequence and Colbert entering the stage . Starting with the coverage of the Republican National Convention in July 2016 , a new opening has debuted which starts off with writer Jen Spyra taking on the role of announcer -- becoming the first female announcer in broadcast , late - night television -- and announcing `` It 's The Late Show With Stephen Colbert ! '' to scenes of New York City at night including Yankee Stadium , Times Square and the New York City Subway , with names of the night 's guests imposed on various places . This structure is similar to the openings of other late - night shows such as The Tonight Show or Late Night . Similar to The Colbert Report , graphics that resemble the American Flag have also been added . The open is followed by an extended fake news style desk sequence with a run - through of recent headlines , in a manner reminiscent of television newscasts and that of The Colbert Report . Also , the show follows the same basic format as other late - night talk shows including the use of sketch comedy , guest interviews and musical performances . Colbert 's guest list includes more political and government figures than his contemporaries ; his first two weeks ' guests included visits from Jeb Bush , Joe Biden , Ban Ki - moon , Stephen Breyer , Bernie Sanders , Elizabeth Warren , Donald Trump , and Ted Cruz . Thus far , Colbert has not had any of his staff act as a sidekick or straight man on the show . While Colbert dances and physically interacts with Jon Batiste while the band plays , they only occasionally engage in on - air banter , unlike David Letterman 's relationship with Paul Shaffer or the relationship of other late night hosts with their announcers or bandleaders . After the first few episodes in which Colbert introduced himself , he now uses an off - screen announcer . Occasionally , Colbert has brought out producers of his show , or enlisted the help of audience members , who assume a sidekick - like role for single segments , engaging in light dialogue about a topic . Episodes ( edit ) Colbert interviewing Secretary of State John Kerry Main article : List of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert episodes Notable episodes ( edit ) In the show 's series premiere , Colbert welcomed actor George Clooney and politician Jeb Bush , thanked former host David Letterman , and joined singer Mavis Staples and numerous other musicians for a rendition of Sly and the Family Stone 's `` Everyday People . '' The episode nearly missed its broadcast due to technical difficulties . An early interview with Vice President Joe Biden received particular acclaim . Following the terrorist attacks in Paris that November , Colbert devoted his program to that city . A special football - themed episode aired as the lead - out program for Super Bowl 50 in 2016 , featuring guests President Barack Obama ( in a taped segment ) , Tina Fey , Margot Robbie , Will Ferrell , and Megyn Kelly . On June 22 , 2016 , CBS announced that The Late Show would broadcast two weeks of live episodes during the 2016 Republican and Democratic conventions . The first of these episodes , on July 18 , 2016 , opened with a musical number by Colbert that compared the Republican convention to being `` Christmas in July '' , and featured sketches where Jon Stewart ( revealed to have been living off - grid in a cabin ) is told that Donald Trump had clinched the Republican nomination for the presidential election , Colbert 's persona from The Colbert Report is revived and delivers an edition of The Word on `` Trumpiness '' , and a filmed sketch touring the convention 's venue as his The Hunger Games - inspired character Julius Flickerman . Stewart appeared once more the following Thursday , delivering a segment criticizing the Fox News Channel in the wake of the firing of its CEO Roger Ailes . Colbert 's performances during these episodes were critically praised for their return to an emphasis on news - oriented comedy similar to The Colbert Report and The Daily Show . On May 1 , 2017 , in recognition of the completion of the first 100 days of President Donald Trump 's administration , Stephen Colbert 's monologue was devoted to the president . After showing the interview from the previous day in which President Trump participated in an interview with CBS 's John Dickerson on Face the Nation and referred to the show as `` Deface the Nation '' and abruptly ending the interview without answering one of Dickerson 's questions , Colbert began his monologue , where `` The only thing your mouth is good for is being Vladimir Putin 's cock holster , '' was one of a barrage of pointed missives toward Trump in the 12 - minute - long monologue . Colbert later addressed the controversy on - air , expressing surprise that he was not fired for the remark , admitting he had used language that was too strong , but also stating that he was generally unrepentant over the rant and that `` I have jokes ; he has the launch codes . So , it 's a fair fight . '' On May 5 , the FCC announced that it would go through a comprehensive investigation of Colbert 's remarks , the result of which was no action taken against Colbert or The Late Show , reasoning in a public statement released on May 23 that there was `` nothing actionable under the FCC 's rules '' as the offending statement had been properly censored . Reception ( edit ) Ratings and viewership ( edit ) The Late Show debuted to 6.55 million viewers according to Nielsen Media Research , beating out all late - night competition and averaging a 4.9 rating among metered market households . With Live + 7 , the series debut garnered 8.26 million viewers . The show 's ratings quickly dropped to second place behind The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon but remained ahead of Jimmy Kimmel Live . While Colbert still managed more young viewers than Letterman in his first few months , analyst Bill Carter wrote that his `` opening splash seemed to dry faster than expected . '' He suggested this was due to little social media presence ( where his competitor , Fallon , surged ) . A study from The Hollywood Reporter revealed Colbert 's version of The Late Show draws the most heavily Democratic audience of the three hour - long late - night shows in its time slot ; Carter noted that `` some speculate Republican viewers have tuned Colbert out . '' An estimated 17 % of Colbert 's audience identifies as Republican , according to a survey in late 2015 . His audience also has the highest percentage of Democratic viewers compared to Fallon and Kimmel . The show 's post-Super Bowl 50 episode in 2016 achieved the highest - ever ratings for the Late Show franchise , attracting an average of 21.1 million viewers . By early 2016 , Colbert had trailed Jimmy Fallon in ratings , with an average 2.90 million viewers and a . 65 rating among adults 18 - 49 . Colbert 's first week of live episodes in July 2016 during the Republican National Convention saw its highest average weekly viewership since May 6 , 2016 , and a 600 % increase in online traffic to clips of the program on CBS websites . Following the inauguration of Donald Trump as president in January 2017 , The Late Show began to see major ratings gains , aided by the program 's satire of the Trump administration . In the first full week after the inauguration , Colbert narrowly beat Fallon for the first time in average viewership since its premiere . By the end of April , The Late Show had been the top U.S. late - night program in terms of total viewership for sixteen consecutive weeks and was rated the number one late night show by viewership for the first quarter of 2017 . The Late Show became the highest rated late night talk show for the September 2016 to May 2017 season , averaging more than 3.2 million nightly viewers . Reviews ( edit ) The Late Show with Stephen Colbert has garnered mostly positive reviews . The Guardian 's Brian Moylan praised the show 's humor : `` This opener was by no means a perfect show , but there were enough really inventive jokes to make Colbert already seem like an innovator . '' Robert Lloyd of Los Angeles Times deemed it a `` strong start , '' while Variety 's Brian Lowry felt it a `` mostly terrific '' debut , commenting , `` Colbert looks like he has the skill set to settle in and make this job his own , night in and night out . '' Many critics considered the show 's more political segments as reminiscent of The Colbert Report . An early interview with Vice President Joe Biden also received praise : Robert Rorke of the New York Post commented that the review gave Biden `` that essential sense of humanity that makes people believe in a candidate . '' The show 's post-Super Bowl episode in 2016 proved polarizing . `` Sunday 's live episode felt mostly like a wasted opportunity -- one that probably wo n't win many converts among those football fans sober enough to stick around , '' said Brian Lowry at Variety . Daniel D'Addario of Time dubbed his performance `` stiff and uncomfortable , '' writing , `` Colbert might have been better advised not to bother trying with football at all and just put forward a program of pure entertainment . '' The Late Show has received positive reviews following the inauguration of Donald Trump as president . `` Colbert may not be the sarcastic , irony - laden character he once played for Comedy Central , but as Trump has dominated the news every day since taking office , The Late Show has become the home for reasoned , but incisive , discussion , on the perceived overreaches of the White House , '' said David Sims of The Atlantic . James Poniewozik of The New York Times commented , `` Mr. Colbert 's comedy has n't become radically different , but it has been more frank and caustic ... The network - TV Mr. Colbert is more cheery than his cable character . But it 's as if the Trump administration had solved the problem of reconciling his new comedy with his old by making truthiness America 's official language . '' Broadcast ( edit ) In Canada , The Late Show with Stephen Colbert airs on Global , airing in simulcast with CBS in most regions . In Australia , The Late Show with Stephen Colbert airs on Ten , followed by The Late Late Show with James Corden . In Asia , The Late Show with Stephen Colbert airs on RTL CBS Entertainment weeknights at 10 : 50PM ( UTC + 08 : 00 ) starting September 10 , 2015 , preceding The Late Late Show with James Corden . In India and Sri Lanka , The Late Show with Stephen Colbert airs on STAR World Premiere HD . In Portugal , The Late Show with Stephen Colbert airs on SIC Radical . In New Zealand , it airs on free to air Prime at late night times . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Late Night TV Ratings For February 4 -- 8 , 2013 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Season - to - date figures are averages of `` live plus seven day '' data except for the two most recent weeks , which are `` live plus same day . '' ) ... SEASON TO DATE / TOTAL VIEWERS ... 11 : 35 p.m. - 12 : 35 a.m. ET : NBC `` Tonight , '' 3.6 million viewers , CBS `` Late Show , '' 3.1 million viewers , ABC `` Kimmel , '' 2.8 million viewers * * ^ Jump up to : Poggi , Jeanine ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` Why Jimmy Fallon 's ' Tonight Show ' Can Thrive With Fewer Viewers When Conan 's Could n't '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Next Host of ' The Late Show ' '' . CBS . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Choice of Colbert to succeed Letterman makes perfect sense '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Stephen Colbert Will Take Over for David Letterman '' . The Wire . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Ryan ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` The battle for Colbert 's ' Late Show ' '' . Capital New York . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert 's ' Late Show ' to Stay at Ed Sullivan Theatre '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert picks Jon Batiste as Late Show bandleader '' . Consequence of Sound . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana musician makes late night TV cast '' . Indiana Gazette . June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Stephen Colbert 's New Late Show Bandleader , Jon Batiste '' . Vanity Fair . June 6 , 2015 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Shaves His Beard in First ' Late Show ' Promo '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Interviews Eminem on Michigan Public Access '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert 's first Late Show promo is a goodbye to the ' Colbeard ' '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weprin , Alex ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Colbert 's ' Late Show ' will debut Sept. 8 '' . Capital New York . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` Stephen Colbert , CBS planning new ' Late Show ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Longtime ' Conan ' Writer Brian Stack Is Headed to ' Late Show with Stephen Colbert ' '' . Splitsider. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , Tony . `` New Stephen Colbert awfully lot like the old one on The Late Show debut '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joel Lovell ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` The Late , Great Stephen Colbert '' . GQ . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ; Guthrie , Marisa ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Late Show With Stephen Colbert ' Taps ' CBS This Morning ' Vet as Showrunner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Opening of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Is Amazzzziiinnngggg , '' The Outtake , Medium , accessed September 15 , 2015 ; `` Stephen Colbert 's Late Show debut : the good , the bad , and the weird , '' Vox , accessed 14 September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Colbert Makes ' Late Show ' Change in First Night Under New Showrunner '' . variety.com . Variety . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Remains Stephen Colbert in ' Late Show ' Taping '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lynette Rice ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Late Show with Stephen Colbert ushers in a new era of late night '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave Itzkoff ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Colbert 's First ' Late Show ' Almost Did n't Make It on Air '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Biden 's Raw , Emotional Interview With Stephen Colbert Is Riveting Television '' . Mother Jones . Jump up ^ Brett LoGiurato ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Joe Biden 's Stephen Colbert interview is why he should run - Business Insider '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ Russell Berman . `` Joe Biden Commiserates Over Son , Ponders 2016 With Colbert - The Atlantic '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Honors Paris By Tormenting Bill Maher & Cavorting With Acro - Cats '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : John Coblin ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Post-Super Bowl ' Late Show ' Draws 21.1 Million Viewers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Brings Back ' Colbert Report ' Persona for Convention ' Late Show ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert 's ' Late Show ' Will Broadcast Live During Political Conventions '' . Variety . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Revives ' Colbert Report ' Host , Joins Jon Stewart On RNC Night 1 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert really needed a great week . Jon Stewart and the RNC made it happen '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes : Jon Stewart 's takeover of ' The Late Show With Stephen Colbert ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . 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1139076882146143114	Other Voices, Too (A Trip Back to Bountiful)	Other Voices , Too ( a Trip Back to Bountiful ) - Wikipedia Other Voices , Too ( a Trip Back to Bountiful ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for music . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Other Voices , Too '' A Trip Back to Bountiful -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to Bountiful ) Studio album by Nanci Griffith Released July 21 , 1998 Genre Country folk Length 72 : 33 Label Elektra Producer Jim Rooney , Nanci Griffith , Don Gehman Nanci Griffith chronology Blue Roses from the Moons ( 1997 ) Blue Roses from the Moons 1997 Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to Bountiful ) ( 1998 ) The Dust Bowl Symphony ( 1999 ) The Dust Bowl Symphony 1999 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Chicago Tribune ( positive ) Rolling Stone Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to Bountiful ) is a 1998 album by Nanci Griffith . Following on from the Grammy Award winning album Other Voices , Other Rooms , Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to Bountiful ) is a second album of cover songs written by a wide variety of singer / songwriters . The album includes many guest performances from musicians , including Guy Clark , The Crickets , Odetta , Lucinda Williams , Rodney Crowell , Steve Earle , Lyle Lovett , John Prine , Emmylou Harris , Gillian Welch , Jimmie Dale Gilmore and Richard Thompson . Track listing ( edit ) `` Wall of Death '' ( Richard Thompson ) 3 : 09 `` Who Knows Where The Time Goes '' ( Sandy Denny ) 5 : 34 `` You Were On My Mind '' ( Sylvia Fricker ) 2 : 46 `` Walk Right Back '' ( Sonny Curtis ) 2 : 33 `` Canadian Whiskey '' ( Tom Russell ) 2 : 59 `` Desperados Waiting for a Train '' ( Guy Clark ) 4 : 16 `` Wings of a Dove '' ( Bob Ferguson ) 2 : 51 `` Dress Of Laces '' ( John Grimaudo , Saylor White ) 4 : 55 `` Summer Wages '' ( Ian Tyson ) 4 : 02 `` He Was A Friend Of Mine '' ( traditional ) 3 : 11 `` Hard Times Come Again No More '' ( Stephen Collins Foster ) 5 : 43 `` Was n't That a Mighty Storm '' ( traditional ) 5 : 01 `` Deportee ( Plane Wreck at Los Gatos ) '' ( Woody Guthrie , Martin Hoffman ) 5 : 21 `` Yarrington Town '' ( Mickie Merkens ) 4 : 23 `` I Still Miss Someone '' ( Johnny Cash , Roy Cash Jr ) 3 : 38 `` Try The Love '' ( Pat McLaughlin ) 3 : 45 `` The Streets of Baltimore '' ( Harlan Howard , Tompall Glaser ) 2 : 35 `` Darcy Farrow '' ( Tom Campbell , Steve Gillette ) 2 : 33 `` If I Had A Hammer ( The Hammer Song ) '' ( Pete Seeger , Lee Hays ) 2 : 48 Personnel ( edit ) Meghann Ahern - gut string guitar J.I. Allison - drums Shawn Camp - vocals Nollaig Casey - fiddle John Catchings - cello Frank Christian - vocals , acoustic guitar , gut string guitar , 12 string guitar Guy Clark - vocals , acoustic guitar Susan Cowsill - vocals , gut string guitar Rodney Crowell - vocals duet , acoustic guitar Sonny Curtis - acoustic guitar , gut string guitar Mary Custy - fiddle Ron de la Vega - vocals , bass , cello , gut string guitar , tic tac Philip Donnelly - vocals , acoustic guitar Steve Earle - vocals , gut string guitar Béla Fleck - banjo Nina Gerber - acoustic guitar Jimmie Dale Gilmore - vocals Julie Gold - gut string guitar Clive Gregson - electric guitar , gut string guitar Nanci Griffith - vocals , acoustic guitar , gut string guitar Andrew Hardin - vocals , acoustic guitar , tiple Emmylou Harris - vocals , gut string guitar Jamie Hartford - vocals Bill Hearne - gut string guitar , acoustic guitar Bonnie Hearne - gut string guitar Carolyn Hester - gut string guitar Tish Hinojosa - vocals , gut string guitar Peter Holsapple - mandolin James Hooker - vocals , gut string guitar , organ , piano , synthesizer Jay Joyce - vocals , gut string guitar Lucy Kaplansky - vocals , gut string guitar Fats Kaplin - button accordion , fiddle , pedal steel Dolores Keane - gut string guitar Mary Ann Kennedy - vocals Maura Kennedy - vocals , gut string guitar Pete Kennedy - vocals , gut string guitar , 12 string guitar Ray Kennedy - vocals Doug Lancio - vocals , acoustic guitar , electric guitar , gut string guitar , resonator guitar Tom Littlefield - vocals Lyle Lovett - gut string guitar Ian Matthews - vocals , acoustic guitar Joe Mauldin - bass Pat McInerney - drums , percussion , vocals , gut string guitar Pat McLaughlin - vocals , acoustic guitar , mandolin John Mock - penny whistle Odetta - vocals , gut string guitar David Olney - vocals John Prine - duet vocals Jean Ritchie - vocals , gut string guitar Jim Rooney - vocals , gut string guitar Darius Rucker - gut string guitar Tom Rush - vocals , slide guitar Tom Russell - vocals , gut string guitar Matthew Ryan - vocals , gut string guitar Lee Satterfield - vocals , mandolin Sharon Shannon - button accordion Jim Sonefeld - gut string guitar Rosalie Sorrels - vocals , gut string guitar John Stewart - vocals , gut string guitar Eric Taylor - vocals , gut string guitar Christian Teal - violin Richard Thompson - Vocals , electric guitar , gut string guitar Ian Tyson - vocals Dave Van Ronk - acoustic guitar Eric Von Schmidt - gut string guitar Jerry Jeff Walker - acoustic guitar , vocals Eric Weissberg - banjo , gut string guitar Gillian Welch - gut string guitar Kristin Wilkinson - viola Lucinda Williams - acoustic guitar , vocals Jim Williamson - trumpet Brian Willoughby - acoustic guitar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jason Ankeny . `` Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to Bountiful ) - Nanci Griffith Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gary Dretzka. ( 1998 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Nanci Griffith Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to ... - tribunedigital - chicagotribune '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Nanci Griffith : Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to Bountiful ) : Music Reviews : Rolling Stone '' . Web.archive.org. 1998 - 07 - 09 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ( hide ) Nanci Griffith Pat McInerney Maura Kennedy Pete Kennedy Clive Gregson Studio albums There 's a Light Beyond These Woods ( 1978 ) Poet in My Window ( 1982 ) Once in a Very Blue Moon ( 1984 ) The Last of the True Believers ( 1986 ) Lone Star State of Mind ( 1987 ) Little Love Affairs ( 1988 ) Storms ( 1989 ) Late Night Grande Hotel ( 1991 ) Other Voices , Other Rooms ( 1993 ) Flyer ( 1994 ) Blue Roses from the Moons ( 1997 ) Other Voices , Too ( A Trip Back to Bountiful ) ( 1998 ) The Dust Bowl Symphony ( 1999 ) Clock Without Hands ( 2001 ) Winter Marquee ( 2002 ) Hearts in Mind ( 2004 ) Ruby 's Torch ( 2006 ) The Loving Kind ( 2009 ) Intersection ( 2012 ) Compilation albums The MCA Years : A Retrospective ( 1993 ) The Best of Nanci Griffith ( 1993 ) Country Gold ( 1997 ) From a Distance : The Very Best of Nanci Griffith ( 2002 ) The Complete MCA Studio Recordings ( 2003 ) Live albums One Fair Summer Evening ( 1988 ) This 1990s folk album - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Other_Voices,_Too_(A_Trip_Back_to_Bountiful)&oldid=794784974 '' Categories : 1998 albums Covers albums Nanci Griffith albums Albums produced by Don Gehman Elektra Records albums 1990s folk album stubs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with topics of unclear notability from June 2015 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 01 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-364246181834733213	Ichthys	Ichthys - wikipedia Ichthys Jump to : navigation , search For the natural gas field , see Ichthys gas field . For the suffix `` - ichthys '' as used in taxonomy , see List of commonly used taxonomic affixes . Ichthys as adopted as a Christian symbol . This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . The ichthys or ichthus ( / ˈɪkθəs / ) , from the Greek ikhthýs ( ἰχθύς 1st cent . AD Koine Greek ( ikhˈthys ) , `` fish '' ) is a symbol consisting of two intersecting arcs , the ends of the right side extending beyond the meeting point so as to resemble the profile of a fish . Now known colloquially as the `` sign of the fish '' or the `` Jesus fish '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Symbolic meaning 3 In the Gospels 4 Early church 5 In popular culture 6 Music festival 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Origin ( edit ) An early circular ichthys symbol , created by combining the Greek letters ΙΧΘΥΣ , Ephesus . The first appearances of the ichthys symbol in Christian art and literature date to the 2nd century AD . The symbol 's use among Christians had become popular by the late 2nd century , and its use spread widely in the 3rd and 4th centuries . The symbolism of the fish itself may have its origins in pre-Christian religious imagery . For example , Orpheus was described as a `` fisher of men '' as early as the 3rd or fourth century BC . The fish was used as a symbol in a number of other near - eastern religions as well , often as a sacred ( or taboo ) food . The fish was sacred to the goddess Atargatis , for example , who was said to cause tumors in those who ate them . Fish were only allowed to be eaten by priests during rituals devoted to Atargatis , in the belief that they represented her body . Despite the thematic similarities of these various sacred fish , some scholars have argued that there is no direct link between them and the Christian symbol or practice of the Eucharist ; instead , the Christian usage was probably simply part of a larger , popular religious motif of the time . Symbolic meaning ( edit ) ΙΧΘΥΣ ( ichthys ) , or also ΙΧΘΥΣ with a lunate sigma , is an acronym / acrostic for `` Ἰησοῦς Χριστός , Θεοῦ Υἱός , Σωτήρ '' ( Iēsous Christos , Theou Yios , Sōtēr ; contemporary Koine ( ie̝ˈsus khrisˈtos theˈu ( h ) yˈjos soˈte̝r ) ) , which translates into English as `` Jesus Christ , Son of God , Saviour . '' Iota ( i ) is the first letter of Iēsous ( Ἰησοῦς ) , Greek for `` Jesus '' . Chi ( ch ) is the first letter of Christos ( Χριστός ) , Greek for `` anointed . '' Theta ( th ) is the first letter of Theou ( Θεοῦ ) , Greek for `` God 's '' , the genitive case of Θεóς , Theos , '' Greek for `` God . '' Upsilon ( y ) is the first letter of ( h ) yios ( Ὑἱός ) , Greek for `` Son '' . Sigma ( s ) is the first letter of sōtēr ( Σωτήρ ) , Greek for `` Savior . '' This explanation is given among others by Augustine in his Civitate Dei , where he notes that the generating sentence `` Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς ( sic ) Θεοῦ Υἱὸς Σωτήρ '' has 27 letters , i.e. 3 x 3 x 3 , which in that age indicated power . ( This suggestion is obviously spurious , resulting from Augustine 's ignorance of Greek . ) Augustine quotes also an ancient text from the Sibylline oracles whose verses are an acrostic of the generating sentence . A fourth century A.D. adaptation of ichthys as a wheel contains the letters ΙΧΘΥΣ superimposed such that the result resembles an eight - spoked wheel . In the Gospels ( edit ) Fish are mentioned and given symbolic meaning several times in the Gospels . Several of Jesus ' twelve Apostles were fishermen . He commissions them with the words `` I will make you fishers of men '' . Having resurrected , Jesus is offered some grilled fish and honeycomb in Luke 24 : 41 - 43 . At the feeding of the five thousand , a boy is brought to Jesus with `` five small loaves and two fish '' . The question is asked , `` But what are they , among so many ? '' Jesus multiplies the loaves and fish to feed the multitude . In Matthew 13 : 47 - 50 , the Parable of Drawing in the Net , Jesus compares God 's decision on who will go to heaven or to hell ( `` the fiery furnace '' ) at the end of this world to fishers sorting out their catch , keeping the good fish and throwing the bad fish away . In John 21 : 11 , it is related that the disciples fished all night but caught nothing . Jesus instructed them to cast the nets on the other side of the boat , and they drew in 153 fish . In Matthew 17 : 24 - 27 , upon being asked if his Teacher pays the temple ( or two - drachma ) tax , Simon Peter answers yes . Christ tells Peter to go to the water and cast a line , saying that a coin sufficient for both of them will be found in the fish 's mouth . Peter does this and finds the coin . The fish is also used by Jesus to describe `` the Sign of Jonah '' . ( Matthew 12 : 38 - 45 ) This is symbolic of the resurrection of Christ upon which the entire Christian faith is based . ( 1 Corinthians 15 : 1 - 58 ) Funerary stele with the inscription ΙΧΘΥΣ ΖΩΝΤΩΝ ( `` fish of the living '' ) , early 3rd century , National Roman Museum Early church ( edit ) According to tradition , ancient Christians , during their persecution by the Roman Empire in the first few centuries after Christ , used the fish symbol to mark meeting places and tombs , or to distinguish friends from foes : According to one ancient story , when a Christian met a stranger in the road , the Christian sometimes drew one arc of the simple fish outline in the dirt . If the stranger drew the other arc , both believers knew they were in good company . Current bumper - sticker and business - card uses of the fish hearken back to this practice . -- Christianity Today , Elesha Coffman , `` Ask The Expert '' There are several other hypotheses as to why the fish was chosen . Some sources indicate that the earliest literary references came from the recommendation of Clement of Alexandria to his readers ( Paedagogus , III , xi ) to engrave their seals with the dove or fish . However , it can be inferred from Roman monumental sources such as the Cappella Greca and the Sacrament Chapels of the catacomb of St. Callistus that the fish symbol was known to Christians much earlier . In popular culture ( edit ) Jesus Fish on a car , promoting evolutionary creation . Other Jesus fish emblems oppose or promote evolution , or feature Cthulhu to parody religious belief . In the 1970s the `` Jesus Fish '' started to be used as an icon of modern Christianity . In 1973 the symbol and message was taken to the Aquarius Rock Festival in Nimbin , Australia . Today , it can be seen as a decal or emblem on the rear of automobiles or as pendants or necklaces as a sign that the owner is a Christian . Versions of this include an Ichthys with `` Jesus '' or `` ΙΧΘΥΣ '' in the centre , or simply the Ichthys outline by itself . Music Festival ( edit ) Ichthus Music Festival is an annual large outdoor Christian music Festival held in mid-June in Wilmore , Kentucky . Ichthus Festival is the oldest Christian music festival in the United States . See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Ichthus Christian Fellowship Chi Rho and Labarum Awareness ribbon Variations of the ichthys symbol References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ichthus '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( third ed . ) . 2007 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Evolution of religious bigotry '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ Rasimus , T. ( 2011 ) . `` Revisiting the Ichthys : A Suggestion Concerning the Origins of Christological Fish Symbolism '' . Pp 327 - 348 in Mystery and Secrecy in the Nag Hammadi Collection and Other Ancient Literature : Ideas and Practices . Biblical Studies , Ancient Near East and Early Christianity E-Books Online , Collection 2012 , 76 . Jump up ^ Le Roux , M. ( 2007 ) . The survival of the Greek gods in early Christianity . Journal for Semitics , 16 ( 2 ) : 483 - 497 . ^ Jump up to : Hyde , W.W. ( 2008 ) . Paganism to Christianity in the Roman empire . Wipf and Stock Publishers . Jump up ^ Christian H. Bull , Liv Ingeborg Lied , John D. Turner , editors ( 2012 ) . Mystery and Secrecy in the Nag Hammadi Collection and Other Ancient Literature : Ideas and Practices . Leiden , The Netherlands : Koninklijke Brill NV . p. 327 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 21207 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The initial `` h '' was sometimes pronounced , depending on dialect and period , but in Ionic orthography the sound was written with the rough breathing diacritical mark instead of a full letter , and so would not be used to form an acronym . ) By the Early Christian period , the aspirate was probably lost in most popular varieties of Greek . Jump up ^ Augustine . The City of God . Wikisource . XVIII , 23 . Jump up ^ Bagatti , Bellarmino ( 1984 ) . The church from the circumcision : history and archaeology of the Judaeo - Christians . Studium Biblicum Franciscanum , Collectio Minor , n. 2 . Jerusalem . p. 215 . Jump up ^ Sibylline oracles , Book viii , 284 - 330 ( Greek text , 217 - 250 ) Jump up ^ Christian H. Bull , Liv Ingeborg Lied , John D. Turner , editors ( 2012 ) . Mystery and Secrecy in the Nag Hammadi Collection and Other Ancient Literature : Ideas and Practices . Leiden , The Netherlands : Koninklijke Brill NV . pp. 340 , 343 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 21207 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Luke 24 : 41 - 43 Jump up ^ Matthew 13 : 47 - 50 Jump up ^ John 21 : 11 Jump up ^ Matthew 17 : 24 - 27 Jump up ^ Elesha Coffman ( August 8 , 2008 ) . `` What is the origin of the Christian fish symbol ? '' . christianitytoday.com . Jump up ^ `` Christian symbols : Fish ( Ichthus ) , cross and crucifix '' . religioustolerance.org . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . The body of the symbol may be empty , or may contain a name ( ' Jesus ' or ' ICTUS ' ) . Jump up ^ See , Robison , Greg , Christian Rock Festivals , ( New York : The Rosen Publishing Co. , 2009 ) , p. 7 This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them . Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources , with multiple points of view . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ichthys . Look up ichthys in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Coins of the Emperor Augustus Coins of the Emperor Domitian earlychristians.org on early Christians in general including martyrdom Ichthus Christian Fellowship A large Christian organisation in the UK led by Roger Forster Ichthus Music Festival The longest running Christian music festival in the nation having been started in 1970 as a Christian response to Woodstock . Principal Christian Symbols : The Fish ( Ichthus ) , Cross & Crucifix Extensive explanations on several popular Christian symbols , including the ichthys Symbolism of the Fish - Catholic Encyclopedia article The Harvard Ichthus , Journal of Christian Thought Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ichthys&oldid=800821255 '' Categories : Acronyms Christian symbols Early Christian inscriptions Roman - era Greek inscriptions Christian terminology Pictograms Early Christian art Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016 All articles lacking sources Articles needing more viewpoints from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 21 : 57 . 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-4092815352246071276	Solo: A Star Wars Story	Solo : a Star Wars Story - wikipedia Solo : a Star Wars Story Jump to : navigation , search Solo : A Star Wars Story Theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Howard Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Allison Shearmur Simon Emanuel Written by Jonathan Kasdan Lawrence Kasdan Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Alden Ehrenreich Woody Harrelson Emilia Clarke Donald Glover Thandie Newton Phoebe Waller - Bridge Joonas Suotamo Paul Bettany Music by John Powell Cinematography Bradford Young Edited by Pietro Scalia Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) ( Cannes ) May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Solo : A Star Wars Story , or simply Solo , is an upcoming American space western film centered on Han Solo , a character from the Star Wars franchise . The film is directed by Ron Howard and is produced by Lucasfilm from a screenplay by Jonathan and Lawrence Kasdan , and will be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The film will be the second Star Wars anthology film , following the 2016 film Rogue One . A stand - alone installment set prior to the events of Rogue One and the original 1977 film , it explores the adventures of a young Han Solo and Chewbacca , including meeting Lando Calrissian . The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as Solo , alongside Woody Harrelson , Emilia Clarke , Donald Glover , Thandie Newton , Phoebe Waller - Bridge , Joonas Suotamo , and Paul Bettany . Principal photography began in January 2017 at Pinewood Studios , under the direction of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller . The pair left the project in June 2017 after reportedly being fired over `` creative differences '' with Lucasfilm , and Howard took over directing duties . The film is scheduled to premiere on May 15 , 2018 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival , and be released in the United States on May 25 , 2018 , in RealD 3D and IMAX 3D . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Described as a space western , the film is centered on a young Han Solo and his adventures with his Wookiee partner Chewbacca , including their encounter with Lando Calrissian . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo , a cynical smuggler . When asked how Solo differs from the Solo of latter Star Wars films , Ehrenreich stated `` I think the main thing that 's different is that the Han we meet in this film is more of an idealist . He has certain dreams that he follows , and we watch how it affects him as those dreams meet new realities -- realities that are harder and more challenging than he 'd expected . '' The original Han Solo actor , Harrison Ford , met with him giving him some insight , and words of advice . Woody Harrelson as Tobias Beckett , a criminal and Han 's mentor . Emilia Clarke as Qi'ra . Describing her character , Clarke said `` She has a couple of guises , but essentially she is just fighting to stay alive . If you 've got a really glamorous lady in a really sordid environment , you kind of know the glamor is hiding a few rough roads . '' With regard to her character 's relationship with Solo , Clarke offered that `` They grew up as comrades , essentially . They grew up as pals , as partners in crime . There is obviously the romantic side of things . But they grew up together . So they were kids together . '' Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian , a smuggler on the rise in the galaxy 's underworld . Thandie Newton as Val Phoebe Waller - Bridge as L3 - 37 , Lando 's droid companion . Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca , Han 's Wookiee sidekick and first mate . Paul Bettany as Dryden Vos , a crime lord . Michael K. Williams had originally been cast , but he was removed from the final film after being unable to return to set during the film 's reshoots . Bettany was cast in his place , with the character being reworked from a motion - capture alien ( described by Williams as half - mountain lion , half - human ) to a human . Screenwriter Jonathan Kasdan and first assistant director Toby Hefferman portray Tag Greenley and Bink Otauna , respectively , two characters that first appeared in the Star Wars comics published by Dark Horse Comics . Jon Favreau will provide the voice for Rio Durant , `` a very cool and important alien character . '' Ian Kenny , Warwick Davis and Clint Howard are also cast in undisclosed roles . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Before selling Lucasfilm to Disney , George Lucas started development on a film about a young Han Solo . Lucas hired Star Wars original trilogy veteran script writer Lawrence Kasdan to write the script . However when Kasdan left to help finish the script for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , he left his son Jonathan Kasdan who had been unofficially helping him , in charge of finishing the script for Solo until his return . In February 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two Star Wars standalone films , each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg . Shortly after , it was reported that Disney was working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films would not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating , `` George ( Lucas ) was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin - off movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the standalone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . '' In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology series . In July 2015 , Lucasfilm announced that an Anthology film , focusing `` on how ( a ) young Han Solo became the smuggler , thief , and scoundrel whom Luke Skywalker and Obi - Wan Kenobi first encountered in the cantina at Mos Eisley '' , would be released on May 25 , 2018 . The project would be directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a script by Lawrence Kasdan and Jonathan Kasdan . Kennedy would serve as a producer on the film , with Lawrence Kasdan and Jason McGatlin executive producers ; Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel also produce . The Han Solo project was separate from a film that was originally being developed by Josh Trank , which was pushed back to an unconfirmed date . Solo 's friend , the Wookiee , Chewbacca , would also appear in the film . In May 2016 , Lawrence Kasdan stated that filming would start in January 2017 . Casting ( edit ) Donald Glover portrays Lando Calrissian in the film . In January 2016 , a shortlist of actors was revealed for the role of young Han Solo , including Miles Teller , Ansel Elgort , Dave Franco , Jack Reynor , Scott Eastwood , Logan Lerman , Emory Cohen and Blake Jenner . In March 2016 , it was reported that Alden Ehrenreich , Reynor and Taron Egerton were on a shortlist of actors considered for the young Han Solo role . In May 2016 , Ehrenreich was reported to have been cast as the young Han Solo , and was revealed in the role at Star Wars Celebration : Celebration Europe III two months later . Miller called casting the role one of `` the hardest casting challenges of all time '' adding they `` saw over 3,000 people for the part '' . By the following October , Tessa Thompson , Naomi Scott , Zoë Kravitz , Emilia Clarke , Kiersey Clemons , Jessica Henwick and Adria Arjona were being considered for the female lead , while Donald Glover was being considered to play a young Lando Calrissian . Glover was confirmed for Calrissian shortly after , with Clarke cast as the female lead the following month . In early January 2017 , Woody Harrelson was revealed to be in negotiations to portray Han Solo 's mentor , and was confirmed to be appearing in the film shortly after . Christian Bale had previously been in discussions for the role . A subsequent interview with Harrelson bolstered speculation that he may be specifically playing Star Wars Legends character Garris Shrike , but Harrelson revealed the character 's name as Beckett in March 2017 . In February 2017 , Phoebe Waller - Bridge joined the cast in an undisclosed role , said to be `` a CGI - driven performance '' similar to Alan Tudyk in Rogue One as the droid K - 2SO . Additionally , it was reported that Thandie Newton was in negotiations to star in the film . Waller - Bridge and Newton were confirmed as being cast by the end of February , alongside the announcement that Joonas Suotamo would appear as Chewbacca , reprising the role from Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Star Wars : The Last Jedi that he shared with original Chewbacca actor Peter Mayhew . Michael K. Williams entered talks to join the film in early March 2017 , and was confirmed shortly after , portraying a half - human , half - animal creature . By the end of the month , Ian Kenny had joined the cast . Warwick Davis was confirmed as part of the cast by the end of July 2017 . Filming ( edit ) Filming began on January 30 , 2017 , at Pinewood Studios , under the working title Star Wars : Red Cup . Lucasfilm announced that principal photography started on February 20 , 2017 . Bradford Young serves as the cinematographer for the film . In May 2017 , filming moved to the Canary Islands , and Lucasfilm replaced editor Chris Dickens with Pietro Scalia . Lucasfilm also hired an acting coach for Ehrenreich , as they were unhappy with his performance up to that point . On June 20 , 2017 , citing `` creative differences '' , Lucasfilm and Lord and Miller jointly announced their intent to part ways , with a new director `` to be announced soon '' . It was reported that the directors were fired after Kennedy and Kasdan disagreed with their shooting style ; Lord and Miller believed they were hired to make a comedy film , while Lucasfilm was looking for the duo to add `` a comedic touch '' to the space fantasy . Lucasfilm also felt that the directors were encouraging too much improvisation from the actors , which was believed to be `` shifting the story off - course '' from the Kasdans ' script . To appease Kasdan , who was unhappy with scenes not being filmed `` word for word ... Lord and Miller would do several takes exactly as written and then shoot additional takes . '' Lord and Miller refused to compromise on the way to approach certain scenes , such as filming a scene from fewer angles than what Lucasfilm was expecting reducing the options available in editing , leading to a strained relationship with Lucasfilm . The duo were also unhappy when Kasdan was brought to the London set , feeling he became a `` shadow director '' . The decision to remove Lord and Miller from the project was made after a short hiatus in filming taken to review the footage . Additional weeks of filming had been planned . It was reported that Star Wars creator George Lucas 's close friend Ron Howard , who previously had turned down an offer from Lucas himself to direct Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , was a frontrunner to step in as director . Joe Johnston and Kasdan were also being considered , though Directors Guild of America rules state that a replacement for a director may not be someone already involved in the production . Two days later , it was announced that Howard would take over directing duties for the remaining three - and - a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography as well as the scheduled five weeks of reshoots . On being hired , Howard wrote , `` I 'm beyond grateful to add my voice to the Star Wars Universe ... I hope to honor the great work already done & help deliver on the promise of a Han Solo film . '' Howard was expected to arrive in London on June 26 to complete filming . During the film 's reshoots , actor Michael K. Williams was unable to return to the production , due to a schedule conflict with filming The Red Sea Diving Resort , resulting in his part being cut . Williams stated the reshoots for his character were `` to match the new direction which the producers wanted Ron to carry the film in '' , and that he would not have been available again until November 2017 , and the production did not want to wait for his availability in order to still be able to release in May 2018 . Lucas , a friend and mentor of Howard due to previous collaborations , made a surprise visit to the set to encourage his friend on his first day shooting . While originally meant as a short meeting , Lucas ended up spending the whole day with the crew . While Lucas did not mean to interfere , at some point he forgot and asked `` Why does n't Han just do this ? '' . Upon hearing Lucas ' suggestion , Howard decided to film it and include it in the film . On October 17 , 2017 , Howard announced that principal photography had been completed ; he also revealed the official title of the film as Solo : A Star Wars Story . In March 2018 , it was announced that the original directors Lord and Miller will receive executive producer credits on the film . Music ( edit ) In July 2017 , John Powell was announced as the main composer of the film 's score . Longtime Star Wars composer John Williams will contribute the Han Solo theme for the film . Release ( edit ) Solo : A Star Wars Story will have its world premiere on May 15 , 2018 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival . The film is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 25 , 2018 , the 41st anniversary of Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope in which Harrison Ford first appeared as Han Solo . Despite the firing of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , Lucasfilm has maintained that the film is on schedule for its intended release date . Marketing ( edit ) A `` sneak peek '' TV spot was released during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . It became the most popular Super Bowl trailer on YouTube with 8 million views . It also had 5.9 million views on Facebook . The first official teaser trailer was released on February 5 , 2018 . Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the trailer as `` dull '' , and compared it negatively to the look of Rogue One , opining that the visuals `` should be the hive of scum and villainy of the Cantina of the very first movie , filled with colorful aliens and things happening all over the place . That busyness , the sense of danger and hustle , feels appropriate for Solo in a way that what 's on show in this first trailer simply does n't . '' He also noted that several plot elements presented in the trailer were reminiscent of The Han Solo Trilogy , a series of novels published in 1997 and 1998 . In early March 2018 , French artist Hachim Bahous asserted that Disney had plagiarized a series of album covers he designed for Sony Music 's label Legacy Recordings in France with character posters for the film . Disney stated they were investigating the alleged plagiarism and that the Solo posters had been produced by an outside vendor . In the weeks leading up to the film , EA Capital Games announced that new characters based on the film will eventually be collectible and playable in the mobile game Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes , including a younger Han Solo and Chewbacca as they appeared in the film . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , the film 's original directors , were fired from the film in June 2017 after over four - and - a-half months of shooting , about three - quarters through principal photography . Howard took over directing duties for the remaining three - and - a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography and five weeks of reshoots . The duo opted to receive credit as executive producers on the film . Jump up ^ Chris Dickens , the film 's original editor , was replaced by Scalia in May 2017 during principal photography . 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Williams ' `` Half - Mountain Lion '' SOLO Character You Wo n't Get to See `` . nerdist.com . March 8 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Han Solo Spin - Off Adds Paul Bettany to Replace Michael K. Williams '' . / Film . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Ron Howard Teases Fan Favorite Characters For Han Solo Spinoff '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jon Favreau Twitter status 983034660509777920 '' . Twitter.com . February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' : Jon Favreau to Voice an `` Important Alien Character '' `` . Collider.com . February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sing Street ' Star Ian Kenny Joins Han Solo Movie ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . 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Abrams And Lawrence Kasdan About ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' And More '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff in the Works With ' Lego Movie ' Directors ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ; Snider , Jeff ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Chewbacca to Appear in New Han Solo Movie , Confirms Disney 's Bob Iger '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yee , Lawrence ; Blacklow , Jeremy ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Alden Ehrenreich Teases Han Solo Spinoff , Younger Chewbacca '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Lawrence Kasdan Talks Han Solo Start Date , Star Wars Saga Involvement '' . 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Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Emmanuel Lubezki Reteams With Alfonso Cuarón ; Bradford Young to Shoot Han Solo Film '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Han Solo Film Loses Directors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Why the Han Solo Film Directors Were Fired '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` How the Han Solo film broke apart -- with Ron Howard picking up the pieces '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Ron Howard turned down directing ' The Phantom Menace ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Flemming Jr , Mike ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Top Choice To Take Over Han Solo Film ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Howard to Assume Directorial Duties on the Untitled Han Solo Film '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Comments on Taking Over The Han Solo Movie '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Ron Howard : A Star Wars Story -- Why the Oscar - winner joined Solo in its time of upheaval '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Movie Title Announced '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Powell to Score Untitled Han Solo Movie '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . July 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Solo ' Locks in Key ' Star Wars ' Veteran ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Set For Surprise Cannes Premiere '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Teaser Surprises Super Bowl Audiences '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Trailers : ' Avengers ' Rules Social Media , ' Solo ' Dominates on YouTube '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` What Does the Han Solo Movie Want to Be ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Disney `` Looking Into '' Allegations of Design Theft Over ' Solo ' Posters `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CG_Carrie . `` The Road Ahead : April 5 , 2018 '' . Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes Forum . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Solo : A Star Wars Story on IMDb Solo : A Star Wars Story on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- 18 ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Films directed by Ron Howard Grand Theft Auto ( 1977 ) Cotton Candy ( 1978 ) Skyward ( 1980 ) Night Shift ( 1982 ) Splash ( 1984 ) Cocoon ( 1985 ) Gung Ho ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Parenthood ( 1989 ) Backdraft ( 1991 ) Far and Away ( 1992 ) The Paper ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) Ransom ( 1996 ) EDtv ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Missing ( 2003 ) Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 ) Frost / Nixon ( 2008 ) Angels & Demons ( 2009 ) The Dilemma ( 2011 ) Rush ( 2013 ) Made in America ( 2013 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) The Beatles : Eight Days a Week ( 2016 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) Films produced by Allison Shearmur Cinderella ( 2015 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2016 ) Nerve ( 2016 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) Chaos Walking ( 2019 ) Star Wars portal Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solo:_A_Star_Wars_Story&oldid=837208005 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films American films Films directed by Ron Howard Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy Films scored by John Powell Films shot at Pinewood Studios Lucasfilm films Prequel films Star Wars spin - off films Upcoming English - language films Upcoming IMAX films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 11 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays han solo in the new star wars movie	[ "Solo: A Star Wars Story, or simply Solo, is an upcoming American space western film centered on Han Solo, a character from the Star Wars franchise. The film is directed by Ron Howard and is produced by Lucasfilm from a screenplay by Jonathan and Lawrence Kasdan, and will be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The film will be the second Star Wars anthology film, following the 2016 film Rogue One. A stand-alone installment set prior to the events of Rogue One and the original 1977 film, it explores the adventures of a young Han Solo and Chewbacca, including meeting Lando Calrissian. The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as Solo, alongside Woody Harrelson, Emilia Clarke, Donald Glover, Thandie Newton, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Joonas Suotamo, and Paul Bettany." ]	[ "Alden Ehrenreich" ]
3682824378321878542	Dissociation (chemistry)	Dissociation ( chemistry ) - wikipedia Dissociation ( chemistry ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Dissociate '' and `` Dissociating '' redirect here . For other uses , see Dissociation . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which molecules ( or ionic compounds such as salts , or complexes ) separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms , ions or radicals , usually in a reversible manner . For instance , when an acid dissolves in water , a covalent bond between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom is broken by heterolytic fission , which gives a proton ( H ) and a negative ion . Dissociation is the same as recombination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dissociation constant 2 Dissociation degree 3 Salts 4 Gases 5 Acids in aqueous solution 6 Fragmentation 7 Receptors 8 See also 9 References Dissociation constant ( edit ) Main article : Dissociation constant For reversible dissociations in a chemical equilibrium AB ⇌ A + B the dissociation constant K is the ratio of dissociated to undissociated compound K a = ( A ) ( B ) ( A B ) ( \ displaystyle K_ ( a ) = \ mathrm ( \ frac ( ( A ) ( B ) ) ( ( AB ) ) ) ) where the brackets denote the equilibrium concentrations of the species . Dissociation degree ( edit ) The dissociation degree is the fraction of original solute molecules that have dissociated . It is usually indicated by the Greek symbol α . More accurately , degree of dissociation refers to the amount of solute dissociated into ions or radicals per mole . In case of very strong acids and bases , degree of dissociation will be close to 1 . Less powerful acids and bases will have lesser degree of dissociation . There is a simple relationship between this parameter and the van ' t Hoff factor i ( \ displaystyle i ) . If the solute substance dissociates into n ( \ displaystyle n ) ions , then i = 1 + α ( n − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle i = 1 + \ alpha ( n - 1 ) ) For instance , for the following dissociation KCl ⇌ K + Cl As n = 2 ( \ displaystyle n = 2 ) , we would have that i = 1 + α ( \ displaystyle i = 1 + \ alpha ) Salts ( edit ) The dissociation of salts by solvation in a solution like water means the separation of the anions and cations . The salt can be recovered by evaporation of the solvent . See also : Solubility equilibrium An electrolyte refers to a substance that contains free ions and can be used as an electrically conductive medium . Most of the solute does not dissociate in a weak electrolyte whereas in a strong electrolyte a higher ratio of solute dissociates to form free ions . A weak electrolyte is a substance whose solute exists in solution mostly in the form of molecules ( which are said to be `` undissociated '' ) , with only a small fraction in the form of ions . Simply because a substance does not readily dissolve does not make it a weak electrolyte . Acetic acid ( CH COOH ) and ammonium ( NH ) are good examples . Acetic acid is extremely soluble in water , but most of the compound dissolves into molecules , rendering it a weak electrolyte . Weak bases and weak acids are generally weak electrolytes . In an aqueous solution there will be some CH COOH and some CH COO and H . A strong electrolyte is a solute that exists in solution completely or nearly completely as ions . Again , the strength of an electrolyte is defined as the percentage of solute that is ions , rather than molecules . The higher the percentage , the stronger the electrolyte . Thus , even if a substance is not very soluble , but does dissociate completely into ions , the substance is defined as a strong electrolyte . Similar logic applies to a weak electrolyte . Strong acids and bases are good examples such as HCl , and H SO . These will all exist as ions in an aqueous medium . Gases ( edit ) The degree of dissociation in gases is denoted by the symbol α where α refers to the percentage of gas molecules which dissociate . Various relationships between K and α exist depending on the stoichiometry of the equation . The example of dinitrogen tetroxide ( N O ) dissociating to nitrogen dioxide ( NO ) will be taken . N O ⇌ 2NO If the initial concentration of dinitrogen tetroxide is 1 mole per litre , this will decrease by α at equilibrium giving , by stoichiometry , 2α moles of NO . The equilibrium constant ( in terms of pressure ) is given by the equation ; K p = p ( NO 2 ) 2 p ( N 2 O 4 ) ( \ displaystyle K_ ( p ) = ( \ frac ( \ ce ( p ( NO2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ ce ( p ( N2O4 ) ) ) ) ) Where p represents the partial pressure . Hence , through the definition of partial pressure and using p to represent the total pressure and x to represent the mole fraction ; K p = p T 2 ( x ( NO 2 ) ) 2 p T ⋅ x ( N 2 O 4 ) = p T ( x ( NO 2 ) ) 2 x ( N 2 O 4 ) ( \ displaystyle K_ ( p ) = ( \ frac ( \ ce ( ( p_ ( T ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ( x ( NO2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ ce ( p_ ( T ) \ cdot x ( N2O4 ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ ce ( p_ ( T ) ( x ( NO2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ ce ( x ( N2O4 ) ) ) ) ) The total number of moles at equilibrium is ( 1 - α ) + ( 2α ) which is equivalent to 1 + α . Thus , substituting the mole fractions with actual values in term of alpha and simplifying ; K p = p T ( 4 α 2 ) ( 1 + α ) ( 1 − α ) = p T ( 4 α 2 ) 1 − α 2 ( \ displaystyle K_ ( p ) = ( \ frac ( \ ce ( p_ ( T ) ( 4 \ alpha ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( ( 1 + \ alpha ) ( 1 - \ alpha ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ ce ( p_ ( T ) ( 4 \ alpha ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 1 - \ alpha ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) This equation is in accordance with Le Chatelier 's Principle . K will remain constant with temperature . The addition of pressure to the system will increase the value of p so α must decrease to keep K constant . In fact , increasing the pressure of the equilibrium favours a shift to the left favouring the formation of dinitrogen tetroxide ( as on this side of the equilibrium there is less pressure since pressure is proportional to number of moles ) hence decreasing the extent of dissociation α . Acids in aqueous solution ( edit ) Main article : acid dissociation constant The reaction of an acid in water solvent is often described as a dissociation HA ↽ − − ⇀ H + + A − ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( HA < = > ( H+ ) + ( A ^ ( - ) ) ) ) ) where HA is a proton acid such as acetic acid , CH COOH . The double arrow means that this is an equilibrium process , with dissociation and recombination occurring at the same time . This implies that the acid dissociation constant K a = ( H + ) ( A − ) ( HA ) ( \ displaystyle K_ ( \ ce ( a ) ) = ( \ ce ( \ frac ( ( H ^ ( + ) ) ( A ^ ( - ) ) ) ( ( HA ) ) ) ) ) However a more accurate description is provided by the Brønsted -- Lowry acid -- base theory , which specifies that the proton H+ does not exist as such in solution but is instead accepted by ( bonded to ) a water molecule to form the hydronium ion H O . The reaction is therefore more correctly written as HA + H 2 O ↽ − − ⇀ H 3 O + + A − ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( HA ) + H2O < = > ( H3O+ ) + A ^ ( - ) ) ) ) and better described as an ionization or formation of ions ( for the case when HA has no net charge ) . The equilibrium constant is then K a = ( H 3 O + ) ( A − ) ( HA ) ( \ displaystyle K_ ( \ ce ( a ) ) = ( \ ce ( \ frac ( ( H_ ( 3 ) O ^ ( + ) ) ( A ^ ( - ) ) ) ( ( HA ) ) ) ) ) where ( H 2 O ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) is not included because in dilute solution the solvent is essentially a pure liquid with a thermodynamic activity of one . K is variously named a dissociation constant , an acid ionization constant , an acidity constant or an ionization constant . It serves as an indicator of the acid strength : stronger acids have a higher K value ( and a lower pK value ) . Fragmentation ( edit ) Fragmentation of a molecule can take place by a process of heterolysis or homolysis . Receptors ( edit ) Receptors are proteins that bind small ligands . The dissociation constant K is used as indicator of the affinity of the ligand to the receptor . The higher the affinity of the ligand for the receptor the lower the K value ( and the higher the pK value ) . See also ( edit ) Bond dissociation energy Thermal decomposition References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Petrucci R.H. , Harwood W.S. and Herring F.G. General Chemistry ( 8th ed . Prentice - Hall 2002 ) p. 668 ISBN 0 - 13 - 014329 - 4 Jump up ^ Laidler K.J. Physical Chemistry with Biological Applications ( Benjamin / Cummings ) 1978 , p. 307 ISBN 0 - 8053 - 5680 - 0 Jump up ^ Atkins P. and de Paula J. Physical Chemistry ( 8th ed . W.H. Freeman 2006 ) p. 763 ISBN 0 - 7167 - 8759 - 8 Jump up ^ Whitten K.W. , Gailey K.D. and Davis R.E. General Chemistry ( 4th ed . Saunders College Publishing 1992 ) p. 708 ISBN 0 - 03 - 072373 - 6 LCCN : sh85038500 GND : 4131115 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dissociation_(chemistry)&oldid=803165875 '' Categories : Equilibrium chemistry Chemical processes Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Võro 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 21 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	acids are ionic compounds that relate to which element	[ "However a more accurate description is provided by the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, which specifies that the proton H+ does not exist as such in solution but is instead accepted by (bonded to) a water molecule to form the hydronium ion H3O+." ]	[ "water" ]
-1667035586470203442	Uberrima fides	Uberrima fides - wikipedia Uberrima fides Jump to : navigation , search Uberrima fides ( sometimes seen in its genitive form uberrimae fidei ) is a Latin phrase meaning `` utmost good faith '' ( literally , `` most abundant faith '' ) . It is the name of a legal doctrine which governs insurance contracts . This means that all parties to an insurance contract must deal in good faith , making a full declaration of all material facts in the insurance proposal . This contrasts with the legal doctrine caveat emptor ( `` let the buyer beware '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Insurance contracts 2 Fiduciary duties 3 Limitations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Insurance contracts ( edit ) A higher duty is expected from parties to an insurance contract than from parties to most other contracts in order to ensure the disclosure of all material facts so that the contract may accurately reflect the actual risk being undertaken . The principles underlying this rule were stated by Lord Mansfield in the leading and often quoted case of Carter v Boehm ( 1766 ) 97 ER 1162 , 1164 , Insurance is a contract of speculation ... The special facts , upon which the contingent chance is to be computed , lie most commonly in the knowledge of the insured only : the under - writer trusts to his representation , and proceeds upon confidence that he does not keep back any circumstances in his knowledge , to mislead the under - writer into a belief that the circumstance does not exist ... Good faith forbids either party by concealing what he privately knows , to draw the other into a bargain from his ignorance of that fact , and his believing the contrary . Therefore , the insured must reveal the exact nature and potential of the risks that he transfers to the insurer ( which may , in turn , be sold onto a reinsurer ) , while at the same time the insurer must make sure that the potential contract fits the needs of , and benefits , the insured . Reinsurance contracts ( between reinsurers and insurers / cedents ) require the highest level of utmost good faith , and such utmost good faith is considered the foundation of reinsurance , which is an essential component of the modern insurance marketplace . In order to make reinsurance affordable , a reinsurer can not duplicate costly insurer underwriting and claim handling costs , and must rely on an insurer 's absolute transparency and candor . In return , a reinsurer must appropriately investigate and reimburse an insurer 's good faith claim payments , following the fortunes of the cedent . Fiduciary duties ( edit ) The fact that a contract is one of utmost good faith does not mean , however , that it gives rise to a general fiduciary relationship . The relationship between insured and insurer is not akin to the relationship between , say , guardian and ward , principal and agent , or trustee and beneficiary . In these latter instances , the inherent character of the relationship is such that the law has traditionally imported general fiduciary obligations . The insurer - insured relationship is contractual ; the parties are parties to an arms - length agreement . The principle of uberrima fides does not affect the arms - length nature of the agreement , and can not be used to find a general fiduciary relationship . The insurance contract , as noted above , imposes certain specific obligations on its parties . These obligations , however , do not import general fiduciary duties into each and every insurance relationship . Before such fiduciary obligations can be imported there must be specific circumstances in the relationship that call for their imposition . Limitations ( edit ) The doctrine of uberrima fides is strictly limited in English law to the formation of the insurance contract . During the mid-20th century , American courts expanded it much farther into a post-formation implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing . Violation of that implied covenant came to be seen as a tort , now known as insurance bad faith . See also ( edit ) Law portal Adverse selection References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See , generally , Parkington , ed. , MacGillivray and Parkington On Insurance Law , 8th ed. ( 1988 ) para. 544 ; Brown and Menezes , Insurance Law in Canada , 2d ed. ( 1991 ) pp. 8 - 9 ; and 25 Halsbury 's Laws of England , 4th ed. para. 365 et seq . Jump up ^ Marcos Antonio Mendoza , `` Reinsurance as Governance : Governmental Risk Management Pools as a Case Study in the Governance Role Played by Reinsurance Institutions '' , 21 Conn . Ins . L.J. 53 , 65 - 67 , 102 - 107 ( 2014 ) http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2573253 Jump up ^ Tosato , Andrea ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Commercial Agency and the Duty to Act in Good Faith '' . Oxford Journal of Legal Studies . 36 ( 3 ) : 661 -- 695 . doi : 10.1093 / ojls / gqv040 . ISSN 0143 - 6503 . External links ( edit ) Uberrima Fides And Concealment in the Marine Policy Application from the Maritime Law Association of the United States New Hampshire Ins . v. C'Est Moi , Inc . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uberrima_fides&oldid=786568328 '' Categories : Contract law Insurance law Latin legal terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 June 2017 , at 08 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a contract of insurance is a contract of uberrimae fidei	[]	[]
2240434729354673674	Gun politics in the United States	Gun Politics in the United States - wikipedia Gun Politics in the United States For the context of these debates , see Gun violence in the United States . `` Gun Reform '' redirects here . For current gun laws in the US , see Gun law in the United States . Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal Gun politics is an area of American politics defined by two opposing groups advocating for tighter gun control on the one hand and gun rights on the other . These groups often disagree on the interpretation of laws and court cases related to firearms as well as about the effects of firearms regulation on crime and public safety . It has been estimated that U.S. civilians own 270 million to 310 million firearms , and that 35 % to 42 % of the households in the country have at least one gun . Since the mid-1990s , debates regarding firearm availability and gun violence in the United States have been characterized by concerns about the right to bear arms , such as found in the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution , and the responsibility of the United States government to serve the needs of its citizens and to prevent crime and deaths . Firearms regulation supporters say that indiscriminate or unrestricted gun rights inhibit the government from fulfilling that responsibility , and causes a safety concern , as assault weapons are legal . Gun rights supporters promote firearms for self - defense , hunting , sporting activities , and security against tyranny . Firearms regulation advocates state that restricting and tracking gun access would result in safer communities , while gun rights advocates state that increased firearm ownership by law - abiding citizens reduces crime and assert that criminals have always had easy access to firearms . Gun legislation , or non-legislation , in the United States is augmented by judicial interpretations of the Constitution . In 1791 , the United States adopted the Second Amendment , and in 1868 adopted the Fourteenth Amendment . The effect of those two amendments on gun politics was the subject of landmark U.S. Supreme Court decisions in 2008 and 2010 , that upheld the right of individuals to possess guns for self - defense . Contents 1 History 1.1 Colonial era through the Civil War 1.2 Post Civil War 1.3 20th century 1.3. 1 First half of 20th century 1.3. 1.1 National Firearms Act 1.3. 1.2 United States v. Miller 1.3. 2 Second half of 20th century 1.3. 2.1 Advocacy groups 1.3. 2.2 Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) restriction 1.4 21st century 1.4. 1 Smart guns 1.4. 2 District of Columbia v. Heller 1.4. 3 McDonald v. City of Chicago 1.4. 4 Advocacy groups , PACs , and lobbying 1.4. 5 3D printed firearms 1.4. 6 Proposals made by Obama Administration 1.4. 7 Executive actions taken by the Obama Administration 1.4. 8 2013 United Nations Arms Treaty 2 Public opinion 2.1 Polls 2.1. 1 Gallup poll 2.1. 2 National Rifle Association 3 Political arguments 3.1 Rights - based arguments 3.1. 1 Fundamental right 3.1. 2 Second Amendment rights 3.1. 3 Defense of self and state 3.1. 4 Security against tyranny 3.2 Public policy arguments 3.2. 1 Gun violence debate 3.2. 2 Criminal violence 3.2. 2.1 Homicide 3.2. 3 Suicide 4 Federal and state laws 4.1 Federal laws 4.2 State laws and constitutions 5 See also 5.1 Articles 5.2 Organizations 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Books 8.2 Journals 8.3 News 9 External links History ( edit ) Calamity Jane , notable pioneer frontierswoman and scout , at age 43 . Photo by H.R. Locke . The American hunting tradition comes from a time when the United States was an agrarian , subsistence nation where hunting was a profession for some , an auxiliary source of food for some settlers , and also a deterrence to animal predators . A connection between shooting skills and survival among rural American men was in many cases a necessity and a ' rite of passage ' for those entering manhood . Today , hunting survives as a central sentimental component of a gun culture as a way to control animal populations across the country , regardless of modern trends away from subsistence hunting and rural living . Prior to the American Revolution there was neither budget nor manpower nor government desire to maintain a full - time army . Therefore , the armed citizen - soldier carried the responsibility . Service in militia , including providing one 's own ammunition and weapons , was mandatory for all men . Yet , as early as the 1790s , the mandatory universal militia duty evolved gradually to voluntary militia units and a reliance on a regular army . Throughout the 19th century the institution of the organized civilian militia began to decline . The unorganized civilian militia , however , still remains even in current U.S. law , consisting of essentially everyone from age 17 to 45 , while also including former military officers up to age 64 , as codified in 10 U.S.C. § 246 . Closely related to the militia tradition is the frontier tradition , with the need for self - protection pursuant to westward expansion and the extension of the American frontier . Though it has not been a necessary part of daily survival for over a century , `` generations of Americans continued to embrace and glorify it as a living inheritance -- as a permanent ingredient of this nation 's style and culture '' . Colonial era through the Civil War ( edit ) Gun politics date to Colonial America . ( Lexington Minuteman , representing John Parker , by Henry Hudson Kitson stands at the town green of Lexington , Massachusetts . ) Most American school children learn about the tyranny of King George III : taxation without representation . In the years prior to the American Revolution , the British , in response to the colonists ' unhappiness over increasingly direct control and taxation of the colonies , imposed a gunpowder embargo on the colonies in an attempt to lessen the ability of the colonists to resist British encroachments into what the colonies regarded as local matters . Two direct attempts to disarm the colonial militias fanned what had been a smoldering resentment of British interference into the fires of war . These two incidents were the attempt to confiscate the cannon of the Concord and Lexington militias , leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord of April 19 , 1775 , and the attempt , on April 20 , to confiscate militia powder stores in the armory of Williamsburg , Virginia , which led to the Gunpowder Incident and a face off between Patrick Henry and hundreds of militia members on one side and the Royal Governor of Virginia , Lord Dunmore , and British seamen on the other . The Gunpowder Incident was eventually settled by paying the colonists for the powder . According to historian Saul Cornell , states passed some of the first gun control laws , beginning with Kentucky 's law to `` curb the practice of carrying concealed weapons in 1813 . '' There was opposition and , as a result , the individual right interpretation of the Second Amendment began and grew in direct response to these early gun control laws , in keeping with this new `` pervasive spirit of individualism . '' As noted by Cornell , `` Ironically , the first gun control movement helped give birth to the first self - conscious gun rights ideology built around a constitutional right of individual self - defense . '' The individual right interpretation of the Second Amendment first arose in Bliss v. Commonwealth ( 1822 ) , which evaluated the right to bear arms in defense of themselves and the state pursuant to Section 28 of the Second Constitution of Kentucky ( 1799 ) . The right to bear arms in defense of themselves and the state was interpreted as an individual right , for the case of a concealed sword cane . This case has been described as about `` a statute prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons ( that ) was violative of the Second Amendment '' . The first state court decision relevant to the `` right to bear arms '' issue was Bliss v. Commonwealth . The Kentucky court held that `` the right of citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and the State must be preserved entire , ... '' Also during the Jacksonian Era , the first collective right ( or group right ) interpretation of the Second Amendment arose . In State v. Buzzard ( 1842 ) , the Arkansas high court adopted a militia - based , political right , reading of the right to bear arms under state law , and upheld the 21st section of the second article of the Arkansas Constitution that declared , `` that the free white men of this State shall have a right to keep and bear arms for their common defense '' , while rejecting a challenge to a statute prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons . The Arkansas high court declared `` That the words ' a well regulated militia being necessary for the security of a free State ' , and the words ' common defense ' clearly show the true intent and meaning of these Constitutions ( i.e. , Arkansas and U.S. ) and prove that it is a political and not an individual right , and , of course , that the State , in her legislative capacity , has the right to regulate and control it : This being the case , then the people , neither individually nor collectively , have the right to keep and bear arms . '' Joel Prentiss Bishop 's influential Commentaries on the Law of Statutory Crimes ( 1873 ) took Buzzard 's militia - based interpretation , a view that Bishop characterized as the `` Arkansas doctrine , '' as the orthodox view of the right to bear arms in American law . The two early state court cases , Bliss and Buzzard , set the fundamental dichotomy in interpreting the Second Amendment , i.e. , whether it secured an individual right versus a collective right . See also : Reconstruction era This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : it is disjointed , one source is poor quality , the other is poorly used Please help improve this section if you can . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Post Civil War ( edit ) Representative John A. Bingham of Ohio , principal framer of the Fourteenth Amendment Political cartoon by Frederick Burr Opper published in Puck magazine shortly after the assassination of James A. Garfield With the Civil War ending , the question of the rights of freed slaves to carry arms and to belong to militia came to the attention of the federal courts . In response to the problems freed slaves faced in the Southern states , the Fourteenth Amendment was drafted . When the Fourteenth Amendment was drafted , Representative John A. Bingham of Ohio used the Court 's own phrase `` privileges and immunities of citizens '' to include the first Eight Amendments of the Bill of Rights under its protection and guard these rights against state legislation . The debate in the Congress on the Fourteenth Amendment after the Civil War also concentrated on what the Southern States were doing to harm the newly freed slaves . One particular concern was the disarming of former slaves . The Second Amendment attracted serious judicial attention with the Reconstruction era case of United States v. Cruikshank which ruled that the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not cause the Bill of Rights , including the Second Amendment , to limit the powers of the State governments , stating that the Second Amendment `` has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the national government . '' Akhil Reed Amar notes in the Yale Law Journal , the basis of Common Law for the first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution , which would include the Second Amendment , `` following John Randolph Tucker 's famous oral argument in the 1887 Chicago anarchist Haymarket Riot case , Spies v. Illinois '' : Though originally the first ten Amendments were adopted as limitations on Federal power , yet in so far as they secure and recognize fundamental rights -- common law rights -- of the man , they make them privileges and immunities of the man as citizen of the United States ... 20th century ( edit ) First half of 20th century ( edit ) Since the late 19th century , with three key cases from the pre-incorporation era , the U.S. Supreme Court consistently ruled that the Second Amendment ( and the Bill of Rights ) restricted only Congress , and not the States , in the regulation of guns . Scholars predicted that the Court 's incorporation of other rights suggested that they may incorporate the Second , should a suitable case come before them . National firearms Act ( edit ) Main article : National Firearms Act The first major federal firearms law passed in the 20th century was the National Firearms Act ( NFA ) of 1934 . It was passed after Prohibition - era gangsterism peaked with the Saint Valentine 's Day massacre of 1929 . The era was famous for criminal use of firearms such as the Thompson submachine gun ( Tommy gun ) and sawed - off shotgun . Under the NFA , machine guns , short - barreled rifles and shotguns , and other weapons fall under the regulation and jurisdiction of the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms ( ATF ) as described by Title II . United States v. Miller ( edit ) Main article : United States v. Miller In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) the Court did not address incorporation , but whether a sawed - off shotgun `` has some reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia . '' In overturning the indictment against Miller , the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Arkansas stated that the National Firearms Act of 1934 , `` offend ( ed ) the inhibition of the Second Amendment to the Constitution . '' The federal government then appealed directly to the Supreme Court . On appeal the federal government did not object to Miller 's release since he had died by then , seeking only to have the trial judge 's ruling on the unconstitutionality of the federal law overturned . Under these circumstances , neither Miller nor his attorney appeared before the Court to argue the case . The Court only heard argument from the federal prosecutor . In its ruling , the Court overturned the trial court and upheld the NFA . Second half of 20th century ( edit ) President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Gun Control Act of 1968 into law . The Gun Control Act of 1968 ( GCA ) was passed after the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy , Senator Robert Kennedy , and African - American activists Malcolm X and Martin Luther King , Jr. in the 1960s . The GCA focuses on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by generally prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except among licensed manufacturers , dealers , and importers . It also prohibits selling firearms to certain categories of individuals defined as `` prohibited persons . '' The murder of musician John Lennon in 1980 and an assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan in 1981 led to enactment of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act ( Brady Law ) in 1993 which established the national background check system to prevent certain restricted individuals from owning , purchasing , or transporting firearms . In an article supporting passage of such a law , retired chief justice Warren E. Burger wrote : Americans also have a right to defend their homes , and we need not challenge that . Nor does anyone seriously question that the Constitution protects the right of hunters to own and keep sporting guns for hunting game any more than anyone would challenge the right to own and keep fishing rods and other equipment for fishing -- or to own automobiles . To ' keep and bear arms ' for hunting today is essentially a recreational activity and not an imperative of survival , as it was 200 years ago . ' Saturday night specials ' and machine guns are not recreational weapons and surely are as much in need of regulation as motor vehicles . In 1986 , Congress passed the Firearm Owners Protection Act . It was supported by the National Rifle Association and individual gun rights advocates because it reversed many of the provisions of the GCA and protected gun owners ' rights . It also banned ownership of unregistered fully automatic rifles and civilian purchase or sale of any such firearm made from that date forward . A Stockton , California , schoolyard shooting in 1989 led to passage of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994 ( AWB or AWB 1994 ) , which defined and banned the manufacture and transfer of `` semiautomatic assault weapons '' and `` large capacity ammunition feeding devices . '' According to journalist Chip Berlet , concerns about gun control laws along with outrage over two high - profile incidents involving the ATF ( Ruby Ridge in 1992 and the Waco siege in 1993 ) mobilized the militia movement of citizens who feared that the federal government would begin to confiscate firearms . Though gun control is not strictly a partisan issue , there is generally more support for gun control legislation in the Democratic Party than in the Republican Party . The Libertarian Party , whose campaign platforms favor limited government , is outspokenly against gun control . Advocacy groups ( edit ) The National Rifle Association ( NRA ) was founded to promote firearm competency in 1871 . The NRA supported the NFA and , ultimately , the GCA . After the GCA , more strident groups , such as the Gun Owners of America ( GOA ) , began to advocate for gun rights . According to the GOA , it was founded in 1975 when `` the radical left introduced legislation to ban all handguns in California . '' The GOA and other national groups like the Second Amendment Foundation ( SAF ) , Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership ( JPFO ) , and the Second Amendment Sisters ( SAS ) , often take stronger stances than the NRA and criticize its history of support for some firearms legislation , such as GCA . These groups believe any compromise leads to greater restrictions . According to the authors of The Changing Politics of Gun Control ( 1998 ) , in the late 1970s , the NRA changed its activities to incorporate political advocacy . Despite the impact on the volatility of membership , the politicization of the NRA has been consistent and the NRA - Political Victory Fund ranked as `` one of the biggest spenders in congressional elections '' as of 1998 . According to the authors of The Gun Debate ( 2014 ) , the NRA taking the lead on politics serves the gun industry 's profitability . In particular when gun owners respond to fears of gun confiscation with increased purchases and by helping to isolate the industry from the misuse of its products used in shooting incidents . The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence began in 1974 as Handgun Control Inc . ( HCI ) . Soon after , it formed a partnership with another fledgling group called the National Coalition to Ban Handguns ( NCBH ) - later known as the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence ( CSGV ) . The partnership did not last , as NCBH generally took a tougher stand on gun regulation than HCI . In the wake of the 1980 murder of John Lennon , HCI saw an increase of interest and fund raising and contributed $75,000 to congressional campaigns . Following the Reagan assassination attempt and the resultant injury of James Brady , Sarah Brady joined the board of HCI in 1985 . HCI was renamed in 2001 to Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence . Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) restriction ( edit ) In 1996 , Congress added language to the relevant appropriations bill which required `` none of the funds made available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control . '' This language was added to prevent the funding of research by the CDC that gun rights supporters considered politically motivated and intended to bring about further gun control legislation . In particular , the NRA and other gun rights proponents objected to work supported by the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control , then run by Mark L. Rosenberg , including research authored by Arthur Kellermann . 21st century ( edit ) In October 2003 , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published a report on the effectiveness of gun violence prevention strategies that concluded `` Evidence was insufficient to determine the effectiveness of any of these laws . '' A similar survey of firearms research by the National Academy of Sciences arrived at nearly identical conclusions in 2004 . In September of that year , the Assault Weapons Ban expired due to a sunset provision . Efforts by gun control advocates to renew the ban failed , as did attempts to replace it after it became defunct . The NRA opposed bans on handguns in Chicago , Washington D.C. , and San Francisco , while supporting the NICS Improvement Amendments Act of 2007 ( also known as the School Safety And Law Enforcement Improvement Act ) , which strengthened requirements for background checks for firearm purchases . The GOA took issue with a portion of the bill , which they termed the `` Veterans ' Disarmament Act . '' Besides the GOA , other national gun rights groups continue to take a stronger stance than the NRA . These groups include the Second Amendment Sisters , Second Amendment Foundation , Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership , and the Pink Pistols . New groups have also arisen , such as the Students for Concealed Carry , which grew largely out of safety - issues resulting from the creation of gun - free zones that were legislatively mandated amidst a response to widely publicized school shootings . In 2001 , in United States v. Emerson , the Fifth Circuit became the first federal appeals court to recognize an individual 's right to own guns . In 2007 , in Parker v. District of Columbia , the D.C. Circuit became the first federal appeals court to strike down a gun control law on Second Amendment grounds . Smart guns ( edit ) Smart guns only fire when in the hands of the owner , a feature gun safety advocates say eliminates accidental firings by children , and the risk of hostile persons ( such as prisoners , criminal suspects , an opponent in a fight , or an enemy soldier ) grabbing the gun and using it against the owner . Gun rights advocates fear mandatory smart gun technology will make it more difficult to fire a gun when needed . Smith & Wesson reached a settlement in 2000 with the administration of President Bill Clinton , which included a provision for the company to develop a smart gun . A consumer boycott organized by the NRA and NSSF nearly drove the company out of business and forced it to drop its smart gun plans . The New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law of 2002 requires that 30 months after `` personalized handguns are available '' anywhere in the United States , only smart guns may be sold in the state . Some gun safety advocates worry that by raising the stakes of introducing the technology , this law contributes to opposition that has prevented smart guns from being sold anywhere in the United States despite availability in other countries . In 2014 , a Maryland gun dealer dropped plans to sell the first smart gun in the United States after receiving complaints and even death threats . District of Columbia v. Heller ( edit ) Main article : District of Columbia v. Heller In June 2008 , in District of Columbia v. Heller , the Supreme Court upheld by a 5 - 4 vote the Parker decision striking down the D.C. gun law . Heller ruled that Americans have an individual right to possess firearms , irrespective of membership in a militia , `` for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home . '' However , in delivering the majority opinion , Justice Antonin Scalia made it clear that , like other rights , the right to bear arms is limited . He wrote : Like most rights , the Second Amendment right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose : For example , concealed weapons prohibitions have been upheld under the Amendment or state analogues . The Court 's opinion should not be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . We also recognize another important limitation on the right to keep and carry arms . Miller said , as we have explained , that the sorts of weapons protected were those `` in common use at the time . '' ... We think that limitation is fairly supported by the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of `` dangerous and unusual weapons . '' The four dissenting justices said that the majority had broken established precedent on the Second Amendment , and took the position that the Amendment refers to an individual right , but in the context of militia service . McDonald v. City of Chicago ( edit ) Main article : McDonald v. City of Chicago In June 2010 , a Chicago law that banned handguns was struck down . The ruling stated that `` The Fourteenth Amendment makes the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms fully applicable to the States . '' Advocacy groups , PACs , and lobbying ( edit ) One way advocacy groups influence politics is through `` outside spending , '' using political action committees ( PACs ) and 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) organizations . PACs and 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) s raise and spend money to affect elections . PACs pool campaign contributions from members and donate those funds to candidates for political office . Super PACs , created in 2010 , are prohibited from making direct contributions to candidates or parties , but influence races by running ads for or against specific candidates . Both gun control and gun rights advocates use these types of organizations . The NRA 's Political Victory Fund super PAC spent $11.2 million in the 2012 election cycle , and as of April 2014 , it had raised $13.7 million for 2014 elections . Michael Bloomberg 's gun - control super PAC , Independence USA , spent $8.3 million in 2012 and $6.3 million in 2013 . Americans for Responsible Solutions , another gun - control super PAC started by retired Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords , raised $12 million in 2013 , and plans to raise $16 to $20 million by the 2014 elections . The group 's treasurer said that the funds would be enough to compete with the NRA `` on an even - keel basis . '' Another way advocacy groups influence politics is through lobbying ; some groups use lobbying firms , while others employ in - house lobbyists . According to the Center for Responsive Politics , gun politics groups with the most lobbyists in 2013 were : the NRA 's Institute for Legislative Action ( NRA - ILA ) ; Mayors Against Illegal Guns ( MAIG ) ; the National Shooting Sports Foundation ( NSSF ) ; and the Brady Campaign . Gun rights groups spent over $15.1 million lobbying in Washington D.C. in 2013 , with the National Association for Gun Rights ( NAGR ) spending $6.7 million , and the NRA spending $3.4 million . Gun control groups spent $2.2 million , with MAIG spending $1.7 million , and the Brady Campaign spending $250,000 in the same period . 3D printed firearms ( edit ) Main article : 3D printed firearms In August 2012 , an open source group called Defense Distributed launched a project to design and release a blueprint for a handgun that could be downloaded from the Internet and manufactured using a 3 - D printer . In May 2013 , the group made public the STL files for the world 's first fully 3D printable gun , the Liberator . 380 single shot pistol . Proposals made by Obama administration ( edit ) On January 16 , 2013 , in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting and other mass shootings , President Barack Obama announced a plan for reducing gun violence in four parts : closing background check loopholes ; banning assault weapons and large capacity magazines ; making schools safer ; and increasing access to mental health services . The plan included proposals for new laws to be passed by Congress , and a series of executive actions not requiring Congressional approval . No new federal gun control legislation was passed as a result of these proposals . President Obama later stated in a 2015 interview with the BBC that gun control : has been the one area where I feel that I 've been most frustrated and most stymied , it is the fact that the United States of America is the one advanced nation on earth in which we do not have sufficient common - sense , gun - safety laws . Even in the face of repeated mass killings . And you know , if you look at the number of Americans killed since 9 / 11 by terrorism , it 's less than 100 . If you look at the number that have been killed by gun violence , it 's in the tens of thousands . And for us not to be able to resolve that issue has been something that is distressing . But it is not something that I intend to stop working on in the remaining 18 months . Executive actions taken by the Obama administration ( edit ) The executive actions included : Improve the data used for the background check system for gun sales ; Direct the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to research gun violence ; Provide incentives for schools to hire school resource officers ; Give law enforcement additional tools to prevent and prosecute gun crime . In 2016 , Obama called for a `` sense of urgency '' against gun violence and made several changes to gun control enforcement , including : requiring a license and background check conduction for all gun distributors ( cf . gun show loophole ) ; extend background checks for guns purchased via a trust or corporation ; extend data available for background checks and improve response time ( to close the Charleston loophole ) . 2013 United Nations arms treaty ( edit ) See also : Arms Trade Treaty § Content The Arms Trade Treaty ( ATT ) is a multilateral treaty that regulates the international trade in conventional weapons , which entered into force on December 24 , 2014 . Work on the treaty commenced in 2006 with negotiations for its content conducted at a global conference under the auspices of the United Nations from July 2 -- 27 , 2012 , in New York . As it was not possible to reach an agreement on a final text at that time , a new meeting for the conference was scheduled for March 18 -- 28 , 2013 . On April 2 , 2013 , the UN General Assembly adopted the ATT . The treaty was opened for signing on June 3 , 2013 and by August 15 , 2015 it had been signed by 130 states and ratified or acceded to by 72 . It entered into force on December 24 , 2014 after it was ratified and acceded to by 50 states . On September 25 , 2013 , Secretary of State John Kerry signed the ATT on behalf of the Obama administration . This was a reversal of the position of the Bush administration which had chosen not to participate in the treaty negotiations . Then in October a bipartisan group of 50 Senators and 181 Representatives released concurrent letters to President Barack Obama pledging their opposition to ratification of the ATT . The group is led by Senator Jerry Moran ( R - Kansas ) and Representatives Mike Kelly ( R - Pennsylvania ) and Collin Peterson ( D - Minnesota ) . Following these two letters , four Democrat Senators sent a separate letter to the President stating that `` because of unaddressed concerns that this Treaty 's obligations could undermine our nation 's sovereignty and the Second Amendment rights of law - abiding Americans ( they ) would oppose the Treaty if it were to come before the U.S. Senate . '' The four Senators are Jon Tester ( D - Montana ) , Max Baucus ( D - Montana ) , Heidi Heitkamp ( D - North Dakota ) , and Joe Donnelly ( D - Indiana ) . Supporters of the treaty claim that the treaty is needed to help protect millions around the globe in danger of human rights abuses . Frank Jannuzi of Amnesty International USA states , `` This treaty says that nations must not export arms and ammunition where there is an ' overriding risk ' that they will be used to commit serious human rights violations . It will help keep arms out of the hands of the wrong people : those responsible for upwards of 1,500 deaths worldwide every day . '' Secretary Kerry was quoted as saying that his signature would `` help deter the transfer of conventional weapons used to carry out the world 's worst crimes . '' As of December 2013 , the U.S. has not ratified or acceded to the treaty . Public opinion ( edit ) Main article : Public opinion on gun control in the United States Polls ( edit ) March on Washington for Gun Control in January 2013 Huffington Post reported in September 2013 that 48 % of Americans said gun laws should be made more strict , while 16 % said they should be made less strict and 29 % said there should be no change . Similarly , a Gallup poll found that support for stricter gun laws has fallen from 58 % after the Newtown shooting , to 49 % in September 2013 . Both the Huffington Post poll and the Gallup poll were conducted after the Washington Navy Yard shooting . Meanwhile , the Huffington Post poll found that 40 % of Americans believe stricter gun laws would prevent future mass shootings , while 52 % said changing things would not make a difference . The same poll also found that 57 % of Americans think better mental health care is more likely to prevent future mass shootings than stricter gun laws , while 29 % said the opposite. supported stricter gun laws , but 89 % of those who thought that such checks were not universally required supported stricter laws . In a 2015 study conducted by the Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence , state gun laws were examined based on various policy approaches , and were scored on grade - based and ranked scales . States were rated positively for having passed stricter measures and stronger gun laws . Positive points were also given for states that required background checks on all firearm sales and limit bulk firearms purchases , prohibiting sales of assault weapons and large capacity magazines , stricter evaluation on applications when issuing a handgun concealed carry license especially prohibited domestic violence offenders . Points were deducted from states with laws that expanded access to guns , allowed concealed carry in public areas particularly schools and bars without a permit or passed `` Stand Your Ground Laws '' -- which remove the duty to retreat and allow people to shoot potential assailants . Eventually , states were graded indicating the overall strengths or weakness of gun laws . Ten States with the strongest gun laws ranked from strongest starting with California , then New Jersey , Massachusetts , Connecticut , Hawaii , New York , Maryland , Illinois , Rhode Island and finally Michigan . The states with weakest gun laws were ranked as follow : South Dakota , Arizona , Mississippi , Vermont , Louisiana , Montana , Wyoming , Kentucky , Kansas , and Oklahoma . A comparable study of state laws was also conducted in 2016 . Based on these findings , The Law Center concluded that comprehensive gun laws reduce gun violence deaths , whereas weaker guns laws increase gun - related deaths . Furthermore , among different kinds of legislation , universal background checks were the most effective at reducing gun - related deaths . Gallup poll ( edit ) The Gallup organization regularly polls Americans on their views on guns . On December 22 , 2012 : 44 % supported a ban on `` semi-automatic guns known as assault weapons . '' 92 % supported background checks on all gun - show gun sales . 62 % supported a ban on `` high - capacity ammunition magazines that can contain more than 10 rounds . '' Vigil held in Minneapolis for victims of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting On April 25 , 2013 : 56 % supported reinstating and strengthening the assault weapons ban of 1994 . 83 % supported requiring background checks for all gun purchases . 51 % supported limiting the sale of ammunition magazines to those with 10 rounds or less . On October 6 , 2013 : 49 % felt that gun laws should be more strict . 74 % opposed civilian handgun bans . 37 % said they had a gun in their home . 27 % said they personally owned a gun . 60 % of gun owners have guns for personal safety / protection , 36 % for hunting , 13 % for recreation / sport , 8 % for target shooting , 5 % as a Second Amendment right . In January 2014 : 40 % are satisfied with the current state of gun laws , 55 % are dissatisfied 31 % want stricter control , 16 % want less strict laws On October 19 , 2015 : 55 % said the law on sales of firearms should be more strict , 33 % kept as they are , 11 % less strict this was sharply polarised by party , with 77 % of Democrat supporters wanting stricter laws , against 27 % of Republicans 72 % continued to oppose civilian handgun bans . National Rifle Association ( edit ) A member poll conducted for the NRA between January 13 and 14 , 2013 found : 90.7 % of members favor `` Reforming our mental health laws to help keep firearms out of the hands of people with mental illness . '' ( A majority of 86.4 % believe that strengthening laws this way would be more effective at preventing mass murders than banning semi-automatic rifles . ) 92.2 % of NRA members oppose gun confiscation via mandatory buy - back laws . 88.5 % oppose banning semi-automatic firearms , firearms that load a new cartridge automatically when discharged . 92.6 % oppose a law requiring gun owners to register with the federal government . 92.0 % oppose a federal law banning the sale of firearms between private citizens . 82.3 % of members are in favor of a program that would place armed security professionals in every school . 72.5 % agreed that President Obama 's ultimate goal is the confiscation of many firearms that are currently legal . Place of living of respondents : 35.4 % A rural area 26.4 % A small town 22.9 % A suburban area 14.7 % An urban area or city Regional Break : 36.1 % South 24.1 % Mid-West 21.5 % West 18.3 % North - East / Mid-Atlantic Political arguments ( edit ) Rights - based arguments ( edit ) Rights - based arguments involve the most fundamental question about gun control : to what degree the government has the authority to regulate guns . Fundamental right ( edit ) The primary author of the United States Bill of Rights , James Madison , considered them -- including a right to keep and bear arms -- to be `` fundamental . '' In 1788 , he wrote : `` The political truths declared in that solemn manner acquire by degrees the character of fundamental maxims of free Government , and as they become incorporated with the national sentiment , counteract the impulses of interest and passion . '' The view that gun ownership is a fundamental right was affirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) . The Court stated : `` By the time of the founding , the right to have arms had become fundamental for English subjects . '' The Court observed that the English Bill of Rights of 1689 had listed a right to arms as one of the fundamental rights of Englishmen . However , it should be noted that human rights law neither recognizes a right to firearms nor a human right to self - defense , but requires states instead to reasonably regulate and restrict the possession and use of firearms to protect the right to life . When the Court interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment in McDonald v. City of Chicago ( 2010 ) , it looked to the year 1868 , when the amendment was ratified , and said that most states had provisions in their constitutions explicitly protecting this right . The Court concluded : `` It is clear that the Framers and ratifiers of the Fourteenth Amendment counted the right to keep and bear arms among those fundamental rights necessary to our system of ordered liberty . '' Second Amendment rights ( edit ) The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution , adopted on December 15 , 1791 , states : A well regulated militia , being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . Prior to District of Columbia v. Heller , in the absence of a clear court ruling , there was debate about whether or not the Second Amendment included an individual right . In Heller , the Court concluded that there is indeed such a right , but not an unlimited one . Although the decision was not unanimous , all justices endorsed an individual right viewpoint , but differed on the scope of that right . Before Heller gun rights advocates argued that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to own guns . They stated that the phrase `` the people '' in that amendment applies to individuals rather than an organized collective , and that the phrase `` the people '' means the same thing in the 1st , 2nd , 4th , 9th , and 10th Amendments . They also said the Second 's placement in the Bill of Rights defines it as an individual right . As part of the Heller decision , the majority endorsed the view that the Second Amendment protects an individual , not unlimited , right to own guns . Political scientist Robert Spitzer and Supreme Court law clerk Gregory P. Magarian argued that this final decision by the Supreme Court was a misinterpretation of the U.S. Constitution . After the Heller decision there was an increased amount of attention on whether or not the Second Amendment applies to the states . In 2010 in the case of McDonald v. City Chicago , the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment 's provisions do apply to the states as a result of the Fourteenth Amendment . Defense of self and State ( edit ) The eighteenth - century English jurist William Blackstone ( b . 1723 ) , whose writings influenced the drafters of the U.S. Constitution , called self - defense `` the primary law of nature '' which ( he said ) man - made law can not take away . Following Blackstone , the American jurist St. George Tucker ( b . 1752 ) wrote that `` the right of self - defense is the first law of nature ; in most governments it has been the study of rulers to confine this right within the narrowest limits possible . '' In both Heller ( 2008 ) and McDonald ( 2010 ) the Supreme Court deemed that the right of self - defense is at least partly protected by the United States Constitution . The court left details of that protection to be worked out in future court cases . The two primary interest groups regarding this issue are the Brady Campaign and the National Rifle Association . They have clashed , for example , regarding stand - your - ground laws which give individuals a legal right to use guns for defending themselves without any duty to retreat from a dangerous situation . After the Supreme Court 's 2008 decision in Heller , the Brady Campaign indicated that it would seek reasonable gun laws `` without infringing on the right of law - abiding persons to possess guns for self - defense . '' Security against tyranny ( edit ) Another fundamental political argument associated with the right to keep and bear arms is that banning or even regulating gun ownership makes government tyranny more likely . A January 2013 Rasmussen Reports poll indicated that 65 percent of Americans believe the purpose of the Second Amendment is to `` ensure that people are able to protect themselves from tyranny . '' A Gallup poll in October 2013 showed that 60 percent of American gun owners mention `` personal safety / protection '' as a reason for owning them , and 5 percent mention a `` Second Amendment right , '' among other reasons . The anti-tyranny argument extends back to the days of colonial America and earlier in Great Britain . Various gun rights advocates and organizations , such as former governor Mike Huckabee , former Congressman Ron Paul , and Gun Owners of America , say that an armed citizenry is the population 's last line of defense against tyranny by their own government . This belief was also familiar at the time the Constitution was written . A right of revolution was omitted from the Constitution , and instead the Constitution was designed to ensure a government deriving its power from the consent of the governed . Gun rights advocates such as Stephen Halbrook and Wayne LaPierre support the `` Nazi gun control '' theory . The theory states that gun regulations enforced by the Third Reich rendered victims of the Holocaust weak , and that more effective resistance to oppression would have been possible if they had been better armed . Other authoritarian regimes gun laws have also been brought up . This counterfactual history theory is not supported by mainstream scholarship , though it is an element of a `` security against tyranny '' argument in U.S. politics . The Declaration of Independence mentions `` the Right of the People to alter or to abolish '' the government , and Abraham Lincoln 's first inaugural address reiterated the `` revolutionary right '' of the people . In 1957 , the legal scholar Roscoe Pound expressed a different view : He stated , `` A legal right of the citizen to wage war on the government is something that can not be admitted ... In the urban industrial society of today a general right to bear efficient arms so as to be enabled to resist oppression by the government would mean that gangs could exercise an extra-legal rule which would defeat the whole Bill of Rights . '' Historian Don Higginbotham wrote that the well - regulated militia protected by the Second Amendment was more likely to put down rebellions than participate in them . American gun rights activist Larry Pratt says that the anti-tyranny argument for gun rights is supported by successful efforts in Guatemala and the Philippines to arm ordinary citizens against communist insurgency in the 1980s . Gun - rights advocacy groups argue that the only way to enforce democracy is through having the means of resistance . Militia - movement groups cite the Battle of Athens ( Tennessee , 1946 ) as an example of citizens who `` ( used ) armed force to support the Rule of Law '' in what they said was a rigged county election . Then - senator John F. Kennedy wrote in 1960 that , `` it is extremely unlikely that the fears of governmental tyranny which gave rise to the Second Amendment will ever be a major danger to our nation ... '' However , there is scant empirical evidence that firearms proliferation and the maintenance of democratic institutions are positively related ; instead , institutions to protect human rights , fundamental freedoms and the rule of law and also socioeconomic rights have been proven to be far more important factors in preventing military coups or other threats to democracy . Public policy arguments ( edit ) Public policy arguments are based on the idea that the central purpose of government is to establish and maintain order . This is done through public policy , which Blackstone defined as `` the due regulation and domestic order of the kingdom , whereby the inhabitants of the State , like members of a well - governed family , are bound to conform their general behavior to the rules of propriety , good neighborhood , and good manners , and to be decent , industrious , and inoffensive in their respective stations . '' Gun Violence debate ( edit ) Play media Public statement of president Obama after a school shooting in October 2015 Main article : Gun violence in the United States The public policy debates about gun violence include discussions about firearms deaths -- including homicide , suicide , and unintentional deaths -- as well as the impact of gun ownership , criminal and legal , on gun violence outcomes . After the tragedy of Sandy Hook , the majority of people , including gun owners and non-gun owners , wanted the government to spend more money in order to improve mental health screening and treatment , to deter gun violence in America.In the United States in 2009 there were 3.0 recorded intentional homicides committed with a firearm per 100,000 inhabitants . The U.S. ranks 28 in the world for gun homicides per capita . A U.S. male aged 15 -- 24 is 70 times more likely to be killed with a gun than their counterpart in the eight ( G - 8 ) largest industrialized nations in the world ( United Kingdom , France , Germany , Japan , Canada , Italy , Russia ) . In 2015 , there were 33,636 deaths due to firearms , and some claim as many as 372 mass shootings , in the U.S , while guns were used to kill about 50 people in the U.K. However , using the FBI definition of a `` mass shooting '' there were only 4 in the U.S. in 2015 . More people are typically killed with guns in the U.S. in a day ( about 85 ) than in the U.K. in a year . Within the gun politics debate , gun control and gun rights advocates disagree over the role that guns play in crime . Gun control advocates concerned about high levels of gun violence in the United States look to restrictions on gun ownership as a way to stem the violence and say that increased gun ownership leads to higher levels of crime , suicide and other negative outcomes . Gun rights groups say that a well - armed civilian populace prevents crime and that making civilian ownership of firearms illegal would increase the crime rate by making civilians vulnerable to criminal activity . They say that more civilians defend themselves with a gun every year than the law enforcement arrest for violent crimes and burglary and that civilians legally shoot almost as many criminals as law enforcement officers do . Studies using FBI data and Police Reports of the incidents , have found that there are approximately 1,500 verified instances of firearms used in self - defense annually in the United States . Survey - based research derived from data gathered by the National Crime Victimization Survey has generated estimates that , out of roughly 5.5 million violent crime victims in the U.S. annually approximately 1.1 percent , or 55,000 used a firearm in self - defense ( 175,000 for the 3 - year period . ) When including property crimes , of the 15.5 million victims of property crimes annually found in the survey ( 46.5 million for 2013 - 2015 ) , the NCV survey data yielded estimates that around 0.2 percent of property crime victims , or 36,000 annually ( 109,000 for the 3 - year period ) used a firearm in self - defense from the loss of property . Researchers working from the most recent NCVS data sets have found approximately 95,000 uses of a firearm in self - defense in the U.S. each year ( 284,000 for the years 2013 - 2015 ) . In addition , the United States has a higher rate of firearm ownership than any other nation . Despite this the United States has seen its gun homicide rate decline since the 1990s . https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/03/weve-had-a-massive-decline-in-gun-violence-in-the-united-states-heres-why/ Criminal Violence ( edit ) See also : Crime in the United States and List of countries by intentional homicide rate There is an open debate regarding a causal connection ( or the lack of one ) between gun control and its effect on gun violence and other crimes . The numbers of lives saved or lost by gun ownership is debated by criminologists . Research difficulties include the difficulty of accounting accurately for confrontations in which no shots are fired and jurisdictional differences in the definition of `` crime . '' Furthermore , Such research is also subject to a more fundamental difficulty affecting all research in this field : the effectiveness of the Criminal Law in preventing crime in general or in specific cases is inherently and notoriously difficult to prove and measure , and thus issues in establishing a causal link between gun control or particular gun control policies and violent crime must be understood to be an aspect of a more general empirical difficulty , which pervades the fields of Criminology and Law at large . It is not simple , for example , to prove a causal connection between the laws against murder and the prevailing murder rates , either . Consequently , this general background must be appreciated when discussing the causal and empirical issues here . Photo from a security camera from the Washington Navy Yard shooting . A study published in The American Journal of Economics and Sociology in 1997 concluded that the amount of gun related crime and deaths is affected more by the state of the area in terms of unemployment , alcohol problems and drug problems instead of the laws and regulations . This study analysed statistics gathered on the amount of gun crime in states with strict and lenient gun policies and determined that the amount of gun crime is related to how run down economically an area is . A 2003 CDC study determined `` The Task Force found insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of any of the firearms laws or combinations of laws reviewed on violent outcomes . '' They go on to state `` a finding of insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness should not be interpreted as evidence of ineffectiveness but rather as an indicator that additional research is needed before an intervention can be evaluated for its effectiveness . '' In 2009 , the Public Health Law Research program , an independent organization , published several evidence briefs summarizing the research assessing the effect of a specific law or policy on public health , that concern the effectiveness of various laws related to gun safety . Among their findings : There is not enough evidence to establish the effectiveness of `` shall issue '' laws , as distinct from `` may issue '' laws , as a public health intervention to reduce violent crime . There is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of waiting period laws as public health interventions aimed at preventing gun - related violence and suicide . Although child access prevention laws may represent a promising intervention for reducing gun - related morbidity and mortality among children , there is currently insufficient evidence to validate their effectiveness as a public health intervention aimed at reducing gun - related harms . There is insufficient evidence to establish the effectiveness of such bans as public health interventions aimed at reducing gun - related harms . There is insufficient evidence to validate the effectiveness of firearm licensing and registration requirements as legal interventions aimed a reducing fire - arm related harms . Homicide ( edit ) Total US deaths by year in spree shootings 1982 - 2018 ( ongoing ) . With 5 % of the world 's population , U.S. residents own roughly 50 % of the world 's civilian - owned firearms . In addition , up to 48 % of households within America have guns . According to the UNODC , 60 % of U.S. homicides in 2009 were perpetrated using a firearm . U.S. homicide rates vary widely from state to state . In 2014 , the lowest homicide rates were in New Hampshire , North Dakota , and Vermont ( each 0.0 per 100,000 people ) , and the highest were in Louisiana ( 11.7 ) and Mississippi ( 11.4 ) . Gary Kleck , a criminologist at Florida State University , and his colleague Marc Gertz , published a study in 1995 estimating that approximately 2.5 million American adults used their gun in self - defense annually . The incidents that Kleck extrapolated based on his questionnaire results generally did not involve the firing of the gun , and he estimates that as many as 1.9 million of those instances involved a handgun . These studies have been subject to criticism on a number of methodological and logical grounds . Another study from the same period , the National Crime Victimization Survey ( NCVS ) , estimated 65,000 DGUs ( Defensive gun use ) annually . The NCVS survey differed from Kleck 's study in that it only interviewed those who reported a threatened , attempted , or completed victimization for one of six crimes : rape , robbery , assault , burglary , non-business larceny , and motor vehicle theft . A National Research Council report said that Kleck 's estimates appeared to be exaggerated and that it was almost certain that `` some of what respondents designate ( d ) as their own self - defense would be construed as aggression by others '' . Research based on the NCVS data set largely confirms Hemenway 's earlier results , showing approximately 55,000 uses of a firearm in self - defense from a violent crime in the United States for the 3 - year period of 2013 - 2015 . In a review of his own research , Kleck determined that , of 41 studies half of them found a connection between gun ownership and homicide but these were usually least rigorous studies . Only six studies controlled at least six statistically significant confound variables , and none of them showed a significant positive effect . Eleven macro-level studies showed that crime rates increase gun levels ( not vice versa ) . The reason that there is no opposite effect may be that most owners are noncriminals and that they may use guns to prevent violence . Commenting on the external validity of Kleck 's report , David Hemenway , director of the Harvard Injury Control Research Center , said : `` Given the number of victims allegedly being saved with guns , it would seem natural to conclude that owning a gun substantially reduces your chances of being murdered . Yet a careful case - control study of homicide in the home found that a gun in the home was associated with an increased rather than a reduced risk of homicide . Virtually all of this risk involved homicide by a family member or intimate acquaintance . '' Kleck however pointed out that most of the firearms used in the Kellermann study were not the same ones kept in the household by the victim . Similarly in 2007 when the Permit - To - Purchase law was repealed in Missouri , 2008 saw a 34 % increase in the rate of firearm homicides in that year alone , and the figure continues to be higher than the figure pre-2007 . One study found that homicide rates as a whole , especially those as a result of firearms use , are not always significantly lower in many other developed countries . Kleck wrote , `` ... cross-national comparisons do not provide a sound basis for assessing the impact of gun ownership levels on crime rates . '' One study published in the International Journal of Epidemiology , which found that for the year of 1998 : `` During the one - year study period ( 1998 ) , 88,649 firearm deaths were reported . Overall firearm mortality rates are five to six times higher in high - income ( HI ) and upper middle - income ( UMI ) countries in the Americas ( 12.72 ) than in Europe ( 2.17 ) or Oceania ( 2.57 ) and 95 times higher than in Asia ( 0.13 ) . The rate of firearm deaths in the United States ( 14.24 per 100,000 ) exceeds that of its economic counterparts ( 1.76 ) eightfold and that of UMI countries ( 9.69 ) by a factor of 1.5 . Suicide and homicide contribute equally to total firearm deaths in the U.S. , but most firearm deaths are suicides ( 71 % ) in HI countries and homicides ( 72 % ) in UMI countries . '' Suicide ( edit ) Firearms accounted for 51.5 % of U.S. suicides in 2013 , and suicides account for 63 % of all firearm - related deaths . According to Kleck , most research has found no relationship between gun availability and suicide rates . In contrast , a 2012 review by researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health found that in the United States , the percent of suicide attempts that prove fatal is `` strongly related to the availability of household firearms . '' Federal and State laws ( edit ) The number of federal and state gun laws is unknown . A 2005 American Journal of Preventive Medicine study says 300 , and the NRA says 20,000 , though the Washington Post fact checker says of that decades - old figure : `` This 20,000 figure appears to be an ancient guesstimate that has hardened over the decades into a constantly repeated , never - questioned talking point . It could be lower , or higher , depending on who 's counting what . '' Federal laws ( edit ) Main article : Gun law in the United States Federal gun laws are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) . Most federal gun laws were enacted through : National Firearms Act ( 1934 ) Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 ( 1968 ) Gun Control Act of 1968 ( 1968 ) Firearm Owners Protection Act ( 1986 ) Undetectable Firearms Act ( 1988 ) Gun - Free School Zones Act of 1990 ( 1990 ) ( ruled unconstitutional as originally written ; upheld after minor edits were made by Congress ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act ( 1993 ) Federal Assault Weapons Ban ( 1994 ) ( expired 2004 ) State laws and constitutions ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in the United States by state In addition to federal gun laws , all U.S. states and some local jurisdictions have imposed their own firearms restrictions . Each of the fifty states has its own laws regarding guns . Forty four of the fifty US states have the right to keep and bear arms written into their state constitutions . The text of these constitutional provisions vary . For example , Hawaii 's constitution simply copies the text of the Second Amendment verbatim , while North Carolina and South Carolina begin with the same but continue with an injunction against maintaining standing armies . Alaska also begins with the full text of the Second Amendment , but adds that the right `` shall not be denied or infringed by the State or a political subdivision of the State '' . Rhode Island subtracts the first half of the Second Amendment , leaving only , `` ( t ) he right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed '' . The majority of the remaining states ' constitutions differ from the text of the U.S. Constitution primarily in their clarification of exactly to whom the right belongs or by the inclusion of additional , specific protections or restrictions . Seventeen states refer to the right to keep and bear arms as being an individual right , with Utah and Alaska referring to it explicitly as `` ( t ) he individual right to keep and bear arms '' , while the other fifteen refer to the right as belonging to `` every citizen '' , `` all individuals '' , `` all persons '' , or another , very similar phrase . In contrast are four states which make no mention whatever of an individual right or of defense of one 's self as a valid basis for the right to arms . Arkansas , Massachusetts , and Tennessee all state that the right is `` for the common defense '' , while Virginia 's constitution explicitly indicates that the right is derived from the need for a militia to defend the state . Most state constitutions enumerate one or more reasons for the keeping of arms . Twenty - four states include self - defense as a valid , protected use of arms ; twenty - eight cite defense of the state as a proper purpose . Ten states extend the right to defense of home and / or property , five include the defense of family , and six add hunting and recreation . Idaho is uniquely specific in its provision that `` ( n ) o law shall impose licensure , registration , or special taxation on the ownership or possession of firearms or ammunition . Nor shall any law permit the confiscation of firearms , except those actually used in the commission of a felony '' . Fifteen state constitutions include specific restrictions on the right to keep and bear arms . Florida 's constitution calls for a three - day waiting period for all modern cartridge handgun purchases , with exceptions for handgun purchases by those holding a CCW license , or for anyone who purchases a black - powder handgun . Illinois prefaces the right by indicating that it is `` ( s ) ubject ... to the police power '' . Florida and the remaining thirteen states with specific restrictions all carry a provision to the effect that the state legislature may enact laws regulating the carrying , concealing , and / or wearing of arms . Forty states preempt some or all local gun laws , due in part to campaigning by the NRA for such legislation . See also ( edit ) Articles ( edit ) 2018 United States gun violence protests Assault weapons legislation in the United States Campus carry in the United States Concealed carry in the United States Gun culture in the United States Gun show loophole High - capacity magazine ban Open carry in the United States One handgun a month law School shooting Universal background check Organizations ( edit ) See also : Category : Firearms - related organizations . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The right to keep and bear arms is said to belong to `` every citizen '' by the constitutions of Alabama , Connecticut , Maine , Mississippi , Missouri , Nevada , and Texas ; to the `` individual citizen '' by Arizona , Illinois , and Washington ; and to a unique but very similar variant therof by Louisiana ( `` every citizen , '' ) Michigan ( `` every person , '' ) Montana ( `` any person , '' ) New Hampshire ( `` all persons , '' ) and North Dakota ( `` all individuals . '' ) Jump up ^ Defense of one 's self is listed as a valid purpose for the keeping and bearing of arms by the constitutions of the states of Alabama , Arizona , Colorado , Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Indiana , Kentucky , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , New Hampshire , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , South Dakota , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia , and Wyoming . Jump up ^ The defense of the state or simply the common defense is indicated to be a proper purpose for keeping and bearing arms by the constitutions of the states of Alabama , Arkansas , Arizona , Colorado , Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Indiana , Kentucky , Massachusetts , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , New Hampshire , North Dakota , Oklahoma , Oregon , Pennsylvania , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , and Wyoming . Jump up ^ Defense of one 's home and / or property is included as a protected purpose for the keeping and bearing of arms by the constitutions of the states of Colorado , Delaware , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , New Hampshire , North Dakota , Oklahoma , Utah , and West Virginia . Jump up ^ The defense of one 's family is listed as a valid reason for keeping and bearing arms by the constitutions of the states of Delaware , New Hampshire , North Dakota , Utah ( which includes both family and `` others , '' ) and West Virginia . Jump up ^ Hunting and recreation are included in the state constitutional provision for the right of keeping and bearing arms by the states of Delaware , Nevada , New Mexico , North Dakota , West Virginia , and Wisconsin . Jump up ^ The scope of the state constitutional right to keep and bear arms is limited by the states of Colorado , Idaho , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , New Mexico , and North Carolina as to allow the regulation or prohibition of the carrying of concealed weapons ; the constitutions of Florida , Georgia , Oklahoma , Tennessee , and Texas allow for regulations on the carrying or wearing of arms in general . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Spitzer , Robert J. ( 2012 ) . `` Policy Definition and Gun Control '' . The Politics of Gun Control . Boulder , Colorado : Paradigm . ISBN 9781594519871 . OCLC 714715262 . Jump up ^ Desilver , Drew ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` A Minority of Americans Own Guns , But Just How Many Is Unclear '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guns : Gallup Historical Trends '' , Gallup . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/02/15/its-time-to-bring-back-the-assault-weapons-ban-gun-violence-experts-say/ It 's time to bring back the assault weapons ban , gun violence experts say The Washington Post Jump up ^ https://slate.com/culture/2018/02/jimmy-kimmel-pleads-for-commonsense-gun-reform-through-tears.html Jimmy Kimmel Cried Again While Addressing the Parkland Shooting , Desperately Pleading for `` Common Sense '' Jump up ^ Bruce , John M. ; Wilcox , Clyde ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Bruce , John M. ; Wilcox , Clyde . The Changing Politics of Gun Control . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 8615 - 9 . OCLC 833118449 . ^ Jump up to : Spitzer , Robert J. ( 1995 ) . The Politics of Gun Control . Chatham House . ISBN 9781566430227 . Jump up ^ Levan , Kristine ( 2013 ) . `` 4 Guns and Crime : Crime Facilitation Versus Crime Prevention '' . In Mackey , David A. ; Levan , Kristine . Crime Prevention . Jones & Bartlett . p. 438 . ISBN 9781449615932 . They ( the NRA ) promote the use of firearms for self - defense , hunting , and sporting activities , and also promote firearm safety . ^ Jump up to : Larry Pratt . `` Firearms : the People 's Liberty Teeth '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Terry , Don ( 1992 - 03 - 11 ) . `` How Criminals Get Guns : In Short , All Too Easily '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lott , John . More Guns , Less Crime : Understanding Crime and Gun Control Laws ( University of Chicago Press , Third edition , 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 49366 - 4 Jump up ^ Anderson , Jervis ( 1984 ) . Guns in American Life . Random House . ISBN 9780394535982 . Jump up ^ Smith , Daniel A. ( 1998 ) . Tax Crusaders and the Politics of Direct Democracy . Routledge . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 91991 - 6 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Daniel A. ( 1998 ) . Tax Crusaders and the Politics of Direct Democracy . Routledge . p. 174 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 91991 - 6 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Bart ( September 6 , 2006 ) . `` Primary Documents Relating to the Seizure of Powder at Williamsburg , VA , April 21 , 1775 '' . revwar75.com ( transcription , amateur ? ) . Horseshoe Bay , Texas : John Robertson . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Saul ( 2006 ) . A Well - Regulated Militia : The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America . New York City : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514786 - 5 . OCLC 62741396 . Jump up ^ Bliss v. Commonwealth , 2 Littell 90 ( KY 1822 ) . Jump up ^ United States . Anti-Crime Program . Hearings Before Ninetieth Congress , First Session . Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1967 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Darell R. ( 1982 ) . `` Second Amendment Survey '' ( PDF ) . Northern Kentucky Law Review Second Amendment Symposium : Rights in Conflict in the 1980 's . 10 ( 1 ) : 155 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Two states , Alaska and Vermont , do not require a permit or license for carrying a concealed weapon to this day , following Kentucky 's original position . ^ Jump up to : State v. Buzzard , 4 Ark . ( 2 Pike ) 18 ( 1842 ) . Jump up ^ Cornell , Saul ( 2006 ) . A Well - Regulated Militia -- The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America . New York City : Oxford University Press . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514786 - 5 . Dillon endorsed Bishop 's view that Buzzard 's `` Arkansas doctrine , '' not the libertarian views exhibited in Bliss , captured the dominant strain of American legal thinking on this question . Jump up ^ Kerrigan , Robert ( June 2006 ) . `` The Second Amendment and related Fourteenth Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil Reed ( 1992 ) . `` The Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment '' . Yale Law Journal . Faculty Scholarship . Yale Law School . 101 : 1193 -- 1284 . doi : 10.2307 / 796923 . Jump up ^ See U.S. v. Cruikshank 92 U.S. 542 ( 1876 ) , Presser v. Illinois 116 U.S. 252 ( 1886 ) , Miller v. Texas 153 U.S. 535 ( 1894 ) ^ Jump up to : Levinson , Sanford : The Embarrassing Second Amendment , 99 Yale L.J. 637 - 659 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Boston T. Party ( Kenneth W. Royce ) ( 1998 ) . Boston on Guns & Courage . Javelin Press . pp. 3 : 15 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Telling Miller 's Tale '' , Reynolds , Glenn Harlan and Denning , Brannon P . Jump up ^ Brian Knight ( September 2011 ) . `` State Gun Policy and Cross-State Externalities : Evidence from Crime Gun Tracing '' . Providence RI . Jump up ^ Burger , Warren E. ( January 14 , 1990 ) . `` The Right To Bear Arms : A distinguished citizen takes a stand on one of the most controversial issues in the nation '' . Parade Magazine : 4 -- 6 . Jump up ^ S. 49 ( 99th ) : Firearms Owners ' Protection Act . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ Joshpe , Brett ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Ronald Reagan Understood Gun Control '' . Hartford Courant ( op - ed ) . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Welna , David ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` The Decades - Old Gun Ban That 's Still On The Books '' . NPR . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Stockton school massacre : A tragically familiar pattern '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berlet , Chip ( September 1 , 2004 ) . `` Militias in the Frame '' . Contemporary Sociologists . American Sociological Association . 33 ( 5 ) : 514 -- 521 . doi : 10.1177 / 009430610403300506 . All four books being reviewed discuss how mobilization of the militia movement involved fears of gun control legislation coupled with anger over the deadly government mishandling of confrontations with the Weaver family at Ruby Ridge , Idaho and the Branch Davidians in Waco , Texas . Jump up ^ More militia movement sources : Chermak , Steven M. ( 2002 ) . Searching for a Demon : The Media Construction of the Militia Movement . UPNE . ISBN 9781555535414 . OCLC 260103406 . ( Chapter 2 ) describes the primary concerns of militia members and how those concerns contributed to the emergence of the militia movement prior to the Oklahoma City bombing . Two high - profile cases , the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents , are discussed because they have elicited the anger and concern of the people involved in the movement . Crothers , Lane ( 2003 ) . Rage on the Right : The American Militia Movement from Ruby Ridge to Homeland Security . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 97 . ISBN 9780742525474 . OCLC 50630498 . Chapter 4 examines the actions surrounding , and the political impact of , the standoff at Ruby Ridge ... Arguably , the siege ... lit the match that ignited the militia movement . Freilich , Joshua D. ( 2003 ) . American Militias : State - Level Variations in Militia Activities . LFB Scholarly . p. 18 . ISBN 9781931202534 . OCLC 501318483 . ( Ruby Ridge and Waco ) appear to have taken on a mythological significance within the cosmology of the movement ... Gallaher , Carolyn ( 2003 ) . On the Fault Line : Race , Class , and the American Patriot Movement . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 17 . ISBN 9780742519749 . OCLC 845530800 . Patriots , however , saw ( the Ruby Ridge and Waco ) events as the first step in the government 's attempt to disarm the populace and pave the way for imminent takeover by the new world order . Jump up ^ Spitzer , Robert J. : The Politics of Gun Control , Page 16 . Chatham House Publishers , Inc. , 1995 . Jump up ^ Harry L. Wilson : `` Libertarianism and Support for Gun Control '' in Guns in American Society : An Encyclopedia of History , Politics , Culture , and the Law , Volume 1 , p. 512 ( Gregg Lee Carter , Ed. , ABC - CLIO , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Bennett , Cory ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` The Evolution of the NRA 's Defense of Guns : A Brief History of the NRA 's Involvement in Legislative Discussions '' . National Journal . National Journal Group . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Alan ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` The NRA Is n't The Only Opponent Of Gun Control '' . NPR . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` H.L. `` Bill '' Richardson - GOA `` . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Singh , Robert P. ( 2003 ) . Governing America : The Politics of a Divided Democracy . Oxford University . ISBN 0 - 19 - 925049 - 9 . OCLC 248877185 . Jump up ^ Tatalovich , Raymond ; Daynes , Byron W. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Moral Controversies in American Politics . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1420 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce , John M. ; Wilcox , Clyde ( 1998 ) . The Changing Politics of Gun Control . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 159 . ISBN 9780847686155 . Jump up ^ Cook , Philip J. ; Goss , Kristin A. ( 2014 ) . The Gun Debate : What Everyone Needs to Know . Oxford University Press . p. 201 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Diana ( 1998 ) . `` Trying to Stop the Craziness of This Business : Gun Control Groups '' . In Bruce , John M. ; Wilcox , Clyde . The Changing Politics of Gun Control . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 8615 - 9 . OCLC 833118449 . Jump up ^ Spitzer , Robert J. : The Politics of Gun Control . Chatham House Publishers , Inc. , 1995 Jump up ^ Making omnibus consolidated appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30 , 1997 , and for other purposes PUBLIC LAW 104 -- 208 -- SEPT. 30 , 1996 110 STAT. 3009 -- 244 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Michael Luo ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` N.R.A. Stymies Firearms Research , Scientists Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 22 Times Less Safe ? Anti-Gun Lobby 's Favorite Spin Re-Attacks Guns In The Home '' . NRA - ILA . December 11 , 2001 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eliot Marshall ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Obama Lifts Ban on Funding Gun Violence Research '' . ScienceInsider . American Association for the Advancement of Science . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hahn , R.A. ; Bilukha , O.O. ; Crosby , A ; Fullilove , M.T. ; Liberman , A ; Moscicki , E.K. ; Snyder , S ; Tuma , F ; Briss , P ; Task Force on Community Preventive Services ( October 3 , 2003 ) . `` First Reports Evaluating the Effectiveness of Strategies for Preventing Violence : Firearms Laws . Findings from the Task Force on Community Preventive Services '' ( PDF ) . MMWR . Atlanta , Georgia : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 52 ( RR - 14 ) : 11 -- 20 . ISSN 1057 - 5987 . PMID 14566221 . Jump up ^ Wellford , Charles F ; Pepper , John V ; Petrie , Carol V , eds. ( 2013 ) ( Print ed. 2005 ) . Firearms and Violence : A Critical Review ( Electronic ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : National Academies Press . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 54640 - 0 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Elizabeth ; Schulte , Brigid ( December 20 , 2007 ) . `` Congress Passes Bill to Stop Mentally Ill From Getting Guns '' . The Washington Post . Washington , D.C. Congress yesterday approved legislation that would help states more quickly and accurately identify potential firearms buyers with mental health problems that disqualify them from gun ownership under federal law ... ( The bill ) drew overwhelming bipartisan support , and the backing of both the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence and the National Rifle Association . Jump up ^ `` Vets worry bill blocks gun purchases '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Las Vegas , Nevada . November 5 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rose , Veronica ( September 28 , 2007 ) . `` OLR Research Report : Parker v. District of Columbia '' . cga.ct.gov . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Major Gun Company Became An Industry Pariah After It Made Its Guns Safer '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will Obama 's Action Create A Market For ' Smart ' Guns ? '' . Npr.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A New Jersey Law That 's Kept Smart Guns Off Shelves Nationwide '' . Npr.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Under Fire , Maryland Dealer Drops Plans To Sell Smart Gun '' . Npr.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Veronica ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` OLR Research Report : Summary of DC v. Heller '' . cga.ct.gov . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scalia , Antonin ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` District of Columbia et al. v. Heller , Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , No. 07 -- 290 . Argued March 18 , 2008 '' ( PDF ) : 2 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Matthew ( January 19 , 2013 ) . `` Why Liberals Should Thank Justice Scalia for Gun Control : His ruling in a key Supreme Court case leans on original intent and will let Obama push his proposals '' . National Journal . National Journal Group . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Justices Rule for Individual Gun Rights '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : See `` District of Columbia v. Heller : The Individual Right to Bear Arms '' ( PDF ) Archived January 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ( comment ) , Harvard Law Review , Vol. 122 , pp. 141 - 142 ( 2008 ) : `` Justice Stevens filed a dissenting opinion , agreeing with the majority that the Second Amendment confers an individual right , but disagreeing as to the scope of that right .... Justices Souter , Ginsburg , and Breyer joined Justice Stevens 's opinion . '' ^ Jump up to : Bhagwat , A. ( 2010 ) . The Myth of Rights : The Purposes and Limits of Constitutional Rights . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 9780195377781 . Justice Stevens begins his opinion by conceding Justice Scalia 's point that the Second Amendment right is an ' individual ' one , in the sense that ' ( s ) urely it protects a right that can be enforced by individuals . ' He concludes , however , that all of the historical context , and all of the evidence surrounding the drafting of the Second Amendment , supports the view that the Second Amendment protects only a right to keep and bear arms in the context of militia service . Jump up ^ Bennett , R. ; Solum , L. ( 2011 ) . Constitutional originalism : A Debate . Ithaca , N.Y : Cornell University Press . p. 29 . ISBN 9780801447938 . In both dissents , the clear implication is that if the purpose of the Second Amendment is militia -- related , it follows that the amendment does not create a legal rule that protects an individual right to possess and carry fire arms outside the context of service in a state militia . Jump up ^ Schultz , D.A. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution . New York : Infobase Publishing . p. 201 . ISBN 9781438126777 . Justice John Paul Stevens argued that the debate over the Second Amendment was not whether it protected an individual or collective right but , instead , over the scope of the right to bear arms . Jump up ^ `` Outside Spending '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org . March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What is a PAC ? '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org. 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Outside Spending : Frequently Asked Questions About 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) Groups '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org. 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Janda , Kenneth ; Berry , Jeffrey M. ; Goldman , Jerry ( December 19 , 2008 ) . The Challenge of Democracy : American Government in a Global World ( 10 ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : Cengage Learning . p. 309 . ISBN 054720454X . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super PACs '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Rifle Association of America Political Victory Fund , 2012 Cycle '' . Washington , D.C. : SunlightFoundation.com. 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Rifle Association of America Political Victory Fund '' . Washington , D.C. : SunlightFoundation.com. April 6 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Camia , Catalina ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Bloomberg defends ads targeting pro-gun Democrat '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Independence USA PAC Outside Spending '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org. 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Independence USA '' . FactCheck.org . February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schouten , Fredreka ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Giffords ' super PAC raises $12.5 million '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robillard , Kevin ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Gabrielle Giffords PAC goal : $20 million by 2014 elections '' . POLITICO . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lobbying Spending DB Firearms , Guns & Ammo 2013 '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org. 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Rights '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org . January 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Control '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org . January 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Andy ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` ' Wiki Weapon Project ' Aims To Create A Gun Anyone Can 3D - Print At Home '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poeter , Damon ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Could a ' Printable Gun ' Change the World ? '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Andy ( May 5 , 2013 ) . `` Meet The ' Liberator ' : Test - Firing The World 's First Fully 3D - Printed Gun '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morelle , Rebecca ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Working gun made with 3D printer '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Lee . `` The first entirely 3D - printed handgun is here '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Now Is the Time '' . White House . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Now Is the Time : Gun Violence Reduction Executive Actions '' ( PDF ) . White House . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Now Is the Time : Gun Violence Reduction Executive Actions '' ( PDF ) . White House . January 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What 's in Obama 's Gun Control Proposal '' . The New York Times . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obama Takes Senate to Task for Failed Gun Control Measure '' . ABC News . April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full transcript of BBC interview with President Barack Obama '' . BBC . July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Memorandum -- Engaging in Public Health Research on the Causes and Prevention of Gun Violence '' ( Press release ) . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephen Collinson . `` Obama on gun control : His emotional evolution '' . Cnn.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sorting Out Obama 's Gun Proposal - FactCheck.org '' . Factcheck.org . January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's gun push helps Clinton '' . Jump up ^ `` FACT SHEET : New Executive Actions to Reduce Gun Violence and Make Our Communities Safer '' . 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Reference : C.N. 630.2014. TREATIES - XXVI. 8 ( Depositary Notification ) '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Arms Trade Treaty -- UNODA '' . Un.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UN : Global Arms Trade Treaty a step closer after resounding vote '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Section , United Nations News Service ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` UN News - UN General Assembly approves global arms trade treaty '' . UN News Service Section . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Overwhelming majority of states in general assembly say ' yes ' to arms trade treaty to stave off irresponsible transfers that perpetuate conflict , human suffering '' . United Nations . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arms Trade Treaty : Treaty Status '' . United Nations . August 15 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 2014 ) . `` U.S. Senate and House send letter rejecting UN Arms Trade Treaty '' . American Rifleman. 162 ( 1 ) : 101 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Democratic Senators Oppose U.N. Arms Trade Treaty '' . NRA-ILA.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilkie , Christina ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Arms Trade Treaty , Signed By John Kerry , Opens New Front In Senate Battle Over Gun Control '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ UPI staff . `` Support grows for U.N. arms treaty '' . United Press International . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Swanson , Emily ( September 21 , 2013 ) . `` Gun Control Polls Find Support Sliding For Harsher Laws '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Aronow , Peter M ; Miller , Benjamin T ( January 2016 ) . `` Policy misperceptions and support for gun control legislation '' . The Lancet . 387 ( 10015 ) : 223 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 00042 - 8 . PMID 26842292 . Jump up ^ `` Law Center To Prevent Gun Violence Because Smart Gun Laws Save Lives '' . Smartgunlaws.org . N.p. , 2017 . Web . 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence - Annual Gun Law State Scorecard 2016 '' . gunlawscorecard.org . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Getting Harder To Argue That Strong Gun Laws Do n't Have An Effect On Gun Violence '' . The Huffington Post . N.p. , 2017 . Web . 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns : Gallup Historical Trends '' . gallup.com . December 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guns : Gallup Historical Trends '' . gallup.com. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guns : Gallup Historical Trends '' . gallup.com . October 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Americans ' Dissatisfaction With Gun Laws Highest Since 2001 '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Americans ' Desire for Stricter Gun Laws Up Sharply '' . gallup.com . October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ OnMessage Inc . `` NRA National Member Survey '' ( PDF ) . National Rifle Association . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Tony . America 's Beginnings : The Dramatic Events that Shaped a Nation 's Character , p. 174 ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Roth , Timothy . Morality , Political Economy and American Constitutionalism , p. 16 ( Edward Elgar Publishing , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Utter , Glenn . Culture Wars in America : A Documentary and Reference Guide , p. 145 ( ABC - CLIO , November 12 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Jan Arno Hessbruegge , Human Rights and Personal Self - Defense in International Law , Oxford University Press ( 2017 ) , chapter 3 and chapter 6 Human Rights and Self - Defense Jump up ^ Eggen , Robert Barnes and Dan ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court affirms fundamental right to bear arms '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carper , Dnald and McKinsey , John . Understanding the Law , p. 85 ( Cengage Learning 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Staff , LII ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Second Amendment '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legal Information Institute ( LII ) : Second Amendment '' . law.cornell.edu . Cornell University Law School . January 26 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1987 ) . That Every Man Be Armed : The Evolution of a Constitutional Right . University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 945999 - 28 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Story , Joseph , A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States ( 1986 ) Regnery Gateway , Chicago , Illinois , p. 319 - 320 , ISBN 0 - 89526 - 796 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Hardy , David T . The origins and Development of the Second Amendment ( 1986 ) , Blacksmith Corp. , Chino Valley , Arizona , pp. 64 - 93 , ISBN 0 - 941540 - 13 - 8 Jump up ^ `` The Second Amendment -- Reaching a Consensus as an Individual Right '' by Miguel A. Faria Jump up ^ `` Guns and Violence '' by Miguel A. Faria Jump up ^ Spitzer , Robert J. ( October 2008 ) . `` Review of The Founders ' Second Amendment by Stephen P. Holbrook '' . Gvpt.umd.edu/ . Law & Politics Book Review . University of Maryland . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . As the Supreme Court made clear this past summer , judges can change the law , although there is less than consensus , even among conservatives , that Justice Antonin Scalia succeeded in making the case for the majority in Heller . Federal Judge Richard Posner ( 2008 ) opined recently that Scalia 's opinion , though lengthy , ' is not evidence of disinterested historical inquiry . It is evidence of the ability of well - staffed courts to produce snow jobs . ' Jump up ^ Clemente , Matt ( 2009 ) . `` The Framers ' Aims : Heller , History , and the Second Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Discoveries . John S. Knight Institute for Writing in the Disciplines . Cornell University . Spring 2011 ( 10 ) : 63 -- 76 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . For although Americans believe in an individual right to bear arms , public opinion polls have consistently shown that they favor commonsense gun restrictions as well . Thus , if the lower courts begin to get too bold and begin striking down popular gun control laws , Heller , like Lochner ( v. New York ) , will be seen as a mistake . Jump up ^ Magarian , Gregory P. ( 2012 ) . `` Speaking Truth to Firepower : How the First Amendment Destabilizes the Second '' ( PDF ) . Texas Law Review . University of Texas . 91 ( 49 ) : 49 -- 99 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . The Constitution can confer rights on individuals , as the First Amendment undeniably does , but -- as First Amendment theorists frequently contend -- for collectivist rather than individualist reasons ... While this Article does not contest the core holdings of Heller and McDonald that the Second Amendment confers an individual right against the federal and state governments , ( I challenge ) those decisions ' primary justification for the Second Amendment : protection of individual self - defense . Jump up ^ Bartholomees , J. The U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Issues : National security policy and strategy , p. 267 ( Strategic Studies Institute , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Dizard , Jan et al. Guns in America : A Reader , p. 177 ( NYU Press , 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Vile , John . Great American Judges : An Encyclopedia , Volume 1 , p. 766 ( ABC - CLIO , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee and Walk , Thomas . Constitutional Law : Rights , Liberties and Justice , 8th Edition , p. 396 ( SAGE 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Wilson , Harry . Guns , Gun Control , and Elections : The Politics and Policy of Firearms , pp. 20 - 21 ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Willing , Richard ( March 21 , 2006 ) . `` States allow deadly self - defense '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Unintended Consequences : What the Supreme Court 's Second Amendment Decision in D.C. v. Heller Means for the Future of Gun Laws ( PDF ) '' , A White Paper by the Legal Action Project of the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence ( October 20 , 2008 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 ) : After Heller , the issue is : What reasonable gun laws should be passed that will make our families and communities more safe , without infringing on the right of law - abiding persons to possess guns for self - defense ? This framing of the issue will move the debate from the extremes to the middle and , as such , is highly favorable to progress toward a new , sensible , national gun policy . Jump up ^ Cook , Philip and Goss , Kristin . Guns in America : What Everyone Needs to Know , p. 31 ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ 65 % See Gun Rights As Protection Against Tyranny , Rasmussen Reports ( January 18 , 2013 ) : `` The Second Amendment to the Constitution provides Americans with the right to own a gun . Is the purpose of the Second Amendment to ensure that people are able to protect themselves from tyranny ? '' Jump up ^ Swift , Art ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Personal Safety Top Reason Americans Own Guns Today : Second Amendment rights , job with police or military are lower on list '' . gallup.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guns in American Society , pp. 169 , 305 , 306 , 312 , 358 , 361 - 362 , 454 , 455 , 458 , 467 , 575 , 576 , 738 , 812 , 846 ( `` check against tyranny '' ) , 891 ( edited by Gregg Lee Carter , ABC - CLIO 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` Mike Huckabee for President : Issues : 2nd Amendment Rights '' . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2007 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Assault Weapons and Assaults on the Constitution '' . April 22 , 2003 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Levy , Leonard . Origins of the Bill of Rights , p. 144 ( Yale University Press , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Noah Webster , `` An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution '' ( 1787 ) , reprinted in Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States , Published During Its Discussion by the People , 1787 -- 1788 , at 56 ( Paul L. Ford , ed. 1971 ) ( 1888 ) : Before a standing army can rule , the people must be disarmed ; as they are in almost every kingdom in Europe . The supreme power in America can not enforce unjust laws by the sword ; because the whole body of the people are armed , and constitute a force superior to any band of regular troops that can be , on any pretense , raised in the United States . Jump up ^ Bond , Jon and Smith , Kevin . Analyzing American Democracy : Politics and Political Science , p. 86 ( Routledge , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 2000 ) . `` Nazi Firearms Law and the Disarming of the German Jews '' ( PDF ) . Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law . 17 ( 3 ) : 483 -- 535 . Jump up ^ LaPierre , Wayne ( 1994 ) . Guns , Crime , and Freedom . Washington , D.C. : Regnery . OCLC 246629786 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Michael S. ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Holocaust Imagery and Gun Control '' . In Carter , Gregg Lee . Guns in American Society : An Encyclopedia of History , Politics , Culture and the Law . 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . pp. 411 -- 415 . ISBN 9780313386701 . OCLC 833189121 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Bernard E. ( 2004 ) . `` On Gun Registration , the NRA , Adolf Hitler , and Nazi Gun Laws : Exploding the Gun Culture Wars ( A Call to Historians ) '' . Fordham Law Review . 73 ( 2 ) : 653 -- 680 . Jump up ^ Spitzer , Robert J. ( 2004 ) . `` Do n't Know Much About History , Politics , or Theory : A Comment '' . Fordham Law Review . 73 ( 2 ) : 721 -- 730 . Jump up ^ Nuckols , Mark ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Why the ' Citizen Militia ' Theory Is the Worst Pro-Gun Argument Ever '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil and Hirsch , Alan . For the People : What the Constitution Really Says About Your Rights , pp. 7 , 171 -- 176 ( Simon and Schuster 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Pound , Roscoe. : The Development of Constitutional Guarantees of Liberty , page 91 . Yale University Press , New Haven , CT. 1957 Jump up ^ Spitzer , Robert . Right to Bear Arms : Rights and Liberties Under the Law , p. 61 ( ABC - CLIO , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Federalized Militia Debate '' in Saul Cornell 's `` Whose Right to Bear Arms Did the Second Amendment Protect '' , April 7 , 2000 Jump up ^ Pratt , Larry , Armed People Victorious ( 1990 ) Gun Owners Foundation , Springfield , Va. , pp. 17 - 68 Jump up ^ Pratt , Larry ( ed . ) Safeguarding Liberty -- The Constitution and Citizens Militias Legacy Communications , Franklin Tennessee , pp. 197 - 352. ISBN 1 - 880692 - 18 - X Jump up ^ Mulloy , Darren . American Extremism : History , Politics and the Militia Movement , p. 159 - 160 ( Routledge , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John . `` Know Your Lawmakers '' , Guns , April 1960 , p. 4 ( 1960 ) in `` Sources on the Second Amendment and Rights to Keep and Bear Arms in State Constitutions '' , Prof. Eugene Volokh , UCLA Law School Jump up ^ Jan Arno Hessbruegge , Human Rights and Personal Self - Defense in International Law , Oxford University Press ( 2017 ) , ch. 5 Human Rights and Self - Defense Jump up ^ Simon Rogers ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` Gun homicides and gun ownership listed by country '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stopping Gun Violence : Time for Innovative Solutions '' . Forbes . January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Follman , Mark ( 2015 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Opinion How Many Mass Shootings Are There , Really ? '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Firearm - related deaths in the United States and 35 other high - and upper - middle income countries '' , International Journal of Epidemiology ( 1998 ) Vol 27 , pages 214 - 221 Jump up ^ `` The Seventh United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems ( 1998 - 2000 ) '' Archived November 4 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) Jump up ^ `` Public Health and Gun Control -- - A Review ( Part I : The Benefits of Firearms ) - Hacienda Publishing '' . haciendapublishing.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public Health and Gun Control -- - A Review ( Part II : Gun Violence and Constitutional Issues ) - Hacienda Publishing '' . haciendapublishing.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evers , Williamson M. ( 1994 ) . `` Victim 's Rights , Restitution , and Retribution '' . Independent Institute : 7 . Jump up ^ California Department of Justice , Bureau of Criminal Statistics and Special Services ( 1981 ) . `` Homicide in California '' . Jump up ^ http://www.gunviolencearchive.org/past-tolls ^ Jump up to : http://www.vpc.org/studies/justifiable17.pdf Jump up ^ G. Kwon , Ik - Whan , Scott , Bradley , Safranski , Scott R. and Bae , Muen , ' The Effectiveness of Gun Control Laws : Multivariate Statistical Analysis ' in The American Journal of Economics and Sociology , Vol. 56 , No. 1 ( 1997 ) , pp. 41 - 50 . Jump up ^ `` Home - Public Health Law Research '' . Publichealthlawresearch.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Shall Issue '' Concealed Weapons Laws , Public Health Law Research 2009 `` . Publichealthlawresearch.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Waiting Period Laws for Gun Permits - Public Health Law Research '' . publichealthlawresearch.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Child Access Prevention ( CAP ) Laws for Guns - Public Health Law Research '' . publichealthlawresearch.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bans on Specific Guns and Ammunition - Public Health Law Research '' . publichealthlawresearch.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Registration and Licensing Requirements - Public Health Law Research '' . publichealthlawresearch.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US mass shootings , 1982 - 2017 : Data from Mother Jones ' investigation '' . Motherjones.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Allison . `` Analysis : Fewer U.S. gun owners own more guns '' . CNN . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Homicide by Firearm '' , United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Stats of the States - Homicide Mortality '' . CDC . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gary , Kleck ; Marc , Gertz ( 1995 ) . `` Armed Resistance to Crime : The Prevalence and Nature of Self - Defense with a Gun '' . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 86 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Risks and Benefits of Keeping a Gun in the Home ... ( Fulltext , Aug 5 JAMA. 1998 ; 280 : 473 - 475 ) ( c ) AMA 1998 '' . Guncite.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Council , National Research ; Education , Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and ; Education , Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and ; Behavior , Panel on the Understanding and Control of Violent ( 1993 - 02 - 01 ) . Understanding and Preventing Violence . National Academies Press . p. 266 . ISBN 9780309054768 . Jump up ^ The Impact of Gun Ownership Rates on Crime Rates : A Methodological Review of the Evidence , Gary Kleck , Journal of Criminal Justice 43 ( 2015 ) 40 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Hemenway , David ( 1997 ) . `` Survey Research and Self - Defense Gun Use : An Explanation of Extreme Overestimates '' . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology . Northwestern University School of Law . 87 ( 4 ) : 1430 -- 1445 . doi : 10.2307 / 1144020 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ KLECK , GARY ( February 1 , 2001 ) . `` Can Owning a Gun Really Triple the Owner 's Chances of being Murdered ? : The Anatomy of an Implausible Causal Mechanism '' . Homicide Studies . 5 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 77 . doi : 10.1177 / 1088767901005001005 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 -- via SAGE Journals . Jump up ^ http://fh6xn3yd3x.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+the+repeal+of+Missouri%27s+handgun+purchaser+licensing+law+on+homicides&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+urban+health+%3A+bulletin+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Medicine&rft.au=Webster%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Crifasi%2C+Cassandra+Kercher&rft.au=Vernick%2C+Jon+S&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.eissn=1468-2869&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=293&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24604521&rft.externalDocID=24604521¶mdict=en-US Jump up ^ Kleck , Gary : Point Blank . Transaction Publishers , 1991 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) EG Krug , KE Powell , and LL Dahlberg ( 1998 ) `` Firearm - related deaths in the United States and 35 other high - and upper - middle - income countries '' Int. J. Epidemiol. , volume 27 ; pages 214 - 221 Jump up ^ `` FastStats '' . Cdc.gov . July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kleck G. Targeting Guns -- Firearms and Their Control . New York , NY , Aldine De Gruyter , 1997 , pp. 265 - 292 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ; Azrael , Deborah ; Barber , Catherine ( 21 April 2012 ) . `` Suicide Mortality in the United States : The Importance of Attending to Method in Understanding Population - Level Disparities in the Burden of Suicide '' . Annual Review of Public Health . 33 ( 1 ) : 393 -- 408 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - publhealth - 031811 - 124636 . PMID 22224886 . Jump up ^ Hahn , Robert A. ; Bilukha , Oleg ; Crosby , Alex ; Fullilove , Mindy T. ; Liberman , Akiva ; Moscicki , Eve ; Snyder , Susan ; Tuma , Farris ; et al. ( February 2005 ) . `` Firearms laws and the reduction of violence : A systematic review '' . American Journal of Preventive Medicine . Elsevier . 28 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 71 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amepre. 2004.10. 005 . PMID 15698747 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` The NRA 's fuzzy , decades - old claim of ' 20,000 ' gun laws '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Gun Control Legislation - Timeline '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crime Control : The Federal Response '' . Policy Almanac . September 12 , 2002 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Six States With No Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms - The Truth About Guns '' . Thetruthaboutguns.com . November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii State Constitution Article 1 , § 17 '' . Hawaii.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina State Constitution Article 1 , § 30 '' . Statelibrary.dcr.state.nc.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alaska State Constitution Article 1 , § 19 '' . Ltgov.state.ak.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island State Constitution Article 1 , § 22 '' . Rilin.state.ri.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah State Constitution Article 1 , § 6 '' . Le.utah.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama State Constitution Article 1 , § 26 '' . Legislature.state.al.us . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2006 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Dakota State Constitution Article 1 , § 1 ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Legis.nd.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 4 , 2007 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NH.gov - The Official Web Site of New Hampshire State Government - State Constitution , Bill of Rights '' . Nh.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut State Constitution Article 1 , § 15 '' . Sots.ct.gov . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2007 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Legislature Law Information '' . janus.state.me.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi State Constitution Article 3 , § 12 '' . Sos.state.ms.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri State Constitution Article 1 , § 23 '' . Moga.state.mo.us = . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NEVADA '' . Leg.state.nv.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas State Constitution , Article 1 , § 23 '' . Tlo2.tlc.state.tx.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Format Document '' . Azleg.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : lrb , wayne h , . `` Illinois Constitution - Article I '' . Ilga.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington State Constitution Article 1 , § 24 '' . Leg.wa.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Constitution of 1974 > Article I : Declaration of Rights '' . senate.legis.state.la.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan State Constitution Article 1 , § 6 ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Montana State Constitution Article 2 , § 12 '' . Leg.mt.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas State Constitution Article 2 , § 5 '' . Sos.arkansas.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Constitution '' . Mass.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Tennessee Secretary of State 's Website - Tennessee Secretary of State '' ( PDF ) . State.tn.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia State Constitution Article 1 , § 13 '' . Legis.state.va.us . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho State Constitution Article 1 , § 11 '' . 3.state.id.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statutes & Constitution : Constitution : Online Sunshine '' . Leg.state.fl.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernick , Jon S. , Lisa M. Hepburn . `` Twenty Thousand Gun - Control Laws ? '' Center on Urban & Metropolitan Policy , Brookings Institution . December 2002 Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Adams , Les ( 1996 ) . The Second Amendment Primer . A Citizen 's Guidebook To The History , Sources , And Authorities For The Constitutional Guarantee Of The Right To Keep And Bear Arms . Odysseus Editions . Birmingham , Alabama Carter , Gregg Lee ( 2006 ) . Gun Control in the United States : A Reference Handbook . ABC - CLIO . p. 408 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 760 - 0 . Davidson , Osha Gray ( 1998 ) . Under Fire : The NRA and the Battle for Gun Control . University of Iowa Press . p. 338 . ISBN 0 - 87745 - 646 - 1 . Edel , Wilbur ( 1995 ) . Gun Control : Threat to Liberty or Defense against Anarchy ? . Westport , Conn. : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95145 - 6 . OCLC 246777010 . Goss , Kristin A. ( 2008 ) . Disarmed : The Missing Movement for Gun Control in America . Princeton University Press . p. 304 . ISBN 9780691138329 . Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 2013 ) . Gun Control in the Third Reich : Disarming the Jews and `` Enemies of the State '' . Independent Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59813 - 161 - 1 . Hessbruegge , Jan Arno Human Rights and Personal Self - Defense in International Law , Oxford University Press ( 2017 ) Melzer , Scott ( 2009 ) . Gun Crusaders : The NRA 's Culture War . New York University Press . p. 336 . ISBN 9780814795972 . Snow , Robert L. ( 2002 ) . Terrorists Among Us : The Militia Threat . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Perseus . ISBN 9780738207667 . OCLC 50615207 . Utter , Glenn H. ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of Gun Control and Gun Rights . Phoenix , Ariz. : Oryx . p. 378 . ISBN 1 - 57356 - 172 - X . OCLC 42072246 . Winkler , Adam ( 2011 ) . Gunfight : The Battle over the Right to Bear Arms in America . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 361 . ISBN 9780393082296 . Journals ( edit ) Brennan , Pauline G. ; Lizotte , Alan J. ; McDowall , David ( 1993 ) . `` Guns , Southerness , and Gun Control '' . Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 9 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 307 . doi : 10.1007 / bf01064463 . Cramer , Clayton ( Winter 1995 ) . `` The Racist Roots of Gun Control '' . Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy . 42 ( 2 ) : 17 -- 25 . ISSN 1055 - 8942 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2014 . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Kates , Don B. ; Mauser , Gary ( Spring 2007 ) . `` Would Banning Firearms reduce Murder and Suicide ? A Review of International and Some Domestic Evidence '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy . 30 ( 2 ) : 649 -- 694 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Langbein , Laura I. ; Lotwis , Mark A. ( August 1990 ) . `` Political Efficacy of Lobbying and Money : Gun Control in the U.S. House , 1986 '' . Legislative Studies Quarterly . Comparative Legislative Research Center . 15 ( 3 ) : 413 -- 440 . doi : 10.2307 / 439771 . JSTOR 439771 . Tahmassebi , Stefan B. ( 1991 ) . `` Gun Control and Racism '' . George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 100 . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . McGarrity , Joseph P. ; Sutter , Daniel ( 2000 ) . `` A Test of the Structure of PAC Contracts : An Analysis of House Gun Control Votes in the 1980s '' . Southern Economic Journal . 67 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 63 . doi : 10.2307 / 1061612 . JSTOR 1061612 . Wogan , J.B. ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Lessons in Gun Control from Australia and Brazil '' . Emergency Management . e. Republic . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . News ( edit ) Bingham , Amy ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` Shootings That Shaped Gun Control Laws '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . External links ( edit ) Gun politics in the United States at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Gun control advocacy groups : Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence Violence Policy Center Gun rights advocacy groups : National Rifle Association Second Amendment Foundation Gun Owners of America United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Ableism affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Gun politics in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_politics_in_the_United_States&oldid=856969537 '' Categories : Firearms Gun politics in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles needing cleanup from April 2014 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2014 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2014 Articles with Curlie links Articles containing video clips Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 18 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first gun law passed in the us	[ "According to historian Saul Cornell, states passed some of the first gun control laws, beginning with Kentucky's law to \"curb the practice of carrying concealed weapons in 1813.\" There was opposition and, as a result, the individual right interpretation of the Second Amendment began and grew in direct response to these early gun control laws, in keeping with this new \"pervasive spirit of individualism.\" As noted by Cornell, \"Ironically, the first gun control movement helped give birth to the first self-conscious gun rights ideology built around a constitutional right of individual self-defense.\"[16]:140–141\n" ]	[ "in 1813" ]
-7222187808683952663	Electrolyte imbalance	Electrolyte imbalance - wikipedia Electrolyte imbalance Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Water -- electrolyte imbalance Classification and external resources Specialty nephrology ICD - 10 E86 - E87 ICD - 9 - CM 276 MeSH D014883 ( edit on Wikidata ) Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis within the body . They help to regulate heart and neurological function , fluid balance , oxygen delivery , acid -- base balance and much more . Electrolyte imbalances can develop by the following mechanisms : excessive ingestion ; diminished elimination of an electrolyte ; diminished ingestion or excessive elimination of an electrolyte . The most serious electrolyte disturbances involve abnormalities in the levels of sodium , potassium or calcium . Other electrolyte imbalances are less common , and often occur in conjunction with major electrolyte changes . Chronic laxative abuse or severe diarrhea or vomiting ( gastroenteritis ) can lead to electrolyte disturbances along with dehydration . People suffering from bulimia or anorexia nervosa are at especially high risk for an electrolyte imbalance . General function ( edit ) Electrolytes are important , because they are what cells ( especially nerve , heart and muscle cells ) use to maintain voltages across their cell membranes and to carry electrical impulses ( nerve impulses , muscle contractions ) across themselves and to other cells . Kidneys work to keep the electrolyte concentrations in blood constant despite changes in the body . For example , during heavy exercise , electrolytes are lost in sweat , particularly in the form of sodium and potassium . These electrolytes must be replaced to keep the electrolyte concentrations of the body fluids constant . See also ( edit ) Acidosis Alkalosis Dehydration Malnutrition Starvation Electrolyte imbalance and acid -- base imbalance ( E86 -- E87 , 276 ) Volume status Volume contraction ( dehydration / hypovolemia ) Hypervolemia Electrolyte Sodium High Hypernatremia Salt poisoning Low Hypotonic Isotonic Potassium High Low Chloride High Low Calcium High Low Acid -- base Acidosis Metabolic : High anion gap Ketoacidosis Diabetic ketoacidosis Alcoholic ketoacidosis Lactic Normal anion gap Hyperchloremic Renal tubular Respiratory Alkalosis Metabolic Contraction alkalosis Respiratory Both Mixed disorder of acid - base balance Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrolyte_imbalance&oldid=805057022 '' Categories : Electrolyte disturbances Causes of death Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2015 All articles lacking sources Infobox medical condition Talk About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español 한국어 Hrvatski Português Română Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 19 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the body said to be in the state of electrolytic imbalance	[]	[]
2484174931666151975	B. P. Poddar Institute of Management & Technology	B.P. Poddar Institute of Management & Technology - wikipedia B.P. Poddar Institute of Management & Technology BPPIMT Type Private Established 1999 Chairman Shri Arun Poddar Principal Prof. ( Dr . ) Sutapa Mukherjee Dean Prof. ( Dr . ) B.N. Chatterjee Director Dr. Subir Choudhury Undergraduates 2440 Location Kolkata , West Bengal , India Campus 137 V.I.P. Road , Kolkata , India , 700052 Approvals AICTE Affiliations Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology Website http://www.bppimt.ac.in The B.P. Poddar Institute of Management and Technology or BPPIMT is an undergraduate college in West Bengal , India . It was established in 1999 by B.P Poddar Foundation for Education. The college is affiliated with Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology and all the programmes are approved by the All India Council for Technical Education . The engineering campus is located at Panagarh , Bardhaman.It has a second campus in Sector V , Salt Lake which offer degrees in management ( BBA and BCA ) . Academics ( edit ) The institute offers six under - graduate courses : - B. Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering ( ECE ) - 4 years ( Approved intake - 120 ) B. Tech in Electrical Engineering ( EE ) - 4 years ( Approved intake - 60 ) B. Tech in Computer Science and Engineering ( CSE ) - 4 years ( Approved intake - 120 ) B. Tech in Information Technology ( IT ) - 4 years ( Approved intake - 60 ) BCA - 3 years ( Approved intake - 90 ) BBA - 3 years ( Approved intake - 120 ) The institute offers one post-graduate course : - Masters in Computer Application - 3 years ( Approved intake - 40 ) BPPIMT , VIP Road Campus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` List of Colleges & Its Courses Affiliated by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology , West Bengal ( formerly West Bengal University of Technology ) for the Academic Year 2016 - 2017 ( As on 31.08. 2016 ) '' ( PDF ) . Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology . 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of AICTE approved institutions ( A.Y. 2016 - 17 ) as on 30th April 2016 '' ( PDF ) . All India Council for Technical Education . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to AIEMD : CONTACT US '' . www.aiemd.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.bppimt.com/ ^ Jump up to : `` List of Colleges & Its Courses Affiliated by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology , West Bengal ( formerly West Bengal University of Technology ) for the Academic Year 2017 - 2018 ( As on 13.10. 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . 13 October 2017 . line feed character in title = at position 129 ( help ) Colleges affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology State Government Institutions Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College Kalyani Government Engineering College Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology Serampore Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology , Berhampore Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology Cooch Behar Government Engineering College Purulia Government Engineering College Private / Self - Financing Institutions Abacus Institute of Engineering and Management Academy of Technology Adamas Institute of Technology Advanced Institute of Modern Management & Technology , Barrackpore Aryabhatta Institute of Engineering & Management Durgapur Army Institute of Management , Kolkata Asansol Engineering College B.P. Poddar Institute of Management & Technology Bankura Unnayani Institute of Engineering Batanagar Institute of Engineering , Management and Science BCDA College of Pharmacy & Technology , Hridaypur Bengal College of Engineering & Technology , Durgapur Bengal College of Engineering & Technology for Women Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Science & Research Bengal Institute of Technology & Management Bengal Institute of Technology , Kolkata Bengal School of Technology Bharat Technology Birbhum Institute of Engineering & Technology Brainware Group of Institutions Budge Budge Institute of Technology Calcutta Institute of Engineering and Management Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Allied Health Sciences Calcutta Institute of Technology Camelia Institute of Engineering Camelia Institute of Engineering & Technology Camellia Institute of Technology Camelia Institute of Technology & Management Camelia School of Engineering & Technology College of Engineering and Management , Kolaghat Dr. B.C. Roy Engineering College , Durgapur Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy and Applied Health sciences Dr. Sudhir Chandra Sur Degree Engineering College Dumkal Institute of Engineering & Technology Dream Institute of Technology Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology and Management Elitte College of Engineering , Sodepur Future Institute of Engineering and Management Future Institute of Technology George College Global Institute of Science & Technology , Haldia Greater Kolkata College of Engineering and Management Gupta College of Technological Sciences , Asansol Guru Nanak Institute of Technology Guru Nanak Institute of Pharamaceutical Science and Technology Gargi Memorial Institute of Technology Global Institute of Management and Technology , Krishnanagar Haldia Institute of Technology Heritage Institute of Technology , Kolkata Hemnalini Memorial College of Engineering , Haringhata Hooghly Engineering and Technology College Ideal Institute of Engineering IMPS College of Engineering and Technology Institute of Engineering and Management , Salt Lake Institute of Modern Management Institute of Pharmacy , Jalpaiguri Institute of Science & Technology , Chandrakona JIS College of Engineering , Kalyani JID Engineering and Management College Kanad Institute of Engineering and Management Mallabhum Institute of Technology , Bishnupur MCKV Institute of Engineering , Liluah Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology Murshidabad College of Engineering & Technology Modern Institute of Engineering and Technology National Power Training Institute Narula Institute of Technology Netaji Subhash Engineering College Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Institute of Phermacy , Chakdah NSHM College of Management and Technology Om Dayal Group of Institutions Pailan College of Management and Technology RCC Institute of Information Technology Regent Education and Research Foundation Sanaka Education Trusts Group of Institutions Saroj Mohan Institute of Technology Seacom Engineering College Siliguri Institute of Technology Sir J.C. Bose School of Engineering St. Thomas ' College of Engineering and Technology St. Mary 's Technical Campus Kolkata Supreme Knowledge Foundation Group of Institutions Surendra Institute of Engineering and Management , Siliguri Syamaprasad Institute of Technology & Management Swami Vivekananda Institute of Science and Technology Techno India , Salt Lake Techno India , Balurghat Techno India , Banipur Techno India , Batanagar Techno India , Durgapur Institute of Technology and Marine Engineering Techno India College of Technology University Institute of Technology , Burdwan Jump up ^ `` B.P. Poddar Institute of Management and Technology Kolkata Reviews , BPPIMT Kolkata Student Reviews and Ratings CollegeBol '' . www.collegebol.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B._P._Poddar_Institute_of_Management_%26_Technology&oldid=847443652 '' Categories : Business schools in Kolkata Educational institutions established in 1999 Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology 1999 establishments in India Engineering colleges in Kolkata Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters Instances of Infobox university using image size Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 June 2018 , at 11 : 54 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	bp poddar institute of management & technology vip road kolkata	[]	[]
-426739321254608669	Call of Duty: Black Ops 4	Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 - wikipedia Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Developer ( s ) Treyarch Publisher ( s ) Activision Director ( s ) Jason Blundell Dan Bunting Artist ( s ) Bruce Hall Writer ( s ) Dave Anthony Craig Houston Composer ( s ) Jack Wall Series Call of Duty Engine IW engine Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release October 12 , 2018 Genre ( s ) First - person shooter , battle royale Mode ( s ) Multiplayer Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 ( stylized as Call of Duty : Black Ops IIII ) is a multiplayer first - person shooter video game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision . It was released worldwide on October 12 , 2018 , for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . It is a sequel to the 2015 game Call of Duty : Black Ops III and is the fifth entry in the Black Ops subseries as well as the 15th main installment in the Call of Duty series overall . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Multiplayer 1.2 Zombies 1.3 Blackout 2 Plot 2.1 Multiplayer 2.2 Blackout 2.3 Zombies 2.3. 1 Chaos Story 2.3. 2 Aether Story 3 Development 4 Release 4.1 Special editions and downloadable contents 4.2 Comics tie - in 5 Reception 5.1 Pre-release 5.1. 1 Removal of single - player 5.1. 2 Season pass 5.2 Critical response 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 is a multiplayer first - person shooter video game . Unlike previous titles in the Call of Duty series , Black Ops 4 is the first entry to not feature a traditional single - player campaign , and contains only Multiplayer , Zombies and a new battle royale mode called Blackout . Multiplayer ( edit ) Black Ops 4 's multiplayer features the return of Specialists , unique soldier characters with special abilities and traits . The game features a total of ten Specialists , six of which ( Ruin , Prophet , Battery , Seraph , Nomad , Firebreak ) are returning characters from Black Ops III , while the other four ( Recon , Ajax , Torque , Crash ) are new additions . It will also feature remakes of five fan - favorite maps , Jungle , Slums , Summit , Firing Range and Nuketown . Treyarch stated that the maps will be available to all players at launch except Nuketown which will arrive in November . Multiplayer has also been reworked with various changes for more tactical and teamwork gameplay . Automatic health regeneration is removed in favor of a manual healing system ( with each player having a health bar ) , weapons are now given predictive recoil patterns , and a mixed ballistics system , using both hitscan and projectile damage , is employed as opposed to just hitscan . Weapon customization is also emphasized , allowing for deeper personalization of players ' arsenals ; attachments are also given tiers , with tier - 2 upgrades providing even bigger improvements to the weapons . Certain weapons also offer Operator Mods , which significantly change how a weapon works , while costing a significant portion of the 10 customization slots per class . In addition , the game includes Specialist Headquarters , a solo mode featuring skill - based tutorials that contain backstories on various Specialists in the game . The missions are set within the same narrative world of the Black Ops campaigns , between the events of Black Ops II and Black Ops III . Zombies ( edit ) Zombies returns as the cooperative multiplayer mode for Black Ops 4 . The game mode features a wider range of customization , allowing for more personalized play styles . Mechanics of the game can be customized via `` Custom Mutations '' , which include over 100 variables , such as overall difficulty , zombie speed , health , damage , and more . Time - limited events known as `` Callings '' are also promised to be included in the game for long - term engagement . Similar to the Nazi Zombies mode in Call of Duty : WWII , custom loadouts are included to allow players to select different starting weapons , equipment and special upgradable weapons , as well as perk selection to be available in each match . A new game type , Rush , is introduced into Zombies , where the players build up points and multipliers and compete against one another for the highest point possible until death . Black Ops 4 is also the first game to feature two distinctive , separate storylines for Zombies . At launch , the game features three on - disc maps : `` Voyage of Despair '' , which takes place on the RMS Titanic ; `` IX '' , which takes place in an Ancient Rome arena ; and `` Blood of the Dead '' , a soft - remake of the Black Ops II map `` Mob of the Dead '' , taking place once more in Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary . The former two maps form the new `` Chaos '' storyline , and star a new cast of characters : Scarlett , Stanton , Diego and Bruno ; while `` Blood of the Dead '' returns to the original `` Aether '' storyline established in the previous Black Ops games , and stars the four original characters ( Dempsey , Nikolai , Takeo , Richtofen ; also known collectively as Primis ) . A fourth map , titled `` Classified '' , is included in the special editions of the game and the `` Black Ops Pass '' at launch , and is a remake of the Black Ops map `` Five '' , featuring the original incarnation of Primis ( known as Ultimis ) as the playable characters . Blackout ( edit ) Black Ops 4 features a battle royale game mode called Blackout which will serve as a stand - in for the campaign mode . While utilizing the traditional Black Ops combat style , the mode includes the largest map featured in a Call of Duty title . Players compete against each other through locations appeared in previous Black Ops games . This mode will also feature land , sea , and air vehicles for players to use . The game mode features various playable characters from the entire Black Ops series , such as Alex Mason from the original game , Raul Menendez from Black Ops II , and the Primis crew from Zombies . In Blackout , up to 100 players , who can choose to play as Solo , Duos , or Quads ( squads of 4 ) , drop into the map via helicopters , and must scavenge for loot to survive as the last person ( s ) standing , while a circle collapses and narrows the map 's playable area . In addition to regular weapons , players can equip health kits , armors , ammo types , attachments , as well as perk consumables . AI - controlled zombie enemies also spawn at Zombies - themed locations , such as Asylum or Lighthouse , and upon being killed drop Zombies loot items , such as the Ray Gun or Cymbal Monkey . Several vehicles , such as the ATV and helicopter , are also available for traversal around the map . Similar to Fortnite Battle Royale and the main multiplayer , Blackout features special modes that change the presence or mechanics of physical items in the Blackout world . Modes such as ' Close Quarters ' emphasise a faster and more aggressive playstyle through the exclusion of long - range weapons , while others like ' Fast Collapse ' feature a faster narrowing of the circle . Plot ( edit ) Multiplayer ( edit ) In the year 2043 , during a covert mission involving a mercenary group , Jessica Mason - Green ( Alexa Kahn ) , a US Army Specialist is presumably killed while her two squad mates , Donnie `` Ruin '' Walsh ( Christian Rummel ) and Erin `` Battery '' Baker ( Morla Gorrondona ) escape with critical injuries . Two years later , Savannah Mason ( Evangeline Lilly ) , a trillionaire and Jessica 's sister , recruits ten of the world 's most elite soldiers , including Ruin and Battery , for a top - secret project against an unknown threat . Savannah uses a Combat Immersion program , with an AI taking the form of Sergeant Frank Woods ( James C. Burns ) to train the Specialists in a prototype simulation . While taking a break from training , Ruin discusses with Battery about their survival two years prior , and that he received a warning message from a mysterious individual . At some point , the individual contacts Ruin at his home , tipping him off to an ambush by mercenaries . Ruin survives the ordeal , and arrives at a warehouse where he confronts the individual , revealed to be Jessica who remained alive and went undercover . It is implied that Savannah intends to eliminate all the Specialists she hired , and that she was somehow responsible for the botched mission in 2043 . Blackout ( edit ) The story of Blackout can be pieced together using intel files unlocked from completing Specialist tutorial missions . Savannah Mason is revealed to be running Project Blackout , an experiment that is implied to be about resurrection of the dead through unknown means . The project was successful in reviving four subjects , referred to as `` archetypes '' : Viktor Reznov , Alex Mason ( Sam Worthington ) , Frank Woods and Raul Menendez ( Kamar de los Reyes ) . Savannah 's sister , Jessica , is disgusted by her role within the project ; during a heated argument , the two struggle , causing Savannah to shoot Jessica in retaliation . Woods is tasked by Savannah with brainwashing Mason , using the same numbers technique in the Cold War , for an unknown purpose . Zombies ( edit ) Chaos story ( edit ) Adventurer Scarlett Rhodes ( Courtenay Taylor ) goes on a hunt for her estranged father , Alistair , after hearing his involvement with the Chaos Order , an ancient cult hell - bent on the destruction of the world . To do so , she enlists the help of three of Alistair 's associates : former French Foreign Legion soldier Bruno Delacroix ( Andrew Morgado ) , Mexican spy Diego Necalli ( Christian Lanz ) , and British chemist Stanton Shaw ( Nick Boraine ) . The four board the RMS Titanic in search of the Sentinel Artifact , which is kept locked up . They successfully acquire it , but then encounter a member of the Chaos Order who activates the artifact , releasing a substance known as the Prima Materia . The substance transforms every ship crew member and passenger into zombies . Just as the ship crashes with an iceberg , the four adventurers band together in order to recover the Sentinel Artifact and restore it . After completing several challenges , the four are pit against the Eye of Odin , and defeat it . The Prima Materia 's effect is reversed , and all passengers on the Titanic are reverted to their human state . The crew discovers an apparition of a gateway , but before they could interact with it , they are forced to escape as the ship sinks . Shaw points the crew toward their next destination , Delphi , Greece in order to find answers . Scarlett and the gang are given directions by the Oracle of Delphi ( Cissy Jones ) to an ancient cave , where after inhaling a mysterious vapor , they are seemingly taken back in time to an ancient arena , where the High Priest of the Chaos Order uses the Prima Materia to turn slaves into zombies and pit them against gladiators for entertainment . The crew is forced to fight for survival , as they complete the challenges of the four Gods : Danu , Ra , Zeus and Odin . Upon completion of the trials , they face off against two zombified elephants , Fury and Wrath , and emerge victorious . However , their demand for clemency is ignored by the High Priest , and all four are executed by decapitation . Aether story ( edit ) During their mission to secure their own souls , the Primis crew : Edward Richtofen ( Nolan North ) , `` Tank '' Dempsey ( Steven Blum ) , Takeo Masaki ( Tom Kane ) and Nikolai Belinski ( Fred Tatasciore ) takes a detour to Alcatraz Island , where Richtofen plans to acquire blood vials , items he deems necessary for his `` insurance policy '' , to protect his companions . Upon encountering a past version of himself , Richtofen is given the Kronorium book , and learns that the contents of the book have changed , and that his own blood is now demanded by the prison 's Warden . Through their attempt to survive the Warden 's wrath , Primis learns that he intends to use Richtofen 's blood to power a special machine called the Dark Mechanism , due to it containing a massive amount of Aether energy , a result of his constant interdimensional travels . In doing so , Richtofen would take the Warden 's place and free him from eternal damnation in this pocket dimension . After gaining the trust of a seagull spirit representing Albert Arlington , an Alcatraz prisoner who died many years prior , Primis engages in a final battle against the Warden and his zombie hordes , aided by Arlington and other spirits of Alcatraz . Richtofen eventually enters the Dark Mechanism and willingly lets it extract his blood , hoping for a chance at defeating the Warden . This in turn releases another Richtofen , who has lived through a previous cycle of the events , and kept himself cryogenically frozen under Alcatraz for years . With the help of the old cycle 's Richtofen , the Warden is ultimately defeated , and all souls in Alcatraz are released from their torment . Having broken the new cycle , the old cycle 's Richtofen convinces the other Primis to pursue the omnipotent Doctor Monty , while leaving the new cycle 's Richtofen to die as his blood is drained . Back in the original timeline , following their adventures at Shangri - La , the Ultimis crew ( original incarnation of Primis ) attempts to travel to the Moon immediately , but a mishap causes them to be taken across time to 1963 , and end up in The Pentagon . Meanwhile , at the Ascension Facility in Russia , the scientist Yuri Zavoyski tricks his partner Gersh into activating a black hole device , sucking him in it , per the orders of a corrupted Samantha Maxis ( Julie Nathanson ) . Yuri uses the device to travel to the Pentagon and unleash the zombie horde experimented on by the US Government against Ultimis . Development ( edit ) When discussing why the game wo n't have a campaign mode , Treyarch studio co-head Dan Bunting revealed that a campaign mode was never planned for Black Ops 4 and that they wanted to try something different and make a game that would be more playable with friends across the board , contradicting reports that the campaign mode was scrapped in the middle of development because there was not enough time to complete it . Treyarch also observed that the majority of Black Ops III players played the game 's multiplayer without completing the single - player campaign . An Activision representative later said after the reveal that the decision to drop campaign mode will not be a permanent shift for the series , and that the campaign mode may return in the next Call of Duty game in 2019 . Release ( edit ) The insignia for Black Ops 4 , which unconventionally features Roman numerals in a basic decimal pattern . On February 6 , 2018 Eurogamer indicated that Treyarch 's 2018 Call of Duty title would be a new entry in the Black Ops sub-series , following 2015 's Call of Duty : Black Ops III . On March 5 , Call of Duty news site Charlie Intel received images of gaming retailer GameStop 's internal database that showed listings for items that were meant to market Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 . On March 7 , 2018 , NBA player James Harden was seen prior to playing a basketball game wearing a hat bearing an orange logo . People pointed out the similarities between this logo and previous ones for Black Ops titles , which both featured Roman numerals colored orange . Harden later confirmed that this was indeed advertising for Black Ops 4 . On March 8 , the game was formally announced by Activision and a teaser trailer released for it ; a reveal event was on May 17 , 2018 . Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 was released on October 12 , 2018 , on Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . It is first Call of Duty title to be released in October since Call of Duty 2 ; titles since then have all been released in November . The release of Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 a month earlier was thought to be due to Rockstar Games 's much anticipated release of Red Dead Redemption 2 on October 26 . Like previous titles , a private beta for the multiplayer mode was offered to players who pre-ordered the game . On July 11 , 2018 , Activision and Treyarch announced the dates for the multiplayer beta : PlayStation 4 players had an exclusive first beta weekend from August 3 to 6 , while a second weekend from August 10 to 13 was offered to all platforms . The Windows platform received an open beta for all players from August 11 to 13 , while players who pre-ordered the game could play from August 10 . Activision also announced a beta for the Blackout mode , which took place from September 10 for PlayStation 4 , September 14 for Xbox One and Windows , and ending September 17 for all platforms . Like the Multiplayer beta , the Windows platforms also had an open beta for Blackout which began September 15 . The Windows version of the game is developed by Treyarch in collaboration with Beenox . It exclusively uses Blizzard Entertainment 's Battle.net platform , and will not use or be available on Steam . A promotion for the game lasting from September 17 to December 31 , 2018 includes 4 Pringles Mega Stack products awarding buyers `` Double XP '' . Special editions and downloadable contents ( edit ) On June 11 , 2018 , Activision and Treyarch announced three special editions available for Black Ops 4 : the Digital Deluxe , the Digital Deluxe Enhanced , and the Pro Edition . All three editions contain the Black Ops Pass , a special season pass that grants access to `` Classified '' , a bonus Zombies map available at launch , in addition to four more maps to be released in 2019 , as well as twelve multiplayer maps , and four exclusive characters for use in Blackout mode . Rather than distributing new maps via map packs like previous Call of Duty titles , the Black Ops Pass will deliver new content on a more frequent basis throughout the year . Players who pre-order any digital editions of the game on PlayStation 4 also receive the `` Back in Black '' map pack for Call of Duty : Black Ops III . The pack contains four remastered multiplayer maps : Jungle , Summit , Slums , and Firing Range ( all of which are included in Black Ops 4 at launch ) . A collector 's edition titled `` Mystery Box Edition '' was also announced , which contains various Zombies - themed physical items , such as a collectible Mystery Box based on the mechanic of the same name in - game , lithographs based on the three on - disc Zombies maps , and figure pins based on the four main characters of the Zombies Chaos story . On September 20 , 2018 , Activision and Sony revealed their partnership for Black Ops 4 , which allows the PlayStation 4 version of the game to receive all content updates , including free and paid content , seven days before other platforms , as opposed to the 30 - day gap that was present in previous Call of Duty titles . Comics tie - in ( edit ) On June 20 , 2018 , Dark Horse Comics revealed that they would be publishing the second season of the Call of Duty : Zombies comic book series , which was first launched in October 2016 . The second season , which is a prequel focusing on the four new characters introduced in `` IX '' and `` Voyage of Despair '' , will release its first issue on September 5 , 2018 . Treyarch 's Co-Studio Head Jason Blundell and Lead Writer Craig Houston are once again behind the story of the series , and Justin Jordan and Dan Jackson return as writer and colorist , respectively , while Andres Ponce and Mauro Vargas join the series as penciller and inker , respectively . The cover art for each issue is drawn by E.M. Gist . On September 26 , 2018 , Activision announced a new 10 - issue comic series featuring the Multiplayer Specialist characters , released for free on the official Call of Duty website . The series serves as a prequel to the game , with each issue introducing a Specialist and their background prior to the events of the game . Reception ( edit ) Pre-release ( edit ) Removal of single - player ( edit ) Upon rumors emerging that Black Ops 4 would not have a single - player campaign mode , reactions from the Call of Duty community were mixed . The official confirmation by Treyarch of the absence of a campaign led to many fans expressing their disappointment . In response to the criticism , Dan Bunting , studio co-head at Treyarch , stated in an interview with Eurogamer that `` We are delivering so much more of what players spend most of their time doing in our games in the series '' , implying that fewer fans took their time to play the single - player than the multiplayer . In an interview with Polygon in May 2018 , Bunting later revealed that a traditional campaign for the game had never been intended , and appeared to refute earlier reports that Treyarch had scrapped work on it due to time constraints . Season pass ( edit ) On June 14 , 2018 , following the reveal of the game 's season pass , Activision received heavy backlash from the community for the downloadable content program as it was confirmed that map packs can not be bought separately from the pass . Players and critics compared the release model unfavorably to other companies ' approach toward free content , such as Electronic Arts with Battlefield V , criticizing Activision for focusing on the monetization of downloadable content and microtransactions , and splitting the game 's community . Critical response ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 83 / 100 ( PS4 ) 85 / 100 ( XONE ) 88 / 100 Review scores Publication Score EGM 8.5 / 10 Game Informer 9.5 / 10 GameSpot 8 / 10 Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 received `` generally favorable '' reviews across all platforms according to review aggregator Metacritic . In its 9.5 / 10 review , Game Informer wrote : `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 makes a sacrifice that 's sure to be off - putting to some with the lack of a campaign , but the surrender of tradition comes with sweeping and significant benefits . Blackout is the best battle - royale experience available today , zombies offers crazy customizable co-op , and multiplayer keeps things grounded for those looking for the classic core . '' Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the game 8.5 / 10 , writing : `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 has made some bold changes to the series , and ultimately , they 're for the better . The inclusion of a battle royale mode is a first , and even the more familiar multiplayer and Zombies survival mode are not what they once were . Changes are always risky , but in Black Ops 4 's case , it worked out for the better . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Raven Software and Beenox assisted in the game 's development References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Treyarch ( October 12 , 2018 ) . Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 . PlayStation 4 , Windows , Xbox One . Activision . Scene : Credits . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 wo n't have traditional single - player campaign '' . Polygon . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephen . `` Sources : Next Call Of Duty Wo n't Have A Solo Campaign , May Have Battle Royale '' . Kotaku . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petite , Steven . `` ' Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 ' reportedly drops its single - player campaign '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goslin , Austen ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Black Ops 4 will bring back five fan favorite Call of Duty maps '' . Polygon . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Treyarch confirms Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 wo n't have a single - player campaign '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Christopher ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 -- Zombies will take you to the Titanic and ancient Rome '' . PCGamer . Future US , Inc . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 brings zombies to the Titanic and ancient Rome '' . SyFy . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 's Zombies mode takes you on a trip through time '' . Polygon . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fogel , Stefanie ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` New Details on ' Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 's ' Zombies Mode '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Brittany ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty Introduces Blackout , New Battle Royale Survival Mode '' . Shacknews . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Torres , Josh `` Foxhound - Pro '' ( September 7 , 2018 ) . `` The Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Blackout Beta Field Manual '' . Treyarch . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Treyarch explains why Black Ops 4 wo n't have a single - player campaign '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arif , Shabana ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 's lack of traditional single - player is partly due to Black Ops 3 players '' . VG 247 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 will feature a Fortnite - style battle royale mode '' . The Verge . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Sources : This year 's COD is Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moyse , Chris ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Rumour : GameStop insider leaks Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Sam ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Logo Possibly Revealed by NBA Star James Harden '' . IGN . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ James Harden ( @ JHarden13 ) ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Let the countdown begin ... # ad # BlackOps4 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Moyse , Chris ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Activision officially announce Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 is coming this October '' . The Verge . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nash , Anthony ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Developer Teases Game in Strange Way '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . CraveOnline Media , LLC . Evolve Media , LLC . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gary ( March 18 , 2018 ) . Whittow , Hugh , ed . `` Call of Duty Black Ops 4 update as MW2 Remastered release news is REVEALED '' . Daily Express . Northern and Shell Media . OCLC 173337077 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shanley , Patrick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Call of Duty ' Unveils Latest Title in Franchise : ' Black Ops 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 ' Is Scared Of ' Red Dead Redemption 2 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhat , Keshav ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Blackout Beta Schedule for PS4 , Xbox One , and PC '' . CharlieINTEL . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 will be on Battle.net , not Steam '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pringles are giving away double XP for Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 '' . Dexerto . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keshav ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Special Editions announced '' . CharlieINTEL . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keshav ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 3 is free with PS Plus on PS4 till July 11 , fan favorite maps coming to BO3 with BO4 pre-order '' . CharlieINTEL . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Kevin ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Announcing the Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Mystery Box Edition ! '' . Activision . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Kevin ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` First Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Post-Launch Details Revealed , Play New Content First on PS4 '' . Activision . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhat , Keshav ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` New Call of Duty Zombies Comic announced , providing intro to Black Ops 4 's new cast '' . CharlieINTEL . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhat , Keshav ( September 26 , 2018 ) . `` New Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Specialist Comics announced '' . CharlieINTEL . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Milham , Jordan . `` BLACK OPS 4 NO STORY CAMPAIGN REACTION FROM GAME '' . Product - Reviews . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Henry , Jasmine . `` Black Ops 4 Dev Responds to Story Campaign Complaints '' . GameRant . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael . `` Treyarch explains why Black Ops 4 wo n't have a single - player campaign '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` Activision under fire for `` community - splitting '' Call of Duty Black Ops 4 season pass `` . Eurogamer . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` Black Ops 4 's DLC maps are locked in a season pass , and players are n't happy '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Plasses , Nick ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Review '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tack , Daniel ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 - Treyarch 's Gambit Yields Big Rewards '' . Game Informer . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kallie , Plagge ( October 17 , 2018 ) . `` Call Of Duty : Black Ops 4 Review - Train And Fight '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Call of Duty Games World War II Call of Duty United Offensive WWII Modern Warfare 4 : Modern Warfare Nintendo DS version Remastered Modern Warfare 2 Mobilized Controversies `` No Russian '' Modern Warfare 3 Downloadable content Defiance Black Ops World at War Nintendo DS version Final Fronts Zombies Black Ops Zombies Black Ops II Declassified Strike Team Black Ops III Black Ops 4 Other games Finest Hour Big Red One Roads to Victory Ghosts Advanced Warfare Heroes Infinite Warfare Media Modern Warfare 2 : Ghost Find Makarov : Operation Kingfish `` Not Ready to Die '' `` Nightmare '' `` Carry On '' `` Shepherd of Fire '' `` Survival '' Main developers Infinity Ward Sledgehammer Games Treyarch Raven Software Related articles Championship Elite Experience 2011 Experience 2016 Captain Price id Tech 3 IW engine Soap MacTavish World League Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops_4&oldid=866439262 '' Categories : Activision games Battle royale games Call of Duty First - person shooters Interquel video games Multiplayer and single - player video games PlayStation 4 games Treyarch games Video games developed in the United States Video games set in Alaska Video games set in China Video games set in Colombia Video games set in Iceland Video games set in Japan Video games set in Morocco Video games set in Nevada Video games set in Panama Video games set in San Francisco Video games set in Spain Video games set in Vietnam Video games set in Virginia Video games set in the 2040s Windows games Xbox One games Zombie video games 2018 video games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2018 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 10 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does call of duty blackops 4 come out	[ "Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 (stylized as Call of Duty: Black Ops IIII) is a multiplayer first-person shooter video game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. It was released worldwide on October 12, 2018, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is a sequel to the 2015 game Call of Duty: Black Ops III and is the fifth entry in the Black Ops subseries as well as the 15th main installment in the Call of Duty series overall.\n" ]	[ "October 12, 2018" ]
-5363032593151921523	Carbonyl reduction	Carbonyl reduction - wikipedia Carbonyl reduction Jump to : navigation , search Oxidation ladders such as this one are used to illustrate sequences of carbonyls which can be interconverted through oxidations or reductions . In organic chemistry , carbonyl reduction is the organic reduction of any carbonyl group by a reducing agent . Typical carbonyl compounds are ketones , aldehydes , carboxylic acids , esters , and acid halides . Carboxylic acids , esters , and acid halides can be reduced to either aldehydes or a step further to primary alcohols , depending on the strength of the reducing agent ; aldehydes and ketones can be reduced respectively to primary and secondary alcohols . In deoxygenation , the alcohol can be further reduced and removed altogether . Metal hydrides based on boron and aluminum are common reducing agents ; catalytic hydrogenation is also an important method of reducing carbonyls . Before the discovery of soluble hydride reagents , esters were reduced by the Bouveault -- Blanc reduction , employing a mixture of sodium metal in the presence of alcohols . Contents ( hide ) 1 Carboxylic acid derivatives , aldehydes , and ketones to alcohols 1.1 Hydride reduction 1.1. 1 Mechanism 1.1. 2 Trends in carbonyl reactivity 1.1. 3 Trends in metal hydride reactivity 2 Carboxylic acid derivatives to aldehydes 2.1 Using metal hydrides 2.2 Alternative methods 3 Aldehydes and ketones to alkanes 4 α , β - unsaturated carbonyls 5 Stereoselectivity 5.1 Diastereoselective reduction 5.2 Enantioselective reduction 6 See also 7 References Carboxylic acid derivatives , aldehydes , and ketones to alcohols ( edit ) Hydride reduction ( edit ) Mechanism ( edit ) The reaction mechanism for metal hydride reduction is based on nucleophilic addition of hydride to the carbonyl carbon . In some cases , the alkali metal cation , especially Li , activates the carbonyl group by coordinating to the carbonyl oxygen , thereby enhancing the electrophilicity of the carbonyl . For reductions of carboxylic acid derivatives , after reduction by an aluminium hydride ion , an elimination leads to the aldehyde product ( which can be reduced a second time to an alcohol ) : For reductions of aldehydes and ketones , an aluminium hydride ion reduces the compound to form an alkoxide salt . After the complete reduction , the alkoxide is protonated to give the alcohol product : Trends in carbonyl reactivity ( edit ) Resonance structures of different carbonyls , ordered from most stable ( least reactive ) to least stable ( most reactive ) Ketones are less reactive than aldehydes , because of greater steric effects , and because the extra alkyl group can donate electron density to the partial positive charge of the polar C =O bond . Therefore , aldehydes reduce more easily than ketones and require milder reagents and milder conditions . Carboxylic acids and esters are further stabilized by the presence of a second oxygen atom which can donate a lone pair into the already polar C =O bond . Acyl halides are the least stable of the carbonyls since halides are poor electron donors , as well as great leaving groups . The result of these trends in carbonyl reactivity is that acid halides , ketones , and aldehydes are usually the most readily reduced compounds , while acids and esters require stronger reducing agents . Trends in metal hydride reactivity ( edit ) Four major factors contribute to the strength of metal hydride reducing agents . First , the counter ion 's ability to activate carbonyls depends on how well it can coordinate to the carbonyl oxygen . Lithium is smaller and more electrophilic than sodium , so it coordinates much more strongly and activates the carbonyl more . Metals that can have multiple charges ( such as Mg , Al , and Zn ) form cations with high charge density , and are therefore also stronger activators than Na . Second , the central metal can influence a reducing agent 's strength . Aluminum is larger than boron , so it bonds more weakly to hydrides , which are more free to attack ; aluminum hydrides are therefore better reducers than borohydrides . A third factor , sterics , is what makes certain substituted hydrides ( hydrides in which one or more hydrides are replaced by substituents ) much weaker reducers than other metal hydrides : sodium triacetoxyborohydride ( NaBH ( OAc ) ) , for instance , can be used to selectively reduce aldehydes , and leave the less reactive ketones unreacted . Finally , substituents can have other effects on a reducing agent 's reactivity : acetoxy groups hinder the reducing power of NaBH ( OAc ) not only through steric bulk but also because they are electron - withdrawing . Cyano groups also hinder reducing agents , while electron - donating groups such as alkyl groups can improve them , such as in superhydride ( lithium triethylborohydride ) , which is a strong enough nucleophile to prevent undesired rearrangements during reduction . Because of these substituent effects , NaBH CN is a very poor reducer at moderate pH ( > 4 ) , so it prefers reductive amination to carbonyl reduction , as shown below : The relatively weak reducer sodium borohydride is typically used for reducing ketones and aldehydes because unlike lithium aluminum hydride , it tolerates many functional groups ( nitro group , nitrile , ester ) and can be used with water or ethanol as solvents . Lithium aluminum hydride and other strong reducers such as diisobutylaluminium hydride , L - selectride , diborane , diazene , and aluminum hydride can also reduce aldehydes and ketones , but are disfavored because they are hazardous and violently reactive . However , these compounds are useful for reducing carboxylic acids and esters to alcohols , since sodium borohydride is not powerful enough to do so . The following table illustrates which carbonyl functional groups can be reduced by which reducing agents ( some of these reagents vary in efficacy depending on reaction conditions ) : Carboxylic acid derivatives to aldehydes ( edit ) Using metal hydrides ( edit ) Forming aldehydes from carboxylic acid derivatives is often a challenge , because weaker reducing agents ( NaBH ) are incapable of reducing esters and carboxylic acids , which are relatively stable , and stronger reducing agents ( LiAlH ) immediately reduce the formed aldehyde to an alcohol . Since acid chlorides are less stable than aldehydes and ketones , they are often used in conjunction with sterically hindered hydride donors when synthesizing aldehydes , because the relatively weak reducer will react preferentially with the acid chloride starting material , leaving the aldehyde product unreacted . The reducing agent DIBAL - H ( Diisobutylaluminium hydride ) is often used for this purpose : though it normally reduces all carbonyls , it can stop reducing at the aldehyde if only one equivalent is used at low temperatures . LiAl ( OtBu ) ( formed from LiAlH and tBuOH in situ ) can also stop reducing at the aldehyde , through a similar mechanism to DIBAL - H . Alternative Methods ( edit ) The traditional method of forming aldehydes without reducing to alcohols - by using hindered hydrides and reactive carbonyls - is limited by its narrow substrate scope and great dependence on reaction conditions . One workaround to avoid this method is to reduce the carboxylic acid derivative all the way down to an alcohol , then oxidize the alcohol back to an aldehyde . Other alternatives include forming a thioester or a Weinreb amide , then reducing the new species to an aldehyde through the Fukuyama reduction or Weinreb reaction respectively , or using catalytic hydrogenation as in the Rosenmund reaction . Conversion to thioester followed by Fukuyama reduction In the Fukuyama reduction , a carboxylic acid is first converted to a thioester through addition of a thiol ( with a mechanism similar to esterification ) . The thioester is then reduced to an aldehyde by a silyl hydride with a palladium catalyst . In the Weinreb reaction , an acyl chloride is first converted to the Weinreb amide , then treated with an organometallic reagent to form a ketone , or lithium aluminum hydride to form an aldehyde : The Weinreb amide is reduced via a stable chelate , rather than the electrophilic carbonyl that is formed through metal hydride reductions ; the chelate is therefore only reduced once , as illustrated below : The Rosenmund reaction reduces acyl chlorides to aldehydes using hydrogen gas with a catalyst of palladium on barium sulfate , whose small surface area prevents over-reduction . For more reactive substrates , the catalyst must be further hindered with a poison , often one containing sulfur . Aldehydes and ketones to alkanes ( edit ) Mechanism of Wolff - Kishner reduction Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced not only to alcohols but also to alkanes . Some reactions for this transformation include the Clemmensen reduction ( in strongly acidic conditions ) and the Wolff - Kishner reduction ( in strongly basic conditions ) , as well as the various modifications of the Wolff - Kishner reaction . The Caglioti modification , for instance , uses tosylhydrazone with a hydride donor in milder conditions with no base ; the Myers modification substitutes hydrazine with bis ( tert - butyldimethylsilyl ) - hydrazine , uses milder conditions at room temperature , and is rapid and efficient . Α , β - unsaturated carbonyls ( edit ) Examples of an enone and an enal In α , β - reduction ( also called conjugate reduction ) , the substrate is an α , β - unsaturated carbonyl , an enone or enal . When these substrates are reduced , 1 , 2 - reduction - which produces an allyl alcohol - is in competition with the 1 , 4 - reduction - which forms the saturated ketone or aldehyde . The following NaBH reduction of an enone shows two possible products : the first from 1 , 4 - reduction and the second from 1 , 2 - reduction . The more sterically hindered the enone substrate , the more likely 1 , 2 reduction becomes . Additionally , to selectively form the alcohol and avoid the 1 , 4 product , the Luche reaction uses the smaller molecule Ce ( BH ) ( derived from NaBH and CeCl combined in situ ) as the hydride source . The hydride source Zn ( BH ) also shows 1 , 2 selectivity , as well as greater diastereoselectivity ; it does so by coordinating not only to the carbonyl oxygen but also to adjacent atoms : Stereoselectivity ( edit ) Main article : Asymmetric catalytic reduction Diastereoselective reduction ( edit ) In the reduction of cyclohexanones , the hydride source can attack axially to produce an equatorial alcohol , or equatorially to produce an axial alcohol . In axial attack ( shown in red ) , the hydride encounters 1 , 3 - diaxial strain . In equatorial attack ( shown in blue ) , the hydride avoids the 1 , 3 - diaxial interaction , but the substrate undergoes unfavorable torsional strain when the newly formed alcohol and added hydrogen atom eclipse each other in the reaction intermediate ( as shown in the Newman projection for the axial alcohol ) . Large reducing agents , such as LiBH ( Me CHCHMe ) , are hindered by the 1 , 3 - axial interactions and therefore attack equatorially . Small reducing agents , such as NaBH , preferentially attack axially in order to avoid the eclipsing interactions , because the 1 , 3 - diaxial interaction for small molecules is minimal ; stereoelectronic reasons have also been cited for small reducing agents ' axial preference . Making the substrate bulkier ( and increasing 1 , 3 - axial interactions ) , however , decreases the prevalence of axial attacks , even for small hydride donors . Enantioselective reduction ( edit ) Main article : Enantioselective reduction of ketones When asymmetrical ketones are reduced , the resulting secondary alcohol has a chiral center whose ccan be controlled using chiral catalysts . Well - known carbonyl reductions in asymmetric synthesis are the Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation ( beta - ketoester reduction / Ru / BINAP ) and the CBS reduction ( BH , proline derived chiral catalyst ) . See also ( edit ) Baker 's yeast , a biotransformation route for carbonyl reductions . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bouveault , Louis ; Blanc , Gustave Louis ( 1903 ) . `` Préparation des alcools primaires au moyen des acides correspondants '' ( Preparation of primary alcohols by means of the corresponding acids ) . Compt . Rend. ( in French ) . 136 : 1676 -- 1678 . Jump up ^ Bouveault , Louis ; Blanc , Gustave Louis ( 1903 ) . `` Préparation des alcools primaires au moyen des acides correspondants '' ( Preparation of primary alcohols by means of the corresponding acids ) . Compt . Rend. ( in French ) . 137 : 60 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Bouveault , Louis ; Blanc , Gustave Louis ( 1904 ) . `` Transformation des acides monobasiques saturés dans les alcools primaires correspondants '' ( Transforming saturated monobasic acids into the corresponding primary alcohols ) . Bull . Soc . Chim . Fr. ( in French ) . 31 : 666 -- 672 . Jump up ^ Moffett , Robert Bruce ( 1953 ) . `` 2 - ( 1 - Pyrrolidyl ) propanol '' . Org . Synth. 33 : 82 . doi : 10.15227 / orgsyn. 033.0082 . ; Coll . Vol. , 4 , p. 834 Jump up ^ McMurry , John E. ( 1973 ) . `` Isoxazole Annelation Reaction : 1 - Methyl - 4 , 4a , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - hexahydronaphthalen - 2 ( 3H ) - one '' . Org . Synth. 53 : 70 . doi : 10.15227 / orgsyn. 053.0070 . ; Coll . Vol. , 6 , p. 781 Jump up ^ Roche , Alex . `` Ketones and Aldehydes '' ( PDF ) . Rutgers University . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clayden , Jonathan ( 2012 ) . Organic Chemistry . OUP Oxford . p. 200 . ISBN 0199270295 . Jump up ^ König , Burkhard ( 2009 ) . `` Reduction Reactions '' ( PDF ) . Modern Methods in Organic Synthesis . Institut für Organische Chemie , Uni Regensburg . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cox , Liam ( 2007 ) . `` Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones '' ( PDF ) . University of Birmingham . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sweeting , Linda M. ( 2001 ) . `` Reducing Agents '' . Towson University . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gribble , Gordon W. ; Ferguson , Duncan C. `` Reactions of sodium borohydride in acidic media . Selective reduction of aldehydes with sodium triacetoxyborohydride '' . pubs.rsc.org . doi : 10.1039 / C39750000535 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Banfi , Luca ; Narisano , Enrica ; Riva , Renata ( 2001 - 01 - 01 ) . Sodium Borohydride . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd . ISBN 9780470842898 . doi : 10.1002 / 047084289x. rs052 . Jump up ^ Chaikin , Saul W. ; Brown , Weldon G. ( 1949 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Reduction of Aldehydes , Ketones and Acid Chlorides by Sodium Borohydride '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 71 ( 1 ) : 122 -- 125 . ISSN 0002 - 7863 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01169a033 . Jump up ^ Gaylord , Norman G. ( 1957 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Reduction with complex metal hydrides '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 34 ( 8 ) : 367 . Bibcode : 1957JChEd ... 34 ... 367G . doi : 10.1021 / ed034p367 . Jump up ^ Zakharkin , L.I. ; Khorlina , I.M. `` Reduction of esters of carboxylic acids into aldehydes with diisobutylaluminium hydride '' . Tetrahedron Letters. 3 ( 14 ) : 619 -- 620 . doi : 10.1016 / s0040 - 4039 ( 00 ) 70918 - x . Jump up ^ Cortes , Sergio ( 2010 ) . `` Using Hydrogen as a Nucleophile in Hydride Reductions '' ( PDF ) . Dr. Sergio Cortes ' Organic Chemistry Page . University of Texas at Dallas . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fukuyama , Tohru ; Lin , Shao Cheng ; Li , Leping ( 1990 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Facile reduction of ethyl thiol esters to aldehydes : application to a total synthesis of ( + ) - neothramycin A methyl ether '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 112 ( 19 ) : 7050 -- 7051 . ISSN 0002 - 7863 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00175a043 . Jump up ^ Nahm , Steven ; Weinreb , Steven M. `` N - methoxy - n - methylamides as effective acylating agents '' . Tetrahedron Letters. 22 ( 39 ) : 3815 -- 3818 . doi : 10.1016 / s0040 - 4039 ( 01 ) 91316 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mosettig , Erich ; Mozingo , Ralph ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . The Rosenmund Reduction of Acid Chlorides to Aldehydes . John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ISBN 9780471264187 . doi : 10.1002 / 0471264180. or004. 07 . Jump up ^ Caglioti , L. ; Magi , M. ( 1963 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The reaction of tosylhydrazones with lithium aluminium hydride '' . Tetrahedron. 19 ( 7 ) : 1127 -- 1131 . doi : 10.1016 / S0040 - 4020 ( 01 ) 98571 - 0 . Jump up ^ Furrow , Michael E. ; Myers , Andrew G. ( 2004 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Practical Procedures for the Preparation of N - tert - Butyldimethylsilylhydrazones and Their Use in Modified Wolff − Kishner Reductions and in the Synthesis of Vinyl Halides and gem - Dihalides '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 126 ( 17 ) : 5436 -- 5445 . ISSN 0002 - 7863 . PMID 15113215 . doi : 10.1021 / ja049694s . Jump up ^ Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis ( Paperback ) by Laszlo Kurti , Barbara Czako ISBN 0 - 12 - 429785 - 4 Jump up ^ Greeves , Nick ( 2015 ) . `` Diastereoselective Ketone Reduction '' . ChemTube3D . University of Liverpool . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Stephen S. ; Paddon - Row , Michael N. `` Theoretical evidence in support of the Anh ? Eisenstein electronic model in controlling ? - facial stereoselectivity in nucleophilic additions to carbonyl compounds '' . Journal of the Chemical Society , Chemical Communications ( 6 ) : 456 -- 458 . doi : 10.1039 / c39900000456 . Jump up ^ Krishnamurthy , S. ; Brown , Herbert C. ( 1976 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Lithium trisiamylborohydride . A new sterically hindered reagent for the reduction of cyclic ketones with exceptional stereoselectivity '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 98 ( 11 ) : 3383 -- 3384 . ISSN 0002 - 7863 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00427a061 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonyl_reduction&oldid=807636171 '' Categories : Organic redox reactions Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Add links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 05 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	preparation of alcohol by reduction of carbonyl compounds	[]	[]
6521140263032656181	First-past-the-post voting	First - past - the - post voting - wikipedia First - past - the - post voting Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with Plurality voting . ( Discuss ) Proposed since February 2018 . A ballot paper for a first - past - the - post voting system , with the voter required to mark only one candidate Part of the Politics series Electoral systems Plurality / majoritarian ( show ) Plurality First - past - the - post Single non-transferable vote Limited voting Plurality - at - large ( block voting ) General ticket Multi-round voting Two - round Exhaustive ballot Ranked / preferential systems Instant - runoff ( alternative vote ) Contingent vote Coombs ' method Condorcet methods ( Copeland 's , Dodgson 's , Kemeny - Young , Minimax , Nanson 's , Ranked pairs , Schulze ) Borda count Bucklin voting Oklahoma primary electoral system Preferential block voting Cardinal / graded systems Range voting Approval voting Multi-winner approval voting ( Proportional , Sequential proportional , Satisfaction ) Majority judgment Proportional representation ( show ) Party - list ( Open lists , Closed lists , Local lists ) Highest averages ( D'Hondt , Sainte - Laguë , Huntington - Hill ) Largest remainder ( Hare , Droop , Imperiali , Hagenbach - Bischoff ) Single transferable vote ( CPO - STV , Gregory , Schulze STV , Wright ) Biproportional apportionment Fair majority voting Mixed systems ( show ) Mixed member proportional Additional member system Parallel voting ( Mixed member majoritarian ) Scorporo Majority bonus Alternative vote plus Dual member proportional Other systems & related theory ( show ) Cumulative voting Binomial voting Proxy voting Delegated voting Random selection ( Sortition , Random ballot ) Comparison of electoral systems Social choice theory Arrow 's theorem Gibbard -- Satterthwaite theorem Public choice theory Politics portal A first - past - the - post ( FPTP ) voting method is one in which voters indicate on a ballot the candidate of their choice , and the candidate who receives the most votes wins : this is described as winner takes all . First - past - the - post voting is a plurality voting method . FPTP is a common , but not universal , feature of electoral systems with single - member electoral divisions , and is practiced in close to one third of countries . Notable examples include Canada , India , Pakistan , the United Kingdom and the United States , as well as most of their current or former colonies and protectorates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Illustration 3 Effects 4 Benefits 5 Criticisms 5.1 Tactical voting 5.2 Effect on political parties 5.3 Wasted votes 5.4 Gerrymandering 5.5 Manipulation charges 5.6 Smaller parties may reduce the success of the largest similar party 5.7 Safe seats 5.8 Distorted geographical representation 5.9 Impact on party policy and campaigning 6 Voting method criteria 6.1 Majority criterion 6.2 Condorcet winner criterion 6.3 Condorcet loser criterion 6.4 Independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion 6.5 Independence of clones criterion 7 List of current FPTP countries 8 List of former FPTP countries 9 Other uses 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Overview ( edit ) Countries that still use a first - past - the - post voting system First - past - the - post voting methods can be used for single - and multiple - member electoral divisions . In a single - member election , the candidate with the highest number ( but not necessarily a majority ) of votes is elected . In a multiple - member election ( or multiple - selection ballot ) , each voter casts ( up to ) the same number of votes as there are positions to be filled , and those elected are the highest - placed candidates corresponding to that number of positions . For example , if there are three vacancies , then the three candidates with the greatest numbers of votes are elected . The Electoral Reform Society is a political pressure group based in the United Kingdom that advocates abolishing the first - past - the - post method ( FPTP ) for all elections . It argues FPTP is `` bad for voters , bad for government and bad for democracy '' . It is the oldest organisation concerned with electoral methods in the world . As of 2014 , all U.S. states other than Maine and Nebraska use a winner - take - all form of simple plurality , first - past - the - post voting , to appoint the electors of the Electoral College . Under the typical method , the presidential candidate gaining the greatest number of votes wins all of the state 's available electors , regardless of the number or share of votes won , or the difference separating the leading candidate and the first runner - up . The multiple - round election ( `` runoff '' ) voting method uses first - past - the - post voting method in each of two rounds . The first round determines which candidates will progress to the second and final round . Illustration ( edit ) Under a first - past - the - post voting method , the highest polling candidate is elected . In this real - life illustration from 2011 , Tony Tan obtained a greater number of votes than the other candidates . Therefore , he was declared the winner , despite the second - placed candidate having an inferior margin of 0.35 % , and that a majority of voters ( 64.8 % ) did not vote for him : e d Summary of the 27 August 2011 Singaporean presidential election results Candidate Symbol Results Votes % of valid votes Tony Tan 745,693 35.20 Tan Cheng Bock 738,311 34.85 Tan Jee Say 530,441 25.04 Tan Kin Lian ( Loses deposit ) 104,095 4.91 Valid votes 2,118,540 98.24 % of total votes cast Rejected votes 37,849 1.76 % of total votes cast Total votes cast 2,156,389 Voter turnout : 94.8 % of electorate Absent 118,384 Electorate 2,274,773 Effects ( edit ) The effect of a system based on plurality voting is that the larger parties , and parties with geographically concentrated support , gain a disproportionately large share of seats , while smaller parties with more evenly distributed support are left with a disproportionately small share . It is more likely that a single party will hold a majority of legislative seats . In the United Kingdom , 18 of the 23 general elections since 1922 have produced a single - party majority government . For example , the 2005 United Kingdom general election results in Great Britain were as follows : e d Summary of the 5 May 2005 House of Commons of the United Kingdom election results ( parties with more than one seat ; not incl . N. Ireland ) Seats Parties with over one seat , for Great Britain only Seats % Votes % Votes Labour Party 355 56.5 36.1 9,552,436 Conservative Party 198 31.5 33.2 8,782,192 Liberal Democrats 62 9.9 22.6 5,985,454 Scottish National Party 6 1.0 1.6 412,267 Plaid Cymru 0.5 0.7 174,838 Others 0.6 5.7 1,523,716 628 26,430,908 In this example , Labour took a majority of the seats with only 36 % of the vote . The largest two parties took 69 % of the vote and 88 % of the seats . In contrast , the Liberal Democrats took more than 20 % of the vote but only about 10 % of the seats . Another example would be the UK General Election held on 7 May 2015 : Party Votes Seats Votes per Seat Conservative Party 11,334,920 ( 36.8 % ) 331 ( 50.9 % ) 331 / 650 34,244 Labour Party 9,344,328 ( 30.4 % ) 232 ( 35.7 % ) 232 / 650 40,277 UK Independence Party 3,881,129 ( 12.6 % ) 1 ( 0.2 % ) 1 / 650 3,881,129 Liberal Democrats 2,415,888 ( 7.9 % ) 8 ( 1.2 % ) 8 / 650 301,986 Scottish National Party 1,454,436 ( 4.7 % ) 56 ( 8.6 % ) 56 / 650 25,972 Green Party 1,154,562 ( 3.8 % ) 1 ( 0.2 % ) 1 / 650 1,154,562 Democratic Unionist Party 184,260 ( 0.6 % ) 8 ( 1.2 % ) 8 / 650 23,033 Plaid Cymru 181,694 ( 0.6 % ) 3 ( 0.5 % ) 3 / 650 60,565 Sinn Féin 176,232 ( 0.6 % ) 4 ( 0.6 % ) 4 / 650 44,058 Ulster Unionist Party 114,935 ( 0.4 % ) 2 ( 0.3 % ) 2 / 650 57,468 Social Democratic & Labour Party 99,809 ( 0.3 % ) 3 ( 0.5 % ) 3 / 650 33,270 Here , the Conservatives took 51 % of the seats with only 37 % of the vote . Of the smaller parties , the SNP received a greater share of seats than votes , whereas UKIP and the Liberal Democrats gained very little representation compared to the share of the vote they received . Benefits ( edit ) The benefits of FPTP are that its concept is easy to understand , and ballots can more easily be counted and processed than in preferential voting systems . Supporters argue that it is the electoral method that provides the best governance , trading fairness in representation for more responsible government . Its tendency to produce majority rule allows a government to pursue a consistent strategy for its term in office and to make decisions that may be both correct and unpopular . Tony Blair , defending FPTP , argued that other systems give small parties the balance of power , and influence disproportionate to their votes . Allowing people into the UK parliament who did not finish first in their constituency was described by David Cameron as creating a `` Parliament full of second - choices who no one really wanted but did n't really object to either . '' Winston Churchill criticised the electoral outcomes of the alternative vote as `` determined by the most worthless votes given for the most worthless candidates . '' Supporters also argue that electoral systems using proportional representation ( PR ) often enable smaller parties to become decisive in Parliament , thus gaining a power of leverage against the Government . FPTP generally reduces this likelihood , except where parties have a strong regional basis . Criticisms ( edit ) Tactical voting ( edit ) To a greater extent than many others , the first - past - the - post method encourages tactical voting . Voters have an incentive to vote for a candidate whom they predict is more likely to win , in preference to their preferred candidate who may be unlikely to win and for whom a vote could be considered as wasted . The position is sometimes summarised , in an extreme form , as `` all votes for anyone other than the runner - up are votes for the winner . '' This is because votes for these other candidates deny potential support from the second - placed candidate , who might otherwise have won . Following the extremely close 2000 U.S. presidential election , some supporters of Democratic candidate Al Gore believed that one reason he lost to Republican George W. Bush is because a portion of the electorate ( 2.7 % ) voted for Ralph Nader of the Green Party , and exit polls indicated that more of them would have preferred Gore ( 45 % ) to Bush ( 27 % ) . This election was ultimately determined by the results from Florida , where Bush prevailed over Gore by a margin of only 537 votes ( 0.009 % ) , which was far exceeded by the 97488 ( 1.635 % ) votes for Nader . In Puerto Rico , there has been a tendency for Independentista voters to support Populares candidates . This phenomenon is responsible for some Popular victories , even though the Estadistas have the most voters on the island , and is so widely recognised that Puerto Ricans sometimes call the Independentistas who vote for the Populares `` melons '' , because that fruit is green on the outside but red on the inside ( in reference to the party colors ) . Because voters have to predict in advance who the top two candidates will be , results can be significantly distorted : Some voters will vote based on their view of how others will vote as well , changing their originally intended vote ; Substantial power is given to the media , because some voters will believe its assertions as to who the leading contenders are likely to be . Even voters who distrust the media will know that others do believe the media , and therefore those candidates who receive the most media attention will probably be the most popular ; A new candidate with no track record , who might otherwise be supported by the majority of voters , may be considered unlikely to be one of the top two , and thus lose votes to tactical voting ; The method may promote votes against as opposed to votes for . For example , in the UK , entire campaigns have been organised with the aim of voting against the Conservative Party by voting either Labour or Liberal Democrat , depending on which is seen as best placed to win in each locality . Such behaviour is difficult to measure objectively . Proponents of other voting methods in single - member districts argue that these would reduce the need for tactical voting and reduce the spoiler effect . Examples include preferential voting systems , such as instant runoff voting , as well as the two - round system of runoffs and less tested methods such as approval voting and Condorcet methods . Effect on political parties ( edit ) A graph showing the difference between the popular vote ( inner circle ) and the number of seats won by major political parties ( outer circle ) at the 2015 United Kingdom general election Duverger 's law is an idea in political science which says that constituencies that use first - past - the - post methods will lead to two - party systems , given enough time . Economist Jeffrey Sachs explains : The main reason for America 's majoritarian character is the electoral system for Congress . Members of Congress are elected in single - member districts according to the `` first - past - the - post '' ( FPTP ) principle , meaning that the candidate with the plurality of votes is the winner of the congressional seat . The losing party or parties win no representation at all . The first - past - the - post election tends to produce a small number of major parties , perhaps just two , a principle known in political science as Duverger 's Law . Smaller parties are trampled in first - past - the - post elections . -- from Sachs 's The Price of Civilization , 2011 Duverger 's law is rarely seen in reality , with most first - past - the - post elections resulting in multiparty legislatures , the United States being the major exception . There is a counter-force to Duverger 's Law , that while on the national level a plurality system may encourage two parties , in the individual constituencies supermajorities will lead to the vote fracturing . Wasted votes ( edit ) Wasted votes are seen as those cast for losing candidates , and for winning candidates in excess of the number required for victory . For example , in the UK general election of 2005 , 52 % of votes were cast for losing candidates and 18 % were excess votes -- a total of 70 % ' wasted ' votes . On this basis a large majority of votes may play no part in determining the outcome . This `` winner - takes - all '' system may be one of the reasons why `` voter participation tends to be lower in countries with FPTP than elsewhere . '' Gerrymandering ( edit ) Main article : Gerrymandering Because FPTP permits many wasted votes , an election under FPTP is more easily gerrymandered . Through gerrymandering , electoral areas are designed deliberately to unfairly increase the number of seats won by one party , by redrawing the map such that one party has a small number of districts in which it has an overwhelming majority of votes , and a large number of districts where it is at a smaller disadvantage . Manipulation charges ( edit ) The presence of spoilers often gives rise to suspicions that manipulation of the slate has taken place . A spoiler may have received incentives to run . A spoiler may also drop out at the last moment , inducing charges that such an act was intended from the beginning . Smaller parties may reduce the success of the largest similar party ( edit ) Under first - past - the - post , a small party may draw votes away from a larger party that it is most similar to , and therefore give an advantage to another less similar large party . Safe seats ( edit ) First - past - the - post within geographical areas tends to deliver ( particularly to larger parties ) a significant number of safe seats , where a representative is sheltered from any but the most dramatic change in voting behaviour . In the UK the Electoral Reform Society estimates that more than half the seats can be considered as safe . It has been claimed that MPs involved in the 2009 expenses scandal were significantly more likely to hold a safe seat . However , other voting systems , notably the part - list system , can also create politicians who are relatively immune from electoral pressure . Distorted geographical representation ( edit ) The ' winner - takes - all ' nature of FPTP leads to distorted patterns of representation , since party support is commonly correlated with geography . For example , in the UK the Conservative Party represents most of the rural seats , and most of the south of the country , and the Labour Party most of the cities , and most of the north . This means that even popular parties can find themselves without elected politicians in significant parts of the country , leaving their supporters ( who may nevertheless be a significant minority ) unrepresented . Impact on party Policy and campaigning ( edit ) It has been suggested that the distortions in geographical representation provide incentives for parties to ignore the interests of areas in which they are too weak to stand much chance of gaining representation , leading to governments that do not govern in the national interest . Further , during election campaigns the campaigning activity of parties tends to focus on ' marginal ' seats where there is a prospect of a change in representation , leaving safer areas excluded from participation in an active campaign . Political parties operate ' targeting ' , directing their activists and policy proposals toward those areas considered to be marginal , where each additional vote has more value . Voting method criteria ( edit ) Scholars rate voting methods using mathematically derived voting method criteria , which describe desirable features of a method . No ranked preference method can meet all of the criteria , because some of them are mutually exclusive , as shown by results such as Arrow 's impossibility theorem and the Gibbard -- Satterthwaite theorem . Majority criterion ( edit ) Y The majority criterion states that `` if one candidate is preferred by a majority ( more than 50 % ) of voters , then that candidate must win '' . First - past - the - post meets this criterion ( though not the converse : a candidate does not need 50 % of the votes in order to win ) . Although the criterion is met for each constituency vote , it is not met when adding up the total votes for a winning party in a parliament . Condorcet winner criterion ( edit ) N The Condorcet winner criterion states that `` if a candidate would win a head - to - head competition against every other candidate , then that candidate must win the overall election '' . First - past - the - post does not meet this criterion . Condorcet loser criterion ( edit ) N The Condorcet loser criterion states that `` if a candidate would lose a head - to - head competition against every other candidate , then that candidate must not win the overall election '' . First - past - the - post does not meet this criterion . Independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion ( edit ) N The independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion states that `` the election outcome remains the same even if a candidate who can not win decides to run . '' First - past - the - post does not meet this criterion . Independence of clones criterion ( edit ) N The independence of clones criterion states that `` the election outcome remains the same even if an identical candidate who is equally - preferred decides to run . '' First - past - the - post does not meet this criterion . List of current FPTP countries ( edit ) The following is a list of the countries currently following the first - past - the - post voting system . Antigua and Barbuda Azerbaijan Bahamas Barbados Bangladesh Belize Bermuda Botswana Brazil ( Federal Senate ) Canada Cayman Islands Cote d'Ivoire Cook Islands Dominica Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Grenada India Indonesia Jamaica Kenya Kuwait Lao People 's Democratic Republic Saint Lucia Liberia Marshall Islands Maldives Malawi Malaysia Mexico Micronesia Myanmar ( Burma ) Nigeria Niue Oman Pakistan Palau Philippines Poland ( since 2011 Senate of Poland is elected using FPTP ) Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Seychelles Singapore Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Swaziland Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom ( but excluding its devolved parliaments or assemblies in Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland ) United States ( California , Georgia , Louisiana , and the state of Washington use a two - round system for non-presidential elections , and Maine is planned to use a ranked choice voting system for non-presidential elections starting in 2018 ) Virgin Islands Yemen Zambia List of former FPTP countries ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Argentina ( The Chamber of Deputies uses Party list PR . Only twice used FPTP , first between 1902 and 1905 only used in the elections of 1904 , and the second time between 1951 and 1957 only used in the elections of 1951 and 1954 . ) Australia ( replaced by IRV in 1918 ) Belgium ( adopted in 1831 , replaced by Party list PR in 1899 ) Cyprus ( replaced by proportional representation in 1981 ) Denmark ( replaced by proportional representation in 1920 ) Hong Kong ( adopted in 1995 , replaced by List PR in 1998 ) Lebanon ( replaced by proportional representation in June 2017 ) Lesotho ( replaced by MMP Party list in 2002 ) Malta ( replaced by STV in 1921 ) Nepal ( replaced by a mix of Party list and FPTP ) Netherlands ( replaced by Party list PR in 1917 ) New Zealand ( replaced by MMP in 1996 ) Papua New Guinea ( replaced by IRV in 2002 ) Scotland ( replaced by MMP in 1999 ) South Africa ( replaced by Party list PR in 1996 ) Other uses ( edit ) The Bahá'í Faith uses a form of multiple - member first - past - the - post voting among adult members to elect its governing councils at local , national , and international levels . Campaigning is prohibited . See also ( edit ) Politics portal Cube rule Deviation from proportionality Plurality - at - large voting Approval Voting Single non-transferable vote Single transferable vote References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Electoral Reform Society History & Governance '' . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Singapore Presidential Election 2011 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections Results . Singapore Elections Department . 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Polling Day Voter Turnout . Singapore Elections Department . 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Andy Williams ( 1998 ) . UK Government & Politics . Heinemann . pp. 24 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 33158 - 0 . Jump up ^ P. Dorey ( 17 June 2008 ) . The Labour Party and Constitutional Reform : A History of Constitutional Conservatism . Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 400 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 59415 - 9 . Jump up ^ David Cameron . `` Why keeping first past the post is vital for democracy . '' Daily Telegraph . 30 Apr 2011 Jump up ^ Larry Johnston ( 13 December 2011 ) . Politics : An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State . University of Toronto Press . pp. 231 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 0533 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ilan , Shahar . `` about blackmail power of Israeli small parties under PR '' . Haaretz.com . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Mihaela Macavei , University of Alba Iulia '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , David E. ( 24 February 2004 ) . `` THE 2004 CAMPAIGN : THE INDEPENDENT ; Relax , Nader Advises Alarmed Democrats , but the 2000 Math Counsels Otherwise '' . New York Times . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Sachs , Jeffrey ( 2011 ) . The Price of Civilization . New York : Random House . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6841 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dunleavy , Patrick ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Duverger 's Law is a dead parrot . Outside the USA , first - past - the - post voting has no tendency at all to produce two party politics '' . blogs.lse.ac.uk . Jump up ^ Dunleavy , Patrick ; Diwakar , Rekha ( 2013 ) . `` Analysing multiparty competition in plurality rule elections '' ( PDF ) . Party Politics . 19 ( 6 ) : 855 -- 886 . doi : 10.1177 / 1354068811411026 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Eric S. ; Scheve , Kenneth ( 2010 ) . `` Social Identity , Electoral Institutions and the Number of Candidates '' . British Journal of Political Science . 40 ( 2 ) : 349 -- 375 . doi : 10.1017 / s0007123409990354 . JSTOR 40649446 . Jump up ^ Drogus , Carol Ann ( 2008 ) . Introducing comparative politics : concepts and cases in context . CQ Press . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87289 - 343 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` General Election 2010 : Safe and marginal seats '' . www.theguardian.com . Guardian Newspapers . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickham , Alex . `` '' Safe seats '' almost guarantee corruption `` . www.thecommentator.com . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FactCheck : expenses and safe seats '' . www.channel4.com . Channel 4 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Past the Post '' . www.conservativeelectoralreform.org . Conservative Action for Electoral Reform . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Past the Post is a ' broken voting system ' '' . www.ippr.org . Institute for Public Policy Research . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Terry , Chris . `` In Britain 's first past the post electoral system , some votes are worth 22 times more than others '' . www.democraticaudit.com . London School of Economics . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Galvin , Ray . `` What is a marginal seat ? '' . www.justsolutions.eu . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ David Austen - Smith and Jeffrey Banks , `` Monotonicity in Electoral Systems '' , American Political Science Review , Vol 85 , No 2 ( Jun. 1991 ) Jump up ^ Single - winner Voting Method Comparison Chart Archived 28 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . `` Majority Favorite Criterion : If a majority ( more than 50 % ) of voters consider candidate A to be the best choice , then A should win . '' ^ Jump up to : Felsenthal , Dan S. ( 2010 ) Review of paradoxes afflicting various voting procedures where one out of m candidates ( m ≥ 2 ) must be elected . In : Assessing Alternative Voting Procedures , London School of Economics and Political Science , London , UK . Jump up ^ `` Countries using FPTP electoral system for national legislature '' . idea.int . Jump up ^ `` Electoral Systems '' . ACE Electoral Knowledge Network . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/26/law-justice-party-small-majority-polish-eleciton Jump up ^ https://www.senat.gov.pl/gfx/senat/userfiles/_public/k8eng/noty/howare.pdf Jump up ^ `` Maine became the first state in the country Tuesday to pass ranked choice voting '' . 10 November 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Milia , Juan Guillermo ( 2015 ) . El Voto . Expresión del poder ciudadano . Buenos Aires : Editorial Dunken . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 987 - 02 - 8472 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Law 14,032 '' . Sistema Argentino de Información Jurídica . Jump up ^ Encarta - encyclopedie Winkler Prins ( 1993 -- 2002 ) s.v. `` Kiesstelsel . § 1.1 Federale verkiezingen '' . Microsoft Corporation / Het Spectrum . Jump up ^ Bhuwan Chandra Upreti ( 2010 ) . Nepal : Transition to Democratic Republican State : 2008 Constituent Assembly . Gyan Publishing House . pp. 69 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7835 - 774 - 4 . Jump up ^ Encarta - encyclopedie Winkler Prins ( 1993 -- 2002 ) s.v. `` Kiesstelsel . § 1.1 Geschiedenis '' . Microsoft Corporation / Het Spectrum . Jump up ^ `` PNG voting system praised by new MP '' . ABC . 12 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2005 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland Office - Devolution '' . External links ( edit ) A handbook of Electoral System Design from International IDEA ACE Project : What is the electoral system for Chamber 1 of the national legislature ? ACE Project : First Past The Post -- Detailed explanation of first - past - the - post voting ACE Project : Experiments with moving away from FPTP in the UK ACE Project : Electing a President using FPTP ACE Project : FPTP on a grand scale in India The Citizens ' Assembly on Electoral Reform says the new proportional electoral system it proposes for British Columbia will improve the practice of democracy in the province . Fact Sheets on Electoral Systems provided to members of the Citizens ' Assembly on Electoral Reform , British Columbia . The Problem With First - Past - The - Post Electing ( data from UK general election 2005 ) The Problems with First Past the Post Voting Explained ( video ) on YouTube Electoral systems Part of the politics and election series Single - winner voting system Approval voting Borda count Bucklin voting Contingent vote Coombs ' method Copeland 's method Dodgson 's method Exhaustive ballot First - past - the - post voting Instant - runoff voting Kemeny -- Young method Majority judgment Simple majoritarianism Minimax Condorcet Nanson 's method Plurality Positional voting system Range voting Ranked pairs Schulze method Two - round system Proportional representation Mixed - member Party - list Single transferable vote Schulze STV CPO - STV Highest averages method Webster / Sainte - Laguë D'Hondt Largest remainder method Alternative vote Plus Closed list Open list Overhang seat Underhang seat Semi-proportional representation Parallel voting Single non-transferable vote Cumulative voting Limited voting Proportional approval voting Sequential proportional approval voting Satisfaction approval voting Usage Table of voting systems by country Voting system criteria Comparison Condorcet criterion Condorcet loser criterion Consistency criterion Independence of clones Independence of irrelevant alternatives Independence of Smith - dominated alternatives Later - no - harm criterion Majority criterion Majority loser criterion Monotonicity criterion Mutual majority criterion Pareto efficiency Participation criterion Plurality criterion Resolvability criterion Reversal symmetry Smith criterion Voting system quotas Droop quota Hagenbach - Bischoff quota Hare quota Imperiali quota Other Ballot Election threshold First - preference votes Spoilt vote Sortition Portal -- Project United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum , 2011 Results Referendum question `` At present , the UK uses the `` first past the post '' system to elect MPs to the House of Commons . Should the `` alternative vote '' system be used instead ? '' Legislation Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 Parties For a `` Yes '' vote Alliance Party of Northern Ireland Christian Party Christian Peoples Alliance English Democrats Green Party of England and Wales Liberal Democrats Liberal Party Mebyon Kernow Pirate Party UK Plaid Cymru Scottish Green Party Scottish National Party SDLP Sinn Féin UKIP Libertarian Party Neutral / split Labour Party Socialist Party of Great Britain Official Monster Raving Loony Party For a `` No '' vote British National Party Communist Party Conservative Party Democratic Unionist Party England First Party Green Party in Northern Ireland Respect Party Socialist Party Traditional Unionist Voice Ulster Unionist Party Advocacy groups Advocating a `` Yes '' vote YES ! To Fairer Votes Advocating a `` No '' vote NOtoAV Print media For a `` Yes '' vote The Guardian The Independent Financial Times Daily Mirror For a `` No '' vote The Sun Daily Mail The Times Daily Express The Daily Telegraph The Economist London Evening Standard Politics Portal Parliament of New Zealand Components Queen ( represented by the Governor - General ) Legislative Council ( defunct ) House of Representatives Parliamentary officers Legislative Council Speaker of the Legislative Council ( defunct ) Chairman of Committees ( defunct ) House of Representatives Speaker of the House of Representatives Chairman of Committees ( defunct ) Clerk Prime Minister Leader of the House Ministers of Government Leader of the Opposition Shadow Ministry Whips Members Legislative Council Abolishment Previous members of the Legislative Council House of Representatives Current ( previous ) 30 + years Father or Mother of the House Baby of the House Procedure Speech from the throne Question time Matter of public importance Readings of bills Queen 's Consent Royal assent Committees Elections Next List Legislative Council : None ( Previously appointed by Governor General ) House of Representatives : Mixed - member proportional ( current ) First - past - the - post ( previously ) Electorates By - elections Supplementary elections ( defunct ) Caretaker government Locations Parliament House , Russell ( Destroyed ) Parliament House , Auckland ( Destroyed ) Parliament House , Wellington ( current ) The Beehive ( current executive wing ) Parliamentary Library ( current ) Bowen House ( current ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First-past-the-post_voting&oldid=834295071 '' Categories : Single - winner electoral systems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be merged from February 2018 All articles to be merged Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Incomplete lists from July 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 22 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the first past the post system uk	[]	[]
6970970656316642179	Al Capone Does My Shirts	Al Capone Does My Shirts - wikipedia Al Capone Does My Shirts Al Capone Does My Shirts Author Gennifer Choldenko Country America Language English Series ' s literature Set in Alcatraz Island , near San Francisco in 1935 Published Puffin ; Reprint edition ( April 20 , 2006 ) Pages 220 Awards Newbery Honor selection , California Young Reader Medal in 2007 Followed by Al Capone Shines My Shoes Al Capone Does My Shirts is a historical fiction novel for young adults by author Gennifer Choldenko . In this story , Moose Flanagan and his family move from Santa Monica to Alcatraz Island . The move was caused by the father 's new job positions as an electrician and as a guard in the well known Alcatraz prison . The book was named as a Newbery Honor selection and in 2007 it received the California Young Reader Medal . It has two sequels , Al Capone Shines My Shoes and Al Capone Does My Homework . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Other stories 3 Awards 4 Critical reception 5 Stage Performance 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Moose Flanagan and his family composed of father Cam , mother Helen , and sister Natalie move from Santa Monica to Alcatraz Island in the 1930s . The move was caused by Cam 's new job as an electrician and guard at Alcatraz prison . The Flanagans pretend that Natalie , who is fifteen and has autism , is only ten in hopes gain her admission to the Esther P. Marinoff School , an off - island school for children with mental illness directed by a Mr. Purdy . This lie is encouraged by Moose 's mother , who believes that the Marinoff School is Natalie 's only hope for a cure and wants to avoid sending Natalie to a mental institution . Due to his parents ' hectic work schedules Moose is left with almost full responsibility of Natalie while he is also trying to fit in at his new on - island school . Natalie is accepted into the Esther P. Marinoff School , but is sent back home almost immediately because she 's having trouble adjusting to the school . Moose 's mother and Natalie 's new psychologist , Mrs. Kelly , push Moose to take full care of Natalie and to take her everywhere he goes to help improve her social skills . Moose becomes friends with the warden 's daughter , Piper , who regularly gets into trouble in her attempts to earn money to get off of Alcatraz . Piper talks him into being part of her money making schemes , having inmates on the island do laundry for the kids at school . When the scheme flops and the Warden hears of it , the children are punished and have to find a new way to spend their time . In an attempt to gain acceptance , Moose hangs around the prisoners ' rec center in hopes of finding stray baseball for use in games with the other kids . Moose eventually notices his older sister Natalie developing a relationship with convict 105 , also known as Onion , who is trusted and able to roam freely because his sentence is almost up . Onion knows Moose has been looking for a baseball , gives Moose a ball . Scared of his sister hanging out with a convict , Moose is only reassured because of his confidence that she will be re-accepted to the Marinoff School . Moose and his family 's hopes are crushed when the school rejects Natalie . Desperate to help Natalie , Moose decides to take a risk with the help of Piper and writes a letter to the infamous criminal Al Capone , who works in Alcatraz 's laundry . The letter asks Capone to pull any strings he has to help Moose 's family get his sister back into school . Within days , Natalie is accepted into a new branch of Esther P. Marinoff School for older children . The next day Moose is getting ready for the day when he finds a note in the sleeve of his shirt with the word `` done '' underlined . Other stories ( edit ) It has three sequels , Al Capone Shines My Shoes ( 2011 ) and Al Capone Does My Homework ( 2014 ) and Al Capone Throws Me a Curve ( 2018 ) . Awards ( edit ) Newbery Honor California Young Reader Medal Critical reception ( edit ) Kirkus Review gave the book a positive review , stating `` Choldenko 's pacing is exquisite , balancing the tense family dynamics alongside the often - humorous and riveting school story of peer pressure and friendship . '' Miranda Doyle of The School Library Journal says `` The story , told with humor and skill , will fascinate readers with an interest in what it was like for the children of prison guards and other workers to actually grow up on Alcatraz Island . '' Ed Sullivan of Booklist states in his review , `` With its unique setting and well - developed characters , this warm , engaging coming - of - age story has plenty of appeal , and Choldenko offers some fascinating historical background on Alcatraz Island in an afterword . '' Stage performance ( edit ) In 2011 , the book was adapted as a stage performance at The Children 's Theatre of Western Springs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/lesson-plan/al-capone-does-my-shirts-discussion-guide Jump up ^ http://www.alcaponedoesmyshirts.com/index.html Jump up ^ http://www.kidsreads.com/reviews/al-capone-does-my-shirts Jump up ^ https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/gennifer-choldenko/al-capone-does-my-shirts/ Jump up ^ Doyle , Miranda , et al. `` Al Capone Does My Shirts ( Book ) . '' School Library Journal 50.3 ( 2004 ) : 203 - 204 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 8 Dec. 2015 . Jump up ^ Choldenko , Gennifer . `` Al Capone Does My Shirts ( Book ) . '' Booklist 100.11 ( 2004 ) : 976 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 8 Dec. 2015 . Jump up ^ https://patch.com/illinois/westernsprings/ev--ctws-presents-al-capone-does-my-shirts External links ( edit ) Author webpage Publishers Weekly review Publisher webpage Children and Young Adult Literature portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Capone_Does_My_Shirts&oldid=845853190 '' Categories : 2004 American novels Newbery Honor - winning works American young adult novels 1935 in fiction Novels set in San Francisco Alcatraz Island in fiction Historical novels Novels set on islands Gangs in fiction Cultural depictions of Al Capone 2004 children 's books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 15 : 52 . About Wikipedia	who is the author of al capone does my shirts	[ "Al Capone Does My Shirts is a historical fiction novel for young adults by author Gennifer Choldenko. In this story, Moose Flanagan and his family move from Santa Monica to Alcatraz Island. The move was caused by the father's new job positions as an electrician and as a guard in the well known Alcatraz prison. The book was named as a Newbery Honor selection and in 2007 it received the California Young Reader Medal. It has two sequels, Al Capone Shines My Shoes and Al Capone Does My Homework.[1][2][3]" ]	[ "Gennifer Choldenko" ]
-3482175975645943829	The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)	The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) - wikipedia The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Chronicles of Narnia Directed by Andrew Adamson ( 1 -- 2 ) Michael Apted ( 3 ) Joe Johnston ( 4 ) Produced by Mark Johnson ( 1 -- 3 ) Philip Steuer ( 1 -- 3 ) Andrew Adamson ( 2 -- 3 ) Mark Gordon ( 4 ) Douglas Gresham ( 4 ) Vincent Sieber ( 4 ) Melvin Adams ( 4 ) Screenplay by Ann Peacock ( 1 ) Andrew Adamson ( 1 -- 2 ) Christopher Markus ( 1 -- 3 ) Stephen McFeely ( 1 -- 3 ) Michael Petroni ( 3 ) David Magee ( 4 ) Based on The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis Starring Georgie Henley Skandar Keynes William Moseley Anna Popplewell Ben Barnes Will Poulter Tilda Swinton Liam Neeson Music by Harry Gregson - Williams ( 1 -- 2 ) David Arnold ( 3 ) Cinematography Donald McAlpine ( 1 ) Karl Walter Lindenlaub ( 2 ) Dante Spinotti ( 3 ) Edited by Sim Evan - Jones ( 1 -- 2 ) Rick Shaine ( 3 ) Production company Walt Disney Pictures ( 1 -- 2 ) Walden Media ( 1 -- 3 ) TriStar Pictures ( 4 ) Entertainment One ( 4 ) The Mark Gordon Company ( 4 ) Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( 1 -- 2 ) 20th Century Fox ( 3 ) Sony Pictures Releasing ( 4 ) Entertainment One ( 4 ) Release date 1 : 9 December 2005 2 : 16 May 2008 3 : 10 December 2010 4 TBA Running time 410 minutes ( 1 -- 3 ) Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget Total ( 3 films ) : $560 million Box office Total ( 3 films ) : $1,580,364,900 The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of films based on The Chronicles of Narnia , a series of novels by C.S. Lewis . From the seven novels , there have been three film adaptations so far -- The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) , Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) -- which have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them . The series revolves around the adventures of children in the world of Narnia , guided by Aslan , a wise and powerful lion that can speak and is the true king of Narnia . The children heavily featured in the films are the Pevensie siblings , and a prominent antagonist is the White Witch ( also known as Jadis ) . The first two films were directed by Andrew Adamson and the third film was directed by Michael Apted . The fourth film will be directed by Joe Johnston . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Films 2.1 The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) 2.2 Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) 2.3 The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) 2.4 The Silver Chair 3 Main cast 3.1 Children 3.2 Other Main Characters 4 Crew 5 Reception 5.1 Box office performance 5.2 Critical and public response 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) C.S. Lewis never sold the film rights to the Narnia series during his lifetime , as he was skeptical that any cinematic adaptation could render the more fantastical elements and characters of the story realistically . Only after seeing a demo reel of CGI animals did Douglas Gresham ( Lewis 's stepson and literary executor , and film co-producer ) give approval for a film adaptation . Although the plan was originally to produce the films in the same order as the book series ' original publication , it was reported that The Magician 's Nephew , which recounts the creation of Narnia , would be the fourth feature film in the series , instead of The Silver Chair . It was rumoured that The Magician 's Nephew was chosen as an attempt to reboot the series , after the release of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader grossed less when compared to the two previous films . In March 2011 , Walden Media confirmed that they intended The Magician 's Nephew to be next in the series , but stressed that it was not yet in development . In October 2011 , Douglas Gresham stated that Walden Media 's contract with the C.S. Lewis estate had expired , hinting that Walden Media 's lapse in renegotiating their contract with the C.S. Lewis estate was due to internal conflicts between both companies about the direction of future films . On 1 October 2013 , The C.S. Lewis Company announced a partnership with The Mark Gordon Company , and that The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair was officially in pre-production . Films ( edit ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , based on the novel of the same title , is the first film in the series . Directed by Andrew Adamson , it was shot mainly in New Zealand , though locations were used in Poland , the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom . The story follows the four British Pevensie siblings , who are evacuated during the Blitz to the countryside , where they find a wardrobe that leads to the fantasy world of Narnia . There , they must ally with the lion Aslan against the forces of the White Witch , who has placed Narnia in an eternal winter . The film was released theatrically on 9 December 2005 and on DVD on 4 April 2006 and grossed over $745 million worldwide . Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian Prince Caspian , based on the novel of the same title , is the second film in the series and the last distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . The story follows the same Pevensie children who were transported to Narnia in the previous film as they return to Narnia , where 1,300 years have passed and the land has been invaded by the Telmarines . The four Pevensie children aid Prince Caspian in his struggle for the throne against his corrupt uncle , King Miraz . The film was released on 16 May 2008 . It grossed $419 million worldwide . The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , based on the novel of the same title , is the first film in the series not to be co-produced by Disney , who dropped out over a budget dispute with Walden Media . In February 2009 it was announced that 20th Century Fox would replace Disney for future installments . Directed by Michael Apted , the movie was filmed almost entirely in Australia . The story follows the two younger Pevensie children as they return to Narnia with their cousin , Eustace Scrubb . They join the old king of Narnia , Caspian , in his quest to rescue seven lost lords and save Narnia from a corrupting evil that resides on a lit island . The film was released on 10 December 2010 ( in RealD 3D in select theatres ) and grossed over $415 million worldwide . The Silver Chair ( edit ) After Walden Media 's contract of the series ' film rights expired in 2011 it was originally assumed that 2014 would be the earliest that production on another Narnia film could begin according to the moratorium placed on the C.S. Lewis estate 's right to sell the books ' film option . On 1 October 2013 , The C.S. Lewis Company announced that it had entered into an agreement with the Mark Gordon Company to produce The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair , based on The Silver Chair . Mark Gordon and Douglas Gresham along with Vincent Sieber , the Los Angeles based director of The C.S. Lewis Company , would serve as producers and work with The Mark Gordon Company on developing the script . On 5 December 2013 , it was announced that David Magee would write the screenplay . In July 2014 , the official Narnia website allowed the opportunity for fans to suggest names for the Lady of the Green Kirtle , the main antagonist . The winning name is to be selected by Mark Gordon and David Magee for use in the final script of The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair . While the film 's producers have been calling the film a `` reboot '' to the series , in actuality this is referring to the fact that the film has a new creative team not associated with those who worked on the previous three films . The film itself is still considered to be a sequel to the film adaptation of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . On 9 August 2016 , it was announced that Sony 's TriStar Productions and Entertainment One Films will finance and distribute the fourth film with Mark Gordon Company ( which eOne owns ) and C.S. Lewis Company . In April 2017 , it was announced that Joe Johnston had been hired to direct The Silver Chair . In October , Johnston said filming is expected to begin in late 2018 . During an interview with Red Carpet News TV , producer Mark Gordon revealed scarce details about the new technologies and setting that would be used for the upcoming film , but did not give a release date . Main cast ( edit ) Children ( edit ) William Moseley as Peter Pevensie , title : High King Peter the Magnificent , the eldest Pevensie child and the High King of Narnia during the Golden Age . Anna Popplewell as Susan Pevensie , title : Queen Susan the Gentle , the elder Pevensie child and a Queen of Narnia during the Golden Age . Skandar Keynes as Edmund Pevensie , title : King Edmund the Just ; the younger Pevensie child and a King of Narnia during the Golden Age . Georgie Henley as Lucy Pevensie , title : Queen Lucy the Valiant , the youngest Pevensie child and a Queen of Narnia during the Golden Age . Will Poulter as Eustace Scrubb , the Pevensie children 's arrogant cousin . He will return to Narnia with his friend Jill Pole in The Silver Chair . Other main characters ( edit ) Liam Neeson as the voice of Aslan , the magnificent and majestically powerful lion who helps govern and maintain order in Narnia ; a mystical world of his own creation . He is the only main character to appear in all seven books . Tilda Swinton as Jadis , the White Witch ; the former queen of Charn and a witch who ruled Narnia after being released in The Magician 's Nephew and during the events of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Ben Barnes as Caspian X ( Also known as `` Prince Caspian '' ) , the Telmarine prince who becomes King of Narnia after overthrowing his evil uncle Miraz . Eddie Izzard and Simon Pegg as the voice of Reepicheep in Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , respectively . The noble and courageous mouse who fights for Aslan and the freedom of Narnia . Crew ( edit ) Role Film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair 2005 2008 TBA Director ( s ) Andrew Adamson Michael Apted Joe Johnston Producer ( s ) Mark Johnson and Phillip Steuer Mark Johnson , Andrew Adamson and Phillip Steuer Mark Gordon , Douglas Gresham , Vincent Sieber and Melvin Adams Writer ( s ) Ann Peacock and Andrew Adamson and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Andrew Adamson & Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely and Michael Petroni David Magee Composer ( s ) Harry Gregson - Williams David Arnold TBA Cinematographer ( s ) Donald McAlpine Karl Walter Lindenlaub Dante Spinotti TBA Editor ( s ) Sim Evan - Jones Rick Shaine TBA U.S. release date 9 December 2005 16 May 2008 10 December 2010 TBA Distributor ( s ) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 20th Century Fox Sony Pictures Releasing and Entertainment One Reception ( edit ) Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross All - time ranking Budget Ref . North America Other territories Worldwide North America Worldwide The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe December 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 09 ) $291,710,957 $453,302,158 $745,013,115 78 86 $180 million The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian May 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 16 ) $141,621,490 $278,044,078 $419,665,568 363 236 $225 million The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader December 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) $104,386,950 $311,299,267 $415,686,217 621 238 $155 million Total $ 7008537719397000000 ♠ 537,719,397 $ 7009104264550300000 ♠ 1,042,645,503 $ 7009158036490000000 ♠ 1,580,364,900 $560 million Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe 75 % ( 212 reviews ) 75 ( 39 reviews ) A+ The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian 67 % ( 189 reviews ) 62 ( 34 reviews ) A − The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader 50 % ( 161 reviews ) 53 ( 33 reviews ) A − See also ( edit ) Outline of Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia ( TV serial ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A general dislike of cinema is seen in Collected Letters , Vol. 2 , a letter to his brother Warren on March 3 , 1940 , p. 361 ; see also All My Road Before Me , June 1 , 1926 , p. 405 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moring , Mark ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Lion , the Witch , and the Box Office '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' : Walden , Fox in discussions on ' The Magician 's Nephew ' '' . Inside movies . EW. 23 Oct 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gresham Shares Plans for Next Narnia Film '' . Narnia Web . May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fourth `` Chronicles of Narnia '' Movie in Works from Mark Gordon Co `` . Deadline. Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexonx ( 10 November 2010 ) . `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader - Spectacular trailer '' . filmissimo.it . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' Sequel Taps David Magee to Write Script '' . The Wrap . 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enter The Silver Chair Movie Contest ! '' . Narnia.com . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair to Reboot the Franchise '' . Collider. 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Katharine Trendacosta . `` With This Chronicles of Narnia News , the Word ' Reboot ' Is Officially Gibberish '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` TriStar , Mark Gordon & eOne Revive ' The Chronicles Of Narnia ' With ' The Silver Chair ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` ' Captain America ' Director Joe Johnston Boards ' Narnia ' Revival ' The Silver Chair ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Silver Chair to Begin Filming 2018 , Johnston Says '' . NarniaWeb . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair ' update : Mark Gordon drops teasers about setting and visual effects '' . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' Vs. ' Narnia ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinema score '' . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe on IMDb The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian on IMDb The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader on IMDb ( hide ) The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Film Soundtrack Game Prince Caspian Film Soundtrack Game The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Film Soundtrack Game The Silver Chair Film The Horse and His Boy The Magician 's Nephew The Last Battle Characters and creatures Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Universe Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds Adaptations ITV TV serial Animated TV film BBC TV serial ( Season 1 3 ) Film series Cast list Music Accolades List of actors General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc Outline Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)&oldid=843243164 '' Categories : English - language films Film series introduced in 2005 British films British epic films Film series The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) Films about siblings Fantasy films by series Action films by series Adventure films by series C.S. Lewis Children 's film series High fantasy films Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული 日本語 Norsk Português Simple English Svenska ไทย 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 21 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the correct order of the chronicles of narnia movies	[ "The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of films based on The Chronicles of Narnia, a series of novels by C. S. Lewis. From the seven novels, there have been three film adaptations so far—The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005), Prince Caspian (2008) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010)—which have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them.", "The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of films based on The Chronicles of Narnia, a series of novels by C. S. Lewis. From the seven novels, there have been three film adaptations so far—The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005), Prince Caspian (2008) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010)—which have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them.", "The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of films based on The Chronicles of Narnia, a series of novels by C. S. Lewis. From the seven novels, there have been three film adaptations so far—The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005), Prince Caspian (2008) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010)—which have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them." ]	[ "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe", "Prince Caspian", "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" ]
454641297871040510	Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing	Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of hearing - Wikipedia Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of hearing Jump to : navigation , search Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Founded 1890 Founder Alexander Graham Bell Focus Deaf issues , promote equal accessibility Location Washington , D.C. , United States Method Donations and Grants Key people Ted A. Meyer , Chair Emilio Alonso - Mendoza , CEO Website www.agbell.org The Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing , also known as AG Bell , is a resource , support network and advocate for listening , learning , talking and living independently with hearing loss . Through publications , advocacy , training , scholarships and financial aid , AG Bell promotes the use of spoken language as well as hearing technology for children with hearing loss . It is headquartered in Washington , D.C. , with chapters located throughout the United States and a network of international affiliates . The Association also sponsors the AG Bell College Scholarship Awards Program for a number of deaf and hard of hearing full - time students pursuing undergraduate or graduate degrees . In 2010 , 18 awards were granted ranging from $1,000 to $10,000 . The Association was originally created as the American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf ( AAPTSD ) . In 1908 it merged with Alexander Graham Bell 's Volta Bureau ( founded in 1887 `` for the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf '' ) , and was renamed as the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf in 1956 at the suggestion of Mrs. Frances Toms , the mother of a deaf son who was able to achieve high academic standings in normal non-deaf schools with the organization 's help . In 1999 the Association was finally renamed to the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing . The AG Bell 's headquarters , Bell 's Volta Bureau building of 1893 in Washington , D.C. , with the association 's name plaque shown to the right . Mission statement ( edit ) Working globally to ensure that people who are deaf and hard of hearing can hear and talk . We wanted all families to be informed and supported , professionals to be appropriately qualified to teach and help children with hearing loss , public policy leaders to effectively address the needs of people with hearing loss , and communities to be empowered to help their neighbors with hearing loss succeed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greenville Tech Financial Aid : Financial Aid Blog , Greenville Technical College , Greenville , S.C. Retrieved from Greenville Technical College website , February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bell Ceremony : Give Glimpses of Life Of Telephone Inventor ; `` Always Loved Canada '' `` , Brantford Expositor , 14 September 1953 , pp. 13 , 19 . Jump up ^ `` AGBell '' . Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing website . Retrieved on April 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A.G. Bell Association website '' . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing ( official website ) Alexander Graham Bell Life and family Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Melville Bell Beinn Bhreagh , Nova Scotia Bell House ( Virginia ) Bras d'Or Lake Canadian Parliamentary Motion on Alexander Graham Bell Chichester Bell David Fairchild Graham Fairchild Edwin S. Grosvenor Gardiner Greene Hubbard Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor Gilbert Melville Grosvenor Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial Kendall Myers Mabel Gardiner Hubbard Mabel H. Grosvenor Melville Bell Grosvenor Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf Telephone Cases People Anthony Pollok Charles Williams Jr . Glenn Curtiss Marcellus Bailey Thomas Cowherd Thomas Selfridge Thomas A. Watson Walter Seymour Allward Works AEA Cygnet AEA June Bug AEA Red Wing AEA Silver Dart AEA White Wing Aerial Experiment Association Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Bell Boatyard Bell Oionus I Bell System Bell Telephone Company Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2 Canadian Aerodrome Company Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech Dictation machine Edison Gower - Bell Telephone Company of Europe , Ltd . Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy Graphophone HD - 4 Hubbard Monoplane Life Extension Institute National Geographic Society National Telephone Company New England Telephone and Telegraph Company Oriental Telephone Company Phonograph cylinder Photophone Visible Speech Volta Laboratory and Bureau Tributes Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site Alexander Graham Bell School ( Illinois ) Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes Bell Homestead National Historic Site Bell Telephone Memorial Graham Bell Island HMCS Bras d'Or IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal Pioneers , a Volunteer Network Story of Alexander Graham Bell This article about an organization in the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell_Association_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing&oldid=829505332 '' Categories : Deafness organizations Alexander Graham Bell United States organization stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 01 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	ag bell association for the deaf and hard of hearing	[]	[]
2504865654386285253	Pyramid (geometry)	Pyramid ( geometry ) - wikipedia Pyramid ( geometry ) Jump to : navigation , search Regular - based right pyramids Conway polyhedron notation Yn Schläfli symbol ( ) ∨ ( n ) Faces n triangles , 1 n - gon Edges 2n Vertices n + 1 Symmetry group C , ( 1 , n ) , ( * nn ) , order 2n Rotation group C , ( 1 , n ) , ( nn ) , order n Dual polyhedron Self - dual Properties convex The 1 - skeleton of pyramid is a wheel graph In geometry , a pyramid is a polyhedron formed by connecting a polygonal base and a point , called the apex . Each base edge and apex form a triangle , called a lateral face . It is a conic solid with polygonal base . A pyramid with an n - sided base has n + 1 vertices , n + 1 faces , and 2n edges . All pyramids are self - dual . A right pyramid has its apex directly above the centroid of its base . Nonright pyramids are called oblique pyramids . A regular pyramid has a regular polygon base and is usually implied to be a right pyramid . When unspecified , a pyramid is usually assumed to be a regular square pyramid , like the physical pyramid structures . A triangle - based pyramid is more often called a tetrahedron . Among oblique pyramids , like acute and obtuse triangles , a pyramid can be called acute if its apex is above the interior of the base and obtuse if its apex is above the exterior of the base . A right - angled pyramid has its apex above an edge or vertex of the base . In a tetrahedron these qualifiers change based on which face is considered the base . Pyramids are a subclass of the prismatoids . Pyramids can be doubled into bipyramids by adding a second offset point on the other side of the base plane . Contents ( hide ) 1 Right pyramids with a regular base 1.1 Right Star pyramids 2 Right pyramids with an irregular base 3 Volume 4 Surface area 5 n - dimensional pyramids 5.1 Polyhedral pyramid 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Right pyramids with a regular base ( edit ) A right pyramid with a regular base has isosceles triangle sides , with symmetry is C or ( 1 , n ) , with order 2n . It can be given an extended Schläfli symbol ( ) ∨ ( n ) , representing a point , ( ) , joined ( orthogonally offset ) to a regular polygon , ( n ) . A join operation creates a new edge between all pairs of vertices of the two joined figures . The trigonal or triangular pyramid with all equilateral triangles faces becomes the regular tetrahedron , one of the Platonic solids . A lower symmetry case of the triangular pyramid is C , which has an equilateral triangle base , and 3 identical isosceles triangle sides . The square and pentagonal pyramids can also be composed of regular convex polygons , in which case they are Johnson solids . If all edges of a square pyramid ( or any convex polyhedron ) are tangent to a sphere so that the average position of the tangential points are at the center of the sphere , then the pyramid is said to be canonical , and it forms half of a regular octahedron . Pyramids with a hexagonal or higher base must be composed of isosceles triangles ; a hexagonal pyramid with equilateral triangles would be a completely flat figure , and a heptagonal or higher would have the triangles not meet at all . ( show ) Regular pyramids Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal Heptagonal Octagonal ... Regular Equilateral Isosceles Right star pyramids ( edit ) Right pyramids with regular star polygon bases are called star pyramids . For example , the pentagrammic pyramid has a pentagram base and 5 intersecting triangle sides . Right pyramids with an irregular base ( edit ) Example general right pyramid with apex above the centroid of a base polygon A right pyramid can be named as ( ) ∨ P , where ( ) is the apex point , ∨ is a join operator , and P is a base polygon . An isosceles triangle right tetrahedron can be written as ( ) ∨ ( ( ) ∨ ( ) ) as the join of a point to an isosceles triangle base , as ( ( ) ∨ ( ) ) ∨ ( ) or ( ) ∨ ( ) as the join ( orthogonal offsets ) of two orthogonal segments , a digonal disphenoid , containing 4 isosceles triangle faces . It has C symmetry from two different base - apex orientations , and C in its full symmetry . A rectangular right pyramid , written as ( ) ∨ ( ( ) × ( ) ) , and a rhombic pyramid , as ( ) ∨ ( ( ) + ( ) ) , both have symmetry C . Right pyramids Rectangular pyramid Rhombic pyramid Volume ( edit ) See also : Cone ( geometry ) -- Volume The volume of a pyramid ( also any cone ) is V = 1 3 b h ( \ displaystyle V = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) bh ) , where b is the area of the base and h the height from the base to the apex . This works for any polygon , regular or non-regular , and any location of the apex , provided that h is measured as the perpendicular distance from the plane containing the base . In 499 AD Aryabhata , a mathematician - astronomer from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy , used this method in the Aryabhatiya ( section 2.6 ) . The formula can be formally proved using calculus . By similarity , the linear dimensions of a cross-section parallel to the base increase linearly from the apex to the base . The scaling factor ( proportionality factor ) is 1 − y h ( \ displaystyle 1 - ( \ tfrac ( y ) ( h ) ) ) , or h − y h ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( h-y ) ( h ) ) ) , where h is the height and y is the perpendicular distance from the plane of the base to the cross-section . Since the area of any cross-section is proportional to the square of the shape 's scaling factor , the area of a cross-section at height y is b ( h − y ) 2 h 2 ( \ displaystyle b ( \ tfrac ( ( h-y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( h ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) , or since both b and h are constants , b h 2 ( h − y ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( b ) ( h ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( h-y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) . The volume is given by the integral b h 2 ∫ 0 h ( h − y ) 2 d y = − b 3 h 2 ( h − y ) 3 0 h = 1 3 b h . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( b ) ( h ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( h ) ( h-y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , dy = ( \ frac ( - b ) ( 3h ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( h-y ) ^ ( 3 ) ( \ bigg ) _ ( 0 ) ^ ( h ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) bh . ) The same equation , V = 1 3 b h ( \ displaystyle V = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) bh ) , also holds for cones with any base . This can be proven by an argument similar to the one above ; see volume of a cone . For example , the volume of a pyramid whose base is an n - sided regular polygon with side length s and whose height is h is V = n 12 h s 2 cot ⁡ π n . ( \ displaystyle V = ( \ frac ( n ) ( 12 ) ) hs ^ ( 2 ) \ cot ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( n ) ) . ) The formula can also be derived exactly without calculus for pyramids with rectangular bases . Consider a unit cube . Draw lines from the center of the cube to each of the 8 vertices . This partitions the cube into 6 equal square pyramids of base area 1 and height 1 / 2 . Each pyramid clearly has volume of 1 / 6 . From this we deduce that pyramid volume = height × base area / 3 . Next , expand the cube uniformly in three directions by unequal amounts so that the resulting rectangular solid edges are a , b and c , with solid volume abc . Each of the 6 pyramids within are likewise expanded . And each pyramid has the same volume abc / 6 . Since pairs of pyramids have heights a / 2 , b / 2 and c / 2 , we see that pyramid volume = height × base area / 3 again . When the side triangles are equilateral , the formula for the volume is V = 1 12 n s 3 cot ⁡ ( π n ) 1 − 1 4 sin 2 ⁡ π n . ( \ displaystyle V = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) ns ^ ( 3 ) \ cot \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( n ) ) \ right ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \ sin ^ ( 2 ) ( \ tfrac ( \ pi ) ( n ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) This formula only applies for n = 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 ; and it also covers the case n = 6 , for which the volume equals zero ( i.e. , the pyramid height is zero ) . Surface area ( edit ) The surface area of a pyramid is A = B + P L 2 ( \ displaystyle A = B+ ( \ tfrac ( PL ) ( 2 ) ) ) , where B is the base area , P is the base perimeter , and the slant height L = h 2 + r 2 ( \ displaystyle L = ( \ sqrt ( h ^ ( 2 ) + r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) , where h is the pyramid altitude and r is the inradius of the base . N - dimensional pyramids ( edit ) A 2 - dimensional pyramid is a triangle , formed by a base edge connected to a noncolinear point called an apex . A 4 - dimensional pyramid is called a polyhedral pyramid , constructed by a polyhedron in a 3 - space hyperplane of 4 - space with another point off that hyperplane . Higher - dimensional pyramids are constructed similarly . The family of simplices represent pyramids in any dimension , increasing from triangle , tetrahedron , 5 - cell , 5 - simplex , etc . A n - dimensional simplex has the minimum n + 1 vertices , with all pairs of vertices connected by edges , all triples of vertices defining faces , all quadruples of points defining tetrahedral cells , etc . Polyhedral pyramid ( edit ) In 4 - dimensional geometry , a polyhedral pyramid is a 4 - polytope constructed by a base polyhedron cell and an apex point . The lateral facets are pyramid cells , each constructed by one face of the base polyhedron and the apex . The vertices and edges of polyhedral pyramids form examples of apex graphs , graphs formed by adding one vertex ( the apex ) to a planar graph ( the graph of the base ) . The regular 5 - cell ( or 4 - simplex ) is an example of a tetrahedral pyramid . Uniform polyhedra with circumradii less than 1 can be make polyhedral pyramids with regular tetrahedral sides . A polyhedron with v vertices , e edges , and f faces can be the base on a polyhedral pyramid with v + 1 vertices , e + v edges , f + e faces , and 1 + f cells . A 4D polyhedral pyramid with axial symmetry can be visualized in 3D with a Schlegel diagram -- a 3D projection that places the apex at the center of the base polyhedron . Equilateral uniform polyhedron - based pyramids ( Schlegel diagram ) Symmetry ( 1 , 1 , 4 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Unknown ( 1 , 3 , 3 ) ( 1 , 4 , 3 ) ( 1 , 5 , 3 ) Name Square - pyramidal pyramid Triangular prism pyramid Snub cube pyramid Tetrahedral pyramid Cubic pyramid Octahedral pyramid Icosahedral pyramid Segmentochora index K4. 4 K4. 7 Unknown K4. 1 K4. 26.1 K4. 3 K4. 84 Height 0.707107 0.790569 Unknown 0.790569 0.500000 0.707107 0.309017 Image ( Base ) Base Square pyramid Triangular prism Snub cube Tetrahedron Cube Octahedron Icosahedron Any convex 4 - polytope can be divided into polyhedral pyramids by adding an interior point and creating one pyramid from each facet to the center point . This can be useful for computing volumes . The 4 - dimensional volume of a polyhedral pyramid is 1 / 4 of the volume of the base polyhedron times its perpendicular height , compared to the area of a triangle being 1 / 2 the length of the base times the height and the volume of a pyramid being 1 / 3 the area of the base times the height . See also ( edit ) Bipyramid Cone ( geometry ) Trigonal pyramid ( chemistry ) Frustum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ William F. Kern , James R Bland , Solid Mensuration with proofs , 1938 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Civil Engineers ' Pocket Book : A Reference - book for Engineers Jump up ^ Wenninger , Magnus J. ( 1974 ) , Polyhedron Models , Cambridge University Press , p. 50 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09859 - 5 . Jump up ^ Convex Segmentochora Dr. Richard Klitzing , Symmetry : Culture and Science , Vol. 11 , Nos. 1 - 4 , 139 - 181 , 2000 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyramids ( geometry ) . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Pyramid '' . MathWorld . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Right pyramid '' . MathWorld . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Regular pyramid '' . MathWorld . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Triangular pyramid '' . MathWorld . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Square pyramid '' . MathWorld . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Pentagonal pyramid '' . MathWorld . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Hexagonal pyramid '' . MathWorld . Olshevsky , George . `` Pyramid '' . Glossary for Hyperspace . Archived from the original on 4 February 2007 . The Uniform Polyhedra Convex polyhedra Platonic solids ( regular ) tetrahedron cube octahedron dodecahedron icosahedron Archimedean solids ( semiregular or uniform ) truncated tetrahedron cuboctahedron truncated cube truncated octahedron rhombicuboctahedron truncated cuboctahedron snub cube icosidodecahedron truncated dodecahedron truncated icosahedron rhombicosidodecahedron truncated icosidodecahedron snub dodecahedron Catalan solids ( duals of Archimedean ) triakis tetrahedron rhombic dodecahedron triakis octahedron tetrakis hexahedron deltoidal icositetrahedron disdyakis dodecahedron pentagonal icositetrahedron rhombic triacontahedron triakis icosahedron pentakis dodecahedron deltoidal hexecontahedron disdyakis triacontahedron pentagonal hexecontahedron Dihedral regular dihedron hosohedron Dihedral uniform prisms antiprisms duals : bipyramids trapezohedra Dihedral others pyramids truncated trapezohedra gyroelongated bipyramid cupola bicupola pyramidal frusta rotunda birotunda Degenerate polyhedra are in italics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_(geometry)&oldid=798111982 '' Categories : Polyhedra Self - dual polyhedra Prismatoid polyhedra Pyramids Pyramids and bipyramids Geometric shapes Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 01 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what do you call a pyramid with a triangular base	[ "When unspecified, a pyramid is usually assumed to be a regular square pyramid, like the physical pyramid structures. A triangle-based pyramid is more often called a tetrahedron." ]	[ "a tetrahedron" ]

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