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-5027187988179788765	Ray Boltz	Ray Boltz - wikipedia Ray Boltz Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ray Boltz ( 1953 - 06 - 14 ) June 14 , 1953 ( age 64 ) Muncie , Indiana , U.S. Genres Contemporary Christian Occupation ( s ) Singer , songwriter Instruments Vocals , piano , guitar Years active 1986 -- 2004 , 2008 -- present Website RayBoltz.com Raymond Howard `` Ray '' Boltz ( born June 14 , 1953 ) is a singer and songwriter who first came to wide notice in contemporary Christian music . Many of his songs tell stories of faith and inspiration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Discography 2.1 Compilation albums 2.2 Charts 3 Awards 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Raised by his parents William and Ruth Boltz , Ray Boltz is the middle child of his parents ' three children . A fourth child died shortly after birth . Ray was married to Carol Boltz for 33 years ( 1975 - 2008 ) , and they have four children . Boltz was virtually unknown when he wrote `` Thank You '' , which won the Song of the Year prize at the 1990 GMA Dove Awards . His song `` I Pledge Allegiance to the Lamb '' also won a Dove Award for Inspirational Recorded Song of the Year at the 25th GMA Dove Awards in 1994 . After the release of Songs from the Potter 's Field in 2002 , and his last tour in 2004 , Boltz retired from the music industry . He separated from his wife in 2005 before moving to Fort Lauderdale , Florida , with their divorce being finalized in early 2008 . On Friday , September 12 , 2008 , during an interview with the Washington Blade , Boltz disclosed that he was gay . Since then , Boltz has performed at several churches of the Metropolitan Community Church , a gay - affirming Christian denomination . In 2010 , he released the album True , which won Album of the Year at the OUTMusic Awards . Boltz currently lives in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , with his partner , who is also his talent agent . Discography ( edit ) 1986 Watch the Lamb 1988 Thank You 1989 The Altar 1991 Another Child to Hold 1992 Seasons Change 1994 Allegiance 1995 The Concert of a Lifetime ( live , RIAA Gold ) 1996 No Greater Sacrifice 1997 A Christmas Album : Bethlehem Star 1998 Honor and Glory 2000 The Classics 2001 Concert of a Lifetime for Kids ( live ) 2002 Songs from the Potter 's Field 2004 The Unchanging Story 2010 True Compilation albums ( edit ) 1994 Moments for the Heart ( RIAA Gold Certified ) 2001 Moments for the Heart , Vol. 1 & 2 2010 All The Best Charts ( edit ) Year Album Chart Position 1995 The Concert of a Lifetime Billboard 200 194 No Greater Sacrifice Billboard 200 173 1997 A Christmas Album : Bethlehem Star Billboard 200 169 Awards ( edit ) Boltz has been the recipient of two song awards from the Gospel Music Association 's Dove Awards . `` Thank You '' received the 1990 Song of the Year award , and `` I Pledge Allegiance to the Lamb '' received the 1994 award for Inspirational Song . He also was one of various artists contributing to God with Us : A Celebration of Christmas Carols & Classics , which won the 1997 award for Special Event Album . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Freedman , Samuel G. ( 2010 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Christian Singer Resumes Career , Relieved of a Secret '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Thank You Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ DiGuglielmo , Joey ( 12 September 2008 ) . `` Key changes '' . Washington Blade . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Rich ( 2009 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Ray of Light '' . Dallas Voice . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Samuel G. ( 2010 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Christian Singer Resumes Career , Relieved of a Secret '' . The New York Times . External links ( edit ) Official website MusicBrainz : 19b354e5 - 3036 - 4923 - 9db7 - b6949123c8b8 VIAF : 13956373 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Boltz&oldid=815260062 '' Categories : 1953 births Living people American male singer - songwriters American performers of Christian music American singer - songwriters Gay musicians Christian music songwriters LGBT musicians from the United States LGBT people from Indiana LGBT Protestants LGBT singers LGBT songwriters People from Muncie , Indiana Songwriters from Indiana Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links BLP articles lacking sources from June 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 19 : 38 . About Wikipedia	who wrote i pledge allegiance to the lamb	[]	[]
3402035110468457221	Technical support	Technical support - wikipedia Technical support Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) AT&T Mobility previously provided technical support for some of its mobile phones through Device Support Centers . Technical support ( often shortened to tech support ) refers to a plethora of services by which enterprises provide assistance to users of technology products such as mobile phones , televisions , computers , software products or other informatic , electronic or mechanical goods . In general , technical support services address specific problems with a product or service rather than the provision of training , customization , or other support services . Most companies offer technical support for the products they sell , either freely available or for a fee . Technical support may be delivered over by e-mail , live support software on a website , or a tool where users can log a call or incident . Larger organizations frequently have internal technical support available to their staff for computer - related problems . The Internet can also be a good source for freely available tech support , where experienced users help users find solutions to their problems . In addition , some fee - based service companies charge for premium technical support services . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coverage of support 2 Categories of technical support 2.1 Call in 2.2 Block hours 2.3 Managed services 2.4 Crowdsourced technical support 3 Self - help 4 Outsourcing technical support 5 Multi-tiered technical support 5.1 Tier 0 5.2 Tier 1 5.3 Tier 2 5.4 Tier 3 5.5 Tier 4 6 Remote computer repair 7 Scams 8 References Coverage of support ( edit ) Technical support may be delivered by the different technologies depending on the situation . For example , direct questions can be addressed using telephone calls , SMS , Online chat , Support Forums , E-mail or Fax ; basic software problems can be addressed over the telephone or , increasingly , by using remote access repair services ; while more complicated problems with hardware may need to be dealt with in person . Categories of technical support ( edit ) Call in ( edit ) This type of technical support has been very common in the services industry . It is also known as `` Time and Materials '' ( T&M ) IT support . The customer pays for the materials ( hard drive , memory , computer , digital devices , etc . ) and also pays the technician based on the pre-negotiated rate when a problem occurs . Block hours ( edit ) Block hours allow the client to purchase a number of hours upfront at an agreed price . While it is commonly used to offer a reduced hourly rate , it can also simply be a standard non-reduced rate , or represent a minimum fee charged to a client before providing service . The premise behind this type of support is that the customer has purchased a fixed number of hours to use either per month or year . This allows them the flexibility to use the hours as they please without doing the paperwork and the hassle of paying multiple bills . Managed services ( edit ) Managed services means a company will receive a list of well - defined services on an ongoing basis , with well - defined `` response and resolution times '' for a fixed rate or a flat fee . This can include things like 24 / 7 monitoring of servers , 24 / 7 help desk support for daily computer issues , and on - site visits by a technician when issues can not be resolved remotely . Some companies also offer additional services like project management , backup and disaster recovery , and vendor management in the monthly price . The companies that offer this type of tech support are known as managed services providers . Crowdsourced technical support ( edit ) Many companies and organizations provide discussion boards for users of their products to interact ; such forums allow companies to reduce their support costs without losing the benefit of customer feedback . Self - help ( edit ) Almost all tech brands and service providers give free access to a rich library of technical support solutions to users . These are huge databases of step - by - step solutions , however if you visit the support sites for big brands the solutions are more often for their products alone . Another method of getting technical support that 's gained popularity is to follow troubleshooting steps shown in a support video . Outsourcing technical support ( edit ) With the increasing use of technology in modern times , there is a growing requirement to provide technical support . Many organizations locate their technical support departments or call centers in countries or regions with lower costs . Dell was amongst the first companies to outsource their technical support and customer service departments to India in 2001 . There has also been a growth in companies specializing in providing technical support to other organizations . These are often referred to as MSPs ( Managed Service Providers ) . For businesses needing to provide technical support , outsourcing allows them to maintain a high availability of service . Such need may result from peaks in call volumes during the day , periods of high activity due to introduction of new products or maintenance service packs , or the requirement to provide customers with a high level of service at a low cost to the business . For businesses needing technical support assets , outsourcing enables their core employees to focus more on their work in order to maintain productivity . It also enables them to utilize specialized personnel whose technical knowledge base and experience may exceed the scope of the business , thus providing a higher level of technical support to their employees . Multi-tiered technical support ( edit ) Technical support is often subdivided into tiers , or levels , in order to better serve a business or customer base . The number of levels a business uses to organize their technical support group is dependent on a business ' needs regarding their ability to sufficiently serve their customers or users . The reason for providing a multi-tiered support system instead of one general support group is to provide the best possible service in the most efficient possible manner . Success of the organizational structure is dependent on the technicians ' understanding of their level of responsibility and commitments , their customer response time commitments , and when to appropriately escalate an issue and to which level . A common support structure revolves around a three - tiered technical support system . Tier 0 ( edit ) Tier 0 ( or self - help ) is in the form of `` wikis '' or FAQs that allow for users to access and resolve information on their own rather than have to contact a local Helpdesk or Service Desk for resolution . Tier 1 ( edit ) Tier I ( or Level 1 , abbreviated as T1 or L1 ) is the initial support level responsible for basic customer issues . It is synonymous with first - line support , level 1 support , front - end support , support line 1 , and various other headings denoting basic level technical support functions . The first job of a Tier I specialist is to gather the customer 's information and to determine the customer 's issue by analyzing the symptoms and figuring out the underlying problem . When analyzing the symptoms , it is important for the technician to identify what the customer is trying to accomplish so that time is not wasted on `` attempting to solve a symptom instead of a problem . '' This level should gather as much information as possible from the end user . The information could be computer system name , screen name or report name , error or warning message displayed on the screen , any logs files , screen shots , any data used by the end user or any sequence of steps used by the end user , etc . This information needs to be recorded into the issue tracking or issue logging system . This information is useful to analyze the symptoms to define the problem or issue . Once identification of the underlying problem is established , the specialist can begin sorting through the possible solutions available . Technical support specialists in this group typically handle straightforward and simple problems while `` possibly using some kind of knowledge management tool . '' This includes troubleshooting methods such as verifying physical layer issues , resolving username and password problems , uninstalling / reinstalling basic software applications , verification of proper hardware and software set up , and assistance with navigating around application menus . Personnel at this level have a basic to general understanding of the product or service and may not always contain the competency required for solving complex issues . Nevertheless , the goal for this group is to handle 70 % - 80 % of the user problems before finding it necessary to escalate the issue to a higher level . In other industries ( such as banking , credit cards , mobile telephony , etc . ) , first - level support is carried by a call center that operates extensive hours ( or 24 / 7 ) . This call center acts as an `` initial sink '' for user requests and , if required , creates an incident to notify other business teams / units to satisfy the user request ( for example , blocking stolen credit cards or mobile phones from use ) . In some industries , first - line support requires knowledge of the products , terms and conditions offered by the business rather than technical information itself ( Retail / Wholesale ) . Most ISPs only offer tier 1 support . Tier 2 ( edit ) Tier II ( or Level 2 , abbreviated as T2 or L2 ) is a more in - depth technical support level than Tier I and therefore costs more as the technicians are more experienced and knowledgeable on a particular product or service . It is synonymous with level 2 support , support line 2 , administrative level support , and various other headings denoting advanced technical troubleshooting and analysis methods . Technicians in this realm of knowledge are responsible for assisting Tier I personnel in solving basic technical problems and for investigating elevated issues by confirming the validity of the problem and seeking for known solutions related to these more complex issues . However , prior to the troubleshooting process , it is important that the technician review the work order to see what has already been accomplished by the Tier I technician and how long the technician has been working with the particular customer . This is a key element in meeting both the customer and business needs as it allows the technician to prioritize the troubleshooting process and properly manage his or her time . This team needs to collect information such as program name that is failed or application name or any database related details ( table name , view name , package name , etc . ) or API names . These details are useful for Tier 3 . If a problem is new and / or personnel from this group can not determine a solution , they are responsible for raising this issue to the Tier III technical support group . In addition , many companies may specify that certain troubleshooting solutions be performed by this group to help ensure the intricacies of a challenging issue are solved by providing experienced and knowledgeable technicians . This may include , but is not limited to onsite installations or replacements of various hardware components , software repair , diagnostic testing , and the utilization of remote control tools used to take over the user 's machine for the sole purpose of troubleshooting and finding a solution to the problem . Tier 3 ( edit ) Tier III ( or Level 3 , abbreviated as T3 or L3 ) is the highest level of support in a three - tiered technical support model responsible for handling the most difficult or advanced problems . It is synonymous with level 3 support , 3rd line support , back - end support , support line 3 , high - end support , and various other headings denoting expert level troubleshooting and analysis methods . These individuals are experts in their fields and are responsible for not only assisting both Tier I and Tier II personnel , but with the research and development of solutions to new or unknown issues . Note that Tier III technicians have the same responsibility as Tier II technicians in reviewing the work order and assessing the time already spent with the customer so that the work is prioritized and time management is sufficiently utilized . If it is at all possible , the technician will work to solve the problem with the customer as it may become apparent that the Tier I and / or Tier II technicians simply failed to discover the proper solution . Upon encountering new problems , however , Tier III personnel must first determine whether or not to solve the problem and may require the customer 's contact information so that the technician can have adequate time to troubleshoot the issue and find a solution . It is typical for a developer or someone who knows the code or backend of the product , to be the Tier 3 support person . This Tier 3 team can analyze the code and data using information from Tier 1 and Tier 2 . In some instances , an issue may be so problematic to the point where the product can not be salvaged and must be replaced . Such extreme problems are also sent to the original developers for in - depth analysis . If it is determined that a problem can be solved , this group is responsible for designing and developing one or more courses of action , evaluating each of these courses in a test case environment , and implementing the best solution to the problem . Once the solution is verified , it is delivered to the customer and made available for future troubleshooting and analysis . Tier 4 ( edit ) While not universally used , a fourth level often represents an escalation point beyond the organization . Tier IV ( or Level 4 , abbreviated as T4 or L4 ) is generally a hardware or software vendor . Within a corporate incident management system , it is important to continue to track incidents even when they are being actioned by a vendor , and the Service Level Agreement ( SLA ) may have specific provisions for this . Within a manufacturing organization , the fourth level might also represent the Research & Development . Remote computer repair ( edit ) Remote computer repair is a method for troubleshooting software related problems via remote desktop connections . Technicians use software that allows them to access the user 's desktop via the Internet . With the user 's permission , the technician can take control of the user 's mouse and keyboard inputs , transfer various diagnostic and repair applications to the user 's desktop , run scans , install antivirus programs , etc . If the remote service permits it , the technician can even reboot the PC and reconnect remotely to continue his / her work without the user 's assistance . Common repairs available with online computer support providers are computer virus and spyware removal , computer optimization , Windows Registry repair , device driver issues , Web - related issues , and Windows security updates . Normally , only software can be `` repaired '' remotely . A computer with a broken hardware component ( such as a motherboard or hard disk ) can , in some cases , be diagnosed and worked around but must be repaired or replaced while located with the defective hardware . However , hot - swappable components do allow for remote `` replacement '' of faulty hardware to some extent by switching to the standby device , without the need to physically work on the system in question . Scams ( edit ) Main article : Technical support scam A common scam typically involves a cold caller claiming to be from a technical support department of a company like Microsoft . Such cold calls are often made from call centers based in India to users in English - speaking countries . The scammer will instruct the user to download a remote desktop program and once connected , use social engineering techniques that typically involve Windows components to persuade the victim that they need to pay in order for the computer to be fixed and then proceeds to steal money from the victim 's credit card . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Technical support for the neighbours '' . BBC News . 2005 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` How to Use Online Forums '' . Inc . Jump up ^ Dell moves outsourced jobs back to U.S. shores Jump up ^ Berkley , Susan ; Maggie Klenke . `` Call Centre Trends '' . The Great Voice Company . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Bart ( 2004 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Outsourcing : First Ask Why ? '' . Computerworld Management . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Gary ( 2001 ) . IT Problem Management ( Harris Kern 's Enterprise Computing Institute Series ) . Upper Saddle River : Prentice Hall . pp. 85 -- 113 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 030770 - X . Google Book Search . Jump up ^ Windley , Phillip J. ( 2002 ) . `` Delivering High Availability Services Using a Multi-Tiered Support Model '' ( PDF ) . Windley 's Technometria . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Kajko - Mattsson , Mira ( July -- October 2004 ) . `` Problems within front - end support '' . Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution : Research and Practice. 16 ( 4 / 5 ) : 309 -- 329 . doi : 10.1002 / smr. 298 . Jump up ^ Leung , Nelson K.Y. ; Lau , Sim Kim ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Information Technology Help Desk Survey : To Identify the Classification of Simple and Routine Enquiries '' . Journal of Computer Information Systems . 47 ( 4 ) : 70 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Germain , Jack ( 2007 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Remote PC Repair , Part 1 : The Warranty Alternative '' . TechNewsWorld . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( 18 July 2012 ) . `` Virus phone scam being run from call centres in India '' . Guardian . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technical_support&oldid=815522834 '' Categories : Help desk Outsourcing Customer service Remote desktop Collaboration Groupware Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 10 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is l1 l2 and l3 application support	[]	[]
6589720900601125863	List of most-subscribed YouTube channels	List of Most - Subscribed YouTube Channels - wikipedia List of Most - Subscribed YouTube Channels Swedish Let 's Player and vlogger PewDiePie is the most subscribed user on YouTube , with over 65 million subscribers as of August 2018 . American singer and songwriter Katy Perry is the most subscribed female user on YouTube , with over 31 million subscribers as of August 2018 . This article lists the fifty most - subscribed channels on the video platform YouTube . The ability to subscribe to channels was introduced by October 2005 , and the website began publishing a list of its most - subscribed channels by May 2006 , at which time Smosh , with fewer than three thousand subscribers , occupied the number - one position . Since December 22 , 2013 , the most - subscribed channel has been PewDiePie , with over 65 million as of August 2018 . Contents 1 Top channels 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country and territory 2 Historical progression of most - subscribed channels 2.1 Timeline 3 Reactions 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Top Channels All - Time The following table lists the fifty most subscribed channels on YouTube , with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers , as well as the network and language of each channel . Channels marked as `` Auto - generated by YouTube '' ( such as Music , Gaming , Sports and Movies ) and channels whose content has been transferred ( such as JustinBieberVEVO and RihannaVEVO ) are excluded . As of August 2018 , 33 of these channels primarily produce content in English . N / A Self - owned channel ( without a network ) Rank Chg Channel name Network Primary language ( s ) Subscribers ( millions ) Content category 1 . PewDiePie N / A English 65 Comedy 2 . T - Series T - Series Hindi 59 Music 3 . Justin Bieber N / A English 40 Entertainment 4 . Canal KondZilla ONErpm Portuguese 38 Music 5 . HolaSoyGerman . HolaSoyGerman . Spanish 34 Entertainment 6 . Dude Perfect N / A English Sports 7 . Ed Sheeran 33 Music 8 . 5 - Minute Crafts Channel Frederator 32 How - to 9 . WWE WWE Sports 10 . whinderssonnunes Fullscreen Portuguese 31 Comedy 11 . Katy Perry N / A English Music 12 . Taylor Swift 30 13 . elrubiusOMG Mixicom Spanish Comedy 14 . Rihanna N / A English Entertainment 15 . SET India SET Hindi Shows 16 . EminemMusic UniversalMC English 29 Music 17 . Fernanfloo BroadbandTV Spanish Games 18 . JuegaGerman HolaSoyGerman . 28 19 . One Direction N / A English Music 20 . TheEllenShow WarnerMedia 27 Entertainment 21 . YouTube Spotlight Google News 22 . Ariana Grande ` N / A 25 Music 23 . Felipe Neto Maker Studios Portuguese 24 Entertainment 24 . VEGETTA777 Mixicom Spanish 23 Games 25 . VanossGaming N / A English 26 . Smosh Break Comedy 27 . Shakira N / A Spanish and English 22 People 28 . Badabun Spanish Entertainment 29 . Zee Music Company Zee Music Company Hindi Music 30 . Spinnin ' Records Spinnin ' Records English Entertainment 31 . Bruno Mars N / A English Music 32 . Trap Nation 33 . Yuya Spanish How - to 34 . Markiplier Maker Studios English 21 Games 35 . Luis Fonsi N / A Spanish Entertainment 36 . nigahiga English 37 . jacksepticeye Disney Digital Network 20 Games 38 . DanTDM StyleHaul 39 . Get Movies LetsonCorp Russian 19 Shows 40 . Selena Gomez N / A English Films 41 . Maroon 5 Music 42 . KSI StyleHaul Entertainment 43 . ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs ChuChu TV Studios Education 44 . rezendeevil Disney Digital Network Portuguese Games 45 . JennaMarbles N / A English 18 Comedy 46 . WatchMojo.com WatchMojo Entertainment 47 . Marshmello Monstercat Media Music 48 . Ozuna Rimas Entertainment Spanish 49 . ToyPudding TV Machinima English Entertainment 50 . Logan Paul Vlogs Studio71 As of August 29 , 2018 By country and territory The following table lists the most subscribed YouTube channel in each country and territory from which at least one channel with at least five million subscribers originates , according to social media statistics compiler DBase . Country or territory Channel Subscribers ( millions ) Argentina DrossRotzank 14 Australia Wengie 12 Austria Red Bull 7 Brazil Canal KondZilla 38 Canada VanossGaming 23 Chile HolaSoyGerman . 34 Colombia toycantando 8 El Salvador Fernanfloo 29 France David Guetta 18 Germany freekickerz 6 India T - Series 59 Indonesia Ricis Official 5 Iraq الرماس ميوزك 8 Ireland jacksepticeye 20 Japan キッズライン ♡ Kids Line 6 Jordan toyorbabytv 5 Latvia TrapMusicHDTV Mexico Badabun 22 Morocco Saad Lamjarred سعد لمجرد 5 Netherlands Trap City 10 Norway Alan Walker 16 Philippines ABS - CBN Entertainment 11 Puerto Rico Ozuna 18 Russia Get Movies 19 Saudi Arabia Rotana 8 South Korea ibighit 16 Spain elrubiusOMG 30 Sweden PewDiePie 65 Thailand Workpoint Official 17 Turkey netd müzik 11 Ukraine SlivkiShow United Arab Emirates Noor Stars 8 United Kingdom Ed Sheeran 33 United States Dude Perfect 34 Uruguay dosogas 5 Venezuela LA DIVAZA 7 Vietnam FAP TV 6 As of August 26 , 2018 Historical progression of Most - Subscribed Channels The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube 's most subscribed channel , from May 2006 to present . Current record Former record Channel name Network / owner Country Date achieved Days held Reference PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Dec 22 , 2013 1711 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Dec 12 , 2013 10 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Dec 8 , 2013 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Nov 2 , 2013 36 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Aug 15 , 2013 80 Smosh Defy Media USA Jan 12 , 2013 215 Ray William Johnson Ray Johnson Jun 28 , 2011 564 nigahiga Ryan Higa Aug 20 , 2009 677 Fяᴇᴅ Lucas Cruikshank Oct 6 , 2008 318 nigahiga Ryan Higa Sep 24 , 2008 12 Smosh Defy Media Apr 26 , 2007 517 lonelygirl15 Mesh Flinders Sep 17 , 2006 221 geriatric1927 Peter Oakley GBR Aug 17 , 2006 31 Brookers Brooke Brodack USA Jul 3 , 2006 45 Judson Laipply Judson Laipply Jun 12 , 2006 21 Smosh Defy Media May 17 , 2006 26 As of December 22 , 2013 Timeline Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels ( May 2006 -- August 2018 ) Reactions In late 2006 , when Peter Oakley , also known as Geriatric1927 , became most subscribed , a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame . The Daily Mail and TechBlog published an article about him and his success . In 2009 , the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers . Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed , Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo . A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa , Shane Dawson , Felix Kjellberg , Michael Buckley , Kassem Gharaibeh , The Fine Brothers , and Johnson himself , congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel . See also Internet portal Lists portal List of most - viewed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - viewed Vevo videos List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - disliked YouTube videos List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours Notes Jump up ^ These are not to be mistaken for the channels Justin Bieber and Rihanna , both of which are included . Jump up ^ All entries are as of February 2017 except where noted . Jump up ^ As of May 2016 Jump up ^ As of June 2017 Jump up ^ As of July 2016 Jump up ^ As of November 2016 Jump up ^ As of May 2017 Jump up ^ Time Warner was renamed WarnerMedia in June 2017 . Jump up ^ As of December 2016 Jump up ^ As of December 2016 Jump up ^ As of January 2017 Jump up ^ As of August 2017 Jump up ^ As of August 2017 . Maker Studios was absorbed into the Disney Digital Network in May 2017 . Jump up ^ As of January 2017 Jump up ^ As of November 2015 Jump up ^ As of July 2017 . Maker Studios was absorbed into the Disney Digital Network in May 2017 . References Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald . `` The Superstar You 've Never Heard Of -- At Least , Not from Us '' . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Subscribed YouTube Channels ( Sorted by Subscriber Count ) '' . Social Blade . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's been awhile since our last update '' . Official YouTube Blog . Blogspot . October 25 , 2005 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Members ( This Month ) '' . 2006 - 05 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` PewDiePie '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney , Google Cut Ties with YouTube Star PewDiePie for Posting Anti-Semitic Content '' . Entrepreneur . Archived from the original on 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ McAlone , Nathan . `` Disney Has Dropped PewDiePie , the World 's Highest - Earning YouTube Star , Over Anti-Semitic Videos '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` T - Series '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` T - Series -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber '' . YouTube . Def Jam . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` kidrauhl -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canal KondZilla '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canal KondZilla -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HolaSoyGerman '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HolaSoyGerman . -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dude Perfect '' . YouTube . Whistle Sports . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dude Perfect -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 - Minute Crafts '' . YouTube . Channel Frederator Network . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 5 - Minute Crafts -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE '' . YouTube . WWE . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` whinderssonnunes '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` whinderssonnunes -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry '' . YouTube . Capitol Records . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift '' . YouTube . Big Machine Records . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` elrubiusOMG '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` elrubiusOMG -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna '' . YouTube . Roc Nation . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SET India '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SET India -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EminemMusic '' . YouTube . Aftermath Records . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EminemMusic -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . 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Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ToyPudding TV '' . YouTube . Machinima . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( 토이 푸딩 ) ToyPudding TV -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Logan Paul Vlogs '' . YouTube . Studio71 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Logan Paul Vlogs -- User Summary '' . Social Blade . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austria 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . 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Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirate 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United States 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . dbase. tube . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dryden , Liam ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` A Complete Timeline Of Every `` Most Subscribed '' YouTuber In History `` . We The Unicorns . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PewDiePie - YouTube '' . 2013 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` YouTube Spotlight - YouTube '' . 2013 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) . `` YouTube Is Now The Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 08 - 16 ) . `` It 's Official : PewDiePie Becomes # 1 Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Smosh Passes Ray William Johnson as # 1 Most Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SMOSH Becomes The # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel - New Media Rockstars '' . 2013 - 01 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Michael . `` Ray William Johnson : = 3 Adds Up To Most - Subscribed On YouTube '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson Surpasses Nigahiga To Become The Most Subscribed YouTuber Of All Time '' . socialtimes. comdeadurl = no . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Parr , Ben . `` DETHRONED : Fred No Longer # 1 on YouTube '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ William Hyde ( 2009 - 08 - 21 ) , YouTube Winners & Losers ! NigaHiga and Fred , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ `` FRED '' . YouTube . 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Jump up ^ `` The meteoric rise of geriatric1927 '' . 2006 - 08 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Brookers '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brooke BRODACK EMC '' . www.entertainment-masterclass.tv . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Channels '' . 2006 - 07 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Judson Laipply '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutelle , Sam ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` The History Of YouTube 's Most - Subscribed Channels Is A Fun Nostalgia Trip '' . tubefilter . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . In the early days , anyone who made a big viral video could enter the top ten , with `` Evolution of Dance '' performer Judson Laipply even holding the top spot for a bit . Jump up ^ `` The first YouTube channel to hit one million subscribers '' . Variety . April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ray William Johnson ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` RWJ vs SMOSH '' . YouTube . = 3 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joshua Cohen ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` YouTubers Respond to Smosh Becoming # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . 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9177302387287640426	Suits (season 6)	Suits ( season 6 ) - Wikipedia Suits ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Suits ( season 6 ) DVD Cover Starring Gabriel Macht Patrick J. Adams Rick Hoffman Meghan Markle Sarah Rafferty Gina Torres Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network USA Network Original release July 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) -- March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of Suits episodes The sixth season of the American legal drama Suits was ordered on July 1 , 2015 , and began airing on USA Network in the United States July 13 , 2016 . The season is produced by Hypnotic Films & Television and Universal Cable Productions , and the executive producers are Doug Liman , David Bartis , and series creator Aaron Korsh . The season has six series regulars playing employees at the fictional Pearson Specter Litt law firm in Manhattan : Gabriel Macht , Patrick J. Adams , Rick Hoffman , Meghan Markle , Sarah Rafferty , and Gina Torres . Gina Torres left the show following the summer season due to her contract being up , and she will be starring in ABC 's The Catch . She returned for the season finale and was still credited as main cast for the episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Regular cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Suits characters Regular cast ( edit ) Gabriel Macht as Harvey Specter Patrick J. Adams as Mike Ross Rick Hoffman as Louis Litt Meghan Markle as Rachel Zane Sarah Rafferty as Donna Paulsen Gina Torres as Jessica Pearson Recurring cast ( edit ) Aloma Wright as Gretchen Bodinski Amanda Schull as Katrina Bennett Wendell Pierce as Robert Zane David Reale as Benjamin Leslie Hope as Anita Gibbs Paul Schulze as Frank Gallo Erik Palladino as Kevin Miller Malcolm - Jamal Warner as Julius Rowe Glenn Plummer as Leonard Bailey Ian Reed Kesler as Stu Buzzini Carly Pope as Tara Messer Neil McDonough as Sean Cahill Alan Rosenberg as William Sutter Peter Cambor as Nathan Jordan Johnson - Hinds as Oliver Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Suits episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 77 `` To Trouble '' Silver Tree Aaron Korsh July 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) 1.85 Mike enters the Federal prison in Danbury to face his two - year jail sentence for fraud . Rachel and Harvey struggle to cope personally , while Louis , Jessica , and Donna do n't know how to deal with an office empty of employees . It does n't take long before the firm is sued in a $100 million class - action lawsuit for every case Mike touched . When they learn that all their client files were also stolen , the three name partners agree to go all in for the sake of the firm . In jail , Mike discovers a new enemy in Frank Gallo , an inmate who has a great deal of influence with the guards . Gallo tricks Mike into giving him Rachel 's phone number , and promises trouble for Mike in his vendetta against Harvey . 78 `` Accounts Payable '' Michael Smith Ethan Drogin July 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) 1.65 Mike meets his actual cellmate , Kevin Miller , and is wary of being tricked a second time . Donna obtained visitation rights for Rachel , but Mike gets into a fight with Gallo that leads to his visitation rights being revoked for two weeks . When Harvey visits Mike in prison as his lawyer and learns about Gallo , he reveals that he put the man behind bars for racketeering for 15 years , three times the usual sentence . Rachel keeps receiving text messages from Gallo posing as Mike and learns the situation from Harvey , who hopes Sean Cahill can help . As the cost for allowing the settlement of the class - action lawsuit to move forward , A. Elliott Stemple demands Harvey 's duck painting , a clearly prized possession painted by his mother . In the midst of the firm 's money problems , Jack Soloff demands his buy - in back . Jessica refuses but helps him by negotiating for his buy - in with Robert Zane 's firm . Kevin earns some goodwill with Mike by opposing Gallo . 79 `` Back on the Map '' Cherie Nowlan Rick Muirragui July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) 1.78 Mike tries to stay out of trouble to please Julius , the prison psychologist , but Kevin gets attacked . Sean Cahill informs Harvey that Gallo is an informant and will not be transferred . Through Mike , Harvey informs Gallo that he 'll be eligible for parole in six weeks . Jessica forces Harvey to meet with William Sutter as a potential client ; Harvey refuses to do business with a shady businessman , but Jessica demands a high - profile client for the firm 's future . When Harvey tries to sign Nathan Burns instead , Sutter interferes . Louis regretfully books an office tenant to pay the bills and clashes with Stu Buzzini , head of an investment company , as soon as they move in , but Harvey makes a deal with the investor to stave off Sutter , cementing them as new neighbors and gaining Burns as a client . Now in law school , Rachel engages in a debate with a classmate and uses the skills learned from her work experience to win . Cahill offers a deal for Mike if he can get Kevin to inform on his father - in - law. And if he does then Mike will have an early release 80 `` Turn '' Christopher Misiano Daniel Arkin August 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) 1.81 Mike initially rejects Cahill 's offer , but Harvey and Cahill covertly sneak him out of prison for a few hours . Cahill believes this is to give him a chance to convince Mike , but Harvey sends Mike to Rachel behind Cahill 's back . Mike tells her about the deal and agrees to accept it . Rachel hears the story of a death row inmate who claims that he is innocent and impresses her professor with her fast work assembling evidence . Stu 's traders annoy both Louis and Jessica , but Jessica regains control of the office and lands the company as a new client . Louis consults architect Tara Messer about remodeling the office to separate him from the traders and instantly falls in love with her , but Jessica forbids him from pursuing the project . In order to stay close to her , he hires her to remodel his nonexistent summer home . 81 5 `` Trust '' Kate Dennis Kyle Long August 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) 1.51 Louis and Donna work together to find him a house in the Hamptons to cover up his lie to Tara . Rachel 's professor informs her that the Innocence Project case she chose does n't meet his requirements to take it on . Rachel does n't take the news well and tries to get Jessica 's support , convincing her that the pro bono case will be good for Pearson Specter Litt 's tattered reputation . Mike tells the prison warden Harvey 's plan to get him out of prison early and is warned about the dangers of gathering evidence . Mike also confronts Kevin to get him to reveal why he 's in prison . Kevin tells him about a drunk driving accident which followed an argument with his wife , but does not disclose the subject of the argument . 82 6 `` Spain '' Silver Tree Genevieve Sparling August 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 17 ) 1.68 Mike has a nightmare that Kevin killed Rachel in a car crash . He is relieved the dream is n't true , but because of his parents ' death , he is n't comfortable knowing Kevin did something similar . He continues to see counselor Julius Rowe , but Rowe is n't happy with Mike 's mindset toward his imprisonment . Louis and Donna arrange a house tour with Tara but their lie is discovered . However , when Louis admits that he did so much to spend time with her , not to scam her , she is impressed and agrees to a date . In the courtroom , Harvey has taken Sutter 's case , with Cahill prosecuting Sutter for insider trading . Harvey arranges a mock deposition and Kevin argues with Sutter . When Mike pursues the subject , Kevin discloses that he developed a trading program algorithm , but Sutter never used it other than as a cover . Kevin 's wife , Sutter 's daughter , knew about what was happening , and he does n't want to implicate her . On the Innocence Project case , Rachel must tell her client Leonard Bailey that his execution date has been set . 83 7 `` Shake the Trees '' Anton Cropper Rick Muirragui & Sandra Silverstein August 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) 1.83 Rachel and Jessica ask for the execution to be postponed so that they can locate Leonard 's missing alibi witness . They are given a week and Rachel enlists her father 's help , but the witness is dead , leaving them with no options . On their dinner date , Tara tells Louis she is in a long - distance relationship that allows her to see other people , and Louis is not sure how to respond . Harvey fails to find a guilty party among Sutter 's employees , but Louis , with help from Stu 's financial database , locates the banker who is the common factor in Sutter 's insider trades . Just when the case seems solid , the banker cuts a separate deal with the SEC , and although Cahill agrees to honor his deal with Mike and include Kevin 's wife , his superiors at the SEC back out of the deal at the last second . 84 8 `` Borrowed Time '' Gabriel Macht Sharyn Rothstein August 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) 1.88 Jessica plans to delay Leonard 's execution by having Leonard 's infirm aunt , who raised him , say she is now unable to travel to attend . Rachel obtains the affidavit , but the woman 's belief in Leonard 's guilt and subsequent refusal to attend devastate him . Jessica has a chance meeting with Jeff Malone and is interested in reviving their relationship , but Jeff is moving to Chicago and knows that Jessica can not give up the firm to follow him . Louis has another date with Tara where he tells her that he can not share her with another man , but despite their growing intimacy , when Tara 's boyfriend decides to visit neither knows what to do . Harvey deposes Sutter 's banker and establishes that he dealt only with Kevin 's wife , Jill , and can not implicate Sutter directly . Cahill indicts Jill , and when Sutter refuses to make a deal to keep her out of jail , Kevin and Jill agree to turn on Sutter in return for immunity and Mike 's release . Harvey explains to Sutter that both Sutter and Kevin were his clients , and he was free to weigh their competing interests and negotiate the best possible deal . Rachel gets the news just as she discovers a way to re-open Leonard 's case . 85 9 `` The Hand That Feeds You '' Roger Kumble Daniel Arkin September 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 1.87 Mike learns that Cahill is seizing Jill 's and Kevin 's assets beyond the proceeds of the insider trading . He threatens Cahill with an abuse of power lawsuit for Kevin 's sake but only jeopardizes his own deal . When Harvey follows through with his promise to win parole for Gallo , Cameron Dennis intervenes , using Mike 's testimony of Gallo 's extortion and threats to get Kevin released as recompense . Mike delayed his own release one day in order to film Gallo threatening and attacking him in his cell . Donna helps Louis cope until Tara visits , telling him that she turned down her boyfriend 's proposal in order to continue dating Louis . Meanwhile , Rachel asks Leonard 's public defender to testify that she heard about his alibi , arguing that because the witness is dead this is not hearsay . The judge agrees to reopen the case on the grounds of inadequate representation and the DA offers Bailey a deal to get him released after seven more years in prison . Jessica advises him to accept , but he opts to fight for full exoneration . Together Harvey and Rachel meet Mike as he is released . 86 10 `` P.S.L. '' Kevin Bray Aaron Korsh & Genevieve Sparling September 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) 1.92 Harvey offers Mike a position at the firm as a consultant , with the same salary he was making as a junior partner . Thanks to Robert Zane 's warning , Harvey learns that Jim Reynolds ' board is trying to remove him because of rumors that Harvey sold out Sutter to get Mike released . He goes straight to Sutter as the source of the rumors , threatening him to recant his statements . With Mike 's help , Rachel and Jessica exonerate Leonard Bailey . Throughout the trial , Jessica recalls her parents separating because of her father 's work , and her father 's anger when she decided to go to Harvard Law rather than become a doctor . Robert Zane approaches Jessica with an offer to merge their firms . Tara tells Louis that she is pregnant by her ex-boyfriend , and he proposes to her . Stu gives notice that his company is relocating , leaving the office empty again . And although Harvey and Louis want to celebrate keeping Reynolds , Jessica recognizes that none of them have put the firm first , and informs them she is leaving . She asks Jeff Malone if she can follow him to Chicago . 87 11 `` She 's Gone '' Patrick J. Adams Aaron Korsh & Rick Muirragui January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) 1.37 Rachel 's father offers her an associate position , but she stands by Harvey and Louis despite serious concerns regarding the ethical conduct evaluation required to pass the bar . Louis and Harvey 's management starts off well , but Zane 's repeated merger offer sparks Louis to drastic measures to prove his leadership ability . Mike refuses Harvey 's consultant job but , when every job application he fills out asks if he is a convicted felon , he doubts his chances of finding anything . Although Father Walker offers him a substitute teacher position , when the students ' parents learn of his criminal record , Mike loses even that opportunity . Louis , with Gretchen and Katrina 's help , picks a fight with Zane by trying to poach associates and clients , but Katrina convinces him that he is going too far against someone who is trying to help . Harvey asks Anita Gibbs to give Mike a good review if he returns to law , earning her distaste and Mike 's anger . He takes it out on Louis , proving that neither of them is ready to be managing partner . Gretchen convinces Louis to give Rachel a formal job offer and Donna tells Harvey that , with his corporate family falling apart , he needs to reconnect with his real family . 88 12 `` The Painting '' Gregor Jordan Sharyn Rothstein & Sandra Silverstein February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 1.53 Harvey flashes back seven years to his father 's funeral , the last time he spoke to his family . Then , the presence of Bobby , the man with whom his mother cheated , caused Harvey to reject his family completely . Now , he reconnects with his brother 's family , but does n't understand why his mother blames him for leaving . His brother and Bobby remind him that he has n't been there to support his family . Harvey and his mother apologize to each other and she gives him a painting to replace the one he lost to Stemple . Meanwhile , Mike is suddenly offered a job at a legal clinic that recognizes his talent and appreciates his honesty . He learns he will be managing the staff . Facing hostility , Mike tells them the truth to prove he is n't `` slumming it '' because he could n't hack it in corporate law . He helps law student Marissa with a housing case , despite the frustration of being unable to represent the client himself , and uses his own money to buy the client time . Louis steps up to manage one of Harvey 's clients in his absence . Louis and Harvey agree to be interim managing partners and leave the firm 's name as Pearson Specter Litt . 89 13 `` Teeth , Nose , Teeth '' Silver Tree Kyle Long February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 1.28 Rachel and Mike make plans to hold their wedding and Louis tries to cope with Tara 's ex being in their baby 's life . Rachel is derailed by a letter stating that she 's already been rejected by the bar on ethical grounds . When Harvey goes to make it right , a member of the ethics board , Craig Seidel ( Michael B. Silver ) insinuates that he will deny Rachel unless Harvey sues his business competitor Velocity . Louis does the research and gets Harvey the leverage to ensure support for both Rachel and Mike in front of the bar . The housing case at the legal clinic escalates , but Mike 's team members , Marissa and Oliver , seem too inexperienced to handle it . With Marissa out of town , Oliver freezing in court , Mike forbidden from acting as an attorney , and a boss who is tired of putting in overtime , Mike feels he ca n't help anyone from his current position . When the judge dismisses the case , Mike agrees to Harvey 's plan . In the office , IT guy Benjamin shows Donna a device that mimics her clever quips and proposes a business partnership , but she realizes that her heart is as much a part of her as her wit and turns him down . 90 14 `` Admission of Guilt '' Michael Smith Ethan Drogin February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 1.21 Louis and Tara get to know each other better . Meanwhile , Mike uses the legal clinic to go after Velocity Data Solutions . Harvey demands that Seidel schedule a hearing for Mike before the ethics board as soon as possible . When Mike has to bring Pearson Specter Litt into the case , Oliver gets to work with the firm 's new associates , but others are suspicious of Mike 's motives and Oliver urges him to come clean to Nate , their boss at the clinic , upon learning Mike has more riding on this than initially stated . Harvey learns that Seidel has more at stake in the Velocity lawsuit than he revealed and refuses to take his demands . While helping Mike , Harvey neglects to support Louis with the firm 's clients , so Louis brings in Rachel and Katrina ; they lose a big client because of Harvey 's absence , but Rachel and Katrina become friends . Donna keeps experimenting with Benjamin 's project , but has trouble explaining empathy to him . 91 15 `` Quid Pro Quo '' Maurice Marable Aaron Korsh & Daniel Arkin February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 1.25 Donna takes Benjamin 's `` The Donna '' to Stu before shopping around to other investors . Mike pulls out of the deal with Seidel to ensure his clients get paid but , with Velocity putting pressure on the firm 's clients , Pearson Specter Litt withdraws from the lawsuit , leaving Mike with no leverage . Rachel and Harvey use Seidel 's situation to find a new opening , but Mike wants nothing to do with Harvey 's less - than - legal methods . Through Rachel , Mike realizes that he ca n't give up being a lawyer , so he and Harvey use evidence of corporate espionage to force Velocity 's CEO into a settlement offer and reopen the deal to get Mike in front of the bar . When Donna and Benjamin meet with investors , she learns that they only respect Harvey 's name , not hers . She decides to take Stu 's offer , because he sees her as an equal . Louis worries about telling Tara that he knew Mike 's secret and used it to demand he become a name partner . Even though Rachel convinces him that telling her is better than her finding out later , Tara gets upset , Louis argues with her , and she walks out . 92 16 `` Character and Fitness '' Roger Kumble Genevieve Sparling March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 1.13 Tara questions her future with Louis , knowing that he took his anger out on her . At the clinic , Mike gives Nate their cut of the settlement , smoothing over his request for a few days off , but renewing Oliver 's mistrust of his intentions . When Mike comes clean , Nate opts to fire him for his shady deals , but Oliver defends him . Mike tells Harvey he still does n't want to work at Pearson Specter Litt when he becomes a lawyer , but discussion is curtailed when Anita Gibbs takes a seat on the board for Mike 's hearing . Donna brings Louis a patent negotiation that turns into a lawsuit against Donna 's new business . She confides to Harvey that she wants more than money , but does n't know what that means yet . Mike enlists Julius , his prison counselor , to speak as his character witness ; Harvey tries to remove Anita Gibbs , who offers him the endorsement Mike needs in return for Harvey 's getting disbarred . However , Mike does n't trust her and accepts his fate . Jessica appears at the hearing and reminds Gibbs of a time she showed mercy . Mike is accepted . Tara breaks up with Louis . Mike agrees to work for Harvey again in return for funding the clinic for two years , extra money for him and Rachel as a soon - to - be married couple , maintaining a relationship with the clinic , amending the ' Harvard rule ' of only hiring Harvard graduates as associates at the firm and getting Harvey 's office , who in turn will take over Jessica Pearson 's . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Original air date Time slot ( EST ) Viewers ( in millions ) Rating ( Adults 18 -- 49 ) 18 - 49 Rank on Cable Note `` To Trouble '' July 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) Wednesdays 10 : 00 p.m. 1.85 0.5 # 3 `` Accounts Payable '' July 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) 1.65 0.5 # 10 `` Back on the Map '' July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) 1.78 0.5 # 11 `` Turn '' August 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) 1.81 0.5 # 5 5 `` Trust '' August 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) 1.51 0.4 # 8 6 `` Spain '' August 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 17 ) 1.68 0.4 # 6 7 `` Shake the Trees '' August 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) 1.83 0.4 # 9 8 `` Borrowed Time '' August 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) 1.88 0.4 # 6 9 `` The Hand That Feeds You '' September 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 1.87 0.5 # 8 10 `` P.S.L. '' September 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) 1.92 0.5 # 8 11 `` She 's Gone '' January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) 1.37 0.3 # 34 12 `` The Painting '' February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 1.53 0.3 # 29 13 `` Teeth , Nose , Teeth '' February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) TBD TBD TBD N / A 14 `` Admission of Guilt '' February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) TBD TBD TBD N / A 15 `` Quid Pro Quo '' February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) TBD TBD TBD N / A 16 `` Character and Fitness '' March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) TBD TBD TBD N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Suits ' Renewed For Season 6 By USA '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SHATTUCK , KATHRYN ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Gina Torres on Why She Decided to Leave ' Suits ' '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Mr. Robot ' returns , ' Greenleaf ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Mr. Robot ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Mr. Robot ' and ' Greenleaf ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Mr. Robot ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : Rio Olympics land on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Greenleaf ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Real Housewives of New York ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Greenleaf ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Queen Sugar ' dips , ' Harley and the Davidsons ' stays high '' . ShowBuzzDaily . September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.25. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 2.1. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' premiere brings in strong numbers , ' The Magician ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-cable-ratings-feb-15-2017/ Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Alaskan Bush People ' ticks up , ' Legion ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' takes a hit , ' Six ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Suits season 6 episodes at USA Network List of Suits season 6 episodes at Internet Movie Database List of Suits season 6 episodes at TV.com ( hide ) Suits Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Other Characters South Korean remake Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suits_(season_6)&oldid=835677722 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 03 : 13 . About Wikipedia	when did suits season 6 start on netflix	[]	[]
-4950873858088195324	The Taming of the Shrew	The Taming of the Shrew - wikipedia The Taming of the Shrew Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Taming of the Shrew on screen and The Taming of the Shrew in performance . Petruchio ( Kevin Black ) and Katherina ( Emily Jordan ) from the 2003 Carmel Shakespeare Festival production at the Forest Theater . The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written between 1590 and 1592 . The play begins with a framing device , often referred to as the induction , in which a mischievous nobleman tricks a drunken tinker named Christopher Sly into believing he is actually a nobleman himself . The nobleman then has the play performed for Sly 's diversion . The main plot depicts the courtship of Petruchio and Katherina , the headstrong , obdurate shrew . Initially , Katherina is an unwilling participant in the relationship ; however , Petruchio `` tames '' her with various psychological torments , such as keeping her from eating and drinking , until she becomes a desirable , compliant , and obedient bride . The subplot features a competition between the suitors of Katherina 's younger sister , Bianca , who is seen as the `` ideal '' woman . The question of whether the play is misogynistic or not has become the subject of considerable controversy , particularly among modern scholars , audiences , and readers . The Taming of the Shrew has been adapted numerous times for stage , screen , opera , ballet , and musical theatre ; perhaps the most famous adaptations being Cole Porter 's Kiss Me , Kate and the 1967 film of the play , starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton . The 1999 high school comedy film 10 Things I Hate About You is also loosely based on the play . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Synopsis 3 Sources 4 Date and text 4.1 Date 4.2 Text 5 Analysis and criticism 5.1 Critical history 5.1. 1 The relationship with A Shrew 5.1. 2 Hortensio problem 5.1. 3 Controversy 5.1. 4 Induction 5.2 Language 5.3 Themes 5.3. 1 Female submissiveness 5.3. 2 Gender politics 5.3. 3 Cruelty 5.3. 4 Money 6 Performance 7 Adaptations 7.1 Plays 7.2 Opera 7.3 Musical / Ballet 7.4 Film 7.5 Television 7.6 Radio 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Editions of The Taming of the Shrew 8.4 Secondary sources 9 External links Characters ( edit ) Katherina ( Kate ) Minola -- the `` shrew '' of the title Bianca Minola -- sister of Katherina ; the ingénue Baptista Minola -- father of Katherina and Bianca Petruchio -- suitor of Katherina Gremio -- elderly suitor of Bianca Lucentio -- suitor of Bianca Hortensio -- suitor of Bianca and friend to Petruchio Grumio -- Petruchio 's manservant Tranio -- Lucentio 's manservant Biondello -- servant of Lucentio Vincentio -- father of Lucentio Widow -- wooed by Hortensio Pedant -- pretends to be Vincentio Haberdasher Tailor Curtis -- servant of Petruchio Nathaniel -- servant of Petruchio Joseph -- servant of Petruchio Peter -- servant of Petruchio Nicholas -- servant of Petruchio Philip -- servant of Petruchio Officer Characters appearing in the Induction : Christopher Sly -- a drunken tinker Hostess of an alehouse Lord -- plays a prank on Sly Bartholomew -- Lord 's page boy Lord 's Huntsman Players Servingmen Messenger Synopsis ( edit ) The Shrew Katherina by Edward Robert Hughes ( 1898 ) . Prior to the first act , an induction frames the play as a `` kind of history '' played in front of a befuddled drunkard named Christopher Sly who is tricked into believing that he is a lord . The play is performed in order to distract Sly from his `` wife , '' who is actually Bartholomew , a servant , dressed as a woman . In the play performed for Sly , the `` shrew '' is Katherina , the eldest daughter of Baptista Minola , a lord in Padua . Numerous men , including Gremio and Tranio , deem Katherina an unworthy option for marriage because of her notorious assertiveness and willfulness . On the other hand , men such as Hortensio and Gremio are eager to marry her younger sister Bianca . However , Baptista has sworn Bianca is not allowed to marry until Katherina is wed ; this motivates Bianca 's suitors to work together to find Katherina a husband so that they may compete for Bianca . The plot thickens when Lucentio , who has recently come to Padua to attend university , falls in love with Bianca . Overhearing Baptista say that he is on the lookout for tutors for his daughters , Lucentio devises a plan in which he disguises himself as a Latin tutor named Cambio in order to woo Bianca behind Baptista 's back and meanwhile has his servant Tranio pretend to be him . In the meantime , Petruchio , accompanied by his servant Grumio , arrives in Padua from Verona . He explains to Hortensio , an old friend of his , that since his father 's death he has set out to enjoy life and wed . Hearing this , Hortensio recruits Petruchio as a suitor for Katherina . He also has Petruchio present Baptista a music tutor named Litio ( Hortensio in disguise ) . Thus , Lucentio and Hortensio , attempt to woo Bianca while pretending to be the tutors Cambio and Litio . To counter Katherina 's shrewish nature , Petruchio pretends that any harsh things she says or does are actually kind and gentle . Katherina agrees to marry Petruchio after seeing that he is the only man willing to counter her quick remarks ; however , at the ceremony Petruchio makes an embarrassing scene when he strikes the priest and drinks the communion wine . After the wedding , Petruchio takes Katherina to his home against her will . Once they are gone , Gremio and Tranio ( disguised as Lucentio ) formally bid for Bianca , with Tranio easily outbidding Gremio . However , in his zeal to win , he promises much more than Lucentio actually possesses . When Baptista determines that once Lucentio 's father confirms the dowry , Bianca and Tranio ( i.e. Lucentio ) can marry , Tranio decides that they will need someone to pretend to be Vincentio , Lucentio 's father . Meanwhile , Tranio persuades Hortensio that Bianca is not worthy of his attentions , thus removing Lucentio 's remaining rival . C.R. Leslie illustration of Act 4 , Scene 3 ( Petruchio upbraiding the tailor for making an ill - fitting dress ) . From the Illustrated London News , 3 November 1886 ; engraved by William Luson Thomas . In Verona , Petruchio begins the `` taming '' of his new wife . She is refused food and clothing because nothing -- according to Petruchio -- is good enough for her ; he claims that perfectly cooked meat is overcooked , a beautiful dress does n't fit right , and a stylish hat is not fashionable . He also disagrees with everything that she says , forcing her to agree with everything that he says , no matter how absurd ; on their way back to Padua to attend Bianca 's wedding , she agrees with Petruchio that the sun is the moon , and proclaims `` if you please to call it a rush - candle , / Henceforth I vow it shall be so for me '' ( 4.5. 14 -- 15 ) . Along the way , they meet Vincentio , who is also on his way to Padua , and Katherina agrees with Petruchio when he declares that Vincentio is a woman and then apologises to Vincentio when Petruchio tells her that he is a man . Back in Padua , Lucentio and Tranio convince a passing pedant to pretend to be Vincentio and confirm the dowry for Bianca . The man does so , and Baptista is happy for Bianca to wed Lucentio ( still Tranio in disguise ) . Bianca , aware of the deception , then secretly elopes with the real Lucentio to get married . However , when Vincentio reaches Padua , he encounters the pedant , who claims to be Lucentio 's father . Tranio ( still disguised as Lucentio ) appears , and the pedant acknowledges him to be his son Lucentio . In all the confusion , the real Vincentio is set to be arrested , when the real Lucentio appears with his newly betrothed Bianca , revealing all to a bewildered Baptista and Vincentio . Lucentio explains everything , and all is forgiven by the two fathers . Meanwhile , Hortensio has married a rich widow . In the final scene of the play there are three newly married couples ; Bianca and Lucentio , the widow and Hortensio , and Katherina and Petruchio . Because of the general opinion that Petruchio is married to a shrew , a good - natured quarrel breaks out amongst the three men about whose wife is the most obedient . Petruchio proposes a wager whereby each will send a servant to call for their wives , and whichever comes most obediently will have won the wager for her husband . Katherina is the only one of the three who comes , winning the wager for Petruchio . She then hauls the other two wives into the room , giving a speech on why wives should always obey their husbands . The play ends with Baptista , Hortensio and Lucentio marvelling at how successfully Petruchio has tamed the shrew . Sources ( edit ) Although there is no direct literary source for the induction , the tale of a tinker being duped into believing he is a lord is one found in many literary traditions . Such a story is recorded in Arabian Nights where Harun al - Rashid plays the same trick on a man he finds sleeping in an alley . Another is found in De Rebus Burgundicis by the Dutch historian Pontus de Huyter , where Philip , Duke of Burgundy , after attending his sister 's wedding in Portugal , finds a drunken `` artisan '' whom he entertains with a `` pleasant Comedie . '' Arabian Nights was not translated into English until the mid 18th century , although Shakespeare may have known it by word of mouth . He could also have known the Duke of Burgundy story as , although De Rebus was n't translated into French until 1600 , and into English until 1607 , there is evidence the story existed in English in a jest book ( now lost ) by Richard Edwardes , written in 1570 . Taming of the Shrew . Katherine and Petruchio by James Dromgole Linton ( c. 1890 ) . Regarding the Petruchio / Katherina story , there are a variety of possible influences , but no one specific source . The basic elements of the narrative are present in tale 44 of the fourteenth - century Spanish book Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio by Don Juan Manuel , which tells of a young man who marries a `` very strong and fiery woman . '' The text had been translated into English by the sixteenth century , but there is no evidence that Shakespeare drew on it . The story of a headstrong woman tamed by a man was well known , and found in numerous traditions . For example , according to The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer , Noah 's wife was such a woman ( ' `` Hastow nought herd , '' quod Nicholas , `` also / The sorwe of Noë with his felaschippe / That he had or he gat his wyf to schipe '' ' ; The Miller 's Tale , l . 352 -- 354 ) , and it was common for her to be depicted in this manner in mystery plays . Historically , another such woman was Xanthippe , Socrates ' wife , who is mentioned by Petruchio himself ( 1.2. 70 ) . Such characters also occur throughout medieval literature , in popular farces both before and during Shakespeare 's lifetime , and in folklore . In 1890 , Alfred Tolman conjectured a possible literary source for the wager scene may have been William Caxton 's 1484 translation of Geoffroy IV de la Tour Landry 's Livre pour l'enseignement de ses filles du Chevalier de La Tour Landry ( 1372 ) . Written for his daughters as a guide on how to behave appropriately , de la Tour Landry includes `` a treatise on the domestic education of women '' which features an anecdote in which three merchants make a wager as to which of their wives will prove the most obedient when called upon to jump into a basin of water . The episode sees the first two wives refuse to obey ( as in the play ) , it ends at a banquet ( as does the play ) and it features a speech regarding the ' correct ' way for a husband to discipline his wife . In 1959 , John W. Shroeder conjectured that Chevalier de La Tour Landry 's depiction of the Queen Vastis story may also have been an influence on Shakespeare . In 1964 , Richard Hosley suggested the main source for the play may have been the anonymous ballad `` A merry jeste of a shrewde and curst Wyfe , lapped in Morrelles Skin , for her good behauyour '' . The ballad tells the story of a marriage in which the husband must tame his headstrong wife . Like Shrew , the story features a family with two sisters , the younger of whom is seen as mild and desirable . However , in `` Merry Jest '' , the older sister is obdurate not because it is simply her nature , but because she has been raised by her shrewish mother to seek mastery over men . Ultimately , the couple return to the family house , where the now tamed woman lectures her sister on the merits of being an obedient wife . The taming in this version is much more physical than in Shakespeare ; the shrew is beaten with birch rods until she bleeds , and is also wrapped in the flesh of a plough horse ( the Morrelle of the title ) . `` Merry Jest '' was not unknown to earlier editors of the play , and had been dismissed as a source by A.R. Frey , W.C. Hazlitt , R. Warwick Bond and Frederick S. Boas . Modern editors also express doubt as to Hosley 's argument . Fr . Schwoerer illustration of Act 4 , Scene 1 ( Petruchio rejects the bridal dinner ) . Engraved by Georg Goldberg ( c. 1850 ) . In 1966 , Jan Harold Brunvand argued that the main source for the play was not literary , but the oral folktale tradition . He argued the Petruchio / Katherina story represents an example of Type 901 ( ' Shrew - taming Complex ' ) in the Aarne -- Thompson classification system . Brunvand discovered 383 oral examples of Type 901 spread over thirty European countries , but he could find only 35 literary examples , leading him to conclude `` Shakespeare 's taming plot , which has not been traced successfully in its entirety to any known printed version , must have come ultimately from oral tradition . '' Most contemporary critics accept Brunvand 's findings . A source for Shakespeare 's sub-plot was first identified by Alfred Tolman in 1890 as Ludovico Ariosto 's I Suppositi , which was published in 1551 . George Gascoigne 's English prose translation Supposes was performed in 1566 and printed in 1573 . In I Suppositi , Erostrato ( the equivalent of Lucentio ) falls in love with Polynesta ( Bianca ) , daughter of Damon ( Baptista ) . Erostrato disguises himself as Dulipo ( Tranio ) , a servant , whilst the real Dulipo pretends to be Erostrato . Having done this , Erostrato is hired as a tutor for Polynesta . Meanwhile , Dulipo pretends to formally woo Polynesta so as to frustrate the wooing of the aged Cleander ( Gremio ) . Dulipo outbids Cleander , but he promises far more than he can deliver , so he and Erostrato dupe a travelling gentleman from Siena into pretending to be Erostrato 's father , Philogano ( Vincentio ) . However , when Polynesta is found to be pregnant , Damon has Dulipo imprisoned ( the real father is Erostrato ) . Soon thereafter , the real Philogano arrives , and all comes to a head . Erostrato reveals himself , and begs clemency for Dulipo . Damon realises that Polynesta is truly in love with Erostrato , and so forgives the subterfuge . Having been released from jail , Dulipo then discovers he is Cleander 's son . An additional minor source is Mostellaria by Plautus , from which Shakespeare probably took the names of Tranio and Grumio . Date and text ( edit ) Title page from the first quarto , printed in 1631 as A Wittie and Pleasant Comedie Called The Taming of the Shrew . Date ( edit ) Efforts to establish the play 's date of composition are complicated by its uncertain relationship with another Elizabethan play with an almost identical plot but different wording and character names , A Pleasant Conceited Historie , called the taming of a Shrew . The Shrew 's exact relationship with A Shrew is unknown . Different theories suggest A Shrew could be a reported text of a performance of The Shrew , a source for The Shrew , an early draft ( possibly reported ) of The Shrew , or an adaptation of The Shrew . A Shrew was entered in the Stationers ' Register on 2 May 1594 , suggesting that whatever the relationship between the two plays , The Shrew was most likely written somewhere between 1590 ( roughly when Shakespeare arrived in London ) and 1594 ( registration of A Shrew ) . However , it is possible to narrow the date further . A terminus ante quem for A Shrew seems to be August 1592 , as a stage direction at 3.21 mentions `` Simon , '' which probably refers to the actor Simon Jewell , who was buried on 21 August 1592 . Furthermore , The Shrew must have been written earlier than 1593 , as Anthony Chute 's Beauty Dishonoured , written under the title of Shore 's wife ( published in June 1593 ) contains the line `` He calls his Kate , and she must come and kiss him . '' This must refer to The Shrew , as there is no corresponding `` kissing scene '' in A Shrew . There are also verbal similarities between both Shrew plays and the anonymous play A Knack to Know a Knave ( first performed at The Rose on 10 June 1592 ) . Knack features several passages common to both A Shrew and The Shrew , but it also borrows several passages unique to The Shrew . This suggests The Shrew was on stage prior to June 1592 . In his 1982 edition of the play for The Oxford Shakespeare , H.J. Oliver suggests the play was composed no later than 1592 . He bases this on the title page of A Shrew , which mentions the play had been performed `` sundry times '' by Pembroke 's Men . When the London theatres were closed on 23 June 1592 due to an outbreak of plague , Pembroke 's Men went on a regional tour to Bath and Ludlow . The tour was a financial failure , and the company returned to London on 28 September , financially ruined . Over the course of the next three years , four plays with their name on the title page were published ; Christopher Marlowe 's Edward II ( published in quarto in July 1593 ) , and Shakespeare 's Titus Andronicus ( published in quarto in 1594 ) , The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of York ( published in octavo in 1595 ) and The Taming of a Shrew ( published in quarto in May 1594 ) . Oliver says it is a `` natural assumption '' that these publications were sold by members of Pembroke 's Men who were broke after the failed tour . Oliver assumes that A Shrew is a reported version of The Shrew , which means The Shrew must have been in their possession when they began their tour in June , as they did n't perform it upon returning to London in September , nor would they have taken possession of any new material at that time . Ann Thompson considers A Shrew to be a reported text in her 1984 and 2003 editions of the play for the New Cambridge Shakespeare . She focuses on the closure of the theatres on 23 June 1592 , arguing that the play must have been written prior to June 1592 for it to have given rise to A Shrew . She cites the reference to `` Simon '' in A Shrew , Anthony Chute 's allusion to The Shrew in Beauty Dishonoured and the verbal similarities between The Shrew and A Knack to Know a Knave as supporting a date of composition prior to June 1592 . Stephen Roy Miller , in his 1998 edition of A Shrew for the New Cambridge Shakespeare , agrees with the date of late 1591 / early 1592 , as he believes The Shrew preceded A Shrew ( although he rejects the reported text theory in favour of an adaptation / rewrite theory ) . Keir Elam , however , has argued for a terminus post quem of 1591 for The Shrew , based on Shakespeare 's probable use of two sources published that year ; Abraham Ortelius ' map of Italy in the fourth edition of Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , and John Florio 's Second Fruits . Firstly , Shakespeare errs in putting Padua in Lombardy instead of Veneto , probably because he used Ortelius ' map of Italy as a source , which has `` Lombardy '' written across the entirety of northern Italy . Secondly , Elam suggests that Shakespeare derived his Italian idioms and some of the dialogue from Florio 's Second Fruits , a bilingual introduction to Italian language and culture . Elam argues that Lucentio 's opening dialogue , Tranio , since for the great desire I had To see fair Padua , nursery of arts , I am arrived for fruitful Lombardy , The pleasant garden of great Italy . ( 1.1. 1 -- 4 ) is an example of Shakespeare 's borrowing from Florio 's dialogue between Peter and Stephan , who have just arrived in the north : PETER I purpose to stay a while , to view the fair Cities of Lombardy . STEPHAN Lombardy is the garden of the world . Elam 's arguments suggest The Shrew must have been written by 1591 , which places the date of composition around 1590 -- 1591 . Text ( edit ) First page of The Taming of the Shrew from the First Folio ( 1623 ) The 1594 quarto of A Shrew was printed by Peter Short for Cuthbert Burbie . It was republished in 1596 ( again by Short for Burbie ) , and 1607 by Valentine Simmes for Nicholas Ling . The Shrew was not published until the First Folio in 1623 . The only quarto version of The Shrew was printed by William Stansby for John Smethwick in 1631 as A Wittie and Pleasant comedie called The Taming of the Shrew , based on the 1623 folio text . W.W. Greg has demonstrated that A Shrew and The Shrew were treated as the same text for the purposes of copyright , i.e. ownership of one constituted ownership of the other , and when Smethwick purchased the rights from Ling in 1609 to print the play in the First Folio , Ling actually transferred the rights for A Shrew , not The Shrew . Analysis and Criticism ( edit ) Critical History ( edit ) The relationship with a Shrew ( edit ) One of the most fundamental critical debates surrounding The Shrew is its relationship with A Shrew . There are five main theories as to the nature of this relationship : The two plays are unrelated other than the fact that they are both based on another play which is now lost . This is the Ur - Shrew theory ( in reference to Ur - Hamlet ) . A Shrew is a reconstructed version of The Shrew ; i.e. a bad quarto , an attempt by actors to reconstruct the original play from memory . Shakespeare used the previously existing A Shrew , which he did not write , as a source for The Shrew . Both versions were legitimately written by Shakespeare himself ; i.e. A Shrew is an early draft of The Shrew . A Shrew is an adaptation of The Shrew by someone other than Shakespeare . The exact relationship between The Shrew and A Shrew is uncertain , but many scholars consider The Shrew the original , with A Shrew derived from it ; as H.J. Oliver suggests , there are `` passages in ( A Shrew ) ( ... ) that make sense only if one knows the ( Follio ) version from which they must have been derived . '' The debate regarding the relationship between the two plays began in 1725 , when Alexander Pope incorporated extracts from A Shrew into The Shrew in his edition of Shakespeare 's works . In The Shrew , the Christopher Sly framework is only featured twice ; at the opening of the play , and at the end of Act 1 , Scene 1 . However , in A Shrew , the Sly framework reappears a further five times , including a scene which comes after the final scene of the Petruchio / Katherina story . Pope added most of the Sly framework to The Shrew , even though he acknowledged in his preface that he did not believe Shakespeare had written A Shrew . Subsequent editors followed suit , adding some or all of the Sly framework to their versions of The Shrew ; Lewis Theobald ( 1733 ) , Thomas Hanmer ( 1744 ) , William Warburton ( 1747 ) , Samuel Johnson and George Steevens ( 1765 ) and Edward Capell ( 1768 ) . In his 1790 edition of The Plays and Poems of William Shakespeare , however , Edmond Malone removed all A Shrew extracts and returned the text to the 1623 First Folio version . By the end of the eighteenth century , the predominant theory had come to be that A Shrew was a non-Shakespearean source for The Shrew , and hence to include extracts from it was to graft non-authorial material onto the play . This theory prevailed until 1850 , when Samuel Hickson compared the texts of The Shrew and A Shrew , concluding The Shrew was the original , and A Shrew was derived from it . By comparing seven passages which are similar in both plays , he concluded `` the original conception is invariably to be found '' in The Shrew . His explanation was that A Shrew was written by Christopher Marlowe , with The Shrew as his template . He reached this conclusion primarily because A Shrew features numerous lines almost identical to lines in Marlowe 's Tamburlaine and Dr. Faustus . In 1926 , building on Hickson 's research , Peter Alexander first suggested the bad quarto theory . Alexander agreed with Hickson that A Shrew was derived from The Shrew , but he did not agree that Marlowe wrote A Shrew . Instead he labelled A Shrew a bad quarto . His main argument was that , primarily in the subplot of A Shrew , characters act without motivation , whereas such motivation is present in The Shrew . Alexander believed this represents an example of a `` reporter '' forgetting details and becoming confused , which also explains why lines from other plays are used from time to time ; to cover gaps which the reporter knows have been left . He also argued the subplot in The Shrew was closer to the plot of I Suppositi / Supposes than the subplot in A Shrew , which he felt indicated the subplot in The Shrew must have been based directly on the source , whereas the subplot in A Shrew was a step removed . In their 1928 edition of the play for the New Shakespeare , Arthur Quiller - Couch and John Dover Wilson supported Alexander 's argument . However , there has always been critical resistance to the theory . An early scholar to find fault with Alexander 's reasoning was E.K. Chambers , who reasserted the source theory . Chambers , who supported Alexander 's bad quarto theory regarding The First part of the Contention betwixt the two famous Houses of Yorke and Lancaster and The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of Yorke , argued A Shrew did not fit the pattern of a bad quarto ; `` I am quite unable to believe that A Shrew had any such origin . Its textual relation to The Shrew does not bear any analogy to that of other ' bad Quartos ' to the legitimate texts from which they were memorised . The nomenclature , which at least a memoriser can recall , is entirely different . The verbal parallels are limited to stray phrases , most frequent in the main plot , for which I believe Shakespeare picked them up from A Shrew . '' He explained the relationship between I Suppositi / Supposes and the subplots by arguing the subplot in The Shrew was based upon both the subplot in A Shrew and the original version of the story in Ariosto / Gascoigne . Petruccio 's hochzeit by Carl Gehrts ( 1885 ) . In 1938 , Leo Kirschbaum made a similar argument . In an article listing over twenty examples of bad quartos , Kirschbaum did not include A Shrew , which he felt was too different from The Shrew to come under the bad quarto banner ; `` despite protestations to the contrary , The Taming of a Shrew does not stand in relation to The Shrew as The True Tragedie , for example , stands in relation to 3 Henry VI . '' Writing in 1998 , Stephen Roy Miller offers much the same opinion ; `` the relation of the early quarto to the Folio text is unlike other early quartos because the texts vary much more in plotting and dialogue ( ... ) the differences between the texts are substantial and coherent enough to establish that there was deliberate revision in producing one text out of the other ; hence A Shrew is not merely a poor report ( or ' bad quarto ' ) of The Shrew . '' Character names are changed , basic plot points are altered ( Kate has two sisters for example , not one ) , the play is set in Athens instead of Padua , the Sly framework forms a complete narrative , and entire speeches are completely different , all of which suggests to Miller that the author of A Shrew thought they were working on something different from Shakespeare 's play , not attempting to transcribe it for resale ; `` underpinning the notion of a ' Shakespearean bad quarto ' is the assumption that the motive of whoever compiled that text was to produce , differentially , a verbal replica of what appeared on stage . '' Miller believes that Chambers and Kirschbaum successfully illustrate A Shrew does not fulfil this rubric . Alexander 's theory continued to be challenged as the years went on . In 1942 , R.A. Houk developed what came to be dubbed the Ur - Shrew theory ; both A Shrew and The Shrew were based upon a third play , now lost . In 1943 , G.I. Duthie refined Houk 's suggestion by arguing A Shrew was a memorial reconstruction of Ur - Shrew , a now lost early draft of The Shrew ; `` A Shrew is substantially a memorially constructed text and is dependent upon an early Shrew play , now lost . The Shrew is a reworking of this lost play . '' Hickson , who believed Marlowe to have written A Shrew , had hinted at this theory in 1850 ; `` though I do not believe Shakspeare 's play to contain a line of any other writer , I think it extremely probable that we have it only in a revised form , and that , consequently , the play which Marlowe imitated might not necessarily have been that fund of life and humour that we find it now . '' Hickson is here arguing that Marlowe 's A Shrew is not based upon the version of The Shrew found in the First Folio , but on another version of the play . Duthie argues this other version was a Shakespearean early draft of The Shrew ; A Shrew constitutes a reported text of a now lost early draft . Alexander returned to the debate in 1969 , re-presenting his bad quarto theory . In particular , he concentrated on the various complications and inconsistencies in the subplot of A Shrew , which had been used by Houk and Duthie as evidence for an Ur - Shrew , to argue that the reporter of A Shrew attempted to recreate the complex subplot from The Shrew but got confused ; `` the compiler of A Shrew while trying to follow the subplot of The Shrew gave it up as too complicated to reproduce , and fell back on love scenes in which he substituted for the maneuvers of the disguised Lucentio and Hortensio extracts from Tamburlaine and Faustus , with which the lovers woo their ladies . '' After little further discussion of the issue in the 1970s , the 1980s saw the publication of three scholarly editions of The Shrew , all of which re-addressed the question of the relationship between the two plays ; Brian Morris ' 1981 edition for the second series of the Arden Shakespeare , H.J. Oliver 's 1982 edition for the Oxford Shakespeare and Ann Thompson 's 1984 edition for the New Cambridge Shakespeare . Morris summarised the scholarly position in 1981 as one in which no clear - cut answers could be found ; `` unless new , external evidence comes to light , the relationship between The Shrew and A Shrew can never be decided beyond a peradventure . It will always be a balance of probabilities , shifting as new arguments and opinions are added to the scales . Nevertheless , in the present century , the movement has unquestionably been towards an acceptance of the Bad Quarto theory , and this can now be accepted as at least the current orthodoxy . '' Morris himself , and Thompson , supported the bad quarto theory , with Oliver tentatively arguing for Duthie 's bad quarto / early draft / Ur - Shrew theory . Scene from Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew by Washington Allston ( 1809 ) . Perhaps the most extensive examination of the question came in 1998 in Stephen Roy Miller 's edition of A Shrew for the New Cambridge Shakespeare : The Early Quartos series . Miller agrees with most modern scholars that A Shrew is derived from The Shrew , but he does not believes it to be a bad quarto . Instead , he argues it is an adaptation by someone other than Shakespeare . Miller believes Alexander 's suggestion in 1969 that the reporter became confused is unlikely , and instead suggests an adapter at work ; `` the most economic explanation of indebtedness is that whoever compiled A Shrew borrowed the lines from Shakespeare 's The Shrew , or a version of it , and adapted them . '' Part of Miller 's evidence relates to Gremio , who has no counterpart in A Shrew . In The Shrew , after the wedding , Gremio expresses doubts as to whether or not Petruchio will be able to tame Katherina . In A Shrew , these lines are extended and split between Polidor ( the equivalent of Hortensio ) and Phylema ( Bianca ) . As Gremio does have a counterpart in I Suppositi , Miller concludes that `` to argue the priority of A Shrew in this case would mean arguing that Shakespeare took the negative hints from the speeches of Polidor and Phylema and gave them to a character he resurrected from Supposes . This is a less economical argument than to suggest that the compiler of A Shrew , dismissing Gremio , simply shared his doubts among the characters available . '' He argues there is even evidence in the play that the compiler knew he was working within a specific literary tradition ; `` as with his partial change of character names , the compiler seems to wish to produce dialogue much like his models , but not the same . For him , adaptation includes exact quotation , imitation and incorporation of his own additions . This seems to define his personal style , and his aim seems to be to produce his own version , presumably intended that it should be tuned more towards the popular era than The Shrew . '' As had Alexander , Houk and Duthie , Miller believes the key to the debate is to be found in the subplot , as it is here where the two plays differ most . He points out that the subplot in The Shrew is based on `` the classical style of Latin comedy with an intricate plot involving deception , often kept in motion by a comic servant . '' The subplot in A Shrew , however , which features an extra sister and addresses the issue of marrying above and below one 's class , `` has many elements more associated with the romantic style of comedy popular in London in the 1590s . '' Miller cites plays such as Robert Greene 's Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay and Fair Em as evidence of the popularity of such plays . He points to the fact that in The Shrew , there is only eleven lines of romance between Lucentio and Bianca , but in A Shrew , there is an entire scene between Kate 's two sisters and their lovers . This , he argues , is evidence of an adaptation rather than a faulty report ; while it is difficult to know the motivation of the adapter , we can reckon that from his point of view an early staging of The Shrew might have revealed an overly wrought play from a writer trying to establish himself but challenging too far the current ideas of popular comedy . The Shrew is long and complicated . It has three plots , the subplots being in the swift Latin or Italianate style with several disguises . Its language is at first stuffed with difficult Italian quotations , but its dialogue must often sound plain when compared to Marlowe 's thunder or Greene 's romance , the mouth - filling lines and images that on other afternoons were drawing crowds . An adapter might well have seen his role as that of a ' play doctor ' improving The Shrew -- while cutting it -- by stuffing it with the sort of material currently in demand in popular romantic comedies . Miller believes the compiler `` appears to have wished to make the play shorter , more of a romantic comedy full of wooing and glamorous rhetoric , and to add more obvious , broad comedy . '' Hortensio problem ( edit ) H.C. Selous ' illustration of Sly and the Hostess ; from The Plays of William Shakespeare : The Comedies , edited by Charles Cowden Clarke and Mary Cowden Clarke ( 1830 ) . H.J. Oliver argues the version of the play in the 1623 First Folio was likely copied not from a prompt book or transcript , but from the author 's own foul papers , which he believes showed signs of revision by Shakespeare . These revisions , Oliver says , relate primarily to the character of Hortensio , and suggest that in an original version of the play , now lost , Hortensio was not a suitor to Bianca , but simply an old friend of Petruchio . When Shakespeare rewrote the play so that Hortensio became a suitor in disguise ( Litio ) , many of his lines were either omitted or given to Tranio ( disguised as Lucentio ) . Oliver cites several scenes in the play where Hortensio ( or his absence ) causes problems . For example , in Act 2 , Scene 1 , Tranio ( as Lucentio ) and Gremio bid for Bianca , but Hortensio , who everyone is aware is also a suitor , is never mentioned . In Act 3 , Scene 1 , Lucentio ( as Cambio ) tells Bianca `` we might beguile the old Pantalowne '' ( l. 36 ) , yet says nothing of Hortensio 's attempts to woo her , instead implying his only rival is Gremio . In Act 3 , Scene 2 , Tranio suddenly becomes an old friend of Petruchio , knowing his mannerisms and explaining his tardiness prior to the wedding . However , up to this point , Petruchio 's only acquaintance in Padua has been Hortensio . In Act 4 , Scene 3 , Hortensio tells Vincentio that Lucentio has married Bianca . However , as far as Hortensio should be concerned , Lucentio has denounced Bianca , because in Act 4 , Scene 2 , Tranio ( disguised as Lucentio ) agreed with Hortensio that neither of them would pursue Bianca , and as such , his knowledge of the marriage of who he supposes to be Lucentio and Bianca makes no sense . From this , Oliver concludes that an original version of the play existed in which Hortensio was simply a friend of Petruchio 's , and had no involvement in the Bianca subplot , but wishing to complicate things , Shakespeare rewrote the play , introducing the Litio disguise , and giving some of Hortensio 's discarded lines to Tranio , but not fully correcting everything to fit the presence of a new suitor . This is important in Duthie 's theory of an Ur - Shrew insofar as he argues it is the original version of The Shrew upon which A Shrew is based , not the version which appears in the 1623 First Folio . As Oliver argues , `` A Shrew is a report of an earlier , Shakespearian , form of The Shrew in which Hortensio was not disguised as Litio . '' Oliver suggests that when Pembroke 's Men left London in June 1592 , they had in their possession a now lost early draft of the play . Upon returning to London , they published A Shrew in 1594 , some time after which Shakespeare rewrote his original play into the form seen in the First Folio . Duthie 's arguments were never fully accepted at the time , as critics tended to look on the relationship between the two plays as an either - or situation ; A Shrew is either a reported text or an early draft . In more recent scholarship , however , the possibility that a text could be both has been shown to be critically viable . For example , in his 2003 Oxford Shakespeare edition of 2 Henry VI , Roger Warren makes the same argument for The First Part of the Contention . Randall Martin reaches the same conclusion regarding The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of Yorke in his 2001 Oxford Shakespeare edition of 3 Henry VI . This lends support to the theory that A Shrew could be both a reported text and an early draft . Controversy ( edit ) Kevin Black in his `` wedding outfit '' in the 2003 Carmel Shakespeare Festival production . The Taming of the Shrew has been the subject of critical controversy . Dana Aspinall writes `` Since its first appearance , some time between 1588 and 1594 , Shrew has elicited a panoply of heartily supportive , ethically uneasy , or altogether disgusted responses to its rough - and - tumble treatment of the ' taming ' of the ' curst shrew ' Katherina , and obviously , of all potentially unruly wives . '' Phyllis Rackin argues that `` seen in the context of current anxieties , desires and beliefs , Shakespeare 's play seems to prefigure the most oppressive modern assumptions about women and to validate those assumptions as timeless truths . '' Stevie Davies says that responses to Shrew have been `` dominated by feelings of unease and embarrassment , accompanied by the desire to prove that Shakespeare can not have meant what he seems to be saying ; and that therefore he can not really be saying it . '' Philippa Kelly asks : Do we simply add our voices to those of critical disapproval , seeing Shrew as at best an ' early Shakespeare ' , the socially provocative effort of a dramatist who was learning to flex his muscles ? Or as an item of social archaeology that we have long ago abandoned ? Or do we ' rescue ' it from offensive male smugness ? Or make an appeal to the slippery category of ' irony ' ? Some scholars argue that even in Shakespeare 's day the play must have been controversial , due to the changing nature of gender politics . Marjorie Garber , for example , suggests Shakespeare created the Induction so the audience would n't react badly to the misogyny in the Petruchio / Katherina story ; he was , in effect , defending himself against charges of sexism . G.R. Hibbard argues that during the period in which the play was written , arranged marriages were beginning to give way to newer , more romantically informed unions , and thus people 's views on women 's position in society , and their relationships with men , were in a state of flux . As such , audiences may not have been as predisposed to tolerate the harsh treatment of Katherina as is often thought . Mid-19th century print of Act 4 , Scene 3 ( Petruchio rejects the tailor 's gowns for Katherina ) Evidence of at least some initial societal discomfort with The Shrew is , perhaps , to be found in the fact that John Fletcher , Shakespeare 's successor as house playwright for the King 's Men , wrote The Woman 's Prize , or The Tamer Tamed as a sequel to Shakespeare 's play . Written c. 1611 , the play tells the story of Petruchio 's remarriage after Katherina 's death . In a mirror of the original , his new wife attempts ( successfully ) to tame him -- thus the tamer becomes the tamed . Although Fletcher 's sequel is often downplayed as merely a farce , some critics acknowledge the more serious implications of such a reaction . Lynda Boose , for example , writes , `` Fletcher 's response may in itself reflect the kind of discomfort that Shrew has characteristically provoked in men and why its many revisions since 1594 have repeatedly contrived ways of softening the edges . '' With the rise of the feminist movement in the twentieth century , reactions to the play have tended to become more divergent . For some critics , `` Kate 's taming was no longer as funny as it had been ( ... ) her domination became , in George Bernard Shaw 's words ' altogether disgusting to modern sensibility ' . '' Addressing the relationship between A Shrew and The Shrew from a political perspective , for example , Leah S. Marcus very much believes the play to be what it seems . She argues A Shrew is an earlier version of The Shrew , but acknowledges that most scholars reject the idea that A Shrew was written by Shakespeare . She believes one of the reasons for this is because A Shrew `` hedges the play 's patriarchal message with numerous qualifiers that do not exist in '' The Shrew . She calls A Shrew a more `` progressive '' text than The Shrew , and argues that scholars tend to dismiss the idea that A Shrew is Shakespearean because `` the women are not as satisfactorily tamed as they are in The Shrew . '' She also points out that if A Shrew is an early draft , it suggests Shakespeare `` may have increased rather than decreased the patriarchal violence of his materials '' , something which , she believes , scholars find difficult to accept . However , others see the play as an example of a pre-feminist condemnation of patriarchal domination and an argument for modern - day `` women 's lib '' . For example , director Conall Morrison , wrote in 2008 : I find it gobsmacking that some people see the play as misogynistic . I believe that it is a moral tale . I believe that it is saying -- `` do not be like this '' and `` do not do this . '' `` These people are objectionable . '' By the time you get to the last scene all of the men -- including her father are saying -- it 's amazing how you crushed that person . It 's amazing how you lobotomised her . And they 're betting on the women as though they are dogs in a race or horses . It 's reduced to that . And it 's all about money and the level of power . Have you managed to crush Katharina or for Hortensio and Lucentio , will you be able to control Bianca and the widow ? Will you similarly be able to control your proto - shrews ? It is so self - evidently repellent that I do n't believe for a second that Shakespeare is espousing this . And I do n't believe for a second that the man who would be interested in Benedict and Cleopatra and Romeo and Juliet and all these strong lovers would have some misogynist aberration . It 's very obviously a satire on this male behaviour and a cautionary tale ( ... ) That 's not how he views women and relationships , as demonstrated by the rest of the plays . This is him investigating misogyny , exploring it and animating it and obviously damning it because none of the men come out smelling of roses . When the chips are down they all default to power positions and self - protection and status and the one woman who was a challenge to them , with all with her wit and intellect , they are all gleeful and relieved to see crushed . Philippa Kelly makes this point : Petruchio 's ' taming ' of Kate , harsh though it may be , is a far cry from the fiercely repressive measures going on outside the theatre , and presumably endorsed by much of its audience . Some critics argue that in mitigating the violence both of folktales and of actual practices , Shakespeare sets up Petruchio as a ruffian and a bully , but only as a disguise -- and a disguise that implicitly criticises the brutal arrogance of conventional male attitudes . Elizabeth Kantor argues the following : Whatever the `` gender studies '' folks may think , Shakespeare is n't trying to `` domesticate women '' ; he 's not making any kind of case for how they ought to be treated or what sort of rights they ought to have . He 's just noticing what men and women are really like , and creating fascinating and delightful drama out of it . Shakespeare 's celebration of the limits that define us -- of our natures as men and women -- upsets only those folks who find human nature itself upsetting . Jonathan Miller , director of the 1980 BBC Television Shakespeare adaptation , and several theatrical productions , argues that although the play is not misogynistic , neither is it a feminist treatise : I think it 's an irresponsible and silly thing to make that play into a feminist tract : to use it as a way of proving that women have been dishonoured and hammered flat by male chauvinism . There 's another , more complex way of reading it than that : which sees it as being their particular view of how society ought to be organised in order to restore order in a fallen world . Now , we do n't happen to think that we are inheritors of the sin of Adam and that orderliness can only be preserved by deputing power to magistrates and sovereigns , fathers and husbands . But the fact that they did think like that is absolutely undeniable , so productions which really do try to deny that , and try to hijack the work to make it address current problems about women 's place in society , become boring , thin and tractarian . Induction ( edit ) An element in the debate regarding the play 's misogyny , or lack thereof , is the Induction , and how it relates to the Katherina / Petruchio story . According to H.J. Oliver , `` it has become orthodoxy to claim to find in the Induction the same ' theme ' as is to be found in both the Bianca and the Katherine - Petruchio plots of the main play , and to take it for granted that identity of theme is a merit and ' justifies ' the introduction of Sly . '' For example , Geoffrey Bullough argues the three plots `` are all linked in idea because all contain discussion of the relations of the sexes in marriage . '' Richard Hosley suggests the three plots form a unified whole insofar as they all deal with `` assumptions about identity and assumptions about personality . '' Oliver , however , argues that `` the Sly Induction does not so much announce the theme of the enclosed stories as establish their tone . '' William Quiller Orchardson 's illustration of Sly and the Lord , engraved by Charles William Sharpe ; from the Imperial Edition of The Works of Shakespere , edited by Charles Knight ( 1876 ) . This is important in terms of determining the seriousness of Katherina 's final speech . Marjorie Garber writes of the Induction , `` the frame performs the important task of distancing the later action , and of insuring a lightness of tone -- significant in light of the real abuse to which Kate is subjected by Petruchio . '' Oliver argues the Induction is used to remove the audience from the world of the enclosed plot -- to place the Sly story on the same level of reality as the audience , and the Katherina / Petruchio story on a different level of reality . This , he argues , is done to ensure the audience does not take the play literally , that it sees the Katherina / Petruchio story as a farce : the phenomenon of theatrical illusion is itself being laughed at ; and the play within the play makes Sly drowsy and probably soon sends him to sleep . Are we to let that play preach morality to us or look in it for social or intellectual substance ? The drunken tinker may be believed in as one believes in any realistically presented character ; but we can not ' believe ' in something that is not even mildly interesting to him . The play within the play has been presented only after all the preliminaries have encouraged us to take it as a farce . Oliver argues that `` the main purpose of the Induction was to set the tone for the play within the play -- in particular , to present the story of Kate and her sister as none - too - serious comedy put on to divert a drunken tinker '' . He suggests that if the Induction is removed from a production of the play ( as it very often is ) , a fundamental part of the structure has been lost . Speaking of Jonathan Miller 's BBC Television Shakespeare adaptation of 1980 , which omitted the Induction , Stanley Wells wrote `` to omit the Christopher Sly episodes is to suppress one of Shakespeare 's most volatile lesser characters , to jettison most of the play 's best poetry , and to strip it of an entire dramatic dimension . '' Regarding the importance of the Induction , Jonathan Bate and Eric Rasmussen argue `` the Sly framework establishes a self - referential theatricality in which the status of the shrew - play as a play is enforced . '' Graham Holderness argues `` the play in its received entirety does not propose any simple or unitary view of sexual politics : it contains a crudely reactionary dogma of masculine supremacy , but it also works on that ideology to force its expression into self - contradiction . The means by which this self - interrogation is accomplished is that complex theatrical device of the Sly - framework ( ... ) without the metadramatic potentialities of the Sly - framework , any production of Shrew is thrown much more passively at the mercy of the director 's artistic and political ideology . '' Coppélia Kahn suggests `` the transformation of Christopher Sly from drunken lout to noble lord , a transformation only temporary and skin - deep , suggests that Kate 's switch from independence may also be deceptive and prepares us for the irony of the dénouement . '' The Induction serves to undercut charges of misogyny -- the play within the play is a farce , it is not supposed to be taken seriously by the audience , as it is not taken seriously by Sly . As such , questions of the seriousness of what happens within it are rendered irrelevant . Language ( edit ) Language itself is a major theme in the play , especially in the taming process , where mastery of language becomes paramount . Katherina is initially described as a shrew because of her harsh language to those around her ; `` from the outset of the play , Katherine 's threat to male authority is posed through language : it is perceived by others as such and is linked to a claim larger than shrewishness -- witchcraft -- through the constant allusions to Katherine 's kinship with the devil . '' For example , after Katherina rebukes Hortensio and Gremio in Act 1 , Scene 1 , Hortensio replies with `` From all such devils , good Lord deliver us ! '' ( l. 66 ) . Even Katherina 's own father refers to her as `` thou hilding of a devilish spirit '' ( 2.1. 26 ) . Petruchio , however , attempts to tame her -- and thus her language -- with rhetoric that specifically undermines her tempestuous nature ; Say that she rail , why then I 'll tell her plain She sings as sweetly as a nightingale . Say that she frown , I 'll say that she looks as clear As morning roses newly washed with dew . Say she be mute and will not speak a word , Then I 'll commend her volubility And say she uttereth piercing eloquence . If she do bid me pack , I 'll give her thanks , As though she bid me stay by her a week . If she deny to wed , I 'll crave the day When I shall ask the banns , and when be marrièd . ( 2.1. 169 -- 179 ) Here Petruchio is specifically attacking the very function of Katherina 's language , vowing that no matter what she says , he will purposely misinterpret it , thus undermining the basis of the linguistic sign , and disrupting the relationship between signifier and signified . In this sense , Margaret Jane Kidnie argues this scene demonstrates the `` slipperiness of language . '' Apart from undermining her language , Petruchio also uses language to objectify her . For example , in Act 3 , Scene 2 , Petruchio explains to all present that Katherina is now literally his property : She is my goods , my chattels , she is my house , My household stuff , my field , my barn , My horse , my ox , my ass , my any thing . ( ll. 232 -- 234 ) In discussing Petruchio 's objectification of Katherina , Tita French Baumlin focuses on his puns on her name . By referring to her as a `` cake '' and a `` cat '' ( 2.1. 185 -- 195 ) , he objectifies her in a more subtle manner than saying she belongs to him . A further aspect of Petruchio 's taming rhetoric is the repeated comparison of Katherina to animals . In particular , he is prone to comparing her to a hawk ( 2.1. 8 and 4.1. 177 -- 183 ) , often employing an overarching hunting metaphor ; `` My falcon now is sharp and passing empty , / And till she stoop she must not be full - gorged '' ( 4.1. 177 -- 178 ) . Katherina , however , appropriates this method herself , leading to a trading of insults rife with animal imagery in Act 2 , Scene 1 ( ll. 207 -- 232 ) , where she compares Petruchio to a turtle and a crab . Language itself has thus become a battleground . However , it is Petruchio who seemingly emerges as the victor . In his house , after Petruchio has dismissed the haberdasher , Katherina exclaims Why sir , I trust I may have leave to speak , And speak I will . I am no child , no babe ; Your betters have endured me say my mind , And if you can not , best you stop your ears . My tongue will tell the anger of my heart , Or else my heart concealing it will break , And rather than it shall , I will be free Even to the uttermost , as I please , in words . ( 4.3. 74 -- 80 ) Katherina is here declaring her independence of language ; no matter what Petruchio may do , she will always be free to speak her mind . However , only one - hundred lines later , the following exchange occurs ; PETRUCHIO Let 's see , I think ' tis now some seven o'clock . And well we may come there by dinner - time . KATHERINA I dare assure you , sir , ' tis almost two , And ' twill be supper - time ere you come there . PETRUCHIO It shall be seven ere I go to horse . Look what I speak , or do , or think to do , You are still crossing it . Sirs , let 't alone , I will not go today ; and ere I do , It shall be what o'clock I say it is . ( 4.3. 184 -- 192 ) Kidnie says of this scene , `` the language game has suddenly changed and the stakes have been raised . Whereas before he seemed to mishear or misunderstand her words , Petruchio now overtly tests his wife 's subjection by demanding that she concede to his views even when they are demonstrably unreasonable . The lesson is that Petruchio has the absolute authority to rename their world . '' Katherina is free to say whatever she wishes , as long she agrees with Petruchio . His apparent victory in the ' language game ' is seen in Act 4 , Scene 5 , when Katherina is made to switch the words `` moon '' and `` sun '' , and she concedes that she will agree with whatever Petruchio says , no matter how absurd : Julius Caesar Ibbetson illustration of Act 4 , Scene 5 ( the `` sun and moon '' conversation ) from The Boydell Shakespeare Prints ; engraved by Isaac Taylor ( 1803 ) . And be it the moon , or sun , or what you please ; And if you please to call it a rush - candle , Henceforth I vow it shall be so for me ... But sun it is not , when you say it is not , And the moon changes even as your mind : What you will have it named , even that it is , And so it shall be so for Katherine . ( ll. 12 -- 15 ; ll. 19 -- 22 ) Of this scene , Kidnie argues `` what he ' says ' must take priority over what Katherina ' knows ' . '' From this point , Katherina 's language changes from her earlier vernacular ; instead of defying Petruchio and his words , she has apparently succumbed to his rhetoric and accepted that she will use his language instead of her own -- both Katherina and her language have , seemingly , been tamed . The important role of language , however , is not confined to the taming plot . For example , in a psychoanalytic reading of the play , Joel Fineman suggests there is a distinction made between male and female language , further subcategorising the latter into good and bad , epitomised by Bianca and Katherina respectively . Language is also important in relation to the Induction . Here , Sly speaks in prose until he begins to accept his new role as lord , at which point he switches to blank verse and adopts the royal we . Language is also important in relation to Tranio and Lucentio , who appear on stage speaking a highly artificial style of blank verse full of classical and mythological allusions and elaborate metaphors and similes , thus immediately setting them aside from the more straightforward language of the Induction , and alerting the audience to the fact that they are now in an entirely different milieu . Themes ( edit ) Female submissiveness ( edit ) Arthur Rackham illustration of Act 5 , Scene 2 ( Katherina is the only wife to respond to her husband ) ; from Tales from Shakespeare , edited by Charles Lamb and Mary Lamb ( 1890 ) . In productions of the play , it is often the interpretation of Katherina 's final speech ( the longest speech in the play ) that defines the tone of the entire production , such is the importance of this speech and what it says , or seems to say , about female submission : Fie , fie ! unknit that threatening unkind brow , And dart not scornful glances from those eyes To wound thy lord , thy king , thy governor . It blots thy beauty , as frosts do bite the meads , Confounds thy fame , as whirlwinds shake fair buds , And in no sense is meet or amiable . A woman moved is like a fountain troubled , Muddy , ill - seeming , thick , bereft of beauty , And while it is so , none so dry or thirsty Will deign to sip or touch one drop of it . Thy husband is thy lord , thy life , thy keeper , Thy head , thy sovereign : one that cares for thee , And for thy maintenance ; commits his body To painful labour both by sea and land , To watch the night in storms , the day in cold , Whilst thou liest warm at home , secure and safe , And craves no other tribute at thy hands But love , fair looks , and true obedience -- Too little payment for so great a debt . Such duty as the subject owes the prince , Even such a woman oweth to her husband ; And when she is froward , peevish , sullen , sour , And not obedient to his honest will , What is she but a foul contending rebel And graceless traitor to her loving lord ? I am ashamed that women are so simple To offer war where they should kneel for peace ; Or seek for rule , supremacy , and sway , When they are bound to serve , love , and obey . Why are our bodies soft , and weak , and smooth , Unapt to toil and trouble in the world , But that our soft conditions , and our hearts , Should well agree with our external parts ? Come , come , you froward and unable worms ! My mind hath been as big as one of yours , My heart as great , my reason haply more , To bandy word for word and frown for frown ; But now I see our lances are but straws , Our strength as weak , our weakness past compare , That seeming to be most which we indeed least are . Then vail your stomachs , for it is no boot , And place your hands below your husband 's foot ; In token of which duty , if he please , My hand is ready , may it do him ease . ( 5.2. 136 -- 179 ) Traditionally , many critics have taken the speech literally . Writing in 1943 , for example , G.I. Duthie argued `` what Shakespeare emphasises here is the foolishness of trying to destroy order . '' However , in a modern western society , holding relatively egalitarian views on gender , such an interpretation presents a dilemma , as according to said interpretation the play seemingly celebrates female subjugation . Critically , four main theories have emerged in response to Katherina 's speech ; It is sincere ; Petruchio has successfully tamed her . It is sincere , but not because Petruchio has tamed her . Instead , she has fallen in love with him and accepted her role as his wife . It is ironic ; she is being sarcastic , pretending to have been tamed when in reality she has completely duped Petruchio into thinking he has tamed her . It should not be read seriously or ironically ; it is part of the farcical nature of the play - within - the - play . George Bernard Shaw wrote in 1897 that `` no man with any decency of feeling can sit it out in the company of a woman without being extremely ashamed of the lord - of - creation moral implied in the wager and the speech put into the woman 's own mouth . '' Katherina is seen as having been successfully tamed , and having come to accept her newly submissive role to such an extent that she advocates that role for others , the final speech rationalises , according to Duthie , in both a political and sociological sense , the submission of wives to husbands . Actress Meryl Streep , who played Katherina in 1978 at the Shakespeare in the Park festival , says of the play , `` really what matters is that they have an incredible passion and love ; it 's not something that Katherina admits to right away , but it does provide the source of her change . '' Similarly , John C. Bean sees the speech as the final stage in the process of Katherina 's change of heart towards Petruchio ; `` if we can appreciate the liberal element in Kate 's last speech -- the speech that strikes modern sensibilities as advocating male tyranny -- we can perhaps see that Kate is tamed not in the automatic manner of behavioural psychology but in the spontaneous manner of the later romantic comedies where characters lose themselves and emerge , as if from a dream , liberated into the bonds of love . '' Taming of the Shrew by Augustus Egg ( 1860 ) . Perhaps the most common interpretation in the modern era is that the speech is ironic ; Katherina has not been tamed at all , she has merely duped Petruchio into thinking she has . Two especially well known examples of this interpretation are seen in the two major feature film adaptations of the play ; Sam Taylor 's 1929 version and Franco Zeffirelli 's 1967 version . In Taylor 's film , Katherina , played by Mary Pickford , winks at Bianca during the speech , indicating she does not mean a word of what she is saying . In Zeffirelli 's film , Katherina , played by Elizabeth Taylor , delivers the speech as though it were her own idea , and the submission aspect is reversed by her ending the speech and leaving the room , causing Petruchio to have to run after her . Phyllis Rackin is an example of a scholar who reads the speech ironically , especially in how it deals with gender . She points out that several lines in the speech focus on the woman 's body , but in the Elizabethan theatre , the role would have been played by a young boy , thus rendering any evocation of the female form as ironic . Reading the play as a satire of gender roles , she sees the speech as the culmination of this process . Along similar lines , Philippa Kelly says `` the body of the boy actor in Shakespeare 's time would have created a sexual indeterminacy that would have undermined the patriarchal narrative , so that the taming is only apparently so . And in declaring women 's passivity so extensively and performing it centre - stage , Kate might be seen to take on a kind of agency that rebukes the feminine codes of silence and obedience which she so expressly advocates . '' Similarly , Coppélia Kahn argues the speech is really about how little Katherina has been tamed ; `` she steals the scene from her husband , who has held the stage throughout the play , and reveals that he has failed to tame her in the sense he set out to . He has gained her outward compliance in the form of a public display , while her spirit remains mischievously free . '' In relation to this interpretation , William Empson suggests that Katherina was originally performed by an adult male actor rather than a young boy . He argues that the play indicates on several occasions that Katherina is physically strong , and even capable of over-powering Petruchio . For example , this is demonstrated off - stage when the horse falls on her as she is riding to Petruchio 's home , and she is able to lift it off herself , and later when she throws Petruchio off a servant he is beating . Empson argues that the point is not that Katherina is , as a woman , weak , but that she is not well cast in the role in life which she finds herself having to play . The end of the play then offers blatant irony when a strong male actor , dressed as a woman , lectures women on how to play their parts . The fourth school of thought is that the play is a farce , and hence the speech should not be read seriously or ironically . For example , Robert B. Heilman argues that `` the whole wager scene falls essentially within the realm of farce : the responses are largely mechanical , as is their symmetry . Kate 's final long speech on the obligations and fitting style of wives we can think of as a more or less automatic statement -- that is , the kind appropriate to farce -- of a generally held doctrine . '' He further makes his case by positing : there are two arguments against ( an ironic interpretation ) . One is that a careful reading of the lines will show that most of them have to be taken literally ; only the last seven or eight lines can be read with ironic overtones ( ... ) The second is that some forty lines of straight irony would be too much to be borne ; it would be inconsistent with the straightforwardness of most of the play , and it would really turn Kate back into a hidden shrew whose new technique was sarcastic indirection , sidemouthing at the audience , while her not very intelligent husband , bamboozled , cheered her on . Another way in which to read the speech ( and the play ) as farcical is to focus on the Induction . H.J. Oliver , for example , emphasising the importance of the Induction , writes `` the play within the play has been presented only after all the preliminaries have encouraged us to take it as a farce . We have been warned . '' Of Katherina 's speech , he argues : this lecture by Kate on the wife 's duty to submit is the only fitting climax to the farce -- and for that very reason it can not logically be taken seriously , orthodox though the views expressed may be ( ... ) attempting to take the last scene as a continuation of the realistic portrayal of character leads some modern producers to have it played as a kind of private joke between Petruchio and Kate -- or even have Petruchio imply that by now he is thoroughly ashamed of himself . It does not , can not , work . The play has changed key : it has modulated back from something like realistic social comedy to the other , ' broader ' kind of entertainment that was foretold by the Induction . Gender politics ( edit ) The issue of gender politics is an important theme in The Taming of the Shrew . In a letter to the Pall Mall Gazette , George Bernard Shaw famously called the play `` one vile insult to womanhood and manhood from the first word to the last . '' A contemporary critic , Emily Detmer , points out that in the late 16th and early 17th century , laws curtailing husbands ' use of violence in disciplining their wives were becoming more commonplace ; `` the same culture that still `` felt good '' about dunking scolds , whipping whores , or burning witches was becoming increasingly sensitive about husbands beating their wives . '' Detmer argues : the vigor of public discourse on wife - beating exemplifies a culture at work reformulating permissible and impermissible means for husbands to maintain control over the politics of the family , without , however , questioning that goal . This new boundary was built on notions of class and civil behaviour . Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew acts as a comedic roadmap for reconfiguring these emergent modes of `` skillful '' and civilised dominance for gentlemen , that is , for subordinating a wife without resorting to the `` common '' man 's brute strength . Petruchio 's answer is to psychologically tame Katherina , a method not frowned upon by society ; `` the play signals a shift towards a `` modern '' way of managing the subordination of wives by legitimatising domination as long as it is not physical . '' Detmer argues `` Shakespeare 's `` shrew '' is tamed in a manner that would have made the wife - beating reformers proud ; Petruchio 's taming `` policy '' dramatises how abstention from physical violence works better . The play encourages its audience not only to pay close attention to Petruchio 's method but also to judge and enjoy the method 's permissibility because of the absence of blows and the harmonious outcome . '' ' Williams ' cartoon from Caricature magazine ; `` Tameing a Shrew ; or , Petruchio 's Patent Family Bedstead , Gags & Thumscrews '' ( 1815 ) . However , Detmer is critical of scholars who defend Shakespeare for depicting male dominance in a less brutal fashion than many of his contemporaries . For example , although not specifically mentioned by Detmer , Michael West writes `` the play 's attitude was characteristically Elizabethan and was expressed more humanly by Shakespeare than by some of his sources . '' Detmer goes on to read the play in light of modern psychological theories regarding women 's responses to domestic violence , and argues that Katherina develops Stockholm syndrome : a model of domestic violence that includes tactics other than physical violence gives readers a way in which to understand Kate 's romanticised surrender at the end of the play as something other than consensual , as , in fact , a typical response to abuse ( ... ) Like a victim of the Stockholm syndrome , she denies her own feelings in order to bond with her abuser . Her surrender and obedience signify her emotional bondage as a survival strategy ; she aims to please because her life depends upon it . Knowing how the Stockholm syndrome works can help us to see that whatever `` subjectivity '' might be achieved is created out of domination and a coercive bonding . In a Marxist reading of the play , Natasha Korda argues that , although Petruchio is not characterised as a violent man , he still embodies sixteenth century notions regarding the subjugation and objectification of women . Shrew taming stories existed prior to Shakespeare 's play , and in such stories , `` the object of the tale was simply to put the shrew to work , to restore her ( frequently through some gruesome form of punishment ) to her proper productive place within the household economy . '' Petruchio does not do this , but Korda argues he still works to curtail the activities of the woman ; `` Kate ( is ) not a reluctant producer , but rather an avid and sophisticated consumer of market goods ( ... ) Petruchio 's taming strategy is accordingly aimed not at his wife 's productive capacity -- not once does he ask Kate to brew , bake , wash , card , or spin -- but at her consumption . He seeks to educate her in her role as a consumer . '' She believes that even though Petruchio does not use force to tame Katherina , his actions are still an endorsement of patriarchy ; he makes her his property and tames her into accepting a patriarchal economic worldview . Vital in this reading is Katherina 's final speech , which Korda argues `` inaugurates a new gendered division of labour , according to which husbands `` labour both by sea and land '' while their wives luxuriate at home ( ... ) In erasing the status of housework as work , separate - sphere ideology renders the housewife perpetually indebted to her husband ( ... ) The Taming of the Shrew marks the emergence of the ideological separation of feminine and masculine spheres of labour . '' In a different reading of how gender politics are handled in the play , David Beauregard reads the relationship between Katherina and Petruchio in traditional Aristotelian terms . Petruchio , as the architect of virtue ( Politics , 1.13 ) , brings Kate into harmony with her nature by developing her `` new - built virtue and obedience '' , ( 5.2. 118 ) , and she , in turn , brings to Petruchio in her person all the Aristotelian components of happiness -- wealth and good fortune , virtue , friendship and love , the promise of domestic peace and quiet ( Nicomachean Ethics , 1.7 -- 8 ) . The virtue of obedience at the center of Kate 's final speech is not what Aristotle describes as the despotic rule of master over slave , but rather the statesman 's rule over a free and equal person ( Politics , 1.3 , 12 -- 13 ) . Recognising the evil of despotic domination , the play holds up in inverse form Kate 's shrewishness , the feminine form of the will to dominance , as an evil that obstructs natural fulfillment and destroys marital happiness . Cruelty ( edit ) Another theme in the play is cruelty . Alexander Leggatt states : the taming of Katherina is not just a lesson , but a game -- a test of skill and a source of pleasure . The roughness is , at bottom , part of the fun : such is the peculiar psychology of sport that one is willing to endure aching muscles and risk the occasional broken limb for the sake of the challenge . The sports most often recalled throughout the play are blood sports , hunting and hawking , thus invoking in the audience the state of mind in which cruelty and violence are acceptable , even exciting , because their scope is limited by tacit agreement and they are made the occasion for a display of skill . Ann Thompson argues that `` the fact that in the folktale versions the shrew - taming story always comes to its climax when the husbands wager on their wives ' obedience must have been partly responsible for the large number of references to sporting , gaming and gambling throughout the play . These metaphors can help to make Petruchio 's cruelty acceptable by making it seem limited and conventionalised . '' Marvin Bennet Krims argues that `` the play leans heavily on representations of cruelty for its comedic effect . '' He believes cruelty permeates the entire play , including the Induction , arguing the Sly frame , with the Lord 's spiteful practical joke , prepares the audience for a play willing to treat cruelty as a comedic matter . He suggests that cruelty is a more important theme than gender , arguing that `` the aggression represented in Taming can be read as having less to do with gender and more to do with hate , with the text thereby becoming a comic representation of the general problem of human cruelty and victimisation . '' Director Michael Bogdanov , who directed the play in 1978 , considers that `` Shakespeare was a feminist '' : Shakespeare shows women totally abused -- like animals -- bartered to the highest bidder . He shows women used as commodities , not allowed to choose for themselves . In The Taming of the Shrew you get that extraordinary scene between Baptista , Grumio , and Tranio , where they are vying with each other to see who can offer most for Bianca , who is described as ' the prize ' . It is a toss of the coin to see which way she will go : to the old man with a certain amount of money , or to the young man , who is boasting that he 's got so many ships . She could end up with the old impotent fool , or the young ' eligible ' man : what sort of life is that to look forward to ? There is no question of it , ( Shakespeare 's ) sympathy is with the women , and his purpose , to expose the cruelty of a society that allows these things to happen . Money ( edit ) John Drew as Petruchio in Augustin Daly 's 1887 production at Daly 's Theatre , New York . The motivation of money is another theme . When speaking of whether or not someone may ever want to marry Katherina , Hortensio says `` Though it pass your patience and mine to endure her loud alarums , why man , there be good fellows in the world , and a man could light on them , would take her with all faults and money enough '' ( 1.1. 125 -- 128 ) . In the scene that follows Petruchio says : If thou know One rich enough to be Petruchio 's wife - As wealth is burden of my wooing dance - Be she as foul as was Florentius ' love , As old as Sibyl , and as curst and shrewd As Socrates ' Xanthippe , or a worse , She moves me not . ( 1.2. 65 -- 71 ) A few lines later Grumio says , `` Why give him gold enough and marry him to a puppet or an aglet - baby , or an old trot with ne 're a tooth in her head , though she have as many diseases as two and fifty horses . Why , nothing comes amiss , so money comes withal '' ( 1.2. 77 -- 80 ) . Furthermore , Petruchio is encouraged to woo Katherina by Gremio , Tranio ( as Lucentio ) , and Hortensio , who vow to pay him if he wins her , on top of Baptista 's dowry ( `` After my death , the one half of my lands , and in possession , twenty thousand crowns '' ) . Later , Petruchio does not agree with Baptista on the subject of love in this exchange : BAPTISTA When the special thing is well obtained , That is , her love ; for that is all in all . PETRUCHIO Why that is nothing . ( 2.1. 27 -- 29 ) Gremio and Tranio literally bid for Bianca . As Baptista says , `` ' Tis deeds must win the prize , and he of both / That can assure my daughter greatest dower / Shall have my Bianca 's love '' ( 2.1. 344 -- 346 ) . Performance ( edit ) Main article : The Taming of the Shrew in performance Adaptations ( edit ) Plays ( edit ) Main article : The Taming of the Shrew in performance § Theatrical adaptations Opera ( edit ) The first opera based on the play was Ferdinando Bertoni 's opera buffa Il duca di Atene ( 1780 ) , with libretto by Carlo Francesco Badini . Frederic Reynolds ' Catherine and Petruchio ( 1828 ) is an adaptation of Garrick , with an overture taken from Gioachino Rossini , songs derived from numerous Shakespeare plays and sonnets , and music by John Braham and Thomas Simpson Cooke . Starring Fanny Ayton and James William Wallack , the opera premiered at Drury Lane , but it was not successful , and closed after only a few performances . Hermann Goetz ' Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung ( 1874 ) , with libretto by Joseph Viktor Widmann , is a comic opera , which focuses on the Bianca subplot , and cuts back the taming story . It was first performed at the original National Theatre Mannheim . John Kendrick Bangs ' Katherine : A Travesty ( 1888 ) is a Gilbert and Sullivan - style parody operetta which premiered in the Metropolitan Opera . Spyridon Samaras ' La furia domata : commedia musicale in tre atti ( 1895 ) is a now lost lyric comedy with libretto by Enrico Annibale Butti and Giulio Macchi , which premiered at the Teatro Lirico . Ruperto Chapí 's Las bravías ( 1896 ) , with a libretto by José López Silva and Carlos Fernández Shaw , is a one - act género chico zarzuela clearly based on the story , but with names changed and the location altered to Madrid : it was a major success in Spain , with over 200 performances in 1896 alone , and continues to be performed regularly . Johan Wagenaar 's De getemde feeks ( 1909 ) is the second of three overtures Wagenaar wrote based on Shakespeare , the others being Koning Jan ( 1891 ) and Driekoningenavond ( 1928 ) . Another overture inspired by the play is Alfred Reynolds ' The Taming of the Shrew Overture ( 1927 ) . Ermanno Wolf - Ferrari 's verismo opera Sly , ovvero la leggenda del dormiente risvegliato ( 1927 ) focuses on the Induction , with libretto by Giovacchino Forzano . A tragedy , the opera depicts Sly as a hard - drinking and debt - ridden poet who sings in a London pub . When he is tricked into believing that he is a lord , his life improves , but upon learning it is a ruse , he mistakenly concludes the woman he loves ( Dolly ) only told him she loved him as part of the ruse . In despair , he kills himself by cutting his wrists , with Dolly arriving too late to save him . Starring Aureliano Pertile and Mercedes Llopart , it was first performed at La Scala in Milan . Rudolf Karel 's The Taming of the Shrew is an unfinished opera upon which he worked between 1942 and 1944 . Philip Greeley Clapp 's The Taming of the Shrew ( 1948 ) was first performed at the Metropolitan Opera . Vittorio Giannini 's The Taming of the Shrew ( 1953 ) is an opera buffa , with libretto by Giannini and Dorothy Fee . It was first performed at the Cincinnati Music Hall , starring Dorothy Short and Robert Kircher . Vissarion Shebalin 's Ukroshchenye stroptivoy ( 1957 ) , with libretto by Abram Akimovich Gozenpud , was Shebalin 's last opera and was immediately hailed as a masterpiece throughout Russia . Dominick Argento 's Christopher Sly ( 1962 ) , with libretto by John Manlove , is a comic opera in two scenes and an interlude , first performed in the University of Minnesota . Sly is duped by a Lord into believing that he himself is a lord . However , he soon becomes aware of the ruse , and when left alone , he flees with the Lord 's valuables and his two mistresses . Musical / ballet ( edit ) Louis Rhead ink drawing of Katherine breaking a lute over Hortensio 's head , designed for a 1918 edition of Tales from Shakespeare . The earliest known musical adaptation of the play was a ballad opera based on Charles Johnson 's Cobler of Preston . Called The Cobler of Preston 's Opera , the piece was anonymously written , although William Dunkin is thought by some scholars as a likely candidate . Rehearsals for the premier began in Smock Alley in October 1731 , but sometime in November or December , the show was cancelled . It was instead performed by a group of children ( including an eleven - year - old Peg Woffington ) in January 1732 at Signora Violante 's New Booth in Dame Street . It was subsequently published in March . James Worsdale 's A Cure for a Scold is also a ballad opera . First performed at Drury Lane in 1735 , starring Kitty Clive and Charles Macklin , A Cure for a Scold was an adaptation of Lacy 's Sauny the Scot rather than Shakespeare 's original Taming of the Shrew . Petruchio was renamed Manly , and Katherina was renamed Margaret ( nicknamed Peg ) . At the end , there is no wager . Instead , Peg pretends she is dying , and as Petruchio runs for a doctor , she reveals she is fine , and declares `` you have taught me what ' tis to be a Wife , and I shall make it my Study to be obliging and obedient , '' to which Manly replies `` My best Peg , we will exchange Kindness , and be each others Servants . '' After the play has finished , the actress playing Peg steps forward and speaks directly to the audience as herself ; `` Well , I must own , it wounds me to the Heart / To play , unwomanly , so mean a Part. / What -- to submit , so tamely -- so contented , / Thank Heav'n ! I 'm not the Thing I represented . '' Cole Porter 's musical Kiss Me , Kate is an adaptation of Taming of the Shrew . The music and lyrics are by Porter and the book is by Samuel and Bella Spewack . It is at least partially based on the 1935 / 1936 Theatre Guild production of Taming of the Shrew , which starred husband and wife Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne , whose backstage fights became legendary . The musical tells the story of a husband and wife acting duo ( Fred and Lilli ) attempting to stage The Taming of the Shrew , but whose backstage fights keep getting in the way . The musical opened on Broadway at the New Century Theatre in 1948 , running for a total of 1,077 performances . Directed by John C. Wilson with choreography by Hanya Holm , it starred Patricia Morison and Alfred Drake . The production moved to the West End in 1951 , directed by Samuel Spewack with choreography again by Holm , and starring Patricia Morrison and Bill Johnson . It ran for 501 performances . As well as being a box office hit , the musical was also a critical success , winning five Tony Awards ; Best Authors ( Musical ) , Best Original Score , Best Costume Design , Best Musical and Best Producers ( Musical ) . The play has since been revived numerous times in various countries . Its 1999 revival at the Martin Beck Theatre , directed by Michael Blakemore and starring Marin Mazzie and Brian Stokes Mitchell , was especially successful , winning another five Tonys ; Best Actor ( Musical ) , Best Costume Design , Best Director ( Musical ) , Best Orchestrations , and Best Revival ( Musical ) . The first ballet version of the play was Maurice Béjart 's La mégère apprivoisée . Using the music of Alessandro Scarlatti , it was originally performed by the Ballet de l'Opéra de Paris in 1954 . The best known ballet adaptation is John Cranko 's The Taming of the Shrew , first performed by the Stuttgart Ballet at the Staatsoper Stuttgart in 1969 . Another ballet adaptation is Louis Falco 's Kate 's Rag , first performed by the Louis Falco Dance Company at the Akademie der Künste in 1980 . In 1988 , Aleksandre Machavariani composed a ballet suite , but it was not performed until 2009 , when his son , conductor Vakhtang Machavariani , gave a concert at the Georgian National Music Center featuring music by Modest Mussorgsky , Sergei Prokofiev and some of his father 's pieces . Film ( edit ) Main article : The Taming of the Shrew on screen § Film Television ( edit ) Main article : The Taming of the Shrew on screen § Television Radio ( edit ) In 1924 , extracts from the play were broadcast on BBC Radio , performed by the Cardiff Station Repertory Company as the eight episode of a series of programs showcasing Shakespeare 's plays , entitled Shakespeare Night . Extracts were also broadcast in 1925 as part of Shakespeare : Scene and Story , with Edna Godfrey - Turner and William Charles Macready , and in 1926 as part of Shakespeare 's Heroines , with Madge Titheradge and Edmund Willard . In 1927 , a forty - three - minute truncation of the play was broadcast on BBC National Programme , with Barbara Couper and Ian Fleming . In 1932 , National Programme aired another truncated version , this one running eighty - five minutes , and again starring Couper , with Francis James as Petruchio . In 1935 , Peter Creswell directed a broadcast of the relatively complete text ( only the Bianca subplot was trimmed ) on National Programme , starring Mary Hinton and Godfrey Tearle . This was the first non-theatrical version of the play to feature Sly , who was played by Stuart Robertson . In 1941 , Creswell directed another adaptation for BBC Home Service , again starring Tearle , with Fay Compton as Katherina . In 1947 , BBC Light Programme aired extracts for their Theatre Programme from John Burrell 's Edinburgh Festival production , with Patricia Burke and Trevor Howard . In 1954 , the full - length play aired on BBC Home Service , directed by Peter Watts , starring Mary Wimbush and Joseph O'Conor , with Norman Shelley as Sly . BBC Radio 4 aired another full - length broadcast ( without the Induction ) in 1973 as part of their Monday Night Theatre series , directed by Ian Cotterell , starring Fenella Fielding and Paul Daneman . In 1989 , BBC Radio 3 aired the full play , directed by Jeremy Mortimer , starring Cheryl Campbell and Bob Peck , with William Simons as Sly . In 2000 , BBC Radio 3 aired another full - length production ( without the Induction ) as part of their Shakespeare for the New Millennium series , directed by Melanie Harris , and starring Ruth Mitchell and Gerard McSorley . In the United States , the first major radio production was in July 1937 on NBC Blue Network , when John Barrymore adapted the play into a forty - five - minute piece , starring Elaine Barrie and Barrymore himself . In August of the same year , CBS Radio aired a sixty - minute adaptation directed by Brewster Mason , starring Frieda Inescort and Edward G. Robinson . The adaptation was written by Gilbert Seldes , who employed a narrator ( Godfrey Tearle ) to fill in gaps in the story , tell the audience about the clothes worn by the characters and offer opinions as to the direction of the plot . For example , Act 4 , Scene 5 ends with the narrator musing `` We know that Katherina obeys her husband , but has her spirit been really tamed I wonder ? '' In 1940 , a thirty - minute musical version of the play written by Joseph Gottlieb and Irvin Graham aired on CBS as part of their Columbia Workshop series , starring Nan Sunderland and Carleton Young . In 1941 , NBC Blue Network aired a sixty - minute adaptation as part of their Great Plays series , written by Ranald MacDougall , directed by Charles Warburton , and starring Grace Coppin and Herbert Rudley . In 1949 , ABC Radio aired an adaptation directed by Homer Fickett , starring Joyce Redman and Burgess Meredith . In 1953 , NBC broadcast William Dawkins ' production live from the Oregon Shakespeare Festival . The cast list for this production has been lost , but it is known to have featured George Peppard . In 1960 , NBC aired a sixty - minute version adapted by Carl Ritchie from Robert Loper 's stage production for the Oregon Shakespeare Festival , starring Ann Hackney and Gerard Larson . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term was first used by Alexander Pope in 1725 , and has been commonly employed ever since . The First Folio text begins the play with the standard `` Actus primus , Scœna prima '' heading , and there is no differentiation between the Induction and what is commonly referred to today as Act 1 , Scene 1 ( Lucentio arriving in Padua ) . Jump up ^ The complete English text of the episode is : `` Three merchants , riding home from a fair , fell to talking about the charm of obedience in a wife . At last they laid a wager of a dinner , agreeing that the one whose wife should prove the least obedient should pay for the dinner . Each man was to warn his wife to do whatever he might bid ; afterward he was to set a basin before her and bid her leap into it . The first wife insisted on knowing the reason for the command ; she received several blows from her husband 's fist . The second wife flatly refused to obey ; she was thoroughly beaten with a staff . The wife of the third merchant received the same warning as the rest , but the intended trial was postponed until after dinner . During the meal this wife was asked to put salt upon the table . Because of a similarity between the two expressions in French , she understood her husband to command her to leap upon the table . She at once did so , throwing down the meat and drink and breaking the glasses . When she stated the reason for her conduct , the other merchants acknowledged without further trial that they had lost the wager . '' Jump up ^ Complete Text of A Merry Jest . Jump up ^ From this point forward , The Taming of a Shrew will be referred to as A Shrew ; The Taming of the Shrew as The Shrew . Citations ( edit ) All references to The Taming of the Shrew , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Oxford Shakespeare ( Oliver , 1982 ) , which is based on the 1623 First Folio . Under this referencing system , 1.2. 51 means Act 1 , Scene 2 , line 51 . Jump up ^ Bullough ( 1957 ) , pp. 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Heilman ( 1998 ) , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 38 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Tolman ( 1890 ) , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Shroeder ( 1959 ) , p. 253 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Hosley ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Brunvand ( 1966 ) , p. 346 . Jump up ^ See also Brunvand ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 43 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Tolman ( 1890 ) , pp. 203 -- 227 . Jump up ^ For more information on the relationship between Supposes and The Shrew , see Seronsy ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Heilman ( 1998 ) , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Wentersdorf ( 1978 ) , p. 202 . Jump up ^ For more information on A Shrew see Morris ( 1981 ) , pp. 12 -- 50 , Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 13 -- 34 and Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 1 -- 57 Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Taylor ( 1997 ) , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 31 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , pp. 4 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 31 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Elam ( 2007 ) , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Taylor ( 1997 ) , pp. 109 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Greg , W.W. ( 1955 ) . The Shakespeare First Folio : Its Bibliographical and Textual History . Oxford : Clarendon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 811546 - 5 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 1981 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ See esp . Houk ( 1942 ) and Duthie ( 1943 ) . See also Morris ( 1981 ) , pp. 16 -- 24 and Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ See esp . Alexander ( 1926 ) and Alexander ( 1969 ) . See also Morris ( 1981 ) , pp. 14 -- 16 and Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 16 -- 18 ; 31 -- 34 . Jump up ^ See esp . Shroeder ( 1958 ) . See also Morris ( 1981 ) , pp. 24 -- 26 and Evans ( 1997 ) , pp. 104 -- 107 . Jump up ^ See Duthie ( 1943 ) , Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 13 -- 34 , Marcus ( 1991 ) and Marcus ( 1996 ) , pp. 101 -- 131 . ^ Jump up to : Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 1 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : Morris ( 1981 ) , pp. 12 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 13 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 1 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson ( 2003 ) , pp. 163 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ See Hickson ( 1850a ) and Hickson ( 1850b ) Jump up ^ Alexander ( 1926 ) . Jump up ^ Quiller - Couch & Wilson ( 1953 ) , pp. 129 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 16 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 21 - 22 . Jump up ^ Irace ( 1994 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ McDonald ( 2001 ) , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Richmond ( 2002 ) , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Jolly ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Chambers ( 1930 ) , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Chambers ( 1930 ) , pp. 324 -- 328 . Jump up ^ Kirschbaum ( 1938 ) , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. ix . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Houk ( 1942 ) . Jump up ^ Duthie ( 1943 ) , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Hickson ( 1850b ) , p. 347 . ^ Jump up to : Duthie ( 1943 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander ( 1969 ) , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 1981 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 4 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 10 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 23 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Warren , Roger , ed. ( 2003 ) . Henry VI , Part Two . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 87 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953742 - 6 . Jump up ^ Martin , Randall , ed. ( 2001 ) . Henry VI , Part Three . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 96 -- 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953711 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Aspinall ( 2001 ) , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Rackin ( 2005 ) , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Davies ( 1995 ) , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly ( 2013 ) , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Garber ( 1974 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Hibbard ( 1964 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Boose ( 1991 ) , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Aspinall ( 2001 ) , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Marcus ( 1991 ) , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Marcus ( 1996 ) , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Marcus ( 1996 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ `` Conall Morrison on directing The Taming of the Shrew '' ( PDF ) . Royal Shakespeare Company . 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Kelly ( 2013 ) , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Kantor , Elizabeth ( 2006 ) . The Politically Incorrect Guide to English and American Literature . Washington , DC : Regenery . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 011 - 2 . Jump up ^ Holderness ( 1988 ) , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bullough ( 1957 ) , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Hosley ( 1978 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 34 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Wells , Stanley ( 31 October 1980 ) . `` A prosaic transformation '' . The Times Literary Supplement . p. 1229 . Jump up ^ Bate & Rasmussen ( 2010 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Holderness ( 1989 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Kahn ( 1981 ) , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Newman , Karen ( 1991 ) . Fashioning Femininity and English Renaissance Drama . Women in Culture and Society . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 57709 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kidnie ( 2006 ) , p. xxxiv . Jump up ^ Baumlin ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Kidnie ( 2006 ) , p. xxxix . Jump up ^ Kidnie ( 2006 ) , p. xl . Jump up ^ Fineman ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Duthie ( 2005 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Bean ( 1984 ) , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Henderson ( 2003 ) , p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : Rackin ( 2005 ) , pp. 54 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly ( 2013 ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Heilman ( 1966 ) , pp. 156 -- 157 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 21 Jump up ^ Quoted in Henderson ( 2003 ) , p. 132 Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Schafer ( 2002 ) , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Kahn ( 1975 ) , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Empson ( 1996 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Heilman ( 1966 ) , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Heilman ( 1966 ) , p. 157 . Jump up ^ The letter , dated 8 June 1888 , is reproduced in full in Henderson , Archibald ( 2004 ) . George Bernard Shaw : His Life and Works , a Critical Biography . Whitefish , MT : Kessinger . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4179 - 6177 - 1 . Jump up ^ Detmer ( 1997 ) , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Detmer ( 1997 ) , pp. 273 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Detmer ( 1997 ) , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Detmer ( 1997 ) , p. 279 . Jump up ^ West ( 1974 ) , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Detmer ( 1997 ) , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Korda ( 2002 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Korda ( 2002 ) , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Korda ( 2002 ) , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Beauregard ( 1995 ) , pp. 73 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Leggatt ( 2005 ) , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Krims ( 2006 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Krims ( 2006 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Krims ( 2006 ) , p. 48 . Jump up ^ McCullough , Christopher J. ( 1988 ) . `` Michael Bogdanov Interviewed by Christopher J. McCullough '' . In Holderness , Graham . The Shakespeare Myth . Manchester : Manchester University Press . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 2635 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Christopher R. `` Shakespeare , William '' . In Sadie , Stanley . The New Grove Dictionary of Opera . Four . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 522186 - 2 . Jump up ^ Quiller - Couch & Wilson ( 1953 ) , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Haring - Smith ( 1985 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Dobson , Michael ; Wells , Stanley ( 2008 ) ( 2005 ) . The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare ( Revised ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 59 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280614 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Schafer ( 2002 ) , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Webber , Christopher ( 2002 ) . The Zarzuela Companion . Maryland : Screcrow Press . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4447 - 8 . Jump up ^ van der Klis , Jolande ( 2000 ) . The Essential Guide to Dutch Music : 100 Composers and Their Work . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . p. 403 . ISBN 9789053564608 . Jump up ^ March , Ivan ; Greenfield , Edward ; Layton , Robert ; Czajkowski , Paul ( 2005 ) . The Penguin Guide to Compact Discs and DVDs : Yearbook 2004 / 2005 . Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music . London : Penguin . p. 305 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 051523 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Griffel , Margaret Ross ( 2013 ) ( 1999 ) . Operas in English : A Dictionary ( Revised ed . ) . Plymouth : Scarecrow Press . p. 481 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8272 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jameson , Michael . `` Vissarion Shebalin : Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Griffel , Margaret Ross ( 2013 ) ( 1999 ) . Operas in English : A Dictionary ( Revised ed . ) . Plymouth : Scarecrow Press . pp. 91 -- 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8272 - 0 . Jump up ^ Greene , John C. ; Clark , Gladys L.H. ( 1993 ) . The Dublin Stage , 1720 -- 1745 : A Calendar of Plays , Entertainments , and Afterpieces . Cranbury , NJ : Associated University Presses . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 24870 - 7 . Jump up ^ Quiller - Couch & Wilson ( 1953 ) , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Schafer ( 2002 ) , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Green ( 1984 ) , p. 236 . Jump up ^ `` Search Past Winners '' . Tony Awards . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Lefkowitz , David ( 5 June 2000 ) . `` Contact and Copenhagen win top 1999 -- 2000 Tony Awards '' . Playbill . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Craine , Debra ; Mackrell , Judith ( 2010 ) ( 2000 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Dance ( Second ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 441 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956344 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Louis Falco Repertory '' . The Louis Falco Repertory . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Rumworld ( 3 October 2009 ) . `` Hats off Gentlemen '' . Vakhtang Matchavariani Official Web Site . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare Night ( 18 / 11 / 1924 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare , Scene and Story ( 17 / 04 / 1925 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Katherine ( 1926 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1927 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1932 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1935 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schafer ( 2002 ) , p. 68 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1941 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre Programme ( 02 / 09 / 1947 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1954 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1973 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1989 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 2000 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1937 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1940 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1941 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1949 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Lanier , Douglas ( 2006 ) . `` Shakespeare on Radio '' . In Burt , Richard . Shakespeares After Shakespeare : An Encyclopedia of the Bard in Mass Media and Popular Culture . Volume Two . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . p. 521 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33116 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1960 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Editions of the Taming of the Shrew ( edit ) Bate , Jonathan ; Rasmussen , Eric , eds. ( 2010 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The RSC Shakespeare . Basingstoke : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 27207 - 1 . Bond , R. Warwick , ed. ( 1904 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Arden Shakespeare , First Series . London : Methuen . Evans , G. Blakemore , ed. ( 1997 ) ( 1974 ) . The Riverside Shakespeare ( Second ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 75490 - 0 . Greenblatt , Stephen ; Cohen , Walter ; Howard , Jean E. ; Maus , Katharine Eisaman , eds. ( 2008 ) ( 1997 ) . The Norton Shakespeare : Based on the Oxford Shakespeare ( Second ed . ) . London : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 11135 - 4 . Heilman , Robert B. , ed. ( 1998 ) ( 1966 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . Signet Classic Shakespeare ( Second Revised ed . ) . New York : New American Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 52679 - 3 . Hibbard , G.R. , ed. ( 1968 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The New Penguin Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 070710 - 6 . Hodgdon , Barbara , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Arden Shakespeare , Third Series . London : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903436 - 93 - 6 . Hosley , Richard , ed. ( 1978 ) ( 1964 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Pelican Shakespeare ( Revised ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 071425 - 8 . Kidnie , Margaret Jane , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Penguin Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 101551 - 4 . Miller , Stephen Roy , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Taming of a Shrew : The 1594 Quarto . The New Cambridge Shakespeare : The Early Quartos . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 08796 - 4 . Morris , Brian , ed. ( 1981 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Arden Shakespeare , Second Series . London : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903436 - 10 - 3 . Oliver , H.J. , ed. ( 1982 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953652 - 8 . Orgel , Stephen , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Taming of a Shrew . The New Pelican Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 071451 - 7 . Quiller - Couch , Arthur ; Wilson , John Dover , eds. ( 1953 ) ( 1928 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The New Shakespeare ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 108 - 00604 - 0 . Schafer , Elizabeth , ed. ( 2002 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . Shakespeare in Production . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66741 - 8 . Thompson , Ann , ed. ( 2003 ) ( 1984 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The New Cambridge Shakespeare ( Revised ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9789812836540 . Wells , Stanley ; Taylor , Gary ; Jowett , John ; Montgomery , William , eds. ( 2005 ) ( 1986 ) . The Oxford Shakespeare : The Complete Works ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 926718 - 7 . Werstine , Paul ; Mowat , Barbara A. , eds. ( 2004 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . Folger Shakespeare Library . Washington : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 7757 - 4 . Secondary Sources ( edit ) Addison - Roberts , Jeanne ( Summer 1983 ) . `` Horses and Hermaphrodites : Metamorphoses in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 34 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 171 . doi : 10.2307 / 2869831 . JSTOR 2869831 . ( subscription required ) Andresen - Thom , Martha ( Summer 1982 ) . `` Shrew - taming and Other Rituals of Aggression : Baiting and Bonding on the Stage and in the Wild '' . Women 's Studies : an Inter-Disciplinary Journal . 9 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 143 . doi : 10.1080 / 00497878.1982. 9978561 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Alexander , Peter ( 16 September 1926 ) . `` The Taming of the Shrew '' . The Times Literary Supplement . Alexander , Peter ( Spring 1969 ) . `` The Original Ending of The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 20 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 116 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868994 . JSTOR 2868994 . ( subscription required ) Aspinall , Dana E. ( 2001 ) . `` The Play and the Critics '' . In Aspinall , Dana E. The Taming of the Shrew : Critical Essays . New York , NY : Garland . pp. 3 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 87434 - 2 . Ball , Robert Hamilton ( 2013 ) ( 1st Pub. 1968 ) . Shakespeare on Silent Film : A Strange Eventful History . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 83210 - 6 . Baumlin , Tita French ( Spring 1989 ) . `` Petruchio the Sophist and Language as Creation in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 . 29 ( 2 ) : 237 -- 257 . doi : 10.2307 / 450473 . JSTOR 2868994 . ( subscription required ) Bawcutt , N.W. , ed. ( 1996 ) . The Control and Censorship of Caroline Drama : The Records of Sir Henry Herbert , Master of the Revels , 1623 -- 73 . Oxford : Clarendon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 812246 - 3 . Bean , John C. ( 1984 ) ( 1980 ) . `` Comic Structure and the Humanizing of Kate in The Taming of the Shrew '' . In Lenz , Carolyn Ruth Swift ; Greene , Gayle ; Neely , Carol Thomas . The Woman 's Part : Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare ( Revised ed . ) . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press . pp. 65 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 01016 - 3 . Beauregard , David N. ( 1995 ) . Virtue 's Own Feature : Shakespeare and the Virtue Ethics Tradition . Newark , DE : University of Delaware Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87413 - 578 - 7 . Boose , Lynda E. ( Summer 1991 ) . `` Scolding Brides and Bridling Scolds : Taming the Woman 's Unruly Member '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 42 ( 1 ) : 179 -- 213 . doi : 10.2307 / 2870547 . JSTOR 2870547 . ( subscription required ) Brunvand , Jan Harold ( Autumn 1966 ) . `` The Folktale Origin of The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 17 ( 4 ) : 345 -- 359 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867908 . JSTOR 2867908 . ( subscription required ) Brunvand , Jan Harold ( 1991 ) . The Taming of the Shrew : A Comparative Study of Oral and Literary Versions . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 84274 - 8 . Bullough , Geoffrey ( 1957 ) . Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare . Volume One : Early Comedies , Poems , Romeo and Juliet . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 08891 - 6 . Chambers , E.K. ( 1930 ) . William Shakespeare : A Study of Facts and Problems , Vol . I. Oxford : Clarendon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 811773 - 5 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Daniel , P.A. ( 1879 ) . A Time Analysis of the Plots of Shakespeare 's Plays . London : New Shakspere Society . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Davies , Stevie ( 1995 ) . Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew . Penguin Critical Studies . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 077271 - 5 . Dessen , Alan C. ( 1997 ) . `` The Tamings of the Shrews '' . In Collins , Michael J. Shakespeare 's Sweet Thunder : Essays on the Early Comedies . Newark , DE : University of Delaware Press . pp. 35 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87413 - 582 - 4 . Detmer , Emily ( Autumn 1997 ) . `` Civilizing Subordination : Domestic Violence and the Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 48 ( 3 ) : 273 -- 294 . doi : 10.2307 / 2871017 . JSTOR 2871017 . ( subscription required ) Dobson , Michael ( 1992 ) . The Making of the National Poet : Shakespeare , Adaptation and Authorship , 1660 -- 1769 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 818323 - 5 . Dusinberre , Juliet ( 2003 ) ( 1975 ) . Shakespeare and the Nature of Women ( Third ed . ) . Basingstoke : Palgrave . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 1729 - 4 . Duthie , G.I. ( October 1943 ) . `` The Taming of a Shrew and The Taming of the Shrew '' . The Review of English Studies . 19 ( 76 ) : 337 -- 356 . doi : 10.1093 / res / os - XIX. 76.337 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Duthie , G.I. ( 2005 ) ( 1st pub. 1951 ) . Shakespeare . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35281 - 9 . Elam , Keir ( 2007 ) . `` ' At the cubiculo ' : Shakespeare 's Problems with Italian Language and Culture '' . In Marrapodi , Michele . Italian Culture in the Drama of Shakespeare & his Contemporaries : Rewriting , Remaking , Refashioning . Anglo - Italian Renaissance Studies . Aldershot : Ashgate . pp. 99 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5504 - 6 . Empson , William ( 1996 ) . `` The Strengths of the Shrew '' . In Haffenden , John . 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A Shakespeare Companion , 1564 -- 1964 ( Second ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84232 - 127 - 0 . Haring - Smith , Tori ( 1985 ) . From Farce to Metadrama : A Stage History of The Taming of the Shrew , 1594 -- 1983 . Santa Barbara , CA : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 24326 - 4 . Heaney , Peter F. ( May 1998 ) . `` Petruchio 's Horse : Equine and Household Mismanagement in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Early Modern Literary Studies . 4 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Heilman , Robert B. ( Summer 1966 ) . `` The Taming Untamed : or , the Return of The Shrew '' . Modern Language Quarterly . 27 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 161 . doi : 10.1215 / 00267929 - 27 - 2 - 147 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Helms , Lorraine ( May 1989 ) . `` Playing the Woman 's Part : Feminist Criticism and Shakespearean Performance '' . Theatre Journal . 41 ( 2 ) : 190 -- 200 . doi : 10.2307 / 3207858 . JSTOR 3207858 . ( subscription required ) Henderson , Diana E. ( 2003 ) . `` A Shrew for the Times , Revisited '' . In Burt , Richard ; Boose , Lynda E. Boose . Shakespeare , the Movie II : Popularizing the Plays on Film , TV , Video , and DVD . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28299 - 4 . Hibbard , G.R. ( 1964 ) . `` The Taming of the Shrew : A Social Comedy '' . In Thaler , Alwin ; Sanders , Norman . Shakespearean Essays . Knoxville , TN : University of Tennessee Press . pp. 15 -- 28 . Hickson , Samuel ( 9 February 1850 ) . `` Marlowe and the old Taming of the Shrew '' . Notes & Queries. 15 : 226 -- 227 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Hickson , Samuel ( 30 March 1850 ) . `` The Taming of the Shrew '' . Notes & Queries. 22 : 345 -- 347 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Hodgdon , Barbara ( May 1992 ) . `` Katherina Bound ; Or , Play ( K ) ating the Strictures of Everyday Life '' . PMLA. 107 ( 3 ) : 538 -- 553 . doi : 10.2307 / 462760 . JSTOR 462760 . ( subscription required ) Hodgdon , Barbara ( 1998 ) . The Shakespeare Trade : Performance and Appropriations . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1389 - 8 . Holderness , Graham ( 1988 ) . `` Jonathan Miller Interviewed by Graham Holderness '' . In Holderness , Graham . The Shakespeare Myth . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 2635 - 5 . Holderness , Graham ( 1989 ) . Shakespeare in Performance : The Taming of the Shrew . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 2738 - 3 . Honigmann , E.A.J. ( July 1954 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Lost Source - Plays '' . Modern Language Review . 49 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 307 . doi : 10.2307 / 3718861 . JSTOR 462760 . ( subscription required ) Hosley , Richard ( Spring 1961 ) . `` Was there a Dramatic Epilogue to The Taming of the Shrew ? '' . Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 . 1 ( 2 ) : 17 -- 34 . doi : 10.2307 / 449337 . JSTOR 449337 . ( subscription required ) Hosley , Richard ( May 1964 ) . `` Sources and Analogues of The Taming of the Shrew '' . Huntington Library Quarterly . 27 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 308 . doi : 10.2307 / 3816798 . JSTOR 3816798 . ( subscription required ) Houk , R.A. ( Winter 1942 ) . `` The Evolution of The Taming of the Shrew '' . PMLA. 57 ( 4 ) : 1009 -- 1038 . doi : 10.2307 / 458874 . JSTOR 458874 . ( subscription required ) Irace , Kathleen ( 1994 ) . Reforming the `` Bad '' Quartos : Performance and Provenance of Six Shakespearean First Editions . Newark , DE : University of Delaware Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87413 - 471 - 1 . Jayne , Sears ( Winter 1966 ) . `` The Dreaming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 17 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 46 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867603 . JSTOR 2867603 . ( subscription required ) Jolly , Margrethe ( 2014 ) . The First Two Quartos of Hamlet : A New View of the Origins and Relationship of the Texts . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7887 - 3 . Kahn , Coppélia ( Spring 1975 ) . `` The Taming of the Shrew : Shakespeare 's Mirror of Marriage '' . Modern Language Studies . 5 ( 1 ) : 88 -- 102 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194204 . JSTOR 3194204 . ( subscription required ) Kahn , Coppélia ( 1981 ) . Man 's Estate : Masculine Identity in Shakespeare . Oakland , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03899 - 8 . Kelly , Philippa ( 2013 ) . `` What Women Want : The Shrew 's Story '' . In Shaw , Jan ; Kelly , Philippa ; Semler , L.E. Storytelling : Critical and Creative Approaches . Basingstoke : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 34994 - 1 . Kirschbaum , Leo ( January 1938 ) . `` A Census of Bad Quartos '' . The Review of English Studies . 14 ( 53 ) : 20 -- 43 . doi : 10.1093 / res / os - 14.53. 20 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Kolin , Phillip C. ( 1993 ) . Shakespeare and Feminist Criticism : An Annotated Bibliography and Commentary . New York , NY : Garland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 7386 - 2 . Korda , Natasha ( 2002 ) . Shakespeare 's Domestic Economies : Gender and Property in Early Modern England . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3663 - 7 . Krims , Marvin Bennett ( 2006 ) . The Mind According to Shakespeare : Psychoanalysis in the Bard 's Writing . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99081 - 7 . Leggatt , Alexander ( 2005 ) ( 1st pub. 1973 ) . Shakespeare 's Comedy of Love . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 48914 - 0 . Loftus Ranald , Margaret ( Autumn 1994 ) . `` The Performance of Feminism in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Theatre Research International . 19 ( 3 ) : 214 -- 225 . doi : 10.1017 / S0307883300006623 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . ( subscription required ) Makaryk , Irene R. ( 1982 ) . `` Soviet Views of Shakespeare 's Comedies '' . Shakespeare Studies . 15 : 281 -- 313 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Marcus , Leah S. ( Summer 1991 ) . `` Levelling Shakespeare : Local Customs and Local Texts '' ( PDF ) . Shakespeare Quarterly . 42 ( 2 ) : 168 -- 178 . doi : 10.2307 / 2870546 . JSTOR 2870546 . ( subscription required ) Marcus , Leah S. ( 1996 ) . Unediting the Renaissance : Shakespeare , Marlow , Milton . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10053 - 3 . Marowitz , Charles ( 1978 ) . The Marowitz Shakespeare . London : Marion Boyers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7145 - 2650 - 8 . McDonald , Russ ( 2001 ) . The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare : An Introduction with Documents . Basingstoke : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 24880 - 2 . Mincoff , Marco ( August 1973 ) . `` The Dating of The Taming of the Shrew '' . English Studies . 54 ( 6 ) : 554 -- 565 . doi : 10.1080 / 00138387308597588 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Moore , William H. ( Winter 1964 ) . `` An Allusion in 1593 to The Taming of the Shrew ? '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 15 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 60 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867956 . JSTOR 2867956 . ( subscription required ) Morozov , Mikhail M. ( 1947 ) . Shakespeare on the Soviet Stage . Translated by David Magarshack . London : Open Library . Muir , Kenneth ( 2005 ) ( 1st pub. 1977 ) . The Sources of Shakespeare 's Plays . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 48913 - 3 . Onions , C.T. ( 1986 ) ( 1953 ) . A Shakespeare Glossary . Enlarged and Revised by Robert D. Eagleson . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 812521 - 1 . Orlin , Lena Cowen ( 1993 ) . `` The Performance of Things in The Taming of the Shrew '' . The Yearbook of English Studies . 23 : 167 -- 188 . doi : 10.2307 / 3507979 . JSTOR 3507979 . ( subscription required ) Rackin , Phyllis ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare and Women . Oxford Shakespeare Topics . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 818694 - 6 . Rebhorn , Wayne A. ( February 1995 ) . `` Petruchio 's `` Rope Tricks '' : The Taming of the Shrew and the Renaissance Discourse of Rhetoric `` . Modern Philology. 92 ( 3 ) : 294 -- 327 . doi : 10.1086 / 392250 . JSTOR 438782 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Richmond , Hugh Macrae ( 2002 ) . Shakespeare 's Theatre : A Dictionary of His Stage Context . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 7776 - 7 . Rutter , Carol ( 1988 ) . Clamorous Voices , Shakespeare 's Women Today with Sinead Cusack , Paola Dionisotti , Fiona Shaw , Juliet Stevenson and Harriet Walter . London : The Women 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7043 - 4145 - 6 . Rutter , Carol ( 1997 ) . `` Kate , Bianca , Ruth and Sarah : Playing the Woman 's Part in The Taming of the Shrew '' . In Collins , Michael J. Shakespeare 's Sweet Thunder : Essays on the Early Comedies . Newark , DE : University of Delaware Press . pp. 176 -- 215 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87413 - 582 - 4 . Saccio , Peter ( 1984 ) . `` Shrewd and Kindly Farce '' . Shakespeare Survey . 37 : 33 -- 40 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL0521267013. 004 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 05314 - 3 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Schneider , Gary ( Spring 2002 ) . `` The Public , the Private , and the Shaming of the Shrew '' . Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 . 42 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 258 . doi : 10.1353 / sel. 2002.0019 . JSTOR 1556113 . ( subscription required ) Seronsy , Cecil C. ( Winter 1963 ) . `` Supposes as the Unifying Theme in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 14 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 30 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868133 . JSTOR 2868133 . ( subscription required ) Shapiro , Michael ( 1993 ) . `` Framing the Taming : Metatheatrical Awareness of Female Impersonation in The Taming of the Shrew '' . The Yearbook of English Studies . 23 : 143 -- 166 . doi : 10.2307 / 3507978 . JSTOR 3507978 . ( subscription required ) Sloan , LaRue Love ( September 2004 ) . `` '' Caparisoned like the horse `` : Tongue and Tail in Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew '' . Early Modern Literary Studies . 10 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 24 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Shroeder , John W. ( October 1958 ) . `` The Taming of a Shrew and The Taming of the Shrew : A Case Reopened '' . Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 57 ( 3 ) : 424 -- 443 . JSTOR 27707121 . ( subscription required ) Shroeder , John W. ( Spring 1959 ) . `` A New analogue and possible sources for The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 10 ( 2 ) : 251 -- 255 . doi : 10.2307 / 2866947 . JSTOR 2866947 . ( subscription required ) Speaight , Robert ( 1973 ) . Shakespeare on the Stage : An Illustrated History of Shakespearian Performance . London : Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 80500 - 1 . Taylor , Gary ( 1997 ) ( 1987 ) . `` The Canon and Chronology of Shakespeare 's Plays '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Taylor , Gary . William Shakespeare : A Textual Companion ( Revised ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31667 - 4 . Tillyard , E.M.W. ( 1992 ) ( 1st pub. 1965 ) . Shakespeare 's Early Comedies . London : The Athlone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 485 - 30015 - 4 . Tolman , Alfred ( November 1890 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Part in The Taming of the Shrew '' . PMLA. 5 ( 4 ) : 201 -- 278 . JSTOR 456255 . Wentersdorf , Karl P. ( January 1954 ) . `` The Authenticity of The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 5 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 2866523 . JSTOR 2866523 . ( subscription required ) Wentersdorf , Karl P. ( Spring 1978 ) . `` The Original Ending of The Taming of the Shrew : A Reconsideration '' . Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 . 18 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 215 . doi : 10.2307 / 450357 . JSTOR 450357 . ( subscription required ) Wells , Stanley ; Taylor , Gary , eds. ( 1997 ) ( 1987 ) . William Shakespeare : A Textual Companion ( Revised ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31667 - 4 . West , Michael ( 1974 ) . `` The Folk Background of Petruchio 's Wooing Dance : Male Supremacy in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Studies . 7 : 65 -- 73 . Williams , Gordon ( 2006 ) ( 1997 ) . Shakespeare 's Sexual Language : A Glossary ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9134 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Taming of the Shrew Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Taming of the Shrew Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Taming of the Shrew . The Taming of the Shrew -- at Project Gutenberg . The Taming of the Shrew -- searchable HTML version with notes , line numbers and scene summaries . The Taming of the Shrew -- scene - indexed HTML version of the play . The Taming of the Shrew -- scene - indexed and searchable HTML version of the play . The Taming of the Shrew -- PDF version , with original First Folio spelling . The Taming of the Shrew Home Page at Internet Shakespeare Editions . The Taming of the Shrew public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Taming of the Shrew at Shakespeare Illustrated . The Taming of the Shrew on IMDb ( Sam Taylor 's 1929 version ) The Taming of the Shrew on IMDb ( Franco Zeffirelli 's 1967 version ) . The Taming of the Shrew on IMDb ( BBC Television Shakespeare 's 1980 version ) . William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew Characters Katherina Minola Petruchio Bianca Minola Baptista Minola Christopher Sly Stage adaptations The Woman 's Prize ( c1611 ) Catharine and Petruchio ( 1754 ) Las bravías ( 1896 ) Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung ( 1872 ) Sly , ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato ( 1927 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 1948 ) The Taming of the Shrew ( 1953 ) Ukroshchenye Stroptivoy ( 1957 ) Christopher Sly ( 1963 ) Direct adaptations 1908 1929 1962 ( TV ) 1967 1980 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) Other adaptations Daring Youth ( 1924 ) You Made Me Love You ( 1933 ) Second Best Bed ( 1938 ) Kiss Me Kate ( 1953 ) Abba Aa Hudugi ( 1959 ) Gundamma Katha ( 1962 ) Manithan Maravillai ( 1962 ) McLintock ! ( 1963 ) Arivaali ( 1963 ) Pattikada Pattanama ( 1972 ) Il Bisbetico Domato ( 1980 ) Nanjundi Kalyana ( 1989 ) 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) O Cravo ea Rosa ( 2000 ; TV ) Deliver Us from Eva ( 2003 ) The Taming of the Shrew ( 2005 ; TV ) Frivolous Wife ( 2008 ) 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 ; TV ) Isi Life Mein ( 2010 ) Related The Taming of the Shrew in performance The Taming of the Shrew on screen Shrew ( stock character ) Induction Love - in - idleness Cole Porter and Bella and Samuel Spewack 's Kiss Me , Kate Adaptations Kiss Me Kate ( film ) Songs `` Another Op'nin ' , Another Show '' `` Why Ca n't You Behave ? '' `` So in Love '' `` Tom , Dick or Harry '' `` Too Darn Hot '' `` Always True to You in My Fashion '' `` From This Moment On '' Albums Kiss Me , Kate Related The Taming of the Shrew BNF : cb12242095m ( data ) GND : 4316949 - 1 LCCN : n85269935 SUDOC : 03114909X VIAF : 182695202 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Taming_of_the_Shrew&oldid=837432424 '' Categories : 1590s plays English Renaissance plays Plays set in Italy Love stories British plays adapted into films The Taming of the Shrew Verona in fiction Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2012 Use British English from February 2015 Use dmy dates from February 2015 Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 19 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the shrew in taming ofthe shrew	[ "The main plot depicts the courtship of Petruchio and Katherina, the headstrong, obdurate shrew. Initially, Katherina is an unwilling participant in the relationship; however, Petruchio \"tames\" her with various psychological torments, such as keeping her from eating and drinking, until she becomes a desirable, compliant, and obedient bride. The subplot features a competition between the suitors of Katherina's younger sister, Bianca, who is seen as the \"ideal\" woman. The question of whether the play is misogynistic or not has become the subject of considerable controversy, particularly among modern scholars, audiences, and readers." ]	[ "Katherina" ]
-2208365541836491080	2017–18 NBA season	2017 -- 18 NBA season - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 NBA season Jump to : navigation , search 2017 -- 18 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Duration October 17 , 2017 -- April 11 , 2018 April 14 -- May 28 , 2018 ( Playoffs ) May 31 -- June 17 , 2018 ( Finals ) Number of games 82 Number of teams 30 TV partner ( s ) ABC , TNT , ESPN , NBA TV Draft Top draft pick Markelle Fultz Picked by Philadelphia 76ers Regular season Playoffs Finals NBA seasons ← 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 → The 2017 -- 18 NBA season is the 72nd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 , earlier than previous seasons to reduce the number of `` back - to - back '' games teams are scheduled to play , with the 2017 runners - up Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the Boston Celtics at Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland , Ohio . Christmas games will be played on December 25 . The 2018 NBA All - Star Game will be played on February 18 , 2018 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . The regular season will end on April 11 , 2018 and the playoffs will begin on April 14 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transactions 1.1 Retirement 1.2 Free agency 1.3 Coaching changes 1.3. 1 Off - season 1.3. 2 In - season 2 Preseason 2.1 International games 3 Regular season 3.1 By conference 3.2 International games 4 Statistics 4.1 Individual statistic leaders 4.2 Individual game highs 4.3 Team statistic leaders 5 Awards 5.1 Players of the Week 5.2 Players of the Month 5.3 Rookies of the Month 5.4 Coaches of the Month 6 Arenas 7 Media 8 Uniforms 8.1 Uniform sponsorships 9 Notable occurrences 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Transactions ( edit ) Main article : List of 2017 -- 18 NBA season transactions Retirement ( edit ) On July 17 , 2017 , Paul Pierce signed a ceremonial contract with the Boston Celtics and officially retired as a Celtic after playing 19 seasons and winning one championship with the Celtics . On July 19 , 2017 , James Jones was announced to be the vice president of basketball operations for the Phoenix Suns , which signified his retirement after playing 14 seasons and winning two championships with the Miami Heat and one championship with the Cleveland Cavaliers . On August 4 , 2017 , Jason Maxiell signed a ceremonial contract with the Detroit Pistons and officially retired after playing 14 seasons . On August 15 , 2017 , Tayshaun Prince was announced to be assistant general manager for the Memphis Grizzlies , which signified his retirement after playing 15 seasons and winning one championship with the Detroit Pistons . On September 2 , 2017 , Primož Brezec announced his retirement after 21 professional seasons . Brezec had played in Russia , Cyprus , Kuwait and his native country Slovenia since last playing in the NBA during the 2009 -- 10 NBA season . On October 23 , 2017 , Ron Artest was hired as player development coach for the South Bay Lakers , the Los Angeles Lakers ' NBA G League affiliate , thus ending his 18 - year playing career with the NBA . During his career , he won one championship with the L.A. Lakers . On November 19 , 2017 , David Lee announced his retirement from the NBA via Instagram. Lee won an NBA Finals championship with the Golden State Warriors back in 2015 . On December 11 , 2017 , Matt Barnes also announced his retirement form the NBA via Instagram . Barnes won an NBA Finals championship with the Golden State Warriors earlier in 2017 . Free agency ( edit ) Free agency negotiations began on July 1 . Players began signing on July 6 , after the July moratorium ended . Coaching changes ( edit ) Coaching changes In - season Team Outgoing coach Incoming coach Phoenix Suns Earl Watson Jay Triano ( interim ) Memphis Grizzlies David Fizdale J.B. Bickerstaff ( interim ) Off - season ( edit ) For the first time since the inauguration of the BAA , there would be no coaching changes entering the regular season . In fact , the 536 days from Dave Joerger being fired as coach of the Memphis Grizzlies to the day the Phoenix Suns fired Earl Watson as head coach would be the longest period in NBA history without any coaching changes occur . In - season ( edit ) On October 22 , 2017 , the Phoenix Suns fired head coach Earl Watson and replaced him with the team 's associate coach Jay Triano as interim head coach for the rest of the season . On November 27 , 2017 , the Memphis Grizzlies fired head coach David Fizdale and replaced him with the team 's associate head coach J.B. Bickerstaff . Preseason ( edit ) The preseason began on September 30 and ended on October 13 . International games ( edit ) The Golden State Warriors and Minnesota Timberwolves played two preseason games in China , at Shenzhen on October 5 and Shanghai on October 8 . Minnesota won the first game 111 -- 97 , while Golden State emerged victorious in the second one , 142 -- 110 . Regular season ( edit ) The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 . Christmas Day games will be played on December 25 , 2017 . The regular season will end on April 11 , 2018 . Eastern Conference Atlantic Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Boston Celtics 26 7 . 788 0.0 13 -- 3 13 -- 4 5 -- 0 33 Toronto Raptors 20 8 . 714 3.5 11 -- 1 9 -- 7 3 -- 2 28 New York Knicks 16 14 . 533 8.5 14 -- 5 2 -- 9 3 -- 2 30 Philadelphia 76ers 14 15 . 483 10.0 7 -- 7 7 -- 8 0 -- 3 29 Brooklyn Nets 11 18 . 379 13.0 6 -- 9 5 -- 9 0 -- 4 29 Central Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Cleveland Cavaliers 23 8 . 742 0.0 13 -- 4 10 -- 4 5 -- 2 31 Detroit Pistons 17 13 . 567 5.5 9 -- 5 8 -- 8 3 -- 4 30 Indiana Pacers 17 14 . 548 6.0 10 -- 7 7 -- 7 5 -- 2 31 Milwaukee Bucks 15 13 . 536 6.5 9 -- 5 6 -- 8 2 -- 3 28 Chicago Bulls 9 20 . 310 13.0 6 -- 8 3 -- 12 0 -- 4 29 Southeast Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Washington Wizards 16 14 . 533 0.0 8 -- 6 8 -- 8 2 -- 2 30 Miami Heat 15 15 . 500 1.0 6 -- 7 9 -- 8 4 -- 3 30 Charlotte Hornets 11 19 . 367 5.0 9 -- 8 2 -- 11 4 -- 2 30 Orlando Magic 11 20 . 355 5.5 6 -- 8 5 -- 12 2 -- 3 31 Atlanta Hawks 7 23 . 233 9.0 4 -- 10 3 -- 13 2 -- 4 30 Western Conference Northwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Minnesota Timberwolves 18 13 . 581 0.0 11 -- 6 7 -- 7 5 -- 1 31 Portland Trail Blazers 16 14 . 533 1.5 7 -- 8 9 -- 6 2 -- 2 30 Denver Nuggets 16 14 . 533 1.5 11 -- 2 5 -- 12 1 -- 4 30 Oklahoma City Thunder 15 15 . 500 2.5 10 -- 4 5 -- 11 3 -- 5 30 Utah Jazz 14 17 . 452 4.0 11 -- 5 3 -- 12 4 -- 3 31 Pacific Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Golden State Warriors 23 6 . 793 0.0 10 -- 3 13 -- 3 2 -- 1 29 Los Angeles Clippers 11 18 . 379 12.0 6 -- 7 5 -- 11 4 -- 1 29 Los Angeles Lakers 10 17 . 370 12.0 6 -- 7 4 -- 10 2 -- 5 27 Phoenix Suns 11 21 . 344 13.5 4 -- 12 7 -- 9 2 -- 4 32 Sacramento Kings 9 20 . 310 14.0 5 -- 7 4 -- 13 3 -- 2 29 Southwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Houston Rockets 25 . 862 0.0 13 -- 3 12 -- 1 5 -- 2 29 San Antonio Spurs 21 10 . 677 5.0 15 -- 2 6 -- 8 5 -- 3 31 New Orleans Pelicans 15 15 . 500 10.5 8 -- 7 7 -- 8 2 -- 2 30 Memphis Grizzlies 9 21 . 300 16.5 6 -- 12 3 -- 9 4 -- 6 30 Dallas Mavericks 8 23 . 258 18.0 6 -- 11 2 -- 12 3 -- 6 31 By conference ( edit ) Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP Boston Celtics * 26 7 . 788 -- 33 Cleveland Cavaliers * 23 8 . 742 2.0 31 Toronto Raptors 20 8 . 714 3.5 28 Detroit Pistons 17 13 . 567 7.5 30 5 Indiana Pacers 17 14 . 548 8.0 31 6 Milwaukee Bucks 15 13 . 536 8.5 28 7 Washington Wizards * 16 14 . 533 8.5 30 8 New York Knicks 16 14 . 533 8.5 30 9 Miami Heat 15 15 . 500 9.5 30 10 Philadelphia 76ers 14 15 . 483 10.0 29 11 Brooklyn Nets 11 18 . 379 13.0 29 12 Charlotte Hornets 11 19 . 367 13.5 30 13 Orlando Magic 11 20 . 355 14.0 31 14 Chicago Bulls 9 20 . 310 15.0 29 15 Atlanta Hawks 7 23 . 233 17.5 30 Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP Houston Rockets * 25 . 862 -- 29 Golden State Warriors * 23 6 . 793 2.0 29 San Antonio Spurs 21 10 . 677 5.0 31 Minnesota Timberwolves * 18 13 . 581 8.0 31 5 Portland Trail Blazers 16 14 . 533 9.5 30 6 Denver Nuggets 16 14 . 533 9.5 30 7 New Orleans Pelicans 15 15 . 500 10.5 30 8 Oklahoma City Thunder 15 15 . 500 10.5 30 9 Utah Jazz 14 17 . 452 12.0 31 10 Los Angeles Clippers 11 18 . 379 14.0 29 11 Los Angeles Lakers 10 17 . 370 14.0 27 12 Phoenix Suns 11 21 . 344 15.5 32 13 Sacramento Kings 9 20 . 310 16.0 29 14 Memphis Grizzlies 9 21 . 300 16.5 30 15 Dallas Mavericks 8 23 . 258 18.0 31 Notes * -- division leader International games ( edit ) On August 9 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the Brooklyn Nets would play two regular season games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City , Mexico . On December 7 , 2017 , the Nets would play against the Oklahoma City Thunder and on December 9 , 2017 , they would match up against the Miami Heat . On August 10 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the Philadelphia 76ers would play the Boston Celtics at The O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom on January 11 , 2018 . Statistics ( edit ) Individual statistic leaders ( edit ) Category Player Team Statistic Points per game James Harden Houston Rockets 31.5 Rebounds per game Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons 14.9 Assists per game Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 9.9 Steals per game Paul George Oklahoma City Thunder 2.44 Blocks per game Myles Turner Indiana Pacers 2.39 Turnovers per game DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 5.2 Fouls per game DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 3.7 Minutes per game Giannis Antetokounmpo Milwaukee Bucks 37.9 FG % Clint Capela Houston Rockets 68.7 % FT % Marco Belinelli Atlanta Hawks 95.2 % 3FG % Jayson Tatum Boston Celtics 51.0 % Efficiency per game LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 31.22 Double - doubles Karl - Anthony Towns Minnesota Timberwolves 24 Triple - doubles Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 10 Individual game highs ( edit ) Category Player Team Statistic Points LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 57 Rebounds DeAndre Jordan Los Angeles Clippers 24 Assists Rajon Rondo New Orleans Pelicans 18 Steals Victor Oladipo Indiana Pacers 7 Tyus Jones Minnesota Timberwolves Thaddeus Young Indiana Pacers Chris Paul Houston Rockets Blocks DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 7 Kevin Durant Golden State Warriors Joel Embiid Philadelphia 76ers Three pointers Damian Lillard Portland Trail Blazers 9 Team statistic leaders ( edit ) Category Team Statistic Points per game Golden State Warriors 116.8 Rebounds per game Philadelphia 76ers 48.8 Assists per game Golden State Warriors 30.8 Steals per game Oklahoma City Thunder 9.9 Blocks per game Golden State Warriors 8.5 Turnovers per game Philadelphia 76ers 17.3 FG % Golden State Warriors 51.6 % FT % Portland Trail Blazers 81.1 % 3FG % Golden State Warriors 40.2 % + / − Golden State Warriors + 11.1 Awards ( edit ) Players of the Week ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week . Week Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October 17 -- 22 Antetokounmpo , Giannis Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 3 ) 02 October 23 -- 29 Oladipo , Victor Victor Oladipo ( Indiana Pacers ) ( 1 / 2 ) Cousins , DeMarcus DeMarcus Cousins ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 1 / 1 ) 03 October 30 -- November 5 Porziņģis , Kristaps Kristaps Porziņģis ( New York Knicks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 2 / 3 ) 04 November 6 -- 12 Harris , Tobias Tobias Harris ( Detroit Pistons ) ( 1 / 1 ) Jokić , Nikola Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 05 November 13 -- 19 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 1 / 1 ) Towns , Karl - Anthony Karl - Anthony Towns ( Minnesota Timberwolves ) ( 1 / 1 ) 06 November 20 -- 26 Dragić , Goran Goran Dragić ( Miami Heat ) ( 1 / 1 ) Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 1 / 1 ) 07 November 27 -- December 3 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 1 / 2 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 3 / 3 ) 08 December 4 -- 10 Oladipo , Victor Victor Oladipo ( Indiana Pacers ) ( 2 / 2 ) Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 1 ) 09 December 11 -- 17 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 2 / 2 ) Paul , Chris Chris Paul ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 10 December 18 -- 24 Players of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October / November James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 02 December Rookies of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Rookies of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October / November Simmons , Ben Ben Simmons ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Kuzma , Kyle Kyle Kuzma ( Los Angeles Lakers ) ( 1 / 1 ) 02 December Coaches of the Month ( edit ) The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October / November Stevens , Brad Brad Stevens ( Boston Celtics ) ( 1 / 1 ) D'Antoni , Mike Mike D'Antoni ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 02 December Arenas ( edit ) This is the Detroit Pistons ' first season at Little Caesars Arena after playing at The Palace of Auburn Hills from 1988 to 2017 . The team played their first game there against the Charlotte Hornets on October 18 , 2017 . This also marks the first time the Pistons have regularly played in the city of Detroit since 1978 . This is the Milwaukee Bucks ' final season at the BMO Harris Bradley Center , their home since 1988 . The team will play its final game there on April 9 against the Orlando Magic . The team is scheduled to move into the new Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center prior to the start of the 2018 -- 19 NBA season . The team played a `` Return to the MECCA '' game at the UW -- Milwaukee Panther Arena ( the former Milwaukee or `` MECCA '' Arena , their home from 1969 until 1989 ) on October 26 against the Boston Celtics as part of the team 's 50th season celebration . The Washington Wizards home arena , the Verizon Center , was renamed Capital One Arena . The Toronto Raptors owners Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment announce that their Air Canada Centre arena will be renamed Scotiabank Arena at the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . Media ( edit ) This is the second season of the current nine - year contracts with ABC , ESPN , TNT , and NBA TV . Uniforms ( edit ) Nike will be the official on - court apparel provider beginning with the 2017 -- 18 season . During this time , each team will be provided with four different jersey apparel that will be displayed throughout the seasons : the `` Association Edition '' , `` Icon Edition '' , `` Statement Edition '' ( tentatively called the `` Athlete 's Mindset Edition '' ) , and `` City Edition '' ( tentatively called the `` Community Edition '' ) jerseys will replace the more typical home and road jersey ideas with alternatives also being included every now and then as well . In addition to those jerseys , eight teams will also be provided a `` Classic Edition '' jersey to commemorate some of their past designs throughout the season . The Charlotte Hornets will use an Air Jordan - branded apparel , which is endorsed by their owner Michael Jordan and is owned by Nike . The Cleveland Cavaliers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 31 , 2017 . The Detroit Pistons debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 17 , 2017 . The Indiana Pacers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling new alternate logos and home floor along with their uniforms on July 28 , 2017 . The Minnesota Timberwolves debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on April 11 , 2017 , and unveiling their new uniforms on August 10 , 2017 . The Portland Trail Blazers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 8 , 2017 , and unveiling their new uniforms on July 29 , 2017 . Uniform sponsorships ( edit ) Advertisements begin to appear on league uniforms starting this season . As of November 13 , 2017 , nineteen teams have confirmed to sign uniform sponsorship deals : Atlanta Hawks -- Sharecare Boston Celtics -- General Electric Brooklyn Nets -- Infor Charlotte Hornets -- LendingTree Cleveland Cavaliers -- Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Denver Nuggets -- Western Union Detroit Pistons -- Flagstar Bank Golden State Warriors -- Rakuten Los Angeles Lakers -- Wish Miami Heat -- Ultimate Software Milwaukee Bucks -- Harley - Davidson Minnesota Timberwolves -- Fitbit New Orleans Pelicans -- Zatarain 's New York Knicks -- Squarespace Orlando Magic -- The Walt Disney Company Philadelphia 76ers -- StubHub Sacramento Kings -- Blue Diamond Growers Toronto Raptors -- Sun Life Financial Utah Jazz -- Qualtrics Notable occurrences ( edit ) On July 6 , 2017 , the NBA unveiled an update to its logo , featuring new typography and a modified color scheme . The regular season started eight days earlier than the previous season . This move by the NBA aims for fewer `` back - to - back '' games , even fewer than the previous season which had already reached an all - time low to help address teams that are `` resting '' their superstars . The NBA decreased the maximum number of timeouts in a regulation game from 18 to 14 . The three team timeouts during the last two minutes of the game were also decreased to two per team in the last three minutes to improve the flow and pace of the game . The trade deadline was moved from four days after the NBA All - Star Game to ten days before it , so teams can settle their rosters before the All - Star break . Free - throw shooters will be assessed a delay - of - game violation if they venture outside of the three - point line in between attempts . The NBA also added two - way contracted players , signifying an increasing partnership between the NBA and the newly branded NBA G League . Referees can now assess dangerous closeouts of defenders to jump shooters with little space to land for a technical or a flagrant foul . Informally dubbed as the `` Zaza rule '' . Also , officials can now assess if a player is in a shooting motion when determining if a perimeter foul is a shooting or a common foul . The type of foul will be determined on the sequencing of the player 's movement if the foul happened before or after the player starts a shooting motion . Additionally , they can also assess an offensive foul if an offensive player intentionally lunged into the defender or locked arms to create contact , a rule informally dubbed as the `` Harden rule '' . On September 28 , 2017 , the NBA board of governors approved the changes to draft lottery system to discourage teams from losing on purpose . Starting with the 2018 -- 19 NBA season , the teams with three worst records will have equal odds at the # 1 pick . In addition , the revised draft lottery will consist of selecting the top four teams instead of the usual three that occurred for over two decades . The approval for the change was nearly unanimous , with only the Oklahoma City Thunder voting against the change and the Dallas Mavericks abstaining from voting . On October 3 , 2017 , the NBA and NBPA announced the changes to the NBA All - Star Game format . The vote leaders for each conferences will be assigned as team captains and will be able to select players from the rest of the starters and the reserves , regardless of the conference they play in , to form their own teams . The newly formed teams will also play for a charity of choice to help the games remain competitive . This marks the first time , the conferences will not play against each other since the inaugural All - Star game . Selection process will remain the same . On October 17 , 2017 , during the season opener with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Boston Celtics , Gordon Hayward landed awkwardly on his ankle with his behind after attempting an alley - oop off a pass from Kyrie Irving . He suffered a dislocated ankle and a fractured tibia five minutes into the game in his debut as a Celtic . On October 18 , 2017 , Brooklyn Nets point guard Jeremy Lin fell to the ground hard after making a layup when playing the Indiana Pacers , causing him to miss the entire season . He suffered a ruptured patellar tendon of his right knee . That same day , in the season opening game for the Portland Trail Blazers and Phoenix Suns , the Trail Blazers would defeat the Suns 124 -- 76 in what would be the greatest deficit for a season - opening game in league history . On October 25 , 2017 , the Cleveland Cavaliers ' LeBron James , normally a frontcourt player , recorded his 56th career triple - double and 1st career triple - double as starting point guard . On October 28 , 2017 , Oklahoma City Thunder point guard Russell Westbrook became the first player in NBA history to record a triple double against all 29 opposing teams . On November 3 , 2017 , LeBron James scored 57 points for the night and his 29,000 th career point , becoming the youngest player , and just the seventh overall , to reach that mark ( 32 years , 309 days ) . LeBron James also passed both Kevin Garnett for 12th on the NBA 's all - time field goals list ( with 10,506 career field goals to his name ) and passed John Havlicek for 11th on the NBA 's all - time field goals list with 10,514 career field goals . On November 7 , 2017 , Ben Simmons became the only player in NBA history with at least 170 points , 100 rebounds and 80 assists in his team 's first 10 games . On November 7 , 2017 , the Sacramento Kings set a record for most points scored before a starter scored . The King 's bench scored the team 's first 29 points before Willie Cauley - Stein scored a free throw at 4 : 08 of the second quarter . The previous record was held by the Milwaukee Bucks at 23 points set on April 5 , 2011 against the Orlando Magic . On November 11 , 2017 , Lonzo Ball became the youngest player in NBA history to record a triple - double at 20 years and 15 days old . He recorded 19 points , 13 assists and 12 rebounds . The previous record holder was LeBron James ' at 20 years and 20 days old . On November 14 , 2017 , the Boston Celtics became the first team in NBA history to win at least 13 straight games after starting the season 0 -- 2 . The winning streak ended at 16 when they lost to the Miami Heat on November 22 , 2017 . On November 15 , 2017 , the Atlanta Hawks set a franchise record for their largest margin of victory in a win against the Sacramento Kings at 46 points , 126 - 80 . The previous record was set on February 12 , 1965 at a 44 - point margin when the St. Louis Hawks beat the Baltimore Bullets , 144 - 100 . On November 28 , 2017 , LeBron James was ejected for the first time in his career after contesting a non-call following a drive to the basket against the Miami Heat . He had gone 1,081 games without disqualification . On December 1 , 2017 , Donovan Mitchell of the Utah Jazz set a rookie franchise record after scoring 41 points against the New Orleans Pelicans . So far , it is the highest scoring game for a rookie this season . On December 1 , 2017 , Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors passed Jason Kidd for eighth place on the NBA 's all - time list for three - pointers made . On December 4 , 2017 , Stephen Curry hit his 2,000 th career three - pointer . He became the fastest to reach the milestone at 597 games , 225 games fewer than Ray Allen , the previous record - holder . On December 11 , 2017 , Carmelo Anthony of the Oklahoma City Thunder passed Vince Carter for 22nd on the NBA all - time scoring list . On December 16 , 2017 , Miami Heat head coach Erik Spoelstra surpassed Pat Riley for most wins in franchise history with 455th career win . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wells , Adam . `` Adam Silver Says 2017 - 18 NBA Season Will Start on Oct. 17 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Unveils Schedule For 2017 - 18 KIA Tip - Off And Christmas Day Games '' . NBA.com . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hightower , Kyle . `` Paul Pierce signs with Boston Celtics , then retires '' . NBA.com . The Associated Press . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Baum , Bob ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Suns Extend Ryan McDonough as General Manager , Name James Jones Vice President of Basketball Operations '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Maxiell officially retires from NBA as a Detroit Piston '' . freep.com . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tillery , Ronald ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Grizzlies hiring Tayshaun Prince for front office job '' . The Commercial Appeal . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brezec retired and become a scout for the Cavs '' . Eurohoops . September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An NBA first : Every coach who started last season is back '' . nbcsports.com. 22 September 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Relieve Earl Watson of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies relieve David Fizdale of head coaching duties '' . NBA.com . November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors , Minnesota Timberwolves get preseason games in China '' . NBA.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA To Play Two Regular - Season Games In Mexico City '' . NBA.com . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers and Boston Celtics To Play Regular - Season NBA Game in London '' . NBA.com . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giannis Antetokounmpo , James Harden Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Victor Oladipo , DeMarcus Cousins Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kristaps Porzingis , James Harden Named Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 6 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tobias Harris , Nikola Jokic Named Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DeMar DeRozan , Karl - Anthony Towns Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goran Dragic Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Davis Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Named NBA 's Eastern Conference Player of the Week for Week 7 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harden Named NBA Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oladipo Named Player of the Week for Second Time This Season '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Named NBA 's Eastern Conference Player of the Week for Week 9 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers ' LeBron James , Houston Rockets ' James Harden named Kia Players of the Month '' . NBA.com. 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Los Angeles Lakers ' Kyle Kuzma named Kia Rookies of Month '' . NBA.com. 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Brad Stevens , Houston Rockets ' Mike D'Antoni named Coaches of Month '' . NBA.com. 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons to Move to Downtown Detroit '' . NBA.com . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Engine for future growth : '' Milwaukee Bucks , Design Team Release Vision for New Multi-Purpose Arena `` . WITI . Milwaukee . April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Velasquez , Matt ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Milwaukee Bucks ' Return to the MECCA ' game set for Oct. 26 vs. Celtics '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon Center to become Capital One Arena , starting now '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Chris ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Air Canada Centre changing name to Scotiabank Arena next summer '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nike to become uniform , apparel provider for NBA '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Sports & Entertainment Announces Plans to Switch Locations of Spectrum Center Box Office and Hornets Fan Shop '' . NBA.com. April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . The re-opening of the Hornets Fan Shop will coincide with the launch of the team 's new Jordan Brand uniforms as Nike becomes the NBA 's uniform provider beginning this season . The Hornets will be the only team in the NBA wearing Jordan Brand uniforms , and with the agreement taking effect , the Hornets Fan Shop will have even more of the popular Jordan Brand Hornets merchandise than it has had previously . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Logo Suite Evolves to Modernize Look '' . NBA.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PISTONS NEW LOGO FOR 2017 -- 18 SEASON UNVELIED '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After a day of teasing , the Pacers delivered a full redesign and fans are underwhelmed '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Previews of the Indiana Pacers ' New Uniforms , Court , and Logos '' . Indiana Sports Coverage . July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIMBERWOLVES NEW LOGO FOR 2017 -- 18 SEASON UNVEILED '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul . `` Nike 's new NBA looks keep on coming '' . ESPN . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Holdahl , Casey ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Trail Blazers Update Pinwheel , Prepare For Jersey Changes '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Uniforms '' . NBA.com . July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sharecare and Hawks Launch Jersey Patch Partnership And Innovative Health Movement '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics and GE announce multi-year partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nets Form Wide - Ranging Partnership With Global Software Leader Infor '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets , LendingTree Announce New Multi-Year Founding Level Partnership Highlighted By Jersey Patch '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goodyear , Cavaliers Relationship Built on Shared Principles of Drive , Determination and Commitment to the Community '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets and Western Union Announce Multi-Year Sponsorship in the Mile High City '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons and Flagstar Bank Announce Historic Jersey Partnership Detroit Pistons '' . Detroit Pistons . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Rohrbach , Ben . `` Warriors , tech company reach NBA 's richest jersey advertising deal -- by far '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers sign jersey - patch deal with Wish '' . theScore.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winderman , Ira . `` Weston - based Ultimate Software to sponsor Heat uniform patches '' . Sun-Sentinel.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MILWAUKEE BUCKS AND HARLEY - DAVIDSON ROLL FULL THROTTLE INTO NBA SEASON WITH JERSEY PATCH SPONSORSHIP '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MINNESOTA TIMBERWOLVES AND FITBIT ANNOUNCE MULTI-YEAR PARTNERSHIP NAMING COMPANY `` OFFICIAL WEARABLE , '' `` OFFICIAL SLEEP TRACKER '' AND JERSEY PATCH SPONSOR `` . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans name Zatarain 's as jersey patch sponsor '' . nba.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Squarespace X Knicks Announce Signature Partnership '' . nba.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magic , Disney Expanded Partnership Exciting for Both Brands '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sixers become first NBA team to get sponsor on jersey '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Kings , Blue Diamond Partner to Showcase California Growers and Inspire Health and Wellness '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors and Sun Life Financial Announce Ground - Breaking , Expanded Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz and Qualtrics Partner To Revolutionize Fan Experience and Analytics and Accelerate Efforts to Eradicate Cancer '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A first look at the NBA 's refreshed logo '' . NBA.com. 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan . `` NBA moves up trade deadline , reduces timeouts '' . sports.yahoo.com . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ward - Henninger , Colin . `` NBA moves trade deadline to before All - Star Game , reduces amount of timeouts '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Sports . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury . `` NBA Makes Sweeping Pace - Of - Play Changes ; MLB Likely Next '' . Forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dauster , Rob ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` D - League salaries , two - way contracts increase NBA Draft early entries '' . CollegeBasketballTalk . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian . `` NBA referees can rule closeouts as flagrants or technical fouls '' . NBA.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bushnell , Henry . `` The NBA is cracking down on dangerous Zaza-esque closeouts '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , Kyle ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` The NBA is finally cracking down on James Harden 's foul - drawing antics '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA implementing ' Zaza Pachulia , ' ' James Harden ' rules '' . NBCSports.com . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Board Of Governors Approves Changes To Draft Lottery System '' . NBA.com . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` NBA owners pass lottery reform , new rules on resting players '' . ProBasketballTalk . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No more East vs. West as NBA revamps All - Star Game format '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Gordon Hayward suffers fractured ankle in season opener '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons did something even LeBron ( or anyone else in NBA history ) has n't matched '' . Newsweek.com. 8 November 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kings set record for most points scored before a starter scores vs. Thunder '' . clutchpoints.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lonzo Ball is the youngest player in NBA history to record a triple double '' . SBNation.com . November 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaskey - Blomain , Michael ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Celtics become first NBA team to win 13 straight after 0 - 2 start '' . 247sports.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heat top Celtics 104 - 98 , snap Boston 's 16 - game win streak ( Nov 22 , 2017 ) '' . FOXSports.com. 22 November 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks get their most lopsided win ever , 126 - 80 over Kings '' . sports.yahoo.com . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron ejected for first time in 15 - year career '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Matt . `` Utah Jazz rookie Donovan Mitchell makes statement with 41 - point performance '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors news : Stephen Curry passes Jason Kidd for eighth spot in all - time 3 - pointers ladder '' . clutchpoints.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry becomes fastest to reach 2,000 3 - pointers made '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Howard 's 23 points lead Hornets past Thunder '' . FOXSports.com. 12 December 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richardson has 28 points to lead Heat past Clippers '' . Sportsnet.ca . December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . 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-5403938700421424168	Texture (music)	Texture ( Music ) - wikipedia Texture ( Music ) Jump to : navigation , search Introduction to Sousa 's `` Washington Post March , '' mm . 1 -- 7 Play ( help info ) features octave doubling ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 133 ) and a homorhythmic texture . In music , texture is how the tempo , melodic , and harmonic materials are combined in a composition , thus determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece . Texture is often described in regard to the density , or thickness , and range , or width , between lowest and highest pitches , in relative terms as well as more specifically distinguished according to the number of voices , or parts , and the relationship between these voices ( see Common types below ) . For example , a thick texture contains many ' layers ' of instruments . One of these layers could be a string section , or another brass . The thickness also is changed by the amount and the richness of the instruments playing the piece . The thickness varies from light to thick . A piece 's texture may be changed by the number and character of parts playing at once , the timbre of the instruments or voices playing these parts and the harmony , tempo , and rhythms used ( Benward & Saker 2003 , ) . The types categorized by number and relationship of parts are analyzed and determined through the labeling of primary textural elements : primary melody ( PM ) , secondary melody ( SM ) , parallel supporting melody ( PSM ) , static support ( SS ) , harmonic support ( HS ) , rhythmic support ( RS ) , and harmonic and rhythmic support ( HRS ) ( Isaac & Russell 2003 , p. 136 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Common types 2 Additional types 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Common types ( edit ) In musical terms , particularly in the fields of music history and music analysis , some common terms for different types of texture are : Type Description Visual Audio Monophonic Monophonic texture includes a single melodic line with no accompaniment . ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 136 ) . PSMs often double or parallel the PM they support ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 137 ) . `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' melody ( Kliewer 1975 , pp. 270 -- 301 ) . Pop Goes the Weasel Tune for Pop Goes the Weasel Problems playing this file ? See media help . Biphonic Two distinct lines , the lower sustaining a drone ( constant pitch ) while the other line creates a more elaborate melody above it . Pedal tones or ostinati would be an example of a SS ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 137 ) . Pedal tone in Bach 's Prelude no . 6 in D Minor , BWV 851 , from The Well Tempered Clavier , Book I , mm . 1 -- 2 . All pedal tone notes are consonant except for the last three of the first measure ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 99 ) . Pedal tone Bach File : Pedal tone Bach - BWV 851 , m. 1 - 2. mid Pedal tone in Bach 's Prelude no . 6 in D Minor , BWV 851 , from The Well Tempered Clavier , Book I , mm . 1 -- 2 . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Polyphonic or Counterpoint or Contrapuntal Multiple melodic voices which are to a considerable extent independent from or in imitation with one another . Characteristic texture of the Renaissance music , also prevalent during the Baroque period ( Benward & Saker 2003 , pp. 1999 , 199,158,137 , 136,129,110 , 90 , 59 , 35 , 11 , 9 , 0 ) ) . Polyphonic textures may contain several PMs ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 137 ) . A bar from J.S. Bach 's `` Fugue No. 17 in A flat '' , BWV 862 , from Das Wohltemperirte Clavier ( Part I ) , a famous example of contrapuntal polyphony . Play ( help info ) Book 1 -- Fugue No. 21 in B - flat major ( BWV 866 ) performed on a Flemish harpsichord by Martha Goldstein Problems playing this file ? See media help . Homophonic The most common texture in Western music : melody and accompaniment . Multiple voices of which one , the melody , stands out prominently and the others form a background of harmonic accompaniment . If all the parts have much the same rhythm , the homophonic texture can also be described as homorhythmic . Characteristic texture of the Classical period and continued to predominate in Romantic music while in the 20th century , `` popular music is nearly all homophonic , '' and , `` much of jazz is also '' though , `` the simultaneous improvisations of some jazz musicians creates a true polyphony '' ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 136 ) . Homophonic textures usually contain only one PM ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 137 ) . HS and RS are often combined , thus labeled HRS ( Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 137 ) . Homophony in Tallis ' `` If Ye Love Me '' , composed in 1549 . The voices move together using the same rhythm , and the relationship between them creates chords : the excerpt begins and ends with an F major triad . Tallis ' `` If ye love me '' Beginning of Tallis ' `` If ye love me , '' notated above . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Homorhythmic Multiple voices with similar rhythmic material in all parts . Also known as `` chordal '' . May be considered a condition of homophony or distinguished from it . see above Heterophonic Two or more voices simultaneously performing variations of the same melody . Many classical pieces feature different kinds of texture within a short space of time . An example is the Scherzo from Schubert 's piano sonata in B major , D575 . The first four bars are monophonic , with both hands performing the same melody an octave apart : Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 1 -- 4 Schubert Piano Sonata in B major scherzo bars 1 -- 4 Bars 5 -- 10 are homophonic , with all voices coinciding rhythmically : Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 5 -- 10 Schubert Piano Sonata in B scherzo bars 5 -- 10 Bars 11 -- 20 are polyphonic . There are three parts , the top two moving in parallel ( interval of a tenth ) . The lowest part imitates the rhythm of the upper two at the distance of three beats . The passage climaxes abruptly with a bar 's silence : Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 11 -- 20 Schubert Piano Sonata in B major Scherzo bars 11 -- 20 After the silence , the polyphonic texture expands from three to four independent parts moving simultaneously in bars 21 - 4 . The upper two parts are imitative , the lowest part consists of a repeated note ( pedal point ) and the remaining part weaves an independent melodic line : Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 21 -- 24 Schubert Piano Sonata in B majore Scherzo bars 21 -- 24 The final four bars revert to homophony , bringing the section to a close ; Schubert Sonata in B scherzo bars 25 -- 28 Schubert Sonata in B major Scherzo bars 25 -- 28 A complete performance can be heard by following this link : Listen Additional types ( edit ) Although in music instruction certain styles or repertoires of music are often identified with one of these descriptions this is basically added music ( for example , Gregorian chant is described as monophonic , Bach Chorales are described as homophonic and fugues as polyphonic ) , many composers use more than one type of texture in the same piece of music . A simultaneity is more than one complete musical texture occurring at the same time , rather than in succession . A more recent type of texture first used by György Ligeti is micropolyphony . Other textures include polythematic , polyrhythmic , onomatopoeic , compound , and mixed or composite textures ( Corozine 2002 , p. 34 ) . See also ( edit ) Style brisé References ( edit ) Benward , Bruce , and Marilyn Nadine Saker ( 2003 ) . Music : In Theory and Practice , seventh edition , vol. 1 . Boston : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 294262 - 0 . Corozine , Vince ( 2002 ) . Arranging Music for the Real World : Classical and Commercial Aspects . Pacific , MO : Mel Bay . ISBN 0 - 7866 - 4961 - 5 . OCLC 50470629 . Hanning , Barbara Russano , Concise History of Western Music , based on Donald Jay Grout & Claudia V. Palisca 's A History of Western Music , Fifth Edition . Published by W.W. Norton & Company , New York , Copyright 1998 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97168 - 6 . Isaac , and Russell ( 2003 ). . Kliewer , Vernon ( 1975 ) . `` Melody : Linear Aspects of Twentieth - Century Music '' . In Aspects of Twentieth - Century Music , edited by Gary Wittlich , pp. 270 -- 301 . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 049346 - 5 . Kokoras , Panayiotis ( 2005 ) . Towards a Holophonic Musical Texture . In Proceedings of the ICMC2005 -- International Computer Music Conference , . Barcelona : International Computer Music Conference . Further reading ( edit ) Anon. : `` Monophony '' , Grove Music Online , edited by Deane L. Root ( accessed 1 August 2015 ) ( subscription required ) . Copland , Aaron . ( 1957 ) . What to Listen for in Music , revised edition . New York : McGraw - Hill Book Company , Inc . Demuth , Norman . 1964 . Musical Forms and Textures : A Reference Guide , second edition . London : Barrie and Rockliff . Frobenius , Wolf , Peter Cooke , Caroline Bithell , and Izaly Zemtsovsky : `` Polyphony ' , Grove Music Online . edited by Deane Root ( accessed 1 August 2015 ) ( subscription required ) . Hyer , Brian : `` Homophony '' , Grove Music Online , edited by Deane Root ( accessed 1 August 2015 ) ( subscription required ) . Keys , Ivor. 1961 . The Texture of Music : From Purcell to Brahms . London : D. Dobson . Mailman , Joshua B. 2014 . `` Trajectory , Material , Process , and Flow in Robert Morris 's String Quartet Arc '' . Perspectives of New Music 52 , no . 2 : 249 -- 83 . White , John David . 1995 . Theories of Musical Texture in Western History . Perspectives in Music Criticism and Theory 1 ; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1678 . New York : Garland Publishers . External links ( edit ) A Guide to Musical Texture with multimedia ( hide ) Musical textures Monophony Homorhythm and Homophony Heterophony Polyphony and Counterpoint Micropolyphony GND : 4185693 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texture_(music)&oldid=842352558 '' Categories : Musical texture Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2015 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी עברית Latina Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 22 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	this texture is only a single line with no accompaniment	[]	[]
6839595964981523946	Triangular trade	Triangular trade - wikipedia Triangular trade Jump to : navigation , search Depiction of the classical model of the Triangular trade Depiction of the Triangular Trade of slaves , sugar , and rum with New England instead of Europe as the third corner Triangular trade or triangle trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions . Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come . Triangular trade thus provides a method for rectifying trade imbalances between the above regions . Historically the particular routes were also shaped by the powerful influence of winds and currents during the age of sail . For example , from the main trading nations of Western Europe , it was much easier to sail westwards after first going south of 30 N latitude and reaching the so - called `` trade winds '' ; thus arriving in the Caribbean rather than going straight west to the North American mainland . Returning from North America , it is easiest to follow the Gulf Stream in a northeasterly direction using the westerlies . A similar triangle to this , called the volta do mar was already being used by the Portuguese , before Christopher Columbus ' voyage , to sail to the Canary Islands and the Azores . Columbus simply expanded this triangle outwards , and his route became the main way for Europeans to reach , and return from , the Americas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Atlantic triangular slave trade 1.1 New England 2 Other triangular trades 3 Notes 4 External links Atlantic triangular slave trade ( edit ) Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Emancipation Day See also : Atlantic slave trade and Slave Coast of West Africa The best - known triangular trading system is the transatlantic slave trade , that operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries , carrying slaves , cash crops , and manufactured goods between West Africa , Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial powers , with the northern colonies of British North America , especially New England , sometimes taking over the role of Europe . The use of African slaves was fundamental to growing colonial cash crops , which were exported to Europe . European goods , in turn , were used to purchase African slaves , who were then brought on the sea lane west from Africa to the Americas , the so - called Middle Passage . Diagram illustrating the stowage of African slaves on a British slave ship . A classic example is the colonial molasses trade . Sugar ( often in its liquid form , molasses ) from the Caribbean was traded to Europe or New England , where it was distilled into rum . The profits from the sale of sugar were used to purchase manufactured goods , which were then shipped to West Africa , where they were bartered for slaves . The slaves were then brought back to the Caribbean to be sold to sugar planters . The profits from the sale of the slaves were then used to buy more sugar , which was shipped to Europe , restarting the cycle . The trip itself took five to twelve weeks . The loss of the slaver Luxborough Galley in 1727 ( `` I.C. 1760 '' ) , lost in the last leg of the triangular trade , between the Caribbean and Britain . The first leg of the triangle was from a European port to Africa , in which ships carried supplies for sale and trade , such as copper , cloth , trinkets , slave beads , guns and ammunition . When the ship arrived , its cargo would be sold or bartered for slaves . On the second leg , ships made the journey of the Middle Passage from Africa to the New World . Many slaves died of disease in the crowded holds of the slave ships . Once the ship reached the New World , enslaved survivors were sold in the Caribbean or the American colonies . The ships were then prepared to get them thoroughly cleaned , drained , and loaded with export goods for a return voyage , the third leg , to their home port , from the West Indies the main export cargoes were sugar , rum , and molasses ; from Virginia , tobacco and hemp . The ship then returned to Europe to complete the triangle . However , because of several disadvantages that slave ships faced compared to other trade ships , they often returned to their home port carrying whatever goods were readily available in the Americas and filled up a large part or all of their capacity with ballast . Other disadvantages include the different form of the ships ( to carry as many humans as possible , but not ideal to carry a maximum amount of produce ) and the variations in the duration of a slave voyage , making it practically impossible to pre-schedule appointments in the Americas , which meant that slave ships often arrived in the Americas out - of - season . When the ships did reach their intended ports , only about 90 % of the passengers survived the journey across the middle passage . Due to the slaves being transported in tight , confined spaces , a small percentage of the group that started perished at the hands of disease and lack of nourishment . Cash crops were transported mainly by a separate fleet which only sailed from Europe to the Americas and back mitigating the impact the slaves involvement brought forth . The Triangular trade is a trade model , not an exact description of the ship 's route . A 2017 study provides evidence for the hypothesis that the export of gunpowder technology to Africa increased the transatlantic slave trade by making it easier for Africans to enslave each other : `` A one percent increase in gunpowder set in motion a 5 - year gun - slave cycle that increased slave exports by an average of 50 % , and the impact continued to grow over time . '' New England ( edit ) New England also benefited from the trade , as many merchants from New England , especially the state of Rhode Island , replaced the role of Europe in the triangle . New England also made rum from Caribbean sugar and molasses , which it shipped to Africa as well as within the New World . Yet , the `` triangle trade '' as considered in relation to New England was a piecemeal operation . No New England traders are known to have completed a sequential circuit of the full triangle , which took a calendar year on average , according to historian Clifford Shipton . The concept of the New England Triangular trade was first suggested , inconclusively , in an 1866 book by George H. Moore , was picked up in 1872 by historian George C. Mason , and reached full consideration from a lecture in 1887 by American businessman and historian William B. Weeden . The song `` Molasses to Rum '' from the musical 1776 vividly describes this form of the triangular trade . Other triangular trades ( edit ) The term `` triangular trade '' also refers to a variety of other trades . A trade pattern which evolved before the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain , the Colonies of British North America , and British colonies in the Caribbean . This typically involved exporting raw resources , such as fish ( especially salt cod ) , agricultural produce or lumber , from British North American colonies to slaves and planters in the West Indies ; sugar and molasses from the Caribbean ; and various manufactured commodities from Great Britain . The shipment of Newfoundland salt cod and corn from Boston in British vessels to southern Europe . This also included the shipment of wine and olive oil to Britain . A new `` sugar triangle '' developed in the 1820s and 1830s whereby American ships took local produce to Cuba , then brought sugar or coffee from Cuba to the Baltic coast ( Russian Empire and Sweden ) , then bar iron and hemp back to New England . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ About.com : The Trans - Atlantic Slave Trade . Accessed 6 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Triangular Trade '' . National Maritime Museum . Archived from the original on 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Scotland and the Abolition of the Slave Trade Archived 2012 - 01 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed 28 March 2007 . Jump up ^ A.P. Middleton , Tobacco Coast . Jump up ^ `` Death Toll From The Slave Trade '' . World Future Fund . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Emmer , P.C. : The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy , 1580 -- 1880 . Trade , Slavery and Emancipation . Variorum Collected Studies Series CS614 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Whatley , Warren C. ( 2017 ) . `` The Gun - Slave Hypothesis and the 18th Century British Slave Trade '' . Explorations in Economic History . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2017.07. 001 . Jump up ^ Slavery in Rhode Island Slavery in the North Accessed 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Wayne . And a Bottle of Rum . New York : Three Rivers Press , 2006 -- 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33862 - 4 . page 117 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Wayne . And a Bottle of Rum . New York : Three Rivers Press , 2006 -- 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33862 - 4 . p. 119 . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark . Cod : A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World . New York : Walker , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1326 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Kenneth . Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 33017 - 3 . pp. 64 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Chris Evans and Göran Rydén , Baltic Iron in the Atlantic World in the Eighteenth Century : Brill , 2007 ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16153 - 5 , 273 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triangular trade . The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database , a portal to data concerning the history of the triangular trade of transatlantic slave trade voyages . Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice Sugar ( as food commodity ) List of sugars and sugar products Chemistry Fructose Galactose Glucose Lactose Maltose Sucrose Trehalose Xylose Monosaccharide Disaccharide Free sugar Reducing sugar Sources Sugar beet Sugarcane Agave nectar Birch Coconut Date Honeydew Maple Palm Products Syrups Candi sugar Cheong Maesil - cheong Mogwa - cheong Yuja - cheong Corn syrup Glucose syrup Golden syrup High - fructose corn syrup High - maltose corn syrup Honey Inverted sugar syrup Kuromitsu Maple syrup Molasses Pine honey Steen 's cane syrup Treacle Solid forms Brown Peen tong Chancaca Crystalline fructose Gelling Gula melaka Jaggery Misri Mizuame Molasses sugar Muscovado Nib Non-centrifugal cane sugar Panela Plantation Reserve Powdered Preserving Rock candy Sucanat Sugar candy Barley sugar Butterscotch Candy Hard Toffee Sugar glass Sugarloaf Wasanbon Other forms Caramel Cotton candy floss Maple sugar foods Rum Sugar alcohol Sugar confectionery Sugarcane juice Tuzemák Unrefined sweeteners Industry Production Boilery Plantation Casa grande Refinery Sugar bush Sugar cane mill Engenho Batey Zafra By region ( current ) Cuba Caribbean Philippines Sri Lanka U.S. Sugar Program By region ( historical ) Danish West Indies Fiji Hawaii History Amelioration Act 1798 Blackbirding Colonial molasses trade Demerara rebellion of 1823 Holing cane Molasses Act Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 Slavery in the British and French Caribbean Sugar Act Sugar Duties Act 1846 Sugar Intervention Taiwan Sugar Railways Triangular trade Culture Crop over Sugar house Sugaring Sugar nips Sugar packet Sucrology Sugar people Sugar tit Sugar sculpture Treacle mine Related Added sugar Australian Aboriginal sweet foods Bagasse Barley malt syrup Brown rice syrup Cane knife Flavored syrup Fruit syrup Date honey Grape Jallab Health effects Nectar Sugar addiction Sugars in wine Residual sugar Sugar substitute Sweetened beverage Sweetener Sweetness Vinasse Yacón syrup Production Part of a series on trade routes Amber Road Hærvejen Incense Route Dvaravati -- Kamboja route King 's Highway Rome - India routes Royal Road Salt road Siberian Route Silk Road Maritime Silk Road Spice Route Tea Horse Road Varangians to the Greeks Via Maris Triangular trade Volga trade route Trans - Saharan trade Old Salt Route Maritime republics Hanseatic League Grand Trunk Road Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangular_trade&oldid=828241430 '' Categories : History of the Atlantic Ocean Sea lanes Slavery in North America History of sugar Slave trade Age of Sail Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Ido עברית Kiswahili Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 11 : 32 . 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-5052846427453051381	List of NCAA Division I men's basketball champions	List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Champions - wikipedia List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Champions Jump to : navigation , search The University of California , Los Angeles ( trophy room pictured ) has won the Men 's Division I Basketball Championship a record 11 times . This is a list of NCAA Division I men 's basketball champions . The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , or NCAA Tournament , is a single - elimination tournament for men 's college basketball teams in the United States . It determines the champion of Division I , the top level of play in the NCAA , and the media often describes the winner as the national champion of college basketball . The NCAA Tournament has been held annually since 1939 , and its field grew from eight teams in the beginning to sixty - five teams by 2001 ; as of 2011 , sixty - eight teams take part in the tournament . Teams can gain invitations by winning a conference championship or receiving an at - large bid from a 10 - person committee . The semifinals of the tournament are known as the Final Four and are held in a different city each year , along with the championship game ; Indianapolis , the city where the NCAA is based , will host the Final Four every five years until 2040 . Each winning university receives a rectangular , gold - plated trophy made of wood . The first NCAA Tournament was organized by the National Association of Basketball Coaches . Oregon won the inaugural tournament , defeating Ohio State 46 -- 33 in the first championship game . Before the 1941 tournament , control of the event was given to the NCAA . In the early years of the tournament , it was considered less important than the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) , a New York City - based event . Teams were able to compete in both events in the same year , and three of those that did so -- Utah in 1944 , Kentucky in 1949 , and City College of New York ( CCNY ) in 1950 -- won the NCAA Tournament . The 1949 -- 50 CCNY team won both tournaments ( defeating Bradley in both finals ) , and is the only college basketball team to accomplish this feat . By the mid-1950s , the NCAA Tournament became the more prestigious of the two events , and in 1971 the NCAA barred universities from playing in other tournaments , such as the NIT , if they were invited to the NCAA Tournament . The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) has been the most successful college in the NCAA Tournament , winning 11 national titles . Ten of those championships came during a 12 - year stretch from 1964 to 1975 . UCLA also holds the record for the most consecutive championships , winning seven in a row from 1967 to 1973 . Kentucky has the second-most titles , with eight . North Carolina is third with six championships , while Duke and Indiana follow with five each . Villanova is the most recent champion , having defeated Michigan in the final of the 2018 tournament . Among head coaches , John Wooden is the all - time leader with 10 championships ; he coached UCLA during their period of success in the 1960s and 1970s . Duke 's Mike Krzyzewski is second all - time with five titles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Championship games 2 Multiple champions 3 Champions by conference status 3.1 Champions by conference at the time of tournaments 3.2 Championships by current conference membership 4 Championships by state 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Championship games ( edit ) Legend for `` Championship games '' table below Indicator Meaning * Game was decided in an overtime period Game was decided in a third overtime period Score Each score is linked to an article about that particular championship game , when available Year Each year is linked to an article about that particular NCAA Tournament Championship games , by year , showing winners and losers , final scores and venues Year Winning team Winning head coach Score Losing team Losing head coach Venue City Ref . 1939 Oregon Hobson , Howard Howard Hobson 046.3 ! 46 -- 33 Ohio State Olsen , Harold Harold Olsen Patten Gymnasium Evanston , Illinois 1940 Indiana McCracken , Branch Branch McCracken 060.3 ! 60 -- 42 Kansas Allen , Phog Phog Allen Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1941 Wisconsin Foster , Bud Bud Foster 039 ! 39 -- 34 Washington State Friel , Jack Jack Friel Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1942 Stanford Dean , Everett Everett Dean 053.2 ! 53 -- 38 Dartmouth Cowles , O.B. O.B. Cowles Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1943 Wyoming Shelton , Everett Everett Shelton 046.2 ! 46 -- 34 Georgetown Ripley , Elmer Elmer Ripley Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1944 Utah Peterson , Vadal Vadal Peterson 042 ! 42 -- 40 * Dartmouth Brown , Earl Earl Brown Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1945 Oklahoma A&M Iba , Henry Henry Iba 049 ! 49 -- 45 NYU Cann , Howard Howard Cann Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1946 Oklahoma A&M Iba , Henry Henry Iba 043 ! 43 -- 40 North Carolina Carnevale , Ben Ben Carnevale Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1947 Holy Cross Julian , Doggie Doggie Julian 058.1 ! 58 -- 47 Oklahoma Drake , Bruce Bruce Drake Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1948 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 058.2 ! 58 -- 42 Baylor Henderson , Bill Bill Henderson Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1949 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 046.1 ! 46 -- 36 Oklahoma A&M Iba , Henry Henry Iba Hec Edmundson Pavilion Seattle , Washington 1950 CCNY Holman , Nat Nat Holman 071.2 ! 71 -- 68 Bradley Anderson , Forddy Forddy Anderson Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1951 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 068.3 ! 68 -- 58 Kansas State Gardner , Jack Jack Gardner Williams Arena Minneapolis , Minnesota 1952 Kansas Allen , Phog Phog Allen 080.3 ! 80 -- 63 St. John 's McGuire , Frank Frank McGuire Hec Edmundson Pavilion Seattle , Washington 1953 Indiana McCracken , Branch Branch McCracken 069 ! 69 -- 68 Kansas Allen , Phog Phog Allen Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1954 La Salle Loeffler , Ken Ken Loeffler 092.2 ! 92 -- 76 Bradley Anderson , Forddy Forddy Anderson Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1955 San Francisco Woolpert , Phil Phil Woolpert 077.3 ! 77 -- 63 La Salle Loeffler , Ken Ken Loeffler Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1956 San Francisco Woolpert , Phil Phil Woolpert 083.2 ! 83 -- 71 Iowa O'Connor , Bucky Bucky O'Connor McGaw Hall Evanston , Illinois 1957 North Carolina McGuire , Frank Frank McGuire 054.1 ! 54 -- 53 Kansas Harp , Dick Dick Harp Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1958 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 084.3 ! 84 -- 72 Seattle Castellani , John John Castellani Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1959 California Newell , Pete Pete Newell 071.1 ! 71 -- 70 West Virginia Schaus , Fred Fred Schaus Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1960 Ohio State Taylor , Fred Fred Taylor 075.4 ! 75 -- 55 California Newell , Pete Pete Newell Cow Palace Daly City , California 1961 Cincinnati Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker 070 ! 70 -- 65 * Ohio State Taylor , Fred Fred Taylor Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1962 Cincinnati Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker 071.4 ! 71 -- 59 Ohio State Taylor , Fred Fred Taylor Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1963 Loyola Chicago Ireland , George George Ireland 060.1 ! 60 -- 58 * Cincinnati Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1964 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 098 ! 98 -- 83 Duke Bubas , Vic Vic Bubas Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1965 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 091 ! 91 -- 80 Michigan Strack , Dave Dave Strack Memorial Coliseum Portland , Oregon 1966 Texas Western Haskins , Don Don Haskins 072.2 ! 72 -- 65 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp Cole Field House College Park , Maryland 1967 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 079 ! 79 -- 64 Dayton Donoher , Don Don Donoher Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1968 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 078.2 ! 78 -- 55 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith Sports Arena Los Angeles , California 1969 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 092.3 ! 92 -- 72 Purdue King , George George King Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1970 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 080.2 ! 80 -- 69 Jacksonville Williams , Joe Joe Williams Cole Field House College Park , Maryland 1971 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 068.2 ! 68 -- 62 Villanova Kraft , Jack Jack Kraft Astrodome Houston , Texas 1972 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 081.2 ! 81 -- 76 Florida State Durham , Hugh Hugh Durham Memorial Sports Arena Los Angeles , California 1973 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 087 ! 87 -- 66 Memphis State Bartow , Gene Gene Bartow St. Louis Arena St. Louis , Missouri North Carolina State Sloan , Norm Norm Sloan 076.3 ! 76 -- 64 Marquette McGuire , Al Al McGuire Greensboro Coliseum Greensboro , North Carolina UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 092.1 ! 92 -- 85 Kentucky Hall , Joe B. Joe B. Hall San Diego Sports Arena San Diego , California 1976 Indiana Knight , Bob Bob Knight 086 ! 86 -- 68 Michigan Orr , Johnny Johnny Orr Spectrum Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1977 Marquette McGuire , Al Al McGuire 067 ! 67 -- 59 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith Omni Coliseum Atlanta , Georgia 1978 Kentucky Hall , Joe B. Joe B. Hall 094 ! 94 -- 88 Duke Foster , Bill Bill Foster The Checkerdome St. Louis , Missouri 1979 Michigan State Heathcote , Jud Jud Heathcote 075.3 ! 75 -- 64 Indiana State Hodges , Bill Bill Hodges Special Events Center Salt Lake City , Utah 1980 Louisville Crum , Denny Denny Crum 059 ! 59 -- 54 UCLA Brown , Larry Larry Brown Market Square Arena Indianapolis , Indiana 1981 Indiana Knight , Bob Bob Knight 063.2 ! 63 -- 50 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith Spectrum Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1982 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith 063.1 ! 63 -- 62 Georgetown Thompson , John John Thompson Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana North Carolina State Valvano , Jim Jim Valvano 054.2 ! 54 -- 52 Houston Lewis , Guy Guy Lewis University Arena Albuquerque , New Mexico 1984 Georgetown Thompson , John John Thompson 084.2 ! 84 -- 75 Houston Lewis , Guy Guy Lewis Kingdome Seattle , Washington 1985 Villanova Massimino , Rollie Rollie Massimino 066 ! 66 -- 64 Georgetown Thompson , John John Thompson Rupp Arena Lexington , Kentucky 1986 Louisville Crum , Denny Denny Crum 072.1 ! 72 -- 69 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski Reunion Arena Dallas , Texas Indiana Knight , Bob Bob Knight 074 ! 74 -- 73 Syracuse Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 1988 Kansas Brown , Larry Larry Brown 083.1 ! 83 -- 79 Oklahoma Tubbs , Billy Billy Tubbs Kemper Arena Kansas City , Missouri 1989 Michigan Fisher , Steve Steve Fisher 080.1 ! 80 -- 79 * Seton Hall Carlesimo , P.J. P.J. Carlesimo Kingdome Seattle , Washington 1990 UNLV Tarkanian , Jerry Jerry Tarkanian 103 ! 103 -- 73 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski McNichols Sports Arena Denver , Colorado 1991 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 072.2 ! 72 -- 65 Kansas Williams , Roy Roy Williams Hoosier Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 1992 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 071.5 ! 71 -- 51 Michigan Fisher , Steve Steve Fisher Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 1993 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith 077.2 ! 77 -- 71 Michigan Fisher , Steve Steve Fisher Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 1994 Arkansas Richardson , Nolan Nolan Richardson 076.1 ! 76 -- 72 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte , North Carolina 1995 UCLA Harrick , Jim Jim Harrick 089.1 ! 89 -- 78 Arkansas Richardson , Nolan Nolan Richardson Kingdome Seattle , Washington Kentucky Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino 076.2 ! 76 -- 67 Syracuse Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford , New Jersey 1997 Arizona Olson , Lute Lute Olson 084.1 ! 84 -- 79 * Kentucky Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino RCA Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 1998 Kentucky Smith , Tubby Tubby Smith 078.1 ! 78 -- 69 Utah Majerus , Rick Rick Majerus Alamodome San Antonio , Texas 1999 Connecticut Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 077.1 ! 77 -- 74 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski Tropicana Field St. Petersburg , Florida 2000 Michigan State Izzo , Tom Tom Izzo 089.2 ! 89 -- 76 Florida Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan RCA Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 2001 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 082.3 ! 82 -- 72 Arizona Olson , Lute Lute Olson Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 2002 Maryland Williams , Gary Gary Williams 064 ! 64 -- 52 Indiana Davis , Mike Mike Davis Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 2003 Syracuse Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim 081.1 ! 81 -- 78 Kansas Williams , Roy Roy Williams Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana Connecticut Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 082.2 ! 82 -- 73 Georgia Tech Hewitt , Paul Paul Hewitt Alamodome San Antonio , Texas 2005 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams 075.1 ! 75 -- 70 Illinois Weber , Bruce Bruce Weber Edward Jones Dome St. Louis , Missouri 2006 Florida Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan 073 ! 73 -- 57 UCLA Howland , Ben Ben Howland RCA Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 2007 Florida Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan 084.2 ! 84 -- 75 Ohio State Matta , Thad Thad Matta Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 2008 Kansas Self , Bill Bill Self 075.2 ! 75 -- 68 * Memphis Calipari , John John Calipari Alamodome San Antonio , Texas 2009 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams 089.3 ! 89 -- 72 Michigan State Izzo , Tom Tom Izzo Ford Field Detroit , Michigan Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 061 ! 61 -- 59 Butler Stevens , Brad Brad Stevens Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 2011 Connecticut Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 053.1 ! 53 -- 41 Butler Stevens , Brad Brad Stevens Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 2012 Kentucky Calipari , John John Calipari 067.1 ! 67 -- 59 Kansas Self , Bill Bill Self Mercedes - Benz Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 2013 Louisville Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino 067.1 ! 82 -- 76 Michigan Beilein , John John Beilein Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 2014 Connecticut Ollie , Kevin Kevin Ollie 060.2 ! 60 -- 54 Kentucky Calipari , John John Calipari AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas 2015 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 068.1 ! 68 -- 63 Wisconsin Ryan , Bo Bo Ryan Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 2016 Villanova Jay Wright 077.1 ! 77 -- 74 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams NRG Stadium Houston , Texas 2017 North Carolina Roy Williams 071.3 ! 71 -- 65 Gonzaga Mark Few University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona 2018 Villanova Jay Wright 077.1 ! 79 -- 62 Michigan Beilein , John John Beilein Alamodome San Antonio , Texas Multiple champions ( edit ) UCLA Kentucky North Carolina Duke Indiana Connecticut Kansas Louisville San Francisco Villanova Florida NC State Oklahoma State Cincinnati Michigan State Arkansas Holy Cross La Salle Loyola Marquette UTEP Arizona UNLV Stanford California Georgetown Maryland Ohio State Utah CCNY Wyoming Michigan Syracuse Wisconsin Oregon Schools that have won the NCAA championship -- 11 championships , -- 8 championships , -- 6 championships , -- 5 championships -- 4 championships , -- 3 championships , -- 2 championships , -- 1 championship Teams with multiple championships Team Wins Years won UCLA 11 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 Kentucky 8 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 North Carolina 6 1957 , 1982 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 , 2017 Duke 5 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 Indiana 5 1940 , 1953 , 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Connecticut 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Kansas 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Villanova 1985 , 2016 , 2018 Louisville 1980 , 1986 , 2013 Michigan State 1979 , 2000 Cincinnati 1961 , 1962 Florida 2006 , 2007 North Carolina State 1974 , 1983 Oklahoma State 1945 , 1946 San Francisco 1955 , 1956 Coaches with multiple championships Team Wins Years won Wooden , John John Wooden 10 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 5 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 1999 , 2004 , 2011 Knight , Bob Bob Knight 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Williams , Roy Roy Williams 2005 , 2009 , 2017 Crum , Denny Denny Crum 1980 , 1986 Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan 2006 , 2007 Iba , Henry Henry Iba 1945 , 1946 Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker 1961 , 1962 McCracken , Branch Branch McCracken 1940 , 1953 Smith , Dean Dean Smith 1982 , 1993 Woolpert , Phil Phil Woolpert 1955 , 1956 Wright , Jay Jay Wright 2016 , 2018 Champions by conference status ( edit ) Champions by conference at the time of tournaments ( edit ) Championships by conference membership at the time of tournaments Conference Wins Years won Ref ( s ) Pac - 12 Conference ! Pac - 12 Conference ( 1915 -- current ) 15 1939 , 1942 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 , 1997 Atlantic Coast Conference ! Atlantic Coast Conference ( 1953 -- current ) 14 1957 , 1974 , 1982 , 1983 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 Southeastern Conference ! Southeastern Conference ( 1932 -- current ) 11 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2006 , 2007 , 2012 Big Ten Conference ! Big Ten Conference ( 1896 -- current ) 10 1940 , 1941 , 1953 , 1960 , 1976 , 1979 , 1981 , 1987 , 1989 , 2000 Big East Conference ! Big East Conference ( 1979 -- current ) 8 1984 , 1985 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 , 2018 Independents 6 1944 , 1947 , 1954 , 1963 , 1966 , 1977 Missouri Valley Conference ! Missouri Valley Conference ( 1907 -- current ) 1945 , 1946 , 1961 , 1962 Big Eight Conference ! Big 8 Conference ( 1907 -- 1996 ) 1952 , 1988 Metro Conference ! Metro Conference ( 1975 -- 1995 ) 1980 , 1986 West Coast Conference ! West Coast Conference ( 1952 -- current ) 1955 , 1956 American Athletic Conference ! American Athletic Conference ( 2014 -- current ) 2014 Big Twelve Conference ! Big 12 Conference ( 1994 -- current ) 2008 Big West Conference ! Big West Conference ( 1969 -- current ) 1990 Metropolitan New York Conference ! Metropolitan New York Conference ( 1933 -- 1963 ) 1950 Mountain States Conference ! Mountain States Conference ( 1938 -- 1962 ) 1943 Championships by current conference membership ( edit ) Championships by current conference membership Conference Wins Years won Ref ( s ) Atlantic Coast Conference ! Atlantic Coast Conference 16 1957 , 1974 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1986 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 , 2017 Pac - 12 Conference ! Pac - 12 Conference 16 1939 , 1942 , 1944 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 , 1997 Southeastern Conference ! Southeastern Conference 11 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2006 , 2007 , 2012 Big Ten Conference ! Big Ten Conference 11 1940 , 1941 , 1953 , 1960 , 1976 , 1979 , 1981 , 1987 , 1989 , 2000 , 2002 American Athletic Conference 6 1961 , 1962 , 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Big Twelve Conference ! Big 12 Conference 5 1945 , 1946 , 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Big East Conference 5 1977 , 1984 , 1985 , 2016 , 2018 Mountain West Conference ! Mountain West Conference 1943 , 1990 West Coast Conference ! West Coast Conference 1955 , 1956 Atlantic 10 Conference ! Atlantic 10 Conference 1954 City University of New York Athletic Conference ! City University of New York Athletic Conference 1950 Conference USA ! Conference USA 1966 Missouri Valley Conference ! Missouri Valley Conference 1963 Patriot League ! Patriot League 1947 Championships by state ( edit ) Championships by state State Wins Years won California 15 1942 , 1955 , 1956 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 North Carolina 13 1957 , 1974 , 1982 , 1983 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 Kentucky 10 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1980 , 1986 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 , 2013 Indiana 5 1940 , 1953 , 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Connecticut 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Pennsylvania 1954 , 1985 , 2016 , 2018 Ohio 1960 , 1961 , 1962 Kansas 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Michigan 1979 , 1989 , 2000 Oklahoma 1945 , 1946 Wisconsin 1941 , 1977 New York 1950 , 2003 Florida 2006 , 2007 Oregon 1939 Wyoming 1943 Utah 1944 Massachusetts 1947 Illinois 1963 Texas 1966 Washington , D.C. 1984 Nevada 1990 Arkansas 1994 Arizona 1997 Maryland 2002 Indicates vacated by NCAA See also ( edit ) NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship records Helms Athletic Foundation national champions Notes ( edit ) The result was later stricken from the NCAA record books after it was discovered that the team had committed a rules violation . Oklahoma A&M changed its name to Oklahoma State in 1957 . Louisville won the 2013 national championship game , but the NCAA vacated the title in 2018 . References ( edit ) General `` Division I Championship '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2008 . pp. 235 -- 236 , 241 -- 253 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Specific Jump up ^ Owings , Jeffrey ; Burton , Bob ( December 1996 ) . `` Who Reports Participation in Varsity Intercollegiate Sports at 4 - Year Colleges ? '' ( PDF ) . National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National champion Duke leads CBE Classic field '' . ESPN . Associated Press . July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McPeak , Don ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Connecticut women and men make basketball history ( again ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Official 2009 NCAA Men 's Final Four Records Book ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2009 . p. 69 . 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Jump up ^ Gergen , Joe . `` The Bruins get revenge -- 1968 '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jares , Joe ( March 31 , 1969 ) . `` Reprieve -- and An Electroluminescent Finale '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA Captures Fourth Straight NCAA Crown '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . Associated Press . March 22 , 1970 . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jares , Joe ( April 5 , 1971 ) . `` A Close One At Last '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Curry ( April 3 , 1972 ) . `` Oh , Johnny , Oh , Johnny Oh ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA 's Walton Scores 44 In 87 -- 66 NCAA Title Win '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . March 27 , 1973 . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gergen , Joe . `` The UCLA streak ends -- 1974 '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bogaczyk , Jack ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Wooden left his footprint in Kanawha Valley '' . Charleston Daily Mail . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Barry ( April 5 , 1976 ) . `` Indiana Makes Its Point '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gergen , Joe . `` McGuire gets fond farewell -- 1977 '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keith , Larry ( April 3 , 1978 ) . `` The Cats Go Wild '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gergen , Joe . `` A Magic - al performance -- 1979 '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2008 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Curry ( March 31 , 1980 ) . `` A Big Hand For The Cards '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Curry ( April 6 , 1981 ) . `` And A Little Child Led Them '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gergen , Joe . `` North Carolina hits jackpot -- 1982 '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bock , Hal ( April 4 , 1983 ) . `` Phi Slama Jammed ! : N.C. State fouls up Houston 's flying circus to win NCAA title '' . The Beaver County Times . Associated Press . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Feinstein , John ( April 3 , 1984 ) . `` Georgetown 's Pressure Cooks Up a Title '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Dick ( April 2 , 1985 ) . `` In the end , it 's all ' Nova '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Florence , Mal ( April 1 , 1986 ) . `` Ncaa Men 's Championship Game : Gang That Did n't Shoot Straight Finishes With 37 Wins '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moran , Malcolm ( March 31 , 1987 ) . `` Players ; Knight 's Methods Win Once More '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ncaa Men 's Basketball Championship : Kansas 83 , Oklahoma 79 : Notes ; Title Brings Out a Big Celebration in Lawrence '' . Los Angeles Times . April 5 , 1988 . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Denlinger , Ken ( April 4 , 1989 ) . `` Fisher Lands Big One : Michigan Wins NCAA Title '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arnett , Paul ( April 3 , 1990 ) . `` Rebels rule NCAA '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. ( April 2 , 1991 ) . `` College Basketball : N.C.A.A. Championship ; Duke 's N.C.A.A. Drought Comes to End '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz , Steve ( April 7 , 1992 ) . `` Duke 's Back ... to Back With 71 -- 51 Win '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz , Steve ( April 6 , 1993 ) . `` Nothing Could Be Finer For Carolina '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moran , Malcolm ( April 5 , 1994 ) . `` N.C.A.A. Tournament ; Relentless Arkansas Knocks Down Heaven 's Door '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. ( April 4 , 1995 ) . `` Bruins Play Like Wizard 's to Take Title '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. ( April 2 , 1996 ) . `` NCAA Title Gets an Old Kentucky Home '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Tournament Recap ( Arizona -- Kentucky ) '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . April 1 , 1997 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( March 31 , 1998 ) . `` 1998 N.C.A.A. Tournament ; Kentucky Turns Comeback Into Its 2d Title in 3 Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( March 30 , 1999 ) . `` N.C.A.A. Tournament : Men 's Championship ; UConn Proves It Can , and How '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Blaudschun , Mark ( April 4 , 2000 ) . `` State of grace : The Spartans accomplish their mission '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2003 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dufresne , Chris ( April 3 , 2001 ) . `` Blue Devil Heaven '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( April 2 , 2002 ) . `` An ugly win , a worthy champ '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warrick 's big block saves day for Orangemen '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 7 , 2003 . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lupica , Mike ( April 6 , 2004 ) . `` Do All UConn Do Calhoun Doubles Pleasure '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Liz ( April 5 , 2005 ) . `` Williams 's Tar Heels Take the Final Step '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; In an Anticlimatic Finish , Florida Knocks U.C.L.A. Flat '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Marlen ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Florida outduels Ohio State for second straight title '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thamel , Pete ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` Chalmers and Kansas Are Swinging on a Star '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Marlen ( April 7 , 2009 ) . `` Carolina reign : Heels dominate Mich . State , claim national title '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zeise , Paul ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` NCAA tournament , Duke edges Butler , 61 -- 59 , claims fourth title '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Forde , Pat ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` UConn 's title win a sore sight '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Erick ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Live : Kentucky beats Kansas 67 -- 59 to win national championship '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Louisville beats Michigan 82 -- 76 for NCAA title '' . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Associated Press . April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shabazz Napier , UConn too much for Kentucky , seize national title '' . ESPN . April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Skretta , Dave ; Russo , Ralph D. ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Latest : Okafor , Jones help Duke beat Wisconsin 68 -- 63 to win national championship '' . StarTribune . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Auerbach , Nicole ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Villanova clips North Carolina on buzzer - beater for national championship '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Auerbach , Nicole ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` North Carolina defeats Gonzaga for redemption in national championship '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jill ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Villanova dominates Michigan to win 2nd national title in 3 years '' . CNN . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1941 -- 42 Stanford Cardinal Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game . Random House . 2009 . p. 467 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pascoe , Bruce ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` UA basketball : Simon says 1997 champs were NCAA trendsetters '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Topics : ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament '' ( Click on History ) . ESPN . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Steve ( February 19 , 2008 ) . `` Crowning Moments in the Queen City : National Champions Not Always ACC Champions ( 1991 -- 1993 ) '' . Atlantic Coast Conference . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Low , Chris ( March 20 , 2010 ) . `` Wildcats hitting their stride when it counts '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Viv ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Usually Elite , A.C.C. Receives a Harsh Lesson in Mediocrity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Adi ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 is the year of ACC redemption , starring UNC and Clemson '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 -- 48 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 49 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 -- 51 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 -- 58 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 -- 78 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 94 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 96 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 -- 98 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 -- 06 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Doyel , Gregg ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Kentucky 's run to title , much like the season , was all about Kentucky '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Men 's Basketball History '' . Big Ten Conference . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A history of the Big East '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . November 5 , 2003 . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big East Conference '' . Big East Conference . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` 44 fun , fascinating facts about the 2016 Final Four '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Dennis ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` In winning the national championship , Villanova finds redemption for the Big East '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 -- 44 Independent Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 -- 47 Independent Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 -- 54 Independent Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 -- 64 Independent Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Milbert , Neil ( January 11 , 2000 ) . `` Marquette 's Man On The Spot '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1944 -- 45 Missouri Valley Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1945 -- 46 Missouri Valley Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 -- 61 Missouri Valley Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 -- 62 Missouri Valley Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tradition : Past Champions '' . University of Louisville . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Luhm , Steve ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` West Coast Conference about to become well - known in Utah '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big 12 National Championships '' . Big 12 Conference . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 -- 90 Nevada - Las Vegas Rebels Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 -- 50 City College of New York Beavers Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1942 -- 43 Mountain States Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Coast Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse Orange '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific - 12 Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Utes '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Southeastern Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Bearcats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville Cardinals '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut Huskies '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big 12 Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma State Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Jayhawks '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big East Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marquette Golden Eagles '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada - Las Vegas Rebels '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Coast Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La Salle Explorers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dicker , Ron ( February 25 , 2003 ) . `` College Basketball Men 's Notebook ; Another Warner At C.C.N.Y. '' The New York Times . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texas - El Paso Miners '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola ( IL ) Ramblers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Cross Crusaders '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lopresti , Mike ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` Memphis could rewrite NCAA history books by vanishing '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA rejects Memphis ' final appeal of vacated wins '' . Deseret News . Associated Press . March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bogage , Jacob ; Stubbs , Roman ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Its NCAA appeal denied , Louisville is stripped of 2013 national championship '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville must vacate basketball title after NCAA denies appeal '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gameday Traditions '' . Oklahoma State University -- Stillwater . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . NCAA Division I men 's basketball champions 1939 Oregon 1940 Indiana 1941 Wisconsin 1942 Stanford 1943 Wyoming 1944 Utah 1945 Oklahoma A&M 1946 Oklahoma A&M 1947 Holy Cross 1948 Kentucky 1949 Kentucky 1950 CCNY 1951 Kentucky 1952 Kansas 1953 Indiana 1954 La Salle 1955 San Francisco 1956 San Francisco 1957 North Carolina 1958 Kentucky 1959 California 1960 Ohio State 1961 Cincinnati 1962 Cincinnati 1963 Loyola ( IL ) 1964 UCLA 1965 UCLA 1966 Texas Western 1967 UCLA 1968 UCLA 1969 UCLA 1970 UCLA 1971 UCLA 1972 UCLA 1973 UCLA NC State UCLA 1976 Indiana 1977 Marquette 1978 Kentucky 1979 Michigan State 1980 Louisville 1981 Indiana 1982 North Carolina NC State 1984 Georgetown 1985 Villanova 1986 Louisville Indiana 1988 Kansas 1989 Michigan 1990 UNLV 1991 Duke 1992 Duke 1993 North Carolina 1994 Arkansas 1995 UCLA Kentucky 1997 Arizona 1998 Kentucky 1999 Connecticut 2000 Michigan State 2001 Duke 2002 Maryland 2003 Syracuse Connecticut 2005 North Carolina 2006 Florida 2007 Florida 2008 Kansas 2009 North Carolina Duke 2011 Connecticut 2012 Kentucky 2013 Vacated 2014 Connecticut 2015 Duke 2016 Villanova 2017 North Carolina 2018 Villanova NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_champions&oldid=843369842 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 18 : 15 . 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About Wikipedia	who won men's college basketball last year	[ "\nChampionship games, by year, showing winners and losers, final scores and venues\n\nYear\nWinning team\nWinning head coach\nScore\nLosing team\nLosing head coach\nVenue\nCity\nRef.\n\n\n1939\nOregon\nHobson, HowardHoward Hobson\n046.3 !46–33\nOhio State\nOlsen, HaroldHarold Olsen\nPatten Gymnasium\nEvanston, Illinois\n[17]\n\n\n1940\nIndiana\nMcCracken, BranchBranch McCracken\n060.3 !60–42\nKansas\nAllen, PhogPhog Allen\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[18]\n\n\n1941\nWisconsin\nFoster, BudBud Foster\n039 !39–34\nWashington State\nFriel, JackJack Friel\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[19]\n\n\n1942\nStanford\nDean, EverettEverett Dean\n053.2 !53–38\nDartmouth\nCowles, O. B.O. B. Cowles\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[20]\n\n\n1943\nWyoming\nShelton, EverettEverett Shelton\n046.2 !46–34\nGeorgetown\nRipley, ElmerElmer Ripley\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[21]\n\n\n1944\nUtah\nPeterson, VadalVadal Peterson\n042 !42–40\nDartmouth\nBrown, EarlEarl Brown\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[22][23]\n\n\n1945\nOklahoma A&M\nIba, HenryHenry Iba\n049 !49–45\nNYU\nCann, HowardHoward Cann\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[24]\n\n\n1946\nOklahoma A&M\nIba, HenryHenry Iba\n043 !43–40\nNorth Carolina\nCarnevale, BenBen Carnevale\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[25]\n\n\n1947\nHoly Cross\nJulian, DoggieDoggie Julian\n058.1 !58–47\nOklahoma\nDrake, BruceBruce Drake\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[26]\n\n\n1948\nKentucky\nRupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp\n058.2 !58–42\nBaylor\nHenderson, BillBill Henderson\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[27]\n\n\n1949\nKentucky\nRupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp\n046.1 !46–36\nOklahoma A&M\nIba, HenryHenry Iba\nHec Edmundson Pavilion\nSeattle, Washington\n[28]\n\n\n1950\nCCNY\nHolman, NatNat Holman\n071.2 !71–68\nBradley\nAnderson, ForddyForddy Anderson\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[29]\n\n\n1951\nKentucky\nRupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp\n068.3 !68–58\nKansas State\nGardner, JackJack Gardner\nWilliams Arena\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\n[30]\n\n\n1952\nKansas\nAllen, PhogPhog Allen\n080.3 !80–63\nSt. John's\nMcGuire, FrankFrank McGuire\nHec Edmundson Pavilion\nSeattle, Washington\n[31]\n\n\n1953\nIndiana\nMcCracken, BranchBranch McCracken\n069 !69–68\nKansas\nAllen, PhogPhog Allen\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[32]\n\n\n1954\nLa Salle\nLoeffler, KenKen Loeffler\n092.2 !92–76\nBradley\nAnderson, ForddyForddy Anderson\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[33]\n\n\n1955\nSan Francisco\nWoolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert\n077.3 !77–63\nLa Salle\nLoeffler, KenKen Loeffler\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[34]\n\n\n1956\nSan Francisco\nWoolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert\n083.2 !83–71\nIowa\nO'Connor, BuckyBucky O'Connor\nMcGaw Hall\nEvanston, Illinois\n[35]\n\n\n1957\nNorth Carolina\nMcGuire, FrankFrank McGuire\n054.1 !54–53\nKansas\nHarp, DickDick Harp\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[36]\n\n\n1958\nKentucky\nRupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp\n084.3 !84–72\nSeattle\nCastellani, JohnJohn Castellani\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[37]\n\n\n1959\nCalifornia\nNewell, PetePete Newell\n071.1 !71–70\nWest Virginia\nSchaus, FredFred Schaus\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[38]\n\n\n1960\nOhio State\nTaylor, FredFred Taylor\n075.4 !75–55\nCalifornia\nNewell, PetePete Newell\nCow Palace\nDaly City, California\n[39][40]\n\n\n1961\nCincinnati\nJucker, EdEd Jucker\n070 !70–65\nOhio State\nTaylor, FredFred Taylor\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[41]\n\n\n1962\nCincinnati\nJucker, EdEd Jucker\n071.4 !71–59\nOhio State\nTaylor, FredFred Taylor\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[42]\n\n\n1963\nLoyola Chicago\nIreland, GeorgeGeorge Ireland\n060.1 !60–58\nCincinnati\nJucker, EdEd Jucker\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[43]\n\n\n1964\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n098 !98–83\nDuke\nBubas, VicVic Bubas\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[44]\n\n\n1965\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n091 !91–80\nMichigan\nStrack, DaveDave Strack\nMemorial Coliseum\nPortland, Oregon\n[45]\n\n\n1966\nTexas Western\nHaskins, DonDon Haskins\n072.2 !72–65\nKentucky\nRupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp\nCole Field House\nCollege Park, Maryland\n[46]\n\n\n1967\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n079 !79–64\nDayton\nDonoher, DonDon Donoher\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[47]\n\n\n1968\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n078.2 !78–55\nNorth Carolina\nSmith, DeanDean Smith\nSports Arena\nLos Angeles, California\n[48]\n\n\n1969\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n092.3 !92–72\nPurdue\nKing, GeorgeGeorge King\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[49]\n\n\n1970\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n080.2 !80–69\nJacksonville\nWilliams, JoeJoe Williams\nCole Field House\nCollege Park, Maryland\n[50]\n\n\n1971\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n068.2 !68–62\nVillanova[a]\nKraft, JackJack Kraft\nAstrodome\nHouston, Texas\n[51]\n\n\n1972\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n081.2 !81–76\nFlorida State\nDurham, HughHugh Durham\nMemorial Sports Arena\nLos Angeles, California\n[52]\n\n\n1973\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n087 !87–66\nMemphis State\nBartow, GeneGene Bartow\nSt. Louis Arena\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n[53]\n\n\n1974\nNorth Carolina State\nSloan, NormNorm Sloan\n076.3 !76–64\nMarquette\nMcGuire, AlAl McGuire\nGreensboro Coliseum\nGreensboro, North Carolina\n[54]\n\n\n1975\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n092.1 !92–85\nKentucky\nHall, Joe B.Joe B. Hall\nSan Diego Sports Arena\nSan Diego, California\n[55]\n\n\n1976\nIndiana\nKnight, BobBob Knight\n086 !86–68\nMichigan\nOrr, JohnnyJohnny Orr\nSpectrum\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\n[56]\n\n\n1977\nMarquette\nMcGuire, AlAl McGuire\n067 !67–59\nNorth Carolina\nSmith, DeanDean Smith\nOmni Coliseum\nAtlanta, Georgia\n[57]\n\n\n1978\nKentucky\nHall, Joe B.Joe B. Hall\n094 !94–88\nDuke\nFoster, BillBill Foster\nThe Checkerdome\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n[58]\n\n\n1979\nMichigan State\nHeathcote, JudJud Heathcote\n075.3 !75–64\nIndiana State\nHodges, BillBill Hodges\nSpecial Events Center\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n[59]\n\n\n1980\nLouisville\nCrum, DennyDenny Crum\n059 !59–54\nUCLA[a]\nBrown, LarryLarry Brown\nMarket Square Arena\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[60]\n\n\n1981\nIndiana\nKnight, BobBob Knight\n063.2 !63–50\nNorth Carolina\nSmith, DeanDean Smith\nSpectrum\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\n[61]\n\n\n1982\nNorth Carolina\nSmith, DeanDean Smith\n063.1 !63–62\nGeorgetown\nThompson, JohnJohn Thompson\nLouisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n[62]\n\n\n1983\nNorth Carolina State\nValvano, JimJim Valvano\n054.2 !54–52\nHouston\nLewis, GuyGuy Lewis\nUniversity Arena\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n[63]\n\n\n1984\nGeorgetown\nThompson, JohnJohn Thompson\n084.2 !84–75\nHouston\nLewis, GuyGuy Lewis\nKingdome\nSeattle, Washington\n[64]\n\n\n1985\nVillanova\nMassimino, RollieRollie Massimino\n066 !66–64\nGeorgetown\nThompson, JohnJohn Thompson\nRupp Arena\nLexington, Kentucky\n[65]\n\n\n1986\nLouisville\nCrum, DennyDenny Crum\n072.1 !72–69\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\nReunion Arena\nDallas, Texas\n[66]\n\n\n1987\nIndiana\nKnight, BobBob Knight\n074 !74–73\nSyracuse\nBoeheim, JimJim Boeheim\nLouisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n[67]\n\n\n1988\nKansas\nBrown, LarryLarry Brown\n083.1 !83–79\nOklahoma\nTubbs, BillyBilly Tubbs\nKemper Arena\nKansas City, Missouri\n[68]\n\n\n1989\nMichigan\nFisher, SteveSteve Fisher\n080.1 !80–79\nSeton Hall\nCarlesimo, P. J.P. J. Carlesimo\nKingdome\nSeattle, Washington\n[69]\n\n\n1990\nUNLV\nTarkanian, JerryJerry Tarkanian\n103 !103–73\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\nMcNichols Sports Arena\nDenver, Colorado\n[70]\n\n\n1991\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\n072.2 !72–65\nKansas\nWilliams, RoyRoy Williams\nHoosier Dome\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[71]\n\n\n1992\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\n071.5 !71–51\nMichigan[a]\nFisher, SteveSteve Fisher\nMetrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\n[72]\n\n\n1993\nNorth Carolina\nSmith, DeanDean Smith\n077.2 !77–71\nMichigan[a]\nFisher, SteveSteve Fisher\nLouisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n[73]\n\n\n1994\nArkansas\nRichardson, NolanNolan Richardson\n076.1 !76–72\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\nCharlotte Coliseum\nCharlotte, North Carolina\n[74]\n\n\n1995\nUCLA\nHarrick, JimJim Harrick\n089.1 !89–78\nArkansas\nRichardson, NolanNolan Richardson\nKingdome\nSeattle, Washington\n[75]\n\n\n1996\nKentucky\nPitino, RickRick Pitino\n076.2 !76–67\nSyracuse\nBoeheim, JimJim Boeheim\nContinental Airlines Arena\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey\n[76]\n\n\n1997\nArizona\nOlson, LuteLute Olson\n084.1 !84–79\nKentucky\nPitino, RickRick Pitino\nRCA Dome\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[77]\n\n\n1998\nKentucky\nSmith, TubbyTubby Smith\n078.1 !78–69\nUtah\nMajerus, RickRick Majerus\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio, Texas\n[78]\n\n\n1999\nConnecticut\nCalhoun, JimJim Calhoun\n077.1 !77–74\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\nTropicana Field\nSt. Petersburg, Florida\n[79]\n\n\n2000\nMichigan State\nIzzo, TomTom Izzo\n089.2 !89–76\nFlorida\nDonovan, BillyBilly Donovan\nRCA Dome\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[80]\n\n\n2001\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\n082.3 !82–72\nArizona\nOlson, LuteLute Olson\nMetrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\n[81]\n\n\n2002\nMaryland\nWilliams, GaryGary Williams\n064 !64–52\nIndiana\nDavis, MikeMike Davis\nGeorgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia\n[82]\n\n\n2003\nSyracuse\nBoeheim, JimJim Boeheim\n081.1 !81–78\nKansas\nWilliams, RoyRoy Williams\nLouisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n[83]\n\n\n2004\nConnecticut\nCalhoun, JimJim Calhoun\n082.2 !82–73\nGeorgia Tech\nHewitt, PaulPaul Hewitt\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio, Texas\n[84]\n\n\n2005\nNorth Carolina\nWilliams, RoyRoy Williams\n075.1 !75–70\nIllinois\nWeber, BruceBruce Weber\nEdward Jones Dome\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n[85]\n\n\n2006\nFlorida\nDonovan, BillyBilly Donovan\n073 !73–57\nUCLA\nHowland, BenBen Howland\nRCA Dome\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[86]\n\n\n2007\nFlorida\nDonovan, BillyBilly Donovan\n084.2 !84–75\nOhio State\nMatta, ThadThad Matta\nGeorgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia\n[87]\n\n\n2008\nKansas\nSelf, BillBill Self\n075.2 !75–68\nMemphis[a]\nCalipari, JohnJohn Calipari\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio, Texas\n[88]\n\n\n2009\nNorth Carolina\nWilliams, RoyRoy Williams\n089.3 !89–72\nMichigan State\nIzzo, TomTom Izzo\nFord Field\nDetroit, Michigan\n[89]\n\n\n2010\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\n061 !61–59\nButler\nStevens, BradBrad Stevens\nLucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[90]\n\n\n2011\nConnecticut\nCalhoun, JimJim Calhoun\n053.1 !53–41\nButler\nStevens, BradBrad Stevens\nReliant Stadium\nHouston, Texas\n[91]\n\n\n2012\nKentucky\nCalipari, JohnJohn Calipari\n067.1 !67–59\nKansas\nSelf, BillBill Self\nMercedes-Benz Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n[92]\n\n\n2013\nLouisville[a]\nPitino, RickRick Pitino\n067.1 !82–76\nMichigan\nBeilein, JohnJohn Beilein\nGeorgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia\n[93]\n\n\n2014\nConnecticut\nOllie, KevinKevin Ollie\n060.2 !60–54\nKentucky\nCalipari, JohnJohn Calipari\nAT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\n[94]\n\n\n2015\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\n068.1 !68–63\nWisconsin\nRyan, BoBo Ryan\nLucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[95]\n\n\n2016\nVillanova\nJay Wright\n077.1 !77–74\nNorth Carolina\nWilliams, RoyRoy Williams\nNRG Stadium\nHouston, Texas\n[96]\n\n\n2017\nNorth Carolina\nRoy Williams\n071.3 !71–65\nGonzaga\nMark Few\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium\nGlendale, Arizona\n[97]\n\n\n2018\nVillanova\nJay Wright\n077.1 !79–62\nMichigan\nBeilein, JohnJohn Beilein\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio, Texas\n[98]\n\n" ]	[ "North Carolina" ]
-2278202303684697598	In the Air Tonight	In the Air Tonight - wikipedia In the Air Tonight Jump to : navigation , search `` In the Air Tonight '' Single by Phil Collins from the album Face Value B - side `` The Roof is Leaking '' Released 9 January 1981 Format 7 - inch single 12 - inch single Recorded Townhouse Studios London , 1980 Genre Experimental pop soft rock Length 5 : 34 ( album version ) 4 : 57 ( single edit ) Label Virgin Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Phil Collins Producer ( s ) Phil Collins Hugh Padgham Phil Collins singles chronology `` In the Air Tonight '' ( 1981 ) `` I Missed Again '' ( 1981 ) `` In the Air Tonight '' ( 1981 ) `` I Missed Again '' ( 1981 ) `` Separate Lives '' ( 1985 ) Separate Lives 1985 `` In the Air Tonight '' ( Remix ) ( 1988 ) In the Air Tonight1988 `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' ( 1988 ) A Groovy Kind of Love 1988 `` You Touch My Heart '' ( 2005 ) You Touch My Heart2005 `` In the Air Tonight '' ( Re-release ) ( 2007 ) In the Air Tonight2007 `` ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave '' ( 2010 ) ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave 2010 Audio sample file help `` In the Air Tonight '' is the debut solo single by the English singer - songwriter and drummer Phil Collins . It was released as the lead single from Collins ' debut solo album , Face Value , in January 1981 . Collins co-produced the single with Hugh Padgham , who became a frequent collaborator in the following years . The song was an instant hit , quickly climbing to No. 2 on the UK Singles chart but was held off the top spot by the posthumous release of John Lennon 's `` Woman '' . It was also an international hit , peaking at No. 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States and No. 1 in the Netherlands . It was later certified Gold by the RIAA , representing 500,000 copies sold . The song 's music video , directed by Stuart Orme , received heavy play on MTV when the new cable music video channel launched in August 1981 . It remains one of Collins ' best - known hits , often cited as his signature song , and is especially famous for his drum break towards the end , which has been described as `` the sleekest , most melodramatic drum break in history '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 1.1 Inspiration 1.2 Musical style 1.3 Drum sound 2 Urban legend 3 Music video 4 In popular culture 5 Sampling of the song 6 Use in literature 7 Single and credits 7.1 UK and US single ( 1981 ) 7.2 12 '' German maxi - single ( 1981 ) 7.3 Japan CD single ( 1988 ) 7.4 German CD single ( 1990 ) 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Cover versions 10 References 11 External links Background and recording ( edit ) Inspiration ( edit ) Collins wrote the song amid the grief he felt after divorcing his first wife Andrea Bertorelli in 1980 . In a 2016 interview , Collins said of the song 's lyrics : `` I wrote the lyrics spontaneously . I 'm not quite sure what the song is about , but there 's a lot of anger , a lot of despair and a lot of frustration . '' In a 1997 BBC Radio 2 documentary , the singer revealed that the divorce contributed to his 1979 hiatus from Genesis until the band regrouped in October of that year to record the album Duke . The lyrics of the song take the form of a dark monologue directed towards an unnamed person : Well if you told me you were drowning , I would not lend a hand I 've seen your face before , my friend , but I do n't know if you know who I am Well I was there and I saw what you did I saw it with my own two eyes So you can wipe off that grin I know where you 've been It 's all been a pack of lies Musical style ( edit ) The recording is notable for its atmospheric production and macabre theme . It has been described as being `` at the vanguard of experimental pop '' in 1981 and `` a rock oddity classic '' , having been influenced by `` the unconventional studio predilections of Brian Eno and Peter Gabriel '' . Musically , the song consists of a series of ominous chords played by a Sequential Circuits Prophet - 5 over a simple drum machine pattern ( the Roland CR - 78 Disco - 2 pattern , plus some programming ) ; processed electric guitar sounds and vocoded vocals , an effect which is increased on key words to add additional atmosphere . The mood is one of restrained anger until the final chorus when an explosive burst of drums releases the musical tension , and the instrumentation builds to a thundering final chorus . Collins has described obtaining the drum machine specifically to deal with personal issues relating to his divorce through songwriting , telling Mix magazine : `` I had to start writing some of this music that was inside me . '' He improvised the lyrics during a songwriting session in the studio : `` I was just fooling around . I got these chords that I liked , so I turned the mic on and started singing . The lyrics you hear are what I wrote spontaneously . That frightens me a bit , but I 'm quite proud of the fact that I sang 99.9 percent of those lyrics spontaneously . '' Drum sound ( edit ) Musically , it 's an extraordinarily striking record , because almost nothing happens in it ... It 's the drum sound in particular that 's amazing . You do n't hear it at all for the first two minutes of the song ... then there 's that great doo - dom doo - dom doo - dom comes in , and the drums come in half way through the song , setting the template for all the Eighties drum songs after that . -- Stuart Maconie The means by which Collins attained the drum sound on this recording was long a source of mystery . The exact process was a result of serendipity : an unintended use of studio technology giving unexpectedly useful results . In this case , the Solid State Logic 4000 mixing board had a `` reverse talk - back '' circuit ( labeled on the board as `` Listen Mic '' ) . Normal `` talkback '' is a button that the mixing engineer has to press in order to talk to the recording musicians ( the recording and the mixing parts of a studio are , otherwise , completely sonically isolated ) . Reverse talkback is a circuit ( also button - activated ) for the engineer to listen to musicians in the studio . In order to compensate for sound level differences -- people can be close to the reverse talkback microphone or far off -- this circuit has a compressor on it , which minimizes the differences between loud and soft sounds . While recording `` Intruder '' for his ex-bandmate Peter Gabriel 's third solo album , at some point Collins started playing the drums while the reverse talkback was activated . Engineer Hugh Padgham was amazed at the sound achieved . Overnight , they rewired the board so that the reverse talkback could be recorded in a more formal manner . Later models of the SSL 4000 allowed the listen mic to be recorded with the touch of a button . When recording engineer Padgham was brought in to help develop Collins ' demos that would become Face Value they recreated the `` Intruder '' sound using the reverse talkback microphone as well as heavily compressed and gated ambient mics . Padgham continued working with Genesis for Abacab later in 1981 and the same technique ( generally referred to as gated reverb ) was used , and the powerful drum sound has become synonymous with later Genesis projects and Collins ' solo career ever since . The original single version of `` In the Air Tonight '' features extra drums that play underneath the song until the signature drum crash ( referred to by fans as the `` magic break '' ) appears . These were added at the suggestion of Atlantic Records head Ahmet Ertegun . In 2007 , Collins wrote : Ahmet came down to the final mix in the cutting room in New York ( ... ) The drums do n't come in until the end but Ahmet did n't know that at this point , because on the demo the drums had n't come in at all ; it was only drum machine all the way . And he was saying , `` Where 's the down beat , where 's the backbeat ? '' I said , `` The drums come in in a minute . '' `` Yeah , you know that and I know that , but the kids do n't know that ; you 've got to put the drums on earlier . '' So we added some drums to the mix and put it out as a single . In 2007 , Mike Gruss , former columnist for The Virginian - Pilot , referred to the song as a `` soft rock classic . '' Urban legend ( edit ) An urban legend has arisen around `` In the Air Tonight '' , according to which the lyrics are based on a drowning incident in which someone who was close enough to save the victim did not help them , while Collins , who was too far away to help , looked on . Increasingly embellished variations on the legend emerged over time , with the stories often culminating in Collins singling out the guilty party while singing the song at a concert . Collins has denied all such stories ; he commented on the legends about the song in a BBC World Service interview : I do n't know what this song is about . When I was writing this I was going through a divorce . And the only thing I can say about it is that it 's obviously in anger . It 's the angry side , or the bitter side of a separation . So what makes it even more comical is when I hear these stories which started many years ago , particularly in America , of someone come up to me and say , `` Did you really see someone drowning ? '' I said , `` No , wrong '' . And then every time I go back to America the story gets Chinese whispers , it gets more and more elaborate . It 's so frustrating , ' cause this is one song out of all the songs probably that I 've ever written that I really do n't know what it 's about , you know ? The urban legend is referenced in the song `` Stan '' by Eminem . The reference is contained in the following lyrics : You know the song by Phil Collins , `` In the Air of the Night '' ( sic ) About that guy who coulda saved that other guy from drownin ' But did n't , then Phil saw it all , then at a show he found him ? Music video ( edit ) The music video animates the photograph of Collins 's face from the cover of the Face Value album , slowly fading in through the intro until it fills the screen , singing the first chorus . The video then cuts to Collins sitting in an empty room at night . Twice a spectral figure appears in the window , but only the second time does Collins get up to look at it , then is shown walking to the one door of the room . Collins 's face returns for the second chorus , then he 's shown leaving the room and entering a hallway full of doors . The first one is locked , then the second opens and Collins sees himself looking at the window again , only now the spectre has turned into his own reflection . The third door is locked , but as the fourth one opens , the drum break sounds and the viewer is returned to Collins 's face again , this time in thermal coloring , which gradually reverts to black and white . Collins recedes into the darkness as the song repeats and fades . In popular culture ( edit ) `` In the Air Tonight '' remains a popular selection on classic rock radio stations . It is the song most often associated with Collins ' solo career , and he has performed it at many events , including Live Aid , where he played the song on a piano on the same calendar day in both Philadelphia and London . He also performed the song at The Secret Policeman 's Ball , which was his first live performance as a solo artist . `` I remember doing ' In the Air Tonight ' at Live Aid , '' he recalled , `` and Townshend saying , ' Are you going to do that fucking song again ? ' as it was the only one I ever played . '' `` In the Air Tonight '' has been licensed repeatedly for use in films , television and advertisements for various products . In the 2009 film The Hangover , the protagonists encounter boxer Mike Tyson and his entourage after returning from an amnesiac night in Las Vegas , in which they absconded with the boxer 's pet tiger . Tyson imitates the iconic drum breakdown with his hands , lip syncs the song with the group , and proceeds to punch Zach Galifanakis to the floor in retribution . It was used in the train sequence of the 1983 film Risky Business and appeared on the soundtrack album . In 1984 the song was featured in the pilot episode of U.S. television show Miami Vice ( `` Brother 's Keeper '' ) , one of the first pop / rock songs to be featured as part of a television program in this manner . Its use in that scene was `` a moment that first signaled to audiences and critics that Miami Vice had something to offer that few other TV programs on the air in 1984 could match '' , The A.V. Club wrote in 2012 . It subsequently `` bubbled under '' the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 102 in late 1984 and appeared on the television soundtrack album released in 1985 . On the heels of this successful merging of media , Collins became associated with the show ; other Collins tracks including `` Take Me Home '' were later featured , and Collins himself also acted in the second season episode `` Phil the Shill '' . This song was later used in the show 's fourth season episode `` A Bullet for Crockett '' for its car chase opening scene , a clear reference to the show 's pilot episode . A cover of `` In the Air Tonight '' , performed by American metal band Nonpoint , also appeared in the 2006 film adaptation . It was used in 1986 when the brewer Anheuser - Busch adopted it for an ad campaign promoting Michelob beer , along with night - related songs by Collins ' peers Steve Winwood ( `` Do n't You Know What the Night Can Do ? '' ) and Eric Clapton ( `` After Midnight '' ) . In 2006 , the Family Guy episode Petergeist features Stewie trapped in a TV in a manner similar to that depicted in the movie Poltergeist . He tests out the sound of his voice by singing the song , and then vocalizing the drum part . Cadbury used the song in their 2007 Gorilla advertising campaign for its Dairy Milk chocolate bar . Afterwards , the song reached No. 14 on the UK singles chart and No. 9 on the UK Download Chart . The advertisement also helped the song re-enter the New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart and went to No. 1 , staying there for two weeks , beating its original 1981 No. 6 peak , and become his first chart topper song on the country . The single was finished also certified Platinum with sales of over 15,000 copies . This advert was so popular , it won the awards for the Best Ad of the Year , at New Zealands Fair - Go Ad Awards . It was also subsequently parodied in a spoof ad by Wonderbra. Contrary to popular belief , it was not Phil Collins performing in the gorilla suit but American actor Garon Michael . The song also featured in two episodes of the hit BBC One 1980s - based drama series Ashes to Ashes . In an interview with SFX , series creator Matthew Graham discusses his editorial choices in using the iconic song and its referential value for the dramatic finale . He considered the piece ideal for his purpose , evoking the mood of the early - 1980s . In an episode of the British soap opera Emmerdale , the character Gerry Roberts sang part of this song . Sampling of the song ( edit ) The song has been sampled by many artists , including Shaquille O'Neal in his song `` Edge of Night '' , Nas in his song `` One Mic '' , and Tupac Shakur on his tracks `` Starin ' Through My Rear View '' and `` Letter to the President '' . Other tracks which include samples of `` In the Air Tonight '' include DMX 's `` I Can Feel It '' , Krayzie Bone 's `` Silent Warrior '' , Joe Budden 's `` Rest in Peace ( In the Air ) '' , Sean Kingston 's `` Can You Feel It '' , Young Buck 's `` New York City '' , Big Audio Dynamite 's `` Innocent Child '' , Lil ' Kim 's `` In the Air Tonite '' , Ke $ ha 's `` Love Into the Light '' , and Av LMKR 's `` In The Air '' . It was used in 2009 by Canadian rapper Roi Heenok in his song `` La Mama Coca . '' According to video game music composer David Wise , he sampled the percussion track of `` In the Air Tonight '' for `` Bayou Boogie '' , a track in the 1995 SNES game Donkey Kong Country 2 : Diddy 's Kong Quest . It was also sampled by MiC LOWRY on their single `` Oh Lord '' . The song sampled by The Overall Ole in the song `` Gig Paty Gig ! '' . Use in literature ( edit ) U.S. author Mohja Kahf obtained permission to cite two lines from the song in her novel , The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf ( Perseus Books , 2006 ) . When the novel 's protagonist , a young Syrian American woman named Khadra who is coming of age during the 1970s and 1980s in America , performs the Muslim ritual pilgrimage ( hajj ) to Mecca and views the Ka'ba for the first time , the author writes that : `` Khadra tried to keep the joyous talbiya ( ritual chant ) in her mind and on her tongue : Here I am , O my Lord , Here I am ! Labbaik , allahumma , labbaik ! But she kept getting it crossed with Phil Collins in her head crooning , ' I can feel it coming in the air tonight , Oh Lo - ord ... I 've been waiting for this moment for all my life , oh Lo - ord ... ' '' Single and credits ( edit ) VSK102 UK Single Release ( Martin H ) `` In the Air Tonight '' `` The Roof is Leaking Sleeve includes a black and white 12 page cartoon storyboard drawn by Collins ' brother Clive Collins . UK and U.S. single ( 1981 ) ( edit ) `` In the Air Tonight '' -- 4 : 57 Phil Collins -- Roland CR - 78 drum machine , vocals , drums , Prophet 5 synthesizer , Rhodes piano , Roland VP - 330 vocoder John Giblin -- bass Daryl Stuermer -- guitar L. Shankar -- violins `` The Roof is Leaking '' -- 3 : 36 Phil Collins -- piano , vocal Daryl Stuermer -- banjo Joe Partridge -- slide guitar , aka Eric Clapton , credited as Eric A demo track for `` In the Air Tonight '' also appeared on the `` If Leaving Me Is Easy '' single . 12 '' German maxi - single ( 1981 ) ( edit ) `` In the Air Tonight '' ( full - length version including the extra drums ) -- 5 : 34 Phil Collins -- Roland CR - 78 drum machine , vocals , drums , Prophet 5 synthesizer , Rhodes piano , Roland VP - 330 vocoder John Giblin -- bass Daryl Stuermer -- guitar L. Shankar -- violins `` The Roof is Leaking '' -- 3 : 36 Phil Collins -- piano , vocal Daryl Stuermer -- banjo Joe Partridge -- slide guitar , aka Eric Clapton , credited as Eric Japan CD single ( 1988 ) ( edit ) `` In the Air Tonight '' ( extended ) `` In the Air Tonight '' ( ' 88 remix ) `` I Missed Again '' ( Album Version ) German CD single ( 1990 ) ( edit ) `` In the Air Tonight '' ( extended version ) -- 7 : 33 ( Additional production by Ben Liebrand ) `` In the Air Tonight '' ( ' 88 remix ) -- 5 : 07 ( Remixed by Phil Collins and Hugh Padgham ) `` I Missed Again '' -- 3 : 42 ( catalogue 2292 - 57672 - 2 ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM Top Singles Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) Zimbabwe Singles ( ZIMA ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 102 Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position Dutch Singles Chart 17 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) UK Singles Chart Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 47 Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 14 Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 102 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 39 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 35 Chart ( 2008 ) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Physical single Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Digital single Gold 10,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Physical single Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Digital single Platinum United Kingdom ( BPI ) Physical single Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Physical single Gold 3,500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Digital single 3 × Platinum sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Shaddap You Face '' by Joe Dolce Music Theatre German Singles Chart number - one single 15 May 1981 Succeeded by `` Stars on 45 Medley '' by Stars on 45 Preceded by `` Always on My Mind '' by Tiki Taane New Zealand RIANZ number - one single 21 July 2008 -- 27 July 2008 Succeeded by `` Nesian 101 '' by Nesian Mystik Cover versions ( edit ) A cover of the song appears on the Nonpoint album Recoil and in the film Miami Vice ( 2006 ) , and a video was made to promote the track using clips from the film . Nonpoint 's version was also used in teasers for the fifth season of Dexter in 2010 . The song was also covered by American metal band In This Moment for their 2017 album Ritual . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BPI > Certified Awards > Search results for Phil Collins ( page 3 ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Charts > Phil Collins '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 Best Drummers of All Time '' . LA Weekly . Los Angeles . 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Veix , Joe ( 11 April 2014 ) . `` An intense 30 - minute loop of Phil Collins 's ' In The Air Tonight ' drum fill '' . Death and Taxes . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Wardrop , Murray ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Ozzy Osbourne : ' I love Phil Collins ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) . `` '' In the Air Tonight '' ( 1981 ) Phil Collins : My Life in 15 Songs `` . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Mills , Gary ( 26 May 2010 ) . `` No Flak Jacket Required : In Defence Of Phil Collins '' . The Quietus . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . the single 's place in 1981 at the vanguard of experimental pop ^ Jump up to : `` Mix Magazine - Classic Tracks : Phil Collins ' `` In the Air Tonight '' `` . Archived from the original on 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Dave ( November 2004 ) . Turn It On Again : Peter Gabriel , Phil Collins , and Genesis . Backbeat Books . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 810 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sold on Song - Song Library - In the Air Tonight Jump up ^ Collins , Phil ; et al. ( 2007 ) . Genesis : Chapter and Verse . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 220 -- 221 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 37956 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gruss , Mike ( 11 July 2007 ) . `` I 've been Waiting for a theme song all my life '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Daily Break section , p . E1 . Retrieved 11 August 2013 ... Phil Collins ' 1981 soft - rock classic ' In the Air Tonight . ' ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` In the Air Tonight '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` BBC World Service - `` The Singer and the Song '' Phil Collins `` '' . Jump up ^ `` Eminem -- Stan Lyrics '' . MetroLyrics . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News : Stars recall Live Aid spectacular '' . 8 November 2004 . Jump up ^ Ellen , Mark : `` Does everybody still hate Phil Collins ? '' ; Classic Rock # 217 , December 2015 , p82 Jump up ^ `` The top ten sex scenes in film '' The Michigan Daily 14 February 2002 : 5B Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( 2 August 2012 ) . `` How Miami Vice launched the ' 80s on TV , then died with its decade TV A Very Special Episode '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . Bubbling Under Singles & Albums ( 1998 ) : 51 Jump up ^ Lippert , Barbara . `` Michelob Taps Sultry Feel In Night Moves '' The Milwaukee Journal 17 June 1986 : XTRA14 Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Platinum Certification '' . RadioScope New Zealand . 25 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Wonderbra drums up sexy hit , Daily Mail , 9 November 2007 . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . Jump up ^ YouTube . `` Gorilla TV advert - In The Air Tonight ( Ad Of The Decade ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail . `` Revealed : The man behind the drum - playing gorilla suit in Cadbury 's ad '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Setchfield , Nick ; Graham , Matthew ( 22 May 2010 ) . `` Ashes exclusive '' . SFX . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Wise on Twitter : `` @ pantalytron No coincidence . I was trying to get the SNES to sound like the Roland CR78 that Phil Collins used for In the air tonight . '' `` . Twitter . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf , p. 162 ) Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St. Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts > Phil Collins - In the Air Tonight ( single ) '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- In the Air Tonight '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz - Phil Collins - In the Air Tonight '' . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe . Kimberley , C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book . Harare : C. Kimberley , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts > Phil Collins - In the Air Tonight ( ' 88 Remix ) ( single ) '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` australian-charts.com > Discography Phil Collins '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 29 February 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Phil Collins -- In the Air Tonight '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1981 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2008 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Phil Collins ; ' In The Air Tonight ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Phil Collins -- In The Air Tonight '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Phil Collins -- In The Air Tonight '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Gold / Platinum Singles -- RadioScope New Zealand '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . RadioScope New Zealand . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Phil Collins -- In The Air Tonight '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Enter In The Air Tonight in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Phil Collins -- In The Air Tonight '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) The Singer and the Song , a `` Learning English '' episode from the BBC World Service , which includes a clip from the song and a recording of Collins reading part of the song 's lyrics ( in RealAudio ) `` Classic track : In the Air Tonight '' About the lyrics and the drum sound . aglassandahalffullproductions.com , Cadbury advert featuring a Gorilla playing the song . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Phil Collins Discography Awards Studio albums Face Value Hello , I Must Be Going ! No Jacket Required ... But Seriously Both Sides Dance into the Light Testify Going Back Compilations 12 `` ers ... Hits Love Songs : A Compilation ... Old and New The Singles Box sets The Platinum Collection Soundtracks Buster Tarzan Brother Bear Tarzan ( Broadway ) Live albums Serious Hits ... Live ! A Hot Night in Paris Concert tours The Hello , I Must Be Going Tour The No Jacket Required World Tour The Seriously , Live ! World Tour The Both Sides of the World Tour The Trip into the Light World Tour Finally ... The First Farewell Tour Not Dead Yet Tour Bands Genesis Brand X Flaming Youth The Phil Collins Big Band Related articles Urban Renewal Gorilla Joely Collins Lily Collins ( daughter ) Simon Collins ( son ) Hugh Padgham Daryl Stuermer Chester Thompson Touring and studio musicians `` Timmy 2000 '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Air_Tonight&oldid=827813995 '' Categories : 1981 singles Phil Collins songs 1980s ballads Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Debut singles Virgin Records singles Rock ballads Songs written by Phil Collins Song recordings produced by Hugh Padgham Song recordings produced by Phil Collins Atlantic Records singles 1980 songs Miami Vice Number - one singles in Austria Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from August 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 21 : 58 . 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-2076336102858163858	The Office (U.S. TV series)	The Office ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia The Office ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with The Office ( UK TV series ) or The Office ( 1995 TV series ) . The Office Genre Mockumentary Sitcom Based on The Office by Ricky Gervais Stephen Merchant Developed by Greg Daniels Starring Steve Carell Rainn Wilson John Krasinski Jenna Fischer B.J. Novak Ed Helms James Spader Melora Hardin David Denman Leslie David Baker Brian Baumgartner Kate Flannery Angela Kinsey Oscar Nunez Phyllis Smith Mindy Kaling Paul Lieberstein Creed Bratton Craig Robinson Ellie Kemper Zach Woods Amy Ryan Catherine Tate Clark Duke Jake Lacy Theme music composer Jay Ferguson Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 201 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Greg Daniels Ricky Gervais Stephen Merchant Howard Klein Ben Silverman Paul Lieberstein Jennifer Celotta B.J. Novak Mindy Kaling Brent Forrester Dan Sterling Cinematography Randall Einhorn Matt Sohn Sarah Levy Peter Smokler ( `` Pilot '' ) Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 -- 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Deedle - Dee Productions Reveille Productions ( 2005 -- 12 ) Shine America ( 2012 -- 13 ) NBC Universal Television Studio ( 2005 -- 07 ) Universal Media Studios ( 2007 -- 11 ) Universal Television ( 2011 -- 13 ) Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release March 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 24 ) -- May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) Chronology Related shows The Office ( UK ) External links Website www.nbc.com/the-office/ The Office is an American television comedy series that aired on NBC from March 24 , 2005 , to May 16 , 2013 . It is an adaptation of the BBC series of the same name . The Office was adapted for American audiences by Greg Daniels , a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live , King of the Hill , and The Simpsons . It is co-produced by Daniels ' Deedle - Dee Productions , and Reveille Productions ( later Shine America ) , in association with Universal Television . The original executive producers were Greg Daniels , Howard Klein , Ben Silverman , Ricky Gervais , and Stephen Merchant , with numerous others being promoted in later seasons . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . To simulate the look of an actual documentary , it is filmed in a single - camera setup , without a studio audience or a laugh track . The show debuted on NBC as a mid-season replacement and ran for nine seasons and 201 episodes . The Office initially featured Steve Carell , Rainn Wilson , John Krasinski , Jenna Fischer and B.J. Novak as the main cast ; the show experienced numerous changes to its ensemble cast during its run . The first season of The Office was met with mixed reviews , but the following four seasons received widespread acclaim from television critics . These seasons were included on several critics ' year - end top TV series lists , winning several awards including four Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Comedy Series in 2006 . While later seasons were criticized for a decline in quality , earlier writers oversaw the final season and ended the show 's run with a positive reception . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Crew 1.2 Development and writing 1.3 Casting 1.4 Filming 1.5 Music 2 Characters 3 Season synopsis 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 3.3 Season 3 3.4 Season 4 3.5 Season 5 3.6 Season 6 3.7 Season 7 3.8 Season 8 3.9 Season 9 4 Product placement 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reviews and commentary 5.2 Awards 5.3 Ratings 5.3. 1 Nielsen ratings 5.4 Cultural impact 5.5 International broadcasts 6 Other media 6.1 Online releases 6.2 Promotional 6.3 Cast blogs 6.4 Home video releases 7 Proposed spin - offs 8 References 9 External links Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) List of showrunners throughout the series ' run : Season 1 -- 4 : Greg Daniels Season 5 -- 6 : Paul Lieberstein & Jennifer Celotta Season 7 -- 8 : Paul Lieberstein Season 9 : Greg Daniels Greg Daniels served as the senior series showrunner for the first four seasons of the series and developed the British series for American television . He then left the position when he co-created the comedy series Parks and Recreation with fellow Office writer Michael Schur and divided his time between the two series . Paul Lieberstein and Jennifer Celotta were named the series showrunners for the fifth season . Celotta left the series after the sixth season and Lieberstein stayed on as showrunner for the following two seasons . He left the showrunner spot after the eighth season for the potential Dwight Schrute spin - off , The Farm , which was eventually passed up by NBC . Daniels returned to the showrunner position for the ninth and final season . Other executive producers include cast members B.J. Novak and Mindy Kaling . Kaling , Novak , Daniels , Lieberstein and Schur made up the original team of writers . Kaling , Novak and Lieberstein also serve multiple roles on the series , as they play regular characters on the show , as well as write , direct and produce episodes . Credited with twenty - four episodes , Kaling is the most prolific writer on the staff . Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant , who created the original British series , are credited as executive producers , and wrote the pilot and the third - season episode , `` The Convict '' . Merchant later directed the episode `` Customer Survey '' while Gervais appeared in the episodes `` The Seminar '' and `` Search Committee '' . Randall Einhorn is the most frequent director of the series , with 15 credited episodes . The series has also had several guest directors , including Lost co-creator J.J. Abrams , Buffy the Vampire Slayer creator Joss Whedon , both of whom are fans of the series , and filmmakers Jon Favreau , Harold Ramis , Jason Reitman , and Marc Webb . Episodes have been directed by several of the actors on the show including Steve Carell , John Krasinski , Rainn Wilson , Ed Helms , and Brian Baumgartner . Development and writing ( edit ) Before the series aired its second episode , the writers spent time researching in offices . This process was used for Daniels ' other series King of the Hill and Parks and Recreation . The pilot is a direct adaptation of the first episode of the British version . Daniels had decided to go this route because `` completely starting from scratch would be a very risky thing to do '' due to the show being an adaptation . He had briefly considered using the idea for `` The Dundies '' as the pilot episode . After the writers knew who the cast was , they were allowed to write for the actors , which allowed the show to be more original for the following episode , `` Diversity Day '' . Following the mixed reaction towards the first season , the writers attempted to make the series more `` optimistic '' and to make Michael Scott more likable . They also established the supporting characters of the series more , giving them actual personalities . They also made the lights in the office brighter , which allowed the series to differentiate itself from the British version . A common problem with the scripts , according to Novak , is that they tend to run too long for the regular 22 - minute time slot , leading to several cuts . For example , the script for the episode `` Search Committee '' was initially 75 pages -- 10 pages too long . A complete script is written for each episode ; however , actors are given opportunities to improvise during the shooting process . Fischer said , `` Our shows are 100 percent scripted . They put everything down on paper . But we get to play around a little bit , too . Steve and Rainn are brilliant improvisers . '' This leads to a large number of deleted scenes with almost every episode of The Office , all of which are considered part of the show 's canon and storyline by Daniels . Deleted scenes have sometimes been restored in repeats to make episodes longer or draw back people who have seen the episode before to see the bonus footage . In an experiment , a deleted scene from `` The Return '' was made available over NBC.com and iTunes , explaining the absence of a character over the next several episodes . Daniels hoped that word of mouth among fans would spread the information , but eventually considered the experiment a failure . Casting ( edit ) According to Jenna Fischer , the series used an unusual casting process which did not involve a script . The producers would ask the actors several questions and they would respond as the characters they were auditioning for . NBC programmer Kevin Reilly originally suggested Paul Giamatti to producer Ben Silverman for the role of Michael Scott , but the actor declined . Martin Short , Hank Azaria , and Bob Odenkirk were reported to be interested in the part . In January 2004 , Variety reported that Steve Carell , of the popular Comedy Central program The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , was in talks to play the role . At the time , he was already committed to another NBC mid-season replacement comedy , Come to Papa , but the series was quickly canceled , allowing his full commitment to The Office . Carell later stated that he had only seen about half of the original pilot episode of the British series before he auditioned . He did not continue watching for fear that he would start copying Gervais ' characterizations . Other people who were considered or auditioned for the role included Ben Falcone , Alan Tudyk , Jim Zulevic , and Paul F. Tompkins . Rainn Wilson was cast as power - hungry sycophant Dwight Schrute , and he watched every episode of the series before he auditioned . Wilson had originally auditioned for Michael , a performance that he described as a `` terrible Ricky Gervais impersonation '' ; however , the casting directors liked his audition as Dwight much more and hired him . Seth Rogen , Matt Besser , Patton Oswalt , and Judah Friedlander also auditioned for the role . John Krasinski ( left ) and Jenna Fischer ( right ) were virtually unknown before the series aired . John Krasinski and Jenna Fischer were virtually unknown before being cast in their respective roles as Jim and Pam , the central love interests . Krasinski had attended school with B.J. Novak , and the two were friends . Fischer prepared for her audition by looking as boring as possible , creating the original Pam hairstyle . In an interview on NPR 's Fresh Air , Fischer recalled the last stages of the audition process for Pam and Jim , with the producers partnering the different potential Pams and Jims ( four of each ) together to gauge their chemistry . When Fischer finished her scene with Krasinski , he told her that she was his favorite Pam , to which she reciprocated that he was her favorite Jim . Adam Scott and John Cho both auditioned for the role of Jim , and Kathryn Hahn also auditioned for the role of Pam . The supporting cast includes actors known for their improv work : Angela Kinsey , Kate Flannery , Oscar Nunez , Leslie David Baker , Brian Baumgartner , Melora Hardin , and David Denman . Kinsey had originally auditioned for Pam . The producers thought she was `` too feisty '' for the character , but they called her back for the part of Angela Martin , which she won . Flannery first auditioned for the part of Jan Levinson - Gould , before landing the role of Meredith Palmer . Baumgartner originally auditioned for Stanley , but was eventually cast as Kevin . Ken Kwapis , the director of the pilot episode , liked the way Phyllis Smith , a casting associate , read with other actors auditioning so much that he cast her as Phyllis . At the beginning of the third season , Ed Helms and Rashida Jones joined the cast as members of Dunder Mifflin Stamford . While Jones would later leave the cast for a role on Parks and Recreation , in February 2007 , NBC announced that Helms was being promoted to a series regular . Four of the show 's writers have also performed in front of the camera . B.J. Novak was cast as reluctant temp Ryan Howard after Daniels saw his stand - up act . Paul Lieberstein was cast as human resources director Toby Flenderson on Novak 's suggestion after his cold readings of scripts . Greg Daniels was originally unsure where to use Mindy Kaling on - screen in the series until the opportunity came in the script for the second episode , `` Diversity Day '' , where Michael needed to be slapped by a minority . `` Since ( that slap ) , I 've been on the show '' ( as Kelly Kapoor ) , says Kaling . Michael Schur has also made occasional appearances as Dwight 's cousin Mose , and consulting producer Larry Wilmore has played diversity trainer Mr. Brown . Plans were made for Mackenzie Crook , Martin Freeman , and Lucy Davis , from the British version of The Office , to appear in the third season , but those plans were scrapped due to scheduling conflicts . Filming ( edit ) Dunder Mifflin company logo The Office was filmed with a single - camera setup in a cinéma vérité allowing the look of an actual documentary , with no studio audience or laugh track , allowing its `` deadpan '' and `` absurd '' humor to fully come across . The primary vehicle for the show is that a camera crew has decided to film Dunder Mifflin and its employees , seemingly around the clock . The presence of the camera is acknowledged by the characters , especially Michael Scott , who enthusiastically participates in the filming . The characters , especially Jim and Pam , also look towards the camera when Michael creates an awkward situation . The main action of the show is supplemented with talking - head interviews or `` confessionals '' in which characters speak one on one with the camera crew about the day 's events . In order to get the feel of an actual documentary , the producers hired cinematographer Randall Einhorn , who is known for directing episodes of Survivor , which allowed the show to have the feel of `` rough and jumpy '' like an actual documentary . According to producer Michael Schur , the producers to the series would follow the documentary format strictly . The producers would have long discussions over whether a scene could work under the documentary format . For example , in the fourth - season episode `` Did I Stutter ? , '' a scene featured Michael going through a long process to go to the bathroom and not pass by Stanley . The producers debated whether that was possible and Einhorn walked through the whole scene in order to see if a camera man could get to all the places in time to shoot the whole scene . Despite the strict nature in the early years of the series , later seasons seem to have loosened the rules on the format , with the camera crew often going into places that actual documentary crews would not , which also changed the writing and comedy - style of the series . This inconsistency has received criticism from critics and fans . Music ( edit ) The Office theme The song was written by Jay Ferguson and performed by The Scrantones . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The theme song for The Office was written by Jay Ferguson and performed by The Scrantones . It is played over the title sequence , which features scenes of Scranton , various tasks around the office and the main cast members . Some episodes of the series use a shortened version of the theme song . Starting with the fourth season , the theme song is played over the closing credits , which previously rolled in silence . The exteriors of buildings in the title sequence are actual buildings in Scranton , Pennsylvania , and were shot by cast member John Krasinski . The mockumentary format of the show contains no laugh track , and most of the music is diegetic , with songs either sung or played by the characters or heard on radios , computers , or other devices . However , songs have been played during montages or the closing credits , such as `` Tiny Dancer '' by Elton John ( `` The Dundies '' ) and `` Islands in the Stream '' by Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton ( `` E-mail Surveillance '' ) . Featured music tends to be well known , and often songs reflect the character , such as Michael 's attempt to seem hip by using `` Mambo No. 5 '' and later `` My Humps '' as his cell phone ringtone . Daniels has said that it does not count as film score as long as it already appeared in the episode . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters See also : List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) cast members Further information : The Office § Counterparts The Office cast in the third season , from left to right : saleswoman Phyllis Lapin ( Phyllis Smith ) , human resources Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) , salesman Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski , seated ) , accountant Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) , receptionist Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , accountant Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) , customer services representative Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) , temp worker Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) , quality assurance representative Creed Bratton ( Creed Bratton , in back ) , regional manager Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) , supply relations representative Meredith Palmer ( Kate Flannery ) , salesman Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson , seated ) , accountant Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) , Vice President for Regional Sales Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) , salesman Stanley Hudson ( Leslie David Baker ) , and warehouse worker Roy Anderson ( David Denman ) . The Office employs an ensemble cast . Many characters portrayed by The Office cast are based on the British version of the show . While these characters normally have the same attitude and perceptions as their British counterparts , the roles have been redesigned to better fit the American show . The show is known for its generally large cast size , with many of its actors and actresses known particularly for their improvisational work . Steve Carell stars as Michael Scott , Regional Manager of the Dunder Mifflin Scranton Branch . Loosely based on David Brent , Gervais ' character in the British version , Scott is a well - intentioned man whose attempts at humor , while seemingly innocent to himself , often offend and annoy his peers and employees , and in some situations lead to reprimanding from his superiors . Rainn Wilson portrays Dwight Schrute , who , based upon Gareth Keenan , is a salesman and the Assistant to the Regional Manager , a fictional title created by Michael . John Krasinski portrays Jim Halpert , a salesman and , in later seasons , co-manager who is often known for his wittiness and his hijinks on Schrute ( often accompanied by Pam Beesly ) . Halpert is based upon Tim Canterbury , and is known to have feelings for Pam , the receptionist . Pam , played by Jenna Fischer , is based on Dawn Tinsley . She is shy , but in many cases a cohort with Jim in his pranks on Dwight . B.J. Novak portrays Ryan Howard , who for the first two seasons is a temporary worker , but is promoted to sales representative in the third season . He later ascends to the position of Vice President , North East Region and Director of New Media until his treachery was exposed for corporate fraud and he was fired . After this , he gets a job in a bowling alley and then briefly works for the Michael Scott Paper Company . After all this , and a stint in rehab , he eventually ends up again as the temporary worker at the Scranton branch . The accounting department features Angela Martin , an admitted uptight and hypocritical woman who wishes to keep things orderly and make sure situations remain as serious as possible ; Kevin Malone , a lovable , but dim - witted man who revels in juvenile humor and frequently indulges himself with gambling and M&Ms ; and Oscar Martinez is intelligent but often patronizing and whose homosexuality and Hispanic heritage made him a favorite target for Michael 's unintentional off - color comments . Rounding out the office are the stern salesman Stanley Hudson , who barely stood for Michael 's constant references to his Black - American heritage ( he also does n't like to take part in time wasting meetings and sometimes sleeps in them or works on crossword puzzles ) ; eccentric quality assurance representative Creed Bratton ; the kind and caring saleswoman Phyllis Lapin - Vance , who marries Bob Vance from Vance Refrigeration across the hall from the office ; Andy Bernard is a salesman introduced in season three after the closing of the Stamford , Connecticut branch of Dunder Mifflin and the merging of the two ; the bubbly and talkative customer service representative Kelly Kapoor ; the promiscuous alcoholic supply relations representative Meredith Palmer ; human resources representative Toby Flenderson , who is admittedly hated by , and often the target of abuse by Michael Scott ; warehouse foreman Darryl Philbin ; Warehouse dock worker and Pam 's ex-fiancé Roy Anderson , who was fired in the third season ; and Michael 's former love interest and former Vice President for Regional Sales for Dunder Mifflin Jan Levinson ( Jan Levinson - Gould until her divorce in season 2 ) . Toward the end of season five , the bubbly and naive Erin Hannon is introduced as Pam 's replacement at reception following Pam 's short stint at the Michael Scott Paper Company and her subsequent move to sales . A story arc at the end of season four has Holly Flax transferred to the office as Toby 's replacement . She acts as a love interest for Michael , as they share very similar personalities . Jo Bennett is the CEO of Sabre and Gabe Lewis , introduced in the middle of season six , is a Sabre employee who is assigned to the Dunder Mifflin Scranton branch as the Regional Director of Sales . In season nine Clark Green and Pete Miller joined as two new customer service representatives to attempt to catch up on the ignored customer services complaints that Kelly had dismissed while she worked at Dunder Mifflin . Initially the actors who portray the other office workers were credited as guest stars before they were named series regulars during the second season . The show 's large ensemble has been mainly praised by critics and led to the series winning two Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series . Carell was reportedly paid $175,000 per episode starting with the third season . Krasinski and Fischer were paid around $20,000 for the beginning of the series . Starting with the fourth season , the two started getting paid around $100,000 per episode . Season synopsis ( edit ) Main article : List of The Office episodes A typical episode for a half - hour time slot runs 20 - and - a-half minutes . The final episode of season two introduces the first of what would be several super-sized episodes that are approximately 28 - minute running time for a 40 - minute time slot . Season three introduces the first of occasional hour - long episodes ( approximately 42 - minute running time ; suitable for being shown as two separate normal episodes ) . Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 1 ) The first season consists of six episodes . The series begins by mostly introducing the office 's workers via a tour given by branch manager Michael Scott for both the camera crew and a first - day temp ( Ryan Howard ) . The audience learns salesman Jim Halpert has a crush on receptionist Pam Beesly ( who helps him play pranks on co-worker Dwight Schrute ) , even though she is engaged to Roy ( who works in the building 's lower - level warehouse ) . News spreads throughout the office that Dunder Mifflin 's corporate headquarters is planning to downsize an entire branch , leading to general anxiety , but Michael chooses to deny or downplay the realities of the situation in order to maintain employee morale . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 2 ) The second season is the series ' first twenty - two - episode season , and has its first 40 - minute `` super-sized '' episode . Many workers seen in the background of the first season are developed into secondary characters , and romantic relationships begin to develop between some of the characters . Michael spends the night with his boss Jan , in the wake of the latter 's divorce , but does not sleep with her . Dwight and Angela become romantically involved , but keep the relationship a secret from everyone else . Kelly develops a crush on Ryan , and they start dating . When Roy sets a date for his wedding to Pam , Jim grows depressed and considers transferring to the Stamford , Connecticut branch , but tells Pam in the season finale that he loves her , even though Pam still insists she will marry Roy . The two kiss , but Jim transfers to the Stamford branch soon after . The general threat of downsizing continues throughout the season as well . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 3 ) The third season consists of 25 half - hours of material , divided into 17 half - hour episodes , four 40 - minute `` super-sized '' episodes , and two one - hour episodes . Jim briefly transfers to Stamford branch after Pam confirms her commitment to Roy . Corporate is later forced to merge the Stamford branch and staff into the Scranton branch . Included in the transfer to Scranton are Karen Filippelli , with whom Jim has developed a relationship , and the anger - prone Andy Bernard . Pam is newly single after calling off her marriage and relationship to Roy prior to the merger , and Jim 's unresolved feelings for her and new relationship with Karen lead to shifting tensions amongst the three . Meanwhile , Michael and Jan 's relationship escalates which causes them both to behave erratically on the job while Dwight and Angela continue their secret relationship . In the season 's finale , Jim , Karen , and Michael interview for a corporate position that turns out to be Jan 's , who is fired that day for poor performance . Jim wins and rejects the offer off - screen , opting instead to return to Scranton without Karen and asks Pam out on a date , which she joyfully accepts . In the final scene , we learn Ryan has been awarded Jan 's job due to his business school credentials . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 4 ) NBC ordered a full fourth season of 30 half - hour episodes , but ended with only 19 due to a halt in production caused by the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . The season consists of 9 half - hour episodes , and 5 hour - long episodes to comprise the 19 total episodes of material created . Karen has left the Scranton branch after her breakup with Jim , and becomes regional manager at the Utica branch . Pam and Jim date happily . An unemployed Jan moves in with Michael , until the dissolution of their relationship midway through the season . After Dwight 's crude ( though well - intentioned ) method of euthanasia of Angela 's ailing cat without her permission , she leaves him for Andy , leading Dwight into depression . Ryan , in his new corporate life in New York City , attempts to modernize Dunder Mifflin with a new website for online sales ; he also learns that his boss , David Wallace , favors Jim , and thus Ryan attempts to sabotage Jim 's career . Ryan is soon arrested and fired for committing fraud related to the website 's sales numbers . Toby , embarrassed after accidentally revealing affection for Pam , announces he is moving to Costa Rica , and is replaced by Holly Flax , who quickly shows fondness towards Michael . Pam decides to follow her artistic interests and attend a three - month graphic design course at the Pratt Institute in New York City . In the season finale Andy proposes to Angela , who reluctantly agrees . Phyllis then catches Dwight and Angela having sex in the office . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 5 ) The fifth season consists of 28 half - hours of material , divided into 24 half - hour episodes and two hour - long episodes , one of which aired after Super Bowl XLIII . Jim and Pam become engaged , and she ultimately returns from New York to Scranton , where Jim has bought his parents ' house for the two of them . Having avoided jail and only been sentenced to community service , Ryan dyes his hair and starts working for a bowling alley . Michael initiates a romance with Holly until she is transferred to the Nashua , New Hampshire branch and the relationship ends . When Andy is made aware of Dwight and Angela 's continued affair , both men leave her . Newly hired Vice President Charles Miner implements a rigid managerial style over the branch that causes Michael to resign in protest . Michael opens the Michael Scott Paper Company , enticing Pam and Ryan to join as salespeople , and though his business model is ultimately unsustainable , Dunder Mifflin 's profits are immediately threatened . In a buyout of the Michael Scott Paper Company , the three are rehired with Pam promoted to sales and Ryan returning as a temp . During the chaos , new receptionist Erin is hired to fill the vacancy originally left by Pam . The season 's finale ends with a cliffhanger ending hinting that Pam might be pregnant . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 6 ) The sixth season consists of 26 half - hours of material , divided into 22 half - hour episodes and two hour - long episodes . Jim and Pam marry and have a baby named Cecelia Marie Halpert . Meanwhile , Andy and Erin develop mutual interest in one another , but find their inherent awkwardness inhibits his attempts to ask her out on a date . Rumors of bankruptcy begin to surround Dunder Mifflin , and by Christmas , Wallace announces to the branch that Dunder Mifflin has accepted a buyout from Sabre Corporation , a printer company . While Wallace and other executives are let go , the Scranton office survives due to its relative success within the company . In the season finale , Dwight buys the office park . Michael agrees to make an announcement to the press regarding a case of faulty printers . When Jo Bennet , Sabre CEO , asks how she can repay him , Michael responds that she could bring Holly back to the Scranton branch . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 7 ) The seventh season consists of 26 half - hours of material , divided into 21 half - hour episodes , one `` super-sized '' episode , and two hour - long episodes . This is the final season for Steve Carell , who plays the lead character Michael Scott , as Carell wanted to move on after his contract expired during this season . Beginning with this season , Zach Woods , who portrays Gabe Lewis , was promoted to a series regular . Erin and Gabe have begun a relationship , much to Andy 's chagrin , and he attempts to win her affection back . Michael 's former girlfriend , Holly returns to Scranton to fill in for Toby who is doing jury duty for the `` Scranton Strangler '' trial . Michael and Holly eventually restart their relationship . After the two get engaged , he then reveals he will be leaving Scranton to go to Colorado with Holly in order to support her elderly parents . Pam and Jim are still adjusting to parenthood as Angela starts dating the Senator . After Michael 's replacement ( Will Ferrell ) is seriously injured , Jo creates a search committee to interview candidates and choose a new manager for the office . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 8 ) The eighth season consists of 24 episodes . James Spader reprises his role as Robert California , the new CEO of Dunder Mifflin / Sabre . Andy is then promoted to Regional Manager and works hard to make a good impression on Robert , and asks Dwight to be his number two . Pam and Jim are expecting their second child , Phillip , at the start of the season , to coincide with Fischer 's real life pregnancy . Angela is pregnant with her first son , also named Philip , with State Senator Robert Lipton ( although it is implied that Dwight Schrute is actually the child 's biological father ) . Darryl starts falling for new warehouse foreman Val . Dwight is tasked with traveling to Tallahassee , Florida in order to assist Sabre Special Projects Manager Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) in launching a chain of retail stores , along with Jim , Ryan , Stanley , Erin , and new office temp Cathy Simms . Cathy is also revealed to have ulterior motives for the trip , as she intends to seduce Jim , but fails . Robert later kills the retail store project , and Erin decides to stay in Florida as an elderly woman 's live - in helper . Andy goes to Florida and wins back Erin , but this allows Nellie to claim the manager position as her own . Robert tells Andy that he has been demoted back to a salesman , but he refuses to accept the news , which causes him to be fired . Andy becomes motivated to begin a Dunder Mifflin comeback and joins with former CFO , David Wallace , to buy Dunder Mifflin back from Sabre , putting Sabre completely out of business and giving Andy the manager position once again . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 9 ) The final season consists of 25 episodes . Andy , recently returning from Outward Bound manager 's training , reverts to his arrogant earlier season personality , abandoning both Erin and the office to travel around the Caribbean with his brother . In his absence , Erin strikes up a romance with new customer service rep Pete , who along with Clark , another new character , replaces Kelly , who left for Ohio with her new husband ( Ryan also moves to Ohio for `` unrelated reasons '' ) . Meanwhile , Jim receives an exciting opportunity from an old college friend , who offers him a job at Athlead , a sports marketing company based in Philadelphia . Darryl also jumps on board , but the distance and dedication to Athlead hurts Jim 's relationship with Pam . Angela also must deal with her husband 's infidelity with Oscar . She also deals with her lingering attraction to Dwight , who inherits his family 's beet farm . Dwight receives more good news when David Wallace handpicks him to be the new manager after Andy quits to pursue an acting career , which quickly ends when he embarrasses himself at an a cappella singing competition that turns into a viral web sensation . Dwight later makes Jim his Assistant to the Regional Manager and the two officially end their grudge . After Jim reconciles with Pam , choosing to stay in Scranton over Philadelphia , Dwight professes his love for Angela , and finally marries her . In the series finale , taking place one year after the release of the documentary , the employees reunite for Dwight and Angela 's wedding , for which Michael returns ( with help from Jim who was the person Dwight first asked to be his best man ) to serve as the best man . Kelly and Ryan run away together , Nellie now lives in Poland and `` adopts '' Ryan 's abandoned baby , Erin meets her birth parents , Andy gets a job at Cornell , Stanley retires to Florida , Kevin and Toby are both fired with the former buying a bar and the latter moving to New York City to become an author , Oscar runs for State Senate , Jim and Pam , at her persuasion , move to Austin to open a new branch of Athleap ( previously Athlead ) with Darryl ( Dwight `` fires '' them to give them both severance packages ) , and Creed is arrested for his many crimes . Product placement ( edit ) The Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company tower , shown during the opening credits The Office has had product placement deals with Staples and the Olympic balers , as well as mentioning in dialogue or displaying clear logos for products such as Sandals Resorts , HP , Apple , and Gateway computers , and Activision 's Call of Duty video game series . In `` The Merger '' , Kevin Malone uses a Staples - branded shredding machine to shred a Staples - branded CD - R and many other non-paper items , including a salad . As with HP , Cisco Systems , a supplier of networking and telephone equipment , pays for product placement , which can be seen on close - up shots of the Cisco IP Telephones . Some products have additional branding labels attached ; this can be clearly seen with the HP photo printer on Toby 's desk in season 6 , and is less noticeable with the Cisco phones . In `` The Secret '' Michael takes Jim to Hooters to discuss Jim 's feelings for Pam . Many products featured are not part of product placement agreements , but rather inserted by writers as products the characters would use to create realism under the guise of a documentary . Chili 's restaurants were used for filming in `` The Dundies '' and `` The Client '' , as the writers believed they were realistic choices for a company party and business lunch . Though not an explicit product placement , the producers of the show had to allow Chili 's to have final approval of the script before filming , causing a scene of `` The Dundies '' to be hastily rewritten when the chain objected to the original version . Apple Inc. received over four minutes of publicity for the iPod when it was used as a much - desired gift in `` Christmas Party '' , though the company did not pay for the placement . The travel website TripAdvisor.com was featured during Season 4 when after a visit to Dwight 's `` agritourism '' bed and breakfast , Schrute Farms , Jim and Pam post an online review about their stay . The show reportedly approached the travel review website about using their name on the show and TripAdvisor set up a review page for the fictional B&B which itself received hundreds of reviews . The appearance of Second Life in the episode `` Local Ad '' was rated eighth in the top ten most effective product placements of 2007 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reviews and commentary ( edit ) Before the show aired , Ricky Gervais acknowledged that there were feelings of hesitation from certain viewers . The first season of The Office was met with a mixed response from critics with some of them comparing it to the short - lived NBC series Coupling which was also based on a British version . The New York Daily News called it `` so diluted there 's little left but muddy water , '' and USA Today called it a `` passable imitation of a miles - better BBC original . '' A Guardian Unlimited review panned its lack of originality , stating , `` ( Steve Carell ) just seems to be trying too hard ... Maybe in later episodes when it deviates from Gervais and Merchant 's script , he 'll come into his own . But right now he 's a pale imitation . '' Tom Shales of the Washington Post said it was `` not the mishmash that ( Americanized version of Coupling ) turned out to be , but again the quality of the original show causes the remake to look dim , like when the copying machine is just about to give out . '' `` The Office has one of the best casts on television ... It also has created several compelling characters and touching relationships , all of which is fairly remarkable for a half hour comedy . '' -- Travis Fickett of IGN in June 2007 The second season was better received . James Poniewozik of Time remarked , `` Producer Greg Daniels created not a copy but an interpretation that sends up distinctly American work conventions ... with a tone that 's more satiric and less mordant ... The new boss is different from the old boss , and that 's fine by me . '' He named it the second best TV show of 2006 after Battlestar Galactica . Entertainment Weekly writer Mark Harris echoed these sentiments a week later , stating , `` Thanks to the fearless Steve Carell , an ever - stronger supporting cast , and scripts that spew American corporate absurdist vernacular with perfect pitch , this undervalued remake does the near impossible -- it honors Ricky Gervais ' original and works on its own terms . '' The A.V. Club reviewer Nathan Rabin expressed its views on the show 's progression : `` After a rocky start , The Office improved immeasurably , instantly becoming one of TV 's funniest , sharpest shows . The casting of Steve Carell in the Gervais role proved to be a masterstroke . The American Office is that rarest of anomalies : a remake of a classic show that both does right by its source and carves out its own strong identity . '' The series has been included on several top TV series lists . The show placed # 61 on Entertainment Weekly 's `` New TV Classics '' list . Time 's James Poniewozik named it the second best TV series of 2006 , and the sixth best returning series of 2007 , out of ten TV series . He also included it on his `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' list . The show was also named the best show of 2006 by BuddyTV . while Paste named it the sixth best sitcom of 2010 . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America placed it at # 66 on their list of 101 Best Written TV Series . The show has some superficial similarities to the comic strip Dilbert , which also features employees coping with an inept superior . John Spector , CEO of The Conference Board , says that both show the impact a leader can have , for good or bad . Dilbert creator Scott Adams also touts the similarities : `` The lesson from The Office and from Dilbert is that people are often dysfunctional , and no amount of training can fix it . '' A labor - affiliated group praised the episode `` Boys and Girls '' for what it considered an unusually frank depiction of union busting on American television . Metacritic , a review aggregation website , only graded the first , third , sixth , and final seasons . However , it denoted that all four of them received `` generally favorable reviews '' from critics , awarding a 61 , 85 , 78 , and 64 score -- out of 100 -- to each of them , respectively . It later named it the thirteenth most mentioned series on `` Best of Decade '' top - ten lists . `` The Office now is a pale , listless shadow of what it used to be . '' -- Alan Sepinwall of HitFix in September 2011 The last few seasons were criticized for a dip in quality . The sixth season received criticisms for a lack of stakes for the characters . Other critics and fans have also criticized the dragging out of the Jim and Pam romance . The Office co-creator Ricky Gervais wrote in his blog , referring to `` Search Committee , '' particularly Warren Buffett 's guest appearance , `` If you 're going to jump a shark , jump a big one '' , and compared the episode to the Chris Martin episode of Gervais 's other series , Extras ( although he later said on his website , `` I fucking did n't ( diss The Office ) , that 's for sure '' ) . Some critics said the series should have ended after the departure of Steve Carell . Rainn Wilson felt that the eighth season possessed some mistakes `` creatively '' , such as the chemistry between Spader and Helms , which he called `` a bit dark '' and argued that the show should have gone for a `` brighter and more energized '' relationship . Despite this , there are later - series episodes that have received critical acclaim , including `` Stress Relief '' , `` Niagara '' , `` Garage Sale '' , `` Goodbye , Michael '' , `` Dwight Christmas '' , `` A.A.R.M. '' , and `` Finale '' . Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Office ( U.S. TV series ) The series received 42 Primetime Emmy Awards nominations , with five wins . It won for Outstanding Comedy Series in season two , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series ( Greg Daniels for `` Gay Witch Hunt '' ) , Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series ( Jeffrey Blitz for `` Stress Relief '' ) and Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series ( David Rogers and Claire Scanlon for `` Finale '' ) . Many cast and crew members have expressed anger that Carell did not receive an Emmy award for his performance in the series . Despite this , Carell won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Comedy or Musical in 2006 . The series was also named the best TV series by the American Film Institute in 2006 and 2008 , won two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2006 and 2007 and won a Peabody Award in 2006 . Ratings ( edit ) Premiering on Thursday , March 24 , 2005 , after an episode of The Apprentice on NBC , The Office brought in 11.2 million viewers in the U.S. , winning its time slot . When NBC moved the series to its intended Tuesday night slot , it lost nearly half its audience with only 5.9 million viewers . The program averaged 5.4 million viewers , ranking it # 102 for the 2004 -- 05 U.S. television season . `` Hot Girl '' , the first season 's finale , rated a 2.2 with a 10 audience measurement share . Episodes were also rerun on CNBC . As the second season started , the success of Carell 's hit summer movie The 40 - Year - Old Virgin and online sales of episodes at iTunes helped the show . The increase in viewership led NBC to move the series to the `` Must See TV '' Thursday night in January 2006 , where ratings continued to grow . By the 2005 -- 06 season , it placed # 67 ( tied with 20 / 20 ) . It averaged 8 million viewers with a 4.0 / 10 rating / share among viewers ages 18 -- 49 , and was up 80 % in viewers from the year before and up 60 % in viewers ages 18 -- 49 . The series ranked as NBC 's highest rated scripted series during its run . The highest rated episode of the series was `` Stress Relief '' , which was watched by 22.9 million viewers . This episode was aired right after Super Bowl XLIII . While later seasons dropped in the ratings , the show was still one of NBC 's highest rated shows , and in October 2011 it was reported that it cost $178,840 per - 30 second commercial , the most for any NBC scripted series . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Premiered Ended Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere Viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale Viewers ( in millions ) 1 ( 2004 -- 05 ) Thursday 9 : 30 pm ( `` Pilot '' ) Tuesday 9 : 30 pm March 24 , 2005 11.20 April 26 , 2005 4.80 102nd 5.4 2 ( 2005 -- 06 ) Tuesday 9 : 30 pm ( September 20 -- December 6 , 2005 ) Thursday 9 : 30 pm ( January 5 -- May 11 , 2006 ) September 20 , 2005 9.00 May 11 , 2006 7.70 67th 8.0 3 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Thursday 8 : 30 pm September 21 , 2006 9.10 May 17 , 2007 7.90 68th 8.3 4 ( 2007 -- 08 ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm September 27 , 2007 9.70 May 15 , 2008 8.07 77th 8.0 5 ( 2008 -- 09 ) September 25 , 2008 9.20 May 14 , 2009 6.72 52nd 9.0 6 ( 2009 -- 10 ) September 17 , 2009 8.20 May 20 , 2010 6.60 52nd 7.8 7 ( 2010 -- 11 ) September 23 , 2010 8.40 May 19 , 2011 7.29 53rd 7.7 8 ( 2011 -- 12 ) September 22 , 2011 7.64 May 10 , 2012 4.49 87th 6.5 9 ( 2012 -- 13 ) September 20 , 2012 4.28 May 16 , 2013 5.69 94th 5.1 Cultural impact ( edit ) Dunder Mifflin banner in front of Scranton City Hall The city of Scranton , long known mainly for its industrial past as a coal mining and rail center , has eagerly embraced , and ultimately has been redefined by the show . `` We 're really hip now , '' says the mayor 's assistant . The Dunder Mifflin logo is on a lamppost banner in front of Scranton City Hall , as well as the pedestrian bridge to The Mall at Steamtown . The Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company , whose tower is shown in the opening credits , plans to add it to the tower as well . Newspapers in other Northeastern cities have published travel guides to Scranton locations for tourists interested in visiting places mentioned in the show . Scranton has become identified with the show outside the United States as well . In a 2008 St. Patrick 's Day speech in its suburb of Dickson City , former Taoiseach ( Irish prime minister ) Bertie Ahern identified the city as the home of Dunder Mifflin . Atrium of the Mall at Steamtown during the inaugural The Office convention The inaugural The Office convention was held downtown in October 2007 . Notable landmarks , some of which have been settings for the show , that served as venues include the University of Scranton , the Radisson Lackawanna Station Hotel and the Mall at Steamtown . Cast appearances were made by B.J. Novak , Ed Helms , Oscar Nunez , Angela Kinsey , Brian Baumgartner , Leslie David Baker , Mindy Kaling , Craig Robinson , Melora Hardin , Phyllis Smith , Creed Bratton , Kate Flannery , Bobby Ray Shafer , and Andy Buckley . Writer appearances , besides Novak and Kaling , were made by Greg Daniels , Michael Schur , Jennifer Celotta , Lee Eisenberg , Gene Stupnitsky , Justin Spitzer , Anthony Ferrell , Ryan Koh , Lester Lewis , and Jason Kessler . Not present were writer - actor Paul Lieberstein ( who was originally going to make an appearance ) , Steve Carell , John Krasinski , Rainn Wilson , and Jenna Fischer . On an episode of The Daily Show , Republican presidential candidate John McCain , reportedly a devoted fan of the show , jokingly told Jon Stewart he might take Dwight Schrute as his running mate . Rainn Wilson later accepted on Dwight Schrute 's behalf while on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . After the airing of `` Garage Sale '' , Colorado governor John Hickenlooper issued a press release appointing Michael Scott to the position of Director of Paper Distribution in the Department of Natural Resources . The show is often paid tribute by the band Relient K. Band member Matt Thiessen is a fan of The Office , and , during concerts , will often perform a self - described `` love song '' about the series , titled `` The Ballad of Dunder Mifflin '' , followed by him and the band playing the show 's opening theme . International broadcasts ( edit ) Aside from NBC , The Office has gone into off - network syndication in the United States . It has reruns on local stations and TBS . In the United Kingdom , the show was named in listings magazines ( but not onscreen ) as The Office : An American Workplace when it was originally aired on ITV2 . Other Media ( edit ) Online releases ( edit ) Episodes from The Office were among the first shows available for download from the iTunes Store beginning in December 2005 . In 2006 , ten internet - exclusive webisodes featuring some of the characters on The Office aired on NBC.com . `` Producer 's Cuts '' ( containing approximately ten additional minutes of material ) of the episodes `` Branch Closing '' and `` The Return '' were also made available on NBC.com . The Office also became available for download from Amazon. com 's Unbox video downloads in 2006 . Sales of new The Office episodes on iTunes ceased in 2007 due to a dispute between NBC and Apple ostensibly over pricing . As of September 9 , 2008 The Office was put back on the iTunes Store , and can be bought in HD and Regular format . Netflix also offers the show for online viewing by subscribers , in addition to traditional DVD rental . The Office is also available on Microsofts Zune Marketplace . Of the 12.4 million total viewings of `` Fun Run '' , the fourth season 's premiere , 2.7 million , or 22 % , were on a computer via online streaming . `` The Office , '' said The New York Times , `` is on the leading edge of a sharp shift in entertainment viewing that was thought to be years away : watching television episodes on a computer screen is now a common activity for millions of consumers . '' It was particularly popular with online viewers , an NBC researcher said , because as an episode - driven sitcom without special effects it was easy to watch on smaller monitors such as those found on laptops and iPods . Between the online viewings and those who use digital video recorders , 25 -- 50 % of the show 's viewers watch it after its scheduled airtime . The show 's Internet success became an issue in the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . Daniels and many of the cast members who double as writers posted a video to YouTube shortly after the strike began , pointing out how little , if any , they received in residuals from online and DVD viewing . `` You 're watching this on the Internet , a thing that pays us zero dollars , '' Schur said . `` We 're supposed to get 11 cents for every two trillion downloads . '' The writers were particularly upset that they were n't compensated for the Daytime Emmy Award - winning summer webisodes `` The Accountants '' , which NBC considered promotional material despite the embedded commercials . Promotional ( edit ) The show 's success has resulted in expansion outside of television . Characters have appeared in promotional materials for NBC , and a licensed video game -- The Office -- was released in 2007 . In 2008 two games were introduced via Pressman Toy Corp : The Office Trivia Board Game and The Office DVD Board Game . In 2009 , The Office Clue was released , and The Office Monopoly was released in 2010 . Other merchandise , from T - shirts and a bobblehead doll of Dwight Schrute to more office - specific items such as Dunder Mifflin copy paper and parodies of the Successories motivational poster series featuring the cast are available . Dunder Mifflin has two websites , and the cast members maintain blogs both as themselves and in character . Cast blogs ( edit ) Several members of the cast maintained blogs . These include Jenna Fischer , Angela Kinsey , and Brian Baumgartner , who posted regularly during the season . Rainn Wilson wrote in character on `` Schrute Space '' on NBC.com , which is updated periodically . However , he stopped writing the blog himself . It is unknown whether Creed Bratton authors `` Creed Thoughts '' , the blog attributed to his character . Home video releases ( edit ) Season Region 1 release date Region 2 release date Region 4 release date Episodes Discs Bonus features August 16 , 2005 April 10 , 2006 August 16 , 2006 6 Deleted scenes from all episodes , five commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes . September 12 , 2006 January 28 , 2008 April 4 , 2007 22 Deleted scenes from every episode , ten commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes , The Accountants webisodes , Faces of Scranton video , blooper reel , 17 fake public service announcements , Olympics promos and `` Steve on Steve '' promos . September 4 , 2007 July 21 , 2008 August 20 , 2008 ( Part 1 ) April 22 , 2009 ( Part 2 ) 25 Deleted scenes , eight commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes , `` Kevin Cooks Stuff in The Office '' , 2006 NBC Primetime Preview , Toby wraparound promos , Dwight Schrute music video , Joss Whedon interview , blooper reel , Lazy Scranton video , and a 58th Annual Emmy Awards excerpt . A special edition for Target called the `` Nifty Gifty '' set also contains footage from the Museum of TV festival and script facsimile . September 2 , 2008 June 14 , 2010 September 2 , 2009 ( Part 1 ) December 2 , 2009 ( Part 2 ) 19 Deleted scenes , outtakes , Second Life footage , The Office Convention invitation , The Office Convention : Writer 's Block Panel , `` Goodbye , Toby '' music video , four commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes . 5 September 8 , 2009 February 7 , 2011 September 29 , 2010 ( Part 1 ) March 2 , 2011 ( Part 2 ) 28 5 Deleted scenes , outtakes , ten commentaries by the cast and crew , `` The Academy of Art and Sciences presents , ' The Office , ' Summer Olympic promos , Super Bowl promos , Kevin 's Loan webisodes , and The Outburst webisodes . 6 September 7 , 2010 January 30 , 2012 August 4 , 2011 ( Part 1 ) November 9 , 2011 ( Part 2 ) 26 5 Deleted scenes , outtakes , gag reel , cast and crew commentaries , two extended episodes , minisode The Podcast , `` Welcome to Sabre '' corporate welcome video , promos . Overtime November 16 , 2010 N / A N / A N / A The Accountants , Kevin 's Loan , The Outburst , Blackmail , Subtle Sexuality and The Mentor webisodes , The Podcast minisode , The Office Convention : Cast Q&A , Paley : Inside The Writer 's Room , Subtle Sexuality commentary with Mindy Kaling , B.J. Novak , and Ellie Kemper , Blackmail video commentary with Creed Bratton , Subtle Sexuality music video , Dwight Schrute music video , Lazy Scranton video , Michael Scott 's Dunder Mifflin ad and fake PSAs . 7 September 6 , 2011 September 3 , 2012 August 22 , 2012 ( Part 1 ) November 7 , 2012 ( Part 2 ) 26 5 Deleted scenes , blooper reel , `` The Third Floor '' webisodes , cast and crew commentaries on five episodes , producer 's extended cuts of `` Training Day '' and `` Search Committee , '' Threat Level Midnight : The Movie ( A Michael Scott Joint ) 8 September 4 , 2012 April 7 , 2014 February 13 , 2013 ( Part 1 ) August 8 , 2013 ( Part 2 ) 24 5 Deleted scenes , blooper reel , `` The Girl Next Door '' webisodes , producer 's extended cuts of `` Angry Andy '' and `` Fundraiser '' 9 September 3 , 2013 September 15 , 2014 February 13 , 2014 ( Part 1 ) June 19 , 2014 ( Part 2 ) 25 5 Deleted scenes , gag reel , rare audition footage Proposed spin - offs ( edit ) A spin - off to the series was proposed in 2008 , with a pilot episode expected to debut as the Super Bowl lead - out program in 2009 . However , The Office 's creative team instead decided to develop Parks and Recreation as a separate series . Another spin - off starring Rainn Wilson as Dwight Schrute running a bed - and - breakfast and beet farm , titled The Farm , was proposed in early 2012 . In October 2012 , however , NBC decided not to go forward with the series . The backdoor pilot episode instead aired as part of the ninth and final season of The Office on March 14 , 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Office , Jury Report for NBC Duty in March . '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` How a Parks and Recreation pitch becomes a joke , part 1 : Inside the writers room '' . HitFix . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` The Office , `` Duel '' & 30 Rock , `` Flu Shot '' : Silent but deadly `` . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Office ' Shakeup Continues as Search for New Showrunner Begins '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Aziz Ansari hired for ' Office ' spinoff -- Entertainment News , Los Angeles , Media '' . Variety . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ; Elliot , Stuart ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comedies Lead the Way for the Next TV Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Novak keeps his ' Office ' job '' . Variety . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 15 , 2011 ) . `` Scoop : Mindy Kaling Gets Major Office Promotion -- But There 's a Twist ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paumgarten , Nick ( October 3 , 2005 ) . `` Fender Bender '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full cast and crew for `` The Office '' `` . IMDb . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( March 24 , 2005 ) . `` Miracle time -- Americanized ' Office ' is good '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Ricky Gervais to reprise David Brent role on NBC 's ' The Office ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Office : Search Committee , 7.25 -- 7.26 '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Fightin ' Dwight Schrute '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Joss Whedon and J.J. Abrams Both Directing The Office '' . IGN . January 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Total Film Exclusive : JJ Abrams directing the US Office '' . Total Film . September 15 , 2006 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . 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Jon Spector , CEO of The Conference Board , an organization that tries to improve business effectiveness , likens The Office to the 18 - year - old comic strip Dilbert that appears in 2,000 newspapers in 65 countries . Both The Office and Dilbert show how leaders have enormous impact for good -- and how they can ' screw things up , ' Spector says ... ' Michael puts himself in a position of responsibility , where most people feel uncomfortably vulnerable , ' says Noah Rowles , CEO of Los Angeles software company Iolo Technologies . ' He takes ownership of his flock . The lesson learned is that people would much rather follow someone who is passionate and dedicated than someone who may be perfect on paper but otherwise uncommitted to achieving success as a group . ' Jump up ^ `` Unionbusting at The Office ? '' . American Rights At Work . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Office : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . 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White , Cindy ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` The Office : ' Dwight Christmas ' Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ For various reviews , see : Sepinwall , Alan ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' The Office ' -- ' A.A.R.M. ' : The Teapot Dome Affair '' . HitFix . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Giant , M. ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` A.A.R.M. '' . Television Without Pity . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Mullins , Jenna ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Office Recap : An Engagement , a Dunder Mifflin Farewell and the Jim - Pam Tribute That Left Us in Tears '' . E ! Online . E !. Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ For various reviews , see : Sepinwall , Alan ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Series finale review : ' The Office ' -- ' Finale ' : That 's What We All Said '' . HitFix . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Cornet , Roth ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Finale ' Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . 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TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Full 2010 -- 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Wipeout ' , ' The Next ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wildermuth , Renate ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` Office Visit '' . Times Union . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sagers , Aaron ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Pennsylvania city relishes attention from hit TV series '' . The Morning Call . Pop Matters . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . The tower looks exactly the same as it does on TV , although company President Douglas Fink says there are plans to add a Dunder Mifflin logo to one of the tower 's black circular insets ... Fink adds that the attention from the show has led to a greater awareness of his business . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` The Office fanatic 's guide to Scranton '' . Times Herald - Record . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Falchek , David ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` Prime minister of Ireland attends Lackawanna event '' . Republican & Herald . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . He identified Scranton as the birthplace of senators Robert Casey Jr. and Joseph Biden and the branch office of Dunder Mifflin , a reference to the NBC sitcom based in the city . Jump up ^ `` The Office Convention , Scranton PA '' . Times - Shamrock Communications . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2008 . Retrieved April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` McCain 's TV Preferences Emerge : Office Farce , Not Soap '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Mr. McCain seemed to set himself up again last Wednesday when , in an appearance on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , he jokingly proposed Dwight Schrute , a sycophantic character on the NBC sitcom The Office , as his running mate ... But Mr. McCain 's fondness for The Office seems sincere . The next day he seemed slightly star - struck upon meeting B.J. Novak , a writer and actor on the show , at a gala sponsored by Time magazine . Mr. McCain started rattling off the details of ' Dinner Party , ' a recent episode that he apparently enjoyed and remembered . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Hickenlooper appoints new Director of Paper Distribution in the Department of Natural Resources '' . Colorado.gov. April 1 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Relient K 's ode to ' The Office ' '' . OfficeTally . November 4 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE OFFICE : AN AMERICAN WORKPLACE '' . ITV.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , Josh . NBC Universal Ditches iTunes . Eonline.com , August 31 , 2007 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( March 10 , 2008 ) . `` Serving Up Television Without the TV Set '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` In the Age of TiVo and Web Video , What Is Prime Time ? '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Many of the top - rated broadcast shows now have 20 percent to 25 percent ratings gains when DVR viewing is calculated . In urban areas , the gains are even greater . In Los Angeles , fully half the 18 - to 49 - year - old viewership for some shows , including The Office and another NBC sitcom , 30 Rock , happens on a time - shifted basis . Jump up ^ Greg Daniels , Michael Schur , Mindy Kaling , B.J. Novak , and Paul Lieberstein ( November 6 , 2007 ) . The Office is Closed ( online video ) . YouTube . Event occurs at 00 : 36 . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( June 19 , 2007 ) . `` Office sets videogame deal '' . Variety . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Office '' . MSN Games . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Games & Puzzles '' . Pressman Toy Corporation . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2008 . Retrieved August 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's The Office : T - Shirts , Books , Mugs and Caps '' . NBC . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Office 's ' Dunder Mifflin Paper Company to Become Real '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Motivational Posters '' . NBC . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dunder Mifflin Paper , the main website , and Dunder Mifflin Infinity , the intranet . Retrieved on April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Baumgartner 's TV Guide blog ! '' . OfficeTally . July 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Interview : Rainn Wilson ( March 14 , 2006 ) . The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , NBC . Jump up ^ Creed Thoughts . Archived March 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . NBC.com . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Traveling Salesmen '' and `` The Return '' , originally aired as separate half - hour episodes , share one commentary track . Jump up ^ `` The Office -- A look at the ' Rental - Ready ' Disc Case Art for The Office -- Season 4 DVD '' . tvshowsondvd.com . August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved August 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Office Season 5 DVD Buying Guide '' . OfficeTally.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Office -- Universal 's Formal Season 6 Press Release Reveals DVD and Blu - ray Bonus Material '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Office DVD news : Announcement for The Office -- Overtime : Digital Shorts Collection '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Office - Finalized Street Date for ' Season 9 : The Farewell Season ' on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Juarez , Vanessa ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` NBC 's new lineup : ' The Office ' gets a spinoff ; ' Friday Night Lights ' and ' ER ' return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spinoff of The Office coming next season on NBC '' . CBC News . April 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` ' Parks ' is like a bad day at ' The Office , ' even with likable Poehler '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : HitFix Staff ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Dwight Schrute ' Office ' spin - off starring Rainn Wilson in the works at NBC '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Nixes Dwight - Centered Office Spin - Off '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBC to Air `` Office '' Spin - Off `` The Farm '' on Thursday , March 14 `` . The Futon Critic . March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThe Officeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website The Office on IMDb The Office at TV.com Preceded by House 2008 The Office Super Bowl lead - out program 2009 Succeeded by Undercover Boss ( hide ) The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Holly Flax Robert California Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Cast list Worldwide editions Video game The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Links to related articles Ricky Gervais Television ( creator and star ) Meet Ricky Gervais The Office ( UK ) Extras The Ricky Gervais Show ( animated series ) An Idiot Abroad Life 's Too Short Derek Other television work `` Golden Years '' The Office ( US ) `` Pilot '' `` The Convict '' `` Homer Simpson , This Is Your Wife '' Film ( writer / director ) The Invention of Lying Cemetery Junction Special Correspondents David Brent : Life on the Road Stand - up ( writer / performer ) Animals Politics Fame Science Other works The Ricky Gervais Show ( audio ) Flanimals More Flanimals Flanimals of the Deep Flanimals : The Day of the Bletchling Music Seona Dancing `` More to Lose '' `` Bitter Heart '' Stephen Merchant Television ( creator and star ) Meet Ricky Gervais The Office ( UK TV series ) Extras The Ricky Gervais Show ( animated series ) An Idiot Abroad Life 's Too Short Hello Ladies Other television work The Office ( U.S. TV series ) `` Pilot '' `` The Convict '' `` Customer Survey '' Film ( writer and director ) Cemetery Junction Fighting with My Family Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series 1950s The Red Skelton Show ( season 1 , 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( season 2 , 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( season 3 , 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( season 2 , 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 1 , 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 2 , 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 3 , 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 9 ( 1959 ) 1960s The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 11 ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( season 1 , 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 2 ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 3 ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 4 ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 5 ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( season 1 , 1967 ) Get Smart , season 3 ( 1968 ) Get Smart , season 4 ( 1969 ) 1970s My World and Welcome to It ( season 1 , 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H , season 2 ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 5 ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 6 ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 7 ( 1977 ) All in the Family , season 8 ( 1978 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1979 ) 1980s Taxi , season 2 ( 1980 ) Taxi , season 3 ( 1981 ) Barney Miller , season 8 ( 1982 ) Cheers , season 1 ( 1983 ) Cheers , season 2 ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Cheers , season 7 ( 1989 ) 1990s Murphy Brown ( season 2 , 1990 ) Cheers , season 9 ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( season 4 , 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) Frasier , season 4 ( 1997 ) Frasier , season 5 ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal , season 2 ( 1999 ) 2000s Will & Grace , season 2 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2001 ) Friends , season 8 ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 7 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 9 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) 30 Rock , season 1 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) 30 Rock , season 3 ( 2009 ) 2010s Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Modern Family , season 3 ( 2012 ) Modern Family , season 4 ( 2013 ) Modern Family , season 5 ( 2014 ) Veep , season 4 ( 2015 ) Veep , season 5 ( 2016 ) Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. Kinsman ; S. Kinsman ; Longoria ; Moses ; Savant ; Sheridan ; Strong ; Woodard The Office , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson The Office , season 3 / season 4 ( 2007 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) : Adsit ; Baldwin ; Bowden ; Fey ; Friedlander ; Krakowski ; McBrayer ; Morgan ; Powell Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) : Agron ; Colfer ; Gallagher ; Gilsig ; Lynch ; Mays ; McHale ; Michele ; Monteith ; Morris ; Morrison ; Riley ; Rivera ; Salling ; Shum ; Sussman ; Talton ; Theba ; Ushkowitz Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Cosby Show , season 2 ( 1986 ) It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , season 1 ( 1987 ) Frank 's Place , season 1 / The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown , season 1 ( 1989 ) The Simpsons , season 1 ( 1990 ) Murphy Brown , season 3 ( 1991 ) Seinfeld , season 3 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 5 ( 1997 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 6 ( 1998 ) Sports Night , season 1 ( 1999 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 1 ( 2000 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 2 ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show , season 1 ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , season 7 / season 8 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Arrested Development , season 2 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Office , season 3 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 2 ( 2009 ) Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Louie , season 2 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 / Parks and Recreation , season 5 ( 2013 ) Louie , season 4 / Veep , season 3 ( 2014 ) Inside Amy Schumer , season 3 ( 2015 ) Black - ish , season 2 ( 2016 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2017 ) Comedy portal Television in the United States portal Pennsylvania portal VIAF : 182932301 LCCN : no2006017037 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Office_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=801613624 '' Categories : The Office ( U.S. TV series ) 2000s American comedy television series 2005 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy television series 2013 American television series endings American television sitcoms English - language television programs Mockumentary television series NBC network shows Single - camera television sitcoms Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Scranton , Pennsylvania Television series by Reveille Productions Television series by Universal Television Television shows set in Pennsylvania Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 19 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the show the office take place	[ "The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. To simulate the look of an actual documentary, it is filmed in a single-camera setup, without a studio audience or a laugh track. The show debuted on NBC as a mid-season replacement and ran for nine seasons and 201 episodes. The Office initially featured Steve Carell, Rainn Wilson, John Krasinski, Jenna Fischer and B. J. Novak as the main cast; the show experienced numerous changes to its ensemble cast during its run." ]	[ "Scranton, Pennsylvania" ]
5130619263120870034	Economic Community of West African States	Economic Community of West African states - Wikipedia Economic Community of West African states Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) Economic Community of West African States Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest ( French ) Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental ( Portuguese ) Emblem Headquarters Abuja , Nigeria 9 ° 2 ′ 35 '' N 7 ° 31 ′ 32 '' E / 9.04306 ° N 7.52556 ° E / 9.04306 ; 7.52556 Official languages French English Portuguese Membership 15 members ( show ) Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Leaders Chairman Faure Gnassingbe President of the Commission Marcel Alain de Souza Speaker of the Parliament Moustapha Cissé Lô Establishment Treaty of Lagos 28 May 1975 Area Total 5,114,162 km ( 1,974,589 sq mi ) ( 7th ) Population 2015 estimate 349,154,000 ( 3rd ) Density 68.3 / km ( 176.9 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) 2015 estimate Total US $1.483 trillion ( 18th ) Per capita US $4,247 GDP ( nominal ) estimate Total $675 billion 2015 ( 21st ) Per capita $1,985 Currency Escudo ( CVE ) Cedi ( GHS ) Dalasi ( GMD ) Franc ( GNF ) Dollar ( LRD ) Naira ( NGN ) Leone ( SLL ) W. African CFA franc ( XOF ) Time zone ( UTC + 0 to + 1 ) Website http://www.ecowas.int/ If considered as a single entity . To be replaced by the eco . Liberia and Sierra Leone have expressed an interest in joining the eco . The Economic Community of West African States , also known as ECOWAS ( French : Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest , CEDEAO ; Portuguese : Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental , CEDEAO ) , is a regional economic union of fifteen countries located in West Africa . Collectively , these countries comprise an area of 5,114,162 km ( 1,974,589 sq mi ) , and in 2015 had an estimated population of over 349 million . The union was established on 28 May 1975 , with the signing of the Treaty of Lagos , with its stated mission to promote economic integration across the region . A revised version of the treaty was agreed and signed on 24 July 1993 in Cotonou . Considered one of the pillar regional blocs of the continent - wide African Economic Community ( AEC ) , the states goal of ECOWAS is to achieve `` collective self - sufficiency '' for its member states by creating a single large trading bloc by building a full economic and trading union . ECOWAS also serves as a peacekeeping force in the region , with member states occasionally sending joint military forces to intervene in the bloc 's member countries at times of political instability and unrest . In recent years these included interventions in Ivory Coast in 2003 , Liberia in 2003 , Guinea - Bissau in 2012 , Mali in 2013 , and Gambia in 2017 . ECOWAS includes two sub-regional blocs : The West African Economic and Monetary Union ( also known by its French - language acronym UEMOA ) is an organization of eight , mainly French - speaking , states within the ECOWAS which share a customs union and currency union . Established in 1994 and intended to counterbalance the dominance of English - speaking economies in the bloc ( such as Nigeria and Ghana ) , members of UEMOA are mostly former territories of French West Africa . The currency they all use is the CFA franc , which is pegged to the euro . The West African Monetary Zone ( WAMZ ) , established in 2000 , comprises six mainly English - speaking countries within ECOWAS which plan to work towards adopting their own common currency , the eco . ECOWAS operates in three co-official languages -- French , English , and Portuguese , and consists of two institutions to implement policies : the ECOWAS Commission and the ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development ( EBID ) , formerly known as the Fund for Cooperation until it was renamed in 2001 . A few members of the organization have come and gone over the years . In 1976 Cape Verde joined ECOWAS , and in December 2000 Mauritania withdrew , having announced its intention to do so in December 1999 . In 2011 , ECOWAS adopted its development blueprint for the next decade , Vision 2020 , and , to accompany it , a Policy on Science and Technology ( ECOPOST ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Member states 2 Structure 2.1 President of the Commissions 2.2 Chairpersons 2.3 Regional security co-operation 2.4 Community Parliament 2.5 Expanded ECOWAS Commission 2.6 Community Court of Justice 2.7 Sporting and cultural exchange 3 Economic integration 3.1 West African Economic and Monetary Union ( UEMOA ) 3.1. 1 Membership 3.2 West African Monetary Zone 3.2. 1 Membership 4 Transport 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Member states ( edit ) As of February 2017 , ECOWAS has 15 member states , eight of these are French - speaking , five are English - speaking and two Portuguese - speaking . All current members joined the community as founding members in May 1975 , except Cape Verde which joined in 1977 . The only former member of ECOWAS is Arabic - speaking Mauritania , which was also one of the founding members in 1975 and decided to withdraw in December 2000 . Morocco officially requested to join ECOWAS in February 2017 . The application was endorsed at the summit of heads of state in June 2017 . Statistics for population , nominal GDP and purchase price parity GDP listed below are taken from World Bank estimates for 2015 , published in December 2016 . Area data is taken from a 2012 report compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division . Country Area ( km ) Population ( thousands ) GDP ( nominal ) ( millions USD ) GDP ( PPP ) ( millions intl. $ ) Currency Official language Benin 7005114763000000000 ♠ 114,763 7004108800000000000 ♠ 10,880 7003829100000000000 ♠ 8,291 7004223770000000000 ♠ 22,377 CFA franc French Burkina Faso 7005272967000000000 ♠ 272,967 7004181060000000000 ♠ 18,106 7004106780000000000 ♠ 10,678 7004307080000000000 ♠ 30,708 CFA franc French Cape Verde 7003403300000000000 ♠ 4,033 7002521000000000000 ♠ 521 7003160300000000000 ♠ 1,603 7003341300000000000 ♠ 3,413 escudo Portuguese Gambia 7004112950000000000 ♠ 11,295 7003199100000000000 ♠ 1,991 7002939000000000000 ♠ 939 7003334400000000000 ♠ 3,344 dalasi English Ghana 7005238533000000000 ♠ 238,533 7004274100000000000 ♠ 27,410 7004375430000000000 ♠ 37,543 7005115409000000000 ♠ 115,409 cedi English Guinea 7005245857000000000 ♠ 245,857 7004126090000000000 ♠ 12,609 7003669900000000000 ♠ 6,699 7004152440000000000 ♠ 15,244 franc French Guinea - Bissau 7004361250000000000 ♠ 36,125 7003184400000000000 ♠ 1,844 7003105700000000000 ♠ 1,057 7003268500000000000 ♠ 2,685 CFA franc Portuguese Ivory Coast 7005322463000000000 ♠ 322,463 7004227020000000000 ♠ 22,702 7004317590000000000 ♠ 31,759 7004797660000000000 ♠ 79,766 CFA franc French Liberia 7005111369000000000 ♠ 111,369 7003450300000000000 ♠ 4,503 7003205300000000000 ♠ 2,053 7003376200000000000 ♠ 3,762 dollar English Mali 7006124019200000000 ♠ 1,240,192 7004176000000000000 ♠ 17,600 7004127470000000000 ♠ 12,747 7004356950000000000 ♠ 35,695 CFA franc French Niger 7006126700000000000 ♠ 1,267,000 7004198990000000000 ♠ 19,899 7003714300000000000 ♠ 7,143 7004190130000000000 ♠ 19,013 CFA franc French Nigeria 7005923768000000000 ♠ 923,768 7005182202000000000 ♠ 182,202 7005481066000000000 ♠ 481,066 7006109392100000000 ♠ 1,093,921 Naira English Senegal 7005196712000000000 ♠ 196,712 7004151290000000000 ♠ 15,129 7004136100000000000 ♠ 13,610 7004366250000000000 ♠ 36,625 CFA franc French Sierra Leone 7004723000000000000 ♠ 72,300 7003645300000000000 ♠ 6,453 7003421500000000000 ♠ 4,215 7004101270000000000 ♠ 10,127 leone English Togo 7004567850000000000 ♠ 56,785 7003730500000000000 ♠ 7,305 7003408800000000000 ♠ 4,088 7004106670000000000 ♠ 10,667 CFA franc French ECOWAS Total 7006511416200000000 ♠ 5,114,162 7005349154000000000 ♠ 349,154 7005623491000000000 ♠ 623,491 7006148275600000000 ♠ 1,482,756 & -- & -- Structure ( edit ) President of the Commissions ( edit ) African Union This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the African Union Institutions ( show ) Casablanca Group Union of African States Organisation of African Unity African Economic Community African Unification Front Executive ( show ) Assembly Chairperson Commission Chairperson Conference and Events Peace & Sec . Pol . Affairs Infra . & Energy Soc . Affairs HR , Sci. , & Tech . Trade and Industry Rural Econ . & Agri . Economic Legal Counsel Executive Council Rep. Committee Legislature ( show ) Pan-African Parliament President Bureau Secretariat List of members Permanent Committees Rural Econ. , Agri. , Resources , Environ . Monetary & Financial Trade , Customs , & Immigration Cooperation , IR , & Conflict Transport , Industry , Communications , Energy , Science , & Tech . Health , Labour , & Social Educ. , Culture , Tourism , & HR Gender , Family , Youth , Disabilities Justice & Rights Rules , Privileges , & Discipline Judiciary ( show ) Sirte Declaration Constitutive Act of the AU Law Charter on Rights Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Court of Justice Court on Human and Peoples ' Rights List of judges Advisory bodies ( show ) Peace and Security Council Economic , Social , and Cultural Council Specialised Technical Committees Rural Econ. , Agri . Monetary & Financial Trade , Customs , and Immigration Industry , Sci. & Tech. , Energy , Natural Resources , & Environment Transport , Comm. , Tourism Health , Labor , Social Edu. , Culture , & Human Resources Financial bodies ( show ) AEC Pillars ( Abuja Treaty ) CEN - SAD COMESA EAC ECCAS / CEEAC CEMAC ECOWAS UEMOA WAMZ IGAD SADC SACU AMU / UMA African Central Bank African Monetary Fund African Investment Bank New Partnership for Africa 's Development African Peer Review Mechanism Decentralised bodies ( show ) Agencies of the AU Related topics ( show ) Elections Enlargement Foreign relations Other countries Atlas President Country In office Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara Ivory Coast January 1977 -- 1985 Momodu Munu Sierra Leone 1985 -- 1989 Abass Bundu Sierra Leone 1989 -- 1993 Édouard Benjamin Guinea 1993 -- 1997 Lansana Kouyaté Guinea September 1997 -- 31 January 2002 Mohamed Ibn Chambas Ghana 1 February 2002 -- 31 December 2007 Mohamed Ibn Chambas Ghana 1 January 2007 -- 18 February 2010 Victor Gbeho Ghana 18 February 2010 -- 1 March 2012 Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo Burkina Faso 1 March 2012 -- 4 June 2016 Marcel Alain de Souza Benin 4 June 2016 -- present Chairpersons ( edit ) Chairperson Country In office Yakubu Gowon Nigeria 28 May 1975 -- 29 July 1975 Gnassingbé Eyadéma Togo 29 July 1975 -- 13 September 1977 Olusegun Obasanjo Nigeria 13 September 1977 -- 30 September 1979 Léopold Sédar Senghor Senegal 30 September 1979 -- 31 December 1980 Gnassingbé Eyadéma Togo 1980 -- 1981 Siaka Stevens Sierra Leone 1981 -- 1982 Mathieu Kérékou Benin 1982 -- 1983 Ahmed Sékou Touré Guinea 1983 -- 1984 Lansana Conté Guinea 1984 -- 1985 Muhammadu Buhari Nigeria 1985 -- 27 August 1985 Ibrahim Babangida Nigeria 27 August 1985 -- 1989 Dawda Jawara Gambia 1989 -- 1990 Blaise Compaoré Burkina Faso 1990 -- 1991 Dawda Jawara Gambia 1991 -- 1992 Abdou Diouf Senegal 1992 -- 1993 Nicéphore Soglo Benin 1993 -- 1994 Jerry Rawlings Ghana 1994 -- 27 July 1996 Sani Abacha Nigeria 27 July 1996 -- 8 June 1998 Abdulsalami Abubakar Nigeria 9 June 1998 -- 1999 Gnassingbé Eyadéma Togo 1999 -- 1999 Alpha Oumar Konaré Mali 1999 -- 21 December 2001 Abdoulaye Wade Senegal 21 December 2001 -- 31 January 2003 John Kufuor Ghana 31 January 2003 -- 19 January 2005 Mamadou Tandja Niger 19 January 2005 -- 19 January 2007 Blaise Compaoré Burkina Faso 19 January 2007 -- 19 December 2008 Umaru Musa Yar'Adua Nigeria 19 December 2008 -- 18 February 2010 Goodluck Jonathan Nigeria 18 February 2010 -- 17 February 2012 Alassane Ouattara Ivory Coast 17 February 2012 -- 17 February 2013 Nana Addo Dankwa Akoffo Addo Ghana 17 February 2013 -- 19 May 2015 Macky Sall Senegal 19 May 2015 -- 4 June 2016 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Liberia 4 June 2016 -- 4 June 2017 Faure Gnassingbé Togo 4 June 2017 -- present Regional security Cooperation ( edit ) See also : Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group The ECOWAS nations assigned a non-aggression protocol in 1990 along with two earlier agreements in 1978 and 1981 . They also signed a Protocol on Mutual Defence Assistance in Freetown , Sierra Leone , on 29 May 1981 , that provided for the establishment of an Allied Armed Force of the Community . Community Parliament ( edit ) The Community Parliament consists of 115 members , distributed based on the population of each member state . This body is headed by the Speaker of the Parliament , who is above the Secretary General . Country Parliament Seats Benin 5 Burkina Faso 6 Cape Verde 5 Ivory Coast 7 Gambia 5 Ghana 8 Guinea 6 Guinea - Bissau 5 Liberia 5 Mali 6 Niger 6 Nigeria 35 Senegal 6 Sierra Leone 5 Togo 5 Expanded ECOWAS Commission ( edit ) For the third time since its inception in 1975 , ECOWAS is undergoing institutional reforms . The first was when it revised its treaty on 24 July 1993 ; the second was in 2007 when the Secretariat was transformed into a Commission . As of July 2013 , ECOWAS now has six new departments ( Human Resources Management ; Education , Science and Culture ; Energy and Mines ; Telecommunications and IT ; Industry and Private Sector Promotion . Finance and Administration to Sierra Leone has been decoupled , to give the incoming Ghana Commissioner the new portfolio of Administration and Conferences ) Community Court of Justice ( edit ) Main article : ECOWAS Court The ECOWAS Community Court of Justice was created by a protocol signed in 1991 and was later included in Article 6 of the Revised Treaty of the Community in 1993 . However , the Court did not officially begin operations until the 1991 protocol came into effect on 5 November 1996 . The jurisdiction of the court is outlined in Article 9 and Articles 76 of the Revised Treaty and allows rulings on disputes between states over interpretations of the Revised Treaty . It also provides the ECOWAS Council with advisory opinions on legal issues ( Article 10 ) . Like its companion courts the European Court of Human Rights and East African Court of Justice , it has jurisdiction to rule on fundamental human rights breaches . Sporting and cultural exchange ( edit ) ECOWAS nations organize a broad array of cultural and sports event under the auspices of the body , including the CEDEAO Cup in football , the 2012 ECOWAS Games and the Miss CEDEAO beauty pageant . Economic integration ( edit ) West African Economic and Monetary union ( UEMOA ) ( edit ) See also : CFA franc and Economic and monetary union UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS only ( Cape Verde ) The West African Economic and Monetary Union ( also known as UEMOA from its name in French , Union économique et monétaire ouest - africaine ) is an organization of eight , mainly francophone West African states within the ECOWAS , that was dominated otherwise by anglophone heavyweights like Nigeria and Ghana . It was established to promote economic integration among countries that share the CFA franc as a common currency . UEMOA was created by a Treaty signed at Dakar , Senegal , on 10 January 1994 , by the heads of state and governments of Benin , Burkina Faso , Côte d'Ivoire , Mali , Niger , Senegal , and Togo . On 2 May 1997 , Guinea - Bissau , a former Portuguese colony , became the organization 's eighth ( and only non-Francophone ) member state . UEMOA is a customs union and currency union between the members of ECOWAS . Its objectives include the following : Greater economic competitiveness , through open markets , in addition to the rationalisation and harmonisation of the legal environment The convergence of macro-economic policies and indicators The creation of a common market The co-ordination of sectoral policies The harmonisation of fiscal policies Among its achievements , the UEMOA has successfully implemented macro-economic convergence criteria and an effective surveillance mechanism . It has adopted a customs union and common external tariff and has combined indirect taxation regulations , in addition to initiating regional structural and sectoral policies . A September 2002 IMF survey cited the UEMOA as `` the furthest along the path toward integration '' of all the regional groupings in Africa . ECOWAS and UEMOA have developed a common plan of action on trade liberalisation and macroeconomic policy convergence . The organizations have also agreed on common rules of origin to enhance trade , and ECOWAS has agreed to adopt UEMOA 's customs declaration forms and compensation mechanisms . Membership ( edit ) ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development headquarters in Lome . Benin ( Founding Member ) Burkina Faso ( Founding Member ) Ivory Coast ( Founding Member ) Guinea - Bissau ( Joined on 2 May 1997 ) Mali ( Founding Member ) Niger ( Founding Member ) Senegal ( Founding Member ) Togo ( Founding Member ) West African Monetary Zone ( edit ) See also : Eco ( currency ) Formed in 2000 , the West African Monetary Zone ( WAMZ ) is a group of six countries within ECOWAS that plan to introduce a common currency called the Eco . The six member states of WAMZ are Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Nigeria and Sierra Leone who founded the organization together in 2000 and Liberia who joined on 16 February 2010 . Apart from Guinea , which is Francophone , they are all English speaking countries . Along with Mauritania , Guinea opted out of the CFA franc currency shared by all other former French colonies in West and Central Africa . The WAMZ attempts to establish a strong stable currency to rival the CFA franc , whose exchange rate is tied to that of the Euro and is guaranteed by the French Treasury . The eventual goal is for the CFA franc and Eco to merge , giving all of West and Central Africa a single , stable currency . The launch of the new currency is being developed by the West African Monetary Institute based in Accra , Ghana . Membership ( edit ) Gambia ( Founding Member ) Ghana ( Founding Member ) Guinea ( Founding Member ) Liberia ( Joined on 16 February 2010 ) Nigeria ( Founding Member ) Sierra Leone ( Founding Member ) Transport ( edit ) Main article : ECOWAS rail A Trans - ECOWAS project , established in 2007 , plans to upgrade railways in this zone . See also ( edit ) Brown card system -- motor insurance scheme of ECOWAS East African Community Economy of Africa Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ African Union Jump up ^ Data . `` GDP , PPP ( current international $ ) Table '' . World Bank . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Data . `` GNI per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) Table '' . World Bank . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Data . `` GDP ( current US $ ) Table '' . World Bank . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Adeyemi , Segun ( 6 August 2003 ) . `` West African Leaders Agree on Deployment to Liberia '' . Jane 's Defence Weekly . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The 5 previous West African military interventions '' . Yahoo News . AFP . 20 January 2017 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pazzanita , Anthony ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Mauritania . Scarecrow Press . pp. 177 -- 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6265 - 4 . Jump up ^ https://www.diplomatie.ma/Politique%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re/Afrique/tabid/136/vw/1/ItemID/14476/language/en-US/Default.aspx?platform=hootsuite Jump up ^ `` Togolese president Faure Gnassingbe takes the reins of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government '' . 2017 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population 2015 '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . 16 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gross domestic product 2015 '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . 16 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gross domestic product 2015 , PPP '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . 16 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demographic Yearbook -- Population by sex , annual rate of population increase , surface area and density '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Statistics Division . 2012 . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Economic Community of West African States '' ( PDF ) . Africa Union . 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . Jump up ^ About Us - ECOWAS Parliament , accessed 6 March 2017 Jump up ^ Bensah , Emmanuel K. ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Communicating the ECOWAS Message ( 4 ) : A New Roadmap for the Ouedraogo Commission ( 1 ) '' . Modernghana.com . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ECOWAS ( 2007 ) Information Manual : The Institutions of the Community ECOWAS Jump up ^ `` Miss ECOWAS 2010 '' . The Economist. 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Fau - Nougaret ( ed . ) , Matthieu ( 2012 ) . `` La concurrence des organisations régionales en Afrique '' . Paris : L'Harmattan . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND COOPERATION IN WEST AFRICA A Multidimensional Perspective , Chapter 1 . Introduction : Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa Jump up ^ `` Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) '' fact sheet from the US Department of State 's Bureau of African Affairs Jump up ^ `` Annual Report on Integration in Africa 2002 '' All Africa , 1 March 2002 Jump up ^ `` Common West Africa currency : ECO in 2015 '' . MC Modern Ghana . Jump up ^ `` The Supplementary Wamz Payment System Development Project the Gambia , Guinea , Sierra Leone , and Liberia '' . Africa Development Bank Group . 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WAMZ gets US $7.8 million grant '' . Accra Daily Mail . 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Proposed Ecowas railway . railwaysafrica.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economic Community of West African States . West - African Monetary Institute UEMOA Official Web Site ( In French ) WAEMU Treaty ECOWAS Official Web Site ECOWAS Commission Official Web Site : includes calendar of meetings . ECOWAS Parliament ECOWAS Revised Treaty ECOBANK -- African banking group , present in thirty ( 30 ) countries on the African continent plus France in Europe . ECOBANK 's Initial Public Offer of eight million plus shares in Accra , Ghana in May 2006 was oversubscribed . The listing of this IPO , landed ECOBANK on the Ghana Stock Exchange . As of December 2009 , ECOBANK stock is also listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange and on the Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières ( BRVM ) , the stock exchange of Francophone West African countries in Abidjan , Ivory Coast . More About Ecobank PowerPoint presentation of ECOWAS , 2004 Mbendi profile Security by proxy ? The EU and ( sub - ) regional organisations : the case of ECOWAS , by Bastien Nivet , Occasional Paper No. 63 , March 2006 , European Union Institute for Security Studies More About the newly - expanded ECOWAS Commission More About an ECOWAS Commissioner ECOWAS document in World Bank 's World Integrated Trade Solution * GPTAD database library Economic Community of West African States Leadership Chairmen Eyadéma Obasanjo Senghor Eyadéma Stevens Kérékou Touré Conté Buhari Babangida Jawara Compaoré Jawara Diouf Soglo Rawlings Abacha Abubakar Eyadéma Konaré Wade Kufuor Tandja Compaoré Yar'Adua Jonathan Ouattara Mahama Sall Johnson Sirleaf President of the Commission Executive Secretaries ( 1975 -- 2006 ) Ouattara Munu Bundu Benjamin Kouyaté Chambas Presidents ( 2007 -- present ) Chambas Gbeho Ouédraogo de Souza Member states UEMOA Benin Burkina Faso Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Mali Niger Senegal Togo WAMZ Gambia Ghana Guinea Liberia Nigeria Sierra Leone ECOWAS only Cape Verde See also CFA franc Eco ECOWAS rail ECOMOG ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development ECOWAS Parliament ECOWAS Community Court of Justice ECOPOST UEMOA Tournament Regional economic communities in Africa Continental African Union Organization of African Unity ( OAU ) African Economic Community ( AEC ) Inter-regional Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) Community of Sahel - Saharan States ( CEN / SAD ) Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS / EEAC ) Southern Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) Southern African Customs Union ( SACU ) Northern Arab Maghreb Union ( AMU ) Greater Arab Free Trade Area ( GAFTA ) Eastern East African Community ( EAC ) Intergovernmental Authority on Development ( IGAD ) Western Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) West African Monetary Zone ( WAMZ ) West African Economic and Monetary Union ( UEMOA ) Central Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ( CEMAC ) Regional organizations Bodies African Union Arab League Asia Cooperation Dialogue Association of Caribbean States ASEAN BBIN BIMSTEC Caribbean Community Central American Integration System Commonwealth of Independent States Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Council of Europe East African Community Economic Community of West African States Economic Cooperation Organization Eurasian Economic Union European Union GUAM Gulf Cooperation Council Latin American Parliament Melanesian Spearhead Group Mercosur NATO Nordic Council Organization of American States Pacific Islands Forum Polynesian Leaders Group Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership SCO SAARC TAKM Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat Turkic Council Union of South American Nations NORDEFCO West Nordic Council Topics Regional integration Regional organizations by population Regionalism ( international relations ) VIAF : 149919603 LCCN : n80060817 ISNI : 0000 0001 2183 3325 GND : 2046749 - 7 SELIBR : 113457 SUDOC : 032028474 BNF : cb123136476 ( data ) NLA : 49786563 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_Community_of_West_African_States&oldid=803880346 '' Categories : Organizations established in 1975 African Union International economic organizations International organizations of Africa Regional Economic Communities of the African Union Trade blocs Economic Community of West African States Organisations based in Abuja United Nations General Assembly observers Supranational unions Customs unions Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from January 2017 EngvarB from January 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 07 : 17 . 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About Wikipedia	who is the current president commission of ecowas	[ "\n\nPresident\nCountry\nIn office\n\n\nInaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara\n Ivory Coast\nJanuary 1977 – 1985\n\n\nMomodu Munu\n Sierra Leone\n1985–1989\n\n\nAbass Bundu\n Sierra Leone\n1989–1993\n\n\nÉdouard Benjamin\n Guinea\n1993–1997\n\n\nLansana Kouyaté\n Guinea\nSeptember 1997 – 31 January 2002\n\n\nMohamed Ibn Chambas\n Ghana\n1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007\n\n\nMohamed Ibn Chambas\n Ghana\n1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010\n\n\nVictor Gbeho\n Ghana\n18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012\n\n\nKadré Désiré Ouedraogo\n Burkina Faso\n1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016\n\n\nMarcel Alain de Souza\n Benin\n4 June 2016 – present\n\n" ]	[ "Marcel Alain de Souza" ]
-5492865607001242055	History of the Philippines (1898–1946)	History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) - wikipedia History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of the Philippines Prehistory ( pre -- 900 ) ( show ) Paleolithic age Awidon Mesa Formation Callao Limestone Formation Neolithic age Callao and Tabon peoples Arrival of the Negritos Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs Lal - lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Jade culture Iron age Sa Huyun Culture Society of the Igorot Ancient barangays Events / Artifacts Balangay grave goods Manunggul Jar Prehistoric gems Sa Huyun - Kalanay Complex Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery Archaic epoch ( 900 -- 1565 ) ( show ) Historically documented city - states / polities ( by geography from North to South ) Samtoy chieftaincy Caboloan Tondo Namayan Rajahnate of Maynila Ma - i Madja - as Chiefdom of Taytay Rajahnate of Cebu Kedatuan of Dapitan Rajahnate of Butuan Sultanate of Maguindanao Lanao confederacy Sultanate of Sulu Legendary Suwarnapumi Chryse Ophir Tawalisi Wāḳwāḳ Sanfotsi Zabag kingdom Ten Bornean Datus Events / Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copperplate Inscription Butuan Ivory Seal Limestone tombs Batanes citadels Golden Tara Gold Kinnara Ticao Stone Inscription Butuan Silver Paleograph Buddhist art Majapahit conflict Brunei War Colonial period ( 1521 -- 1946 ) ( show ) Spanish era First Mass in the Philippines Catholic Church in the Philippines Santo Niño de Cebú Battle of Mactan Sandugo Spanish capture of Manila New Spain Captaincy General Spanish East Indies Manila galleon Revolts and uprisings Chinese invasion Castilian War Sulu Sea pirates Doctrina Christiana Dutch invasions Brunei Civil War Bohol secession British Invasion Silang Revolt Confradia de San Jose Florante at Laura Dutch invasions Brunei Civil War Bohol secession British Invasion Florante at Laura Propaganda Movement Gomburza Noli me tangere La Solidaridad El filibusterismo La Liga Filipina Katipunan Cry of Pugad Lawin Philippine Revolution Execution of Rizal Tejeros Convention Execution of Bonifacio Republic of Biak - na - Bato Spanish -- American War Battle of Manila Bay American capture of Manila Declaration of Independence Siege of Baler Malolos Congress First Republic Philippine -- American War Assassination of Gen. Antonio Luna Death of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar Capture of Pres . Aguinaldo American colonial period Tagalog Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Moro Rebellion Iglesia Filipina Independiente Execution of Sakay Philippine Constabulary Insular Government Philippine Assembly Flag Act of 1907 Rizal Monument Iglesia ni Cristo Bayan Ko Jones Law Tydings -- McDuffie Act Commonwealth Japanese occupation Establishment of Hukbalahap Fall of Bataan and Corregidor Bataan Death March Second Republic Return of Gen. Douglas MacArthur Battle of Leyte Gulf Destruction of Manila Post-colonial period ( 1946 -- 1986 ) ( show ) Treaty of Manila Third Republic Cold War Hukbalahap Rebellion SEATO Bandung Conference Magsaysay plane crash Filipino First policy Agricultural Land Reform Code North Borneo dispute Jabidah massacre Marcos dictatorship ASEAN Declaration CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Moro Conflict Spratly islands dispute Vietnamese boat people Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr . Escalante massacre 1986 Snap Presidential Elections Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) ( show ) People Power Revolution 1986 -- 90 coup attempts MV Doña Paz Tragedy Pinatubo eruption Sarmenta - Gomez Rape - slay case Execution of Flor Contemplacion Ozone Disco Tragedy Sarah Balabagan case 1997 Asian financial crisis 2000 All - out war against MILF Second EDSA Revolution EDSA III War on Terror Oakwood mutiny Hello Garci scandal 2006 state of national emergency Manila Peninsula siege NBN -- ZTE deal MV Princess of the Stars Tragedy South China Sea disputes Death of Corazon Aquino Tropical Storm Ondoy Maguindanao massacre Manila hostage crisis Corona Impeachment case K + 12 Program Pork barrel scam Super Typhoon Yolanda Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement Mamasapano massacre Mary Jane Veloso case Valenzuela factory fire Philippine Drug War Battle of Marawi Shooting of Kian delos Santos Davao City mall fire Death of Joanna Demafelis By topic ( show ) Arts Languages Cuisine Demographic Ancient religions Rulers List of Queen consorts Military History Honorifics Military Science and technology Political Communications Transportation Timeline Archaeology Philippines portal Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown United States portal The history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 covers the period of American rule in the Philippines and began with the outbreak of the Spanish -- American War in April 1898 , when the Philippines was still part of the Spanish East Indies , and concluded when the United States formally recognised the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4 , 1946 . With the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10 , 1898 , Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States . The interim U.S. military government of the Philippine Islands experienced a period of great political turbulence , characterised by the Philippine -- American War . Beginning in 1901 , the military government was replaced by a civilian government -- the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands -- with William Howard Taft serving as its first Governor - General . From 1901 to 1906 there also existed a series of revolutionary governments that lacked significant international diplomatic recognition . Following the passage of the Philippine Independence Act in 1934 , a Philippine presidential election was held in 1935 . Manuel L. Quezon was elected and inaugurated second President of the Philippines on November 15 , 1935 . The Insular Government was dissolved and the Commonwealth of the Philippines was brought into existence . The Commonwealth of the Philippines was intended to be a transitional government in preparation for the country 's full achievement of independence in 1946 . After the Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation of the Philippines during World War II , the United States and Philippine Commonwealth military recaptured the Philippines in 1945 . According to the terms of the Philippine Independence Act , the United States formally recognised the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4 , 1946 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical perspective 2 Spanish -- American War period ( 1898 ) 2.1 Battle of Manila Bay 2.2 U.S. preparation for land - based operations 2.3 Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governments 2.4 Tensions between U.S. and revolutionary forces 2.5 Peace protocol between the U.S. and Spain 2.6 Capture of Manila 2.7 U.S. military government 2.8 U.S. and insurgents clash 2.9 Philippine elections , Malolos Congress , Constitutional government 2.10 Spanish -- American War ends 2.11 Benevolent assimilation 3 Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 3.1 Tensions escalate 3.2 Outbreak of general hostilities 3.3 War 3.4 First Philippine Commission 3.5 Second Philippine Commission 3.6 Establishment of civil government 3.7 Official end to the war 3.8 Post-1902 hostilities 4 Insular Government ( 1901 -- 35 ) 5 Commonwealth era ( 1935 -- 1946 ) 6 Japanese occupation and World War II ( 1941 -- 45 ) 7 Independence ( 1946 ) 7.1 World War II veteran benefits 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Bibliography 9.3 Primary sources 10 Further reading Historical perspective ( edit ) Main article : Philippine Revolution The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896 and ended with the Pact of Biak - na - Bato , a ceasefire between the Spanish colonial Governor - General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo which was signed on December 15 , 1897 . The terms of the pact called for Aguinaldo and his militia to surrender . Other revolutionary leaders were given amnesty and a monetary indemnity by the Spanish government in return for which the rebel government agreed to go into exile in Hong Kong . Spanish -- American war period ( 1898 ) ( edit ) President Emilio Aguinaldo Main articles : Spanish -- American War and Philippine Revolution The failure of Spain to engage in active social reforms in Cuba as demanded by the United States government was the basic cause for the Spanish -- American War . American attention was focused on the issue after the mysterious explosion that sank the American battleship Maine on February 15 , 1898 in Havana Harbor . As public political pressure from the Democratic Party and certain industrialists built up for war , the U.S. Congress forced the reluctant Republican President William McKinley to issue an ultimatum to Spain on April 19 , 1898 . Spain found it had no diplomatic support in Europe , but nevertheless declared war ; the U.S. followed on April 25 with its own declaration of war . Theodore Roosevelt , who was at that time Assistant Secretary of the Navy , ordered Commodore George Dewey , commanding the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy : `` Order the squadron ... to Hong Kong . Keep full of coal . In the event of declaration of war Spain , your duty will be to see that the Spanish squadron does not leave the Asiatic coast , and then offensive operations in Philippine Islands . '' Dewey 's squadron departed on April 27 for the Philippines , reaching Manila Bay on the evening of April 30 . Battle of Manila Bay ( edit ) Battle of Manila Bay Main article : Battle of Manila Bay The first battle of the Spanish -- American War took place in the Philippines on May 1 , 1898 . In a matter of hours , Commodore Dewey 's Asiatic Squadron defeated the Spanish squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo . The U.S. squadron took control of the arsenal and navy yard at Cavite . Dewey cabled Washington , stating that although he controlled Manila Bay , he needed 5,000 additional men to seize Manila itself . U.S. preparation for land - based operations ( edit ) The unexpected rapidity and completeness of Dewey 's victory in the first engagement of the war prompted the McKinley administration to make the decision to capture Manila from the Spanish . The United States Army began to assemble the Eighth Army Corps -- a military unit which would consist of 10,844 soldiers under the command of Major General Wesley Merritt -- in preparation for deployment to the Philippines . Thomas M. Anderson While awaiting the arrival of troops from the Eighth Corps , Dewey dispatched the cutter USRC McCulloch to Hong Kong to transport Aguinaldo back to the Philippines . Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and , after a brief meeting with Dewey , resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish . On May 24 , Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and announced his intention to establish a dictatorial government with himself as dictator , saying that he would resign in favor of a duly elected president . Public jubilation marked Aguinaldo 's return . Many Filipino enlisted men deserted local Spanish army units to join Aguinaldo 's command and the Philippine Revolution against Spain resumed . Soon , many cities such as Imus , Bacoor , Parañaque , Las Piñas , Morong , Macabebe and San Fernando , as well as some entire provinces such as Laguna , Batangas , Bulacan , Nueva Ecija , Bataan , Tayabas ( now Quezon ) , and the Camarines provinces , were liberated by the Filipinos and the port of Dalahican in Cavite was secured . The first contingent of American troops arrived on 30 June under the command of Brigadier General Thomas McArthur Anderson , commander of Eighth Corps ' 2d Division ( U.S. brigade and division numbers of the era were not unique throughout the army ) . General Anderson wrote to Aguinaldo , requesting his cooperation in military operations against the Spanish forces . Aguinaldo responded , thanking General Anderson for his amicable sentiments , but saying nothing about military cooperation . General Anderson did not renew the request . The 2d Brigade , 2d Division , Eighth Corps arrived on July 17 , under the command of Brigadier General Francis V. Greene . Major General Merritt ( the Commander in Chief of the Philippine Expedition ) and his staff arrived at Cavite on July 25 . The 1st Brigade of the corps ' 2d Division arrived on July 30 , under the command of Brigadier General Arthur MacArthur . Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governments ( edit ) Main article : Philippine Declaration of Independence Independence Day held in Aguinaldo Shrine at the back of the old 5 peso bill On 12 June 1898 , Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at his house in Cavite El Viejo . Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista wrote the Philippine Declaration of Independence , and read this document in Spanish that day at Aguinaldo 's house . On 18 June , Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government . On June 23 , Aguinaldo issued another decree , this time replacing the dictatorial government with a revolutionary government ( and naming himself as President ) . Marcela Agoncillo Writing retrospectively in 1899 , Aguinaldo claimed that an American naval officer had urged him to return to the Philippines to fight the Spanish and said `` The United States is a great and rich nation and needs no colonies . '' Aguinaldo also wrote that after checking with Dewey by telegraph , U.S. Consul E. Spencer Pratt had assured him in Singapore : `` That the United States would at least recognize the independence of the Philippines under the protection of the United States Navy . The consul added that there was no necessity for entering into a formal written agreement because the word of the Admiral and of the United States Consul were in fact equivalent to the most solemn pledge that their verbal promises and assurance would be fulfilled to the letter and were not to be classed with Spanish promises or Spanish ideas of a man 's word of honour . '' Aguinaldo received nothing in writing . House of Marcela Agoncillo the mother of the Philippine flag On April 28 Pratt wrote to United States Secretary of State William R. Day , explaining the details of his meeting with Aguinaldo : `` `` At this interview , after learning from General Aguinaldo the state of an object sought to be obtained by the present insurrectionary movement , which , though absent from the Philippines , he was still directing , I took it upon myself , whilst explaining that I had no authority to speak for the Government , to point out the danger of continuing independent action at this stage ; and , having convinced him of the expediency of cooperating with our fleet , then at Hongkong , and obtained the assurance of his willingness to proceed thither and confer with Commodore Dewey to that end , should the latter so desire , I telegraphed the Commodore the same day as follows , through our consul - general at Hongkong : -- '' There was no mention in the cablegrams between Pratt and Dewey of independence or indeed of any conditions on which Aguinaldo was to cooperate , these details being left for future arrangement with Dewey . Pratt had intended to facilitate the occupation and administration of the Philippines , and also to prevent a possible conflict of action . In a communication written on July 28 , Pratt made the following statement : `` `` I declined even to discuss with General Aguinaldo the question of the future policy of the United States with regard to the Philippines , that I held out no hopes to him of any kind , committed the government in no way whatever , and , in the course of our confidences , never acted upon the assumption that the Government would cooperate with him -- General Aguinaldo -- for the furtherance of any plans of his own , nor that , in accepting his said cooperation , it would consider itself pledged to recognize any political claims which he might put forward . '' '' Aguinaldo Shrine where the Flag of the Philippines was waved declaring the Philippine independence from Spain On June 16 , Secretary Day cabled Consul Pratt : `` Avoid unauthorized negotiations with the Philippine insurgents , '' and later on the same day : `` The Department observes that you informed General Aguinaldo that you had no authority to speak for the United States ; and , in the absence of the fuller report which you promise , it is assumed that you did not attempt to commit this Government to any alliance with the Philippine insurgents . To obtain the unconditional personal assistance of General Aguinaldo in the expedition to Manila was proper , if in so doing he was not induced to form hopes which it might not be practicable to gratify . This Government has known the Philippine insurgents only as discontented and rebellious subjects of Spain , and is not acquainted with their purposes . While their contest with that power has been a matter of public notoriety , they have neither asked nor received from this Government any recognition . The United States , in entering upon the occupation of the islands , as the result of its military operations in that quarter , will do so in the exercise of the rights which the state of war confers , and will expect from the inhabitants , without regard to their former attitude toward the Spanish Government , that obedience which will be lawfully due from them . If , in the course of your conferences with General Aguinaldo , you acted upon the assumption that this Government would co-operate with him for the furtherance of any plan of his own , or that , in accepting his co-operation , it would consider itself pledged to recognize any political claims which he may put forward , your action was unauthorized and can not be approved . '' Filipino scholar Maximo Kalaw wrote in 1927 : `` A few of the principal facts , however , seem quite clear . Aguinaldo was not made to understand that , in consideration of Filipino cooperation , the United States would extend its sovereignty over the Islands , and thus in place of the old Spanish master a new one would step in . The truth was that nobody at the time ever thought that the end of the war would result in the retention of the Philippines by the United States . '' Tensions between U.S. and revolutionary forces ( edit ) Felipe Agoncillo was the Filipino lawyer representative to the negotiations in Paris that led to the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) , ending the Spanish -- American War and achieving him the title of `` outstanding first Filipino diplomat . '' On July 9 General Anderson informed Major General Henry Clark Corbin , the Adjutant General of the U.S. Army , that Aguinaldo `` has declared himself Dictator and President , and is trying to take Manila without our assistance '' , opining that that would not be probable but , if done , would allow him to antagonize any U.S. attempt to establish a provisional government . On July 15 , Aguinaldo issued three organic decrees assuming civil authority of the Philippines . Felipe Agoncillo house On July 18 , General Anderson wrote that he suspected Aguinaldo to be secretly negotiating with the Spanish authorities . In a 21 July letter to the Adjutant General , General Anderson wrote that Aguinaldo had `` put in operation an elaborate system of military government , under his assumed authority as Dictator , and has prohibited any supplies being given us , except by his order , '' and that Anderson had written to Aguinaldo that the requisitions on the country for necessary items must be filled , and that he must aid in having them filled . On July 24 , Aguinaldo wrote a letter to General Anderson in effect warning him not to disembark American troops in places conquered by the Filipinos from the Spaniards without first communicating in writing the places to be occupied and the object of the occupation . Murat Halstead , official historian of the Philippine Expedition , writes that General Merritt remarked shortly after his arrival on 25 June , `` As General Aguinaldo did not visit me on my arrival , nor offer his services as a subordinate military leader , and as my instructions from the President fully contemplated the occupation of the islands by the American land forces , and stated that ' the powers of the military occupant are absolute and supreme and immediately operate upon the political condition of the inhabitants , ' I did not consider it wise to hold any direct communication with the insurgent leader until I should be in possession of the city of Manila , especially as I would not until then be in a position to issue a proclamation and enforce my authority , in the event that his pretensions should clash with my designs . '' U.S. commanders suspected that Aguinaldo and his forces were informing the Spanish of American movements . U.S. Army Major John R.M. Taylor later wrote , after translating and analyzing insurgent documents , `` The officers of the United States Army who believed that the insurgents were informing the Spaniards of the American movements were right . Sastrón has printed a letter from Pío del Pilar , dated July 30 , to the Spanish officer commanding at Santa Ana , in which Pilar said that Aguinaldo had told him that the Americans would attack the Spanish lines on August 2 and advised that the Spaniards should not give way , but hold their positions . Pilar added , however , that if the Spaniards should fall back on the walled city and surrender Santa Ana to himself , he would hold it with his own men . Aguinaldo 's information was correct , and on August 2 eight American soldiers were killed or wounded by the Spanish fire . '' On the evening of August 12 , on orders of General Merritt , General Anderson notified Aguinaldo to forbid the insurgents under his command from entering Manila . On 13 August , unaware of the peace protocol signing , U.S. forces assaulted and captured the Spanish positions in Manila . Insurgents made an independent attack of their own , as planned , which promptly led to trouble with the Americans . At 0800 that morning , Aguinaldo received a telegram from General Anderson , sternly warning him not to let his troops enter Manila without the consent of the American commander , who was situated on the south side of the Pasig River . General Anderson 's request was ignored , and Aguinaldo 's forces crowded forward alongside the American forces until they directly confronted the Spanish troops . Although the Spanish were waving a flag of truce , the insurgents fired on the Spanish forces , provoking return fire . 19 American soldiers were killed , and 103 more were wounded in this action . General Anderson sent Aguinaldo a telegram , later that day , which read : `` Dated Ermita Headquarters 2nd Division 13 to Gen. Aguinaldo . Commanding Filipino Forces. -- Manila , taken . Serious trouble threatened between our forces . Try and prevent it . Your troops should not force themselves in the city until we have received the full surrender then we will negotiate with you . - Anderson , commanding . '' Aguinaldo however demanded joint occupation of Manila . On August 13 Admiral Dewey and General Merritt informed their superiors of this and asked how far they might proceed in enforcing obedience in the matter . General Merritt received news of the August 12 peace protocol on August 16 , three days after the surrender of Manila . Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the President of the United States had directed : `` That there must be no joint occupation with the Insurgents . The United States in the possession of Manila city , Manila bay and harbor must preserve the peace and protect persons and property within the territory occupied by their military and naval forces . The insurgents and all others must recognize the military occupation and authority of the United States and the cessation of hostilities proclaimed by the President . Use whatever means in your judgment are necessary to this end . '' General Gregorio del Pilar Insurgent forces were looting the portions of the city which they occupied , and were not confining their attacks to Spaniards , but were assaulting their own people and raiding the property of foreigners as well . U.S. commanders pressed Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila . Negotiations proceeded slowly and , on August 31 , General Elwell Otis ( General Merritt being unavailable ) wrote , in a long letter to Aguinaldo : `` ... I am compelled by my instructions to direct that your armed forces evacuate the entire city of Manila , including its suburbs and defences , and that I shall be obliged to take action with that end in view within a very short space of time should you decline to comply with my Government 's demands ; and I hereby serve notice on you that unless your troops are withdrawn beyond the line of the city 's defences before Thursday , the 15th instant , I shall be obliged to resort to forcible action , and that my Government will hold you responsible for any unfortunate consequences which may ensue . '' After further negotiation and exchanges of letters , Aguinaldo wrote on September 16 : `` On the evening of the 15th the armed insurgent organizations withdrew from the city and all of its suburbs , ... '' Peace protocol between the U.S. and Spain ( edit ) On August 12 , 1898 , The New York Times reported that a peace protocol had been signed in Washington that afternoon between the U.S. and Spain , suspending hostilities between the two nations . The full text of the protocol was not made public until November 5 , but Article III read : `` The United States will occupy and hold the City , Bay , and Harbor of Manila , pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace , which shall determine the control , disposition , and government of the Philippines . '' After conclusion of this agreement , U.S. President McKinley proclaimed a suspension of hostilities with Spain . Capture of Manila ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Manila ( 1898 ) By June , U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands , except for the walled city of Intramuros . Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were able to work out a bloodless solution with acting Governor - General Fermín Jáudenes . The negotiating parties made a secret agreement to stage a mock battle in which the Spanish forces would be defeated by the American forces , but the Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city . This plan minimized the risk of unnecessary casualties on all sides , while the Spanish would also avoid the shame of possibly having to surrender Intramuros to the Filipino forces . On the eve of the mock battle , General Anderson telegraphed Aguinaldo , `` Do not let your troops enter Manila without the permission of the American commander . On this side of the Pasig River you will be under fire '' . On August 13 , with American commanders unaware that a ceasefire had already been signed between Spain and the U.S. on the previous day , American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish in the Battle of Manila . The battle started when Dewey 's ships bombarded Fort San Antonio Abad , a decrepit structure on the southern outskirts of Manila , and the virtually impregnable walls of Intramuros . In accordance with the plan , the Spanish forces withdrew while U.S. forces advanced . Once a sufficient show of battle had been made , Dewey hoisted the signal `` D.W.H.B. '' ( meaning `` Do you surrender ? ) , whereupon the Spanish hoisted a white flag and Manila was formally surrendered to U.S. forces . General Antonio Luna This battle marked the end of Filipino - American collaboration , as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos . This later led to the Philippine -- American War , which would prove to be more deadly and costly than the Spanish -- American War . U.S. military government ( edit ) On August 14 , 1898 , two days after the capture of Manila , the U.S. established a military government in the Philippines , with General Merritt acting as military governor . During military rule ( 1898 -- 1902 ) , the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as Commander - in - Chief of the United States Armed Forces . After the appointment of a civil Governor - General , the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control , responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilian . General Merritt was succeeded by General Otis as military governor , who in turn was succeeded by General MacArthur . Major General Adna Chaffee was the final military governor . The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902 , after which the civil Governor - General became the sole executive authority in the Philippines . Under the military government , an American - style school system was introduced , initially with soldiers as teachers ; civil and criminal courts were reestablished , including a supreme court ; and local governments were established in towns and provinces . The first local election was conducted by General Harold W. Lawton on May 7 , 1899 , in Baliuag , Bulacan . U.S. and insurgents clash ( edit ) Main article : Philippine -- American War In a clash at Cavite between United States soldiers and insurgents on August 25 , 1898 , George Hudson of the Utah regiment was killed , Corporal William Anderson was mortally wounded , and four troopers of the Fourth Cavalry were slightly wounded . This provoked General Anderson to send Aguinaldo a letter saying , `` In order to avoid the very serious misfortune of an encounter between our troops , I demand your immediate withdrawal with your guard from Cavite . One of my men has been killed and three wounded by your people . This is positive and does not admit of explanation or delay . '' Internal insurgent communications reported that the Americans were drunk at the time . Halstead writes that Aguinaldo expressed his regret and promised to punish the offenders . In internal insurgent communications , Apolinario Mabini initially proposed to investigate and punish any offenders identified . Aguinaldo modified this , ordering , `` ... say that he was not killed by your soldiers , but by them themselves ( the Americans ) since they were drunk according to your telegram '' . An insurgent officer in Cavite at the time reported on his record of services that he : `` took part in the movement against the Americans on the afternoon of the 24th of August , under the orders of the commander of the troops and the adjutant of the post . '' Philippine elections , Malolos Congress , constitutional government ( edit ) Elections were held by the Revolutionary Government between June and September 10 , resulting in Emilio Aguinaldo being seated as President in the seating of a legislature known as the Malolos Congress . In a session between September 15 and November 13 , 1898 , the Malolos Constitution was adopted . It was promulgated on January 21 , 1899 , creating the First Philippine Republic . Spanish -- American war ends ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Article V of the peace protocol signed on August 12 had mandated negotiations to conclude a treaty of peace to begin in Paris not later than October 1 , 1898 . President McKinley sent a five - man commission , initially instructed to demand no more than Luzon , Guam , and Puerto Rico ; which would have provided a limited U.S. empire of pinpoint colonies to support a global fleet and provide communication links . In Paris , the commission was besieged with advice , particularly from American generals and European diplomats , to demand the entire Philippine archipelago . The unanimous recommendation was that `` it would certainly be cheaper and more humane to take the entire Philippines than to keep only part of it . '' On October 28 , 1898 , McKinley wired the commission that `` cessation of Luzon alone , leaving the rest of the islands subject to Spanish rule , or to be the subject of future contention , can not be justified on political , commercial , or humanitarian grounds . The cessation must be the whole archipeligo or none . The latter is wholly inadmissible , and the former must therefore be required . '' The Spanish negotiators were furious over the `` immodist demands of a conqueror '' , but their wounded pride was assuaged by an offer of twenty million dollars for `` Spanish improvements '' to the islands . The Spaniards capitulated , and on December 10 , 1898 , the U.S. and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris , formally ending the Spanish -- American War . In Article III , Spain ceded the Philippine archipelago to the United States , as follows : `` Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands , and comprehending the islands lying within the following line : ( ... geographic description elided ... ) . The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars ( $20,000,000 ) within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty . '' 1898 US political cartoon . U.S. President William McKinley is shown holding the Philippines , depicted as a native child , as the world looks on . The implied options for McKinley are to keep the Philippines , or give it back to Spain , which the cartoon compares to throwing a child off a cliff . In the U.S. , there was a movement for Philippine independence ; some said that the U.S. had no right to a land where many of the people wanted self - government . In 1898 Andrew Carnegie , an industrialist and steel magnate , offered to offered to pay the U.S. government $20 million to give the Philippines its independence . On November 7 , 1900 , Spain and the U.S. signed the Treaty of Washington , clarifying that the territories relinquished by Spain to the United States included any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago , but lying outside the lines described in the Treaty of Paris . That treaty explicitly named the islands of Cagayan Sulu and Sibutu and their dependencies as among the relinquished territories . Benevolent Assimilation ( edit ) Main article : Benevolent assimilation U.S. President McKinley 's December 21 , 1898 proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation was announced in the Philippines on January 4 , 1899 . Referring to the Treaty of Paris , it said that as a result of the victories of American arms , the future control , disposition , and government of the Philippine Islands are ceded to the United States . It enjoined the military commander ( General Otis ) to make known to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands that in succeeding to the sovereignty of Spain , the authority of the United States is to be exerted for the securing of the persons and property of the people of the islands and for the confirmation of all their private rights and relations . It specified that it will be the duty of the commander of the forces of occupation to announce and proclaim in the most public manner that we come , not as invaders or conquerors , but as friends , to protect the natives in their homes , in their employments , and in their personal and religious rights . On January 6 , 1899 , General Otis was quoted in The New York Times as expressing himself as convinced that the U.S. government intends to seek the establishment of a liberal government , in which the people will be as fully represented as the maintenance of law and order will permit , susceptible of development , on lines of increased representation , and the bestowal of increased powers , into a government as free and independent as is enjoyed by the most favored provinces in the world . Philippine -- American war ( 1899 -- 1902 ) ( edit ) Main article : Philippine -- American War Tensions escalate ( edit ) Gregorio del Pilar and his troops , around 1898. jpg The Spanish had yielded Iloilo to the insurgents in 1898 for the purpose of troubling the Americans . On January 1 , 1899 , news had come to Washington from Manila that American forces which had been sent to Iloilo under the command of General Marcus Miller had been confronted by 6,000 armed Filipinos , who refused them permission to land . A Filipino official styling himself Presidente Lopez of the Federal Government of the Visayas informed Miller that `` foreign troops '' would not be landed `` without express orders from the central government of Luzon '' On December 21 , 1898 , President McKinley issued a Proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation . General Otis delayed its publication until January 4 , 1899 , then publishing an amended version edited so as not to convey the meanings of the terms `` sovereignty '' , `` protection '' , and `` right of cessation '' which were present in the unabridged version . Unknown to Otis , the War Department had also sent an enciphered copy of the Benevolent Assimilation proclamation to General Marcus Miller in Iloilo for informational purposes . Miller assumed that it was for distribution and , unaware that a politically bowdlerized version had been sent to Aguinaldo , published it in both Spanish and Tagalog translations which eventually made their way to Aguinaldo . Even before Aguinaldo received the unaltered version and observed the changes in the copy he had received from Otis , he was upset that Otis had altered his own title to `` Military Governor of the Philippines '' from `` ... in the Philippines . '' Aguinaldo did not miss the significance of the alteration , which Otis had made without authorization from Washington . Battle of Quingua , April 23 , 1899 Philippine -- American War On January 5 , Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation summarizing what he saw as American violations of the ethics of friendship , particularly as regards the events in Iloilo . The proclamation concluded as follows : `` Such procedures , so foreign to the dictates of culture and the usages observed by civilized nations , gave me the right to act without observing the usual rules of intercourse . Nevertheless , in order to be correct to the end , I sent to General Otis commissioners charged to solicit him to desist from his rash enterprise , but they were not listened to . My government can not remain indifferent in view of such a violent and aggressive seizure of a portion of its territory by a nation which arrogated to itself the title champion of oppressed nations . Thus it is that my government is disposed to open hostilities if the American troops attempt to take forcible possession of the Visayan Islands . I denounce these acts before the world , in order that the conscience of mankind may pronounce its infallable verdict as to who are the true oppressors of nations and the tormentors of human kind . '' Battle before Caloocan After some copies of that proclamation had been distributed , Aguinaldo ordered the recall of undistributed copies and issued another proclamation , which was published the same day in El Heraldo de la Revolucion , the official newspaper of the Philippine Republic . There , he said partly , `` As in General Otis 's proclamation he alluded to some instructions edited by His Excellency the President of the United States , referring to the administration of the matters in the Philippine Islands , I in the name of God , the root and fountain of all justice , and that of all the right which has been visibly granted to me to direct my dear brothers in the difficult work of our regeneration , protest most solemnly against this intrusion of the United States Government on the sovereignty of these islands . I equally protest in the name of the Filipino people against the said intrusion , because as they have granted their vote of confidence appointing me president of the nation , although I do n't consider that I deserve such , therefore I consider it my duty to defend to death its liberty and independence . '' Battle of Santa Cruz Otis , taking these two proclamations as a call to arms , strengthened American observation posts and alerted his troops . In the tense atmosphere , some 40,000 Filipinos fled Manila within a period of 15 days . Meanwhile , Felipe Agoncillo , who had been commissioned by the Philippine Revolutionary Government as Minister Plenipotentiary to negotiate treaties with foreign governments , and who had unsuccessfully sought to be seated at the negotiations between the U.S. and Spain in Paris , was now in Washington . On January 6 , he filed a request for an interview with the President to discuss affairs in the Philippines . The next day the government officials were surprised to learn that messages to General Otis to deal mildly with the rebels and not to force a conflict had become known to Agoncillo , and cabled by him to Aguinaldo . At the same time came Aguinaldo 's protest against General Otis signing himself `` Military Governor of the Philippines . '' On January 8 , Agoncillo gave out this statement : `` In my opinion the Filipino people , whom I represent , will never consent to become a colony dependency of the United States . The soldiers of the Filipino army have pledged their lives that they will not lay down their arms until General Aguinaldo tells them to do so , and they will keep that pledge , I feel confident . '' The Filipino committees in London , Paris and Madrid about this time telegraphed to President McKinley as follows : American troops guarding the bridge over the River Pasig `` We protest against the disembarkation of American troops at Iloilo . The treaty of peace still unratified , the American claim to sovereignty is premature . Pray reconsider the resolution regarding Iloilo . Filipinos wish for the friendship of America and abhor militarism and deceit . '' Young 's Scouts , including Marcus W. Robertson ( 2nd from right , front row squating ) , Richard Moses Longfellow ( 4th from right , front row squating ) , Medal of Honor recipients . Picture taken in Philippines . On January 8 , Aguinaldo received the following message from Teodoro Sandiko : `` To the President of the Revolutionary Government , Malolos , from Sandico , Manila . 8 Jan. , 1899 , 9.40 p.m.. : In consequence of the order of General Rios to his officers , as soon as the Filipino attack begins the Americans should be driven into the Intramuros district and the walled city should be set on fire . Pipi . '' The New York Times reported on January 8 , that two Americans who had been guarding a waterboat in Iloilo had been attacked , one fatally , and that insurgents were threatening to destroy the business section of the city by fire ; and on January 10 that a peaceful solution to the Iloilo issues may result but that Aguinaldo had issued a proclamation threatening to drive the Americans from the islands . Attack on the barracks of Company C of the 13th Minnesota Volunteers by Filipino forces during the Tondo Fire in Manila , 1899 By January 10 , insurgents were ready to assume the offensive , but desired , if possible , to provoke the Americans into firing the first shot . They made no secret of their desire for conflict , but increased their hostile demonstrations and pushed their lines forward into forbidden territory . Their attitude is well illustrated by the following extract from a telegram sent by Colonel Cailles to Aguinaldo on January 10 , 1899 : `` Most urgent . An American interpreter has come to tell me to withdraw our forces in Maytubig fifty paces . I shall not draw back a step , and in place of withdrawing , I shall advance a little farther . He brings a letter from his general , in which he speaks to me as a friend . I said that from the day I knew that Maquinley ( McKinley ) opposed our independence I did not want any dealings with any American . War , war , is what we want . The Americans after this speech went off pale . '' Aguinaldo approved the hostile attitude of Cailles , for there is a reply in his handwriting which reads : `` I approve and applaud what you have done with the Americans , and zeal and valour always , also my beloved officers and soldiers there . I believe that they are playing us until the arrival of their reinforcements , but I shall send an ultimatum and remain always on the alert. -- E.A. Jan. 10 , 1899 . '' On 31 January 1899 , The Minister of Interior of the revolutionary First Philippine Republic , Teodoro Sandiko , signed a decree saying that President Aguinaldo had directed that all idle lands be planted to provide food for the people , in view of impending war with the Americans . Outbreak of General hostilities ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Manila ( 1899 ) Worcester writes that General Otis ' account of the opening of active hostilities was as follows : Emilio Aguinaldo 's quarters in Manila following his capture by the Americans . `` `` On the night of February 2 they sent in a strong detachment to draw the fire of our outposts , which took up a position immediately in front and within a few yards of the same . The outpost was strengthened by a few of our men , who silently bore their taunts and abuse the entire night . This was reported to me by General MacArthur , whom I directed to communicate with the officer in command of the insurgent troops concerned . His prepared letter was shown me and approved , and the reply received was all that could be desired . However , the agreement was ignored by the insurgents and on the evening of February 4 another demonstration was made on one of our small outposts , which occupied a retired position at least 150 yards within the line which had been mutually agreed upon , an insurgent approaching the picket and refusing to halt or answer when challenged . The result was that our picket discharged his piece , when the insurgent troops near Santa Mesa opened a spirited fire on our troops there stationed . `` The insurgents had thus succeeded in drawing the fire of a small outpost , which they had evidently labored with all their ingenuity to accomplish , in order to justify in some way their premeditated attack . It is not believed that the chief insurgent leaders wished to open hostilities at this time , as they were not completely prepared to assume the initiative . They desired two or three days more to perfect their arrangements , but the zeal of their army brought on the crisis which anticipated their premeditated action . They could not have delayed long , however , for it was their object to force an issue before American troops , then en route , could arrive in Manila . '' Thus began the Insurgent attack , so long and so carefully planned for . We learn from the Insurgent records that the shot of the American sentry missed its mark . There was no reason why it should have provoked a hot return fire , but it did . The result of the ensuing combat was not at all what the Insurgents had anticipated . The Americans did not drive very well . It was but a short time before they themselves were routed and driven from their positions . Aguinaldo of course promptly advanced the claim that his troops had been wantonly attacked . The plain fact is that the Insurgent patrol in question deliberately drew the fire of the American sentry , and this was just as much an act of war as was the firing of the shot . Whether the patrol was acting under proper orders from higher authority is not definitely known . '' Surrendered President Aguinaldo boards the U.S.S Vicksburg , 1900 . Other sources name the two specific U.S. soldiers involved in the first exchange of fire as Privates William Grayson and Orville Miller of the Nebraska Volunteers . Subsequent to the conclusion of the war , after analyzing captured insurgent papers , Major Major J.R.M. Taylor wrote , in part , `` An attack on the United States forces was planned which should annihilate the little army in Manila , and delegations were appointed to secure the interference of foreign powers . The protecting cloak of pretense of friendliness to the United States was to be kept up until the last . While commissioners were appointed to negotiate with General Otis , secret societies were organized in Manila pledged to obey orders of the most barbarous character to kill and burn . The attack from without and the attack from within was to be on a set day and hour . The strained situation could not last . The spark was applied , either inadvertently or by design , on the 4th of February by an insurgent , willfully transgressing upon what , by their own admission , was within the agreed limits of the holding of the American troops . Hostilities resulted and the war was an accomplished fact . '' Filipino casualties War ( edit ) On February 4 , Aguinaldo declared `` That peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies , within the limits prescribed by the laws of war . '' On June 2 , 1899 , the Malolos Congress enacted and ratified a declaration of war on the United States , which was publicly proclaimed on that same day by Pedro Paterno , President of the Assembly . As before when fighting the Spanish , the Filipino rebels did not do well in the field . Aguinaldo and his provisional government escaped after the capture of Malolos on March 31 , 1899 and were driven into northern Luzon . Peace feelers from members of Aguinaldo 's cabinet failed in May when the American commander , General Ewell Otis , demanded an unconditional surrender . In 1901 , Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the United States , marking one end to the war . First Philippine Commission ( edit ) Main article : Schurman Commission President McKinley had appointed a five - person group headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman , president of Cornell University , on January 20 , 1899 , to investigate conditions in the islands and 1899 political cartoon by Winsor McCay . Uncle Sam ( representing the United States ) , gets entangled with rope around a tree labelled `` Imperialism '' while trying to subdue a bucking colt or mule labeled `` Philippines '' while a figure representing Spain walks off over the horizon carrying a bag labeled `` $20,000,000 '' . make recommendations . The three civilian members of the Philippine Commission arrived in Manila on March 4 , 1899 , a month after the Battle of Manila which had begun armed conflict between U.S. and revolutionary Filipino forces . The commission published a proclamation containing assurances that the U.S. `` ... is anxious to establish in the Philippine Islands an enlightened system of government under which the Philippine people may enjoy the largest measure of home rule and the amplest liberty . '' After meetings in April with revolutionary representatives , the commission requested authorization from McKinley to offer a specific plan . McKinley authorized an offer of a government consisting of `` a Governor - General appointed by the President ; cabinet appointed by the Governor - General ; ( and ) a general advisory council elected by the people . '' The Revolutionary Congress voted unanimously to cease fighting and accept peace and , on May 8 , the revolutionary cabinet headed by Apolinario Mabini was replaced by a new `` peace '' cabinet headed by Pedro Paterno . At this point , General Antonio Luna arrested Paterno and most of his cabinet , returning Mabini and his cabinet to power . After this , the commission concluded that `` ... The Filipinos are wholly unprepared for independence ... there being no Philippine nation , but only a collection of different peoples . '' In the report that they issued to the president the following year , the commissioners acknowledged Filipino aspirations for independence ; they declared , however , that the Philippines was not ready for it . `` On November 2 , 1899 , The commmision issued a preliminary report containing the following statement : Should our power by any fatality be withdrawn , the commission believe that the government of the Philippines would speedily lapse into anarchy , which would excuse , if it did not necessitate , the intervention of other powers and the eventual division of the islands among them . Only through American occupation , therefore , is the idea of a free , self - governing , and united Philippine commonwealth at all conceivable . And the indispensable need from the Filipino point of view of maintaining American sovereignty over the archipelago is recognized by all intelligent Filipinos and even by those insurgents who desire an American protectorate . The latter , it is true , would take the revenues and leave us the responsibilities . Nevertheless , they recognize the indubitable fact that the Filipinos can not stand alone . Thus the welfare of the Filipinos coincides with the dictates of national honour in forbidding our abandonment of the archipelago . We can not from any point of view escape the responsibilities of government which our sovereignty entails ; and the commission is strongly persuaded that the performance of our national duty will prove the greatest blessing to the peoples of the Philippine Islands . '' William Howard Taft Governor general of the Philippines riding a carabao Specific recommendations included the establishment of civilian government as rapidly as possible ( the American chief executive in the islands at that time was the military governor ) , including establishment of a bicameral legislature , autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels , and a system of free public elementary schools . Second Philippine Commission ( edit ) Main article : Taft Commission The Second Philippine Commission ( the Taft Commission ) , appointed by McKinley on March 16 , 1900 , and headed by William Howard Taft , was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers . On September 1 , the Taft Commission began to exercise legislative functions . Between September 1900 and August 1902 , it issued 499 laws , established a judicial system , including a supreme court , drew up a legal code , and organized a civil service . The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents , vice presidents , and councilors to serve on municipal boards . The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes , maintaining municipal properties , and undertaking necessary construction projects ; they also elected provincial governors . Establishment of civil government ( edit ) Governor General William Howard Taft addressing the audience at the Philippine Assembly in the Manila Grand Opera House On March 3 , 1901 the U.S. Congress passed the Army Appropriation Act containing ( along with the Platt Amendment on Cuba ) the Spooner Amendment which provided the President with legislative authority to establish of a civil government in the Philippines . Up until this time , the President been administering the Philippines by virtue of his war powers . On July 1 , 1901 , civil government was inaugurated with William H. Taft as the Civil Governor . Later , on February 3 , 1903 , the U.S. Congress would change the title of Civil Governor to Governor - General . A highly centralized public school system was installed in 1901 , using English as the medium of instruction . This created a heavy shortage of teachers , and the Philippine Commission authorized the Secretary of Public Instruction to bring to the Philippines 600 teachers from the U.S.A. -- the so - called Thomasites . Free primary instruction that trained the people for the duties of citizenship and avocation was enforced by the Taft Commission per instructions of President McKinley . Also , the Catholic Church was disestablished , and a considerable amount of church land was purchased and redistributed . Official end to the war ( edit ) The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 approved , ratified , and confirmed McKinley 's Executive Order establishing the Philippine Commission , and also stipulated that the bicameral Philippine Legislature would be established composed of an elected lower house , the Philippine Assembly and the appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house . The act also provided for extending the United States Bill of Rights to the Philippines . On July 2 , 1902 the Secretary of War telegraphed that the insurrection against the sovereign authority of the U.S. having come to an end , and provincial civil governments having been established , the office of Military Governor was terminated . On July 4 , Theodore Roosevelt , who had succeeded to the U.S. Presidency after the assassination of President McKinley on September 5 , 1901 proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict . On April 9 , 2002 , Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proclaimed that the Philippine -- American War had ended on April 16 , 1902 with the surrender of General Miguel Malvar , and declared the centennial anniversary of that date as a national working holiday and as a special non-working holiday in the Province of Batangas and in the Cities of Batangas , Lipa and Tanaun . Post-1902 hostilities ( edit ) Some sources have suggested that the war unofficially continued for nearly a decade , since bands of guerrillas , quasi-religious armed groups and other resistance groups continued to roam the countryside , still clashing with American Army or Philippine Constabulary patrols . American troops and the Philippine Constabulary continued hostilities against such resistance groups until 1913 . Some historians consider these unofficial extensions to be part of the war . Insular government ( 1901 -- 35 ) ( edit ) Main article : Insular Government Tranvia in Manila Philippines during American Era with Bahay na Bato house The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was a constitution for the Insular Government , as the U.S. civil administration was known . This was a form of territorial government that reported to the Bureau of Insular Affairs . The act provided for a Governor - General appointed by the U.S. president and an elected lower house , the Philippine Assembly . It also disestablished the Catholic Church as the state religion . The United States government , in an effort to resolve the status of the friars , negotiated with the Vatican . The church agreed to sell the friars ' estates and promised gradual substitution of Filipino and other non-Spanish priests for the friars . It refused , however , to withdraw the religious orders from the islands immediately , partly to avoid offending Spain . In 1904 the administration bought for $7.2 million the major part of the friars ' holdings , amounting to some 166,000 hectares ( 410,000 acres ) , of which one - half was in the vicinity of Manila . The land was eventually resold to Filipinos , some of them tenants but the majority of them estate owners . Manila , known as the Paris of the Asia was pushed forward even more by Daniel Burnham the Manila Urban planner In socio - economic terms , the Philippines made solid progress in this period . Foreign trade had amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895 , 13 % of which was with the United States . By 1920 , it had increased to 601 million pesos , 66 % of which was with the United States . A health care system was established which , by 1930 , reduced the mortality rate from all causes , including various tropical diseases , to a level similar to that of the United States itself . The practices of slavery , piracy and headhunting were suppressed but not entirely extinguished . Economy rose as reflected to the great edifices of the cities Two years after completion and publication of a census , a general election was conducted for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly . An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the lower house of a bicameral legislature , with the Philippine Commission as the upper house . Every year from 1907 the Philippine Assembly and later the Philippine Legislature passed resolutions expressing the Filipino desire for independence . Philippine nationalists led by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña enthusiastically endorsed the draft Jones Bill of 1912 , which provided for Philippine independence after eight years , but later changed their views , opting for a bill which focused less on time than on the conditions of independence . The nationalists demanded complete and absolute independence to be guaranteed by the United States , since they feared that too - rapid independence from American rule without such guarantees might cause the Philippines to fall into Japanese hands . The Jones Bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a later date of independence . Busy street of early American - era Manila View of Binondo from Jones Bridge The law , officially the Philippine Autonomy Act but popularly known as the Jones Law , served as the new organic act ( or constitution ) for the Philippines . Its preamble stated that the eventual independence of the Philippines would be American policy , subject to the establishment of a stable government . The law maintained the Governor - General of the Philippines , appointed by the President of the United States , but established a bicameral Philippine Legislature to replace the elected Philippine Assembly ( lower house ) ; it replaced the appointive Philippine Commission ( upper house ) with an elected senate . Americans and Filipinos choose to preserve Spanish - era buildings for historical , tourism and urban purposes . The Filipinos suspended their independence campaign during the First World War and supported the United States against Germany . After the war they resumed their independence drive with great vigor . On March 17 , 1919 , the Philippine Legislature passed a `` Declaration of Purposes '' , which stated the inflexible desire of the Filipino people to be free and sovereign . A Commission of Independence was created to study ways and means of attaining liberation ideal . This commission recommended the sending of an independence mission to the United States . The `` Declaration of Purposes '' referred to the Jones Law as a veritable pact , or covenant , between the American and Filipino peoples whereby the United States promised to recognize the independence of the Philippines as soon as a stable government should be established . U.S. Governor - General of the Philippines Francis Burton Harrison had concurred in the report of the Philippine legislature as to a stable government . With Manila 's Filipino Hispanic roots , Daniel Burnham developed the Urban planning of Manila through the City Beautiful Movement ; Neo-Classical architecture of Paris through Manila 's Government buildings , Canals of Venice through the Esteros of Manila , Sunset view of Naples through Manila Bay and Winding River of Paris through Pasig River . a fine example of the Burnham plan is the Manila Central Post Office and Jones Bridge Manila circa 1930s . The central façade of the Legislative Building The Philippine legislature funded an independence mission to the U.S. in 1919 . The mission departed Manila on February 28 and met in the U.S. with and presented their case to Secretary of War Newton D. Baker . U.S. President Woodrow Wilson , in his 1921 farewell message to Congress , certified that the Filipino people had performed the condition imposed on them as a prerequisite to independence , declaring that , this having been done , the duty of the U.S. is to grant Philippine independence . The Republican Party then controlled Congress and the recommendation of the outgoing Democratic president was not heeded . After the first independence mission , public funding of such missions was ruled illegal . Subsequent independence missions in 1922 , 1923 , 1930 , 1931 1932 , and two missions in 1933 were funded by voluntary contributions . Numerous independence bills were submitted to the U.S. Congress , which passed the Hare - Hawes - Cutting Bill on December 30 , 1932 . U.S. President Herbert Hoover vetoed the bill on January 13 , 1933 . Congress overrode the veto on January 17 , and the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act became U.S. law . The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years , but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States , as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports . The law also required the Philippine Senate to ratify the law . Manuel L. Quezon urged the Philippine Senate to reject the bill , which it did . Quezon himself led the twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a better independence act . The result was the Tydings -- McDuffie Act of 1934 which was very similar to the Hare - Hawes - Cutting Act except in minor details . The Tydings - McDuffie Act was ratified by the Philippine Senate . The law provided for the granting of Philippine independence by 1946 . The Tydings -- McDuffie Act provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution , for a 10 - year `` transitional period '' as the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence . On May 5 , 1934 , the Philippines legislature passed an act setting the election of convention delegates . Governor - General Frank Murphy designated July 10 as the election date , and the convention held its inaugural session on July 30 . The completed draft constitution was approved by the convention on February 8 , 1935 , approved by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt on March 23 , and ratified by popular vote on May 14 . The first election under the constitution was held on September 17 , and on November 15 , 1935 , the Commonwealth was put into place . Commonwealth era ( 1935 -- 1946 ) ( edit ) Manuel Quezon y Molina once the 1st President of the Senate of the Philippines was elected to become the President of the Philippines during the commonwealth era of American colonization and occupation Main article : Commonwealth of the Philippines Manila before the war It was planned that the period 1935 -- 1946 would be devoted to the final adjustments required for a peaceful transition to full independence , a great latitude in autonomy being granted in the meantime . Instead there was war with Japan . On May 14 , 1935 , an election to fill the newly created office of President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was won by Manuel L. Quezon ( Nacionalista Party ) and a Filipino government was formed on the basis of principles superficially similar to the U.S. Constitution . The Commonwealth as established in 1935 featured a very strong executive , a unicameral national assembly , and a supreme court composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time since 1901 . The new government embarked on an ambitious agenda of establishing the basis for national defense , greater control over the economy , reforms in education , improvement of transport , the colonization of the island of Mindanao , and the promotion of local capital and industrialization . The Commonwealth however , was also faced with agrarian unrest , an uncertain diplomatic and military situation in South East Asia , and uncertainty about the level of United States commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines . In 1939 -- 40 , the Philippine Constitution was amended to restore a bicameral Congress , and permit the reelection of President Quezon , previously restricted to a single , six - year term . During the Commonwealth years , Philippines sent one elected Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives , as Puerto Rico currently does today . Japanese troops on Bataan , Philippine Islands , circa 1942 . Captured Japanese photograph . - NARA - 531353 Japanese occupation and World war II ( 1941 -- 45 ) ( edit ) Main article : Second Philippine Republic Surrender of Filipino and American troops at Corregidor , Philippine Islands , May 1942 . See also : Military history of the Philippines during World War II A few hours after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , the Japanese launched air raids in several cities and US military installations in the Philippines on December 8 , and on December 10 , the first Japanese troops landed in Northern Luzon . Filipino pilot Captain Jesús A. Villamor , leading a flight of three P - 26 `` Peashooter '' fighters of the 6th Pursuit Squadron , distinguished himself by attacking two enemy formations of 27 planes each and downing a much - superior Japanese Zero , for which he was awarded the U.S. Distinguished Service Cross . The two other planes in that flight , flown by Lieutenants César Basa and Geronimo Aclan were shot down . General Douglas MacArthur , commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East ( USAFFE ) , was forced to retreat to Bataan . Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2 , 1942 . The fall of Bataan was on April 9 , 1942 with Corregidor Island , at the mouth of Manila Bay , surrendering on May 6 . Meeting of Jorge B. Vargas , a secretary of President Manuel Quezon and Homma Masaharu , a general Lieutenant of Imperial Japanese Army on February , 20th 1943 José P. Laurel Became the President of the Philippines during the Japanese occupation General Tomoyuki Yamashita surrenders to the Filipino soldiers and guerrillas in the presence of Generals Jonathan Wainwright and Arthur Percival . The Commonwealth government by then had exiled itself to Washington , DC , upon the invitation of President Roosevelt ; however many politicians stayed behind and collaborated with the occupying Japanese . The main general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was stationed and moved in the province was our enemy against the Japanese Occupation . The Philippine Commonwealth Army continued to fight the Japanese in a guerrilla war and were considered auxiliary units of the United States Army . Several Philippine Commonwealth military awards , such as the Philippine Defense Medal , Independence Medal , and Liberation Medal , were awarded to both the United States and Philippine Armed Forces . Gen. Douglas MacArthur wades ashore during initial landings at Leyte , Philippine Islands . As the Japanese forces advanced , Manila was declared an open city to prevent it from destruction , meanwhile , the government was moved to Corregidor . In March 1942 , General MacArthur and President Quezon fled the country . Guerrilla units harassed the Japanese when they could , and on Luzon native resistance was strong enough that the Japanese never did get control of a large part of the island . An anti-Japanese Army consisting of peasants known as the Huks did most of the fighting . The Huks forces resisted invaders and punished the people who collaborated with the Japanese , but they did n't have a well - disciplined organization , and were later seen as a threat to the Manila government . Before MacArthur came back , the effectiveness of the guerilla movement had decimated the control of Japan - limited to only 12 out of the 48 provinces . In October 1944 , MacArthur had gathered enough additional troops and supplies to begin the retaking of the Philippines , landing with Sergio Osmeña who had assumed the Presidency after Quezon 's death . The Philippine Constabulary went on active service under the Philippine Commonwealth Army on October 28 , 1944 during liberation under the Commonwealth regime . The battles entailed long fierce fighting ; some of the Japanese continued to fight until the official surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2 , 1945 . After their landing , Filipino and American forces also undertook measures to suppress the Huk movement , which was founded to fight the Japanese Occupation . The Filipino and American forces removed local Huk governments and imprisoned many high - ranking members of the Philippine Communist Party . While these incidents happened , there was still fighting against the Japanese forces and , despite the American and Philippine measures against the Huk , they still supported American and Filipino soldiers in the fight against the Japanese . Over a million Filipinos ( including regular and constable soldiers , recognized guerrillas and non-combatant civilians ) had been killed in the war . The 1947 final report of the High Commissioner to the Philippines documents massive damage to most coconut mills and sugar mills ; inter-island shipping had all been destroyed or removed ; concrete highways had been broken up for use on military airports ; railways were inoperative ; Manila was 80 percent destroyed , Cebu 90 percent , and Zamboanga 95 percent . Independence ( 1946 ) ( edit ) Philippine Independence , July 4 , 1946 from all the Colonizers . The Flag of the United States of America is lowered while the Flag of the Philippines is raised . Philippine independence came on July 4 , 1946 , with the signing of the Treaty of Manila between the governments of the United States and the Philippines . The treaty provided for the recognition of the independence of the Republic of the Philippines and the relinquishment of American sovereignty over the Philippine Islands . From 1946 to 1961 , Independence Day was observed on July 4 . On 12 May 1962 , President Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28 , proclaiming Tuesday , June 12 , 1962 as a special public holiday throughout the Philippines . In 1964 , Republic Act No. 4166 changed the date of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 and renamed the July 4 holiday as Philippine Republic Day . World war II veteran benefits ( edit ) During World War II , over 200,000 Filipinos fought in defense of the United States against the Japanese in the Pacific theater of military operations , where more than half died . As a commonwealth of the United States before and during the war , Filipinos were legally American nationals . With American nationality , Filipinos were promised all the benefits afforded to those serving in the armed forces of the United States . In 1946 , Congress passed the Rescission Act ( 38 U.S.C. § 107 ) which stripped Filipinos of the benefits they were promised . Since the passage of the Rescission Act , many Filipino veterans have traveled to the United States to lobby Congress for the benefits promised to them for their service and sacrifice . Over 30,000 of such veterans live in the United States today , with most being United States citizens . Sociologists introduced the phrase `` Second Class Veterans '' to describe the plight of these Filipino Americans . Beginning in 1993 , numerous bills titled Filipino Veterans Fairness Act were introduced in Congress to return the benefits taken away from these veterans , only to die in committee . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , signed into law on February 17 , 2009 , included provisions to pay benefits to the 15,000 remaining veterans . On January 6 , 2011 Jackie Speier ( D - CA ) , U.S. Representative for California 's 12th congressional district , serving since 2008 , introduced a bill seeking to make Filipino WW - II veterans eligible for the same benefits available to U.S. veterans . In a news conference to outline the bill , Speier estimated that approximately 50,000 Filipino veterans survive . See also ( edit ) Moro Rebellion Negros Revolution Republic of Negros Republic of Zamboanga References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain ; December 10 , 1898 '' . The Avalon Project . New Haven , Connecticut : Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale Law School . 2008 . 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The Revolution Second Phase '' , History of the Filipino People ( Eighth ed . ) , University of the Philippines , pp. 187 -- 198 , ISBN 971 - 8711 - 06 - 6 Agoncillo , Teodoro Andal ( 1997 ) , Malolos : The Crisis of the Republic , University of the Philippines Press , ISBN 978 - 971 - 542 - 096 - 9 Beede , Benjamin R. ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 , and U.S. interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : an encyclopedia , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 Blanchard , William H. ( 1996 ) , `` 9 . Losing Stature in the Philippines '' , Neocolonialism American Style , 1960 -- 2000 , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 313 - 30013 - 5 Blitz , Amy ( 2000 ) , `` Conquest and Coercion : Early U.S. Colonalism , 1899 -- 1916 '' , The Contested State : American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines , Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9935 - 8 Brands , Henry William ( 1992 ) , Bound to empire : the United States and the Philippines , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507104 - 7 questia.com Burns , Adam D. `` Adapting to Empire : William H. Taft , Theodore Roosevelt , and the Philippines , 1900 - 08 , '' Comparative American Studies 11 ( Dec. 2013 ) , 418 - 33 . Constantino , Renato ( 1975 ) , The Philippines : A Past Revisited , ISBN 971 - 8958 - 00 - 2 Elliott , Charles Burke ( 1917 ) , The Philippines : To the End of the Commission Government , a Study in Tropical Democracy Golay , Frank H. ( 1997 ) , Face of empire : United States - Philippine relations , 1898 -- 1946 , Ateneo de Manila University Press , ISBN 978 - 971 - 550 - 254 - 2 . Halstead , Murat ( 1898 ) , `` XXVIII . Battles with the Filipinos before Manila '' , The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions , Including the Ladrones , Hawaii , Cuba and Porto Rico Jernegan , Prescott F ( 2009 ) , The Philippine Citizen , BiblioBazaar , LLC , ISBN 978 - 1 - 115 - 97139 - 3 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1921 ) , The Present Government of the Philippines , Oriental commercial , ISBN 1 - 4067 - 4636 - 3 , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 ( Note : 1 . The book cover incorrectly lists author as `` Maximo M Lalaw '' , 2 . Originally published in 1921 by The McCullough Printing Co. , Manila ) Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` V . The Katipunan revolt under Bonifacio and Aguinaldo '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 69 -- 98 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` VI . The Revolutionary Government '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 99 -- 163 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` VII . The Opposition to American Sovereignty ( 1898 -- 1901 ) '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 99 -- 163 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix A. Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 413 -- 417 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 ( English translation by the author . Original in Spanish ) Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix C. Aguinaldo 's Proclamation of June 23 , 1898 , Establishing the Revolutionary Government '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 423 -- 429 , retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix D . The Political Constitution of the Philippine Republic '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 430 -- 445 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 ( English translation by the author . Original in Spanish ) Kalaw , Maximo M. ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix F : President McKinley 's Instructions to the Taft Commission '' , The development of Philippine politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 452 -- 459 , retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 Karnow , Stanley ( 1990 ) , In Our Image , Century , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 3732 - 9 Lacsamana , Leodivico Cruz ( 2006 ) , Philippine history and government , Phoenix Publishing House , ISBN 978 - 971 - 06 - 1894 - 1 Miller , Stuart Creighton ( 1984 ) , Benevolent Assimilation : The American Conquest of the Philippines , 1899 -- 1903 ( 4th edition , reprint ed . ) , Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 03081 - 5 Seekins , Donald M. ( 1993 ) , `` The First Phase of United States Rule , 1898 -- 1935 '' , in Dolan , Ronald E. , Philippines : A Country Study ( 4th ed . ) , Washington , D.C. : Federal Research Division , Library of Congress , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 25 Trask , David F. ( 1996 ) , The war with Spain in 1898 , University of Nebraska Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 5 Taylor , John R.M. , ed. ( 1907 ) , `` Chapter I. Telegraphic Correspondence of Emilio Aguinaldo , July 15 , 1898 to February 28 , 1899 , Annotated '' ( PDF ) , Compilation of Philippine Insurgent Records , Arms Research Library , originally from War Department , Bureau of Insular Affairs , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 External link in publisher = ( help ) Thayer , William Roscoe ( 1919 ) , `` VII . The Rough Rider '' , Theodore Roosevelt ; an intimate biography , Boston : Houghton Mifflin Titherington , Richard Handfield ( 1900 ) , A history of the Spanish -- American War of 1898 , D. Appleton and Company ( republished by ( 1 ) ) Wolff , Leon ( 2006 ) , Little brown brother : how the United States purchased and pacified the Philippine Islands at the century 's turn , History Book Club ( published 2005 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58288 - 209 - 3 ( Introduction , Decolonizing the History of the Philippine -- American War , by Paul A. Kramer dated December 8 , 2005 ) Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` II . Was independence promised ? '' , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 39 -- 43 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` III . Insurgent `` Coöperation '' `` , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 43 -- 74 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` IV . The Premeditated Insurgent Attack '' , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 75 -- 89 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` IX , The conduct of the war '' , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 168 -- 184 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Zaide , Sonia M. ( 1994 ) , The Philippines : A Unique Nation , All - Nations Publishing Co. , ISBN 971 - 642 - 071 - 4 Primary sources ( edit ) Aguinaldo , Don Emilio y Famy , `` Chapter I . The Revolution of 1896 '' , True Version of the Philippine Revolution , Authorama : Public Domain Books , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Aguinaldo , Don Emilio y Famy , `` Chapter II . The Treaty of Biak - na - bató '' , True Version of the Philippine Revolution , Authorama : Public Domain Books , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Aguinaldo , Don Emilio y Famy , `` Chapter III . Negotiations '' , True Version of the Philippine Revolution , Authorama : Public Domain Books , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Guevara , Sulpico , ed. ( 2005 ) , The laws of the first Philippine Republic ( the laws of Malolos ) 1898 -- 1899. , Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library ( published 1972 ) , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . ( English translation by Sulpicio Guevara ) Further reading ( edit ) Abinales , Patricio N. ; Amoroso , Donna J. ( 2005 ) , State and Society in the Philippines , Philippines : Anvil Publishing , U.S. : Rowman and Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 1024 - 7 Agoncillo , Teodoro Andal ( 1974 ) , Introduction to Filipino History , Garotech publishing , ISBN 971 - 8711 - 05 - 8 Alcantra , Teresita A. ( 2002 ) , Arcella , Lydia , ed. , Views on Philippine Revolution , I , Quezon City : University of the Philippines , ISBN 971 - 92410 - 1 - 2 Alcantra , Teresita A. ( 2002 ) , Arcella , Lydia , ed. , Views on Philippine Revolution , II , Quezon City : University of the Philippines , ISBN 971 - 92410 - 1 - 2 Arcilla , José S. ( 1994 ) , An introduction to Philippine history ( Fourth , enlarged ed . ) , Atoneo De Mamila University Press , ISBN 971 - 550 - 261 - X Gates , John M. ( Summer 1985 ) , `` The Official Historian and the Well - Placed Critic : James A. LeRoy 's Assessment of John R.M. Taylor 's `` The Philippine Insurrection against the United States '' `` , The Public Historian , 7 ( 3 ) : 57 -- 67 , doi : 10.2307 / 3377127 , JSTOR 3377127 Richard W. Stewart , ed. ( 2005 ) , `` 16 . Change , and the Road to war , 1902 -- 1917 '' , American Military History , Volume I : The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation , 1775 -- 1917 , Center of Military History , United States Army , ISBN 0 - 16 - 072362 - 0 Zuleta , Francisco M. ; Nebres , Abriel M. ( 2007 ) , Philippine History and Government Through the Years , National Bookstore , ISBN 971 - 08 - 6344 - 4 Philippines . Civil Service Board ( 1906 ) . Annual Report of the Philippine Civil Service Board to the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands , Issue 5 . Contributors United States . Philippine Commission ( 1900 -- 1916 ) , United States . Bureau of Insular Affairs . Bureau of Public Printing . ISBN 9715501680 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . 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8690058120233063186	Alfred Binet	Alfred Binet - wikipedia Alfred Binet Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alfred Binet Alfred Binet July 8 , 1857 ( 1857 - 07 - 08 ) Nice , France October 18 , 1911 ( 1911 - 10 - 18 ) ( aged 54 ) Paris , France Nationality French Known for Stanford -- Binet Intelligence Scales Binet -- Simon test Spouse ( s ) Laure Balbiani Scientific career Fields Psychology Influences John Stuart Mill Influenced Jean Piaget Alfred Binet ( French : ( binɛ ) ; July 8 , 1857 -- October 18 , 1911 ) was a French psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test , the Binet -- Simon test . In 1904 , the French Ministry of Education asked psychologist Alfred Binet to devise a method that would determine which students did not learn effectively from regular classroom instruction so they could be given remedial work . Along with his collaborator Théodore Simon , Binet published revisions of his test in 1908 and 1911 , the last of which appeared just before his death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Education and early career 1.2 Later career and the Binet -- Simon test 1.3 Binet and chess 2 Publications 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Education and early career ( edit ) Binet attended law school in Paris , and received his degree in 1878 . He also studied physiology at the Sorbonne . His first formal position was as a researcher at a neurological clinic , Salpêtrière Hospital , in Paris from 1883 -- 1889 . From there , Binet went on to being a researcher and associate director of the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology at the Sorbonne from 1891 -- 1894 . In 1894 , he was promoted to being the director of the laboratory until 1911 ( his death ) . Binet also educated himself by reading psychology texts at the National Library in Paris . He soon became fascinated with the ideas of John Stuart Mill , who believed that the operations of intelligence could be explained by the laws of associationism . Binet eventually realized the limitations of this theory , but Mill 's ideas continued to influence his work . In 1883 , years of unaccompanied study ended when Binet was introduced to Charles Féré , who introduced him to Jean - Martin Charcot , the director of a clinic called La Salpêtrière , Paris . Charcot became his mentor and in turn , Binet accepted a job offer at the clinic , working in his neurological laboratory . At the time of Binet 's tenure , Charcot was experimenting with hypnotism . Binet was strongly influenced by Charcot , and published four articles about his work in this area . Unfortunately , Charcot 's conclusions did not hold up under professional scrutiny , and Binet was forced to make an embarrassing public admission that he had been wrong in supporting his teacher . Nevertheless , he had established his name internationally in the field , Morton Prince for example stating in 1904 that `` certain problems in subconscious automatism will always be associated with the names of Breuer and Freud in Germany , Janet and Alfred Binet in France '' . When his involvement with hypnosis waned as a result of failure to establish professional acceptance , he turned to the study of development spurred on by the birth of his two daughters , Marguerite and Armande ( born in 1885 and 1887 , respectively ) , calling Armande a subjectivist and Marguerite an objectivist , and developing the concepts of introspection and externospection in an anticipation of Carl Jung 's psychological types . In the 21 - year period following his shift in career interests , Binet `` published more than 200 books , articles , and reviews in what now would be called experimental , developmental , educational , social , and differential psychology '' ( Siegler , 1992 ) . Bergin and Cizek ( 2001 ) suggest that this work may have influenced Jean Piaget , who later studied with Binet 's collaborator Théodore Simon in 1920 . Binet 's research with his daughters helped him to further refine his developing conception of intelligence , especially the importance of attention span and suggestibility in intellectual development . Despite Binet 's extensive research interests and wide breadth of publications , today he is most widely known for his contributions to intelligence . Wolf ( 1973 ) postulates that this is the result of his not being affiliated with a major university . Because Binet did not have any formalized graduate study in psychology , he did not hold a professorship with a prestigious institution where students and funds would be sure to perpetuate his work ( Siegler , 1992 ) . Additionally , his more progressive theories did not provide the practical utility that his intelligence scale would evoke . Binet and his coworker Fere discovered what they called transfer and they also recognized perceptual and emotional polarization . Binet and Fere thought their findings were a phenomenon and of utmost importance . After investigations by many , the two men were forced to admit that they were wrong about their concepts of transfer and polarization . Basically , their patients had known what was expected , what was supposed to happen , and so they simply assented . Binet had risked everything on his experiment and its results , and this failure took a toll on him . In 1890 , Binet resigned from La Salpêtrière and never mentioned the place or its director again . His interests then turned towards the development of his children , Madeleine and Alice , who were two years apart . This research presages that done by Jean Piaget just a short time later , regarding the development of cognition in children . A job presented itself for Binet in 1891 at the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology at the Sorbonne . He worked for a year without pay and by 1894 , he took over as the director . This was a position that Binet held until his death , and it enabled him to pursue his studies on mental processes . While directing the Laboratory , Theodore Simon applied to do doctoral research under Binet 's supervision . This was the beginning of their long , fruitful collaboration . During this time he also co-founded the French journal of psychology , L'Annee psychologique , serving as the director and editor - in - chief of the journal that was the first scientific journal in this domain . Later career and the Binet -- Simon test ( edit ) In 1899 , Binet was asked to be a member of the Free Society for the Psychological Study of the Child . French education changed greatly during the end of the nineteenth century , because of a law that passed which made it mandatory for children ages six to fourteen to attend school . This group to which Binet became a member hoped to begin studying children in a scientific manner . Binet and many other members of the society were appointed to the Commission for the Retarded . The question became `` What should be the test given to children thought to possibly have learning disabilities , that might place them in a special classroom ? '' Binet made it his problem to establish the differences that separate the normal child from the abnormal , and to measure such differences . L'Etude experimentale de l'intelligence ( Experimental Studies of Intelligence ) was the book he used to describe his methods and it was published in 1903 . Development of more tests and investigations began soon after the book , with the help of a young medical student named Theodore Simon . Simon had nominated himself a few years before as Binet 's research assistant and worked with him on the intelligence tests that Binet is known for , which share Simon 's name as well . In 1905 , a new test for measuring intelligence was introduced and simply called the Binet -- Simon scale . In 1908 , they revised the scale , dropping , modifying , and adding tests and also arranging them according to age levels from three to thirteen . In 1904 a French professional group for child psychology , La Société Libre pour l'Etude Psychologique de l'Enfant , was called upon by the French government to appoint a commission on the education of retarded children . The commission was asked to create a mechanism for identifying students in need of alternative education . Binet , being an active member of this group , found the impetus for the development of his mental scale . Binet and Simon , in creating what historically is known as the Binet - Simon Scale , comprised a variety of tasks they thought were representative of typical children 's abilities at various ages . This task - selection process was based on their many years of observing children in natural settings . They then tested their measurement on a sample of fifty children , ten children per five age groups . The children selected for their study were identified by their school teachers as being average for their age . The purpose of this scale of normal functioning , which would later be revised twice using more stringent standards , was to compare children 's mental abilities relative to those of their normal peers ( Siegler , 1992 ) . The scale consisted of thirty tasks of increasing difficulty . The easier ones could be done by everyone . Some of the simplest test items assessed whether or not a child could follow a beam of light or talk back to the examiner . Slightly harder tasks required children to point to various named body parts , repeat back a series of 2 digits , repeat simple sentences , and define words like house , fork or mama . More difficult test items required children to state the difference between pairs of things , reproduce drawings from memory or to construct sentences from three given words such as `` Paris , river and fortune . '' The hardest test items included asking children to repeat back 7 random digits , find three rhymes for the French word `` obéisance '' and to answer questions such as `` My neighbor has been receiving strange visitors . He has received in turn a doctor , a lawyer , and then a priest . What is taking place ? '' ( Fancher , 1985 ) . Reproduction of an item from the 1908 Binet - Simon intelligence scale , showing three pairs of pictures , about which the tested child was asked , `` Which of these two faces is the prettier ? '' Reproduced from the article `` A Practical Guide for Administering the Binet - Simon Scale for Measuring Intelligence '' by J.W. Wallace Wallin in the March 1911 issue of the journal The Psychological Clinic ( volume 5 number 1 ) , public domain . For the practical use of determining educational placement , the score on the Binet - Simon scale would reveal the child 's mental age . For example , a 6 - year - old child who passed all the tasks usually passed by 6 year - olds -- but nothing beyond -- would have a mental age that exactly matched his chronological age , 6.0 . ( Fancher , 1985 ) . Binet was forthright about the limitations of his scale . He stressed the remarkable diversity of intelligence and the subsequent need to study it using qualitative , as opposed to quantitative , measures . Binet also stressed that intellectual development progressed at variable rates and could be influenced by the environment ; therefore , intelligence was not based solely on genetics , was malleable rather than fixed , and could only be found in children with comparable backgrounds ( Siegler , 1992 ) . Given Binet 's stance that intelligence testing was subject to variability and was not generalizable , it is important to look at the metamorphosis that mental testing took on as it made its way to the U.S. While Binet was developing his mental scale , the business , civic , and educational leaders in the U.S. were facing issues of how to accommodate the needs of a diversifying population , while continuing to meet the demands of society . There arose the call to form a society based on meritocracy ( Siegler , 1992 ) while continuing to underline the ideals of the upper class . In 1908 , H.H. Goddard , a champion of the eugenics movement , found utility in mental testing as a way to evidence the superiority of the white race . After studying abroad , Goddard brought the Binet - Simon Scale to the United States and translated it into English . Following Goddard in the U.S. mental testing movement was Lewis Terman , who took the Simon - Binet Scale and standardized it using a large American sample . The new Stanford - Binet scale was no longer used solely for advocating education for all children , as was Binet 's objective . A new objective of intelligence testing was illustrated in the Stanford - Binet manual with testing ultimately resulting in `` curtailing the reproduction of feeble - mindedness and in the elimination of an enormous amount of crime , pauperism , and industrial inefficiency '' . It follows that we should question why Binet did not speak out concerning the newfound uses of his measure . Siegler ( 1992 ) pointed out that Binet was somewhat of an isolationist in that he never traveled outside France and he barely participated in professional organizations . Additionally , his mental scale was not adopted in his own country during his lifetime and therefore was not subjected to the same fate . Finally , when Binet did become aware of the `` foreign ideas being grafted on his instrument '' he condemned those who with ' brutal pessimism ' and ' deplorable verdicts ' were promoting the concept of intelligence as a single , unitary construct ( White , 2000 ) . He did a lot of studies of children . His experimental subjects ranged from 3 to 18 years old . Binet published the third version of the Binet - Simon scale shortly before his death in 1911 . The Binet - Simon scale was and is hugely popular around the world , mainly because of the vast literature it has fostered , as well as its relative ease of administration . Since his death , many people in many ways have honored Binet , but two of these stand out . In 1917 , the Free Society for the Psychological Study of the Child , of which Binet became a member in 1899 and which prompted his development of the intelligence tests , changed their name to La Société Alfred Binet , in memory of the renowned psychologist . The second honor was not until 1984 , when the journal Science 84 picked the Binet - Simon scale as one of twenty of the century 's most significant developments or discoveries . He studied sexual behavior , coining the term erotic fetishism to describe individuals whose sexual interests in nonhuman objects , such as articles of clothing , and linking this to the after - effects of early impressions in an anticipation of Freud . He also studied abilities of Valentine Dencausse , the most famous chiromancer in Paris in those days . Binet and chess ( edit ) Binet had done a series of experiments to see how well chess players played when blindfolded . He found that only some of the master chess players could play from memory and a few could play multiple games simultaneously without looking at the boards . To remember the positions of the pieces on the boards , some players envisioned exact replicas of specific chess sets , while others envisioned an abstract schema of the game . Binet concluded that extraordinary feats of memory such as blind chess playing could take a variety of mnemonic forms . He recounted his experiments in a book entitled Psychologie des grands calculateurs et joueurs en echec ( Paris : Hachette , 1894 ) . Publications ( edit ) La psychologie du raisonnement ; Recherches expérimentales par l'hypnotisme ( Paris , Alcan , 1886 ; English translation , 1899 ) . Published in English as The psychology of reasoning , based on experimental researches in hypnotism ( Chicago , Open court publishing company , 1899 ) . Le magnétisme animal ( Paris , F. Alcan , 1887 ) . Published in English as Animal Magnetism ( New York , D. Appleton and company , 1888 ) Perception intérieure ( 1887 ) . Etudes de psychologie expérimentale ( 1888 ) . Les altérations de la personnalité ( Paris : F. Alcan , 1892 ) . Published in English as Alterations of personality ( New York : D. Appleton and company , 1896 ) . The Psychic Life of Micro-Organisms : A Study in Experimental Psychology ( 1894 ) Introduction à la psychologie expérimentale ( 1894 ; with co-authors ) . On Double Consciousness ( 1896 ) . Binet , A. & Henri , V. La fatigue intellectuelle ( Paris , Schleicher frères , 1898 ) . La Suggestibilité ( Paris : Schleicher , 1900 ) . Etude expérimentale de l'intelligence ( 1903 ) . L'âme et le corps ( 1905 ) . Published in English as The Mind and the Brain ( London : Kegan Paul , Trench , Trübner & co . ltd . ) . Les révélations de l'écriture d'après un contrôle scientifique ( Paris : Félix Alcan , 1906 ) . Binet , A. & Simon , T. Les enfants anormaux ( Paris , A. Colin , 1907 ) . Published in English as Mentally defective children ( 1907 ) . Les idées modernes sur les enfants ( Paris , E. Flammarion , 1909 ) . L'intelligence des imbecile ( L'année psychologique , 15 , 1 -- 147 , 1909 ) . Published in English as The intelligence of the feeble - minded ( Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins company , 1916 ) . Alfred Binet was one of the founding editors of L'année psychologique , a yearly volume comprising original articles and reviews of the progress of psychology still in print . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alfred Binet lived approximately 54 years which was common around this time period . ( 1 ) , ( February 20 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ O.L. Zangwill , ' Binet , Alfred ' , in R. Gregory , The Oxford Companion to the Mind ( 1987 ) p. 88 Jump up ^ Henri Ellenberger , The Discovery of the Unconscious ( 1970 ) p. 791 Jump up ^ Ellenberger , p. 702 - 3 Jump up ^ Terman , L. , Lyman , G. , Ordahl , G. , Ordahl , L. , Galbreath , N. , & Talbert , W. ( 1916 ) . The Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet - Simon Scale for Measuring Intelligence . Baltimore : Warwick & York . Jump up ^ Binet , A. ( 1887 ) . `` Le fétichisme dans l'amour '' . Revue Philosophique. 24 : 143 -- 167 , 252 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Sigmund Freud , On Sexuality ( PFL 7 ) p. 67 Jump up ^ Gregory ed. , p. 155 Jump up ^ Alfred Binet , Psychologie des grands calculateurs et joueurs en echec , ( Paris : Hachette , 1894 ) . References ( edit ) Avanzini , Guy ( 1999 ) , Alfred Binet ( in French ) , Presses universitaires de France , ISBN 2 - 13 - 049816 - 7 Foschi , Renato ; Cicciola , Elisabetta ( 2006 ) , `` Politics and naturalism in the 20th century psychology of Alfred Binet . '' , History of psychology ( published Nov 2006 ) , 9 ( 4 ) , pp. 267 -- 89 , PMID 17333631 , doi : 10.1037 / 1093 - 4510.9. 4.267 Klein , Alexandre ( 2011 ) Correspondance d'Alfred Binet , Volume 2 -- L'émergence de la psychologie scientifique ( 1884 -- 1911 ) . Nancy : Presses Universitaires de Nancy . http://www.lcdpu.fr/livre/?GCOI=27000100152160 Klein , Alexandre ( 2011 ) `` Les apports de la correspondance d'Alfred Binet à l'histoire de la psychologie '' , Recherches & éducations , Hors - série Centenaire Binet , 53 -- 75 . http://rechercheseducations.revues.org/index803.html Klein , Alexandre Correspondance d'Alfred Binet - Jean Larguier des Bancels , Nancy , PUN , 2008 . http://www.lcdpu.fr/livre/?GCOI=27000100578310 Klein , Alexandre ( 2009 ) `` La philosophie scientifique d'Alfred Binet '' , Revue d'Histoire des sciences , 2009 / 5 , http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=RHS_622_0373 Klein , Alexandre ( 2008 ) `` Les écritures du moi en histoire des sciences : les apports de la correspondance d'Alfred Binet '' , Jahrbuch für Europäische Wissenschaftskultur ( Yearbook for European Culture of Science ) , Bd. 4 ( 2008 ) , p. 101 -- 115 . Staum , Martin S ( 2007 ) , `` Ribot , Binet , and the emergence from the anthropological shadow . '' , Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences , 43 ( 1 ) , pp. 1 -- 18 , PMID 17205542 , doi : 10.1002 / jhbs. 20206 Faber , Diana ( 2003 ) , `` Archival note : an inquiry into the relationship between Alfred Binet and Cyril Burt . '' , Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences , 39 ( 3 ) , pp. 289 -- 97 , PMID 12891695 , doi : 10.1002 / jhbs. 10111 Nicolas , Serge ; Ferrand , Ludovic ( 2002 ) , `` Alfred Binet and higher education . '' , History of psychology ( published Aug 2002 ) , 5 ( 3 ) , pp. 264 -- 83 , PMID 12269336 , doi : 10.1037 / 1093 - 4510.5. 3.264 Binet , A ; Simon , T ( 1997 ) , `` An investigation concerning the value of the oral method . 1909 . '' , American annals of the deaf ( published Jul 1997 ) , 142 ( 3 ) , pp. 35 -- 45 , PMID 9222149 , doi : 10.1353 / aad. 2012.0573 Martin , O ( 1997 ) , `` ( Psychological measurement from Binet to Thurstone , ( 1900 -- 1930 ) ) '' , Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse ( 4 ) , pp. 457 -- 93 , PMID 11625304 Huertas , R ; del Cura , M ( 1996 ) , `` Not Available '' , Asclepio ; archivo iberoamericano de historia de la medicina y antropología médica , 48 ( 2 ) , pp. 115 -- 27 , PMID 11636466 Shephard , AH ( 1989 ) , `` Contributions to the history of psychology : LVII . Terman - Binet communication . '' , Perceptual and motor skills ( published Jun 1989 ) , 68 ( 3 Pt 1 ) , pp. 936 -- 8 , PMID 2664700 , doi : 10.2466 / pms. 1989.68. 3.936 Siegler , R.S. ( 1992 ) . `` The other Alfred Binet '' . Developmental Psychology . 28 ( 2 ) : 179 -- 190 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.28. 2.179 . Stocking , GW ( 1980 ) , `` Innovation in the Malinowskian mode : an essay review of long - term field research in social anthropology '' , Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences ( published Jul 1980 ) , 16 ( 3 ) , pp. 281 -- 6 , PMID 11610713 , doi : 10.1002 / 1520 - 6696 ( 198007 ) 16 : 3 < 281 : : AID - JHBS2300160310 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 0 Sarason , SB ( 1976 ) , `` The unfortunate fate of Alfred Binet and school psychology '' , Teachers College record , 77 ( 4 ) , pp. 580 -- 92 , PMID 11636093 Pollack , RH ( 1971 ) , `` Binet on perceptual - cognitive development or Piaget - come - lately '' , Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences ( published Oct 1971 ) , 7 ( 4 ) , pp. 370 -- 4 , PMID 11609528 , doi : 10.1002 / 1520 - 6696 ( 197110 ) 7 : 4 < 370 : : AID - JHBS2300070407 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 0 Wolf , T.H. ( 1969 ) , `` The emergence of Binet 's conceptions and measurement of intelligence : a case history of the creative process . Part II '' , Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences ( published Jul 1969 ) , 5 ( 3 ) , pp. 207 -- 37 , PMID 11610158 , doi : 10.1002 / 1520 - 6696 ( 196907 ) 5 : 3 < 207 : : AID - JHBS2300050302 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - G Wolf , T.H. ( 1969 ) , `` The emergence of Binet 's conception and measurement of intelligence : a case history of the creative process '' , Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences ( published Apr 1969 ) , 5 ( 2 ) , pp. 113 -- 34 , PMID 11610191 , doi : 10.1002 / 1520 - 6696 ( 196904 ) 5 : 2 < 113 : : AID - JHBS2300050203 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 5 Silverman , H.L. ; Krenzel , K , ( 1964 ) , `` Alfred Binet : Prolific Pioneer in Psychology '' , The Psychiatric quarterly . Supplement , 38 , pp. 323 -- 35 , PMID 14301636 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works written by or about : Alfred Binet Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfred Binet . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alfred Binet Webdocumentary ( in French ) Alfred Binet . Naissance de la psychologie scientifique Short biography , bibliography , and links on digitized sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Human Intelligence : Alfred Binet Works by Alfred Binet at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Alfred Binet at Internet Archive Works by Alfred Binet at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) `` Binet 's Self - Consciousness '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2002 - 08 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) New Methods for the Diagnosis of the Intellectual Level of Subnormals by Alfred Binet Le Magnetisme Animal by Alfred Binet VIAF : 76312218 LCCN : n50009385 ISNI : 0000 0001 2140 0116 GND : 118511033 SELIBR : 178328 SUDOC : 026729105 BNF : cb11892077m ( data ) NLA : 35018692 NDL : 00433321 NKC : nlk20000079946 BNE : XX877457 CiNii : DA00479020 IATH : w6w69b1z Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Binet&oldid=802412966 '' Categories : 1857 births 1911 deaths University of Paris alumni French psychologists Educational psychologists Psychological testing French graphologists Intelligence researchers 19th - century French people 20th - century French people Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 00 : 55 . 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-3343445476532872163	Snowy (character)	Snowy ( character ) - wikipedia Snowy ( character ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Snowy ( disambiguation ) . Snowy Snowy ( Milou ) , by Hergé Publication information Publisher Casterman ( Belgium ) First appearance Tintin in the Land of the Soviets ( 1929 ) The Adventures of Tintin Created by Hergé In - story information Full name Snowy ( Milou in the original French ) Species Wire Fox Terrier Partnerships List of main characters Supporting character of Tintin Snowy ( French : Milou ( milu ) ) is a fictional character in The Adventures of Tintin , the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé . Snowy is a white Wire Fox Terrier who is a companion to Tintin , the series ' protagonist . He debuted on 10 January 1929 in the first installment of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , which was serialised in Le Petit Vingtième until May 1930 . Snowy 's conception was inspired in part by a Fox Terrier at a café Hergé used to frequent . Milou , Snowy 's original French name , was the nickname of Hergé 's first girlfriend ( although Snowy is male ) . In the first eight Tintin adventures , Snowy regularly addresses his internal monologue to the reader . Hergé diminished Snowy 's speaking role after the introduction of Captain Haddock in the ninth story. The Crab with the Golden Claws However , at times when Captain Haddock is not around , he speaks - as seen in Tintin in Tibet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration and design 2 Character 3 Adaptions 4 Statues and commemorative murals 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Bibliography Inspiration and design ( edit ) Terriers were popular domestic dogs during the late 1920s and early 1930s . They were known for their intelligence and character , two traits which are also reflected in Snowy . Snowy was inspired by various breeds of terrier , especially the Wire Fox Terrier . A pure white Fox Terrier is highly unusual . Hergé always draws Snowy at particular angles , usually three - quarters - on , to align his expressions with the panel . Snowy 's size relative to humans varies between strips . Hergé never had a dog in his family until his last years ; however , in 1929 he was a regular at a café where the proprietor had a terrier . This dog was a major source of inspiration for Snowy . Snowy 's original French name Milou -- an abbreviation of Marie - Louise -- is borrowed from the nickname of Hergé 's first girlfriend , Marie - Louise Van Cutsem . Marie - Louise 's father disapproved of Hergé 's low social standing , and the young couple 's relationship consequently deteriorated . Nevertheless , Hergé remained fond of Marie - Louise , and made her the namesake of Tintin 's most trusted friend . The name Snowy was chosen for English - language translations not only because of the dog 's colour , but because it 's a five - letter word that fits in the speech balloons . Character ( edit ) Throughout the series , Snowy is Tintin 's sidekick and companion on journeys . Along with Tintin he is the only character to appear in all of the comic albums . In the debut album Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , Snowy is a source of comic relief . Throughout the first eight stories Snowy is the series ' co-star ; he is able to understand human language , and communicates with speech bubbles . His verbal responses to various situations include jokes , expressions of fright , and pleas to Tintin to exercise caution . In the early albums he takes an interest in mechanics and geography ; in Tintin in the Congo , he makes biblical references . As a dog , he also sniffs , tracks , chases , and bites . The character of Snowy evolved through the course of the Tintin series . In early works he exchanges dialog with other characters , including animals , and provides a running commentary on the situation . His character then became affected by the introduction of Captain Haddock in The Crab with the Golden Claws . Before Haddock 's appearance , Snowy was the source of dry and cynical side - commentary , which balanced out Tintin 's constantly positive , optimistic perspective . When Haddock entered the series , the Captain took over the role of the cynic , and Snowy gradually shifted into a more light - hearted role , having dialog only with Tintin . Snowy is portrayed as brave and is often fearless against much larger creatures when Tintin is threatened . He repeatedly frees Tintin from captivity and saves him from dangerous situations , and will sometimes identify a villain before Tintin . His only fear is arachnophobia . Snowy is loyal to Tintin and always wishes to stay by his master 's side : in a scene in The Shooting Star when Tintin temporarily abandoned him , Snowy was inconsolable . Snowy loves whiskey , and occasionally gets drunk ( as occurred in Tintin in the Land of the Soviets and in Tintin in Tibet ) . His appetite for food is the basis for several short , comical sequences . The dog 's biggest lust is for bones . This is repeatedly the centre of moral dilemmas , as Snowy has to decide between carrying out important tasks , such as carrying an SOS message , and picking up a bone . Snowy indulges in rowdy behaviour chasing the Siamese cat at Marlinspike Hall until the two become friends at the end of The Calculus Affair . Snowy often adds to the story in notable ways . For instance , Snowy is the only character in Flight 714 to Sydney to escape mass hypnosis and to know of their abduction by aliens . Adaptions ( edit ) Snowy as he appears in Steven Spielberg 's 2011 motion capture feature film The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn At the end of the run of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets on 8 May 1930 , a mock reception for Snowy and Tintin was conducted at Brussels ' Gare du Nord railway station . There Snowy was played by Hergé 's cafékeeper 's Fox Terrier . In The Adventures of Tintin television series , Snowy is voiced by Susan Roman . However , Snowy 's comments are not present . Among the anthropomorphic cast of Bryan Talbot 's graphic novel Grandville , there is a white Wire Fox Terrier named `` Snowy Milou '' . In a drug - induced delirium , he describes the dreams he has had , with close parallels to the various adventures of the Tintin books . From a computer - generated imagery point of view , Snowy was the most difficult character to film during production of the 2011 motion capture film The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn . Fur is generally difficult to render , with white being the most difficult colour and curly fur being the most difficult shape . Another issue was Snowy is always shown at particular angles , which made it difficult to make him recognisable with moving camera shots . Early in the development process , when the motion - capture was being filmed in - studio , the production team considered casting a dog as Snowy . Instead a puppet was used , acted out by a puppeteer . Thus , the actors worked with the puppet placeholder ; Snowy and the other characters were then animated afterwards . Statues and commemorative murals ( edit ) The Place du Grand Sablon , Brussels , Belgium contains a life sized bronze statue of Tintin and his fox terrier , Snowy just outside Comics cafe . A mural on a building at Rue de l'Etuve recreates a scene of Tintin , Captain Haddock and Snowy coming down a building fire escape from The Calculus Affair . The Gare du Midi station in Brussels contains a huge reproduction of a panel from Tintin in America . The Le Lombard building in Central Brussels ( Near Gare du Midi ) has two giant heads of Snowy and Tintin on the roof . These are lit up with neon lights at night . Lombard was the editor of the Journal de Tintin . The Stockel subway station in Brussels has huge panels with scenes from Tintin comic books painted as murals . The Uccle cultural center ( Rue Ruge ) in Belgium has a life size statue of Tintin and Snowy . The statue was sculpted by Nat Neujeun and commissioned by Raymond Leblanc , the publisher of Tintin ( magazine ) . See also ( edit ) List of The Adventures of Tintin characters List of fictional dogs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peeters 2012 , p. 341 , `` Character Names in French and English '' . Jump up ^ `` Snowy : Real life inspiration '' . Characters of Tintin . Official Hergé website . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Farr ( 2007 ) : 24 ^ Jump up to : Farr ( 2007 ) : 25 ^ Jump up to : Farr ( 2007 ) : 31 ^ Jump up to : Farr ( 2007 ) : 23 ^ Jump up to : Weta Workshop : 37 Jump up ^ : 309 - 10 ^ Jump up to : Rao , Rohit ( 22 November 2011 ) . `` The Adventures Of Tintin : Season One '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Farr ( 2007 ) : 30 ^ Jump up to : Farr ( 2007 ) : 29 Jump up ^ Farr ( 2007 ) : 27 Jump up ^ `` Susan Roman '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Weta Workshop : 38 Jump up ^ Weta Workshop : 39 Jump up ^ `` Comics Cafe , Brussels - Restaurant Reviews , Phone Number & Photos - TripAdvisor '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Field Report : Tintin and Hergé in Brussels '' . A113 Animation . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tintin Tracking In Comic - Crazy Brussels '' . Huffington Post . 21 December 2011 . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Studios Hergé , Moulinsart . `` Tintin in Brussels '' . Official route drawn by Moulinsart and Studios Hergé . Moulinsart and Studios Hergé . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Herdman , Malcolm ( 30 October 2011 ) . `` The best of Brussels : A comic walk around Tintin Town , the city where a star was born '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CCU '' . Bibliography ( edit ) Farr , Michael ( 2007 ) . Tintin & Co . London : Egmont . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4052 - 3264 - 7 . Peeters , Benoît ( 2012 ) ( 2002 ) . Hergé : Son of Tintin . Tina A. Kover ( translator ) . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0454 - 7 . Weta Workshop ( 2011 ) . The Art of the Adventures of Tintin . New Zealand : HarperCollins . ISBN 9780062087492 . Thompson , Harry ( 1991 ) . Tintin : Hergé & His Creation . London : John Murray ( Publishers ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84854 - 672 - 1 . ( hide ) The Adventures of Tintin by Hergé The Adventures of Tintin Tintin in the Land of the Soviets ( 1930 ) Tintin in the Congo ( 1931 ) Tintin in America ( 1932 ) Cigars of the Pharaoh ( 1934 ) The Blue Lotus ( 1936 ) The Broken Ear ( 1937 ) The Black Island ( 1938 ) King Ottokar 's Sceptre ( 1939 ) The Crab with the Golden Claws ( 1941 ) The Shooting Star ( 1942 ) The Secret of the Unicorn ( 1943 ) Red Rackham 's Treasure ( 1944 ) The Seven Crystal Balls ( 1948 ) Prisoners of the Sun ( 1949 ) Land of Black Gold ( 1950 ) Destination Moon ( 1953 ) Explorers on the Moon ( 1954 ) The Calculus Affair ( 1956 ) The Red Sea Sharks ( 1958 ) Tintin in Tibet ( 1960 ) The Castafiore Emerald ( 1963 ) Flight 714 to Sydney ( 1968 ) Tintin and the Picaros ( 1976 ) Tintin and Alph - Art ( 1986 , unfinished ) Le Thermozéro ( unfinished , unpublished ) Characters Tintin Snowy Captain Haddock Professor Calculus Thomson and Thompson Rastapopoulos Bianca Castafiore Chang Chong - Chen Nestor Jolyon Wagg Settings Borduria Khemed Marlinspike Hall San Theodoros Syldavia The Unicorn Wadesdah Other settings Feature films The Crab with the Golden Claws ( 1947 ) Tintin and the Golden Fleece ( 1961 ) Tintin and the Blue Oranges ( 1964 ) Tintin and the Temple of the Sun ( 1969 ) Tintin and the Lake of Sharks ( 1972 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Television series Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin ( 1958 -- 62 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 1991 -- 92 ) Home video Documentaries I , Tintin ( 1976 ) Tintin and I ( 2003 ) Stage The Mystery of the Blue Diamond ( 1941 ) Kuifje -- De Zonnetempel ( De Musical ) ( 2001 ) Tintin -- Le Temple du Soleil -- Le Spectacle Musical ( 2002 ) Video games Tintin on the Moon ( 1987 ) Tintin in Tibet ( 1996 ) Prisoners of the Sun ( 1997 ) Tintin : Destination Adventure ( 2001 ) The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn ( 2011 ) Other media and memorabilia Tintin media Books about Tintin Tintin and the World of Hergé Tintin magazine Tintin postage stamps Tintin coins Collaborators of Hergé Studios Hergé Bob de Moor Edgar P. Jacobs Jacques Martin Greg Roger Leloup Josette Baujot Jacques Van Melkebeke Zhang Chongren Legacy of Hergé Hergé Foundation Ideology of Tintin Ligne claire Musée Hergé Parodies and pastiches Breaking Free Tintin in Thailand Publishers Casterman Le Lombard Methuen Publishing Le Petit Vingtième Le Soir Tintin ( magazine ) Little , Brown & Co . Literary critics Michael Farr Philippe Goddin Benoît Peeters Yves Rodier Numa Sadoul Book : Hergé and Tintin Category : Tintin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowy_(character)&oldid=827529009 '' Categories : Tintin characters Comics characters introduced in 1929 Comic book sidekicks Fictional dogs Hergé characters Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2012 Use British English from August 2013 Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Mirandés Nederlands Norsk Русский Suomi Svenska 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 06 : 54 . About Wikipedia	who has a dog called snowy and is friend with captain haddock	[]	[]
-500027835244655239	The Godfather (soundtrack)	The Godfather ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia The Godfather ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Godfather ( soundtrack ) . The Godfather Soundtrack album by Nino Rota Released 1972 . CD : 26 March 1991 159487 Genre Soundtrack Length 31 : 31 Label Paramount ( original ) / MCA ( CD ) Producer Tom Mack The Godfather chronology The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) The Godfather Part II 1974 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Filmtracks The Godfather is the soundtrack from the film of the same name , released in 1972 by Paramount Records , and in 1991 on compact disc by MCA . Unless noted , the cues were composed by Nino Rota and conducted by Carlo Savina ( who was credited on the LP , but not the CD ) . The song `` I Have but One Heart '' is sung by Al Martino , who performed it in the film as character Johnny Fontane . Track listing ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Main Title ( The Godfather Waltz ) '' Nino Rota 3 : 04 2 . `` I Have But One Heart '' Johnny Farrow , Marty Symes 3 : 00 3 . `` The Pickup '' Nino Rota 2 : 56 4 . `` Connie 's Wedding '' Carmine Coppola 1 : 33 5 . `` The Halls of Fear '' Nino Rota 2 : 12 6 . `` Sicilian Pastorale '' Nino Rota 3 : 03 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Love Theme from the Godfather '' Nino Rota 2 : 37 2 . `` The Godfather Waltz '' Nino Rota 3 : 35 3 . `` Apollonia '' Nino Rota 1 : 22 4 . `` The New Godfather '' Nino Rota 2 : 00 5 . `` The Baptism '' Nino Rota 1 : 51 6 . `` The Godfather Finale '' Nino Rota 3 : 50 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ Filmtracks review External links ( edit ) Track List at discogs.com The Godfather Novels The Godfather The Sicilian The Godfather Returns The Godfather 's Revenge The Family Corleone Films The Godfather The Godfather Part II The Godfather Part III Video games The Godfather ( 1991 ) The Godfather ( 2006 ) The Godfather II ( 2009 ) Corleone family Vito Corleone Michael Corleone Tom Hagen Sonny Corleone Fredo Corleone Carmela Corleone Kay Adams - Corleone Connie Corleone Anthony Corleone Mary Corleone Vincent Corleone Sandra Corleone Family allies Genco Abbandando Luca Brasi Willi Cicci Peter Clemenza Johnny Fontane Paulie Gatto Carmine Marino Rocco Lampone Sal Narducci Al Neri Tommy Neri Ritchie Nobilio Frank Pentangeli Salvatore Tessio Don Tommasino Carlo Tramonti Family enemies Don Altobello Momo Barone Emilio Barzini Don Fanucci Vincent Forlenza Nick Geraci Archbishop Gilday Moe Greene Johnny Ola Carlo Rizzi Carmine Rosato Hyman Roth Louie Russo Virgil Sollozzo Anthony Stracci Tattaglia family Bruno Tattaglia Philip Tattaglia Jack Woltz Joey Zasa Others Amerigo Bonasera Pat Geary Cardinal Lamberto Lucy Mancini Danny Shea Mickey Shea Billy Van Arsdale Aldo Trapani Albert Volpe Music The Godfather ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part II ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part III ( soundtrack ) `` Speak Softly , Love '' `` Promise Me You 'll Remember '' Miscellaneous List of minor characters in The Godfather series Mario Puzo Mark Winegardner Edward Falco Five Families Corleone The Godfather Effect The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions The Sicilian The Freshman The Godfather Saga The Last Don Omertà Book Nino Rota Operas Il cappello di paglia di Firenze I due timidi Concertos Trombone Concerto Film soundtracks Romeo and Juliet The Godfather `` Speak Softly , Love '' The Godfather Part II The Godfather Part III Related articles List of compositions by Nino Rota List of film scores by Nino Rota Nino Rota discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Godfather_(soundtrack)&oldid=789748631 '' Categories : The Godfather soundtracks 1972 soundtracks MCA Records soundtracks Paramount Records ( 1969 ) soundtracks Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk About Wikipedia Italiano עברית Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2017 , at 09 : 13 . About Wikipedia	who wrote the music for the godfather movie	[]	[]
-7105349424793336404	List of The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya episodes	List of the Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya episodes - wikipedia List of the Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya Japanese DVD volume 1 cover The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya is an anime television series produced by Kyoto Animation and directed by Tatsuya Ishihara , based on the Haruhi Suzumiya series of light novels written by Nagaru Tanigawa and illustrated by Noizi Ito . The series follows a high school boy known only as Kyon who encounters Haruhi Suzumiya , an erratic girl who is unaware that she possesses unconscious abilities that can alter the very universe , and gets dragged into joining her SOS Brigade , also consisting of an alien , a time traveller , and an esper . The first season , consisting of 14 episodes , aired in Japan between April 2 and July 2 , 2006 , airing in a nonlinear order in its original broadcast . The second season , consisting of 14 new episodes , was aired in chronological order in between re-airings of the first season 's episodes , with all 28 episodes aired between April 3 and October 9 , 2009 . The series was released in North America by Bandai Entertainment , and was relicensed by Funimation . For the first season 's episodes , the opening theme is `` Bōken Desho Desho ? '' ( 冒険でしょでしょ ? , It 's an Adventure , Right ? Right ? ) by Aya Hirano , and the ending theme is `` Hare Hare Yukai '' ( ハレ晴レユカイ , Sunny Sunny Happiness ) by Hirano , Minori Chihara and Yuko Goto . For the episode titled `` The Adventures of Mikuru Asahina Episode 00 '' , the opening theme is `` Koi no Mikuru Densetsu '' ( 恋のミクル伝説 , The Mikuru Legend of Love ) by Goto . For the second season 's episodes , the opening theme is `` Super Driver '' by Hirano , and the ending theme is `` Tomare ! '' ( 止マレ ! , Stop ! ) by Hirano , Chihara and Goto . The television series was followed by an animated film , The Disappearance of Haruhi Suzumiya , released on February 6 , 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 2 References Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) In the original 2006 broadcast of the first season , which aired in Japan between April 2 and July 2 , 2006 , the episodes were aired in a nonlinear order , with the six episodes making up the first novel 's storyline intermixed with episodes based on chapters from various points in the light novels . In the next episode previews , two different numbers for the following episode are given : one number from Haruhi , who numbers the episodes according to where they actually fit chronologically in the plot , and one number from Kyon , who numbers the episodes in the order in which they aired . The sole exception is episode twelve , which is both the twelfth episode aired and the twelfth episode chronologically , a fact Kyon mentions in the preview . For the DVD releases , `` The Adventures of Mikuru Asahina Episode 00 '' is used as the first episode , but otherwise the episodes follow the chronological order . In the 2009 re-airing , the series was aired in full chronological order , with episodes from the second season mixed in with the first season 's episodes based on their chronology . In this airing , the first season 's episodes were taken from the DVD editions , featuring visual edits and dialogue changes not featured in the original broadcast . Note : A = TV broadcast order ( `` Kyon order '' ) , B = Season one chronological order ( `` Haruhi order '' ) , C = Season 1 DVD episode order , D = 2009 broadcast order ( chronological for both seasons ) . Click the arrows next to the column headers to change the ordering of the list . Title / Original airdate / 2009 re-airing date 01 11 01 25 `` The Adventures of Mikuru Asahina Episode 00 '' `` Asahina Mikuru no Bōken Episode 00 '' ( 朝比奈ミクルの冒険 Episode00 ) April 2 , 2006 September 18 , 2009 The SOS Brigade previews their movie of questionable quality , directed by Haruhi Suzumiya with narration by Kyon . In the movie , Mikuru Asahina stars as a time - travelling waitress from the future who must engage in fights with Yuki Nagato , who is playing as an alien - magician . Mikuru has sworn to protect a young man , played by Itsuki Koizumi , but a love - triangle ensues with both Mikuru and Yuki striving for Itsuki 's affections . 02 01 02 01 `` The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya Part One '' `` Suzumiya Haruhi no Yūutsu I '' ( 涼宮ハルヒの憂鬱 I ) April 9 , 2006 April 3 , 2009 Kyon enters high school as a first year student and meets a strange girl by the name of Haruhi Suzumiya . During her class introduction , she states that she has no time for normal humans and asks that any time - travelers , aliens , or espers come out and join her . Interested in her , Kyon becomes the first person to solicit a normal conversation from Haruhi . This leads Kyon and Haruhi to form the SOS Brigade . They recruit the soft - spoken Yuki Nagato and the timid Mikuru Asahina . 03 02 03 02 `` The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya Part Two '' `` Suzumiya Haruhi no Yūutsu II '' ( 涼宮ハルヒの憂鬱 II ) April 16 , 2006 April 10 , 2009 Haruhi begins to improve the appearance of the clubroom , but still feels that it is missing something , that being a computer . Going next door , Haruhi manages to obtain a computer by having photographic proof of making it seem that the Computer Research Society president sexually harass Mikuru . She enlists the help of Mikuru to help promote the SOS Brigade by dressing up in a bunny costume and handing out fliers . Later , Yuki invites Kyon to her apartment , where she unveils that she and Haruhi are not ordinary human beings and that she , a humanoid interface , would be classified as an alien . 05 03 04 03 `` The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya Part Three '' `` Suzumiya Haruhi no Yūutsu III '' ( 涼宮ハルヒの憂鬱 III ) April 30 , 2006 April 17 , 2009 Yuki completes her explanation of the Integrated Data Sentient Entity and how it relates to herself and to Haruhi . Furthermore , she discusses Haruhi 's powers , and how she could destroy and recreate the world on a whim , even though she is not aware of her powers . Kyon , while simply trying to understand all of what Yuki had told him , is initially skeptical of her story . The SOS Brigade gets a new member , a mysterious transfer student by the name of Itsuki Koizumi . On a day off from school , the SOS Brigade searches the city in groups to try to investigate mysteries , during which Mikuru reveals to Kyon her existence as a time - traveler and her mission in relation to Haruhi . Kyon later confronts Itsuki , revealed to be an esper , and as he learns of the purpose of the Agency . All three of these members confirm that Haruhi somehow altered the reality of the universe three years ago . 10 04 05 04 `` The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya Part Four '' `` Suzumiya Haruhi no Yūutsu IV '' ( 涼宮ハルヒの憂鬱 IV ) June 4 , 2006 April 24 , 2009 Haruhi is visibly bored and is not her usual energetic self . Ryoko Asakura , the class president , is concerned and asks Kyon to help her . Kyon later finds a mysterious letter in his locker , which directs to come to a classroom , where Ryoko confronts him . Revealed to also be an alien , Ryoko attempts to kill Kyon in order to provoke a reaction from Haruhi , but is stopped by Yuki . Later , Kyon meets Mikuru 's older self that had traveled from the future , who reveals that Snow White is the clue essential to his future . Ryoko was reported to never have transferred into the high school , much to Haruhi 's suspicion . 13 05 06 05 `` The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya Part Five '' `` Suzumiya Haruhi no Yūutsu V '' ( 涼宮ハルヒの憂鬱 V ) June 25 , 2006 May 1 , 2009 Kyon is dragged into helping Haruhi attempting to investigate what happened to Ryoko 's strange disappearance without notice . After a fruitless search , Haruhi tells Kyon about her earlier years , and how she changed from an ordinary girl into her present state . Later that day , Itsuki tells Kyon about the theory of the anthropic principle correlating with Haruhi , and he believes that Kyon is the reason why Haruhi was able to wish of such extraterrestrial beings to exist . Itsuki brings Kyon into a sealed reality , where the latter watches the espers destroy a blue giant entity subconsciously created by Haruhi . When returning to his house , Kyon is told by Itsuki to look after Haruhi . 14 06 07 06 `` The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya Part Six '' `` Suzumiya Haruhi no Yūutsu VI '' ( 涼宮ハルヒの憂鬱 VI ) July 2 , 2006 May 8 , 2009 One night , Haruhi 's power is activated without her knowing , and both she and Kyon become trapped in a sealed reality at their school . As Haruhi goes out on her own , Kyon is met by Itsuki , who tell Kyon that Haruhi might have created this world to be alone with Kyon . Yuki contacts Kyon via computer and gives the hint of Sleeping Beauty as a means to return back . Kyon and Haruhi are forced to evacuate when blue giant entities appear and begin to destroy the school and the surrounding area . Using hints provided by Yuki and Mikuru beforehand in order to defuse the situation and escape , Kyon kisses Haruhi as he expresses his desire to return to the old world . It remains unknown whether or not this world is the old one or a new one , however the three other members are glad to see Kyon back again . 04 07 08 07 `` The Boredom of Haruhi Suzumiya '' `` Suzumiya Haruhi no Taikutsu '' ( 涼宮ハルヒの退屈 ) April 23 , 2006 May 15 , 2009 Haruhi has once again become bored . In an effort to alleviate some of this stagnation , Haruhi enters the SOS Brigade into a baseball tournament . Due to a lack of players , Tsuruya , Taniguchi , Kunikida , and Kyon 's sister are recruited into the team . However , the team is hopelessly inept , and if they lose , Haruhi might destroy the world . To remedy the situation , Yuki uses her powers to alter the course of the game . 07 08 09 09 `` Mystérique Sign '' `` Misuterikku Sain '' ( ミステリックサイン ) May 14 , 2006 May 29 , 2009 The website of the SOS Brigade website has been created , but it is composed of little more than the club logo . Coincidentally , the SOS Brigade gets their first case after the website goes up , in which the Computer Research Society president has been reported missing by Emiri Kimidori , who falsely claims to be his girlfriend . Upon going to his apartment , the club members see that he is nowhere to be found , and nothing seems too out of the ordinary on the surface . However , after Haruhi leaves , the others return back to the apartment where they enter a sealed reality somehow created by the president , trapped inside a data entity known as a camel cricket . Kyon and Mikuru watches as Yuki and Itsuki defeat the camel cricket , thereby recovering the president . It is later realized that the club logo that Haruhi had drawn was the catalyst for the sealed reality . 06 09 10 10 `` Remote Island Syndrome ( Part One ) '' `` Kotō Shōkōgun ( Zenpen ) '' ( 孤島症候群 ( 前編 ) ) May 7 , 2006 June 5 , 2009 A supposed distant relative of Itsuki , later recognized as Keiichi Tamaru , allows the SOS Brigade , along with Kyon 's sister , to stay at his newly built island villa . On their first day there , they enjoy the facilities and play outside on the beach , but are soon drawn inside by the arrival of a storm . While waiting for the storm to pass , Haruhi and her friends play games indoors and have fun together . Later , Keiichi disappears , and everyone starts searching for him . Ultimately , the SOS Brigade members find Keiichi dead in his room . 08 10 11 11 `` Remote Island Syndrome ( Part Two ) '' `` Kotō Shōkōgun ( Kōhen ) '' ( 孤島症候群 ( 後編 ) ) May 21 , 2006 June 12 , 2009 The SOS Brigade attempt to find clues to the murder of Keiichi . Yutaka Tamaru is initially suspect due to having been seen leaving the island the previous day before the storm hit . Kyon and Haruhi head outside during the storm , but find nothing , not even the boat . While drying off inside a cave , Haruhi comes to a startling conclusion about the murder , though there was a flaw to her story . They return to the villa and set to devising a plan to solve the mystery , but Haruhi later gives up trying to crack this case . Itsuki tells Kyon another theory to how the murder occurred , which leads the latter to prevent this from being known to the others . It is soon revealed that the murder was just a hoax to spur up excitement . Haruhi explains how she knew that the murder was faked . As the SOS Brigade set sail from the island , Itsuki says to Kyon that this was a plan to get Haruhi to keep her mind free from strange thoughts . 12 12 12 26 `` Live Alive '' `` Raibu Araibu '' ( ライブアライブ ) June 18 , 2006 September 25 , 2009 On the day of the school 's cultural festival , the members of the SOS Brigade are involved in different activities . Yuki attempts fortune telling , and Itsuki stars in a tragicomedy . Mikuru , along with Tsuruya , and their class open a yakisoba café as well . Kyon , attempting to enjoy a normal day , later goes to the auditorium , where bands are playing for the audience , and falls asleep . When he awakens , he sees Haruhi and Yuki walking on stage wearing a bunny girl costume and witch cloak and hat respectively , filling in for a female rock band on vocals and guitar . Their performance creates quite an uproar in the audience . It is revealed why the two had to fill in for the two musicians who were unable to perform for their show . Kyon , after understanding that Haruhi is not used to being appreciated by others , is then dragged into the idea that Haruhi wants to start up her own rock band . 11 13 13 27 `` The Day of Sagittarius '' `` Iteza no Hi '' ( 射手座の日 ) June 11 , 2006 October 2 , 2009 Hoping to reclaim the computer Haruhi extorted from the Computer Research Society earlier in the year , the Computer Research Society president challenges the SOS Brigade to a computer game they created for the cultural festival entitled The Day of Sagittarius III . Haruhi accepts his challenge , but soon finds out that playing the game is much harder than she thought . Yuki is initially mystified by the computer 's operation but catches on quickly , as she will tend to do . Eventually , she manages to find out that Computer Research Society club members are cheating and is able to block and use it against them , thus winning the game and some laptops for the SOS Brigade club room . 09 14 14 28 `` Someday in the Rain '' `` Samudei in za Rein '' ( サムデイインザレイン ) May 28 , 2006 October 9 , 2009 The skies are overcast with a chance of rain , and Haruhi instructs Kyon to go pick up a heater . With Kyon gone , Haruhi takes pictures of Mikuru in various costumes for the movie 's DVD cover , Itsuki helps how he can , and Yuki is left alone to read . After Kyon returns , he finds only Yuki in the club room and decides to wait for the others , but falls asleep . When he awakens , he finds Haruhi alone with him , waiting for him to wake up so they can leave . It has already started raining , so Haruhi borrows an umbrella from school for them to use . When returning home , Kyon finds a more playful side to Haruhi and in the end , she pulls a playful tongue - out face . Season 2 ( edit ) The second season was aired in Japan as part of a re-airing of the whole series , with the new episodes mixed in with the first season 's episodes based on their chronology . The re-airing aired between April 3 and October 9 , 2009 , with the second season episodes appearing between May 22 and September 11 , 2009 . In DVD releases , the new episodes are collectively referred to as the second season . The English - dubbed version of the second season episodes of the anime was aired on Animax Asia and its subsidiaries from April 6 , 2011 . Note : D = 2009 broadcast order ( chronological for both seasons ) , E = Season 2 DVD episode order Title / Original airdate / English airdate 08 01 `` Bamboo Leaf Rhapsody '' `` Sasa no Ha Rapusodi '' ( 笹の葉ラプソディ ) May 22 , 2009 April 6 , 2011 On Tanabata , Mikuru uses time travel to take Kyon exactly three years in the past . Upon arriving , Mikuru is put to sleep by her future self , who tells Kyon to carry her younger self and help out a certain someone . Kyon comes across a young Haruhi sneaking into her middle school and is roped into helping her , using the alias ' John Smith ' to keep his identity a secret . After helping her draw strange symbols on the school athletics grounds , Haruhi questions him on the existence of strange beings , with Kyon suggesting that they might exist because he knows someone like her at his school . After Haruhi leaves , Kyon wakes up Mikuru , only to find that she has misplaced her time traveling device . The two go to see Yuki , who links with her future self and helps the pair return by having them sleep in a time stasis field in her apartment . After returning to his present time , Kyon wonders if he was the one who inspired Haruhi to attend his high school and start searching for strange beings . 12 02 `` Endless Eight '' `` Endoresu Eito '' ( エンドレスエイト ) June 19 , 2009 April 13 , 2011 Kyon 's relaxing summer vacation is interrupted when Haruhi summons him and the SOS Brigade to join her in summer activities , wanting to try as many activities as possible . As such , the group is taken on a whirlwind tour of summer activities for the next two weeks . They relax at the swimming pool , attend the upcoming summer festival , shoot off fireworks , hunt for bugs , take on a part - time job , stargaze , and play baseball at a batting range . They also watch a fireworks display , compete in a fishing tournament , travel through a cemetery , watch a blockbuster , go to the beach , go bowling , and sing karaoke . Finally , having gone through Haruhi 's entire list , the last day of August arrives . Though Kyon tries to make up for his lost time by doing his neglected summer homework , he eventually gives in to distraction and goes to bed without finishing it . 13 03 `` Endless Eight '' `` Endoresu Eito '' ( エンドレスエイト ) June 26 , 2009 April 13 , 2011 Somehow summer vacation has repeated like the previous episode . As Kyon is wracked by a sense of déjà vu , Itsuki is likewise troubled , while Yuki seems even more detached than usual . They finally figure out that Haruhi has put the last two weeks of August into an infinite loop because she refuses to let summer end . They find out that the loop has repeated 15,498 times with slight variations , but none of them can devise anything to stop the cycle from repeating . Upon their last meeting in a restaurant on the last day , Kyon calls out after Haruhi in a last - ditch attempt to stop her from leaving , but fails to think of anything he can do , and she leaves . As the last day of vacation arrives , Kyon , resigned to the loop repeating itself , goes to bed without finishing his summer homework . 14 04 `` Endless Eight '' `` Endoresu Eito '' ( エンドレスエイト ) July 3 , 2009 April 20 , 2011 The same exact events in the previous episode once again unfold with slight variations and the gang wearing different clothes . Once again the Brigade , with the exception of Haruhi , finds out that they are trapped in an infinite loop . In this 15,499 th loop , Kyon and the others once again are unable to discover how to escape the endless summer . In the same scene in the restaurant , Kyon is unable to stop Haruhi from leaving , hence dooming the world to another summer loop . Kyon again goes to sleep without finishing his homework on the last day of summer . 15 05 `` Endless Eight '' `` Endoresu Eito '' ( エンドレスエイト ) July 10 , 2009 April 20 , 2011 The previous time loop continues for the 15,513 th time . This time , Kyon mentally senses an even greater familiarity with events and places from previous cycles . Once again , none of the Brigade members can devise anything to stop the cycle from repeating . On their final meeting in the restaurant , Kyon tries to call out after Haruhi but fails to do anything as visions of the loop 's events flash in his mind . As Kyon regains his senses , Haruhi has left . As the last day of vacation arrives , Kyon , resigned to the loop repeating itself , goes to bed without finishing his summer homework . 16 06 `` Endless Eight '' `` Endoresu Eito '' ( エンドレスエイト ) July 17 , 2009 April 27 , 2011 The previous time loop continues for the 15,521 st time . The scene prior to Haruhi 's dismissal of group activities is repeated , showing the same event happening in this loop , and the next two loops . As the last day of vacation arrives , Kyon once again goes to bed without finishing his summer homework . 17 07 `` Endless Eight '' `` Endoresu Eito '' ( エンドレスエイト ) July 24 , 2009 April 27 , 2011 The previous time loop continues for the 15,524 th time . Kyon rides his bike and approaches Yuki . In that moment , he speculates his reason for doing so and simply lets her leave without conversation . Kyon goes to bed without finishing his summer homework once again . 18 08 `` Endless Eight '' `` Endoresu Eito '' ( エンドレスエイト ) July 31 , 2009 May 4 , 2011 The loop continues for the 15,527 th time . The scene where Kyon answers Haruhi 's call loops twice , the scene in which Kyon notices Yuki at the pool loops twice , and the scene where Haruhi says she left the last day of summer open just in case also loops twice . Kyon once again goes to bed without finishing his summer homework . 19 09 `` Endless Eight '' `` Endoresu Eito '' ( エンドレスエイト ) August 7 , 2009 May 4 , 2011 The loop continues for the 15,532 nd time , but as Haruhi leaves on August 30 , Kyon beckons the SOS Brigade to finish their summer homework together . Irritated , Haruhi berates him , but decides to come anyway even though she has already finished her homework . With Haruhi satisfied that she made the most of her summer , Kyon finally wakes up on September 1 to embrace a new school term . 20 10 `` The Sigh of Haruhi Suzumiya Part One '' `` Suzumiya Haruhi no Tameiki I '' ( 涼宮ハルヒの溜息 I ) August 14 , 2009 May 11 , 2011 Upon the start of a new term , North High School is preparing for the annual school cultural festival . Displeased with the class decision on a questionnaire , Haruhi tells Kyon that the SOS Brigade will do something more interesting . Influenced by a bad film the previous night , Haruhi commits the club for a short independent film with Mikuru and Itsuki as the protagonists , Yuki as the villain , and Kyon doing ' menial tasks ' including the filming . Kyon and Mikuru accompany Haruhi as she negotiates with shop owners for free equipment , obtaining an expensive camcorder and an airsoft gun . 21 11 `` The Sigh of Haruhi Suzumiya Part Two '' `` Suzumiya Haruhi no Tameiki II '' ( 涼宮ハルヒの溜息 II ) August 21 , 2009 May 11 , 2011 Preparation for the SOS Brigade 's short film continues , with the main character 's roles eerily matching their actual nature . On the first day of filming , the club shoots two commercials advertising their sponsors , before filming several scenes in a park , at which point Kyon points out that Haruhi has n't actually written a script . 22 12 `` The Sigh of Haruhi Suzumiya Part Three '' `` Suzumiya Haruhi no Tameiki III '' ( 涼宮ハルヒの溜息 III ) August 28 , 2009 May 18 , 2011 As the SOS Brigade continue filming , Haruhi , displeased with the battle sequence , conjures the idea Mikuru shooting laser beams from the blue contact lens on her left eye . However , her powers unconsciously cause Mikuru to actually fire deadly beams from her eyes , forcing Yuki to protect Kyon and tackle Mikuru to remove the contact lens . While Haruhi changes Mikuru into a bunny girl outfit , the others discuss the situation . After filming for the remainder of the day , Haruhi leaves insisting on a tight filming schedule until the festival , including working on a Sunday . The next day , Yuki reveals she has used bite - injected nanomachines to counter Haruhi 's effects on Mikuru , while Haruhi adds Tsuruya , Taniguchi , and Kunikida to be extras in the film . 23 13 `` The Sigh of Haruhi Suzumiya Part Four '' `` Suzumiya Haruhi no Tameiki IV '' ( 涼宮ハルヒの溜息 IV ) September 4 , 2009 May 18 , 2011 As the SOS Brigade continues filming , Haruhi tries to give Mikuru another contact lens , ergo another superpower , though Yuki quickly takes action and injects her with more nanomachines before any serious damage could be done . After Mikuru is doused in a lake , Tsuruya offers her place as a movie scene , where Haruhi has her sneak some alcohol into Mikuru 's drink in order to drug her up for a kiss scene with Itsuki . Furious with Haruhi 's shabby treatment of Mikuru , Kyon almost hits her in rage , forcing Itsuki to stop him , leading Haruhi to become depressed , since she always thought Kyon would support her . After becoming irritated by Taniguchi 's rude comments about Haruhi and realising he is no better himself , Kyon apologises to Haruhi and reinvigorates her . This proves to be too effective , however , as her powers start causing cherry blossoms to bloom out of season . 24 14 `` The Sigh of Haruhi Suzumiya Part Five '' `` Suzumiya Haruhi no Tameiki V '' ( 涼宮ハルヒの溜息 V ) September 11 , 2009 May 25 , 2011 Deciding Yuki needs a familiar for her role , Haruhi picks up a stray male calico cat , naming it Shamisen . However , when Haruhi leaves that day , Shamisen starts talking as a result of Haruhi 's powers . The other club members meet up , where Itsuki suggests a reminder to Haruhi that her movie is a work of fiction , before reality incurs further damage . Later on , both Mikuru and Yuki share their independent views about Haruhi . As Haruhi 's powers continue through filming , Itsuki calls out Kyon to hold back Haruhi 's powers . Kyon accomplishes this by convincing Haruhi to add a disclaimer over the credits saying it is a work of fiction . After the filming , Kyon and Haruhi remain at the club room to do the editing . Kyon falls asleep while editing the movie , but wakes up the next day to find the movie had somehow completed itself while he was sleeping . The episode ends with a flashback to May , where Kyon tries to tell Haruhi the truth about the other club members , but she does not believe him . References ( edit ) `` The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya to get Broadcast Order Release '' . Anime News Network . 2007 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Notes Jump up ^ `` New Haruhi Suzumiya Anime Episode Airs '' . Anime News Network . 2009 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Haruhi Suzumiya , Lucky Star Anime ; Strike Witches , Steins ; Gate Films '' . Anime News Network . August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya '' . Kyoto Animation . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Kyon ( 2006 - 06 - 18 ) . The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya episode 12 preview ( Anime ) ( in Japanese ) . Kyoto Animation . Jump up ^ `` English DVD 1 review '' . Anime News Network . 2007 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Haruhi Suzumiya TV Anime Reportedly to Relaunch in April '' . Anime News Network . 2009 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Animax Asia 's official website for The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya 2 '' . Animax Asia . Archived from the original on 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animax Asia - Schedule - April 6 , 2011 '' . Animax Asia . Archived from the original on 26 March 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animax Asia - Schedule - April 13 , 2011 '' . Animax Asia . Archived from the original on 26 March 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animax Asia - Schedule - April 13 , 2011 '' . Animax Asia . Archived from the original on 26 March 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animax Asia - Schedule - April 20 , 2011 '' . Animax Asia . Archived from the original on 26 March 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animax Asia - Schedule - April 20 , 2011 '' . Animax Asia . Archived from the original on 26 March 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animax Asia - Schedule - April 27 , 2011 '' . Animax Asia . Archived from the original on 26 March 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animax Asia - Schedule - April 27 , 2011 '' . Animax Asia . Archived from the original on 26 March 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ( hide ) Haruhi Suzumiya by Nagaru Tanigawa Print media Light novels Manga chapters The Disappearance of Nagato Yuki - chan Anime Episodes The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya Haruhi - chan The Disappearance of Haruhi Suzumiya The Disappearance of Nagato Yuki - chan Other media Video games Albums Character song singles Characters Haruhi Suzumiya Yuki Nagato Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Melancholy_of_Haruhi_Suzumiya_episodes&oldid=798289544 '' Categories : Haruhi Suzumiya Lists of anime episodes Lists of science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Русский Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 01 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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7782829819874192347	Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again	Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again - Wikipedia Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Theatrical release poster Directed by Ol Parker Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Ol Parker Story by Catherine Johnson Richard Curtis Ol Parker Based on Mamma Mia ! by Catherine Johnson Starring Amanda Seyfried Lily James Christine Baranski Julie Walters Pierce Brosnan Colin Firth Stellan Skarsgård Dominic Cooper Andy García Cher Meryl Streep Music by Anne Dudley Cinematography Robert Yeoman Edited by Peter Lambert Production company Playtone Littlestar Productions Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) ( Hammersmith Apollo ) July 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 114 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $392.8 million Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker , from a story by Parker , Catherine Johnson , and Richard Curtis . It is a follow - up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia ! , which in turn is based on the musical of the same name using the music of ABBA . The film features an ensemble cast , including Lily James , Amanda Seyfried , Christine Baranski , Julie Walters , Pierce Brosnan , Andy García , Dominic Cooper , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Jessica Keenan Wynn , Alexa Davies , Jeremy Irvine , Josh Dylan , Hugh Skinner , Cher , and Meryl Streep . Both a prequel and a sequel , the plot is set after the events of the first film , and also features flashbacks to 1979 , telling the story of Donna Sheridan 's arrival on the island of Kalokairi and her first meetings with her daughter Sophie 's three possible fathers . Due to the financial success of the first film , Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel . The film was officially announced in May 2017 , with Parker hired to write and direct . In June 2017 , many of the original cast confirmed their involvement , with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July . Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia , and at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England . A British and American joint venture , the film was co-produced by Playtone , Littlestar Productions and Legendary Entertainment . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16 , 2018 and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20 , 2018 , ten years to the week of its predecessor 's release , in both standard and IMAX formats . The film has been a box office success , grossing over $392 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews , with critics praising the performances and musical numbers . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 8 Accolades 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Sophie Sheridan is preparing for the grand reopening of her mother Donna 's hotel , following Donna 's death a year earlier . She is upset because two of her fathers , Harry and Bill , are unable to make it to the reopening and she is having trouble in her relationship with Sky , who is in New York , over her memorializing her mother 's life . In 1979 , a young Donna graduated from Oxford 's New College with Rosie and Tanya , and prepares to travel the world . In Paris , she meets and parties with Harry . They spend the night together , but Donna leaves soon after . She later misses her boat to Kalokairi but is offered a ride by Bill , and along the way , they are able to help a stranded fisherman , Alexio , make it in time to stop the love of his life from marrying another . Unbeknownst to Donna , Harry has followed her to Greece ; but he arrived too late , and sadly watches the boat sailing off in the distance . In the present , Tanya and Rosie arrive to support Sophie with the reopening and it 's revealed that Rosie and Bill have split up . Sophie then visits Sam , who is still grieving over the death of Donna . Back in the past , Donna arrives on the island and while exploring the farmhouse , a sudden storm causes her to discover a spooked horse in the basement . She goes in search of help only to find a young Sam riding his motorcycle and he helps her to save the horse . Back in the present , a storm has caused serious disruption to Sophie 's plans for the grand reopening and prevented media coverage of the event . Back in the past , Donna and Sam are enjoying a whirlwind romance , that ends when Donna discovers a picture of Sam 's fiancée in his drawer . A devastated Donna demands that Sam leave the island . In the present , Sam tells Sophie about her value to her mother . Meanwhile , Harry leaves his business deal in Tokyo to support Sophie , and separately Bill gets the same idea . Bill and Harry meet at the docks but are told there are no boats . However , Alexio gives Bill , Harry and the newly arrived Sky boat passage . In the past , a depressed Donna is heartbroken over Sam but is able to channel her anger into singing with Tanya and Rosie . She meets Bill again and they go out on his boat ; while they are gone , Sam returns , having recently ended his engagement for Donna , but is saddened to hear that she is with another man and leaves the island again . Donna discovers she is pregnant but has no idea which one of her three recent lovers is the father . Sofia , the mother of the owner of the bar where Donna and the Dynamos performed , overhears Donna 's wish to stay on the island and offers to let Donna live at her farmhouse and Donna happily accepts . It is there that she eventually gives birth to Sophie . Back in the present , the guests have arrived at the party and Sophie is reunited with her other two fathers and Sky . Sophie reveals to Sky she is pregnant and has never felt closer to her mother , having now understood what her mother went through . Bill and Rosie reunite over their grief for Donna . Sophie 's estranged grandmother and Donna 's mother , Ruby , arrives despite Sophie having decided not to invite her . She reveals that Sky tracked her down in New York and she wants to build a real relationship with Sophie . Sophie then performs a song with Tanya and Rosie in honor of her mother , with her grandmother tearfully telling her afterward how proud she is of her . It is then revealed that the manager of the hotel , Fernando , is Ruby 's ex-lover from 1959 in Mexico , and the two are joyously reunited . Nine months later , Sophie has given birth to a baby boy named Donny . Everyone has gathered for his christening where Tanya flirts with Fernando 's brother . The ceremony takes place with Donna 's spirit watching over her daughter with pride . At the end , all the characters , including Donna and the younger cast , sing `` Super Trouper '' at a huge party at Hotel Bella Donna . Cast ( edit ) Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan , Donna 's 25 - year - old daughter , and Ruby 's granddaughter . Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan - Carmichael , Sophie 's late mother , Ruby 's daughter , and Sam 's wife . Lily James as Young Donna , founder of Donna and the Dynamos . Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a rich three - time divorcee . Jessica Keenan Wynn as Young Tanya . Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a fun - loving author in a relationship with Bill . Alexa Davies as Young Rosie . Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , an architect , Sophie 's possible father , and Donna 's widower . Jeremy Irvine as Young Sam . Colin Firth as Harry Bright , Sophie 's possible father , a British businessman . Hugh Skinner as Young Harry . Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson , Sophie 's possible father , a Swedish sailor and travel writer , Sofia 's great - nephew , Lazaros 's cousin , and also as Kurt Anderson , Bill 's obese brother . Josh Dylan as Young Bill . Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's husband . Cher as Ruby Sheridan , Donna 's mother , Sophie 's grandmother , and Sam 's mother - in - law . Andy García as Fernando Cienfuegos , the Mexican manager of the Hotel Bella Donna and an old lover of Ruby 's from 1959 . Omid Djalili as a Greek customs officer . Celia Imrie as the Vice-Chancellor of the university at which Donna , Tanya and Rosie studied . Maria Vacratsis as Sofia , a local who owns the shack that Donna stays in , which eventually becomes Donna 's home , and Bill 's great aunt . Panos Mouzourakis as Lazaros , Sofia 's son and Bill 's cousin who owns the bar at which both his band and Donna and the Dynamos perform . Gerard Monaco as Alexio , a local Greek fisherman . Anna Antoniades as Apollonia , Alexio 's lover and later wife . Cameo appearances Björn Ulvaeus as a university professor . Benny Andersson as the pianist in the Parisian restaurant during `` Waterloo '' . Jonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos , Fernando Cienfuegos 's widower brother . Musical numbers ( edit ) Main article : Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again : The Movie Soundtrack A soundtrack album was released on July 13 , 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally , respectively . The album was produced by Benny Andersson , who also served as the album 's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer . Each song is featured within the film , with the exception of `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' and `` The Day Before You Came '' . `` Thank You for the Music '' -- Sophie `` When I Kissed the Teacher '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos , Vice-Chancellor `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` One of Us '' -- Sophie and Sky `` Waterloo '' -- Young Harry and Young Donna `` SOS '' -- Sam `` Why Did It Have to Be Me ? '' -- Young Bill , Young Donna and Young Harry `` I Have a Dream '' -- Young Donna `` Kisses of Fire '' -- Lazaros `` Andante , Andante '' -- Young Donna `` The Name of the Game '' -- Young Donna `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' -- Young Donna and Young Sam `` Mamma Mia '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` Angel Eyes '' -- Rosie , Tanya , and Sophie `` Dancing Queen '' -- Sophie , Rosie , Tanya , Sam , Bill , and Harry `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' -- Sophie , Rosie , and Tanya `` Fernando '' -- Ruby , Fernando `` My Love , My Life '' -- Young Donna , Donna , Sophie `` Super Trouper '' -- Ruby , Donna , Rosie , Tanya , Sophie , Sky , Sam , Bill , Harry , Fernando , Young Donna , Young Rosie , Young Tanya , Young Bill , Young Sam , and Young Harry `` The Day Before You Came '' -- Donna Songs featured on the soundtrack album but omitted from the film . Songs featured in the film but omitted from the soundtrack album . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Due to Mamma Mia ! 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , co-chairman of Universal Pictures , told the Daily Mail that it would take a while , but there could be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there are still many ABBA songs to make use of . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a release date of July 20 , 2018 . It was written and directed by Ol Parker . On September 27 , 2017 , Benny Andersson confirmed 3 ABBA songs that would be featured in the film : `` When I Kissed the Teacher , '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) , '' and `` Angeleyes . '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' was cut from the film , but is included on the soundtrack album . Casting ( edit ) On June 1 , 2017 , it was announced that Seyfried would return as Sophie . Later that month , Dominic Cooper confirmed that he would return for the sequel , along with Streep , Firth and Brosnan as Sky , Donna , Harry , and Sam , respectively . In July 2017 , Baranski was also confirmed to return as Tanya . On July 12 , 2017 , Lily James was cast to play the role of young Donna . On August 3 , 2017 , Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies were also cast in the film , with Irvine playing Brosnan 's character Sam in a past era , and Hugh Skinner to play Young Harry , Davies as a young Rosie , played by Julie Walters . On August 16 , 2017 , it was announced that Jessica Keenan Wynn had been cast as a young Tanya , who is played by Baranski . Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård also reprised their roles as Rosie and Bill , respectively . On October 16 , 2017 , it was announced that singer and actress Cher had joined the cast , in her first on - screen film role since 2010 , and her first film with Streep since Silkwood . The part was written specifically for Cher , and she got to choose Andy Garcia as her romantic partner . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on August 12 , 2017 in Croatia , including the island of Vis . In October 2017 , the cast gathered at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , to film song and dance numbers with Cher . Filming wrapped on December 2 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was released on July 20 , 2018 by Universal Pictures , in the UK , US and other selected countries in both standard and IMAX formats . The film premiered on July 16 , 2018 at the Hammersmith Apollo in London . Marketing ( edit ) The first trailer for the film was released on December 21 , 2017 , in front of Pitch Perfect 3 , another Universal Pictures film . Cher performed `` Fernando '' at the Las Vegas CinemaCon on April 25 , 2018 , after footage of the film was shown . Universal sponsored YouTube stars the Merrell Twins to perform a cover version of the song `` Mamma Mia '' to promote the film . Home Media ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was released via digital copy on October 9 , 2018 and released on DVD , Blu - ray , and 4K UHD Combo Pack on October 23 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of October 11 , 2018 , Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again has grossed $120.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $272.2 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $392.8 million , against a production budget of $75 million . In June 2018 , three weeks prior to its release , official industry tracking had the film debuting to $27 -- 33 million , which increased to as much as $36 million by the week of its release . It made $14.3 million on its first day , including $3.4 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $35 million , finishing second , behind fellow newcomer The Equalizer 2 ( $36 million ) , and besting the opening of the first film ( $27.8 million ) by over 24 % . It fell 57 % to $15.1 million in its second weekend , finishing second behind newcomer Mission : Impossible -- Fallout . In its third weekend the film grossed $9 million , dropping to fourth place , and $5.8 million in its fourth weekend , finishing seventh . In the United Kingdom , the film grossed $12.7 million in its opening weekend , topping the box office and achieving the fourth biggest opening for a film in 2018 . In its second weekend of international release , the film made $26.6 million ( for a running total of $98.6 million ) . Its largest new markets were France ( $1.7 million ) , Poland ( $1.3 million ) , Switzerland ( $223,000 ) and Croatia ( $151,000 ) , while its best holdovers were Australia ( $9.5 million ) , the UK ( $8.6 million ) and Germany ( $8.2 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Lily James ' performance as Young Donna was praised by critics as a `` breakout '' role . On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 80 % based on 216 reviews , and a weighted average of 6.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again doubles down on just about everything fans loved about the original -- and my my , how can fans resist it ? '' On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 46 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score as its predecessor , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 83 % overall positive score . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian termed the sequel as `` weirdly irresistible '' and gave it three out of five stars . He described his reaction to the first film as `` a combination of hives and bubonic plague , '' but concedes that this time , the relentlessness and greater self - aware comedy made him smile . He concludes : `` More enjoyable than I thought . But please . Enough now . '' Mark Kermode of The Observer gave the film five stars and commented , `` This slick sequel delivers sharp one - liners , joyously contrived plot twists and an emotional punch that left our critic reeling . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film two and a half stars out of five , noting the absence of Streep for the majority of the film hindered his enjoyment , and saying , `` her absence is deeply felt since the three - time Oscar winner sang and danced her heart out as Donna Sheridan '' . Lindsay Bahr of Associated Press awarded the film three out of four stars , calling it `` wholly ridiculous '' , but complimenting its self - awareness . She also praised James ' performance and singing talent . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the sequel a mixed review , awarding it two stars out of four , criticizing the reprises of `` Dancing Queen '' and `` Super Trouper '' as uninspired , and feeling that some of the musical numbers dragged the pacing . He considered the younger counterparts to the main characters `` energetic '' and `` likeable . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time gave the film a mixed review , writing `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is atrocious . And wonderful . It 's all the reasons you should never go to the movies . And all the reasons you should race to get a ticket . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . People 's Choice Awards November 11 , 2018 The Comedy Movie of 2018 Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Pending Female Movie Star Lily James Pending Comedy Movie Star Amanda Seyfried Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Legendary Entertainment . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Imax Kicks Off Biggest Global Campaign Ever In 77 Countries : `` Films To The Fullest '' `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clopton , Ellis ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Is Certified Fresh '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LATF Staff ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` New Music Friday : Tinashe , DJ Snake , Mamma Mia Soundtrack ... '' LATF USA . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Official Soundtrack Is Out Today '' . Umusic . July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Read - Dominguez , Jennifer ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 Here We Go Again ! songs officially revealed by Benny from ABBA '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seemayer , Zach ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . CBS Studios . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Christine Baranski Returning For Universal 's ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' Sequel Adds Lily James ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ; N'Duka , Amanda ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel Adds Jeremy Irvine & ' Harlots ' Actress Alexa Davies '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' Casts Broadway Star Jessica Keenan Wynn '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here We Go Again : Mamma Mia ! Sequel Begins Production '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bamigboye , Baz ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Here she goes again : Cher prepares to return to the big screen with appearance in Mamma Mia 2 '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Why Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Cast Cher As Meryl Streep 's Mother '' . Vulture . New York Media . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Demark , Nikolina ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Will the Filming of ' Mamma Mia ' Affect the Island of Vis ? '' . Total Croatia News . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares snap of young Dynamos in Mamma Mia 2 '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ellie ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares photo from the set of Mamma Mia ! sequel '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sommers , Kat ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` First Look : The Dynamos Reunite as ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Starts Filming '' . BBC America . BBC . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 : Here We Go Again ! has officially finished filming '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Film Sequel Gets July 2018 Release Date '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Laura ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Meryl Streep and Cher to be dancing queens of Mamma Mia 2 premiere '' . Irish Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Shocker : ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Meets B.O. Waterloo As ' Equalizer 2 ' Is The No. 1 Winner That Takes It All With $35 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` October 23 Blu - ray , Digital and DVD Releases '' . Comingsoon.net . October 23 , 2018 . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Equalizer , ' ' Mamma Mia ' Sequels Head Toward $30 Million Domestic Openings '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' To Hit The High Note At Weekend Box Office With $30 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office Top 20 : ' Equalizer 2 ' beats ' Mamma Mia ' by a hair '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Accomplished : ' Fallout ' $61 M+ Opening Reps Record For Tom Cruise Franchise -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Top 20 : New ' Mission : Impossible ' hits No. 1 '' . ABC News . Associated Press . July 30 , 2018 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Notches Best 2nd Weekend For Franchise With $35 M ; ' Christopher Robin ' No Eeyore With $25 M -- Sunday Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' August Audiences Get Hooked On ' Meg ' Shelling Out $44.5 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again stays on song as box office recovery continues '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Ignites Record $92 M Overseas / $153.5 M Global Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : Lily James Is a Breakout , but This Energetic Sequel Misses Meryl Streep '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- feta fever dream sequel is weirdly irresistible '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- full of hits and emotion '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : ABBA - Fab Sequel Suffers From Streepless Throats '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Bask in the effervescent insanity of ' Mamma Mia 2 ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' a campy sequel sure to please fans , my my '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again Is Both Atrocious and Amazing '' . Time . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ USA TODAY Life staff ( 2018 - 09 - 24 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2018 : The nominees '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Official website Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again on IMDb Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again at AllMovie ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Film series Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Soundtracks Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs Tribute albums Abba-esque Abbasalutely The ABBA Generation ABBAmania A Tribute to ABBA Dancing Queen `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book Portal Films directed by Ol Parker Imagine Me & You ( 2005 ) Now Is Good ( 2012 ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamma_Mia!_Here_We_Go_Again&oldid=866516930 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s musical comedy films 2010s prequel films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s romantic musical films 2010s sequel films American comedy films American musical comedy films American romantic musical films American romantic comedy films American sequel films British musical comedy films British romantic comedy films British sequel films Prequel films ABBA Films set in Greece Films set in Manhattan Films set in Oxford Films set in Paris Films set in Stockholm Films set in Tokyo Films set on islands Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films shot in Croatia Films shot in London Films shot in Oxfordshire Films shot in Surrey IMAX films Jukebox musical films Mamma Mia ! Films set in 1979 Playtone films Universal Pictures films Legendary Pictures films Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films directed by Ol Parker Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who had cameo roles in mamma mia here we go again	[ "Björn Ulvaeus as a university professor.\nBenny Andersson as the pianist in the Parisian restaurant during \"Waterloo\".\nJonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos, Fernando Cienfuegos's widower brother.", "Björn Ulvaeus as a university professor.\nBenny Andersson as the pianist in the Parisian restaurant during \"Waterloo\".\nJonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos, Fernando Cienfuegos's widower brother.", "Björn Ulvaeus as a university professor.\nBenny Andersson as the pianist in the Parisian restaurant during \"Waterloo\".\nJonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos, Fernando Cienfuegos's widower brother." ]	[ "Björn Ulvaeus", "Benny Andersson", "Jonathan Goldsmith" ]
1678436887966659383	Emily Prentiss	Emily Prentiss - wikipedia Emily Prentiss Jump to : navigation , search Emily Prentiss Criminal Minds character First appearance `` The Last Word '' 2x09 , November 15 , 2006 Created by Edward Allen Bernero Portrayed by Paget Brewster Information Aliases Lauren Reynolds Occupation Chief of the London Interpol Office ( Former ) Title FBI BAU Supervisory Special Agent FBI BAU Unit Chief Family Unnamed father Elizabeth Prentiss ( mother ) Seasons 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 Emily Prentiss is a fictional character on the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds , portrayed by Paget Brewster . Prentiss first appeared in `` The Last Word '' ( episode nine of season two ) , replacing Agent Elle Greenaway , who had quit in `` The Boogeyman '' . Her role in the show 's sixth season was reduced , for what Brewster believed to be financial reasons . However , reports on May 28 , 2011 at Deadline confirmed that Brewster would be returning to her role for the show 's seventh season . On February 15 , 2012 , Brewster revealed in a statement that the seventh season would be her final season on the show . Brewster 's final episode as a main cast member on the show was on the May 16 , 2012 episode `` Run '' . Brewster reprised the role again in 2014 for the 200th episode . On February 10 , 2016 , it was announced that Brewster would be returning as Prentiss for one episode during the spring of Season 11 . On March 30 , 2016 , she returned following the departure of Shemar Moore for the episode `` Tribute '' . On July 21 , 2016 at San Diego Comic - Con International , it was announced that Brewster will be returning in season 12 in a recurring role . On August 30 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Brewster would once again be a series regular for the 12th season . She was re-hired soon after Thomas Gibson had been dismissed from the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Relationships with colleagues 3 On the job 3.1 Ian Doyle and `` Death '' 3.2 Returning to the BAU 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Prentiss was born to her unnamed father and Elizabeth , a US Ambassador . Due to her mother 's job postings , Prentiss spent her childhood in numerous places , including Ukraine , France , Italy , and various countries in the Middle East . Her father has never been referred to in any way . She graduated from Yale before joining the FBI , and had worked for ten years before coming to the Behavioral Analysis Unit ( BAU ) . Prentiss is extremely well travelled due to her upbringing as an ambassador 's daughter and her previous assignments while at Interpol . She is fluent in Arabic , Spanish , French , Italian , Russian , and Greek . Prentiss first appeared in the season two episode `` The Last Word '' . Her appearance surprised both SSA Aaron Hotchner and Jason Gideon , as neither supervisor had signed off on the transfer . Hotchner was immediately suspicious of the new agent , but Prentiss , insisting that her mother had not pulled any strings for her to get the assignment , convinced him to let her join the team on a probationary basis , and eventually proved her competence and gained the team 's trust . Prentiss confided to David Rossi that during her mother 's diplomatic posting in Italy , she got pregnant at 15 and had an abortion . Though Prentiss does not explicitly state whether she struggled with her decision afterwards , she expressed a lot of grief and sorrow when recounting the past events . She also states that the friend who accompanied her to the clinic `` saved ( her ) life '' . Relationships with colleagues ( edit ) Paget Brewster ( third from the right ) filming in 2010 Initially upon joining the BAU , Prentiss feels like an outsider and often worries that people doubt her ability as a profiler . Over time , Prentiss proves herself through her sharp profiling skills , competence , and dedication to the work , gradually earning the trust and respect of her fellow BAU team members . Prentiss has a good relationship with her supervisor Aaron Hotchner and establishes herself as one of the most reliable and capable agents on the BAU . Hotchner had previously worked as the Head of Security for Prentiss 's Ambassador mother , Elizabeth Prentiss , but did not cross paths with Prentiss , because she was off to Yale . When she joins the BAU , they get off to a rocky start , but after a confrontation in his office about her feelings and opinions regarding politics and after she resigns instead of secretly feeding reports to Section Chief Erin Strauss , Hotchner begins to understand Prentiss and trust her more . Before leaving to be with the BAU on a case despite his suspension from the field , Hotchner stops by Prentiss 's apartment to convince her to get on the plane with him to help their team catch the UNSUB . In `` 52 Pickup '' , Hotchner is seen asking Prentiss for advice on how to deal with JJ 's temporary substitute , Agent Jordan Todd , and acts on her suggestions , even giving Agent Todd another chance to prove herself . For the most part , Prentiss has also developed friendly relationships with the other members of the BAU team . Prentiss immediately bonds with Agent Derek Morgan due to their mutual love of Kurt Vonnegut books and they develop a close relationship . Their strong bond is most evident in the episodes leading up to and after Prentiss 's death . Morgan is able to detect that Prentiss is worried about something and tries to get her to tell him what is bothering her . He also feels betrayed when Prentiss does not reveal the extent of her involvement with Doyle and the case and assumes she does not trust him enough . Rossi later tries to reason with him that Prentiss is merely trying to protect the BAU team . Morgan is also with Prentiss , holding her , when she is dying after being seriously injured by Doyle , and tells her that he understands what she did , and that she is brave , and he is proud of her . When he believes she has died , Morgan takes her death quite hard and expresses anger toward Doyle . When Emily returns to the BAU in season 7 , Morgan shows concern for her safety and ability to protect herself in the field by making her sign up for re-certification . Over time , she also forms a close relationship with Agent Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau , especially when they are the only two female agents in the BAU in the field for several seasons . When Prentiss has to fake her death for the team 's safety , JJ is the only one ( aside from Hotchner ) who knows the truth . JJ also flies to Paris and is involved in getting fake passports and setting up bank accounts for Prentiss to stay incognito . JJ expresses the most happiness when Prentiss came back from the dead and tells Prentiss how much she has missed her while she was gone . Prentiss later mentions to Hotchner that while she was away from the BAU and work , she played a lot of online Scrabble with someone with the online moniker `` cheetobreath '' , implying it was JJ keeping her company . In the rare moments outside work , JJ and Prentiss have been seen having conversations about children and the men , or lack thereof , in Prentiss 's life . Prentiss was also the first to congratulate JJ when she revealed she was pregnant with Henry . After Spencer Reid returns to work following his abduction by serial killer Tobias Hankel , Prentiss experiences a falling out with the young agent due to his harsh behavior toward her ( a function of the irritability resulting from Reid 's use of narcotics to cope with his recent trauma ) . However , the agents eventually gain a mutual respect and even share light - hearted moments . Prentiss sometimes joins in with Morgan in good - natured teasing of Reid 's genius . She also amazes Reid when she beats him at poker even though he is from Las Vegas and never loses . Another turning point in their relationship is when Prentiss and Reid are held captive by a cult group and Prentiss admits she is the FBI agent , causing her to suffer a beating from the cult leader . As a result , Reid feels guilty , but Prentiss reassures him everything is all right and that is not his fault . Prentiss is also the only one Reid tells about his recurring headaches . Reid is one of the most affected by Prentiss 's death , sobbing on JJ 's shoulder because he never got to say goodbye , and even thought about giving up since he felt the BAU had failed at protecting a member of their team . Later , when Prentiss comes back , Reid feels betrayed by Prentiss for not telling him the truth , but Prentiss confronts him and they eventually reconcile . Prentiss is often seen hanging out with Jareau and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia outside of work . Garcia looks up to Prentiss and never fails to vocalize her admiration , whether it is for Prentiss 's fluency in Arabic , wit or the fact she took up salsa dancing classes . Garcia also notes that after four years with the team , Prentiss is a part of the `` BAU family ; '' they hold a close friendship . On the job ( edit ) Prentiss is shown to be an extremely competent , level - headed agent . She is not as affected by the nightmares that come with the job and manages to keep her cool in hostile confrontations . She is also shown to put herself in the line of fire , for example , volunteering to enter into the unsub 's house to rescue his young boy , and sacrifice herself for her teammates , as she did for Spencer Reid once in the season 4 episode , `` Minimal Loss '' . She does not act rashly and there was only one rare occasion where she allowed her personal feelings interfere with investigations . It has been mentioned by Morgan that she has problems trusting others , preferring to handle things independently instead of asking others to help , but it was revealed that this reluctance is due to her long background as an undercover agent . Ian Doyle and `` death '' ( edit ) In the sixth season , Agent Prentiss is notified by her former superiors at Interpol that a man named Ian Doyle has escaped from prison in North Korea . Later , after returning home from work , Prentiss receives several hang - up calls on her home phone from an unknown caller . Upon her return home on a subsequent night , she finds an anonymous gift on her doorstep , containing a single purple flower . She experiences a flashback to a past undercover job in Italy , during which she was acting as his girlfriend and surveiling Doyle . Recognizing that the gift of the purple flower means Doyle knows where she lives , Prentiss flees . In `` Coda '' , Prentiss enlists two former Interpol colleagues in hunting Doyle . Tsia Mosely , one of her Interpol colleagues , gets shot in the head by Doyle while visiting someone . At the end of that episode , Prentiss sneaks out of a meeting in order to save her BAU colleagues from Doyle . At the beginning of `` Lauren '' , it is revealed that Prentiss had been a spy eight years previously , on a task force profiling terrorists ; while undercover , she met Ian Doyle ( an arms dealer ) and became his lover . Her betrayal of Doyle led to his arrest and subsequent imprisonment , including time in a North Korean prison . Prentiss tracks down Doyle in Boston and tries to kill him , but he takes her hostage . Later , Rossi realized that she left their team meeting suddenly in order to protect them from Doyle as it was Prentiss that Doyle was after . Hotch says they will treat Doyle as an unsub and Prentiss as his victim , and profile them just as they would in any other case . They eventually track them down to an abandoned building in Boston and arrive with a SWAT team . Prentiss reveals to Doyle that his son , whom Doyle believed had been killed , is actually alive , and that she staged photos of executing the boy in order to get Doyle to break under interrogation in North Korea . After an intense fight , Doyle manages to stab Prentiss in the abdomen with a broken table leg . Even though she is dying , she refuses to tell him where his son is hiding , and Doyle escapes shortly before Morgan reaches her . In the hospital , the BAU team is notified that Prentiss has died . They are seen attending her funeral . The last scene , however , reveals she is alive and in Paris , where JJ meets her and gives her an envelope with `` passports from three different countries , and a bank account in each one to keep ( her ) comfortable '' . Returning to the BAU ( edit ) In the season seven premiere , Morgan captures Doyle and Emily returns to the BAU to assist the team in finding who kidnapped Doyle 's son . The team comes under fire from the judiciary panel for their retaliatory actions to avenge Prentiss 's death , but everyone stands their ground to protect the team . Section Chief Erin Strauss later reveals to them that the committee was persuaded by Prentiss ' defense and eventually decided to lift the BAU 's suspensions although they will still be `` keeping a close eye '' on the members . Reid , who is still angry over her ' death ' refuses to speak to her or JJ or even look them in the eye . At the end of `` Proof '' , Prentiss talks it through with him and they make amends . In the premiere it is also revealed that Garcia has been taking care of her cat , Sergio , and when she inquires about him , Garcia jokingly states that she wants visitation rights . In the season seven finale , Prentiss receives an offer to run Interpol 's London office . While still pondering her decision on the offer , Prentiss decides to leave the BAU . In the season eight premiere , Morgan and Garcia mention seeing her while they were in London and that Emily is doing fine . Brewster returned for guest appearances in the season 9 episode , 200 in 2014 and the season 11 episode Tribute in early 2016 before returning as a regular cast member in the season 12 episode Taboo later in the year . She is now the Unit Chief of the BAU , following the departure of Aaron Hotchner . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 14 , 2010 ) . `` Breaking : ' Criminal Minds ' drops A.J. Cook '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( June 17 , 2010 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' stars slam AJ Cook axe '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 2011 ) . `` Paget Brewster Returning To ' Criminal Minds ' Next Season , Rachel Nichols Leaving '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Look Who 's Back ! Paget Brewster Returning to Criminal Minds '' . eonline.com . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( 30 August 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Paget Brewster Upped to Series Regular in Season 12 Following Thomas Gibson 's Firing '' . tvline.com . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cold Comfort '' , Season 4 Episode 14 Jump up ^ `` Lessons Learned '' , Season 2 Episode 10 Jump up ^ `` Lauren '' Season 6 Episode 18 ^ Jump up to : `` Demonology '' , Season 4 Episode 17 Jump up ^ `` Honor Among Thieves '' , Season 2 Episode 20 Jump up ^ `` Valhalla '' , Season 6 Episode 17 Jump up ^ `` It Takes a Village '' , Season 7 Episode 1 Jump up ^ `` Proof '' , Season 7 Episode 2 Jump up ^ `` Taboo '' , Season 11 , Episode 3 Jump up ^ `` The Crimson King '' , Season 12 , Episode 1 External links ( edit ) Emily Prentiss on IMDb ( hide ) Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Matt Simmons Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Penelope Garcia Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emily_Prentiss&oldid=806761729 '' Categories : Criminal Minds characters Fictional Behavioral Analysis Unit agents Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Français Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 00 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does prentiss come back on criminal minds	[]	[]
-3583629348259073849	Biltmore Estate	Biltmore estate - wikipedia Biltmore estate Biltmore Estate U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark District Biltmore House Show map of North Carolina Show map of the US Show all Location Buncombe County , North Carolina , North Carolina , United States Coordinates 35 ° 32 ′ 22.74 '' N 82 ° 33 ′ 3.42 '' W / 35.5396500 ° N 82.5509500 ° W / 35.5396500 ; - 82.5509500 Coordinates : 35 ° 32 ′ 22.74 '' N 82 ° 33 ′ 3.42 '' W / 35.5396500 ° N 82.5509500 ° W / 35.5396500 ; - 82.5509500 Built 1889 -- 95 Architect Richard Morris Hunt ; Frederick Law Olmsted Architectural style Châteauesque Website http://www.biltmore.com/ NRHP reference # 66000586 Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 ; 51 years ago ( 1966 - 10 - 15 ) Biltmore Estate is a large ( 6950.4 acre or 10.86 square miles ) private estate and tourist attraction in Asheville , North Carolina . Biltmore House , the main residence , is a Châteauesque - style mansion built by George Washington Vanderbilt II between 1889 and 1895 and is the largest privately owned house in the United States , at 178,926 square feet ( 16,622.8 m ) of floor space ( 135,280 square feet ( 12,568 m ) of living area ) . Still owned by George Vanderbilt 's descendants , it remains one of the most prominent examples of the Gilded Age . Contents 1 History 2 Architecture 3 Interiors 3.1 First floor 3.2 Second floor 3.3 Third and fourth floors 3.4 Bachelors ' wing 3.5 Basement 4 Park and landscape 5 Estate 6 In other media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) In the 1880s , at the height of the Gilded Age , George Washington Vanderbilt II , youngest son of William Henry Vanderbilt , began to make regular visits with his mother , Maria Louisa Kissam Vanderbilt ( 1821 -- 1896 ) , to the Asheville , North Carolina , area . He loved the scenery and climate so much that he decided to create his own summer estate in the area , which he called his `` little mountain escape '' , just as his older brothers and sisters had built opulent summer houses in places such as Newport , Rhode Island , and Hyde Park , New York . Vanderbilt named his estate Biltmore derived from `` Bildt , '' Vanderbilt 's ancestors ' place of origin in Holland , and `` More '' , Anglo - Saxon for open , rolling land . A portion of the estate was once the community of Shiloh . Vanderbilt bought almost 700 parcels of land , including over 50 farms and at least five cemeteries . A spokesperson for the estate said in 2017 that archives show much of the land `` was in very poor condition , and many of the farmers and other landowners were glad to sell . '' The Biltmore Estate ( c. 1900 ) Construction of the house began in 1889 and continued well into 1896 . In order to facilitate such a large project , a woodworking factory and brick kiln , which produced 32,000 bricks a day , were built onsite , and a three - mile railroad spur was constructed to bring materials to the building site . Construction on the main house required the labor of well over 1,000 workers and 60 stonemasons . Vanderbilt went on extensive buying trips overseas as construction on the house was in progress . He returned to North Carolina with thousands of furnishings for his newly built home including tapestries , hundreds of carpets , prints , linens , and decorative objects , all dating between the 15th century and the late 19th century . Among the few American - made items were the more practical oak drop - front desk , rocking chairs , a walnut grand piano , bronze candlesticks and a wicker wastebasket . George Vanderbilt opened his opulent estate on Christmas Eve 1895 to invited family and friends from across the country , who were encouraged to enjoy leisure and country pursuits . Notable guests to the estate over the years included author Edith Wharton , novelist Henry James , ambassadors Joseph Hodges Choate and Larz Anderson , and Presidents William McKinley , Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , and Barack Obama . George married Edith Stuyvesant Dresser in 1898 in Paris , France ; their only child , Cornelia Stuyvesant Vanderbilt , was born at Biltmore in the Louis XV room in 1900 , and grew up at the estate . Driven by the impact of the newly imposed income taxes , and the fact that the estate was getting harder to manage economically , Vanderbilt initiated the sale of 87,000 acres ( 352 km2 ) to the federal government . After Vanderbilt 's unexpected death in 1914 of complications from an emergency appendectomy , his widow completed the sale to carry out her husband 's wish that the land remain unaltered , and that property became the nucleus of the Pisgah National Forest . Overwhelmed with running such a large estate , Edith began consolidating her interests and sold Biltmore Estate Industries in 1917 and Biltmore Village in 1921 . Edith intermittently occupied the house , living in an apartment carved out of the former Bachelors ' Wing , until the marriage of her daughter to John Francis Amherst Cecil in April 1924 . The Cecils went on to have two sons who were born in the same room as their mother . In an attempt to bolster the estate 's financial situation during the Great Depression , Cornelia and her husband opened Biltmore to the public in March 1930 at the request of the City of Asheville , which hoped the attraction would revitalize the area with tourism . Biltmore closed during World War II and in 1942 , 62 paintings and 17 sculptures were moved to the estate by train from the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. to protect them in the event of an attack on the United States . The Music Room on the first floor was never finished , so it was used for storage until 1944 , when the possibility of an attack became more remote . Among the works stored were the Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington and works by Rembrandt , Raphael , and Anthony van Dyck . David Finley , the gallery director , was a friend of Edith Vanderbilt and had stayed at the estate . After the divorce of the Cecils in 1934 , Cornelia left the estate never to return ; however , John Cecil maintained his residence in the Bachelors ' Wing until his death in 1954 . Their eldest son George Henry Vanderbilt Cecil , occupied rooms in the wing until 1956 . At this point Biltmore House ceased to be a family residence and has continued to be operated as a historic house museum . Younger son William A.V. Cecil , Sr. returned to the estate in the late 1950s and joined his brother to manage the estate when it was in financial trouble and make it a profitable and self - sustaining enterprise like his grandfather envisioned . He eventually inherited the estate upon the death of his mother , Cornelia , in 1976 , while his brother , George , inherited the then more profitable dairy farm which was split off into Biltmore Farms . In 1995 , while celebrating the 100th anniversary of the estate , Cecil turned over control of the company to his son , William A.V. Cecil , Jr . The Biltmore Company is privately held and of the 4,306.86 acres that make up Biltmore Estate , only 1.36 acres are in the city limits of Asheville , and the Biltmore House is not part of any municipality . The estate was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1963 , and remains a major tourist attraction in Western North Carolina with 1.4 million visitors each year . After the death of William A.V. Cecil in October 2017 and his wife Mimi Cecil in November , their daughter Dini Pickering as board chair and their son Bill Cecil as CEO announced that the estate would continue to be run the same way . The house is assessed at $157.2 million but due to an agricultural deferment , county property taxes are paid on only $79.1 million of that . Architecture ( edit ) Waddesdon Manor was a principal source for the east elevation Vanderbilt commissioned prominent New York architect Richard Morris Hunt , who had previously designed houses for various Vanderbilt family members , to design the house in the Châteauesque style , using French Renaissance chateaus that Vanderbilt and Hunt had visited in early 1889 , including Château de Blois , Chenonceau and Chambord in France and Waddesdon Manor in England , as inspiration with their steeply pitched roofs , turrets and sculptural ornamentation . Hunt sited the four - story Indiana limestone - built home to face east with a 375 - foot facade to fit into the mountainous topography behind . The facade is asymmetrically balanced with two projecting wings connecting to the entrance tower with an open loggia to the left side and a windowed arcade to the right which held the Winter Garden that was fashionable during the Victorian era . The entrance tower contains a series of windows with decorated jambs that extend from the front door to the most decorated dormer at Biltmore on the fourth floor . The carved decorations include trefoils , flowing tracery , rosettes , gargoyles , and at prominent lookouts , grotesques . The staircase is one of the more prominent features of the east facade , with its three - story , highly decorated winding balustrade with carved statues of St. Louis and Joan of Arc by the Austrian - born architectural sculptor Karl Bitter . External video Biltmore , 24 : 36 , C - SPAN The south facade has the smallest dimensions for the house and is dominated by three large dormers on the east side and a polygonal turret on the west side . An arbor is attached to the house and is accessed from the library which is located on the ground floor . On the north end of the house , Hunt placed the attached stables , carriage house and its courtyard to protect the house and gardens from the wind . The 12,000 - square - foot complex housed Vanderbilt 's prized driving horses and the carriage house opposite the stables stored his 20 carriages in addition to any of his guest 's carriages . The rear western elevation is less elaborate than the front facade , with some windows not having any decoration at all . Two matching polygonal towers in the center are connected to the polygonal south turret by an open loggia that opens the main rooms of the house to the views of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the distance . The loggia is decorated overhead with terracotta tiles set in a herringbone pattern . The self - supporting ceramic tile vault and arch system was used extensively inside and outside of Biltmore , and was patented by Rafael Guastavino , a Spanish architect and engineer , who personally supervised the installation . The limestone columns were carved to reflect the sunlight in aesthetically pleasing and varied ways per Vanderbilt 's wish . The rusticated base is a contrast to the smooth limestone used on the remainder of the house . The steeply pitched roof is punctuated by 16 chimneys and covered with slate tiles that were affixed one by one . Each tile was drilled at the corners and wired onto the attic 's steel infrastructure . Copper flashing was then installed at the junctions to prevent water from penetrating . The fanciful flashing on the ridge of the roof was embossed with George Vanderbilt 's initials and motifs from his family crest , though the original gold leaf no longer survives . Biltmore House had electricity from the time it was built . With electricity less safe and fire more of a danger at the time , the house had six separate sections divided by brick fire walls . Vanderbilt paid little attention to the family business or his own investments and it is believed that the construction and upkeep of Biltmore depleted much of his inheritance . Interiors ( edit ) First floor ( edit ) The Triumphal Arch Biltmore has four acres of floor space and a total of 250 rooms in the house including 35 bedrooms for family and guests , 43 bathrooms , 65 fireplaces , three kitchens and 19th - century novelties such as electric elevators , forced - air heating , centrally controlled clocks , fire alarms , and a call - bell system . The principal rooms of the house are located on the ground floor . To the right of the marbled Entrance Hall , the octagonal , sunken Winter Garden is surrounded by stone archways with a ceiling of architecturally sculptured wood and multifaceted glass . The centerpiece is a marble and bronze fountain sculpture titled Boy Stealing Geese created by Karl Bitter . On the walls just outside the Winter Garden are copies of the Parthenon frieze . The Banquet Hall is the largest room in the house , measuring 42 feet wide and 72 feet long , with a 70 - foot - high barrel - vaulted ceiling . The table could seat 64 guests surrounded by rare Flemish tapestries and a triple fireplace that spans one end of the hall . On the opposite end of the hall is an organ gallery that houses a 1916 Skinner pipe organ . Left unfinished with bare brick walls , the Music Room was not completed and opened to the public until 1976 . It showcases a mantle designed by Hunt , and a large engraving by Albrecht Dürer called the Triumphal Arch commissioned by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I . The mantle had been stored in the stable for over 80 years . To the left of the entrance hall is the 90 - foot - long Tapestry Gallery , which leads to the Library , featuring three 16th - century tapestries representing The Triumph of Virtue Over Vice . Elsewhere on the walls are family portraits by John Singer Sargent , Giovanni Boldini and James Whistler . The two - story Library contains over 10,000 volumes in eight languages , reflecting George Vanderbilt 's broad interests in classic literature as well as works on art , history , architecture , and gardening . The second - floor balcony is accessed by an ornate walnut spiral staircase . The baroque detailing of the room is enhanced by the rich walnut paneling and the ceiling painting , The Chariot of Aurora , brought to Biltmore by Vanderbilt from the Palazzo Pisani Moretta in Venice , Italy . The painting by Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini is the most important work by the artist still in existence . Second floor ( edit ) Master bedroom of George Vanderbilt The second floor is accessed by the cantilevered Grand Staircase of 107 steps spiraling around a four - story , wrought - iron chandelier holding 72 light bulbs . The Second Floor Living Hall is an extension of the grand staircase as a formal hall and portrait gallery , and was restored to its original configuration in 2013 . Several large - scale masterpieces are displayed in the hall , including two John Singer Sargent portraits of Biltmore 's architect , Richard Morris Hunt , and landscaper , Frederick Law Olmsted , both commissioned for the home by Vanderbilt . Located nearby in the south tower is George Vanderbilt 's gilded bedroom with furniture designed by Hunt . His bedroom connects to his wife 's Louis XV - style , oval - shaped bedroom in the north tower through a Jacobean carved oak paneled sitting room with an intricate ceiling . The suite of rooms includes the Damask Room ; the Claude Room , named after one of Vanderbilt 's favorite artists , Claude Lorrain ; the Tyrolean Chimney Room ; and the most grand , the Louis XV Room , so named due to its architectural scheme and furnishings that were very popular in the late nineteenth century . The suite was restored and opened to the public for the first time in 100 years in 2011 . Third and fourth floors ( edit ) The third floor has a number of guest rooms with names that describe the furnishing or artist that they were decorated with . The fourth floor has 21 bedrooms that were inhabited by housemaids , laundresses , and other female servants . Also included on the fourth floor is an Observatory with a circular staircase that leads to a wrought iron balcony with doorways to the rooftop where Vanderbilt could view his estate . Male servants were not housed here , however , but instead resided in rooms above the stable and complex . Bachelors ' Wing ( edit ) The Billiard Room is decorated with an ornamental plaster ceiling and rich oak paneling and was equipped with both a custom - made pool table and a carom table ( table without pockets ) . The room was mainly frequented by men , but ladies were welcome to enter as well . Secret door panels on either side of the fireplace led to the private quarters of the Bachelors ' Wing where female guests and staff members were not allowed . The wing includes the Smoking Room , which was fashionable for country houses , and the Gun Room , which held mounted trophies and displayed George Vanderbilt 's gun collection . Basement ( edit ) Guests of the estate could enjoy other activities that were found on the basement level , including an indoor 70,000 - gallon ( 265,000 - litre and 265 - cubic meter ) heated swimming pool with underwater lighting , one of the nation 's first bowling alleys installed in a private residence , and a gymnasium with once state - of - the - art fitness equipment . The service hub of the house is also found in the largest basement in the US , as the location for the main kitchen , pastry kitchen , rotisserie kitchen , walk - in refrigerators that provided an early form of mechanical refrigeration , the servants ' dining hall , laundry rooms and additional bedrooms for staff . Park and landscape ( edit ) Part of the gardens Wanting the best , Vanderbilt envisioned a park - like setting for his home and employed landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted to design the grounds . However , Olmsted was not impressed with the condition of the 125,000 acres ( 195 sq mi ; 510 km ) and advised for a park surrounding the house , establishing farms along the river and replanting the rest as a commercial timber forest , a plan to which Vanderbilt agreed . Gifford Pinchot and later Carl A. Schenck were hired to manage the forests , with Schenck establishing the first forestry education program in the U.S. , the Biltmore Forest School , on the estate grounds in 1898 . Another important aspect of the landscaping was the intentionally rustic three - mile ( 5 km ) Approach Road that began at the brick quoined and pebbledash stucco Lodge Gate at the edge of Biltmore Village , and ended at the sphinx - topped stone pillars at the Esplanade . In between , the lane was densely filled with natural and uncultivated looking foliage and shrubbery to provide a relaxing journey for guests . Olmsted made sure to incorporate 75 acres ( 30 ha ) of formal gardens that had been requested by Vanderbilt for the grounds directly surrounding the house . He constructed an Italian formal garden , a walled garden , a shrub and rose garden , fountains , and a conservatory with individual rooms for palms and orchids . There was also a bowling green , an outdoor tea room , and a terrace to incorporate the European statuary that Vanderbilt had brought back from his travels . At the opposite end of the Esplanade is the Rampe Douce , a graduated stairway zigzagging along a rough - cut limestone wall that leads to the grassy slope known as the Vista , topped with a statue of Diana , the goddess of the hunt . Water features were an important aspect of Victorian landscaping and Olmsted incorporated two for the estate : the Bass Pond created from an old creek - fed millpond and the Lagoon . Each was used for guest recreation like fishing and rowing . To supply water for the estate , Olmsted engineered two reservoirs . One was a spring - fed man - made lake on nearby Busbee Mountain . The other was a man - made , brick - lined reservoir , located behind the statue of Diana in the Vista , at an elevation of approximately 266 feet above the Esplanade . Estate ( edit ) Storage facility in the Biltmore Winery , 2017 Vanderbilt 's idea was to replicate the working estates of Europe . He asked Hunt and Olmsted to design a village with architecturally compatible buildings and picturesque landscaping as a source of income through building rental , a place to help carry out philanthropic programs , and an easy point of access between the estate and the train station . The result was Biltmore Village . The village included rental cottages complete with plumbing and central heating , a post office , shops , doctor 's office , school , and a church , known today as the Cathedral of All Souls . Intending that the estate could be self - supporting , Vanderbilt set up scientific forestry programs , poultry farms , cattle farms , hog farms , and a dairy . His wife , Edith , also enthusiastically supported agricultural reform and promoted the establishment of a state agricultural fair . In 1901 , the Vanderbilts provided financial assistance to Biltmore Industries , started by Biltmore Village resident Eleanor Vance , which taught young people how to make hand - carved furniture , woven baskets , homespun wool fabric , and more . The estate today covers approximately 8,000 acres ( 13 sq mi ; 32 km ) and is split in half by the French Broad River , overseen by The Biltmore Company , a trust set up by the family . The company is a large enterprise that is one of the largest employers in the Asheville area . Restaurants were opened in 1979 and 1987 as well as four gifts shops in 1993 . The former dairy barn was converted into the popular Biltmore Winery in 1985 . The AAA four - diamond 210 - room Inn on Biltmore Estate opened in 2001 , and in 2010 , the estate debuted Antler Hill Village , as well as a remodeled winery , and connected farmyard . In other media ( edit ) The Biltmore Estate licenses its name and design elements to a line of housewares , linens , and luggage called `` Biltmore For Your Home '' , marketed exclusively by Belk stores . The house has been featured in `` Empires of the Smoky Skies '' , a scenario in Sid Meier 's Civilization V . The estate and its surrounding forest make up the setting of Robert Beatty 's 2015 middle - grade novel Serafina and The Black Cloak and its sequels . The grounds and buildings of Biltmore Estate have appeared in a number of major motion pictures and TV series : Tap Roots ( 1948 ) The Swan ( 1956 ) The Pruitts of Southampton ( 1966 ) Being There ( 1979 ) The Private Eyes ( 1980 ) A Breed Apart ( 1984 ) Mr. Destiny ( 1990 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Richie Rich ( 1994 ) My Fellow Americans ( 1996 ) Patch Adams ( 1998 ) Return to the Secret Garden ( 2000 ) Hannibal ( 2001 ) One Tree Hill ( 2003 ) The Clearing ( 2004 ) The Odd Life of Timothy Green ( 2012 ) Hannibal ( 2015 ) See also ( edit ) List of Gilded Age mansions List of largest houses in the United States Richard Sharp Smith List of National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina National Register of Historic Places listings in Buncombe County , North Carolina References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2006 - 03 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Buncombe County Tax Records , http://www.buncombetax.org/ , Parcel ID 9637 - 94 - 40 - 00000 , Residential Building 22 ( mansion ) and Commercial Building 9 ( attached stable ) ; see also http://www.biltmore.com/visit/house_gardens/house/faq.asp Jump up ^ Sullivan , Mary Ann . `` Biltmore Estate '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` When Pearson 's Store disappeared '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . November 6 , 2016 . p . D6 . Jump up ^ Boyle , John ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Answer Man : Cemeteries on Biltmore Estate ? Who lived there before Vanderbilts ? '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biltmore House '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chase , Nan K. Asheville : A History , ( 2007 ) : 69 - 70 . Jump up ^ Hansley , Richard ( 2011 ) . Asheville 's Historic Architecture , pp. 151 - 52 . The History Press . Jump up ^ Kiss , Tony ( February 16 , 2014 ) . `` Biltmore Estate hid precious art during World War II '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , John ( December 25 , 2017 ) . `` How will Biltmore Estate handle the transition to new owners ? '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2017 Buncombe County property and tax records Jump up ^ `` National Historic Landmark designation illustrates U.S. heritage '' . biltmore.com . ^ Jump up to : Carley , Rachel . Biltmore : An American Masterpiece , ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` Biltmore '' . C - SPAN . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dagmi , Jane . `` The Biltmore Estate : A Brief Architectural Tour '' . Bob Vila . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Motsinger , Carol ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Downton Abbey is on fire '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . p . T12 . Jump up ^ `` A Tour Through Biltmore Estate '' . FunTrivia . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henion , Leigh Ann ( December 2009 ) . `` Biltmore : Behind the Scenes '' . National Trust for Historic Preservation . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steele , Bruce ( September 6 , 2013 ) . `` Biltmore House renovation restores historic hallway '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poupore , Darren ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` New Suite of Rooms Now Open '' . Open House Official Blog of Biltmore . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark McKendree , Sue . `` A Technological Tour of the Biltmore Estate '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bill ( 2008 ) . Around Biltmore Village . Charleson : Arcadia Publishing . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 6853 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Cathedral of All Souls : History Jump up ^ Rickman , Ellen Erwin ( 2005 ) . Biltmore Estate . Charleston : Arcadia Publishing . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 1749 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://www.biltmore.com/belk Jump up ^ `` SERAFINA AND THE BLACK CLOAK '' . Kirkus Review . 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . General Hewitt , Mark Alan : The Architect & the American Country House . Yale University Press : New Haven & London 1990 , p. 1 - 10 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biltmore Estate . Official website Landmark designation U.S. National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biltmore_Estate&oldid=854250411 '' Categories : Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Houses completed in 1895 Palaces in the United States Vanderbilt family residences National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina Richard Morris Hunt buildings Museums in Asheville , North Carolina Historic house museums in North Carolina Houses in Asheville , North Carolina Châteauesque architecture in the United States Open - air museums in North Carolina Landscape design history of the United States Blue Ridge Parkway Tourist attractions in Asheville , North Carolina Blue Ridge National Heritage Area Frederick Law Olmsted works Reportedly haunted locations in Asheville , North Carolina National Register of Historic Places in Buncombe County , North Carolina 1895 establishments in North Carolina Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 00 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time someone lived in biltmore house	[ "After the divorce of the Cecils in 1934, Cornelia left the estate never to return; however, John Cecil maintained his residence in the Bachelors' Wing until his death in 1954. Their eldest son George Henry Vanderbilt Cecil, occupied rooms in the wing until 1956. At this point Biltmore House ceased to be a family residence and has continued to be operated as a historic house museum.\n" ]	[ "1956" ]
6843157386611127744	Nature Boy	Nature Boy - wikipedia Nature Boy Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Nature Boy ( disambiguation ) . `` Nature Boy '' Single by King Cole from the album The Nat King Cole Story B - side `` Lost April '' Released March 29 , 1948 ( 1948 - 03 - 29 ) Format 10 '' Recorded August 22 , 1947 ( 1947 - 08 - 22 ) Genre Jazz pop Length 2 : 56 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) eden ahbez King Cole singles chronology `` Route 66 '' ( 1946 ) `` Nature Boy '' ( 1948 ) `` Mona Lisa '' ( 1950 ) `` Route 66 '' ( 1946 ) `` Nature Boy '' ( 1948 ) `` Mona Lisa '' ( 1950 ) `` Nature Boy '' is a song first recorded by American jazz singer Nat King Cole . It was released on March 29 , 1948 , as a single by Capitol Records , and later appeared on the album , The Nat King Cole Story . The song was written in 1947 by eden ahbez and is partly autobiographical . It is a tribute to ahbez 's mentor Bill Pester , who had originally introduced him to Naturmensch and Lebensreform philosophies , which ahbez practised . When Cole was performing in 1947 at the Lincoln Theater , ahbez wanted to present the song to him , but was ignored . He left the copy with Cole 's valet , and from him the singer came to know of `` Nature Boy '' . After receiving appreciation for his performance of the song , Cole wanted to record it . The recording took place on August 22 , 1947 , and featured an orchestra conducted by Frank De Vol -- the in - house arranger of Capitol Records . He used strings and flute as instrumentation in the song , to capture the `` enchanting '' vibe of the track . The lyrics are a self - portrait of ahbez and his life . The final line -- `` The greatest thing you 'll ever learn , Is just to love and be loved in return '' -- is considered a poignant moment in the song , with multiple interpretations of it . `` Nature Boy '' was released amidst the American Federation of Musicians ( AFM ) ban of 1948 , but became commercially successful , reaching the top of the Billboard music charts and selling over a million copies . Receiving critical acclaim also , `` Nature Boy '' helped to introduce Cole to a wider audience , especially the white music market , and generated royalties for ahbez . In 1999 , the song was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award . However , `` Nature Boy '' was also the subject of lawsuits , with Yiddish composer Herman Yablokoff claiming that it was plagiarized from his song `` Shvayg mayn harts '' ( `` Hush My Heart '' ) , which he wrote for his play Papirosn ( 1935 ) . In the end , ahbez and Yablokoff settled out of court . Following Cole 's success with the song , rival record companies released cover versions of `` Nature Boy '' by other artists like Frank Sinatra and Sarah Vaughan , which were also successful . It ultimately became a pop and jazz standard , with many artists interpreting the song , including Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga , who recorded it for their jazz collaborative album , Cheek to Cheek ( 2014 ) . It was also used in numerous films like The Boy with Green Hair , The Talented Mr. Ripley , and the 2001 musical Moulin Rouge ! , for which singer David Bowie recorded a techno version . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and development 2 Recording and composition 3 Release and reception 4 Other versions 4.1 Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga version 5 Usage in films 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 Sources 8 External links Background and Development ( edit ) In 1941 , a 33 - year - old George McGrew arrived in Los Angeles and began playing piano in the Eutropheon , a small health food store and raw food restaurant on Laurel Canyon Boulevard . The café was owned by John and Vera Richter , who followed a Naturmensch and Lebensreform philosophy influenced by the Wandervogel movement in Germany . Their followers , known as `` Nature Boys '' , wore long hair and beards and ate only raw fruits and vegetables . McGrew adopted the philosophy and chose the name `` eden ahbez '' , writing and spelling his name with lower - case letters . It was there , while living in a cave near Palm Springs , that ahbez wrote `` Nature Boy '' . Partly autobiographical , the song was a tribute to his mentor Bill Pester , who had originally introduced him to Naturmensch and Lebensreform . In 1947 , at the prompting of Cowboy Jack Patton and Johnny Mercer , ahbez approached Nat King Cole 's manager backstage at the Lincoln Theater in Los Angeles , handed him a tattered copy of `` Nature Boy '' , and asked him to show it to Cole . However , his pleas were ignored and a disappointed ahbez left the sheet music of `` Nature Boy '' with Cole 's valet , Otis Pollard . From him , Cole came to know of the song and loved it . Cole began playing `` Nature Boy '' for live audiences , and he received much acclaim . Irving Berlin , who was present during one of the performances , initially offered to buy the track from Cole , but Cole decided to record it for himself . He needed to get permission from ahbez , however , before releasing it as a single , but he was not able to find the songwriter since ahbez had disappeared without providing any contact details . After ahbez was discovered living under the Hollywood Sign , Cole got his permission and recorded the song . Recording and composition ( edit ) `` Nature Boy '' ( 1961 re-recording ) An 18 - second sample from Cole 's 1961 version of `` Nature Boy '' . It begins with the opening lyrics , `` There was a boy , A very strange , enchanted boy '' , which is backed by Frank De Vol 's string arrangement and flute instrumentation , there by capturing the `` enchanting '' vibe of the song . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Cole 's recording , which took place on August 22 , 1947 , featured an orchestra conducted by Frank De Vol -- the in - house arranger of Capitol Records . He used strings and flute as instrumentation in the song , to capture the `` enchanting '' vibe of the track . The first two measures of the song 's melody parallel the melody of the second movement in composer Antonín Dvořák 's Piano Quintet No. 2 ( 1887 ) . Written as a pop ballad , `` Nature Boy '' follows an `` A , B '' format , with the primary three notes descending on a minor triad above the pickup note . An ascending line over the diminished ii chord returns to the initial minor triad . The harmonic structure makes frequent use of the standard ii -- V -- I progression in the key of D minor . The second 4 - bar section featured a chromatic descending line based on the lowering of the tonic ( Dm -- Dm -- Dm -- Dm ) . The same descending line then continues through Gm -- Dm , then finally ending with a whole - step down to the G in the chord Em ♭ . The lyrics of the song relate to a 1940s Los Angeles - based group called `` Nature Boys '' , a subculture of proto - hippies of which ahbez was a member . Instrumentalist Chris Tyle noted that the lyrics are a musical self - portrait of ahbez , with the lines like `` There was a boy , A very strange , enchanted boy , They say he wandered very far , Very far , over land and sea '' . But he believed that it was the song 's last line that made it the most poignant : `` The greatest thing you 'll ever learn , Is just to love and be loved in return '' . Various interpretations of the line are given by academics , with the eponymous nature boy being a child , advising on love and relationship , or an adult hippie talking about his journey and inner - love . According to author Jeffrey P. Dennis , the song presented a homo - romantic theme , with the eponymous nature boy visiting Cole on a `` magic day '' and explaining that `` the greatest thing you 'll ever learn , is just to love and be loved in return '' . Author Raymond Knapp described the track as a `` mystically charged vagabond song '' whose lyrics evoked an intense sense of loss and haplessness , with the final line delivering a universal truth , described by Knapp as `` indestructible '' and `` salvaged somehow from the perilous journey of life '' . According to Joe Romersa , an engineer / drummer in Los Angeles , whom ahbez bequeathed with master tapes , photos , and final works , ahbez wanted a correction made to the lyrics saying `` To be loved in return , is too much of a deal , and there 's no deal in love . '' , and that instead it should read `` The greatest thing you 'll ever learn is to love and be loved , just to love , and be loved . '' Romersa has stated that because these lyrics did not fit with the original ending melody , ahbez re-wrote it . Release and reception ( edit ) `` Nature Boy '' helped Nat King Cole to further popularize his singing career , and made him reach the white audience . In 1948 , a second `` Petrillo ban '' on music recording was enforced by American Federation of Musicians ( AFM ) in response to the Taft -- Hartley Act . Capitol Records was desperate to release something for sustaining any profit , and ultimately released `` Nature Boy '' as a single on March 29 , 1948 , with catalog number 15054 . Crestview Music , which owned publishing right for Cole 's songs , sold the rights for `` Nature Boy '' to Burke - Van Heusen , who acted as distributor and selling agent . The record debuted on the Billboard charts of April 16 , 1948 , and stayed there for 15 weeks , ultimately peaking at number one . It also reached a peak of number two on the R&B charts . `` Nature Boy '' went on to sell a million copies in 1948 and Billboard DJs listed it as the greatest record of the year , with the song accumulating a total of 743 points . The 1940s , American music market was divided by race and for a black artist to cross over to mainstream pop music was difficult . Author Krin Gabbard noted in his book Jammin ' at the Margins : Jazz and the American Cinema that Cole had to wear white makeup while filming for the performance of the song . Although he had come into prominence in 1930 as a leader of the jazz trio named King Cole Trio , it was with `` Nature Boy '' that he received widespread recognition , and it was his rendition that appealed to the white audience . Cole would later use the success of the song to cancel the trio and pursue a solo recording career ; he later described `` Nature Boy '' as one of his favorites among his recordings . The success of the song allowed ahbez to accumulate about US $20,000 ( $203,712 in 2017 dollars ) in royalty . However , Billboard reported that ahbez kept only 50 % of the royalty for himself , and distributed the rest among people who had helped him in bringing the song to limelight . About 25 % was shared with Mrs. Loraine Tatum for helping him with the lyrics and the rest with Pollard , for bringing the song to Cole 's notice . `` Nature Boy '' has received wide acclaim from critics and contemporary reviewers . Author Ted Gioia noted in his book , The Jazz Standards : A Guide to the Repertoire , that all the musicians `` who had created the golden age of American popular song had their quirks and idiosyncrasies , but eden ahbez demands pride and place as the most eccentric of them all '' . He added that along with promoting the hippie culture , with `` Nature Boy '' , ahbez and Cole was able to introduce a new era of black artists in white popular music . In his book Sinatra ! the Song is You : A Singer 's Art , author Will Friedwald complimented Cole 's version , saying that it had been the `` startingly fresh '' combination of the singer 's vocals along with the string section , which had made `` Nature Boy '' a hit . Stephen Cook from AllMusic said that the song transformed Cole into `` one of the most famous and beloved pop singing stars of the postwar years . '' Billboard noted that such was the popularity of the song that audiences would only stay in theaters to see Cole perform `` Nature Boy '' , and leave once he finished . A 1975 poll by the magazine listed it as the `` Greatest All - Round Record '' as well as the `` Favorite Pop Recording '' of the previous years . In 1999 , the song was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame , a special Grammy Award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least twenty - five years old and that have `` qualitative or historical significance '' . Steve Erickson from Los Angeles magazine gave a detailed positive review of the song : `` Nature Boy '' is so otherworldly in its melody and lyric that any number of interpretations over the decades , from Nat Cole 's to Alex Chilton 's , have never been able to make it ordinary . It sounds like something that , from the minute it was written , existed out of time and place -- all thousand and one Arabian Nights compressed into two and a half minutes as mediated by a cracked Mojave Debussy slugging down the last of the absinthe from his canteen . Yiddish theatre composer Herman Yablokoff claimed in his biography , Memoirs of the Yiddish Stage , that the melody to `` Nature Boy '' was plagiarized from his song `` Shvayg mayn harts '' ( `` Hush My Heart '' ) , which he wrote for his play Papirosn ( 1935 ) . When met with a lawsuit in 1951 for the plagiarization , ahbez first proclaimed his innocence , and telephoned Yablokoff to explain that he `` had heard the melody as if angels were singing it ... in the California mountains . He offered me $10,000 to withdraw the suit . I said that the money was not important , but I wanted him to admit that the song was geganvet ( stolen ) ; and if he heard angels , they must have bought a copy of my song . '' Eventually ahbez 's lawyers offered to have an out - of - court settlement , offering $25,000 ( $235,705 in 2017 dollars ) to Yablokoff , which he accepted . Freidwald remarked that `` it struck no one as ironic that a song with message of love and peace should come to symbolize how cutthroat the pop music business was becoming '' . Other versions ( edit ) Other popular versions of the song were released by Frank Sinatra ( left ) and Sarah Vaughan ( right ) The success of `` Nature Boy '' soon led to the release of a number of cover versions of the track . However , due to the AFM ban , other record companies could not release full versions with strings , only a cappella tracks . Following Cole 's version of `` Nature Boy '' , the Dick Haymes recording was released by Decca Records as catalog number 24439 . The record first appeared on the Billboard charts on June 4 , 1948 , and peaked at number 11 . Frank Sinatra also recorded a musicianless version , which was his only recording during the ban . Sinatra 's version of `` Nature Boy '' replaced the string sounds of the original recording with a choir conducted by Jeff Alexander , which , according to Friedwald , made the song sound like a Gregorian chant . The recording was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 38210 . It debuted on the Billboard charts on May 28 , 1948 , and peaked at number seven . Sinatra later performed the song on the radio show , Your Hit Parade , accompanied by a choir and orchestral arrangement . RCA Records planned to release versions by singers Perry Como and Bing Crosby , but they were subsequently cancelled due to the ban . Musicraft Records released Sarah Vaughan 's a cappella version on April 8 , 1948 . It was a commercial success , selling 20,000 copies on the first day and peaking at number 11 on the Billboard chart . A parody named `` Serutan Yob '' was recorded by The Unnatural Seven , an offshoot of Red Ingle and his Natural Seven that did not include Ingle due to the 1948 AFM recording ban . `` Serutan Yob '' featured vocals from Karen Tedder and Los Angeles DJ Jim Hawthorne . It was released by Capitol with catalog number 15210 , reached the Billboard charts on October 1 , 1948 , and stayed there for a total of four weeks , peaking at number 24 . In 1955 , Miles Davis recorded the song with Charles Mingus as bassist . The recording for the song was filled with tension due to an ongoing conflict between Davis and Mingus , resulting in a charged version of the song . They were assisted by Teddy Charles on vibraphone and Elvin Jones on drums . Another version was recorded by singer Bobby Darin , released in 1961 . A psychedelic rock version was recorded in 1965 by 1960s San Francisco rock band The Great Society , with lead vocals from singer Grace Slick , released on their 1968 post-breakup album How it Was . Same year , Marvin Gaye recorded and released his version on the Cole tribute album , A Tribute to the Great Nat `` King '' Cole . Peggy Lee 's version of `` Nature Boy '' was recorded in 1948 , but released in 1995 as part of the compilation album , Why Do n't You Do Right ? Peggy Lee , 1947 -- 1948 . Abbey Lincoln recorded a version of the song for her 1995 album A Turtle 's Dream . Howard Reich from Chicago Tribune was impressed with the cover saying that `` the mood of reverie and awe ( that Lincoln ) expresses in ' Nature Boy ' epitomize this album 's haunting appeal . '' Celine Dion performed the song as part of her A New Day ... concert at Caesars Palace . The song appeared on her 2002 studio album , A New Day Has Come , and on her 2004 live album , A New Day ... Live in Las Vegas . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic said that the decision to include `` Nature Boy '' in A New Day Has Come was inspired by the song 's appearance in Baz Luhrmann 's musical , Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) . With Billboard , Dion expressed her feelings while recording the track : `` This is the one I had the most kick out of in the studio . I could hear the pedal of the piano and the touch of the keys while I was singing . We were following each other , this is the real thing . This was such my pleasure . '' Initially strings and other instrumentation were added in post-production , but were later removed to maintain the simplicity of Cole 's version . Aaron Neville 's interpretation of the track was released in 2003 on his jazz standard album , titled Nature Boy : The Jazz Album . That year in December , Harry Connick , Jr. released a holiday themed rendition of `` Nature Boy '' , on his holiday album , Harry for the Holidays . At the tenth season of American Idol , contestant Casey Abrams presented a jazz version of the song , which was received with a standing ovation from the audience , but faced criticism from the media for the `` strange '' musical arrangements . Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga version ( edit ) Gaga and Bennett performing `` Nature Boy '' on their Cheek to Cheek Tour , 2014 After recording the jazz standard `` The Lady Is a Tramp '' , American singer Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga began working on a collaborative jazz album , titled Cheek to Cheek . The recording took place over a year in New York City , and featured jazz musicians associated with both artists . Bennett 's quartet was present , including Mike Renzi , Gray Sargent , Harold Jones and Marshall Wood as well as pianist Tom Lanier . Along with Evans , jazz trumpeter Brian Newman , a long - time friend and colleague of Gaga , played on the album with his New York City based jazz quintet . Tenor saxophonist Joe Lovano and flautist Paul Horn were also enlisted as musicians . The songs were handpicked by Bennett and Gaga ; they selected tracks from the Great American Songbook including `` Nature Boy '' . It features instrumentation from flutes and drums , and has an orchestral arrangement . According to Kory Grow of Rolling Stone , Gaga sings in a Liza Minnelli inspired voice with a breathy range , followed by Bennett complimenting her with the story of meeting the titular character . `` Nature Boy '' was released for streaming on Gaga 's Vevo channel from September 16 , 2014 . Preceding the release , Gaga tweeted about the background of the song , about the death of flautist Horn , as well as about ahbez , saying `` This composer was part of a sub-culture of nomadic hippies ! We channeled our own Gypsy lives in this performance '' . Gil Kaufman from MTV News gave a positive review , saying that `` This song sounds like what you imagine a smoky jazz club in 1940s New York would feel like . '' Grow praised it as `` sublime '' , describing the track as a `` loungier '' version Gaga and Bennett 's collaboration . Dave Lewis from HitFix believed that the `` magic '' of the song really happened once Bennett 's vocals were heard , following Gaga 's singing and the orchestration . Lewis said that `` It 's not exactly ' Do What You Want with My Body ' , but Gaga and Bennett generate a different kind of heat . '' Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian said that the song was `` treated with the greatest delicacy '' . He praised the flute sounds and the contrast between Gaga 's `` vulnerable '' vocals and Bennett 's `` assured '' one . Alexa Camp from Slant Magazine gave a negative review , saying that her timbre in `` Nature Boy '' appeared inconsistent , `` shifting from soft and almost pleasant to parodic and comical , often within just a few short bars . '' `` Nature Boy '' debuted on the Billboard Trending 140 Chart at number five and within a few hours , rose to number one . It also debuted at number 22 on the Billboard Jazz Digital Songs chart . In Russia , it peaked at number 259 on the official Tophit airplay chart . Usage in films ( edit ) Singer David Bowie 's version in Moulin Rouge ! was critically appreciated The song was a primary theme of the film score for The Boy with Green Hair ( 1948 ) , for which the original version was used . The producers of the film reportedly paid $10,000 to ahbez for using the song , which was cumulatively more than what the author of the story , Betsy Beaton , was paid . A recording by Kate Ceberano was featured in the film The Crossing ( 1990 ) . The tune and lyrics feature prominently in the film Untamed Heart ( 1993 ) , for which Cole 's version was used during the closing credits , while a piano version by Roger Williams served as the opener for the film . The song was also played in intermediate scenes featuring the principal cast . Miles Davis ' recording of `` Nature Boy '' was used in the film The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) . In the book Music , Movies , Meanings , and Markets : Cinemajazzamatazz , author Morris Holbrook described the song as a `` nondiegetic performance '' , exemplifying the plot development and sexual tension in the scene featuring Matt Damon and Jude Law play chess , naked and later in a bathtub scene . The song is performed at a jazz club in the film Angel Eyes , ( 2001 ) . A version recorded by Jon Hassell on trumpet and Ronu Majumdar on flute is featured on the soundtrack . The writing of `` Nature Boy '' was the theme of a 2000 Canadian TV film of the same title , directed by Kari Skogland . Callum Keith Rennie played ahbez , writing the song for Cole , played by Terence Carson , after falling in love with a woman named Anna Jacobs , portrayed by Tanya Allen . The song was a central theme in Luhrmann 's Moulin Rouge ! `` Nature Boy '' was initially arranged as a techno song with singer David Bowie 's vocals , before being sent to the group Massive Attack , whose remix was used in the film 's closing credits . Bowie described the rendition as `` slinky and mysterious '' , adding that Robert ' 3D ' Del Naja from the group had `` put together a riveting piece of work , '' and that Bowie was `` totally pleased with the end result . '' Both Bowie 's version and Massive Attack 's remix appeared on the soundtrack . The version used in Moulin Rouge ! was sung by John Leguizamo , as Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec , during the introductory scenes , as well as by Ewan McGregor 's character , Christian . Some of the film 's premise was based on the lyrics , in particular the opening lines . The closing lyric , `` The greatest thing you 'll ever learn is just to love and be loved in return '' is used throughout the film . While reviewing Moulin Rouge ! , Erickson noted that `` ( by ) itself , ( ' Nature Boy ' ) redeems the wonderful idea behind Luhrmann 's flawed but often wonderful movie . '' The song was performed by Rodrigo Santoro in the film Heleno ( 2012 ) , during the radio interview when he asks if he could sing a song for his wife and son . Cole 's version was again played at the start of Mike Tyson 's one - man show , Mike Tyson : Undisputed Truth , directed by Spike Lee that aired on HBO . On December 25 , 2016 , 20th Century Fox released a teaser trailer for the British - American science - fiction horror film , Alien : Covenant , using a cover of `` Nature Boy '' by singer Aurora , as the background score . See also ( edit ) List of 1940s jazz standards List of Billboard number - one singles of 1948 List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients ( J -- P ) List of songs recorded by Celine Dion List of songs recorded by Frank Sinatra List of songs recorded by Harry Connick , Jr . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hippie Roots & The Perennial Subculture '' . Hippy.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2007 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Iacobbo & Iacobbo 2004 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Shurtleff & Aoyagi 2010 , p. 306 Jump up ^ `` Little Known Brooklyn Residents : eden ahbez '' . Brooklyn Public Library . July 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nature Boy ( 1948 ) '' . JazzStandards.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richmond 2006 , p. 114 ^ Jump up to : Mark 2001 , p. 3602 ^ Jump up to : Dimery 2011 , pp. 200 -- 201 ^ Jump up to : Heusen , Van ( May 10 , 1948 ) . `` Nature Boy : ' I Look Crazy But I 'm Not ' '' . Life . 24 ( 19 ) : 131 -- 135 . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William ( September 8 , 2003 ) . `` Nat King Cole > Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gottlieb 2012 , p. 78 Jump up ^ ahbez , eden ( 2010 ) . `` Nat King Cole -- Nature Boy -- Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woo , Elaine ( August 10 , 2004 ) . `` Gypsy Boots , 89 ; Colorful Promoter of Healthy Food and Lifestyles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Santopietro 2009 , p. 209 ^ Jump up to : Dennis 2013 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Knapp 2010 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Chidester , Brian ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Eden Ahbez : The Hippie Forefather 's Final Statement to the World '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Romersa , Joe ( n.d. ) . `` eden ahbez : The Correction To The Lyric '' . Shadow Box Studio . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Friedwald 1997 , p. 166 ^ Jump up to : `` ' Nature Boy ' Scramble , But Bing No Cut '' . Billboard. 21 ( 14 ) : 15 . April 17 , 1948 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 1973 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Talevski 2010 , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Second Annual Disc Jockey Poll '' . Billboard. 21 ( 35 ) : 12 . October 2 , 1948 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gabbard 1996 , p. 245 Jump up ^ Schuller 1991 , p. 824 Jump up ^ Nat King Cole interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gioia 2012 , p. 293 Jump up ^ Cook , Stephen . `` Nature Boy ( Living Era ) > Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vaudeville Reviews '' . Billboard. 21 ( 23 ) : 40 . June 12 , 1948 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Acts Chosen For Revived Radio Poll '' . Billboard. 87 ( 33 ) : 39 . August 16 , 1975 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Hall of Fame Recipients '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , Steve ( September 2001 ) . `` Low Fidelity '' . Los Angeles . 46 ( 9 ) : 137 . ISSN 1522 - 9149 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Landis 1984 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Gabbard 2004 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Adinolfi 2008 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Wynn , Ron . `` Marvin Gaye > A Tribute to the Great Nat King Cole '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do n't You Do Right ? Peggy Lee , 1947 -- 1948 : CD Recordings '' . PeggLee.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reich , Howard ( June 11 , 1995 ) . `` Abbey Lincoln : A Turtle 's Dream ( Verve ) '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A New Day ... Live in Las Vegas ( Media notes ) . Céline Dion . Epic Records . 2002 . EK 92680 , ESD 56154 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Celine Dion > A New Day Has Come '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Talor , Chuck ( January 26 , 2002 ) . `` ' A New Day Has Come ' : A Track Listing '' . Billboard. 114 ( 4 ) : 74 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Singer Aaron Neville Reinvents Himself With New CD ' Nature Boy ' '' . Jet . Linda Johnson Rice . 104 ( 19 ) : 46 . November 3 , 2003 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collar , Matt . `` Harry Connick , Jr. > Harry for the Holidays '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Tony Bennett Detail ' Magnificent ' Collection of Duets '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tony Bennett & Lady Gaga : Cheek to Cheek Album of Classic Jazz Standards To Be Released September 23 '' ( Press release ) . Toronto : Universal Music Canada . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cheek to Cheek ( Liner notes ) . Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga . Baarn , Netherlands : Columbia Records , Interscope Records . 2014 . p. 6 , 9 . ( 3799884 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga And Tony Bennett 's ' Cheek To Cheek ' : A Track By Track Breakdown '' . MTV News . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Tony Bennett Team Up for Sublime ' Nature Boy ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Listen to New Lady Gaga & Tony Bennett Song ' Nature Boy ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Tony Bennett Set To Release ' Nature Boy ' , 9 / 16 '' . Broadway World . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dave ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Tony Bennett get back to ' nature ' on new duet '' . HitFix . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Caroline ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Bennett & Lady Gaga review -- Gaga is a wonder '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Camp , Alexa ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tony Bennett & Lady Gaga : Cheek to Cheek '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Tony Bennett , Jamie Foxx & Nick Jonas : Real - Time Twitter Chart Rewind Ep. 16 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Digital Songs : October 11 , 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search '' . Tophit for Tony Bennett & Lady Gaga . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( January 13 , 1949 ) . `` Movie Review -- The Boy With Green Hair ( 1948 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Green Hair Trouble '' . Life . 24 ( 50 ) : 83 . December 6 , 1948 . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Original Soundtrack > The Crossing '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gillette , Amelie ( December 22 , 2008 ) . `` Seven Pounds Vs. Untamed Heart '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2013 , p. 382 Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` Miles Davis > Miles in the Movies '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holbrook 2012 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Angel Eyes > Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nature Boy '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vanhorn , Teri ( March 22 , 2001 ) . `` Bowie , Massive Attack Updating Nat ' King ' Cole 's ' Nature Boy ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Making of Moulin Rouge ! ( Media notes ) ( in English , French , and Spanish ) . Baz Luhrmann . 20th Century Fox . 2002 . ASIN B001G8XON0 . Jump up ^ Kohlenstein , Brad . `` Original Soundtrack > Moulin Rouge '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tomazzoni , Marco ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Em preto e branco , ' Heleno ' é poesia do começo ao fim '' ( In black and white , ' Heleno ' is poetry from beginning to end ) ( in Portuguese ) . Terra Networks . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raden , Bill ( March 9 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Tyson 's One - Man Show at the Pantages Theater Is Surprisingly Good '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Warner , Sam ( December 25 , 2016 ) . `` Alien : Covenant 's first trailer is finally here , and it 's seriously chilling '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Adinolfi , Francesco ( 2008 ) . Mondo Exotica : Sounds , Visions , Obsessions of the Cocktail Generation . Duke University Press . ISBN 9780822389088 . Dennis , Jeffrey P. ( 2013 ) . Queering Teen Culture : All - American Boys and Same - Sex Desire in Film and Television . Routledge . ISBN 9781317766223 . Dimery , Robert ( 2011 ) . 1001 Songs : You Must Hear Before You Die . Hachette UK . ISBN 9781844037179 . Gabbard , Kirk ( 1996 ) . Jammin ' At The Margins : Jazz And The American Cinema . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226277882 . Gioia , Ted ( 2012 ) . The Jazz Standards : A Guide to the Repertoire . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199937400 . Friedwald , Will ( 1997 ) . Sinatra ! The Song is You : A Singer 's Art . Da Capo Press . ISBN 9780786751594 . Gabbard , Krin ( 2004 ) . Black Magic : White Hollywood and African American Culture . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 9780813533841 . Gottlieb , Jack ( 2012 ) . Funny , It Does n't Sound Jewish : Comparative Studies of Domestic Labor and Self - Employment . State University of New York Press . ISBN 9780791485026 . Holbrook , Morris ( 2012 ) . Music , Movies , Meanings , and Markets : Cinemajazzamatazz . Routledge . ISBN 9781136715761 . Iacobbo , Karen ; Iacobbo , Michael ( 2004 ) . Vegetarian America : A History . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0313361647 . Knapp , Raymond ( 2010 ) . The American Musical and the Performance of Personal Identity . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9781400832682 . Landis , Joseph C. ( 1984 ) . Memoirs of the Yiddish Stage . Queens College Press . OCLC 11649641 . MacDonald , Laurence E. ( 2013 ) . The Invisible Art of Film Music : A Comprehensive History . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 9780810883987 . Mark , Richard ( 2001 ) . Our L.A. County Lifeguard Family . Los Angeles County Fire Department . ISBN 9780615604763 . Richmond , Akasha ( 2006 ) . Hollywood Dish : More Than 150 Delicious , Healthy Recipes from Hollywood 's Chef to the Stars . Penguin Books . ISBN 9781583332412 . Santopietro , Tom ( 2009 ) . Sinatra in Hollywood ( Unabridged ed . ) . Macmillan . ISBN 9781429964746 . Schuller , Gunther ( 1991 ) . The Swing Era : The Development of Jazz , 1930 -- 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195071405 . Shurtleff , William ; Aoyagi , Akiko ( 2010 ) . History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Africa ( 1857 -- 2009 ) . Soyinfo Center . ISBN 9781928914259 . Talevski , Nick ( 2010 ) . Rock Obituaries -- Knocking on Heaven 's Door . Omnibus Press . ISBN 9780857121172 . Whitburn , Joel ( 1973 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles , 1940 -- 1955 . Record Research . ASIN B0006VV23M . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga : `` Nature Boy '' on YouTube Nat King Cole Studio albums The King Cole Trio Nat King Cole at the Piano King Cole for Kids Penthouse Serenade Nat King Cole Sings for Two in Love The Piano Style of Nat King Cole After Midnight Just One of Those Things Love Is the Thing Cole Español St. Louis Blues The Very Thought of You To Whom It May Concern Welcome to the Club A Mis Amigos Tell Me All About Yourself Every Time I Feel the Spirit Wild Is Love The Magic of Christmas The Nat King Cole Story The Touch of Your Lips Nat King Cole Sings / George Shearing Plays Ramblin ' Rose Dear Lonely Hearts More Cole Español Those Lazy - Hazy - Crazy Days of Summer Where Did Everyone Go ? Nat King Cole Sings My Fair Lady Let 's Face the Music ! I Do n't Want to Be Hurt Anymore L-O-V-E Compilation albums Top Pops Harvest of Hits Unforgettable 10th Anniversary Album Ballads of the Day This Is Nat King Cole The Beautiful Ballads For Sentimental Reasons Love Songs Tribute albums All for You : A Dedication to the Nat King Cole Trio Dear Mr. Cole Inspiration : A Tribute to Nat King Cole The Nat King Cole Songbook P.S. Mr. Cole A Tribute to the Great Nat `` King '' Cole With Respect to Nat You 're Lookin ' at Me ( A Collection of Nat King Cole Songs ) Songs `` Mona Lisa '' `` Night Lights '' `` To the Ends of the Earth '' `` Unforgettable '' `` The Christmas Song '' Related articles Discography Maria Cole ( wife ) Carole Cole ( daughter ) Natalie Cole ( daughter ) Sarah Vaughan Studio albums Sarah Vaughan with Clifford Brown In the Land of Hi - Fi After Hours Sassy Swingin ' Easy Sarah Vaughan and Billy Eckstine Sing the Best of Irving Berlin Sarah Vaughan Sings George Gershwin Sarah Vaughan Sings Broadway : Great Songs from Hit Shows No Count Sarah Vaughan and Violins Close to You Dreamy The Divine One The Explosive Side of Sarah Vaughan Count Basie / Sarah Vaughan After Hours You 're Mine You Sarah + 2 Sarah Sings Soulfully Snowbound Sweet ' n ' Sassy Star Eyes Sarah Slightly Classical Vaughan with Voices Pop Artistry of Sarah Vaughan The Lonely Hours ¡ Viva ! Vaughan Sarah Vaughan Sings the Mancini Songbook The New Scene It 's a Man 's World Sassy Swings Again A Time in My Life Sarah Vaughan with Michel Legrand Feelin ' Good Send in the Clowns I Love Brazil ! How Long Has This Been Going On ? The Duke Ellington Songbook , Vol. 1 The Duke Ellington Songbook , Vol. 2 Copacabana Songs of the Beatles Send in the Clowns Crazy and Mixed Up The Planet Is Alive ... Let it Live ! Brazilian Romance Live albums At Mister Kelly 's After Hours at the London House Sassy Swings the Tivoli Live in Japan Sarah Vaughan with the Jimmy Rowles Quintet Ronnie Scott 's Presents Sarah Vaughan Live Gershwin Live ! One Night Stand -- The Town Hall Concert 1947 In the City of Lights Linger Awhile : Live at Newport and More Divine Lady of Song Compilation albums Sarah Vaughan in Hi - Fi Other album appearances 2 : 00 AM Paradise Cafe Back on the Block Extended plays Hot Jazz The Divine Sarah Sings Charted singles `` Tenderly '' `` Nature Boy '' `` It 's Magic '' `` Black Coffee '' `` That Lucky Old Sun ( Just Rolls Around Heaven All Day ) '' `` Thinking of You '' `` Vanity '' `` How Important Can It Be ? '' `` Whatever Lola Wants '' `` Mr. Wonderful '' `` The Banana Boat Song '' `` Passing Strangers '' `` Broken Hearted Melody '' `` Misty '' `` Eternally '' `` A Lover 's Concerto '' Songs `` Autumn in New York '' `` Body and Soul '' `` Dancing in the Dark '' `` Do n't Blame Me '' `` Everything I Have Is Yours '' `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' `` If You Could See Me Now '' `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` My Funny Valentine '' `` Poor Butterfly '' `` Send in the Clowns '' `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' Related topics Discography The Calling : Celebrating Sarah Vaughan Sarah : Dedicated to You Unmarked Van : A Tribute to Sarah Vaughan Book : Sarah Vaughan Lady Gaga songs Discography The Fame `` Just Dance '' `` LoveGame '' `` Paparazzi '' `` Poker Face '' `` Eh , Eh ( Nothing Else I Can Say ) '' `` Beautiful , Dirty , Rich '' The Fame Monster `` Bad Romance '' `` Alejandro '' `` Monster '' `` Speechless '' `` Dance in the Dark '' `` Telephone '' `` So Happy I Could Die '' `` Teeth '' Born This Way `` Marry the Night '' `` Born This Way '' `` Government Hooker '' `` Judas '' `` Americano '' `` Hair '' `` Scheiße '' `` Electric Chapel '' `` You and I '' `` The Edge of Glory '' Artpop `` Aura '' `` Venus '' `` G.U.Y. '' `` Sexxx Dreams '' `` Do What U Want '' `` Artpop '' `` Swine '' `` Dope '' `` Gypsy '' `` Applause '' Cheek to Cheek `` Anything Goes '' `` Nature Boy '' `` I Ca n't Give You Anything but Love '' `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' Joanne `` A-Yo '' `` Joanne '' `` John Wayne '' `` Perfect Illusion '' `` Million Reasons '' As featured artist `` Chillin '' `` Video Phone '' ( remix ) `` 3 - Way ( The Golden Rule ) '' `` The Lady Is a Tramp '' Non-album songs `` Christmas Tree '' `` Winter Wonderland '' `` Til It Happens to You '' `` I Want Your Love '' `` The Cure '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nature_Boy&oldid=820821538 '' Categories : 1940s jazz standards 1948 songs Aaron Neville songs Bobby Darin songs David Bowie songs Frank Sinatra songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Harry Connick Jr. songs James Brown songs Lady Gaga songs Marvin Gaye songs Nat King Cole songs Number - one singles in the United States Peggy Lee songs Songs involved in plagiarism controversies Tony Bennett songs Sarah Vaughan songs Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Good articles Use mdy dates from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 20 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the greatest thing you ll ever learn is to love and be loved in return	[]	[]
-1279442660930278453	1930 FIFA World Cup	1930 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 1930 FIFA World Cup 1930 FIFA World Cup 1er Campeonato Mundial de Fútbol Official poster Tournament details Host country Uruguay Dates 13 -- 30 July ( 18 days ) Teams 13 ( from 3 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 3 ( in 1 host city ) Final positions Champions Uruguay ( 1st title ) Runners - up Argentina Third place United States Fourth place Yugoslavia Tournament statistics Matches played 18 Goals scored 70 ( 3.89 per match ) Attendance 590,549 ( 32,808 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Guillermo Stábile ( 8 goals ) Best player José Nasazzi 1934 → The 1930 FIFA World Cup was the inaugural FIFA World Cup , the world championship for men 's national association football teams . It took place in Uruguay from 13 to 30 July 1930 . FIFA , football 's international governing body , selected Uruguay as host nation , as the country would be celebrating the centenary of its first constitution , and the Uruguay national football team had successfully retained their football title at the 1928 Summer Olympics . All matches were played in the Uruguayan capital , Montevideo , the majority at the Estadio Centenario , which was built for the tournament . Thirteen teams ( seven from South America , four from Europe and two from North America ) entered the tournament . Only a few European teams chose to participate because of the difficulty of travelling to South America . The teams were divided into four groups , with the winner of each group progressing to the semi-finals . The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously , and were won by France and the United States , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 , respectively . Lucien Laurent of France scored the first goal in World Cup history , while US goalkeeper Jimmy Douglas posted the first official `` clean sheet '' in the tournament . Argentina , Uruguay , the United States and Yugoslavia each won their respective groups to qualify for the semi-finals . In the final , hosts and pre-tournament favourites Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of a crowd of 68,346 people , and became the first nation to win the World Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Participants 3 Venues 4 Squads 5 Match officials 6 Format 7 Draw 8 Tournament summary 8.1 Group 1 8.2 Group 2 8.3 Group 3 8.4 Group 4 8.5 Semi-finals 8.6 Third and fourth place 8.7 Final 9 Group stage 9.1 Group 1 9.2 Group 2 9.3 Group 3 9.4 Group 4 10 Knockout stage 10.1 Bracket 10.2 Semi-finals 10.3 Final 11 Goalscorers 12 FIFA retrospective ranking 13 Last surviving players 14 Film 15 Notes 16 Bibliography 17 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Italy , Sweden , the Netherlands , Spain , Hungary and Uruguay all lodged applications to host the event . Uruguay 's bid became the clear selection after all the other countries withdrew their bids . Participants ( edit ) Participating countries The first World Cup was the only one without qualification . Every country affiliated with FIFA was invited to compete , and given a deadline of 28 February 1930 to accept . Plenty of interest was shown by nations in the Americas ; Argentina , Brazil , Bolivia , Chile , Mexico , Paraguay , Peru and the United States all entered . A total of seven South American teams participated , more than in any subsequent World Cup Finals . However , because of the long and costly trip by ship across the Atlantic Ocean , and the length of absence required for players , very few European teams were inclined to take part . Some refused to countenance travel to South America in any circumstances , and no European entries were received before the February deadline . In an attempt to gain some European participation , the Uruguayan Football Association sent a letter of invitation to The Football Association , even though the British Home Nations ( England , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales ) had resigned from FIFA at the time . This was rejected by the FA Committee on 18 November 1929 . Two months before the start of the tournament , no team from Europe had officially entered . FIFA president Jules Rimet intervened , and eventually four European teams made the trip by sea : Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia . The Romanians , managed by Constantin Rădulescu and coached by their captain Rudolf Wetzer and Octav Luchide , entered the competition following the intervention of newly crowned King Carol II . He selected the squad personally , and negotiated with employers to ensure that the players would still have jobs upon their return . The French entered at the personal intervention of Rimet , but neither France 's star defender Manuel Anatol nor the team 's regular coach Gaston Barreau could be persuaded to make the trip . The Belgians participated at the instigation of German - Belgian FIFA vice-president Rodolphe Seeldrayers . We were 15 days on the ship Conte Verde getting out there . We embarked from Villefranche - sur - Mer in company of the Belgians and the Yugoslavians . We did our basic exercises down below and our training on deck . The coach never spoke about tactics at all ... Lucien Laurent The Romanians boarded the SS Conte Verde at Genoa , the French were picked up at Villefranche - sur - Mer on 21 June 1930 ; and the Belgians embarked at Barcelona . The Conte Verde carried Rimet , the trophy and the three designated European referees : the Belgians Jean Langenus and Henri Christophe , along with Thomas Balway , a Parisian who may have been English . The Brazilian team were picked up when the boat docked in Rio de Janeiro on 29 June before arriving in Uruguay on 4 July . Yugoslavia travelled via the mail steamship Florida from Marseille . In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia there were doubts about their participation at first . Since the Croatians decided to boycott the national team , King Alexander I did not want to finance the whole idea , but in the end they found a solution . Belgrade football association officials decided to round up only domestic ( Serbian ) star players , mainly from two rival Belgrade clubs , BSK and SK Jugoslavija , with an additional three Serbs who played for French clubs ( Ivan Bek among them ) . Therefore , the Yugoslavia team was exclusively made up of Serbian players ; and with the two biggest stars of the team , Blagoje Marjanović ( `` Moša '' ) and Aleksandar Tirnanić ( `` Tirke '' ) , both from BSK , they were ready for a trip to South America to represent Yugoslavia in the World Cup . The Yugoslavians were the youngest team in the World Cup ; with an average age of 21 years and 258 days . After their first match , against Brazil , they received a new nickname `` The Ich - es '' or `` Ichachos '' ( in Spanish ) by the Uruguayan press ; referring to most of the player 's surnames that ended up with the `` - ić '' or `` - vić '' suffix , which is quite common for Serbian last names . They achieved the joint -- biggest success in both Yugoslav and Serbian subsequent World Cup footballing history , by earning fourth place . Venues ( edit ) All matches took place in Montevideo . Three stadiums were used : Estadio Centenario , Estadio Pocitos , and Estadio Parque Central . The Estadio Centenario was built both for the tournament and as a celebration of the centenary of Uruguayan independence . Designed by Juan Scasso , it was the primary stadium for the tournament , referred to by Rimet as a `` temple of football '' . With a capacity of 90,000 , it was the largest football stadium outside the British Isles . The stadium hosted 10 of the 18 matches , including both semi-finals and the final . However , a rushed construction schedule and delays caused by the rainy season meant the Centenario was not ready for use until five days into the tournament . Early matches were played at smaller stadiums usually used by Montevideo football clubs Nacional and Peñarol , the 20,000 capacity Parque Central and the Pocitos . Montevideo 1930 FIFA World Cup ( Uruguay ) Montevideo Estadio Centenario Estadio Gran Parque Central Estadio Pocitos 34 ° 53 ′ 40.38 '' S 56 ° 9 ′ 10.08 '' W / 34.8945500 ° S 56.1528000 ° W / - 34.8945500 ; - 56.1528000 ( Estadio Centenario ) 34 ° 54 ′ 4 '' S 56 ° 9 ′ 32 '' W / 34.90111 ° S 56.15889 ° W / - 34.90111 ; - 56.15889 ( Estadio Gran Parque Central ) 34 ° 54 ′ 18.378 '' S 56 ° 9 ′ 22.42 '' W / 34.90510500 ° S 56.1562278 ° W / - 34.90510500 ; - 56.1562278 ( Estadio Pocitos ) Capacity : 90,000 Capacity : 20,000 Capacity : 1,000 Squads ( edit ) For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament , see 1930 FIFA World Cup squads . Match officials ( edit ) Fifteen referees participated in the tournament : four Europeans -- two Belgians ( Henri Christophe and John Langenus ) , a Frenchman , and a Romanian ( Constantin Rădulescu , also the Romanian team coach ) , and eleven from the Americas -- among them six Uruguayans . In order to eliminate differences in the application of the Laws of the Game , the referees were invited to one short meeting to iron out the most conflicting issues arising from the game . Of all the refereeing appointments , the two that attracted most attention were that of Gilberto de Almeida Rêgo in the match between Argentina and France , in which the Brazilian referee blew for full - time six minutes early , and that of the Bolivian Ulises Saucedo 's in the Argentina and Mexico encounter , which Argentina won 6 -- 3 . During the game Saucedo , who was also the coach of Bolivia , awarded three penalties . The following is the list of officials to serve as referees and linesmen . Officials in italics were only employed as linesmen during the tournament . Europe Thomas Balvay Henri Christophe Jan Langenus Constantin Rădulescu North America Gaspar Vallejo South America Gualberto Alonso Martin Aphesteguy Domingo Lombardi José Macías Francisco Mateucci Almeida Rêgo Ulises Saucedo Anibal Tejada Ricardo Vallarino Alberto Warnken Format ( edit ) The 13 teams were drawn into four groups , with Group 1 containing four teams , and the others containing only three . Each group played a round - robin format , with two points awarded for a win and one point for a draw . If two teams had tied on points to win a group , a play - off would have been used to decide the group winner ; however , this was not necessary . The four group winners progressed to the knockout semi-final stage . Extra time was available in the knockout matches if the two teams were level after ninety minutes , but it was not required . Draw ( edit ) Uruguay , Argentina , Brazil , and the United States were seeded , and were kept apart in the draw , which took place in Montevideo once all the teams arrived . Since there were no qualifying games , the opening two matches of the tournament were the first World Cup games ever played , taking place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 ; France beat Mexico 4 -- 1 at the Estadio Pocitos , while the United States defeated Belgium 3 -- 0 at the same time at the Estadio Gran Parque Central . France 's Lucien Laurent was the scorer of the first World Cup goal . Tournament summary ( edit ) Group 1 ( edit ) We were playing Mexico and it was snowing , since it was winter in the southern hemisphere . One of my team mates centred the ball and I followed its path carefully , taking it on the volley with my right foot . Everyone was pleased but we did n't all roll around on the ground -- nobody realised that history was being made . A quick handshake and we got on with the game . And no bonus either ; we were all amateurs in those days , right to the end . Lucien Laurent The first group was the only one to contain four teams : Argentina , Chile , France and Mexico . Two days after France 's victory over Mexico , they faced group favourites Argentina . Injuries hindered France ; goalkeeper Alex Thépot had to leave the field after 20 minutes , and Laurent , after a fierce tackle by Luis Monti , spent most of the match limping . However , they held out for most of the match , only succumbing to an 81st - minute goal scored from a Monti free kick . The game featured an officiating controversy when referee Almeida Rêgo erroneously blew the final whistle six minutes early , with Frenchman Marcel Langiller clear on goal ; play only resumed after protests from the French players . Though France had played twice in 48 hours , Chile had yet to play their first match . They faced Mexico the following day , gaining a comfortable 3 -- 0 win . France 's final match , against Chile , featured the first penalty kick of the World Cup . The first goalkeeper to save a penalty was Alex Thépot of France on 19 July 1930 , saving from Chile 's Carlos Vidal in the 30th minute of the match . In Argentina 's second match , against Mexico , three penalty kicks were awarded . During the same match on 19 July 1930 Mexico 's Oscar Bonfiglio Martínez saved another penalty at the 23rd minute of the match against Argentina 's Fernando Paternoster . Guillermo Stábile scored a hat - trick in his international debut as Argentina won 6 -- 3 , despite the absence of their captain Manuel Ferreira , who had returned to Buenos Aires to take a law exam . Qualification was decided by the group 's final match , contested by Argentina and Chile , who had beaten France and Mexico , respectively . The game was marred by a brawl sparked by a foul on Arturo Torres by Monti . Argentina won 3 -- 1 against their neighbours and advanced to the semi-finals . Group 2 ( edit ) The second group contained Brazil , Bolivia and Yugoslavia . Brazil , the group seeds , were expected to progress , but in the group 's opening match , unexpectedly lost 2 -- 1 to Yugoslavia . Going into the tournament Bolivia had never previously won an international match . For their opener they paid tribute to the hosts by wearing shirts each emblazoned with a single letter , spelling `` Viva Uruguay '' as the team lined up . Both of Bolivia 's matches followed a similar pattern , a promising start gradually transforming into heavy defeat . Against Yugoslavia , they held out for an hour before conceding , but were four goals down by the final whistle . Misfortune played its part ; several Bolivian goals were disallowed . Against Brazil , when both teams had only pride to play for , the score was 1 -- 0 to Brazil at half - time . Brazil added three more in the second half , two of them scored by the multi-sportsman Preguinho . Yugoslavia qualified for the semi-finals . Group 3 ( edit ) Hosts Uruguay were in a group with Peru and Romania . The opening match in this group saw the first player expulsion in the competition , when Plácido Galindo of Peru was dismissed against Romania . The Romanians made their man advantage pay ; their 3 -- 1 win included two late goals . This match had the smallest crowd of any in World Cup history . The official attendance was 2,459 , but the actual figure is generally accepted to be around 300 . Because of construction delays at Estadio Centenario , Uruguay 's first match was not played until five days into the tournament . The first to be held at the Centenario , it was preceded by a ceremony in honour of the Uruguayan centenary celebrations . The Uruguayan team spent the four weeks preceding the match in a training camp , at which strict discipline was exercised . Goalkeeper Andrés Mazali was dropped from the squad for breaking a curfew to visit his wife . One hundred years to the day of the creation of Uruguay 's first constitution , the hosts won a tight match against Peru 1 -- 0 . Spectators praised Peru 's defense , and this turned out to be the only tournament match in which Uruguay scored only one goal . The result was viewed as a poor performance by the Uruguayan press , but lauded in Peru . Uruguay subsequently defeated Romania with ease , scoring four first half goals to win 4 -- 0 . Group 4 ( edit ) The fourth group contained Belgium , Paraguay and The United States . The American team , which contained a significant number of new caps , were reputedly nicknamed `` the shot - putters '' by an unnamed source in the French contingent . They beat their first opponents , Belgium , 3 -- 0 . The ease of the victory was unexpected ; Uruguayan newspaper Imparcial wrote that `` the large score of the American victory has really surprised the experts '' . Belgian reports bemoaned the state of the pitch and refereeing decisions , claiming that the second goal was offside . The group 's second match , played in windy conditions , witnessed the first tournament hat - trick , scored by Bert Patenaude of the United States against Paraguay . Until 10 November 2006 , the first hat - trick that FIFA acknowledged had been scored by Guillermo Stábile of Argentina , two days after Patenaude ; however , in 2006 FIFA announced that Patenaude 's claim to being the first hat - trick scorer was valid , as a goal previously assigned to teammate Tom Florie was reattributed to Patenaude . With the United States having secured qualification , the final match in the group was a dead rubber . Paraguay beat Belgium by a 1 -- 0 margin . Semi-finals ( edit ) The four group winners , Argentina , Yugoslavia , Uruguay and the United States , moved to the semi-finals . The two semi-final matches saw identical scores . The first semi-final was played between the USA and Argentina on a rain - drenched pitch . The United States team , which featured six British - born players , lost midfielder Raphael Tracy after ten minutes to a broken leg as the match became violent . A Monti goal halfway through the first half gave Argentina a 1 -- 0 half - time lead . In the second half , the strength of the United States team was overwhelmed by the pace of the Argentinian attacks , the match finishing 6 -- 1 to Argentina . In the second semi-final there were shades of the 1924 Summer Olympics match between Yugoslavia and Uruguay . Here , though , Yugoslavia took a surprise lead through Vujadinović . Uruguay then took a 2 -- 1 lead . Then shortly before half - time Yugoslavia had a goal disallowed by a controversial offside decision . The hosts scored three more in the second half to win 6 -- 1 , Pedro Cea completing a hat - trick . Third and fourth place ( edit ) The now - traditional third place play - off was not established until 1934 , so the format of the 1930 World Cup is unique in not distinguishing between the third and fourth placed teams . Occasional sources , notably a FIFA Bulletin from 1984 , incorrectly imply that a third - place match occurred and was won 3 -- 1 by Yugoslavia . Accounts differ as to whether a third - place match was originally scheduled . According to a 2009 book by Hyder Jawad , Yugoslavia refused to play a third - place match because they were upset with the refereeing in their semi-final against Uruguay . At the end of the championship , the captains of the United States team ( Tom Florie ) and Yugoslavia ( Milutin Ivković ) both received bronze medals . Yet a FIFA technical committee report on the 1986 World Cup included full retrospective rankings of all teams at all previous World Cup finals ; this report ranked the United States third and Yugoslavia fourth , due to a better goal difference on otherwise identical records , a practice since continued by FIFA . In 2010 , the son of Kosta Hadži , the chief of Yugoslav delegation at the 1930 World Cup and the vice-president of the Football Association of Yugoslavia at the time , claimed that Yugoslavia , as a team , has been awarded one bronze medal , which has been kept by Hadži himself and his family for the following 80 years . According to this source , Yugoslavia was placed third because of the semi-finals loss to the eventual champions , Uruguay . Final ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Final Because of a dispute , a different ball was used in each half , one chosen by each team . Argentina 's ball ( top ) was used for the first half , and Uruguay 's ball ( bottom ) was used for the second half . The resounding wins for Uruguay and Argentina in the semi-finals meant the final was a repeat of the matchup in the 1928 Olympic final , which Uruguay had won 2 -- 1 after a replay . The final was played at the Estadio Centenario on 30 July . Feelings ran high around the La Plata Basin as the Argentine supporters crossed the river with the war cry Victoria o muerte ( `` victory or death '' ) , dispelling any uncertainty as to whether the tournament had captured the imagination of the public . The ten boats earmarked to carry Argentine fans from Buenos Aires to Montevideo proved inadequate , and any number of assorted craft attempted the crossing . An estimated 10 -- 15,000 Argentinians made the trip , but the port at Montevideo was so overwhelmed that many did not even make landfall before kick - off , let alone reach the stadium . At the stadium , supporters were searched for weapons . The gates were opened at eight o'clock , six hours before kick - off , and at noon the ground was full , the official attendance 93,000 . A disagreement overshadowed the build - up to the match as the teams failed to agree on who should provide the match ball , forcing FIFA to intervene and decree that the Argentine team would provide the ball for the first half and the Uruguayans would provide their own for the second . Uruguay made one change from their semi-final line - up . Castro replaced Anselmo , who missed out due to illness . Monti played for Argentina despite receiving death threats on the eve of the match . The referee was Belgian John Langenus , who only agreed to officiate a few hours before the game , having sought assurances for his safety . One of his requests was for a boat to be ready at the harbour within one hour of the final whistle , in case he needed to make a quick escape . The hosts scored the opening goal through Pablo Dorado , a low shot from a position on the right . Argentina , displaying superior passing ability , responded strongly . Within eight minutes they were back on level terms ; Carlos Peucelle received a Ferreira through - ball , beat his marker and equalised . Shortly before half - time leading tournament goalscorer Guillermo Stábile gave Argentina a 2 -- 1 lead . Uruguay captain Nasazzi protested , maintaining that Stábile was offside , but to no avail . In the second half Uruguay gradually became ascendant . Shortly after Monti missed a chance to make the score 3 -- 1 , Uruguay attacked in numbers , and Pedro Cea scored an equaliser . Ten minutes later a goal by Santos Iriarte gave Uruguay the lead , and just before full - time Castro made it 4 -- 2 to seal the win . Langenus ended the match a minute later , and Uruguay thus added the title World Cup winners to their mantle of Olympic champions . Jules Rimet presented the World Cup Trophy , which was later named for him , to the head of the Uruguayan Football Association , Raúl Jude . The following day was declared a national holiday in Uruguay ; in the Argentinian capital , Buenos Aires , a mob threw stones at the Uruguayan consulate . Francisco Varallo ( who played as a forward for Argentina ) was the last player of the final to die , on 30 August 2010 . France , Yugoslavia and the United States all played friendlies in South America following the competition . Brazil played France on 1 August , Yugoslavia on 10 August and the United States on 17 August , while Argentina hosted Yugoslavia on 3 August . Uruguay 's aggregate goal difference of + 12 over four games , at an average of + 3 per match , remains the highest average goal difference per match of any World Cup champion , and the second highest of any World Cup Finals participant , after Hungary in 1954 . Group stage ( edit ) Group 1 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 1 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Argentina 0 0 10 + 6 6 Chile 0 5 + 2 France 0 + 1 Mexico 0 0 13 − 9 0 13 July 1930 15 : 00 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) France 4 -- 1 Mexico L. Laurent 19 ' Langiller 40 ' Maschinot 43 ' , 87 ' Report Carreño 70 ' Estadio Pocitos , Montevideo Attendance : 4,444 Referee : Domingo Lombardi ( Uruguay ) 15 July 1930 16 : 00 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Argentina 1 -- 0 France Monti 81 ' Report Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo Attendance : 23,409 Referee : Almeida Rêgo ( Brazil ) 16 July 1930 14 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Chile 3 -- 0 Mexico Vidal 3 ' , 65 ' M. Rosas 52 ' ( o.g. ) Report Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo Attendance : 9,249 Referee : Henri Christophe ( Belgium ) 19 July 1930 12 : 50 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Chile 1 -- 0 France Subiabre 67 ' Report Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 2,000 Referee : Anibal Tejada ( Uruguay ) 19 July 1930 15 : 00 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Argentina 6 -- 3 Mexico Stábile 8 ' , 17 ' , 80 ' Zumelzú 12 ' , 55 ' Varallo 53 ' Report M. Rosas 42 ' ( pen . ) , 65 ' Gayón 75 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 42,100 Referee : Ulises Saucedo ( Bolivia ) 22 July 1930 14 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Argentina 3 -- 1 Chile Stábile 12 ' , 13 ' M. Evaristo 51 ' Report Subiabre 15 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 41,459 Referee : John Langenus ( Belgium ) Group 2 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 2 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Yugoslavia 0 0 6 + 5 Brazil 0 5 + 3 Bolivia 0 0 0 8 − 8 0 14 July 1930 12 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Yugoslavia 2 -- 1 Brazil Tirnanić 21 ' Bek 30 ' Report Preguinho 62 ' Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo Attendance : 24,059 Referee : Aníbal Tejada ( Uruguay ) 17 July 1930 12 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Yugoslavia 4 -- 0 Bolivia Bek 60 ' , 67 ' Marjanović 65 ' Vujadinović 85 ' Report Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo Attendance : 18,306 Referee : Francisco Mateucci ( Uruguay ) 20 July 1930 13 : 00 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Brazil 4 -- 0 Bolivia Moderato 37 ' , 73 ' Preguinho 57 ' , 83 ' Report Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 25,466 Referee : Thomas Balvay ( France ) Group 3 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 3 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Uruguay 0 0 5 0 + 5 Romania 0 5 − 2 Peru 0 0 − 3 0 14 July 1930 14 : 50 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Romania 3 -- 1 Peru Deşu 1 ' Stanciu 79 ' Kovács 89 ' Report Souza Ferreira 75 ' Estadio Pocitos , Montevideo Attendance : 2,549 Referee : Alberto Warnken ( Chile ) 18 July 1930 14 : 30 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Uruguay 1 -- 0 Peru Castro 65 ' Report Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 57,735 Referee : John Langenus ( Belgium ) 21 July 1930 14 : 50 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Uruguay 4 -- 0 Romania Dorado 7 ' Scarone 26 ' Anselmo 31 ' Cea 35 ' Report Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 70,022 Referee : Almeida Rêgo ( Brazil ) Group 4 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 4 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts United States 0 0 6 0 + 6 Paraguay 0 − 2 Belgium 0 0 0 − 4 0 13 July 1930 15 : 00 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) United States 3 -- 0 Belgium McGhee 23 ' Florie 45 ' Patenaude 69 ' Report Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo Attendance : 18,346 Referee : José Macías ( Argentina ) 17 July 1930 14 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) United States 3 -- 0 Paraguay Patenaude 10 ' , 15 ' , 50 ' Report Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo Attendance : 18,306 Referee : José Macías ( Argentina ) 20 July 1930 15 : 00 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Paraguay 1 -- 0 Belgium Vargas Peña 40 ' Report Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 12,000 Referee : Ricardo Vallarino ( Uruguay ) Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup knockout stage Bracket ( edit ) Semi-finals Final 27 July -- Montevideo ( Centenario ) Uruguay 6 Yugoslavia 30 July -- Montevideo ( Centenario ) Uruguay Argentina 26 July -- Montevideo ( Centenario ) Argentina 6 United States Semi-finals ( edit ) 26 July 1930 14 : 45 UYT Argentina 6 -- 1 United States Monti 20 ' Scopelli 56 ' Stábile 69 ' , 87 ' Peucelle 80 ' , 85 ' Report Brown 89 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 72,886 Referee : John Langenus ( Belgium ) 27 July 1930 14 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia Cea 18 ' , 67 ' , 72 ' Anselmo 20 ' , 31 ' Iriarte 61 ' Report Vujadinović 4 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 79,867 Referee : Gilberto de Almeida Rêgo ( Brazil ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Final 30 July 1930 ( 1930 - 07 - 30 ) 14 : 15 UYT ( UTC - 03 : 30 ) Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Dorado 12 ' Cea 57 ' Iriarte 68 ' Castro 89 ' Report Peucelle 20 ' Stábile 37 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 68,346 Referee : John Langenus ( Belgium ) Goalscorers ( edit ) With eight goals , Guillermo Stábile was the top scorer in the tournament . In total , 70 goals were scored by 36 players , with only one of them credited as an own goal . 8 goals Guillermo Stábile 5 goals Pedro Cea 4 goals Bert Patenaude 3 goals Carlos Peucelle Preguinho Peregrino Anselmo Ivan Bek 2 goals Luis Monti Adolfo Zumelzú Moderato Guillermo Subiabre Carlos Vidal André Maschinot Manuel Rosas Héctor Castro Pablo Dorado Santos Iriarte Đorđe Vujadinović 1 goal Mario Evaristo Alejandro Scopelli Francisco Varallo Marcel Langiller Lucien Laurent Juan Carreño Roberto Gayón Luis Vargas Peña Luis de Souza Ferreira Adalbert Deșu Nicolae Kovács Constantin Stanciu Jim Brown Tom Florie Bart McGhee Héctor Scarone Blagoje Marjanović Aleksandar Tirnanić Own goals Manuel Rosas ( against Chile ) FIFA retrospective ranking ( edit ) In 1986 , FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986 , based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . The rankings for the 1930 tournament were as follows : R Team GF GA GD Pts Uruguay 0 0 15 + 12 8 Argentina 5 0 18 9 + 9 8 United States 0 7 6 + 1 Yugoslavia 0 7 7 0 Eliminated in the group stage 5 Chile 0 5 + 2 6 Brazil 0 5 + 3 7 France 0 + 1 8 Romania 0 5 − 2 9 Paraguay 0 − 2 10 Peru 0 0 − 3 0 11 Belgium 0 0 0 − 4 0 12 Bolivia 0 0 0 8 − 8 0 13 Mexico 0 0 13 − 9 0 Last surviving players ( edit ) The last surviving player from Uruguay 's World Cup - winning side was Ernesto Mascheroni , who died on 3 July 1984 at the age of 76 . He was outlived by reserve defender Emilio Recoba who died on 12 September 1992 ( aged 87 ) , but did not play any matches in the tournament . However , many other players who participated in the tournament were still alive by this stage and the last surviving player from the tournament was Argentina 's Francisco Varallo , who died on 30 August 2010 at the age of 100 -- eighty years after the tournament . Film ( edit ) A recreation of the tournament from the point of view of the Yugoslavian team can be seen in the 2014 Serbian film See You in Montevideo . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Cup Best Players ( Golden Ball ) '' . Topend Sports . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup History -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Chris ( 2006 ) . World Cup Stories : The History of the FIFA World Cup . Ware : Interact . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9549819 - 2 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . Fourfourtwo magazine . Archived from the original on 19 August 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup -- Classic Moments from FIFA World Cup History '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 26 April 2006 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Seddon , pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Goldblatt ( 2008 ) , p. 248 ^ Jump up to : Goldblatt ( 2008 ) , p. 249 ^ Jump up to : Vautrot , Michel ( 17 June 1998 ) . `` A historical link with the Franche - Comté '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 8 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lara , Miguel A. `` Uruguay , allí nació la historia '' . Marca.com Archive ( in Spanish ) . Marca.com . Archived from the original on 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , David ( 2007 ) . The Ball is Round : A Global History of Football . London : Penguin . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 101582 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dunning , Eric ; Malcolm , Dominic ( 2003 ) . Sport . Routledge . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26292 - 7 . Jump up ^ Glanville , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : `` 25 datos sobre la Copa Mundial de la FIFA '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Campeonato `` Uruguay 1930 '' `` . Archived from the original on 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22944 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Cup draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` Lucien Laurent : The World Cup 's First Goal Scorer '' . CBC Sports . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Freddi , Cris ( 2006 ) . Complete Book of the World Cup 2006 . London : HarperCollins . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 722916 - X . ^ Jump up to : Glanville , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Crouch , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Millingstein 's History of World Cup Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1930 Golden Boot -- Guillermo Stabile '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 29 August 2006 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . ( archive.org mirror ) Jump up ^ Seddon , Peter ( 2005 ) . The World Cup 's Strangest Moments . London : Robson . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86105 - 869 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Glanville , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Freddi , p. 5 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 6 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 7 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Almeida , p. 125 Jump up ^ Pulgar - Vidal Otálora , Jaime ( 24 February 2007 ) . `` Peru en El Mundial del 30 '' . Jaimepulgarvidal.blogspot.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Almeida , Rony J. ( 2006 ) . Where It All Began . Lulu . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 7906 - 1 . Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The first World Cup hat trick '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 4 November 2009 . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Lisi , Clemente Angelo ( 2007 ) . A history of the World Cup : 1930 -- 2006 . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5905 - X . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Crouch , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Jawad , Hyder ( 2009 ) ; Four Weeks In Montevideo : The Story of World Cup 1930 , ( Seventeen Media & Publishing ) , p. 105 Jump up ^ Florie medal -- Where the Legend Began Jump up ^ Marjanović medal -- Sačuvana medalja Moše Marjanovića Archived 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Permanent Table '' ( PDF ) . FIFA World Cup México ' 86 -- Technical Report . 1986 . p. 230 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final Tournament Standings '' . 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Медаља из дома Хаџијевих сведочи да смо били трећи на Мундијалу ( in Serbian ) . Politika . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Još uvek sjaji bronza iz Montevidea '' ( in Serbian ) . Blic . Archived from the original on 23 June 2010 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , p. 250 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Glanville , p. 20 Jump up ^ Goldblatt , p. 251 ^ Jump up to : Freddi , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Glanville , p. 21 Jump up ^ `` El gol está de luto '' . Olé ( in Spanish ) . 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seleção Brasileira ( Brazilian National Team ) 1923 -- 1932 '' . RSSSF Brazil . Archived from the original on 14 August 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina national Team archive '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer , timing , or both . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Both of these goals are credited by RSSSF and FIFA to Carlos Vidal Jump up ^ This goal is credited by RSSSF to Carlos Vidal Jump up ^ This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer , timing , or both . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer , timing , or both . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer , timing , or both . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited the goal in the 15th minute to Tom Florie , but changed it to Patenaude in 2006 . During previous years , it was also listed as an own goal by Aurelio González ( RSSSF ) . ^ Jump up to : This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer , timing , or both . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer and / or timing . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 3 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 December 2008 ... Jump up ^ `` Francisco Varallo : Last surviving player from first World Cup final dies aged 100 '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Almeida , Rony J. ( 2006 ) . Where It All Began . Lulu . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 7906 - 1 . Crouch , Terry ( 2002 ) . The World Cup : The Complete History . London : Aurum . ISBN 1 - 85410 - 843 - 3 . Dunning , Eric ; Malcolm , Dominic ( 2003 ) . Sport . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26292 - 7 . Freddi , Cris ( 2006 ) . Complete Book of the World Cup 2006 . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 722916 - X . Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . Goldblatt , David ( 2008 ) . The Ball Is Round : A Global History of Soccer . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59448 - 296 - 0 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Hunt , Chris ( 2006 ) . World Cup Stories : The history of the FIFA World Cup . Ware : Interact . ISBN 0 - 9549819 - 2 - 8 . Jawad , Hyder ( 2009 ) ; Four Weeks In Montevideo : The Story of World Cup 1930 , ( Seventeen Media & Publishing ) Lisi , Clemente Angelo ( 2007 ) . A history of the World Cup : 1930 -- 2006 . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5905 - X . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Seddon , Peter ( 2005 ) . The World Cup 's Strangest Moments . London : Robson . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 869 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Media related to FIFA World Cup 1930 at Wikimedia Commons Association football portal Uruguay portal 1930s portal 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay , FIFA.com 1930 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Knockout stage Final General information Squads 1930 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Uruguay Runners - up Argentina Third place United States Fourth place Yugoslavia Group stage Belgium Bolivia Brazil Chile France Mexico Paraguay Peru Romania FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 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-3491848198900497203	Black Hills Gold Rush	Black Hills gold Rush - wikipedia Black Hills gold Rush Jump to : navigation , search The Black Hills Gold Rush took place in Dakota Territory in the United States . It began in 1874 following the Custer Expedition and reached a peak in 1876 - 77 . Rumors and poorly documented reports of gold in the Black Hills go back to the early 19th century . In the 1860s , Roman Catholic missionary Father De Smet is reported to have seen Sioux Indians carrying gold which they told him came from the Black Hills . Prior to the Gold Rush , the Black Hills were used by Native Americans ( primarily bands of Sioux but others also ranged through the area ) . The United States government recognized the Black Hills as belonging to the Sioux by the Treaty of Laramie in 1868 . Despite being within Indian territory , and therefore off - limits , white Americans were increasingly interested in the gold - mining possibilities of the Black Hills . Prospectors found gold in 1874 near present - day Custer , South Dakota , but the deposit turned out to be small . The large placer gold deposits of Deadwood Gulch were discovered in November 1875 , and in 1876 , thousands of gold - seekers flocked to the new town of Deadwood , although it was still within Indian land . The tale of first gold discovery in the Black Hills was thrown into question in 1887 by the discovery of what has become known as the Thoen Stone . Discovered by Louis Thoen on the slopes of Lookout Mountain , the stone purports to be the last testament of Ezra Kind who , along with six others , entered the Black Hills in 1833 ( at a time when whites were forbidden by law and treaty from entering the area ) , `` got all the gold we could carry '' in June 1834 , and were subsequently `` killed by Indians beyond the high hill . '' While it may seem unlikely that someone who has `` lost my gun and nothing to eat and Indians hunting me '' would take the time to carve his story in sandstone , there is corroborating historical evidence for the Ezra Kind party . Many of the miners came up the Missouri River from Kansas and eventually returned there . History ( edit ) The Homestake Mine in 1889 The Black Hills Gold Rush began in 1874 . The first arrivals were a force of 1000 men led by George Armstrong Custer to investigate reports that the area contained gold , even though the land was owned by the Sioux . They found small amounts of gold in present - day Custer , South Dakota , and looked for better - paying locations . They moved north , establishing the towns of Hill City , Sheridan , and Pactola . At each spot , they found flakes of gold , but not the bonanza they sought . Things changed when the miners stumbled across Deadwood and Whitewood Creeks in the northern Black Hills . For the initial discoverers , each spade of earth revealed a veritable fortune in gold . By 1876 , miners had claimed all the land around the creeks . Although all the land was claimed , thousands more flocked in , hoping to find a missed spot . The gold the miners found was placer gold , loose gold pieces that were mixed in with the rocks and soil around streams . Most good prospectors knew that this placer gold was eroded from hard - rock deposits . So while many still flocked to Deadwood , others looked for the hard - rock deposits that were the source of the placer gold . On April 9 , 1876 Fred and Moses Manuel , Hank Harney and Alex Engh discovered a gold outcropping near Lead , South Dakota ; they claimed their find and named it the Homestake . They had located the area from which the placer gold in Deadwood Creek had eroded . Here , the men produced 10 % of the world 's gold supply over the next 125 years . Many more prospectors hoped to find another `` Homestake '' so they continued to look , but the Homestake mine was unique . The workers crushed the rock to release the gold , concentrated the gold by gravity methods , and then exposed the concentrate to mercury that would amalgamate or mix with the gold . Miners call this kind of gold extraction free milling . Gold existed elsewhere in the Black Hills , but it was not in the free - milling state . In these conditions , gold was chemically bound to the rock , and very difficult to remove . It was called refractory gold ore . For many years , the Homestake operated as the only major gold mine in the Black Hills . Chlorization and smelting were seen as two methods that could remove gold from the refractory ore in the 1890s . More rock mining regions opened up around Lead and Deadwood because of this discovery . During the gold rush , `` Treasure Coaches '' transporting large quantities of the precious metal worth up to $300,000 on each haul to Cheyenne , Wyoming , became a favorite target for road agents . The last recorded hold - up occurred around 3 : 00 pm on September 26 , 1878 , at the Canyon Springs station , about 35 miles south of Deadwood . The robbers bound and gagged the stableman and lined the stable wall with their guns through cracks between the logs . As the coach approached the station , the desperadoes opened fire . One guard was killed , and two guards were wounded . The chief guard took cover behind a large pine tree , exchanged a few shots with the bandits , and got them to agree to let him go if he would leave the coach with them . After he left , the outlaws tied the driver to one of the coach 's wheels , opened the safe with a sledge hammer and chisels , divided the loot , and rode off in different directions . Aroused citizens in the area organized manhunts , and the stage company offered a $2,500 reward . Several suspects were lynched , others were convicted at trial on various counts , and more than half of the gold was eventually recovered . In popular culture ( edit ) The Black Hills Gold Rush forms the background of the HBO series Deadwood . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Watson Parker ( 1966 ) Gold in the Black Hills , Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , p. 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ A.L. Slaughter . `` The Homestake mine '' , in Ore Deposits of the United States 1933 - 1967 ( New York : American Institute of Mining Engineers , 1968 ) , p. 1437 . Jump up ^ `` Black Hills Visitor Magazine '' . Blackhillsvisitor.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Frank . The Thoen Stone 1966 . Jump up ^ `` Black Hills Gold Rush '' . Jump up ^ Monaghan , Jay ( 1971 ) . Custer : The Life of General George Armstrong Custer . U of Nebraska Press . p. 357 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff , David . `` Gold Mining in the Black Hills '' . Jump up ^ Griske , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Diaries of John Hunton . Heritage Books . pp. 100 -- 102 . ISBN 0 - 7884 - 3804 - 2 . Coordinates : 44 ° 21 ′ 21 '' N 103 ° 45 ′ 52 '' W / 44.35583 ° N 103.76444 ° W / 44.35583 ; - 103.76444 Gold rushes of the 19th and 20th century United States Carolina ( 1800s ) Georgia ( 1829 ) California ( 1848 ) Pike 's Peak ( 1858 ) Black Hills ( 1876 ) Nome ( 1899 ) Fairbanks ( 1902 ) Canada Queen Charlottes ( 1851 ) Fraser Canyon ( 1858 -- 60 ) Blackfoot ( 1860 ) Rock Creek ( 1860 ) Similkameen ( 1860 ) Stikine ( 1861 -- 62 ) Cariboo ( 1861 -- 66 ) Nova Scotia ( 1861 -- 74 , 1896 -- 1903 , 1932 -- 42 ) Wild Horse Creek ( 1863 -- 65 ) Goldstream ( 1863 ) Leechtown ( 1864 -- 65 ) Big Bend ( 1865 ) Peace River Omineca ( 1869 ) Cassiar ( 1871 -- ? ) Cayoosh ( 1884 ) Tulameen ( 1885 -- 86 ) Bridge River ( 1890s -- 1950s ) Klondike ( 1897 -- 1903 ) Golden Cache ( 1898 -- 1900 ) Porcupine ( 1911 ) Australia Victorian ( 1851 ) New South Wales ( 1851 ) Western Australian ( 1880s -- 1890s ) New Zealand Otago ( 1861 -- 63 ) West Coast ( 1864 ) Coromandel ( 1867 -- 68 ) Latin America Ouro Preto , Brazil ( 1750 ) Tierra del Fuego , Argentina ( 1884 ) Serra Pelada , Brazil ( 1980 ) Europe Kildonan , Scotland ( 1869 ) Lapland , Finland ( 1870 ) Africa Witwatersrand , South Africa ( 1886 ) Kakamega , Kenya ( 1930s ) Part of a series on Gold mining Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming Attractions Bear Butte Black Elk Wilderness Black Hills Central Railroad Black Hills National Forest Black Elk Peak Black Hills Playhouse Chapel in the Hills Crazy Horse Memorial Custer State Park Devils Tower Dinosaur Park Flintstones Bedrock City Homestake Mine Jewel Cave National Monument Mammoth Site Minuteman Missile National Historic Site Mount Rushmore National Memorial Mystic Miner Ski Resort Needles Pactola Lake Reptile Gardens Rushmore Cave Sheridan Lake Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns Sturgis Motorcycle Rally Sylvan Lake Terry Peak ski area Wind Cave National Park with bison herd Scenic routes Roads Norbeck Scenic Byway Iron Mountain Road Needles Highway Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway Trails Mickelson Centennial Trail Populated places Cities Belle Fourche Central City Custer Deadwood Edgemont Hot Springs Hill City Lead Newcastle Rapid City Spearfish Sturgis Whitewood Towns Buffalo Gap Fairburn Hermosa Keystone Pringle Sundance Unincorporated Dewey Four Mile Galena Hanna Johnson Siding Nemo Rochford Rockerville Silver City Three Forks History and people Native American Cheyenne people Lakota people Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1868 ) established the Great Sioux Reservation Black Hills War , or Great Sioux War ( 1876 ) Black Elk Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Lone Horn Red Cloud Spotted Tail Old West Dakota Territory ( 1861 -- 1889 ) Black Hills Expedition ( 1874 ) Black Hills Gold Rush ( 1874 ) Newton -- Jenney Party ( 1875 ) Cheyenne - Black Hills Stage Route ( 1876 - 1887 ) Sidney - Black Hills Stage Road ( 1876 - 1887 ) Rapid City , Black Hills and Western Railroad ( 1893 -- 1947 ) Seth Bullock and Martha Bullock General George Armstrong Custer Dora DuFran Wild Bill Hickok Calamity Jane Historian Doane Robinson Sol Star Al Swearengen Charlie Utter Ghost towns Addie Camp Bismuth Blacktail Burdock Cambria Carbonate Etta Flatiron Greenwood Maitland Myers City Nahant Novak Pactola Sheridan Spokane Terraville Tigerville Tinton Trojan Modern Fossil Cycad National Monument ( 1922 - 1957 ) Stratobowl ( 1934 - 1959 ) Black Hills flood ( 1972 ) Sculptors Gutzon Borglum and Lincoln Borglum Author Joseph Bottum Politician Francis H. Case Poet Charles Badger Clark Historian Watson Parker Road junctions Carlile Junction Cheyenne Crossing Four Corners Four Mile Keystone Wye Maverick Junction Mule Creek Junction Related Mount Rushmore in popular culture American Old West Notable people Explorers and pioneers John Bozeman Jim Bridger William Clark Davy Crockett John C. Frémont Liver - Eating Johnson Meriwether Lewis John Wesley Powell Jedediah Smith Brigham Young Native Americans Black Hawk Black Kettle Bloody Knife Chief Joseph Cochise Crazy Horse Geronimo Irataba Mangas Coloradas Manuelito Massai Quanah Parker Red Cloud Sacagawea Sitting Bull Ten Bears Touch the Clouds Tuvi Victorio Lawmen Elfego Baca Charlie Bassett Roy Bean Morgan Earp Virgil Earp Wyatt Earp Pat Garrett Jack Helm `` Wild Bill '' Hickok Bat Masterson `` Mysterious Dave '' Mather Bass Reeves George Scarborough John Selman John Horton Slaughter William `` Bill '' Tilghman James Timberlake Harry C. Wheeler Outlaws Billy the Kid Black Bart `` Curly Bill '' Brocius Butch Cassidy Billy Clanton Ike Clanton Bill Dalton Bill Doolin John Wesley Hardin Johnny Ringo Jesse James Tom Ketchum Frank McLaury Tom McLaury Joaquin Murrieta Cochise County Cowboys Belle Starr Soapy Smith Sundance Kid Cole Younger Soldiers and scouts Frederick Russell Burnham Kit Carson `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody Texas Jack Omohundro James C. Cooney George Crook George Armstrong Custer Samuel P. Heintzelman Tom Horn Calamity Jane Luther Kelly Ranald S. Mackenzie Charley Reynolds Philip Sheridan Al Sieber Others John Jacob Astor William H. Boring Jonathan R. Davis George Flavel C.S. Fly John Joel Glanton George E. Goodfellow Doc Holliday Seth Kinman Nat Love Sylvester Mowry Emperor Norton Annie Oakley Thomas William Sweeny Jack Swilling Native Americans Apache Arapaho Arikara Assiniboine ( Nakota ) Blackfoot Cahuilla Cayuse Cheyenne Chinook Chippewa ( Ojibwe ) Caddo Cocopah Comanche Crow Dakota Five Civilized Tribes Hidatsa Hopi Hualapai Kickapoo Kiowa Ktunaxa Kumeyaay Lakota Mandan Maricopa Modoc Mohave Navajo Nez Perce Nootka ( Nuu - chah - nulth ) Paiute Pawnee Pend d'Oreilles Pima Pueblo Shoshone Sioux Tohono O'odham Tonkawa Umpqua Ute Washoe Yaqui Yavapai Yuma ( Quechan ) Frontier culture American bison Barbed wire Boot Hill Cattle drive Cowboy poetry Cattle rustling Cow town Fast draw Ghost town Gunfights Homesteading Land rush Manifest destiny Moonshine One - room schoolhouse Rodeo Stagecoach Train robbery Vigilante justice Western saloon Tack piano Westward expansion Wild West shows Transport and trails Barlow Road Bozeman Trail Butterfield Trail California Trail Chisholm Trail Great Platte River Road Great Western Cattle Trail Lolo Pass Meek Cutoff Mormon Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Santa Fe Trail Southern Emigrant Trail Tanner Trail First Transcontinental Railroad Folklore Dead man 's hand Dime novel John Henry Johnny Kaw Lone Ranger Long Tom 's treasure Lost Dutchman 's Gold Mine Lost Ship of the Desert Montezuma 's treasure Paul Bunyan Pecos Bill Seven Cities of Gold Gold rushes Black Hills Gold Rush California Gold Rush Confederate Gulch and Diamond City Klondike Gold Rush Pike 's Peak Gold Rush Gunfights Battle of Coffeyville Battle of Lincoln Frisco shootout Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Long Branch Saloon gunfight Variety Hall shootout Military conflicts Battle of the Alamo Battle of Glorieta Pass Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of San Jacinto Battle of Washita River First Battle of Adobe Walls Indian Wars Sand Creek massacre Wounded Knee Massacre Range wars and feuds Earp - Clanton feud Johnson County War Lincoln County War Mason County War Pleasant Valley War Sheep Wars Sutton -- Taylor feud Lists Arizona Rangers Cowboys and cowgirls Gangs Gunfights Lawmen Mountain men Outlaws Timeline of the American Old West Places Alaska Anchorage Iditarod Nome Seward Skagway Arizona Territory Canyon Diablo Fort Grant Prescott Phoenix Tombstone Tucson Yuma California Bakersfield Fresno Jamestown Los Angeles Sacramento San Diego San Francisco Colorado Creede Denver Telluride Trinidad Dakota Territory Bismarck Deadwood Fargo Pine Ridge Rapid City Yankton Idaho Territory Fort Boise Fort Hall Illinois Fort Dearborn Kansas Abilene Dodge City Ellsworth Hays Leavenworth Wichita Missouri Independence Kansas City St. Louis Montana Territory Billings Bozeman Deer Lodge Fort Benton Fort Peck Helena Livingston Missoula Virginia City Nebraska Chadron Fort Atkinson Fort Robinson Nebraska City Ogallala Omaha Valentine Nevada Carson City Virginia City Reno New Mexico Territory Alamogordo Albuquerque Cimarron Fort Sumner Gallup Las Vegas Lincoln Mesilla Mogollon Roswell Santa Fe Tucumcari Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory Broken Arrow Fort Sill Oklahoma City Oregon Territory Astoria The Dalles La Grande McMinnville Oregon City Portland Salem Vale Texas Austin Abilene El Paso Fort Worth Gonzales Lubbock San Antonio Utah Territory Salt Lake City Washington Territory Everett Port Townsend Seattle Vancouver Wyoming Territory Fort Bridger Fort Laramie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Hills_Gold_Rush&oldid=769497065 '' Categories : Pre-statehood history of South Dakota Great Sioux War of 1876 Black Hills American gold rushes American Old West Talk About Wikipedia Français Frysk Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2017 , at 22 : 24 . 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4891460992735418734	Tim Hortons	Tim Hortons - Wikipedia Tim Hortons Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the restaurant chain . For the ice hockey player who co-founded the chain , see Tim Horton . Tim Hortons Inc . Corporate headquarters in Oakville , Ontario , Canada Formerly called Tim Horton Donuts Tim Donuts Limited The TDL Group Type Subsidiary Industry Restaurants Founded May 17 , 1964 ; 54 years ago ( 1964 - 05 - 17 ) Hamilton , Ontario , Canada Founders Tim Horton Jeffrey Ritumalta Horton Ron Joyce Headquarters Oakville , Ontario , Canada Number of locations 4,613 ( December 31 , 2016 ) Areas served Canada Ireland Oman Saudi Arabia Kuwait United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Philippines Qatar Mexico Spain Key people Alex Behring ( Chairman of Restaurant Brands International ) Daniel Schwartz ( CEO of Restaurant Brands International ) Alex Macedo ( President of Tim Hortons ) Revenue US $ $3.00 billion ( 2016 ) Net income US $ 511.7 million ( 2015 RBI ) Number of employees 100,000 ( 2008 ) Parent Wendy 's International ( 1995 -- 2006 ) Restaurant Brands International ( 2014 -- present ) Website TimHortons.com Tim Hortons Inc. ( known internationally as Tim Hortons Cafe and Bake Shop , colloquially and corporately known as Timmys , Timmy , or Tims ) is a Canadian - based multinational fast food restaurant known for its coffee and donuts . It is also Canada 's largest quick service restaurant chain ; as of December 31 , 2016 , it had a total of 4,613 restaurants in nine countries . The company was founded in 1964 in Hamilton , Ontario , by Canadian hockey player Tim Horton ( 1930 -- 1974 ) and Jim Charade ( 1934 -- 2009 ) , after an initial venture in hamburger restaurants . In 1967 , Horton partnered with investor Ron Joyce , who assumed control over operations after Horton died in 1974 . Joyce expanded the chain into a multimillion - dollar franchise . Charade left the organization in 1966 and briefly returned in 1970 and 1993 through 1996 . On August 26 , 2014 , Burger King agreed to purchase Tim Hortons for US $11.4 billion ; the chain became a subsidiary of the Oakville - based holding company Restaurant Brands International on December 15 , 2014 , which is majority - owned by Brazilian investment firm 3G Capital . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1964 -- 1989 : Tim Horton and Ron Joyce 1.2 1990s : Name change and growth 1.3 1992 -- 1995 : Merger with Wendy 's 1.4 2002 -- 2006 : Regaining independence 1.5 2007 -- 2013 : Repatriation 1.6 2014 : Merger with Burger King 1.7 2015 -- present : Recent years 2 Locations 2.1 United States 2.2 Middle East 2.3 Asia 2.3. 1 Philippines 2.4 Europe 2.4. 1 United Kingdom 2.4. 2 Spain 3 Store growth 4 Partnerships 4.1 With Cold Stone Creamery 4.2 Military partnerships 5 Menu 5.1 Coffee and beverages 5.2 Food items 5.2. 1 Baking methods and lawsuit 6 Marketing 6.1 Roll Up the Rim to Win campaign 6.2 Scroll Up the Rim 6.3 Canadian cultural fixture 7 Community involvement 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) 1964 -- 1989 : Tim Horton and Ron Joyce ( edit ) Tim Hortons first store location at 65 Ottawa Street , Hamilton , Ontario The chain 's first store opened on May 17 , 1964 , in Hamilton , Ontario , under the name `` Tim Horton Donuts '' ; the name was later abbreviated to `` Tim Horton 's '' and then changed to `` Tim Hortons '' without the possessive apostrophe . The business was founded by Miles G. `` Tim '' Horton , who played in the National Hockey League from 1949 until his death in a traffic collision in 1974 . Horton had an initial venture in hamburger restaurants . Soon after Horton opened the store , he met Ron Joyce , a former Hamilton police constable . In 1965 , Joyce took over the fledgling Tim Horton Donut Shop on Ottawa Street North in Hamilton . By 1967 , after he had opened up two more stores , he and Tim Horton became full partners in the business . Upon Horton 's death in an auto crash in 1974 , Joyce bought out the Horton family 's shares for $1 million and took over as sole owner of the existing chain of forty stores . Joyce expanded the chain quickly and aggressively in both geography and product selection . The 500th store opened in 1991 . Ron Joyce 's aggressive expansion of the Tim Hortons business resulted in major changes to the Canadian coffee and doughnut restaurant market . Many independent doughnut shops and small chains were driven out of business , while Canada 's per - capita ratio of doughnut shops surpassed that of all other countries . 1990s : name change and growth ( edit ) Tim Hortons logo as used in the mid-1990s , and still the chain 's most common outdoor sign . The company had originally been incorporated as Tim Donut Limited . By the 1990s , the company name had changed to The TDL Group Ltd . This was an effort by the company to diversify the business , removing the primary emphasis on doughnuts , and continuing the expansion of the menu options as consumer tastes broadened . Some older locations retain signage with the company 's name including a possessive apostrophe , despite the fact that the official styling of the company 's name has been Tim Hortons , without an apostrophe , for at least a decade . The company had removed the apostrophe after signs using the apostrophe were interpreted by some to be breaking the language sign laws of the Province of Quebec in 1993 . The removal of the apostrophe allowed the company to have one common sign image across Canada . Although a number of Quebec locations have bilingual menuboards , the decision to have both languages represented is left to the discretion of each franchise owner . Some locations have French - only menu boards . It is the strong recommendation to all the Quebec restaurants from the TDL Group Corporation that they post bilingual menuboards in accordance with the standards being enforced by the Office québécois de la langue française . 1992 -- 1995 : merger with Wendy 's ( edit ) A Tim Hortons / Wendy 's joint restaurant in Markham , Ontario in 2015 . In 1992 , the owner of all Tim Hortons and Wendy 's Restaurants in Prince Edward Island , Daniel P. Murphy , decided to open new franchise outlets for both brands in the same building in the town of Montague . Murphy invited Joyce and Wendy 's chairman Dave Thomas to the grand opening of the `` combo store '' , where the two executives met for the first time and immediately established a rapport . Murphy 's success with combining coffee and doughnuts with Wendy 's fast food led to August 8 , 1995 acquisition of and merger with TDL Group by Wendy 's International , Inc. , an American company . Joyce became the largest shareholder in Wendy 's , even surpassing Thomas . TDL Group continued to operate as a separate subsidiary from its head office in Oakville , Ontario , although Joyce eventually retired from active management to pursue other interests . The sale was widely commented on in the media . In 1995 , the Toronto Star had a column reflecting on Tim Hortons `` selling out '' to Wendy 's with `` the spectacle of another great Canadian icon , one more priceless chocolate coconut cream - filled dutchie glazed cruller Timbit of our precious heritage , gone to Yankee burgerfat , ( rounding ) out the menus of the two chains by blending Tim Hortons morning meals and snacks with the strength enjoyed by Wendy 's in lunches and dinners ; burp ; and nobody around to pass the Maalox ? '' 2002 -- 2006 : regaining independence ( edit ) Tim Hortons franchises spread rapidly and eventually overtook McDonald 's as Canada 's largest food service operator . The company opened twice as many Canadian outlets as McDonald 's by 2005 , and system - wide sales also surpassed those of McDonald 's Canadian operations as of 2002 . The chain accounted for 22.6 % of all fast food industry revenues in Canada in 2005 . Under pressure from major investors Peter May and Nelson Peltz , in late 2005 , Wendy 's announced it would sell between 15 % and 18 % of the Tim Hortons operations in an initial public offering , which was completed on March 24 , 2006 , and subsequently said it would spin off to shareholders its remaining interest by the end of 2006 . Wendy 's cited increased competition between the two chains and Tim Hortons ' increasing self - sufficiency as reasons for its decision , but the company had been under shareholder pressure to make such a move because of the strength and profitability of the Tim Hortons brand . Peltz in 2008 acquired Wendy 's after pressuring them initially to spin off Tim Hortons . Shares of the company began trading on March 24 , 2006 , with an initial public offering of C $ 27 per share , raising over $700 million in the first day of trading . On September 24 , 2006 , Wendy 's spun off the rest of its shares in Tim Hortons , by distributing the remaining 82 % to its shareholders . On the same day , Tim Hortons was added to Canada 's benchmark stock - market indicator , the S&P / TSX Composite Index , and to the S&P / TSX 60 . Despite maintaining its operational headquarters in Oakville , the spun - off holding company , Tim Hortons Inc. , was initially incorporated in Delaware . As of March 2006 , Tim Hortons commanded 76 % of the Canadian market for baked goods ( based on the number of customers served ) and held 62 % of the Canadian coffee market ( compared to Starbucks , in the number two position , at 7 % ) . 2007 -- 2013 : repatriation ( edit ) On June 29 , 2009 , Tim Hortons Inc. announced that , pending shareholder approval , the chain 's operations would be reorganized under a new publicly traded company , also named `` Tim Hortons Incorporated , '' incorporated under the Canada Business Corporations Act . The change was being made primarily for tax purposes . On September 28 , 2009 , Tim Hortons Inc. announced it had completed the reorganization of its corporate structure to become a Canadian public company . In November 2010 , Tim Hortons extended Interac debit payment system acceptance to most of its stores . The company previously began accepting Interac in its stores in Western Canada in 2003 and , later , MasterCard and MasterCard PayPass across most of its stores in 2007 . The company often indicated the delay of broader or wider electronic payment acceptance was to `` ensure speed of service . '' In 2012 , Tim Hortons began accepting Visa cards , and in 2013 , began accepting American Express cards . As of late 2013 , Tim Hortons had `` 4,350 cafes across the world , out of which 3,500 are in Canada , 817 in the US and 33 in GCC . The Toronto Stock Exchange listed company recorded revenues of $794 million and net profit of $111 million in the September quarter . '' 2014 : merger with Burger King ( edit ) On August 24 , 2014 , US fast food chain Burger King announced that it was in negotiations to merge with Tim Hortons Inc ; the proposed $18 billion merger would involve a tax inversion into Canada , with a new holding company majority - owned by 3G Capital , and the remaining shares in the company held by current Burger King and Tim Hortons shareholders . A Tim Hortons representative stated that the proposed merger would allow Tim Hortons to leverage Burger King 's resources for international growth ; the two chains would retain separate operations post-merger . News of the proposal caused Tim Hortons ' shares to increase in value by 28 percent . On August 25 , 2014 , Burger King officially confirmed its intent to acquire Tim Hortons Inc. in a deal totalling CDN $12.5 billion ( US $11.4 billion ) . 3G Capital offered to purchase the company at $65.50 per - share , with existing shareholders receiving $65.50 in cash and 0.8025 shares in the new holding company : per - share -- all - cash ( $88.50 ) and all - shares ( 3.0879 ) options were also made available . The agreement planned to result in 3G Capital ( which held a 71 % majority stake in Burger King ) holding a 51 % majority stake in the new company , Tim Hortons ' existing shareholders owning 22 % , and Burger King 's owning 27 % with the new entity based in Oakville and listed on both the TSX and New York Stock Exchange . Per the agreement , Burger King CEO Daniel Schwartz became CEO of the company , with existing Tim Hortons CEO Marc Caira becoming vice-chairman and director ; Burger King itself still operated out of its existing headquarters in Miami . It was announced the deal would form the third - largest fast food restaurant company in the world . On October 28 , 2014 , the deal was approved by the Competition Bureau of Canada , but had yet to be approved by Industry Canada . The Bureau ruled that the deal was `` unlikely to result in a substantial lessening or prevention of competition . '' Former CEO Marc Caira reassured the integrity of Tim Hortons following the purchase , stating that the acquisition would `` enable us to move more quickly and efficiently to bring Tim Hortons iconic Canadian brand to a new global customer base . '' On October 30 , 2014 , various media covered a Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives study which suggested that Burger King 's proposed takeover of Tim Hortons is `` likely to have overwhelmingly negative consequences for Canadians . '' This study analysed Burger King 's private equity owner , 3G Capital , past takeovers of Burger King , Heinz , and Anheuser - Busch and declared that `` it has a 30 - year history of aggressive cost cutting , which could hurt Tim Hortons employees , small - businesspeople , Canadian taxpayers , and consumers . '' The deal was approved by Minister of Industry James Moore ( of the governing Conservative Party of Canada ) on December 4 , 2014 : The two companies agreed to Moore 's conditions , requiring that the Burger King and Tim Hortons chains retain separate operations and not combine locations , maintain `` significant employment levels '' at the Oakville headquarters , and ensure that Canadians make up at least 30 % of Tim Hortons ' board of directors . Tim Hortons shareholders approved the merger on December 9 , 2014 ; the two chains merged under the new parent company Restaurant Brands International ( RBI ) , which began trading on December 15 , 2014 . According to CBC News , `` how the government will enforce ( Moore 's ) conditions is unclear . '' 2015 -- present : recent years ( edit ) In May 2015 , the company announced the closure of its U.S. headquarters in Dublin , Ohio ; in March 2015 , it had 127 employees . This headquarters was a relic of the former merger with Wendy 's , which is also based in Dublin . In August 2016 , Tim Hortons again changed presidents. ( ( eho ? ) In September 2016 , Tim Hortons announced it would be expanding into the United Kingdom , with an unannounced number of locations to be built . Revenue in 2015 for RBI was US $ 4.0522 billion with a rise to $4.15 billion in 2016 . Tim Hortons had 683 U.S. locations by the end of 2016 , and total annual revenue of US $3.00 billion . In 2018 , Tim Hortons became the subject of controversy after the raise of minimum wage in Ontario from $11.60 to $14.00 an hour . Some Tim Hortons franchises in Ontario indicated that employee benefits such as paid breaks and health plan contributions would be cut . In one case , owners posted a memo encouraging employees to contact the Ontario Premier , Kathleen Wynne , and indicate that they `` will not vote Liberal in the coming Ontario election in June 2018 . '' Wynne responded by saying `` I 'm happy to talk to any business owner about the minimum wage but taking it out on employees is not fair and not acceptable . '' Around 50 demonstrations were held across Canada , including 38 in Ontario , in response to the benefit cuts . The minimum wage controversy hurt the chain 's reputation ; usually placing in the top 10 of the Leger research poll for the top 10 companies or brands in Canada , Tim Hortons took a massive hit , dropping from 4th place in 2017 , to 50 in 2018 . In April 2018 , Tim Hortons announced that they would be moving their head office along with its 400 employees to the Exchange Tower in Downtown Toronto . Locations ( edit ) A drive - thru - only Tim Hortons location in Moncton , New Brunswick Tim Hortons was originally concentrated in Ontario and Atlantic Canada . In recent years , however , the chain has greatly expanded its presence into Quebec and western Canada . Its location in Iqaluit , Nunavut , is the northernmost store as of 2010 . Tim Hortons ' international presence includes outlets in the United States and one that was on a military base outside Kandahar , Afghanistan , although this latter outlet was principally intended for Canadian Armed Forces and allied military personnel . Two more outlets are located in military bases at Fort Knox , Kentucky , and Naval Station Norfolk , Virginia . TDL Group recorded $1.48 billion in sales in 2005 and Tim Hortons ' products have become available in Ireland and Scotland at some SPAR convenience stores as of 2006 and Tesco supermarkets . Tim Hortons ' other international expansions include a small outlet at the Dublin Zoo . Tim Hortons also made a deal with the Spar convenience store chain in the UK and Ireland , resulting in Tim Hortons coffee and doughnuts being sold at small self - service counters in 50 Spar stores as of April 30 , 2007 . It also has a partnership with Tops Markets in the United States . In March 2010 , Tim Hortons announced further expansion on both sides of the Canada -- US border to be completed by 2013 . The plan calls for 600 new stores in Canada ( primarily in Quebec and Western Canada but also including smaller communities ) and 300 new stores in the US ( primarily in its existing markets of Michigan , New York , and Ohio ) . It also for expansion into such non-standard store locations as hospitals , universities , and airports , as well as extending its co-branding initiative with US ice cream chain Cold Stone Creamery , which began in 2009 , to cover 60 Canadian stores and 25 -- 35 new and existing US stores . It will also include testing a new café / bake shop concept in at least 10 existing US locations , including `` enhanced finishes , fixtures , and seating areas '' as well as an expansion of menu offerings . In October 2010 , Tim Hortons confirmed that it is planning to open three kiosks at NorthMart stores in Iqaluit , Nunavut , in November 2010 , as part of a joint venture with The North West Company , the owners of NorthMart . This opening will make Tim Hortons a fully Canadian operation with stores in every province and territory ; the new branch will become its northernmost . The Tim Hortons logo in these kiosks will feature Inuktitut characters . According to Nick Javor , senior vice-president of corporate affairs at Tim Hortons , `` You could say it 's overdue . If we can be in Kandahar , why ca n't we be in Iqaluit ? '' In December 2011 , Tim Hortons opened its 4000th restaurant . In 2012 , Tim Hortons Inc. recorded its total revenues at $3.12 billion ( CDN ) . As of 2012 the company had expanded across Canada . As of June 30 , 2013 , Tim Hortons has 4,304 restaurants , including 3,802 in Canada , 807 in the United States , 29 in the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Persian Gulf . Tim Hortons reportedly had plans by 2013 plans to enter the large Indian market , which the company denied . Tim Hortons officially opened its first Southeast Asian store in Manila , Philippines on February 28 , 2017 . United States ( edit ) Tim Hortons United States Logo where it is known as Tim Hortons Cafe & Bake Shop A Tim Hortons store at Penn Station in New York City in 2010 . Initially , the US stores were the result of natural expansion in Canada -- U.S. border areas ( e.g. , stores in Maine and the Buffalo , New York area where Horton played from 1972 to 1974 as a member of the Buffalo Sabres ) . The first United States locations were opened in Deerfield Beach , Florida and Pompano Beach , Florida in 1981 , but they proved unsuccessful and were closed . In 1985 , the chain returned to the US with a location on Niagara Falls Boulevard in the Buffalo suburb of Amherst , New York . Starting in the mid-1990s , however , the chain began expanding in the US by acquiring former locations from fast food chains . In 1996 and 1997 , thirty - seven former Rax Restaurants locations in Ohio , Kentucky , and West Virginia were bought by Wendy 's International Inc. ; 30 of these were converted to Tim Hortons , while the others became Wendy 's franchise locations . Thirty - five closed Hardee 's stores in the Detroit area were also purchased with the intention of being converted . By 2004 , the chain had also acquired 42 Bess Eaton coffee and doughnut restaurants situated in southern New England . Several combination Wendy 's / Tim Hortons units were opened in the US ; both in the `` traditional '' markets of Maine and Buffalo , where there were well over 180 locations as of 2011 , and in the markets entered through acquisition . In October 2008 , Tim Hortons announced a plan to add 82 locations in Tops Markets stores in the United States . On July 13 , 2009 , Tim Hortons opened stores in New York City at former Dunkin ' Donuts locations operated by the Riese Organization . One of the stores is located at Madison Square Garden , where Horton played as a member of the New York Rangers from 1969 to 1971 . In 2009 , Tim Hortons opened its first store in Albany , NY , with more stores on the way . Tim Hortons continued its southward expansion in the US by opening a restaurant at Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia , in mid-December 2009 . In November 2010 , Tim Hortons announced it was closing 36 stores in the northeastern United States due to high competition with New England - based Dunkin ' Donuts and Au Bon Pain . The stores , which made less than half the average company per - store sales , were concentrated heavily in the Providence , Rhode Island , and Hartford , Connecticut , areas , the former of which also has a concentration of stores from the locally - competing Honey Dew Donuts chain , itself with some 150 outlets in Rhode Island and Southeastern Massachusetts . In the announcement , the chain stated that it will concentrate its efforts on its core markets such as western Canada . In the same statement , the company announced the sale of its portion of distribution company Maidstone Bakeries to Tim Hortons ' European partners . It will use the C $ 400 million generated by the sale for a stock buyback . In 2010 , Tim Hortons opened two kiosks at Consol Energy Center ( now known as PPG Paints Arena ) in Pittsburgh , partly as a test to eventual expansion into Pittsburgh ( their closest locations at that point were in the Wheeling , West Virginia / Steubenville , Ohio area ) as well as Pittsburgh Penguins star Sidney Crosby having a longtime sponsorship with the chain as well . In addition , Horton played for the Maple Leafs American Hockey League affiliate , the Pittsburgh Hornets , earlier in his career as well as the Penguins for one season in 1971 -- 72 . Aramark , which operated the kiosks , closed them in 2012 , however Tim Hortons proceeded to open full - service locations in Pittsburgh and surrounding areas in July 2012 . At the time of the entry into Pittsburgh , of the four NHL cities Horton played in ( Buffalo , New York City , Toronto , and Pittsburgh ) , Pittsburgh was the only one without a Tim Hortons location , and was also where Horton met his future wife , Lori . 2011 saw Tim Hortons aggressively expanding into the Grand Rapids , Michigan region . In 2012 , Tim Hortons began advertising in the Youngstown , Ohio area in anticipation of an eventual expansion into the Mahoning Valley . The closest location at the time was in Calcutta , Ohio , about 50 miles south of Youngstown . The chain entered the area in July 2012 with the opening of a location in Hermitage , Pennsylvania . As of 2012 the company had expanded across the US states of Connecticut , Indiana , Kentucky , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , and West Virginia . The first expansion into Indiana was the opening of a location in Richmond , Indiana 's east central side . On January 7 , 2014 , Tim Hortons opened a kiosk in the Gila River Arena ( where the Arizona Coyotes of the NHL play ) in Glendale , Arizona . On March 5 , 2014 , The Arizona Coyotes announced that as of March 10 , 2014 , the Tim Hortons stand would be open to the public from 9 : 00 to 15 : 00 , seven days a week . This location is the first Tim Hortons in Arizona . A flagship Tim Hortons location within the Buffalo area opened across from the KeyBank Center ( then First Niagara Center ) at the HarborCenter complex on October 29 , 2014 . The location honours the life and legacy of Tim Horton . The chain also planned to open 40 outlets in the St. Louis , Missouri area starting in 2015 , first selling coffee and hot chocolate at Scottrade Center during St. Louis Blues games , followed by the opening of a full - service store in the suburb of Maplewood and an `` express '' location inside a Frontenac bank building . In 2016 , Tim Hortons expand to Minnesota with a store inside Mall of America . Middle east ( edit ) Through franchise partnership with Dubai - based Apparel Group , Tim Hortons entered the United Arab Emirates in 2011 with store openings in Abu Dhabi , Dubai , and Fujairah , with the first location opening in September 2011 . As of December 2013 it has 19 stores in the United Arab Emirates , two in Oman and two in Saudi Arabia . They plan to open up to 120 stores over the next five years in the Persian Gulf area , with a focus on Qatar , Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , and the United Arab Emirates . Asia ( edit ) In an effort to expand the company following its 2014 merger with Burger King into Restaurant Brands International , Tim Hortons began expansion in Asia in 2017 citing the increasing demand for coffee and large populations . Philippines ( edit ) The first Asian branch was opened in the Philippines on February 28 , 2017 at Uptown Mall in Bonifacio Global City , Taguig . Miss Universe Canada 2016 , Siera Bearchell , was present for the ribbon - cutting ceremony . As of February 28 , 2018 , there are 11 branches operating in th Philippines . There are also 24 more branches that are soon to open ( 23 in Metro Manila and 1 in Pampanga Province ) . Europe ( edit ) United Kingdom ( edit ) In 2016 , Tim Hortons announced that they would be opening stores in the United Kingdom starting in 2017 . Glasgow saw the first UK store open its doors on June 2 , 2017 , with a further store opening in Bishopbriggs in November 2017 . In November 2017 , two stores in Cardiff opened , with a second planned to be opened by the end of the 2017 / 18 financial year in Dunfermline . In December 2017 , two further stores were opened in Trafford in the towns of Sale and Altrincham . On December 20 , 2017 the chain opened a store in the Golden Square Shopping Centre in Warrington . As of May 2018 Tim Hortons has 17 locations in the United Kingdom . Spain ( edit ) In December 2017 , Tim Hortons opened two stores in the center of Madrid and soon they will open one in the city of Pozuelo , near Madrid . The menu also includes typical Mediterranean drinks apart from the typical drinks of a Tim Hortons . Store growth ( edit ) Tim Hortons milestones Store # Location Date Note Hamilton , Ontario May 1964 100 Thunder Bay , Ontario December 1978 200 Hamilton , Ontario December 1984 300 Calgary , Alberta February 1987 400 Halifax , Nova Scotia February 1989 500 Aylmer , Quebec January 1991 700 Moncton , New Brunswick October 1993 1000 Ancaster , Ontario August 1995 1500 Pickerington , Ohio March 1997 also Wendy 's 5000th store 100 in US Columbus , Ohio July 31 , 1998 2000 Toronto , Ontario December 2000 2500 Cayuga , Ontario September 2003 3000 Orchard Park , New York December 14 , 2006 500 in US Detroit , Michigan 2008 4 in Kuwait Kuwait 2013 1 in Oman Oman 2012 2 in Philippines Philippines February 28 , 2017 13 in United Kingdom United Kingdom April 2017 19 in United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates September 2011 31 in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 2016 3 in Qatar Doha , Qatar May 2013 2 in Spain Madrid , Spain December 2017 3 in Mexico Monterrey , Mexico January 2018 Partnerships ( edit ) With Cold Stone Creamery ( edit ) Joint location on New York 's 42nd Street . The parent company of Cold Stone Creamery , Kahala , announced in February 2009 that it had reached an agreement with Tim Hortons to open up to 100 co-branded stores in the United States after successfully testing two locations in Rhode Island . The most notable co-branded store opened in August 2009 when Tim Hortons moved into three Cold Stone Creamery locations in New York City , including its flagship Times Square location . In June 2009 , Cold Stone Creamery started testing the Canadian market by opening its six co-branded locations with Tim Hortons in Ontario , and began expanding its test markets in Canada , including Calgary , Alberta , Nova Scotia , Ontario , New Brunswick , and British Columbia , and in the summer of 2010 , Cold Stone Creamery moved into six Tim Hortons locations in Quebec and one in each of Charlottetown , and Summerside , PEI . However , in February 2014 , Tim Hortons chief executive Marc Caira announced that they will be pulling Cold Stone Creamery from all its Canadian restaurants , although Tim Hortons would maintain its locations in the United States . Military partnerships ( edit ) Soldiers at the Tim Hortons in Kandahar , Afghanistan in 2007 . Tim Hortons has outlets located on at least seven Canadian Forces Bases . TDL Group announced in March 2006 , in response to a request by Chief of the Defence Staff , General Rick Hillier , its commitment to open a franchised location at the Canadian Forces operations base in Kandahar , Afghanistan . The new Kandahar location opened on July 1 , 2006 , in a 40 - foot ( 12 m ) trailer on the military base . The 41 staff members of the Kandahar outlet have been drawn from the Canadian Forces Personnel Support Agency who received training on such matters as how to handle a potential nuclear or biological attack before working at the military base . The Canadian Federal government subsidized the operation of the Kandahar outlet in the order of CAD $4 -- 5 million per year . The Kandahar Tim Hortons closed on November 29 , 2011 , after serving four million cups of coffee and three million doughnuts over five years . The first Tim Hortons outlet at a US military base was opened in 2009 at Fort Knox . The following year , a second Tim Hortons outlet was opened at Naval Station Norfolk . As of November 2011 , Tim Hortons has five outlets open on four US military bases . Besides the first two , they are also at Naval Air Station Oceana , and two locations at the Aberdeen Proving Ground . Menu ( edit ) Tim Hortons ' first stores offered only two products -- coffee and doughnuts . Aside from its coffee , tea , hot chocolate , and doughnuts , the menu now contains a number of other baked goods , such as bagels -- of which the brand sells one out of every two in the Canadian food service industry . Nutritional information on most menu items is made available by the company in a two - page brochure and online . The brochure does not list ingredient information . Coffee and beverages ( edit ) Tim Hortons coffee and smoothie in 2011 . Tim Hortons ' first stores offered only two products -- coffee and doughnuts . Aside from its coffee , tea , hot chocolate , Hortons now serves other types of drinks as well , and in the mid-1990s the chain moved into specialty and premium items such as flavored cappuccino , iced cappuccino , and iced coffee . Originally featuring Pepsi products via fountain machines , the retailer changed in the mid-1990s to Coca - Cola products . For a time they offered bottled and canned Coca - Cola products , but switched back to bottled and canned Pepsi products in 2007 . PepsiCo replaced the Coca - Cola products on United States restaurants in 2011 , disappointing similar longtime PepsiCo rival Dunkin ' Donuts . Dunkin ' Donuts moved to Coca - Cola products only for United States restaurants in April 2012 because of this . Despite an expansion in their food offerings around 2009 , the brand remained heavily dependent on coffee sales . In 2009 , it was reported that 60 % of their sales occur in the morning , and of that more than 50 % is coffee . The coffee served is a blend of 100 % arabica beans . The `` original blend '' is a medium , balanced roast that is the most popular served coffee in Canada . The chain has an `` always fresh '' policy where coffee is served within 20 minutes of brewing . In November 2011 , the company announced that they would be adding espresso machines in 1,000 of their locations , later that month . Lattes were added to Ontario stores on November 14 , 2011 . In February 2012 , they offered a new beverage , White Hot Chocolate , in select branches . On April 16 , 2012 , the brand launched frozen lemonade , in two flavours : original and raspberry . In May 2014 , they first offered frozen green tea . On August 15 , 2014 , the company added a dark roast coffee blend as an alternative . In the summer of 2015 , they introduced a frozen drink called Creamy Chocolate Chill which was essentially a chocolate milkshake topped with chocolate whipped cream and drizzled with chocolate syrup . In addition to the Creamy Chocolate Chill , they also launched a Maple Chill , a maple milkshake topped with regular whipped cream and sprinkled with maple flakes . Food items ( edit ) See also : Timbits and Dutchie ( doughnut ) Tim Hortons baked goods in 2015 . The menu contains a number of other baked goods , such as doughnut holes ( branded as Timbits ) , muffins , croissants , tea biscuits , cookies , rolls , danishes , and bagels . Take - home cakes are offered in some locations . The dutchie is a Canadian doughnut popularized by the Tim Hortons chain . Since the mid-1990s , the chain has moved into other areas beyond donuts and coffee , including specialty and premium items such as New York - style cheesecake , and a lunch selection that includes soups , chili , and submarine - style sandwiches . In fall 2006 , the chain began rolling out a breakfast sandwich . The sandwich consists of an egg patty , processed cheese slice , either ham , bacon or sausage as the topper , and is placed on either a biscuit , English muffin or bagel . In October 2007 , they launched a chicken fajita wrap , which contained spiced chicken and sautéed vegetables . This was discontinued and replaced a year later with the barbecue and ranch chicken wrap snackers . In December 2007 , they introduced hash browns and the `` Bagel B.E.L.T. '' , a breakfast sandwich of bacon , egg , lettuce and tomato on a bagel . In February 2009 , they announced co-branding with American ice cream parlor Cold Stone Creamery . The deal called for each chain to convert 50 stores into dual - operation franchises , for a total of 100 stores . The idea was successfully tested at two stores in Rhode Island . Despite this expansion , the brand remained heavily dependent on coffee sales . In February 2014 , Tim Hortons announced that the dutchie timbit was discontinued due to low popularity . Baking methods and lawsuit ( edit ) Coupled with the expansion and expanded menu came the outsourcing of baked goods . Doughnuts , which used to be made at night to be ready for the morning rush , are now parbaked -- partly cooked and then frozen and delivered to every restaurant in Canada from Brantford , Ontario . Each restaurant bakes and finishes the product throughout the day . As of April 2007 , many of the various muffin batters are being revoked , as frozen , pre-made and pre-wrapped muffins are being introduced to all bakers at Tim Horton locations . Tim Hortons switch to a parbaking system has disappointed some die - hard customers , who note that this contradicts the chain 's `` always fresh '' slogan . David Swick reported in the Halifax Daily News on September 19 , 2003 Tim Hortons outlets in Atlantic Canada would no longer serve fresh donuts , but rather donuts that had been remotely factory - fried and then frozen and shipped . In 2008 , two franchisees initiated a class - action lawsuit against the parent company for the switch to parbaking , `` claiming breach of contract , breach of duty of fair dealing , negligent misrepresentation , and unjust enrichment '' . The lawsuit cited that parbaking tripled the franchisee 's fixed cost to produce a doughnut ( from 6 cents per doughnut to 18 cents ) , required the purchase of new freezers and microwaves , and reduced profitability for the franchises while increasing profits for the parent company . Franchise owners are required to purchase food products from the Brantford - based parbaking company owned by IAWS Group PLC , and had originally been told the price of each doughnut would be 11 or 12 cents ( and each Timbit 4.6 cents ) . The case was dismissed in February 2012 . A 2009 New York Times article contrasted the baked from scratch at stores approach of Krispy Kreme and some Dunkin ' Donuts locations compared to the `` flash frozen '' and shipped Tim Hortons method . The NY Times article also noted an apparent scarcity of doughnut specialties such as the dutchie at newly opened Tim Hortons stores in New York City . Noting that `` American visitors tend to flock to the sweets '' , including the `` raisin - studded Dutchie '' , the Times found redemption among Canadians that the brand is once again a Canada - based company while contrasting the way politicians in the US `` woo '' soccer moms while in Canada they `` go after Tim Hortons voters '' . Marketing ( edit ) Tim Hortons advertising on the field at BC Place during the 2005 Grey Cup game Tim Hortons ' advertising slogans have included `` You 've Always Got Time for Tim Hortons '' and starting in the mid-2000s , `` Always Fresh . Always Tim Hortons . '' While both of these slogans are still used , Tim Hortons began using an alternative slogan , `` It 's Time for Tims '' in November 2011 . Canadian Business magazine has named Tim Hortons as the best - managed brand in Canada in 2004 and 2005 . Since 2005 , Tim Hortons has been the title sponsor of the Brier , the annual Canadian men 's curling championships , along with the Canadian Ringette Championships . Resultant sponsored events include the Tim Hortons Brier Shot of the Week Award , 2013 Tim Hortons Brier , 2016 Tim Hortons Brier , and the 2014 Tim Hortons Brier among other years . Shortly before December 2007 , they discontinued their gift certificates , and replaced them with the Quickpay Tim Card , with the Christmas slogan `` Because it 's hard to wrap a double double '' ( coffee with two sugars and two cream ) . Many locations still accept gift certificates , however . In September 2006 , Tim Hortons courted controversy by mandating that employees were not to wear red as part of the Red Fridays campaign by families of the military to show support for Canadian troops . Within a few hours , Tim Hortons partially reversed its position and has allowed staff in Ontario stores to wear red ribbons or pins to show support for the wear red on Fridays campaign . In June 2009 , Tim Hortons USA created a Twitter and Facebook page to drive online traffic . After Tim Hortons had agreed to provide 250 cups of free coffee in 2009 for a `` Marriage and Family Day '' hosted by the National Organization for Marriage , the company removed its sponsorship after it was revealed that the NOM was an organization that campaigns against gay marriage . The company stated the sponsorship was a violation of the company 's policy not to sponsor events `` representing religious groups , political affiliates or lobby groups . '' On July 12 , 2013 , it was announced that Tim Hortons had acquired the naming rights to the new stadium being built in Hamilton , Ontario . The new stadium took on the name of Tim Hortons Field . It became the home stadium of the Hamilton Tiger - Cats in 2014 . The corporate - sponsored statdium name was not used during the 2015 Pan American Games , when the stadium hosted soccer matches . In June 2015 , Tim Hortons pulled a four - week advertising campaign by energy company Enbridge from its in - store `` Tims TV '' service after three weeks following a petition by the advocacy group , SumOfUs . Even though the ads were part of a general `` Life Takes Energy '' campaign introduced by Enbridge the previous year , the group argued that Tim Hortons ' airing of the ads implied an endorsement of controversial projects under development by Enbridge , such as the Northern Gateway pipeline , going on to say that `` Enbridge 's ad campaign uses attractive actors , cute kids and high production values to hide the real truth -- its tar sands project will put ecosystems , salmon and wildlife in danger , create virtually no local jobs , and accelerate climate change . '' The decision to pull the ads , however , resulted in a boycott of Tim Hortons led by Wildrose Party leader Brian Jean , who felt that the decision was an attack on Alberta 's oil industry , as Enbridge is one of the province 's top - employing companies . Roll up the Rim to Win campaign ( edit ) A Roll Up the Rim to Win cup in 2007 . Each February , Tim Hortons holds a marketing campaign called Roll Up the Rim to Win . As of 2007 , over 31 million prizes were distributed each year , including vehicles , televisions , and store products . Customers determine if they have won prizes by unrolling the rim on their paper cups when they have finished their drink , revealing the result underneath . Prizes are not distributed randomly country - wide ; each of the company 's distribution regions has distinct prize - winning odds . The idea for the campaign began in 1985 when Roger Wilson of one of Tim Hortons ' supplier of cups , Lily Cup company , approached Tim Hortons with a new idea to increase their sales . Wilson explained his company had created a new cup design that allowed a message to be printed under the rim ; the cup type cost no more than the current one and could enable a promotion , like a contest . Recognizing the opportunity to promote coffee in the normally weak sales period in the spring , the Roll Up the Rim to Win campaign was first held in 1986 when the biggest prize was a snackbox of Timbits . In 2008 , over 88 % of major prizes were redeemed . The contest is popular enough that Paul Kind has invented the Rimroller ( as seen on Dragons ' Den ) , a device for rolling up the rim mechanically . In March 2006 , two families were fighting over the Toyota RAV4 SUV prize of C $ 32,000 value when their daughters found a winning `` roll up the rim '' coffee cup in a garbage bin of an elementary school in Saint - Jérôme , north of Montreal . The younger girl had found a cup in the garbage bin and could not roll up the rim , so requested the help of an older girl . Once the winning cup was revealed , the older girl 's family stated that they deserved the prize . Tim Hortons originally stated that they would not intervene in the dispute . A further complication arose when Quebec lawyer Claude Archambault requested a DNA test be done on the cup . He claimed that his unnamed client had thrown out the cup and was the rightful recipient of the prize . On April 19 , 2006 , Tim Hortons announced that they had decided to award the prize to the younger girl who had initially found the cup . During July 2017 , to mark Canada 's 150th Birthday , Tim Hortons held a special one month `` Roll Up The Rim to Win '' campaign . The cups were white , with a Maple Leaf in red , and clip - art of fireworks . Losing cups had `` HAPPY CANADA 150th / JOYEUX 150e DU CANADA . '' instead of the usual `` Please Play Again '' . Prizes included an `` Ultimate Canadian Vacation '' valued up to $10,000 ( or a cheque for the cash value ) , $50 Tim Hortons Cards , and food prizes . It launched June 28 , 2017 and ran till July 31 , 2017 or while supplies lasted . Scroll up the Rim ( edit ) In 2018 , Tim Hortons added a digital application , Scroll Up the Rim , that gives participants an extra chance to win . The prizes are limited to coffee drinks and doughnuts and there are a total of 465,000 prizes available until March 6 , 2018 . Canadian cultural fixture ( edit ) Parade float featuring the logo for Timbits , a Tim Hortons product , on the hockey raccoon at the 2009 Santa Claus Parade in Toronto . Tim Hortons is popularly known as `` Timmies '' . The ubiquity of Tim Hortons , through the wide expansion of its outlets , makes it a prominent feature of Canadian life ; Canadians eat more doughnuts per capita and have more doughnut outlets per capita than any other nation . Tim Hortons ' prevalence in the coffee and doughnut market has led to its branding as a Canadian cultural icon . The media routinely refer to its iconic status , despite this being a relatively recent development ; there were only a few outlets before the chain 's expansion in the late 1990s and 2000s . A series of Tim 's television commercials promotes this idea by showing vignettes of Canadians abroad and their homesickness for Tim Hortons . Noted Canadian author Pierre Berton once wrote : `` In so many ways the story of Tim Hortons is the essential Canadian story . It is a story of success and tragedy , of big dreams and small towns , of old - fashioned values and tough - fisted business , of hard work and of hockey . '' Some commentators have bemoaned the rise of Tim Hortons as a national symbol . Rudyard Griffiths , director of The Dominion Institute , wrote in the Toronto Star in July 2006 that the ascension of the chain to the status of cultural icon was a `` worrying sign '' for Canadian nationalism , adding , `` Surely Canada can come up with a better moniker than the Timbit Nation . '' The recognition of Tim Hortons as a Canadian icon has permeated into American culture as the result of product placement efforts in conjunction with a marketing agency . In the American situation comedy How I Met Your Mother , while standing in a Tim Hortons `` just around the corner from the Hockey Hall of Fame '' , Robin , played by Canadian actress Cobie Smulders , called the location the `` most Canadian place in the universe '' . The chain has since embraced that comment as an unofficial slogan and has used it in promotional advertisements to emphasize their fixture in modern Canadian culture . The chain has also been featured in the TV series Homeland as a result of the aforementioned product placement campaign . Another TV show that has Tim Hortons products making an appearance is The Last Ship , having a product placement deal . Community involvement ( edit ) A Timbits hockey player from Niagara Falls in 2006 . Tim Hortons sponsor community outreach programs including Free Skating , Free Swimming , Earn - a-Bike Program , Remembrance Day , Food Drives , the Smile Cookie program , Enactus , as well as a community clean - up project . The store promotes itself through the `` Tim Horton Children 's Foundation . '' Founded by Ron Joyce , the Foundation sponsors thousands of underprivileged children from Canada and the United States to go to one of six high - class summer camps located in Parry Sound , ON ; Tatamagouche , NS ; Kananaskis , AB ; Quyon , QC ; Campbellsville , KY ; St. George , ON and most recently , Whiteshell , MB . The foundation 's highest - profile fundraiser is Camp Day , which is held annually on the Wednesday of the first full week in June . All proceeds from coffee sales at most Tim Hortons locations , as well as proceeds from related activities held that day , are donated to the foundation . Small stores located in Esso Service Stations do not donate coffee proceeds on Camp Day . Joyce 's work with the Tim Horton Children 's Foundation earned him the Gary Wright Humanitarian Award in 1991 , presented periodically in recognition of contributions to the betterment of community life throughout Canada . In recognition primarily for his work with the Foundation , he received an appointment to the Order of Canada , with the official presentation taking place on October 21 , 1992 , in Ottawa . See also ( edit ) List of Canadian restaurant chains List of coffeehouse chains List of doughnut shops History of Burger King Toronto portal Companies portal Food portal Coffee portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons Inc . -- Company Overview '' . Hoover 's . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Hortons asking which menu item should return in ' Bring It Back ' campaign '' . CTV.ca . March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.rbi.com/file/4591210/Index?KeyFile=1500096187 ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Hortons owner eyes rapid expansion in U.S. despite uncertainty around Trump -- Toronto Star '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Restaurant Brands International . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/tim-hortons-minimum-wage-worker-benefits-1.4480097 Jump up ^ http://www.timhortons.com/ca/en/corporate/news-release.php?id=8205 Jump up ^ `` Corporate Profile '' . Tim Hortons . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . The Story of Tim Hortons Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons to add 500 Canadian outlets , 300 in U.S. by 2018 '' . The Globe and Mail . February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Story of Tim Hortons '' . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Danny ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` The ' idea guy ' behind Tim Hortons saw others get rich while he went bankrupt : Entrepreneur was the ill - fated hockey player 's first partner in the little doughnut chain that grew '' . The Globe and Mail . Canada . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Austen , Michael J. de la Merced and Ian . `` Global Web of Financial Connections in Burger King 's Deal for Tim Hortons '' . Jump up ^ `` 3G Capital -- Restaurant Brands International '' . Jump up ^ Cormack , Patricia , `` True Stories ' of Canada Tim Hortons and the Branding of National Identity , '' Cultural Sociology 2 , no . 3 ( 2008 ) : 371 Jump up ^ `` Tim Horton ( 1930 -- 1974 ) '' . Tim Horton . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2008 . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Story of Tim Hortons '' . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The unofficial national sugary snack '' . My Canada Includes Tourtière . September 1 , 1994 . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Casey ( November 24 , 2000 ) . `` Canadian Doughnut Shop Targets Upstate '' . CNY Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ US burger giant buys Tim Hortons doughnut chain . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . August 10 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Susan Kastner Simple fairytale takes on whole new meaning Archived October 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Final Edition ) August 13 , 1995 , page E. 2 Section : PEOPLE Toronto Star ^ Jump up to : `` Wendy 's confirms Tim Hortons IPO by March '' . Ottawa Business Journal . December 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Harris , Rebecca ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` Marketer of the Year : Down - Home Smarts '' . Marketing Magazine . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wendy 's Says Nelson Peltz Gave ' Ultimatum ' '' . Fox News Channel . Reuters . December 30 , 2005 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wendy 's to spin off all of Tim Hortons by end of 2006 '' . CBC News . March 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Wendy 's International , Inc . Announces Comprehensive Strategic Initiatives to Enhance Shareholder Value '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . July 29 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` TheStar.com -- Page Not Found '' . September 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TheStar.com -- Tim Hortons joins S&P / TSX index roster '' . November 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fineman , Josh ; Scanlan , David ( March 23 , 2006 ) . `` Tim Hortons Raises C $783 Million in Initial Offering '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Registration statement filed for proposed reorganization of Tim Hortons as a Canadian public company '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . June 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Friend , David ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Hortons returns officially to Canada '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons Inc. completes public company merger and reorganization '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . CNW Group . September 28 , 2009 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Campion - Smith , Bruce ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Doughnuts over diplomacy '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons now offers Interac debit system across Canada '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . CNW Group . November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons to introduce MasterCard payment in Canada '' . Tim Hortons . June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Now Serving ... VISA at Tim Hortons '' . Tim Hortons . May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ordering Your Morning Double - Double Just Got More Rewarding : American Express Serves up New Relationship with Tim Hortons '' . Tim Hortons . July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Burger King in talks to acquire Tim Hortons '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Burger King in Talks to Buy Tim Hortons in Canada Tax Deal '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Hortons , Burger King agree to merger deal '' . CBC News . August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ De La Merced , Michael ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Burger King to Buy Tim Hortons for $11.4 Billion '' . The New York Times . United States . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sturgeon , Jamie . `` Ottawa gives Burger King go - ahead for Tim Hortons takeover '' . globalnews.ca . Global News . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons , Burger King deal OK 'd by Competition Bureau '' . CBC News . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Burger King , Tim Hortons ink merger deal for $12.5 - billion '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : CBC Radio -- Metro Morning ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bad For Canada ? '' . CBC Radio -- Metro Morning . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Friend , David ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Tim Hortons - Burger King Deal Could Lead To Layoffs , Cost Cutting : Analysis '' . The Canadian Press , Huffington Post . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Luckhardt , Natasha ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Trouble Brewing : Why the Tim Hortons Takeover is a Bad Deal for Canadians '' . Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives . Jump up ^ `` Burger King promises to ramp up Tim Hortons ' U.S. expansion as Ottawa approves takeover '' . Financial Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons enters ' next chapter ' as shareholders approve Burger King 's $12.5 billion takeover '' . Financial Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons , Burger King finalize merger to form Restaurant Brands International '' . The Canadian Press . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sturgeon , Jamie . `` Burger King gets go - ahead to gobble up Tim Hortons '' . globalnews.ca . Global News . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Everson , , Kristen ( December 6 , 2014 ) . `` Tim Hortons takeover conditions demanded by public , James Moore says '' . CBC News . Jump up ^ Wartenberg , Steve ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Tim Hortons closes U.S. headquarters in Dublin '' . Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons owner sees big jump in profit in 2016 , revenue edges up '' . February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sagan , Aleksandra ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Children of Tim Hortons co-founders cut worker benefits at their franchises over wage hike '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Sophia ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Hortons franchise owners tell workers to blame Wynne for benefit cuts and to ' not vote Liberal ' '' . CBC News . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeffords , Shawn ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Wynne criticizes Tim Hortons franchisees , says workers should n't be pawns '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hodges , David ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Hortons protests to expand beyond Ontario , 50 demonstrations planned across Canada '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons slides from fourth to 50th in brand reputation survey '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kalinowski , Tess ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Hortons to move its Canadian head office '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQS '' . Tim Hortons . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons lands in Iqaluit '' . CBC News . December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wal - Mart Canada supercenters to have Tim Hortons '' . Reuters . September 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons brings a taste of home to troops in Kandahar '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons. 2006 . Retrieved November 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Elaine ( April 12 , 2006 ) . `` Tim Hortons hiring for Afghanistan '' . The Province . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons strikes gold at Fort Knox '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . October 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons opens on Naval Station Norfolk '' ( Press release ) . Dublin , Ohio : Tim Hortons . January 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons stock jumps in trading debut '' . CTV.ca . March 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` SPAR launches new Food Strategy as part of € 90m expansion plan for 2006 '' ( Press release ) . SPAR . January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Presentation by Dermot Breen , Tesco Ireland , at Checkout Conference `` The importance of the consumer '' '' ( Press release ) . Tesco Ireland . January 24 , 2006 . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` SPAR Ireland Continues to Expand Tim Hortons Kiosks in SPAR Convenience Store Locations in Ireland '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons. April 30 , 2007 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Hortons to Add 82 U.S. Locations in Grocery Stores '' . Foodservice and Hospitality . October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` More than a Great Brand . Tim Hortons outlines strategic growth catalysts and financial outlook at investor conference '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . March 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mathieu , Emily ( March 6 , 2010 ) . `` Tim Hortons to boost outlets , test drive upscale U.S. format '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul Walde ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Tims arrives in Iqaluit '' . The Globe and Mail . Canada . Jump up ^ Canadian Press , via Winnipeg Free Press : `` North West Co. to open three Tim Hortons kiosks in Iqaluit , Nunavut '' , 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company Facts '' . Tim Hortons . August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons - Statistics & Facts '' . Statista.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Profile '' . Tim Hortons . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trying Out The First Ever Tim Hortons in The Philippines '' . Ondagoo . Jump up ^ Mullins , Paul R. ( 2008 ) . Glazed America : a history of the doughnut . p. 115 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wendy 's buys 37 Rax units , plans Tim Hortons makeover '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . November 4 , 1996 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons keeps expanding in WNY '' . Buffalo Business First . January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Libby ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` The Doughnut Wars Begin '' . City Room . Jump up ^ Mukhopadhyay , Bhaswati ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Tim Hortons profit climbs ; to close 36 US stores '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons makes its way to town '' . TribLIVE . September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ article on TIm Hortons Grand Rapids expansion Archived June 19 , 2014 , at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Youngstown News , Tim Hortons looks to expand in Valley '' . Vindy.com . June 26 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons -- The Flagship Store Opens '' . Buffalo Rising . October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ewoldt , John . `` Tim Hortons now open at Mall of America '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Laura ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Hortons ' double - double comes to Dubai '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Tim Hortons signs deal for 120 Gulf outlets '' . Arabian Business ( Press release ) . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2 March 2013 8 : 56 PM EST Facebook Twitter RSS ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Tim Hortons opens in Oman '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons sees Philippines as ' natural gateway ' to Asian expansion '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Tim Hortons in PH : Photos , price points , what to expect '' . Rappler . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons Philippines Locations '' . Tim Hortons . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://timhortons.co.uk/find-a-tims.php Jump up ^ http://dailyhive.com/vancouver/tim-hortons-madrid-opens-2017 Jump up ^ `` Company Facts '' . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons , Cold Stone to create new stores '' . Toronto Star . Associated Press . February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons to co-brand six stores in Ontario with Cold Stone Creamery '' . Amherest Daily News . The Canadian Press . June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David Friend , David ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Tim Hortons to co-brand six stores in Ontario with Cold Stone Creamery '' . CTV News . The Canadian Press . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons strikes gold at Fort Knox '' . Tim Hortons Press Release . October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons comes to Kandahar '' . CBC News . June 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hopefuls for Tim Hortons Kandahar outlet get survival training '' . CBC News . May 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ottawa foots bill for Afghan Tim Hortons : Canadian taxpayer foots nearly $4 - million bill '' . Canada.com. 2006 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons closes up shop in Kandahar '' . National Post . Canada . November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tims breaks into Fort Knox '' . The Globe and Mail . Canada . October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons opens on Naval Station Norfolk '' . Tim Hortons Press Release . January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons Cafe & Bake Shop Honors All U.S. Veterans With Free Donut '' . Tim Hortons Press Release . November 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wendy 's International , Inc. and IAWS Group , plc announce strategic alliance '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . March 6 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Nutrition guide '' ( PDF ) . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Flavelle , Dana ( September 27 , 2006 ) . `` Tim 's heats up menu wars '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved September 29 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Flavelle , Dana ( April 21 , 2009 ) . `` McDonald 's offers free java in coffee wars '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee is the newest battleground for fast food giants '' . Daily Brew . Jump up ^ Tim Hortons . `` Canada , get ready for the freeze . Tim Hortons launches new Frozen Lemonade '' . Timhortons.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jaime Myslik ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tim Hortons targets Starbucks crowd with new dark roast coffee '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Tim Hortons . `` Tim Hortons : On Our Menu '' . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heffner , Jessica ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Hortons , Cold Stone announce co-branding deal '' . The Oxford Press . Jump up ^ Hilmantel , Robin ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Hortons and Cold Stone will team up in 100 stores '' . QSR magazine . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dentch , Courtney ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Hortons , Cold Stone to form 100 co-branded stores '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baertlein , Lisa ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Hortons , Cold Stone to wed doughnuts , ice cream '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ City News Toronto Dutchie Timbit among 24 items cut from Tim Hortons menu Archived April 22 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . February 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Our brands : Tim Hortons '' . Wendy 's International . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Swick , David ( September 17 , 2003 ) . `` Going from fresh to frozen '' . Halifax Daily News . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Hortons sued by franchisees over frozen doughnuts '' . Financial Post . June 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dobby , Christine ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Hortons par - baking cut into profits : lawsuit '' . Calgary Herald / Financial Post . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friscolanti , Michael ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Hortons : rolling in dough '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brean , Joseph ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tim Hortons franchisees lose $2 - billion doughnut lawsuit '' . National Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ron Lieber Tim Hortons Arrives in Bits and Pieces Archived December 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . July 14 , 2009 , New York Times Jump up ^ Fineman , Josh ; Scanlan , David ( March 23 , 2006 ) . `` Tim Hortons Raises C $783 Million in Initial Offering '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Investing in an icon : Why everyone wants a piece of Tim Hortons '' . Ottawa Citizen . March 19 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kidd , Keneth ( March 26 , 2006 ) . `` Timbit Nation '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Troops in Kandahar to get a Tim Hortons shop '' . CTV.ca . March 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Season of Champions Sponsors '' . Canadian Curling Association . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Quickpay Tim Card '' . Tim Hortons . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons relents , workers join ' Red Friday ' '' . CTV News . September 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons USA '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons '' . Facebook . ^ Jump up to : Robson , Dan ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Hortons withdraws donation to anti-gay event '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons responds to inquiries about Rhode Island event sponsorship '' . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons backs out of anti-gay marriage event '' . CBC News . August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye Ivor Wynne , hello Tim Hortons Field '' . TheSpec.com . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Jean , Wildrose leader , boycotts Tim Hortons after Enbridge ads pulled '' . CBC News . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons Stops Running Enbridge 's Ads Following Public Backlash '' . Vice News . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons yanks Enbridge ads , sparks Alberta backlash '' . CBC News . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levant , Ezra ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` '' Do n't lie to me `` : Ezra Levant confronts Tim Hortons president over # BoycottTims '' . TheRebel . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rrroll Up The Rim To Win Is Back at Tim Hortons ! '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . February 26 , 2007 . Retrieved March 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Not all rims rrroll up equally '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . March 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Terry ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Small Move , Big Gain : An Encore Presentation '' . CBC Radio One . Pirate Radio . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons Roll Up The Rim 2012 : 5 facts you should know about this iconic promotion '' . HuffPost . August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RRRoll Up Fun : Fun Facts '' . RRRoll up the rim to win ! . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Finally ! A Rimroller ! ! '' . Winnipeg Free Press . March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lawyer wants DNA test on ' Roll up the Rim ' cup '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . March 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Finders , keepers : Tim Hortons puts a lid on cup contest controversy '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` With Scroll Up To Win , Tim Hortons re-imagines Roll Up The Rim for the mobile age '' . MobileSyrup. 2018 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2008 . Retrieved April 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tracing the roots of a Canadian icon '' . The Gazette . March 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grant , Tavia ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Tims holds gains '' . The Globe and Mail . Canada . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bay Street Week Ahead - Tim Hortons serves up hot IPO to go '' . Reuters News . March 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` But can iconic coffee chain sustain growth , analysts wonder '' . Winnipeg Free Press . March 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Rudyard ( August 15 , 2006 ) . `` Timbit Nation ? '' . Winnipeg Free Press . ^ Jump up to : `` How Tim Hortons won the Internet with The Priestley canada.com '' . O.canada.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Local Programs '' . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Foundation '' . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Childrens Foundation Camps '' . Tim Hortons Childrens Foundation . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Camp Day '' . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` We Care Awards '' . Friends of We Care . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tim Hortons . Official website Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Pizza chains Hamburgers A&W Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burger King Carl 's Jr . 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Rudzewicz Burger King Pokémon container recall 2013 meat adulteration scandal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Hortons&oldid=842654481 '' Categories : Tim Hortons Bakery cafés Burger King Canadian brands Canadian culture Coffee brands Coffee houses of Canada Companies based in Oakville , Ontario Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange Companies formerly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange Doughnut shops Fast - food chains of Canada Fast - food chains of the United States Fast - food franchises History of Hamilton , Ontario Regional restaurant chains in the United States Restaurants established in 1964 Wendy 's International Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Use Canadian English from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ் 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 20 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first tim hortons open in the usa	[ "Initially, the US stores were the result of natural expansion in Canada–U.S. border areas (e.g., stores in Maine and the Buffalo, New York area where Horton played from 1972 to 1974 as a member of the Buffalo Sabres). The first United States locations were opened in Deerfield Beach, Florida and Pompano Beach, Florida in 1981, but they proved unsuccessful and were closed.[85] In 1985, the chain returned to the US with a location on Niagara Falls Boulevard in the Buffalo suburb of Amherst, New York.[86] Starting in the mid-1990s, however, the chain began expanding in the US by acquiring former locations from fast food chains. In 1996 and 1997, thirty-seven former Rax Restaurants locations in Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia were bought by Wendy's International Inc.; 30 of these were converted to Tim Hortons, while the others became Wendy's franchise locations. Thirty-five closed Hardee's stores in the Detroit area were also purchased with the intention of being converted.[87] By 2004, the chain had also acquired 42 Bess Eaton coffee and doughnut restaurants situated in southern New England. Several combination Wendy's/Tim Hortons units were opened in the US; both in the \"traditional\" markets of Maine and Buffalo, where there were well over 180 locations as of 2011,[88] and in the markets entered through acquisition." ]	[ "1981" ]
8819994635083845575	Thin Line Between Love and Hate	Thin Line Between Love and Hate - wikipedia Thin Line Between Love and Hate Jump to : navigation , search `` Thin Line Between Love and Hate '' A-side label of U.S. vinyl single Single by The Persuaders from the album Thin Line Between Love and Hate B - side `` Thigh Spy '' Released August 1971 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Genre R&B Length 3 : 16 Label Atco Records Songwriter ( s ) Richard Poindexter Robert Poindexter Jackie Members Producer ( s ) Richard Poindexter Robert Poindexter `` Thin Line Between Love and Hate '' is the title of a 1971 song by the New York City - based R&B vocal group The Persuaders . The song was written and produced by the Poindexter brothers , Robert and Richard , and was also co-written by Jackie Members . This was the group 's biggest hit song , spending two weeks atop the Billboard R&B chart in late 1971 . It also reached # 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and was a certified Gold Record by the RIAA . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Cover versions ( edit ) The song has been covered or sampled by many musical acts . Roots reggae artist BB Seaton did a version on his 1973 album of the same name British reggae band Black Slate also did a cover on their 1980 Ensign Records album Amigo The rock band The Pretenders recorded a cover version of this song that was included on their 1984 album Learning to Crawl . Featuring Paul Carrack on keyboards and backing vocals and released as a single , peaking at # 83 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 49 on the UK Singles Chart . This version changed the lyrics from first - person viewpoint to second - person . A sample of `` Thin Line Between Love and Hate '' was featured in the song `` Washed Away '' by the hip - hop band Arrested Development . This song can be found on their 1992 album 3 Years , 5 Months & 2 Days in the Life Of ... Also in 1992 , rapper Kid Frost sampled this song on his track `` Thin Line '' . This song is included on his album East Side Story and reached # 82 on the Billboard R&B chart . In 1995 , Annie Lennox recorded a cover of this song that was featured on her second solo album Medusa . In 1996 , R&B vocal trio H - Town recorded the song , which was included in the film A Thin Line Between Love and Hate starring Martin Lawrence . Released as `` A Thin Line Between Love & Hate '' , this version featured Shirley Murdock on female vocals and reached # 6 on the Billboard R&B chart and # 37 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In 2000 , Chrissie Hynde performed a cover version on Da Ali G Show . During the performance , Ali G said the song was `` depressing '' , and sped it up into a jungle song , with backup dancers . See also ( edit ) R&B number - one hits of 1971 ( USA ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 488 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart info Chartstats.com . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . External links ( edit ) 1971 Persuaders single info From discogs.com 1984 Pretenders single info From discogs.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Make It Funky '' Part 1 by James Brown Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles number - one single October 2 -- 9 , 1971 Succeeded by `` Trapped By a Thing Called Love '' by Denise LaSalle H - Town Solomon `` Shazam '' Conner Darryl `` G.I. '' Jackson Keven `` Dino '' Conner Studio albums Fever for da Flavor Beggin ' After Dark Ladies Edition , Woman 's World Imitation of Life Child Support Singles `` Knockin ' da Boots '' `` A Thin Line Between Love & Hate '' `` They Like It Slow '' The Pretenders Chrissie Hynde Martin Chambers Nick Wilkinson James Walbourne Eric Heywood James Honeyman - Scott Pete Farndon Robbie McIntosh Malcolm Foster Blair Cunningham T.M. Stevens Johnny Marr Adam Seymour Andy Rourke Studio albums Pretenders Pretenders II Learning to Crawl Get Close Packed ! Last of the Independents Viva el Amor Loose Screw Break Up the Concrete Alone Live albums The Isle of View Extended plays Extended Play Compilation albums The Singles Greatest Hits The Best of Pretenders Songs `` Stop Your Sobbing '' `` Kid '' `` Brass in Pocket '' `` Precious '' `` Private Life '' `` Talk of the Town '' `` Message of Love '' `` I Go to Sleep '' `` Back on the Chain Gang '' `` My City Was Gone '' `` 2000 Miles '' `` Middle of the Road '' `` Thin Line Between Love and Hate '' `` Do n't Get Me Wrong '' `` Hymn to Her '' `` My Baby '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` I 'm Not in Love '' `` I 'll Stand by You '' `` Human '' Related articles Discography Members John McKenzie Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thin_Line_Between_Love_and_Hate&oldid=800405419 '' Categories : 1971 singles 1984 singles 1996 singles The Persuaders ( R&B group ) songs The Pretenders songs H - Town ( band ) songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Atco Records singles 1971 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 09 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	it's a thin line between love and hate the pretenders	[]	[]
-1893478294372924364	George O'Malley	George O'Malley - wikipedia George O'Malley Jump to : navigation , search George O'Malley Grey 's Anatomy character The Season 4 promotional photo of T.R. Knight as Dr. George O'Malley First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1.01 ) March 27 , 2005 Last appearance `` Good Mourning '' ( 6.01 ) September 24 , 2009 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by T.R. Knight Information Full name George O'Malley Occupation Surgical resident at Seattle Grace Hospital Title M.D Family Louise O'Malley ( mother ) Harold O'Malley ( father , deceased ) Jerry and Ronnie O'Malley ( brothers ) Spouse ( s ) Callie Torres ( divorced ) Significant other ( s ) Olivia Harper Meredith Grey Izzie Stevens Religion Catholicism George O'Malley is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes , and was portrayed by actor T.R. Knight from 2005 to 2009 . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , O'Malley worked his way up to resident level , while his relationships with his colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) formed a focal point of the series . O'Malley married Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) whom he later separated with to pursue a relationship with Izzie Stevens . O'Malley also had entertained a romantic interest with Meredith Grey and Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) . Knight auditioned for the show , expecting a one - season run . In 2007 , Knight 's co-star Isaiah Washington ( Preston Burke ) insulted him with a homophobic slur , which resulted in the termination of Washington 's Grey 's Anatomy contract . In 2009 , after the conclusion of the fifth season , it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show 's sixth season . The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a `` breakdown in communication '' with Rhimes , his character 's lack of screen time , as well as his decision to come out as openly gay . Knight received generally positive reviews for his performance as O'Malley , and garnered a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards . Despite this , his death received mixed feedback . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) George O'Malley is introduced as a fellow surgical intern to Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) ; the five of them working under Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . O'Malley and Stevens move in with Meredith , for whom he has romantic feelings but did not express them due to his fear of rejection and the fact that she and one of the attendings Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) had a mutual interest in one another . On the first day of internship , O'Malley is selected by chief of cardiothoracic surgery Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) as the first intern to perform surgery . He freezes in the operating room , and is mocked by his peers , and earns the nickname `` 007 '' because of almost killing a patient in such a simple operation ( referring to James Bond 's `` licence to kill '' ) . O'Malley dates nurse Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) , breaking up with her when he contracts syphilis from her , which she in turn contracted from Karev . His friendship with Karev is further strained when the two become trapped in an elevator with a patient who begins to bleed out . Karev freezes , and O'Malley is able to save the patient single - handedly . He goes on to admit his feelings to Meredith , and the two have a one - night stand . When Meredith tells him that sleeping together was a mistake , O'Malley begins avoiding her and starts dating orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) . During a camping trip , O'Malley learns that Torres has slept with chief of plastic surgery Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , and also discovers that Burke is experiencing tremors in his hand . When O'Malley's father is diagnosed with esophageal cancer and a leaking aortic valve , he refuses to allow Burke to operate on him , instead contacting Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , Burke 's medical school rival . His relationship with Torres is strained when he confronts her about sleeping with Sloan , but he allows her to support him through his father 's deteriorating health . Complications from his father 's surgery leave him in multi-system organ failure , and his life support is turned off . In an attempt to overcome his grief , O'Malley elopes with Callie to Las Vegas . He later begins to feel that he was mistaken to marry her , and sleeps with Stevens while intoxicated . Stevens confesses that she is in love with him , so O'Malley considers transferring to a different hospital so he can be faithful to his wife . However , he is ineligible to transfer after failing the intern exams . O'Malley decides to repeat his intern year , and confesses to Torres that he slept with Stevens , leading the two to separate . O'Malley and Stevens embark on a short - lived relationship , only to discover there is no real chemistry between them . O'Malley moves in with new intern Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Meredith 's half - sister . Lexie and O'Malley discover that he only failed his exam by a single point , leading him to confront Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , the chief of surgery , to ask for a chance to retake the exam . He passes the second attempt , and begins to distance himself from Lexie , who has fallen in love with him . O'Malley supports Stevens when she discovers she has melanoma , and walks her down the aisle as she marries Karev . O'Malley begins to display a talent for trauma surgery , and is told by the chief of trauma surgery Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) that it is definitely his specialty . He then abruptly and inexplicably decides to join the U.S. Army . While his friends at the hospital prepare an intervention to convince O'Malley to stay , they all work on a severely disfigured John Doe , brought in after a horrible bus accident , in which he pushed a woman out of the way and saved her life . When Meredith goes to check on John Doe , he seems to recognize her and will not let go of her hand . After several attempts at trying , he succeeds in tracing `` 007 '' on Meredith 's hand . Shocked , she realizes `` John Doe '' is in fact O'Malley . She informs the other surgeons and they rush him to surgery . However , he flatlines and is ultimately declared braindead . His organs are donated after Stevens confirms that is what O'Malley would have wanted , and he is buried a week later . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) T.R. Knight expected a short career with Grey 's Anatomy . T.R. Knight signed on for the pilot as O'Malley , expecting that the role might be short - lived , because he liked that the character was multi-faceted . In October 2006 , news reports surfaced that Washington had insulted Knight with a homophobic slur , during an argument with Patrick Dempsey ( Derek Shepherd ) . Shortly after , the details of the argument became public , and Knight later disclosed that the slur made him come out as gay . `` I was under no delusions , '' Knight said at the time . `` My friends on the set knew . We talked about it . Publicly it 's not my thing to call up People magazine and be like , ' Hey , you want to know something about me ? ' ... I could 've just let it slide and not said anything , but it became important . It became important to make the statement . '' The situation seemed somewhat resolved when Washington issued a statement , apologizing for his `` unfortunate use of words during the recent incident on - set '' . Isaiah Washington insulted T.R. Knight with a homophobic slur . At the 64th Golden Globe Awards , while being interviewed on the red carpet , Washington joked , `` I love gay . I wanted to be gay . Please let me be gay . '' Later , Washington claimed he never used the slur , labeling it `` vile '' . In June 2007 , it was reported that the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) and Shonda Rhimes had chosen not to renew Washington 's contract with the show , not immediately specifying a reason . In a subsequent interview , Washington claimed that `` they fired the wrong guy '' ( referring to Knight ) , and said he was considering filing a lawsuit as a result . He accused Knight of using the controversy to bolster his own career and increase his salary on Grey 's Anatomy . On July 2 , 2007 , Washington appeared on Larry King Live , to present his side of the controversy . According to Washington , he never used the `` F Word '' in reference to Knight , but rather blurted it out in an unrelated context in the course of an argument `` provoked '' by Dempsey , who he felt was treating him like a `` B - word '' , a `` P - word '' , and the `` F - word '' , which Washington said conveyed `` somebody who is being weak and afraid to fight back '' . In 2009 , Rhimes told Entertainment Weekly that she may not have handled the incident correctly , stating : `` I was n't interested in what anybody thought publicly . I was interested in what was going on right here on the ground ... with the people I work with every day . Did I do it perfectly ? Of course not . This is my first television show . It was a learning experience . '' Knight said that Rhimes was among those for discouraging him to come out , however Rhimes said : `` I remember saying ( to fellow executive producer ) , ' This is our proudest day here . T.R. got to come out and I got to say to him that it would n't affect his character ' because he was concerned he was going to come out and George would suddenly be gay . ( ... ) The idea that a gay actor ca n't play a straight man is insulting . '' In December 2008 , reports speculated that Knight requested to be released from his contract and that `` they were working out the details '' at that time . In June 2009 , after the conclusion of the fifth season of Grey 's Anatomy , it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show 's sixth season . The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a `` breakdown in communication '' with Rhimes , O'Malley's lack of screen time , as well as his decision to be openly gay . Prior to the official announcement of his departure , there was speculation that the role of O'Malley would be recast , but Rhimes labeled it as a `` hilarious , ridiculous rumor '' . After the confirmation of his exit , Knight told TV Guide : `` Leaving Grey 's Anatomy was not an easy decision for me to make . I am extremely grateful to have had the opportunity to play this character and will miss my fellow cast and crew very much . I continue to wish them the very best , and wholeheartedly thank all of the fans who have supported me and the show with such passion and enthusiasm . '' In a statement confirming Knight 's departure , Rhimes said : `` I think I speak for the entire Grey 's Anatomy family when I say we wish T.R. Knight the best in his future endeavors . He is an incredibly talented actor and a person whose strength of character is admired by all of us . '' `` There are ebbs and flows . And every season is shaped differently . With George , I really wanted you to not notice that he was n't there for most of this episode . I do n't think anybody noticed because of the way we laid it out this season . And , actually , he was really lovely and elegant about lying there in all that very painful makeup and prosthetics for much of the episode with no words . That moment where he grabs Meredith 's hand is one of the most affecting moments of the episode , and it was without words . '' -- Rhimes on Knight 's lack of screen time in season five In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Rhimes said she tried to talk him out of quitting , explaining : `` I looked in his face and he was really sure . It felt like the right thing for him . '' However , in another interview , Knight said of his exit : `` My five - year experience proved to me that I could not trust any answer that was given ( about O'Malley ) . '' Knight was `` at peace '' with his departure , saying : `` There just comes a time when it 's so clear that moving on is the best decision . '' However , Heigl tried to talk Knight out of leaving , saying : `` I did n't think it was the right decision . I felt like some of the problems could be worked through . But by the time it came to fruition , I was ( glad ) for him because he was ready to go . '' On the topic of losing a US $14 million contract , Knight commented : `` From an outsider 's perspective , I get the ( impression that ) ' He 's just a spoiled actor , he does n't know how good he has it . ' There are a lot of people who would like to be in my position . But in the end , I need to be fulfilled in my work . '' Characterization ( edit ) O'Malley was characterized a `` hapless naif '' . On the topic of O'Malley's longtime crush on Meredith in the second season , Knight said : `` What 's going to be very interesting to see is what he 's going to do with Meredith . It 's getting close to time . Whatever he chooses to do will inform who he is the rest of his life . '' After their sexual encounter occurred onscreen , Knight said in an interview with Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune : `` George was n't really paying full attention . He was letting his own feelings override his respect for Meredith . A person really clued in would get that there was n't anything coming back , but he was so in his head about it and caught up in his own feelings that he was n't listening . It 's not just that he loves her ... it 's a kind of selfish love he had for her . '' He also added that , `` I think George has a lot of growing up to do . Part of that is making horrible , stupid mistakes . He 's been pretty sheltered . '' Katherine Heigl 's ( left ) and Ellen Pompeo 's ( right ) characters both have short - lived relationships with O'Malley . Series writer Stacy McKee said of the sexual encounter : `` There 's no turning back . There 's nothing George and Meredith can do . The damage is done -- things will never be the same . They 've just changed something important in their lives forever . '' When asked if O'Malley was becoming more assertive , Knight said : `` I think that 's very true , especially since the elevator scene . The first time we saw George , he failed at an appendectomy , he failed very publicly . In the elevator scene , if he had n't been in that elevator , if they had been in any other place , he would have let someone else step in and deal with it . The fact that it was only George and Alex forced him to act , it was either that or let this man die . He stepped up because he had to . '' Knight also commented that the character does not appreciate himself and his positive traits . On the topic of O'Malley performing open heart surgery in an elevator , Knight said : `` It 's a slow change but he 's starting to realize , ' The way I have been doing things is not working . ' The big thing about the open - heart surgery in the elevator was he was forced into it . He needs to be kind of kicked in the ( butt ) to do these things . '' Knight felt a parallel to George in that his `` confidence is n't always at its absolute highest '' , but overall he sees more differences than similarities . However , when the actor starts to think he is so different from O'Malley , an awkward move can suggest otherwise . `` I was walking , doing a scene with Katherine Heigl . I finished my line with her , and then I walked straight into the light stand . '' Critical of her affair with O'Malley , Knight 's co-star Heigl explained : `` They really hurt somebody , and they did n't seem to be taking a lot of responsibility for it . I have a really hard time with that kind of thing . I 'm maybe a little too black and white about it . '' Speaking of O'Malley's relationship with Lexie , Rhimes offered her insight : `` I love them as friends . They make good friends . We all have that friend we met in school or the gym or somewhere -- we just hit it off right away . And right away there was no pretense or airs . Just pure honesty . That 's Lexie and George . They 're really good friends and I can see the friendship evolving into something even greater . '' When asked what his `` favorite George moment '' was , Knight said his relationships with Stevens and Bailey . Reception ( edit ) Callie Torres ' relationship with O'Malley was initially criticized . Fans were `` widely against '' O'Malley's affair with Meredith in the second season , however certain fans who supported their relationship were critical when Torres was introduced as a love interest for him . Fans and critics were also against O'Malley's relationship with Stevens in the fourth season ; Maclean 's said : `` George must die . He 's slept with virtually everyone except the male cast and has been in love with virtually everyone except the male cast . And he 's not that great of a doctor . Evolve or die . '' Christopher Monfette of IGN said O'Malley and Stevens were a `` mismatch '' , adding : `` Unfortunately , while it 's refreshing to see a plotline driven by activity versus apathy , the idea of these two ever - affable , best - friend characters suddenly discovering their potential , out - of - nowhere love for each other quickly feels both force - fed and emotionally - incorrect . '' Similarly , DVD Verdict stated that George and Izzie were `` one of the strongest ' best friend ' vibes on television '' for the first three seasons , explaining `` they were perfect as friends ( while ) George and Callie made a good couple . '' UGO.com put the two on their list of `` Character Couples Who Should Have Never Happened '' . Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly said that when O'Malley told Torres about his affair with Stevens , the scene was too `` melodramatic '' . Laura Burrows , also of IGN , said that the fourth - season premiere `` introduced a new side of George '' . Armstrong said of O'Malley and Stevens ' reconciliation : `` George and Izzie are finally on the old Grey 's Anatomy road to ruin . And I admit this is a good lesson in Grey 's viewing as well as life : Sit tight if you hate something , as nothing is permanent . '' Armstrong also commented that the `` sparkling '' friendship development between Lexie and O'Malley `` won her over '' . The following year , Monfette observed of O'Malley's lack of screen time : `` His growing interest in trauma surgery at the side of Owen leads to an interesting development in the finale , but the character is virtually side - lined this season . '' Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times said of the character 's death : `` The time - lapse episode was an interesting choice , and though we sped through six weeks of mourning in two hours , it did n't feel rushed to me . I 'm not sure the show could have held my attention for another season of crippling sadness . '' The Huffington Post 's Michael Pascua commented that O'Malley's funeral did not live up to his expectations , writing that it `` was n't as sad as ( he ) thought it would be '' . In 2006 , Knight and the other cast of Grey 's Anatomy were nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series , at the 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards . Also in 2006 , the cast won the award for Best Cast -- Television Series at the 11th Satellite Awards . The cast won the award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards , and were nominated again the following year . Knight 's performance in season three earned him a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards . References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ T.R. Knight ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy -- T.R. Knight On Auditioning . Paley Center . Event occurs at 0 : 30 -- 1 : 20 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edward , Wyatt ( January 22 , 2007 ) . `` Anatomy of an Insult : ABC Is Stung by an Actor 's Anti-Gay Slurs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nudd , Tim ( January 17 , 2007 ) . `` T.R. Knight : Isaiah Washington 's Slur Made Me Come Out '' . People . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Isaiah Washington Apologizes '' . People . October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( January 17 , 2007 ) . `` Isaiah Washington : `` I Love Gay '' `` . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight : ' Isaiah Washington Did Use the ' F Word ' '' . Hollywood.com . January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Show Creator Speaks Out About Anti-Gay Controversy '' . Yahoo ! Voices . January 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Michael ( June 8 , 2007 ) . `` Isaiah Washington Fired from Grey 's Anatomy '' . AfterElton.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC drops Washington from Grey 's Anatomy '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's star says they fired the wrong guy '' , Houston Chronicle . June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview transcript '' July 2 , 2007 . Cable News Network . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Greg ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` T.R. Knight : More of Entertainment Weekly interview '' . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` It 's official : T.R. Knight exits ' Grey 's Anatomy ' -- Inside TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` T.R. Knight reveals why he left ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Cable News Network . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight : Leaving Grey 's Anatomy Was the `` Best Decision '' `` . Us Weekly . July 23 , 2009 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy T.R. Knight Rumors Ripped as `` Ridiculous '' `` False '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( 19 June 2009 ) . `` T.R. Knight Speaks Out : `` Leaving Grey 's Anatomy Was Not Easy '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive = ' Grey 's ' boss on finale 's Izzie - George shocker , Mer - Der ' wedding , ' and more ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` This week 's cover : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' star T.R. Knight reveals why he left the hit show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Nicholas ( September 16 , 2005 ) . `` Playing Doctors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keveney , Bill ( February 16 , 2006 ) . `` TV 's top everymen '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( March 10 , 2006 ) . `` George speaks : A chat with T.R. Knight of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McKee , Stacy ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` From Stacy McKee , writer of `` What Have I Done To Deserve This ? '' `` . American Broadcasting Company . Grey Matter . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bennetts , Leslie ( January 2008 ) . `` Heigl 's Anatomy '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( June 2 , 2008 ) . `` The End of the Beginning ... Part II ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight talks ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Associated Press . February 15 , 2006 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yuan , Jada ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Belle Curves : Sara Ramirez '' . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` Spamalot 's Ramirez Lands Role on TV 's `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . Playbill . Philip S Birsh . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight pictures , Blog , Interviews , News , Trivia , Biography '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Treble , Patricia ( April 25 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy is on life support '' . Maclean 's . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Monfette , Christopher ( June 18 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jim ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season Four '' . DVD Verdict . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Character Couples Who Should Have Never Happened -- George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens - '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy recap : Keeping Up With the Jonesing '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Laura ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 4 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy recap : Bed Her Late , Then Never '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` When Girls Collide '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 2 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' premiere : Saying goodbye to George O'Malley '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pascua , Michael ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Good Mourning / Goodbye ( season premiere ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Satellite Awards '' . Alt Film Guide . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 14th Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight '' . Primetime Emmy Awards . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal George O'Malley on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice Untitled Grey 's Anatomy spinoff A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_O%27Malley&oldid=819766454 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from Washington ( state ) Fictional surgeons Grey 's Anatomy characters Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015 Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Македонски Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 04 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what season did george die on grey's anatomy	[ "Knight auditioned for the show, expecting a one-season run. In 2007, Knight's co-star Isaiah Washington (Preston Burke) insulted him with a homophobic slur, which resulted in the termination of Washington's Grey's Anatomy contract. In 2009, after the conclusion of the fifth season, it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show's sixth season. The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a \"breakdown in communication\" with Rhimes, his character's lack of screen time, as well as his decision to come out as openly gay. Knight received generally positive reviews for his performance as O'Malley, and garnered a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards. Despite this, his death received mixed feedback." ]	[ "fifth season" ]
-6453571978532762306	The Vampire Diaries (season 4)	The Vampire Diaries ( season 4 ) - Wikipedia The Vampire Diaries ( season 4 ) The Vampire Diaries ( season 4 ) Season 4 DVD Cover Starring Nina Dobrev Paul Wesley Ian Somerhalder Steven R. McQueen Kat Graham Zach Roerig Candice Accola Michael Trevino Joseph Morgan Country of origin United States No. of episodes 23 Release Original network The CW Original release October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) -- May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 List of The Vampire Diaries episodes The Vampire Diaries , a one - hour American supernatural drama , was renewed for a fourth season by the U.S. channel The CW on May 3 , 2012 , seven days before the third season 's finale . Unlike the previous seasons that aired in September , it premiered on October 11 , 2012 , to avoid competition from major television shows . Season 4 consisted of 23 episodes instead of the usual 22 episodes . On January 11 , 2013 , it was announced that a back - door pilot focused on the Originals , titled The Originals will air on April 25 for series pick - up . On April 26 , 2013 , The CW announced that The Originals , The Vampire Diaries ' spin - off series , was picked up for a full season slated to premiere next fall . On February 11 , 2013 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Casting 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries characters Main ( edit ) Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert / Katherine Pierce / Silas Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore / Silas Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore / Silas Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert / Silas Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan / Silas Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes / Silas Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood ( possessed by Klaus ; himself ) Joseph Morgan as Klaus Mikaelson / Silas Recurring ( edit ) Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson / Silas David Alpay as Professor Atticus Shane / Silas Grace Phipps as April Young Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall Marguerite MacIntyre as Sheriff Elizabeth `` Liz '' Forbes / Silas Todd Williams as Connor Jordan Rick Worthy as Rudy Hopkins Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson Charlie Bewley as Galen Vaughn Susan Walters as Carol Lockwood Arielle Kebbel as Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson Special guest ( edit ) Jasmine Guy as Sheila Bennett / Silas Guest ( edit ) Alyssa Diaz as Kimberly `` Kim '' Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman / Silas Torrey DeVitto as Meredith Fell Paul Telfer as Alexander Scott Parks as Silas Michael Reilly Burke as Pastor Young Camille Guaty as Caitlin Shane / Silas Cynthia Addai - Robinson as Aja Blake Hood as Dean Ser'Darius Blain as Chris Madeline Zima as Charlotte Adina Porter as Nandi LaMarche Persia White as Abby Bennett Wilson Charles Michael Davis as Marcellus `` Marcel '' Gerard Daniella Pineda as Sophie Deveraux Leah Pipes as Camille O'Connell Callard Harris as Thierry Vanchure Eka Darville as Diego Malaya Rivera Drew as Jane - Anne Deveraux Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries episodes This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 67 `` Growing Pains '' Chris Grismer Caroline Dries October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) 2J6651 3.18 Picking up where the third season left off , Elena awakens and finds herself in transition to becoming a vampire . Damon insists she feeds on human blood as soon as possible while Stefan insists they try to find another way to keep Elena alive . Unbeknownst to the vampires , Pastor Young takes over the Founders Council , excommunicating Sheriff Forbes . He , along with a team of police officers , arrives at Caroline 's house and kidnaps her and then Rebekah , but Klaus , still possessing Tyler 's body , rescues Caroline , and purposely leaves Rebekah behind . It 's revealed that she is taken to Pastor Young 's farm . Thinking Tyler was dead , Caroline kisses `` Tyler '' but soon discovers Tyler is possessed by Klaus . Later Klaus , upon finding his body was n't completely destroyed , forces Bonnie to tap into dark magic to make the body switch by threatening to kill Tyler . This results in the spirits punishing the ghost of Grams in front of Bonnie . By now , Stefan and Elena have been taken to Pastor Young 's farm . Captured within the cages , Stefan realizes Elena is dying because she has n't fed so , with Rebekah 's help , he kills one of the guards and Elena is barely able to reach the blood in time . Meanwhile , Damon and Matt are outside of Pastor Young 's farm to rescue them . After Matt lets them out , Damon tries to kill Matt ( because Elena told Stefan to save Matt from the sunken car first , leading to Elena her new predicament ) . Elena stops him and they argue . During this argument she mentions to him that the memories he compelled her to forget are coming back . Meanwhile Klaus , now in his own body , is confronted by a hurt Rebekah , who destroys the bags of Elena 's blood , making it impossible for Klaus to make more hybrids . Back at the Salvatore 's house , Stefan gives Elena a daylight ring created by Bonnie . Pastor Young calls a meeting of the secret council on his farm and intentionally starts a gas leak in his kitchen and says `` we are the beginning '' before striking his lighter in the air and blowing everyone up . 68 `` Memorial '' Rob Hardy Jose Molina & Julie Plec October 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) 2J6652 2.91 The Pastor 's daughter , and old friend of the Gilberts , April Young , returns to town following her father 's death . Meanwhile , a vampire hunter , Connor Jordon , is investigating the supernatural population of Mystic Falls under the ruse of investigating the explosion that killed the Council . Using gloves made of vervain , Connor discovers Tyler has vampire blood in him and immediately shoots him , but Tyler escapes while Connor is reloading . Jeremy meets Connor at the Mystic Grill and notices a tattoo only he can see . Despite Stefan 's best efforts , Elena is having trouble keeping animal blood down , and turns to Damon for help . Insisting she needs blood from the vein , he allows Elena to drink from him ; however , she is unable to keep down Damon 's blood as well . At the memorial held for the victims of the explosion , Connor kidnaps , stabs , and brings April to the second floor of the church , trying to use her blood to draw out any vampires in the church . Matt allows Elena , who is losing control because of the blood , to feed on him inconspicuously . Since Tyler is a hybrid , he reveals himself and allows Connor to shoot him to protect his vampire friends , who escape during the panic started by the public shooting . When Elena and Caroline go to rescue April , Elena begins to lose control and tries to attack April . However , Caroline stops her , and Elena pulls it together enough to heal and compel April . Damon tries to fight Connor in the parking lot , but is overpowered . Stefan comes to his aid and Connor makes a run for it . However , Stefan is upset that Damon blood - shared with Elena and punches him . The episode ends with Connor finding a note written by the Pastor about a `` greater evil , '' and Elena and her friends having a private memorial for everyone they have lost . 69 `` The Rager '' Lance Anderson Brian Young October 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 25 ) 2J6653 2.87 In the hospital , Connor breaks in and steals Tyler 's werewolf venom . The gang returns to school , and Matt allows Elena to feed on him in their old make - out spot . On their way inside , they discover that a curfew has been put into effect due to the shooting at the church . Stefan tries to show Elena that being a vampire can be fun , but Rebekah also returns to school and begins to torment Elena by bringing up Alaric and tempting her with blood . Connor comes to the school and tells Jeremy that the reason he can see Connor 's tattoo is because he is a potential hunter . Connor uses force to get Matt to confess who is feeding off him , but he lies and says it 's Rebekah . Klaus returns to protect his hybrids from Connor , and takes residence in the Lockwood house . Hayley , a female werewolf who helped Tyler break Klaus ' sire - bond , arrives , and Klaus suspects they had a less - than - platonic relationship in the Appalachia 's . Meanwhile , Rebekah decides to throw an anti-curfew party at her house , and Elena and Stefan decide to attend . At the party , Rebekah steals Elena 's ring and nearly destroys it . Elena , who had previously convinced Damon to give her the White Oak Stake , plans to stake Rebekah , but Stefan intervenes and convinces her to come with him to blow off steam ( not before Elena makes a grand exit from the party by doing an unassisted keg stand ) . When Stefan and Elena return , she becomes sick due to the keg being spiked with werewolf venom . Meanwhile , Damon and Klaus , who have temporarily teamed up , trap Connor in the hospital storage room via rigged explosives . Connor attempts to stake Klaus , but Klaus disarms him . Upon seeing a familiar symbol on the stake , Klaus realizes Connor is one of The Five . When Connor triggers the explosives , Klaus saves him and holds him captive to pump him for information . Klaus , acting out of character , gives Elena his blood and heals her , saying he may have a use for her after all . At the end of the episode , April stays behind at Rebekah 's , who is also recovering from the werewolf venom , to help clean up and befriends her . 70 `` The Five '' Joshua Butler Brett Matthews & Rebecca Sonnenshine November 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 01 ) 2J6654 3.27 Klaus and Rebekah realize Connor is one of `` The Five , '' a clan of legendary vampire hunters that existed 900 years before . Rebekah , who had fallen in love with their leader , Alexander , discovered they possessed an `` Ultimate Weapon '' against vampires , and that the key to finding it was using their swords to decode their tattoos ( hunter 's mark ) . However , Alexander discovered Rebekah was a vampire , and used a dagger on her and her brothers . Klaus , unaffected by the dagger , killed Alexander and his fellow hunters , and un-daggered his family . Meanwhile , Bonnie , Elena , and Damon head to Whitmore College , where they meet Professor Shane , who appears to be a believer in the supernatural , and takes a liking to Bonnie . At a party being thrown on campus , Damon teaches Elena how to feed properly . At the party , Elena becomes intoxicated by the blood and dances with Damon . However , she is snapped out of her trance by a scared Bonnie . Elena becomes scared she might become like Damon , much to his offense . Stefan learns the `` Ultimate Weapon '' of The Five is a possible cure for vampirism , and tricks Rebekah into revealing she buried Alexander with his sword . Klaus has Jeremy draw a picture of the tattoo , but finds it 's incomplete , and that it only continues to form as long as Connor kills vampires . Meanwhile , Connor escapes Klaus by killing one of his hybrids , and leaves to find the one who sent him to Mystic Falls in the first place - Professor Shane . Klaus once again daggers Rebekah . 71 5 `` The Killer '' Chris Grismer Michael Narducci November 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) 2J6655 3.02 After being told by Shane that the truth about his tattoo will be revealed , Connor returns to Mystic Falls , agreeing to kill humans if necessary . Stefan and Klaus team up once again to stop Connor , but Klaus leaves to find Alexander 's sword . Connor takes Jeremy , Matt and April hostage . April who does n't know of vampires yet , and so thinks Connor is delusional and is naturally scared of him . Stefan and Damon argue on the best course of action . Damon is knocked unconscious and the situation turns violent when one of Klaus 's minions is sent to stand up to Connor . Meanwhile , Shane is trying to get Bonnie to get over her guilt via hypnosis , which at first appears not to work when he tries to get her to light a single candle , but when Bonnie opens her eyes she sees she lit every candle in the room . Jeremy tries to talk to Connor , who explains a friend of his was once turned into a vampire but he had to put that friend down , and then the tattoo began to appear . Elena breaks in and attacks Connor , but he is taken away by Stefan . Damon catches up to them and confronts Stefan on why he does n't kill Connor and he explains Connor is the key to a cure . When Connor makes a run for it , the brothers witness him being killed by Elena , much to her guilt . 72 6 `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' Wendey Stanzler Evan Bleiweiss & Julie Plec November 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) 2J6656 2.84 Elena is hallucinating about the death of Connor , which is slowly driving her mad . Klaus informs the Salvatore brothers that Elena needs to be locked away , because eventually she will try to kill herself . After stealing her away from the brothers , he explains that due to killing the original five hunters , he experienced the same thing and there is no cure . Meanwhile , Shane is hosting an exhibition at the school with Bonnie 's help . Damon and Bonnie turn to him for answers . He tells them that Elena 's hallucinations are due to a witch 's curse and the only cure is for a potential hunter to make a first kill and pass along the last hunter 's powers . Jeremy has discovered the beginnings of the mark on him . Stefan goes to break Elena out only to have her attack him and escape . She goes to the bridge where she died and the hunter , Katherine , and her mother convince her to take her own life . She drops her daylight ring into the water . Stefan sends Damon to bring her back . Klaus provides Jeremy with one of his hybrids to kill to complete his transition to a hunter and break the curse in return for a single date with Caroline . This causes tension between Caroline and Tyler , not just because of her having a date with Klaus but also because in Tyler 's eyes `` ( Caroline ) sacrificed one friend for another . '' He feels as if he 's the only one in the group that considers the hybrids ' safety . The curse is broken just as dawn comes , and Damon saves Elena by throwing them both in the river . He tells Elena that Stefan had been lying to them , but it was all for her . Stefan and Elena sit on the front steps and talk . Elena admits that as a vampire , her feelings for Damon have been magnified , and Stefan tells her he ca n't do this any more so they mutually decide to split up . 73 7 `` My Brother 's Keeper '' Jeffrey Hunt Caroline Dries & Elisabeth R. Finch November 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) 2J6657 2.86 The Miss Mystic Falls pageant is back , and Elena and Caroline help April find something to wear . Meanwhile , Caroline calls Stefan and Stefan tells Caroline about Elena 's feelings for Damon , which Caroline objects to . Klaus shows up shortly afterwards , questioning Stefan 's trust in him . Damon and Stefan 's relationship is even more strained , but they continue their search for the cure to vampirism for Elena 's sake . Caroline and Elena are suspicious of Shane , who Damon decides to confront . Ever since awakening as a hunter , Jeremy has been having nightmares in which he kills Elena . Stefan uses criminals to create vampires for Jeremy to use to complete his tattoo . Hayley and Tyler work to break the sire bond of Klaus 's hybrids . Caroline is stressed by a favor she owes Klaus - a date , which Klaus convinces Caroline to let him escort her to the Miss Mystic Pageant . Klaus manipulates her into feeling jealous of Hayley and Tyler 's friendship , while also charming her . She asks if he ever wanted to be human again , and Klaus shares with her that he considered being human momentarily while looking at a hummingbird and contemplated the fragility of mortality and how struggling to stay alive would make every day you 're living that much more meaningful . Caroline bonds with Klaus as Tyler jealously looks on with Hayley . Jeremy 's hunter instinct - a hatred of vampires - develops to the point that he attacks Stefan . Damon asks why Shane showed up in Mystic Falls in the first place causing Shane to reveal that he is a vampire . Jeremy arrives at the pageant and attacks Elena , nearly killing her . She is rescued by Stefan and Matt . Stefan reveals to Elena he provided vampires for Jeremy to kill , to which she replies that she does n't want her humanity back if it costs her brother his . Matt moves into her house and Elena decides to stay in the Salvatore House . Stefan then decides to leave , unable to stay in the same house as Elena . It is eventually revealed that Shane and Hayley are working together to break the sire bond with Klaus 's hybrids . Later , Elena has a talk with Damon , which leads to a dance between the two and Passionate sex afterwards , all while Caroline and Stefan figure out that Elena is sired to Damon . 74 8 `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' Jesse Warn Charlie Charbonneau & Jose Molina December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 2J6658 2.42 After Elena and Damon wake up and continue where they left off the night before , Stefan arrives to the Salvatore house and approaches Damon with the suspicion that Elena is sired to him . Stefan advises Damon to ask Elena to try and drink from a blood bag again and see if she can keep it down , since he believes the only reason she can only drink straight from the vein is because Damon told her to . He does and sees that she can now keep the blood down . Damon decides to help Stefan investigate the sire bond in New Orleans , Louisiana hoping to find a former flame of Damon 's who was also sired to him . While the Salvatore brothers are out of town , Elena , Caroline and Bonnie share a girls night , but an argument quickly ensues when Caroline starts criticizing Damon . When Caroline gets angry at Elena 's stubbornness and her obvious devotion to Damon , Elena reveals that she and Damon slept together , which leads to Caroline telling Elena that she is sired to Damon . Meanwhile , at Hayley 's urging , Tyler confronts one of Klaus 's hybrids , Kimberly , and the situation quickly escalates into violence when the hybrids start fighting over who takes the pack - leader role . Kimberly then captures Caroline to try and prove that she is the leader . Tyler and Elena save Caroline , causing the other hybrids ( including Kimberly ) to accept Tyler as their leader . While in New Orleans , a witch tells Damon that the only way to break a sire bond is by telling the sired vampire to forget they ever existed and move on with their life . The witch also reveals that a vampire only becomes sired to their maker when they have human feelings for their maker before they are turned . Damon knows he has to do the right thing with Elena and decides to tell her to move on . When he approaches Elena with this final instruction , Elena realizes that he wants to break things off and tries to convince him that her feelings are as real as she believes they are , and that the sire bond only affects the way she acts . Also in the episode , we find out that Professor Shane is teaching Bonnie a type of magic called `` expression , '' which the witch in New Orleans called more evil than dark magic ; that other witches do n't even call it magic at all . 75 9 `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' Pascal Verschooris Michael J. Cinquemani & Julie Plec December 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) 2J6659 2.81 A winter - themed party takes place in Mystic Falls , but amongst the celebration Caroline and Stefan argue with Tyler over what to do with Klaus and his hybrids . Stefan breaks into Klaus 's house and attempts to steal Alexander the hunter 's sword while Caroline once again plays `` the distraction '' to Klaus at the winter party . She comments on the piece of art Klaus donated for display , telling him honestly that it feels `` lonely '' to her . Meanwhile , Elena and Damon go to the Gilbert Lake House to help Jeremy face some dangerous inner demons with the help of Bonnie and Professor Shane , who shares that he knows where to find the cure to vampirism . When Hayley snaps Caroline 's neck , to save her and Professor Shane 's plan , April finds Caroline `` Dead . '' April finds out about the supernatural things happening in Mystic Falls and that Rebekah is daggered in the Lockwood cellar . Finally , Klaus discovers Tyler 's plan which leads to all 12 of the hybrids being killed and Klaus drowning Tyler 's mother . 76 10 `` After School Special '' David Von Ancken Brett Matthews January 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 17 ) 2J6660 2.95 Following Carol 's death , Bonnie 's father steps in as the new mayor and shows concern about Bonnie . Meanwhile , Rebekah and April work together to get Elena to speak to Rebekah , trapping Elena in the library . Stefan is called to rescue Elena , and he calls Caroline for back up . Both are tricked and locked into the library with Elena , although Rebekah allows April to leave . Meanwhile Matt and Damon continue training Jeremy to expand the hunters mark . Klaus gets impatient and Damon shoots him several times for killing Carol . Regardless , Klaus offers to provide vampires for Jeremy to kill starting with a pizza delivery woman ; who attacks them , forcing Jeremy to kill her . Bonnie talks to Shane , who gives her an amulet made from human bone . Kol soon shows up and abducts Shane , taking him to the school 's library . Rebekah talks to them about the cure and , more personally , to Elena about her break up with Stefan and her feelings for Damon , in an effort to torment Stefan. Tyler gets a call from Rebekah to rescue his friends . Kol brings in Shane and torture him about the location of the cure , who tells him and Rebekah about Silas , and how he intends to release him , and how Silas will resurrect those who died on his behalf . Rebekah refuses to listen and Kol attempts to drown Shane , then impales him , but Bonnie manages to put a protection spell on Shane. April suffers from the spell due to a link between her and Shane. Tyler arrives and Rebekah orders him to turn . As Tyler begins to transform , he tells his friends to run for it . As they do , Stefan finds an unconscious April with Bonnie and manages to revive her , telling Bonnie to get her out . Rebekah walks up to Elena and Stefan and offers to erase Stefan 's memories of Elena , but when he accepts , Rebekah goes back on her word ; saying that Stefan 's pain is her own revenge . At the end of the episode , April talks to the sheriff and the mayor , revealing that she knows about the supernatural and everyone 's lies . Damon and Elena talk on the phone and Elena says that sire bond or not , she loves him . Damon being happy tells Elena to come to him . Rebekah comes to Stefan after he calls her and admits that she still wants the cure so she can use it on Klaus , they agree to work together . Klaus calls Jeremy , Matt , and Damon to a bar , full of people transforming into vampires . 77 11 `` Catch Me If You Can '' John Dahl Brian Young & Michael Narducci January 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) 2J6661 2.71 The episode begins at the bar , where Jeremy refuses to kill the new vampires . Klaus threatens to compel them to attack Matt in order to force Jeremy to kill them . Matt is injured and he and Jeremy run for it . They are attacked by the vampires before Elena 's intervention . They make it back to the lake house . The next day Elena scolds Damon for using innocent people . They realize the vampires will return and Damon says Jeremy finishing the job will be necessary . Rebekah visits Stefan , telling him she has a plan ; to steal Silas ' headstone , forcing Shane to join forces with them . Sheriff Forbes arrives and arrests Shane . Damon and Jeremy head back to the bar and find the vampires have already been killed by Kol . Kol tells them that long ago he killed a cult that worshipped Silas , and how he ca n't allow Silas to awaken . Kol attempts to rip Jeremy 's arm off but gets into a fight with Damon . Bonnie and her father talk to each other , and he tells her that Shane is the type of person who manipulates the weak minded . Shane talks to Bonnie in the interrogation room and he confesses to the mass murder that occurred over the season 's course . Elena goes to Klaus , asking him to call off Kol 's attack . She reminds him that they both want the cure , and Klaus calmly calls Kol off , warning him to stay away from Jeremy . Regardless , Kol tortures Damon and compels him into hunting Jeremy . In Shane 's study , Rebekah and Stefan look for the headstone , and talk about their old relationship . Rebekah says they had fun , but they did n't care ; so Rebekah tells him to stop caring . A man walks into Shane 's study room but is cornered by Rebekah . Meanwhile , Bonnie calls Shane out for the mass murder , but Shane tells her that Silas will resurrect the murder victims . Bonnie refuses to listen before Shane reminds her of her grandmother , and that she can see her again . Afterwards , Shane tells Bonnie 's father that she could be the most powerful witch on earth , or a time bomb . Soon , Damon goes to the bar where Matt works and Jeremy is there . Jeremy runs into an isolated room and Damon tells Elena Kol ordered him to kill Jeremy . Jeremy finds a hidden cave , Damon follows him , warning that he is out to get him and tells him to run away . In Shane 's study , Rebekah tortures the man , only for him to spit out his tongue and kill himself . Elena calls Stefan , asking for his help , but he does n't seem to listen . Damon corners Jeremy , who shoots him in the head , giving Jeremy a head start . Kol heads back into town and meets with Rebekah , who tries to dagger him , but Kol has the white ash dagger and is stopped by Klaus . Back at the chase , which is now in a forest , Elena tries to use her feelings to get Damon to ignore the compulsion . It does n't work , but he stops when Stefan subdues him . He takes Damon back to the Salvatore house , where he locks Damon up . He says once Elena is cured and Damon is un-compelled , then they can do what they want . Elena shows up and Stefan says she ca n't see Damon . He tells Elena he does n't love her , but she says he 's just hurt . Bonnie has dinner with her father , who says he 's getting her help . Stefan goes to see Rebekah asking about the headstone but she changes the subject ; asking if he 's over Elena . He says yes and engages Rebekah in sex . Klaus shows up at the Gilbert house , saying he intends to take Jeremy with him , insisting only he can protect Jeremy from Kol . They refuse , and Elena works on a plan to kill Kol . 78 12 `` A View to a Kill '' Brad Turner Rebecca Sonnenshine January 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) 2J6662 2.56 Stefan wakes up not really sure of where he is until he glances around . It becomes obvious to him that he spent the night with Rebekah . He quietly dresses and plans to leave without her knowing it , but when he opens the door to leave , Klaus is there . Klaus makes an offer to Rebekah to help him stop Kol and protect Jeremy and when she refuses he turns to Stefan for help . Mayor Hopkins ' unconventional way of ending the violence sends his daughter further away from him , then she has an angry meeting with Kol followed by an unexpected visitor , Bonnie 's mother . Klaus complicates matters between Damon and Stefan by revealing a bit of Stefan 's personal life and then surprises Damon by asking for advice . Elena tells Stefan about her dangerous plan for Jeremy which leaves him in a difficult spot . When the 1980s decade dance is cancelled Stefan finds a charming way to make it up to Rebekah . Kol is finally staked by Jeremy at the end of the episode . Later , knowing about Elena 's plan to kill his brother , Klaus wants to hurt her and Jeremy . Bonnie arrives and puts a spell on Klaus that will lock him in the Gilbert 's living room until the next full moon . Stefan informs the others that he has not stabbed Rebekah and that she is on their side and can be trusted which leaves Elena furious . Finally after Jeremy killed Kol , his tattoo is now completed and everyone is ready to go search for the cure . 79 13 `` Into the Wild '' Michael Allowitz Caroline Dries February 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) 2J6663 2.50 Shane leads an expedition to a desolate island off the coast of Nova Scotia , where he believes the secret of the cure lies hidden . On the trek to the island 's interior , Rebekah and Elena continue their bitter rivalry , Stefan does his best to keep the peace , and Damon accuses Shane of leading them into a trap . Bonnie and Jeremy try to figure out the message of the Hunter 's mark , while Shane reveals more of the legend of Silas and the witch Qetsiyah , along with his own personal history . Back in Mystic Falls , Tyler confronts Klaus , and Caroline is caught up in the violence that follows . 80 14 `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' Chris Grismer Jose Molina February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) 2J6664 2.31 Back in Mystic Falls , Caroline and Tyler find that their attempt to translate the code on the Hunter 's Sword is futile without help from Klaus , who has his own reasons for solving the puzzle . On the island , Damon has an ugly run - in with a Hunter named Vaughn ( guest star Charlie Bewley ) , and realizes he is one of The Five . Stefan confesses his true feelings about the possibility of becoming human again to Elena . When a stunning new piece of information about the cure is suddenly revealed ( there 's only enough for one person ) , it changes the stakes for everyone . Jeremy helps Bonnie recognize what is real and what is an illusion , and Shane is comforted by his deceased wife . Katherine makes an appearance and forces Jeremy to feed Silas in order get the cure that is fossilized with his body . Silas ends up draining Jeremy 's body and breaks his neck , killing him . 81 15 `` Stand by Me '' Lance Anderson Julie Plec February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) 2J6665 2.91 After much denial , Elena realizes that Jeremy is truly dead . Bonnie agrees to help Shane by killing twelve more people to get the proper magic needed to break the veil between this realm and where all supernatural beings go when they die . If this veil is broken successfully , every supernatural being that has died will come back to life . Also , with the veil broken , Silas will no longer be trapped on the otherside when he dies , thus finally being able to be reunited with his true love . When Bonnie tells everyone about her plans , they all tell her it 's a terrible idea . Caroline tries to reach Tyler but is unsuccessful . Matt has a hard time with Jeremy 's death . Rebekah leaves Vaughn to die in a cave after he warns her that no one is safe from Silas . Damon makes Elena shut off her humanity because the pain of losing Jeremy is too much for her . After she flips the switch , Elena burns down the Gilbert house as a cover story for Jeremy 's death . Disguised as Shane , Silas returns back to Mystic Falls with the group . 82 16 `` Bring It On '' Jesse Warn Elisabeth R. Finch & Michael Narducci March 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 14 ) 2J6666 2.41 Elena 's new outlook has everyone concerned , leading Stefan and Damon to agree that going back to the normal routine of high school would be the best thing for her . Caroline is pleasantly surprised when Elena decides to rejoin the cheerleading squad , but her pleasure turns to shock when Elena 's behavior proves dangerous . Not giving up on their search for the cure , Damon and Rebekah work together until his unwanted advice catches her off - guard . Klaus tries to use Hayley to get the information he 's after and makes an intriguing discovery in the process . Meanwhile , a bored Elena throws a wild party and gets into a big fight . 83 17 `` Because the Night '' Garreth Stover Brian Young & Charlie Charbonneau March 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 21 ) 2J6667 2.65 Realizing that Elena needs some time away from Mystic Falls , Damon takes her to New York City , where he lived and partied in the 1970s . Damon is also looking for Katherine to get the cure . Damon thinks that Elena is oblivious to that fact , but she is actually trying to get to the cure as well . When Rebekah also shows up in New York , she 's impressed with Elena 's secret agenda of getting the cure . Flashbacks reveal Damon 's hedonistic life in the underground club scene and a complicated encounter with Lexi , where Lexi tried to get Damon to flip the switch like she did with Stefan before . Damon also briefs Elena with his experience with Lexi in New York and tries to convince her to flip the switch as well . Meanwhile Caroline and Stefan try to convince Klaus that it would be in his own best interest to help them track down Silas . They team up and try to figure out Silas 's next move . They find out that the last massacre has to be involved with witches . Silas is still trying to convince Bonnie to do the last massacre . Bonnie is hesitant , but Silas reminds her that when the third massacre is performed , all supernatural creatures that died come back to life . So Bonnie decides to perform the massacre . Stefan , Klaus and Caroline look for the location and find it . The twelve witches try to save Bonnie from the use of dark magic , but they find out Silas has control of her . So they try to kill her with a knife , but Caroline takes the knife and stabs the witch who is connected with eleven other witches . All twelve witches die , completing the massacre and Bonnie faints . While in New York , Elena attempts to take away a paper Damon found to track down Katherine . She tries to grab it while seducing him , but Damon catches her by revealing he used the same trick . He confides that it took a while but he finally got Lexi to let her guard down and re-enforced the door and locked her outside in daylight . Lexi has no choice , but to hide in the shade . So Damon runs away and confesses that he felt guilty after and still does . But while talking , Rebekah breaks his neck and they take the paper and go . Bonnie wakes up and her memory after the cave is gone . Silas bribes Klaus to help him , threatening to kill him with a white - oak stake he stole from Rebekah . Elena and Rebekah steal Damon 's car and search for Katherine . 84 18 `` American Gothic '' Kellie Cyrus Evan Bleiweiss & Jose Molina March 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 28 ) 2J6668 2.46 Rebekah and Elena find Katherine in Willoughby , PA , where Katherine has compelled the entire town . While Elena pretends to be Katherine with Elijah , Rebekah keeps an eye on Katherine . Soon , Stefan and Damon arrive . Rebekah and Damon go with Katherine to her house to get the cure . While Rebekah searches the house , Damon finds that the cure is contained in a fish tank filled with vervain water . Katherine dunks Damon 's head in the water and temporarily incapacitates him . Katherine distracts Rebekah by tossing the cure into the air and making a run for it . Damon , still weak from the vervain , tries to convince Rebekah not to take the cure , but Rebekah tells him to give her one good reason why he wants Elena to take it . Damon does not answer . Rebekah drinks from the vial , just as Stefan arrives too late , and loses consciousness . When she awakens , even though she states that she feels human , she quickly learns that she is still a vampire and that Katherine tricked them . Later , Rebekah meets with Elijah and asks him to give her the cure stating that she wants to be human . Klaus then calls her and asks about her progress . She gives the phone to Elijah , who tells Klaus that he has the cure and is on his way back to Mystic Falls . Rebekah and Elijah leave together . 85 19 `` Pictures of You '' J. Miller Tobin Neil Reynolds & Caroline Dries April 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 18 ) 2J6669 2.14 Prom will be held in this episode and Tyler will return ( which would be his final appearance this season . ) Rebekah insists on taking the cure to which Elijah asks her to pass one day without any vampire powers but she has to feed her blood to April because she chooses to be good over standing to Elijah 's condition . Silas impersonates Rebekah and takes the cure from Elijah . Damon and Stefan try to flip Elena 's switch by walking her through her memories but they end up locking her . 86 20 `` The Originals '' Chris Grismer Julie Plec April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 2J6670 2.24 In this pilot for the spin - off series , Klaus , at Katherine 's suggestion , returns to his former home of New Orleans to find a witch with ties to him . He instead finds a former protegé , named Marcel , who is ruling the city with an iron fist . As Klaus continues his search , he finds that the witches who live there are trying to overthrow Marcel and that they plan to use Hayley who is carrying a Klaus ' child . After Elijah arrives to help out and persuades him to stay , Klaus decides to stay in New Orleans and return the city to his command with his brother by his side . Rebekah is offered a spot in Klaus ' new domain , but she turns them down . Back in Mystic Falls , Damon and Stefan begin extreme measures to return Elena 's humanity by imprisoning her in the basement of the Salvatore house . 87 21 `` She 's Come Undone '' Darnell Martin Michael Narducci & Rebecca Sonnenshine May 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) 2J6671 2.17 Damon and Stefan try a brutal new approach to provoke Elena into turning her humanity back on , and Caroline is frustrated when her attempt to intervene backfires and Elena attempts to kill her . When Elena figures out a way to call the Salvatore brothers ' bluff , they call on Katherine to create real fear . Katherine has a go , pushing her hand into Elena and grabbing her heart . Then she deliberately leaves the door unlocked so that Elena can escape . Matt gives Rebekah some unsolicited advice on her life choices , and she tries to help him in return . Caroline has a confusing and dangerous encounter with Klaus , who turns out to be Silas looking for Bonnie . Silas is persistent , and mortally injures Caroline 's mother to take her place . Bonnie reaffirms her promise to help Silas open the veil to purgatory , and Caroline has to inject some of her blood into her mother to bring her back to life . Katherine is suspicious when Bonnie makes her the offer of Silas 's immortality and invulnerability in exchange for the tombstone that Katherine took from the island , which Bonnie needs to lift the veil between our world and purgatory . Katherine appears to accept the deal . Meanwhile , the Salvatore brothers use Matt to switch on Elena 's humanity , with Damon snapping Matt 's neck in front of Elena . He is , of course , wearing the ring that protects him from being killed by supernatural beings , and recovers in the presence of Rebekah . Elena decides that she is going to kill Katherine . 88 22 `` The Walking Dead '' Rob Hardy Brian Young & Caroline Dries May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) 2J6672 2.28 As graduation approaches , Caroline tries to distract Elena by focusing on simple tasks like sending out announcements about graduation , but Elena wo n't be swayed from her new obsession . Sheriff Forbes calls Damon and Stefan to the hospital , where someone has been attacking patients . Still trying to force Katherine to help her , Bonnie refuses to give up on her plan to defeat Silas . As a violent wind storm causes a power outage in Mystic Falls , ghosts suddenly appear some with good intentions and some bent on revenge . Bonnie turns Silas into stone and dies trying to bring Jeremy back to life . 89 23 `` Graduation '' Chris Grismer Caroline Dries & Julie Plec May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 2J6673 2.24 On Graduation Day , Mystic Falls is overrun with ghosts intent on settling old scores and fulfilling their supernatural destinies . Damon 's life is in danger after a ghostly encounter with one of the hunters , while Matt and Rebekah join forces to battle a ghost determined to find the cure . When Matt 's life falls in the line of danger Rebekah kisses him and says that it was the bravest thing she wanted to do . As Elena , Stefan , Caroline , Bonnie and Matt gather for the graduation ceremony and the ghosts converge , help comes from the now - hero Klaus , after Caroline repeatedly calls him to help . Caroline receives a touching and unexpected graduation present from him : He gives Tyler his freedom back , allowing him to return to Mystic Falls to be with Caroline . He tells her that though Tyler is her first love , he wants to be the last one she ever loves . Then Bonnie bravely gives her own life to bring Jeremy back but ensures she 'll be fine with her Grams , and the Spirits of Witches . Elena then tells Damon that she loves him and in death he is the only one who makes her feel alive . They kiss passionately as Stefan overhears the conversation with tears in his eyes . Elena faces Katherine which eventually leads to Elena shoving the cure down Katherine 's throat , turning her back into a human . Finally , Stefan discovers a horrifying clue to the mystery surrounding Silas : Stefan is Silas ' doppelganger . Then a vengeful Silas traps Stefan in a safe and drops him into the lake . Production ( edit ) On May 3 , 2012 The CW renewed The Vampire Diaries for a fourth season . Unlike previous seasons , it started on October 11 . Kevin Williamson , Julie Plec , Leslie Morgenstein and Bob Levy are executive producers for the series . The season was concluded on May 16 , 2013 . Casting ( edit ) The series stars Nina Dobrev who plays Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce , Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore , Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore , Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert , Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett , Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes , Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan , Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood , Joseph Morgan as Klaus Mikaelson and Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson . On August 7 , 2012 it was announced that Phoebe Tonkin and Todd Williams will join the show as recurring characters in the fourth season . Phoebe Tonkin will portray Hayley , a friend of Tyler 's . Todd Williams will portray Connor , a vampire hunter . The Olympic gymnast Gabby Douglas made an appearance in `` My Brother 's Keeper '' as a volunteer decorator for the Miss Mystic Falls Beauty Pageant . On the CW website , an interview with Douglas shares her experience on set and with the cast . Starting with episode 13 , Charlie Bewley will join the show as Vaughn , like Connor a vampire hunter , and Camille Guaty as Professor Shane 's dead wife Caitlin , who is going to reveal information about him . On February 2013 , it was announced that Daniella Pineda was cast as the witch Sophie for episode 20 `` The Originals '' . This episode serves as a backdoor - pilot for a possible spin - off series , revolving around the Originals and taking place in the French Quarter of New Orleans . If the series gets picked up for the 2013 - 2014 season , she 'd be a regular cast member . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date 18 -- 49 rating ( Live + SD ) Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 increase Total viewers ( millions ) Ref `` Growing Pains '' October 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 12 ) 1.6 0.95 2.1 4.43 `` Memorial '' October 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 19 ) 1.3 1.33 1.9 4.24 `` The Rager '' October 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 26 ) 1.3 1.54 2.0 4.41 `` The Five '' November 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 01 ) 1.5 1.20 2.1 4.47 5 `` The Killer '' November 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) 1.5 1.05 1.9 4.07 6 `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' November 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) 1.3 1.19 1.7 4.03 7 `` My Brother 's Keeper '' November 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) 1.4 1.43 2.1 4.29 8 `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 1.2 1.21 1.8 3.63 9 `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' December 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) 1.3 1.51 2.0 4.32 10 `` After School Special '' January 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 17 ) 1.4 1.26 2.0 4.21 11 `` Catch Me If You Can '' January 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) 1.3 1.46 2.0 4.17 12 `` A View To Kill '' January 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) 1.3 1.17 1.9 3.73 13 `` Into The Wild '' February 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) 1.1 1.60 1.8 4.10 14 `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) 1.0 1.84 1.8 4.15 15 `` Stand by Me '' February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) 1.3 1.57 2.0 4.48 16 `` Bring It On '' March 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 14 ) 1.1 1.16 1.8 3.60 17 `` Because the Night '' March 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 21 ) 1.3 1.21 1.9 3.86 18 `` American Gothic '' March 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 28 ) 1.2 1.23 1.8 3.69 19 `` Pictures of You '' April 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 18 ) 1.0 1.14 1.6 3.28 20 `` The Originals '' April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 1.0 1.34 1.6 3.58 21 `` She 's Come Undone '' May 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) 1.0 1.30 1.6 3.47 22 `` The Walking Dead '' May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) 1.0 1.36 1.6 3.64 23 `` Graduation '' May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 1.1 1.23 1.7 3.47 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The CW Orders Backdoor Pilot for ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff , ' The Originals ' - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seat42f . `` CW Renews The Vampire Diaries For A 5th Season '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Up ; ' Up All Night ' , ' Beauty and the Beast ' and ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Ofifice ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Up All Night ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Baseball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' Rock Center ' , ' The Office ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' Beauty & the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up , ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up , ' The Office ' , ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down - Ratings '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Person of Interest ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Down - Ratings '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' American Idol ' Night 2 Premiere Flat With Last Year , ' Scandal ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Dip + ' Parks & Recreation ' Rises to Season High in New Timeslot '' . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' or ' Do No Harm ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person of Interest ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Zero Hour ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Community ' , ' Idol ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Community ' Adjusted Up ; ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' 1600 Penn ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Glee ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Hannibal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Wipeout ' , & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THE CW ANNOUNCES EARLY PICKUPS FOR `` THE VAMPIRE DIARIES , '' `` SUPERNATURAL '' AND `` 90210 '' . Blog.cwtv.com . May 3 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Breaking : The CW renews Supernatural , Vampire Diaries revenge and 90210 '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE CW ANNOUNCES 2012 - 2013 FALL SCHEDULE The CW Blog '' . Blog.cwtv.com . May 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries Season 4 Casting : New member of The Five To Be Introduced '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` lLive + 7 Ratings for ' Arrow ' , ' Beauty and the Beast ' & ' Vampire Diaries ' Premieres Grow Double Digits '' . TV by the Numbers . October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings and Viewership Gains ; ' Grimm ' Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 4 - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings and Viewership Gains ; ' Nikita ' Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 5 - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . November 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings , ' Revolution ' Tops Viewership Gains ; ' Gossip Girl ' Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 7 - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings , ' Revolution ' Tops Viewership Gains ; ' Gossip Girl ' Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 7 - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings and Tops Viewership Gains ; ' Private Practice ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 8 - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings and Tops Viewership Gains ; ' Parks and Recreation ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 10 - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings and Tops Viewership Gains ; ' Private Practice ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 11 - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . December 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings &Viewership Gains ; ' Private Practice ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gains in Week 12 - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . December 31 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Again Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gains ; ' Private Practice ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 17 - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Again Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gains ; ' Nashville ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 18 - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Gain ; ' Hart of Dixie ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' Elementary ' Scores Biggest Viewership Rise in Week 19 - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . February 19 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains ; ' Revenge ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains ; ' Glee ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 21 '' . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains ; ' 90210 ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 22 '' . March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . 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External links ( edit ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes on IMDb hide The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Vampire_Diaries_(season_4)&oldid=848485151 '' Categories : The Vampire Diaries 2012 American television seasons The Vampire Diaries ( season 4 ) episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Русский Suomi 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 06 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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-2399000889312259473	Roman conquest of Britain	Roman conquest of Britain - wikipedia Roman conquest of Britain This article is about the conquest begun in AD 43 . For other Roman invasions of Britain , see Caesar 's invasions of Britain and Carausian Revolt . Roman conquest of Britain . The Roman conquest of Britain was a gradual process , beginning effectively in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius , whose general Aulus Plautius served as first governor of Roman Britain ( Latin : Britannia ) . Great Britain had already frequently been the target of invasions , planned and actual , by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire . In common with other regions on the edge of the empire , Britain had enjoyed diplomatic and trading links with the Romans in the century since Julius Caesar 's expeditions in 55 and 54 BC , and Roman economic and cultural influence was a significant part of the British late pre-Roman Iron Age , especially in the south . Between 55 BC and the 40s AD , the status quo of tribute , hostages , and client states without direct military occupation , begun by Caesar 's invasions of Britain , largely remained intact . Augustus prepared invasions in 34 BC , 27 BC and 25 BC . The first and third were called off due to revolts elsewhere in the empire , the second because the Britons seemed ready to come to terms . According to Augustus 's Res Gestae , two British kings , Dubnovellaunus and Tincomarus , fled to Rome as suppliants during his reign , and Strabo 's Geography , written during this period , says Britain paid more in customs and duties than could be raised by taxation if the island were conquered . By the 40s AD , the political situation within Britain was apparently in ferment . The Catuvellauni had displaced the Trinovantes as the most powerful kingdom in south - eastern Britain , taking over the former Trinovantian capital of Camulodunum ( Colchester ) , and were pressing their neighbours the Atrebates , ruled by the descendants of Julius Caesar 's former ally Commius . Caligula planned a campaign against the Britons in 40 , but its execution was bizarre : according to Suetonius ' The Twelve Caesars , he drew up his troops in battle formation facing the English Channel and , once his forces had become quite confused , ordered them to gather seashells , referring to them as `` plunder from the ocean due to the Capitol and the Palace '' . Modern historians are unsure if that was meant to be an ironic punishment for the soldiers ' mutiny or due to Caligula 's derangement . Certainly this invasion attempt readied the troops and facilities that would make Claudius ' invasion possible three years later . For example , Caligula built a lighthouse at Bononia ( modern Boulogne - sur - Mer ) , the Tour D'Ordre , that provided a model for the one built soon after at Dubris ( Dover ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Claudian preparations 2 Crossing and landing 3 River battles 4 AD 44 -- 60 5 AD 60 -- 78 6 Campaigns of Agricola ( AD 78 -- 84 ) 6.1 Scotland before Agricola 6.2 Agricola in Caledonia 7 AD 84 -- 96 8 Failure to conquer Caledonia 9 See also 10 Citations 11 References 12 Further reading Claudian preparations ( edit ) hide Roman invasion and occupation of Britain Caesar 's invasions ( 55 -- 54 BC ) Conquest of Britain ( 43 -- 76 AD ) Medway Capture of Camulodunon Caer Caradoc Menai Boudica 's uprising ( 60 -- 61 AD ) Camulodunum Londinium Watling Street Scotch Corner ( 71 AD ) Mons Graupius ( 83 AD ) Siege of Burnswark ( 140 AD ) Caledonia ( 208 -- 210 AD ) Carausian Revolt ( 286 -- 296 AD ) Usurpation of Magnentius ( 350 -- 353 AD ) Carausius II ( 354 -- 358 AD ) Great Conspiracy ( 367 -- 368 AD ) Usurpation of Magnus Maximus ( 383 -- 388 AD ) Stilicho 's Pictish War ( 398 AD ) Usurpation of Marcus ( 406 -- 407 AD ) Usurpation of Gratian ( 407 AD ) Usurpation of Constantine III ( 407 -- 411 AD ) In 43 , possibly by re-collecting Caligula 's troops from 40 , Claudius mounted an invasion force to re-instate Verica , an exiled king of the Atrebates . Aulus Plautius , a distinguished senator , was given overall charge of four legions , totalling about 20,000 men , plus about the same number of auxiliaries . The legions were : Legio II Augusta Legio IX Hispana Legio XIV Gemina Legio XX Valeria Victrix The II Augusta is known to have been commanded by the future emperor Vespasian . Three other men of appropriate rank to command legions are known from the sources to have been involved in the invasion . Cassius Dio mentions Gnaeus Hosidius Geta , who probably led the IX Hispana , and Vespasian 's brother Titus Flavius Sabinus the Younger . He wrote that Sabinus was Vespasian 's lieutenant , but as Sabinus was the older brother and preceded Vespasian into public life , he could hardly have been a military tribune . Eutropius mentions Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus , although as a former consul he may have been too senior , and perhaps accompanied Claudius later . Crossing and landing ( edit ) Main article : Site of the Claudian invasion of Britain The main invasion force under Aulus Plautius crossed in three divisions . The port of departure is usually taken to have been Boulogne ( Latin : Bononia ) , and the main landing at Rutupiae ( Richborough , on the east coast of Kent ) . Neither of these locations is certain . Dio does not mention the port of departure , and although Suetonius says that the secondary force under Claudius sailed from Boulogne , it does not necessarily follow that the entire invasion force did . Richborough has a large natural harbour which would have been suitable , and archaeology shows Roman military occupation at about the right time . However , Dio says the Romans sailed east to west , and a journey from Boulogne to Richborough is south to north . Some historians suggest a sailing from Boulogne to the Solent , landing in the vicinity of Noviomagus ( Chichester ) or Southampton , in territory formerly ruled by Verica . An alternative explanation might be a sailing from the mouth of the Rhine to Richborough , which would be east to west . River battles ( edit ) British resistance was led by Togodumnus and Caratacus , sons of the late king of the Catuvellauni , Cunobeline . A substantial British force met the Romans at a river crossing thought to be near Rochester on the River Medway . The battle raged for two days . Hosidius Geta was almost captured , but recovered and turned the battle so decisively that he was awarded the `` Roman triumph '' . The British were pushed back to the Thames . They were pursued by the Romans across the river causing some Roman losses in the marshes of Essex . Whether the Romans made use of an existing bridge for this purpose or built a temporary one is uncertain . At least one division of auxiliary Batavian troops swam across the river as a separate force . Togodumnus died shortly after the battle on the Thames . Plautius halted and sent word for Claudius to join him for the final push . Cassius Dio presents this as Plautius needing the emperor 's assistance to defeat the resurgent British , who were determined to avenge Togodumnus . However , Claudius was no military man . Claudius 's arch says he received the surrender of eleven kings without any loss , and Suetonius ' The Twelve Caesars says that Claudius received the surrender of the Britons without battle or bloodshed . It is likely that the Catuvellauni were already as good as beaten , allowing the emperor to appear as conqueror on the final march on Camulodunum . Cassius Dio relates that he brought war elephants and heavy armaments which would have overawed any remaining native resistance . Eleven tribes of South East Britain surrendered to Claudius and the Romans prepared to move further west and north . The Romans established their new capital at Camulodunum and Claudius returned to Rome to celebrate his victory . Caratacus escaped and would continue the resistance further west . AD 44 -- 60 ( edit ) Roman campaigns from AD 43 to 60 . Campaigns under Aulus Plautius , focused on the commercially valuable southeast of Britain . The Roman Empire in AD 54 . Vespasian took a force westwards subduing tribes and capturing oppida as he went , going at least as far as Exeter , which would appear to have become an early base for Leg. II Augusta . Legio IX Hispana was sent north towards Lincoln ( Latin : Lindum Colonia ) and within four years of the invasion it is likely that an area south of a line from the Humber to the Severn Estuary was under Roman control . That this line is followed by the Roman road of the Fosse Way has led many historians to debate the route 's role as a convenient frontier during the early occupation . It is more likely that the border between Roman and Iron Age Britain was less direct and more mutable during this period . Late in 47 the new governor of Britain , Publius Ostorius Scapula , began a campaign against the tribes of modern - day Wales , and the Cheshire Gap . The Silures of southeast Wales caused considerable problems to Ostorius and fiercely defended the Welsh border country . Caratacus himself was defeated in the Battle of Caer Caradoc and fled to the Roman client tribe of the Brigantes who occupied the Pennines . Their queen , Cartimandua was unable or unwilling to protect him however given her own truce with the Romans and handed him over to the invaders . Ostorius died and was replaced by Aulus Didius Gallus who brought the Welsh borders under control but did not move further north or west , probably because Claudius was keen to avoid what he considered a difficult and drawn - out war for little material gain in the mountainous terrain of upland Britain . When Nero became emperor in 54 , he seems to have decided to continue the invasion and appointed Quintus Veranius as governor , a man experienced in dealing with the troublesome hill tribes of Anatolia . Veranius and his successor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus mounted a successful campaign across Wales , famously destroying the druidical centre at Mona or Anglesey in 60 at what historians later called the Menai Massacre . Final occupation of Wales was postponed however when the rebellion of Boudica forced the Romans to return to the south east . The Silures were not finally conquered until circa 76 when Sextus Julius Frontinus ' long campaign against them began to have success . AD 60 -- 78 ( edit ) Following the successful suppression of Boudica 's uprising , a number of new Roman governors continued the conquest by edging north . Cartimandua was forced to ask for Roman aid following a rebellion by her husband Venutius . Quintus Petillius Cerialis took his legions from Lincoln as far as York and defeated Venutius near Stanwick around 70 . This resulted in the already Romanised Brigantes and Parisii tribes being further assimilated into the empire proper . Frontinus was sent into Roman Britain in 74 to succeed Quintus Petillius Cerialis as governor of that island . He subdued the Silures and other hostile tribes of Wales , establishing a new base at Caerleon for Legio II Augusta ( Isca Augusta ) and a network of smaller forts fifteen to twenty kilometres apart for his auxiliary units . During his tenure , he probably established the fort at Pumsaint in west Wales , largely to exploit the gold deposits at Dolaucothi . He retired in 78 , and later he was appointed water commissioner in Rome . The new governor was Gnaeus Julius Agricola , made famous through the highly laudatory biography of him written by his son - in - law , Tacitus . Campaigns of Agricola ( AD 78 -- 84 ) ( edit ) Agricola 's campaigns . Northern campaigns . Roman military organization in the north . The Roman Empire in AD 96 . Arriving in mid-summer of 78 , Agricola found several previously defeated peoples had re-established their independence . The first to be dealt with were the Ordovices of north Wales , who had destroyed a cavalry ala of Roman auxiliaries stationed in their territory . Knowing the terrain from his prior military service in Britain , he was able to move quickly to defeat and virtually exterminate them . He then invaded Anglesey , forcing the inhabitants to sue for peace . The following year he moved against the Brigantes of northern England and the Selgovae along the southern coast of Scotland , using overwhelming military power to re-establish Roman control . Scotland before Agricola ( edit ) Details of the early years of the Roman occupation in North Britain are unclear but began no earlier than 71 , as Tacitus says that in that year Petillius Cerialis ( governor 71 -- 74 ) waged a successful war against the Brigantes , whose territory straddled Britain along the Solway - Tyne line . Tacitus praises both Cerialis and his successor Julius Frontinus ( governor 75 -- 78 ) , but provides no additional information on events prior to 79 regarding the lands or peoples living north of the Brigantes . The Romans certainly would have followed up their initial victory over the Brigantes in some manner . In particular , archaeology has shown the Romans campaigned and built military camps in the north along Gask Ridge , controlling the glens that provided access to and from the Scottish Highlands , and also throughout the Scottish Lowlands in northeastern Scotland . In describing Agricola 's campaigns , Tacitus does not explicitly state that this is actually a return to lands previously occupied by Rome , where Roman occupation either had been thrown off by the Brittonic inhabitants , or had been abandoned by the Romans . Agricola in Caledonia ( edit ) Tacitus says that after a combination of force and diplomacy quieted discontent among the Britons who had been conquered previously , Agricola built forts in their territories in 79 . In 80 he marched to the Firth of Tay ( some historians hold that he stopped along the Firth of Forth in that year ) , not returning south until 81 , at which time he consolidated his gains in the new lands that he had conquered , and in the rebellious lands that he had re-conquered . In 82 he sailed to either Kintyre or the shores of Argyll , or to both . In 83 and 84 he moved north along Scotland 's eastern and northern coasts using both land and naval forces , campaigning successfully against the inhabitants , and winning a significant victory over the northern British peoples led by Calgacus at the Battle of Mons Graupius . Prior to his recall in 84 , Agricola built a network of military roads and forts to secure the Roman occupation . Existing forts were strengthened and new ones planted in northeastern Scotland along the Highland Line , consolidating control of the glens that provided access to and from the Scottish Highlands . The line of military communication and supply along southeastern Scotland and northeastern England ( i.e. , Dere Street ) was well - fortified . In southern-most Caledonia , the lands of the Selgovae ( approximating to modern Dumfriesshire and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright ) were heavily planted with forts , not only establishing effective control there , but also completing a military enclosure of south - central Scotland ( most of the Southern Uplands , Teviotdale , and western Tweeddale ) . In contrast to Roman actions against the Selgovae , the territories of the Novantae , Damnonii , and Votadini were not planted with forts , and there is nothing to indicate that the Romans were at war with them . AD 84 -- 96 ( edit ) Agricola was recalled to Rome by Domitian . His successors are not named in any surviving source , but it seems they were unable or unwilling to further subdue the far north . The fortress at Inchtuthil was dismantled before its completion and the other fortifications of the Gask Ridge in Perthshire , erected to consolidate the Roman presence in Scotland in the aftermath of Mons Graupius , were abandoned within the space of a few years . It is equally likely that the costs of a drawn - out war outweighed any economic or political benefit and it was more profitable to leave the Caledonians alone and only under de jure submission . Failure to conquer Caledonia ( edit ) Main article : Scotland during the Roman Empire Roman occupation was withdrawn to a line subsequently established as one of the limites ( singular limes ) of the empire ( i.e. , a defensible frontier ) by the construction of Hadrian 's Wall . An attempt was made to push this line north to the River Clyde - River Forth area in 142 when the Antonine Wall was constructed . This was once again abandoned after two decades and only subsequently re-occupied on an occasional basis . The Romans retreated to the earlier and stronger Hadrian 's Wall in the River Tyne - Solway Firth frontier area , this having been constructed around 122 . Roman troops , however , penetrated far into the north of modern Scotland several more times . Indeed , there is a greater density of Roman marching camps in Scotland than anywhere else in Europe as a result of at least four major attempts to subdue the area . The most notable was in 209 when the emperor Septimius Severus , claiming to be provoked by the belligerence of the Maeatae tribe , campaigned against the Caledonian Confederacy , a coalition of Brittonic Pictish tribes of the north of Britain . He used the three legions of the British garrison ( augmented by the recently formed 2nd Parthica legion ) , 9000 imperial guards with cavalry support , and numerous auxiliaries supplied from the sea by the British fleet , the Rhine fleet and two fleets transferred from the Danube for the purpose . According to Dio Cassius , he inflicted genocidal depredations on the natives and incurred the loss of 50,000 of his own men to the attrition of guerrilla tactics before having to withdraw to Hadrian 's Wall . He repaired and reinforced the wall with a degree of thoroughness that led most subsequent Roman authors to attribute the construction of the wall to him . It was during the negotiations to purchase the truce necessary to secure the Roman retreat to the wall that the first recorded utterance , attributable with any reasonable degree of confidence , to a native of Scotland was made ( as recorded by Dio Cassius ) . When Septimius Severus 's wife , Julia Domna , criticised the sexual morals of the Caledonian women , the wife of a Caledonian chief , Argentocoxos , replied : `` We consort openly with the best of men while you allow yourselves to be debauched in private by the worst '' . The emperor Septimius Severus died at York while planning to renew hostilities , and these plans were abandoned by his son Caracalla . Later excursions into Scotland by the Romans were generally limited to the scouting expeditions of exploratores in the buffer zone that developed between the walls , trading contacts , bribes to purchase truces from the natives , and eventually the spread of Christianity . The degree to which the Romans interacted with the Gaelic speaking island of Hibernia ( modern Ireland ) is still unresolved amongst archaeologists in Ireland . The successes and failures of the Romans in subduing the peoples of Britain are still represented in the political geography of the British Isles today . See also ( edit ) A monument to the conquest , in Walmer , Kent . Ancient Britain Roman Britain Roman mining British military history Itius Portus Roman governors of Britain Pugnaces Britanniae Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dio Cassius , Roman History 49.38 , 53.22 , 53.25 Jump up ^ Augustus , Res Gestae Divi Augusti 32 . The name of the second king is defaced , but Tincomarus is the most likely reconstruction . Jump up ^ Strabo , Geography 4.5 Jump up ^ John Creighton ( 2000 ) , Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Suetonius , Caligula 44 -- 46 ; Dio Cassius , Roman History 59.25 Jump up ^ Dio Cassius , Roman History 60.19 -- 22 Jump up ^ Eutropius , Abridgement of Roman History 7 : 13 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Claudius 17 Jump up ^ For example , John Manley , AD43 : a Reassessment . Jump up ^ Strabo ( Geography 4 : 5.2 ) names the Rhine as a commonly used point of departure for crossings to Britain in the 1st century AD . Jump up ^ Arch of Claudius Jump up ^ Suetonius , Claudius 17 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Vespasian 4 Jump up ^ Tacitus & 98 : 363 -- 364 , Life of Agricola , Ch. 18 Jump up ^ Tacitus & 98 : 365 -- 366 , Life of Agricola , Ch. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Tacitus & 98 : 362 , Life of Agricola , Ch. 17 Jump up ^ Tacitus & 98 : 364 -- 368 , Life of Agricola , Ch. 19 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Tacitus & 98 : 368 -- 380 , Life of Agricola , Ch. 24 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Frere 1987 : 88 -- 89 , Britannia Jump up ^ ^ Encyclopaedia Romana . University of Chicago . accessed March 1 , 2007 Jump up ^ Cassius Dio , Roman History 77.16 References ( edit ) Frere , Sheppad Sunderland ( 1987 ) , Britannia : A History of Roman Britain ( 3rd , revised ed . ) , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , ISBN 0 - 7102 - 1215 - 1 Tacitus , Cornelius ( 1854 ) ( 98 ) , `` The Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola '' , The Works of Tacitus ( The Oxford Translation , Revised ) , II , London : Henry G. Bohn , pp. 343 -- 389 Further reading ( edit ) The Great Invasion , Leonard Cottrell , Coward -- McCann , New York , 1962 , hardback . Was published in the UK in 1958 . Tacitus , Histories , Annals and De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae A.D. 43 , John Manley , Tempus , 2002 . Roman Britain , Peter Salway , Oxford , 1986 Miles Russel -- Ruling Britannia -- History Today 8 / 2005 pp 5 -- 6 Francis Pryor . 2004 . Britain BC . New York : HarperPerennial . Francis Pryor . 2004 . Britain AD . New York : HarperCollins . George Shipway -- Imperial Governor . 2002 . London : Cassell Military Paperbacks . 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-637086283307223884	Pentatonic scale	Pentatonic scale - wikipedia Pentatonic scale Jump to : navigation , search For the record label , see Pentatone ( record label ) . The first two phrases of the melody from Stephen Foster 's `` Oh ! Susanna '' are based on the major pentatonic scale Play ( help info ) . Pentatonic scale in Ravel 's Ma Mère l'Oye III . `` Laideronnette , Impératrice des Pagodes '' , mm . 9 -- 13 . Play ( help info ) Presumably D ♯ minor pentatonic . Pentatonic scale in Debussy 's Voiles , Preludes , Book I , no . 2 , mm . 43 -- 45 . Play ( help info ) A pentatonic scale is a musical scale or mode with five notes per octave in contrast to a heptatonic ( seven - note ) scale such as the major scale and minor scale . Pentatonic scales are very common and are found all over the world . They are divided into those with semitones ( hemitonic ) and those without ( anhemitonic ) . Because of their relative simplicity , pentatonic scales are often used to introduce beginners to music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pervasiveness 2 Types 2.1 Hemitonic and anhemitonic 2.2 Major pentatonic scale 2.3 Minor pentatonic scale 2.4 Five black - key pentatonic scales of the piano 3 Pythagorean tuning 4 Further pentatonic musical traditions 5 Use in education 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Pervasiveness ( edit ) Pentatonic scales occur in the following traditions : Celtic folk music English folk music German folk music Nordic folk music Hungarian folk music Croatian folk music West African music African - American spirituals Gospel music Bluegrass music American folk music Music of Ethiopia Jazz Blues Rock music Sami joik singing Children 's song The music of ancient Greece Greek traditional music and polyphonic songs from Epirus in northwest Greece Music of southern Albania Folk songs of peoples of the Middle Volga region ( such as the Mari , the Chuvash and Tatars ) The tuning of the Ethiopian krar and the Indonesian gamelan Philippine kulintang Native American music , especially in highland South America ( the Quechua and Aymara ) , as well as among the North American Indians of the Pacific Northwest Most Turkic , Mongolic and Tungusic music of Siberia and the Asiatic steppe is written in the pentatonic scale Melodies of China , Korea , Laos , Thailand , Cambodia , Malaysia , Japan , and Vietnam ( including the folk music of these countries ) Traditional Japanese court music Shōmyō chanting Andean music Afro - Caribbean music Polish highlanders from the Tatra Mountains Western Impressionistic composers such as French composer Claude Debussy . Examples of its use include Chopin 's Etude in G - flat major , op . 10 , no . 5 , the `` Black Key '' etude , in the major pentatonic . Types ( edit ) Hemitonic and anhemitonic ( edit ) Main article : Anhemitonic scale Minyō scale on D , equivalent to yo scale on D , with brackets on fourths Play ( help info ) . Miyako - bushi scale on D , equivalent to in scale on D , with brackets on fourths Play ( help info ) . Musicology commonly classifies pentatonic scales as either hemitonic or anhemitonic . Hemitonic scales contain one or more semitones and anhemitonic scales do not contain semitones . For example , in Japanese music the anhemitonic yo scale is contrasted with the hemitonic in scale . Hemitonic pentatonic scales are also called `` ditonic scales '' , because the largest interval in them is the ditone ( e.g. , in the scale C -- E -- F -- G -- B -- C , the interval found between C -- E and G -- B ) . This should not be confused with the identical term also used by musicologists to describe a scale including only two notes . Major pentatonic scale ( edit ) Anhemitonic pentatonic scales can be constructed in many ways . The major pentatonic scale may be thought of as a gapped or incomplete major scale . However , the pentatonic scale has a unique character and is complete in terms of tonality . One construction takes five consecutive pitches from the circle of fifths ; starting on C , these are C , G , D , A , and E. Transposing the pitches to fit into one octave rearranges the pitches into the major pentatonic scale : C , D , E , G , A . Another construction works backward : It omits two pitches from a diatonic scale . If one were to begin with a C major scale , for example , one might omit the fourth and the seventh scale degrees , F and B . The remaining notes then makes up the major pentatonic scale : C , D , E , G , and A . Omitting the third and seventh degrees of the C major scale obtains the notes for another transpositionally equivalent anhemitonic pentatonic scale : F , G , A , C , D. Omitting the first and fourth degrees of the C major scale gives a third anhemitonic pentatonic scale : G , A , B , D , E . The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G - flat major ( or equivalently , F - sharp major ) pentatonic scale : G - flat , A-flat , B - flat , D - flat , and E-flat , which is exploited in Chopin 's black key étude . Minor pentatonic scale ( edit ) Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called minor , the term is most commonly applied to the relative minor pentatonic derived from the major pentatonic , using scale tones 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , and 7 of the natural minor scale . It may also be considered a gapped blues scale . The C minor pentatonic is C , E-flat , F , G , B - flat . The A minor pentatonic , the relative minor of C , comprises the same tones as the C major pentatonic , starting on A , giving A , C , D , E , G . This minor pentatonic contains all three tones of an A minor triad . Five black - key pentatonic scales of the piano ( edit ) The five pentatonic scales found by running up the black keys on the piano are : Mode number Name ( s ) Black keys Ratios ( just ) White - key transpositions Minor pentatonic E ♭ - G ♭ - A ♭ - B ♭ - D ♭ - E ♭ 30 : 36 : 40 : 45 : 54 : 60 ACDEGA , DFGACD or EGABDE Major pentatonic G ♭ - A ♭ - B ♭ - D ♭ - E ♭ - G ♭ 24 : 27 : 30 : 36 : 40 : 48 CDEGAC , FGACDF or GABDEG Egyptian , suspended A ♭ - B ♭ - D ♭ - E ♭ - G ♭ - A ♭ 24 : 27 : 32 : 36 : 42 : 48 DEGACD , GACDFG or ABDEGA Blues minor , Man Gong ( 慢宮調 ) B ♭ - D ♭ - E ♭ - G ♭ - A ♭ - B ♭ 15 : 18 : 20 : 24 : 27 : 30 EGACDE , ACDFGA or BDEGAB 5 Blues major , Ritsusen ( 律旋 ) , yo scale D ♭ - E ♭ - G ♭ - A ♭ - B ♭ - D ♭ 24 : 27 : 32 : 36 : 40 : 48 GACDEG , CDFGAC or DEGABD ( A minor seventh can be 7 : 4 , 16 : 9 , or 9 : 5 ; a major sixth can be 27 : 16 or 5 : 3 . Both were chosen to minimize ratio parts . ) Ricker assigned the major pentatonic scale mode I while Gilchrist assigned it mode III . Pythagorean tuning ( edit ) Ben Johnston gives the following Pythagorean tuning for the minor pentatonic scale : Note Solfege Ratio 1 / 1 32 / 27 4 / 3 3 / 2 16 / 9 2 / 1 Natural 54 64 72 81 96 108 Audio 1 ( help info ) 3 ( help info ) 4 ( help info ) 5 ( help info ) 7 ( help info ) 8 ( help info ) Step Name m3 m3 Ratio 32 / 27 9 / 8 9 / 8 32 / 27 9 / 8 Play ( help info ) Just pentatonic tuning of Lou Harrison 's `` American gamelan '' , Old Granddad . This gives the proportions 24 : 27 : 30 : 36 : 40 . Play ( help info ) Naturals in that table are not the alphabetic series A to G without sharps and flats : Naturals are reciprocals of terms in the Harmonic series ( mathematics ) , which are in practice multiples of a fundamental frequency . This may be derived by proceeding with the principle that historically gives the Pythagorean diatonic and chromatic scales , stacking perfect fifths with 3 : 2 frequency proportions ( C-G-D-A-E ) . Considering the anhemitonic scale as a subset of a just diatonic scale , it is tuned thus : 20 : 24 : 27 : 30 : 36 ( A-C-D-E-G = 5 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 9 / 8 - 5 / 4 - 3 / 2 ) . Assigning precise frequency proportions to the pentatonic scales of most cultures is problematic as tuning may be variable . Slendro approximated in Western notation . Play ( help info ) For example , the slendro anhemitonic scale and its modes of Java and Bali are said to approach , very roughly , an equally - tempered five - note scale , but their tunings vary dramatically from gamelan to gamelan . Composer Lou Harrison has been one of the most recent proponents and developers of new pentatonic scales based on historical models . Harrison and William Colvig tuned the slendro scale of the gamelan Si Betty to overtones 16 : 19 : 21 : 24 : 28 ( 1 / 1 - 19 / 16 - 21 / 16 - 3 / 2 - 7 / 4 ) . They tuned the Mills gamelan so that the intervals between scale steps are 8 : 7 - 7 : 6 - 9 : 8 - 8 : 7 - 7 : 6 . ( 1 / 1 - 8 / 7 - 4 / 3 - 3 / 2 - 12 / 7 - 2 / 1 = 42 : 48 : 56 : 63 : 72 ) Further pentatonic musical traditions ( edit ) The major pentatonic scale is the basic scale of the music of China and the music of Mongolia as well as many Southeast Asian musical traditions such as that of the Karen people ( whose music has sometimes been described as sounding `` Scottish '' ) . The fundamental tones ( without meri or kari techniques ) rendered by the five holes of the Japanese shakuhachi flute play a minor pentatonic scale . The yo scale used in Japanese shomyo Buddhist chants and gagaku imperial court music is an anhemitonic pentatonic scale shown below , which is the fourth mode of the major pentatonic scale . play ( help info ) In Javanese gamelan music , the slendro scale has five tones , of which four are emphasized in classical music ( MIDI sample ( help info ) ) . Another scale , pelog , has seven tones , and is generally played using one of three five - tone subsets known as pathet , in which certain notes are avoided while others are emphasized . Ethiopian music uses a distinct modal system that is pentatonic , with characteristically long intervals between some notes . As with many other aspects of Ethiopian culture and tradition , tastes in music and lyrics are strongly linked with those in neighboring Eritrea , Somalia , Djibouti and Sudan . In Scottish music , the pentatonic scale is very common . Seumas MacNeill suggests that the Great Highland bagpipe scale with its augmented fourth and diminished seventh is `` a device to produce as many pentatonic scales as possible from its nine notes '' . Roderick Cannon explains these pentatonic scales and their use in more detail , both in Piobaireachd and light music . It also features in Irish traditional music , either purely or almost so . The minor pentatonic is used in Appalachian folk music . Blackfoot music most often uses anhemitonic tetratonic or pentatonic scales . In Andean music , the pentatonic scale is used substantially minor , sometimes major , and seldom in scale . In the most ancient genres of Andean music being performed without string instruments ( only with winds and percussion ) , pentatonic melody is often leaded with parallel fifths and fourths , so formally this music is hexatonic . Hear example : Pacha Siku ( help info ) . Jazz music commonly uses both the major and the minor pentatonic scales . Pentatonic scales are useful for improvisers in modern jazz , pop , and rock contexts because they work well over several chords diatonic to the same key , often better than the parent scale . For example , the blues scale is predominantly derived from the minor pentatonic scale , a very popular scale for improvisation in the realms of blues and rock alike . Rock guitar solo almost all over B minor pentatonic ( help info ) For instance , over a C major triad ( C , E , G ) in the key of C major , the note F can be perceived as dissonant as it is a half step above the major third ( E ) of the chord . It is for this reason commonly avoided . Using the major pentatonic scale is an easy way out of this problem . The scale tones 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 ( from the major pentatonic ) are either major triad tones ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) or common consonant extensions ( 2 , 6 ) of major triads . For the corresponding relative minor pentatonic , scale tones 1 , ♭ 3 , 4 , 5 , ♭ 7 work the same way , either as minor triad tones ( 1 , ♭ 3 , 5 ) or as common extensions ( 4 , ♭ 7 ) , as they all avoid being a half step from a chord tone . U.S. military cadences , or jodies , which keep soldiers in step while marching or running , also typically use pentatonic scales . Hymns and other religious music sometimes use the pentatonic scale ; for example , the melody of the hymn `` Amazing Grace '' , one of the most famous pieces in religious music . The common pentatonic major and minor scales ( C-D-E-G-A and C-E ♭ - F-G-B ♭ , respectively ) are useful in modal composing , as both scales allow a melody to be modally ambiguous between their respective major ( Ionian , Lydian , Mixolydian ) and minor ( Aeolian , Phrygian , Dorian ) modes ( Locrian excluded ) . With either modal or non-modal writing , however , the harmonization of a pentatonic melody does not necessarily have to be derived from only the pentatonic pitches . Use in education ( edit ) The pentatonic scale plays a significant role in music education , particularly in Orff - based , Kodály - based , and Waldorf methodologies at the primary or elementary level . The Orff system places a heavy emphasis on developing creativity through improvisation in children , largely through use of the pentatonic scale . Orff instruments , such as xylophones , bells and other metallophones , use wooden bars , metal bars or bells , which can be removed by the teacher , leaving only those corresponding to the pentatonic scale , which Carl Orff himself believed to be children 's native tonality . Children begin improvising using only these bars , and over time , more bars are added at the teacher 's discretion until the complete diatonic scale is being used . Orff believed that the use of the pentatonic scale at such a young age was appropriate to the development of each child , since the nature of the scale meant that it was impossible for the child to make any real harmonic mistakes . In Waldorf education , pentatonic music is considered to be appropriate for young children due to its simplicity and unselfconscious openness of expression . Pentatonic music centered around intervals of the fifth is often sung and played in early childhood ; progressively smaller intervals are emphasized within primarily pentatonic as children progress through the early school years . At around nine years of age the music begins to center around first folk music using a six - tone scale , and then the modern diatonic scales , with the goal of reflecting the children 's developmental progress in their musical experience . Pentatonic instruments used include lyres , pentatonic flutes , and tone bars ; special instruments have been designed and built for the Waldorf curriculum . See also ( edit ) Jazz scale Quartal and quintal harmony Raga Suspended chord Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony Pentatonix References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bruce Benward and Marilyn Nadine Saker ( 2003 ) , Music : In Theory and Practice , seventh edition ( Boston : McGraw Hill ) , vol . I , p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 294262 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bruce Benward and Marilyn Nadine Saker , Music in Theory and Practice , eighth edition ( Boston : McGraw Hill , 2009 ) : vol. II , p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 310188 - 0 . Jump up ^ June Skinner Sawyers ( 2000 ) . Celtic Music : A Complete Guide . ( United States ) : Da Capo Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81007 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ernst H. Meyer , Early English Chamber Music : From the Middle Ages to Purcell , second edition , edited by Diana Poulton ( Boston : Marion Boyars Publishers , Incorporated , 1982 ) : p. 48 . ISBN 9780714527772 . Jump up ^ Judit Frigyesi ( 2013 ) . Is there such a thing as Hungarian - Jewish music ? In Pál Hatos & Attila Novák ( Eds . ) ( 2013 ) . Between Minority and Majority : Hungarian and Jewish / Israeli ethnical and cultural experiences in recent centuries . Budapest : Balassi Institute. page 129 . ISBN 978 - 963 - 89583 - 8 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin Suchoff ( Ed . ) ( 1997 ) . Béla Bartók Studies in Ethnomusicology . Lincoln : U of Nebraska Press . p. 198 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4247 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Richard Henry ( n.d. ) . Culture and the Pentatonic Scale : Exciting Information On Pentatonic Scales . n.p. : World Wide Jazz . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Erik Halbig ( 2005 ) . Pentatonic Improvisation : Modern Pentatonic Ideas for Guitarists of All Styles , Book & CD . Van Nuys , CA. : Alfred Music Publishing . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7390 - 3765 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lenard C. Bowie , DMA ( 2012 ) . AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSICAL HERITAGE : An Appreciation , Historical Summary , and Guide to Music Fundamentals . Philadelphia : Xlibris Corporation . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4653 - 0575 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jesper Rübner - Petersen ( 2011 ) . The Mandolin Picker 's Guide to Bluegrass Improvisation . Pacific , MO. : Mel Bay Publications . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61065 - 413 - 5 . Jump up ^ William Duckworth ( 2009 ) . A Creative Approach to Music Fundamentals . Boston : Schirmer / Cengage Learning . p. 203 . ISBN 1 - 111 - 78406 - X . Jump up ^ Kurt Johann Ellenberger ( 2005 ) . Materials and Concepts in Jazz Improvisation . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Keystone Publication / Assayer Publishing . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9709811 - 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ Edward Komara , ( Ed . ) ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Blues . New York : Routledge . p. 863 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92699 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Joe Walker ( 6 January 2012 ) . `` The World 's Most - Used Guitar Scale : A Minor Pentatonic '' . DeftDigits Guitar Lessons . Jump up ^ Kathryn Burke . `` The Sami Yoik '' . Sami Culture . Jump up ^ Jeremy Day - O'Connell ( 2007 ) . Pentatonicism from the Eighteenth Century to Debussy . Rochester : University Rochester Press . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58046 - 248 - 8 . Jump up ^ M.L. West ( 1992 ) . Ancient Greek Music . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 163 -- 64 . ISBN 0198149751 . Jump up ^ A. - F. Christidis ; Maria Arapopoulou ; Maria Christi ( 2007 ) . A History of Ancient Greek : From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 1432 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83307 - 3 . Jump up ^ Meri - Sofia Lakopoulos ( 2015 ) . The Traditional Iso - polyphonic song of Epirus . The International Research Center for Traditional Polyphony . June 2015 , Issue 18 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Spiro J. Shetuni ( 2011 ) . Albanian Traditional Music : An Introduction , with Sheet Music and Lyrics for 48 Songs . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8630 - 4 . Jump up ^ Simon Broughton ; Mark Ellingham ; Richard Trillo ( 1999 ) . World Music : Africa , Europe and the Middle East . London : Rough Guides . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85828 - 635 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Phillips ( 2002 ) . GCSE Music . Oxford : Heinemann . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 81318 - 5 . Jump up ^ Willi Apel ( 1969 ) . Harvard Dictionary of Music . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press . p. 665 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 37501 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dale A. Olsen & Daniel E. Sheehy ( Eds . ) ( 1998 ) . The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music , Volume 2 : South America , Mexico , Central America , and the Caribbean . New York : Taylor & Francis . p. 217 . ISBN 0824060407 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ( It should be noted that Thomas Turino ( 2004 ) points out that the pentatonic scale , although widespread , can not be considered to be predominant in the Andes : Local practices among the Aymara and Kechua in Conima and Canas , Southern Peru in Malena Kuss ( Ed . ) ( 2004 ) . Music in Latin America and the Caribbean : an encyclopedic history . Austin : University of Texas Press . p. 141 . ISBN 0292702981 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ) Jump up ^ Burton William Peretti ( 2009 ) . Lift Every Voice : The History of African American Music . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5811 - 3 . Jump up ^ Anna Czekanowska ; John Blacking ( 2006 ) . Polish Folk Music : Slavonic Heritage - Polish Tradition - Contemporary Trends . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 02797 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Day - O'Connell ( 2009 ) . `` Debussy , Pentatonicism , and the Tonal Tradition '' ( PDF ) . Music Theory Spectrum. 31 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 261 . Jump up ^ Susan Miyo Asai ( 1999 ) . Nōmai Dance Drama , p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30698 - 3 . Jump up ^ Minoru Miki , Marty Regan , Philip Flavin ( 2008 ) . Composing for Japanese instruments , p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58046 - 273 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jeff Todd Titon ( 1996 ) . Worlds of Music : An Introduction to the Music of the World 's Peoples , Shorter Version . Boston : Cengage Learning . ISBN 9780028726120 . page 373 . Jump up ^ Anon. , `` Ditonus '' , The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , second edition , edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell ( London : Macmillan Publishers , 2001 ) ; Bence Szabolcsi , `` Five - Tone Scales and Civilization '' , Acta Musicologica 15 , nos. 1 -- 4 ( January -- December 1943 ) : pp. 24 -- 34 , citation on p. 25 . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Paul Cooper , Perspectives in Music Theory : An Historical - Analytical Approach ( New York : Dodd , Mead , 1973 ) , p. 18 ... ISBN 0 - 396 - 06752 - 2 . Jump up ^ Steve Khan ( 2002 ) . Pentatonic Khancepts . Alfred Music Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7579 - 9447 - 0 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ramon Ricker ( 1999 ) . Pentatonic Scales for Jazz Improvisation . Lebanon , Ind. : Studio P / R , Alfred Publishing Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4574 - 9410 - 9 . cites Annie G. Gilchrist ( 1911 ) . `` Note on the Modal System of Gaelic Tunes '' . Journal of the Folk - Song Society . 4 ( 16 ) : 150 -- 53 . JSTOR 4433969 . -- via JSTOR ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Ben Johnston , `` Scalar Order as a Compositional Resource '' , Perspectives of New Music 2 , no . 2 ( Spring -- Summer 1964 ) : pp. 56 -- 76 . Citation on p. 64 ( 1 ) . ( subscription required ) Accessed 01 / 04 2009 02 : 05 . Jump up ^ Leta E. Miller and Fredric Lieberman ( Summer 1999 ) . `` Lou Harrison and the American Gamelan '' , p. 158 , American Music , Vol. 17 , No. 2 , pp. 146 -- 78 . Jump up ^ `` The representations of slendro and pelog tuning systems in Western notation shown above should not be regarded in any sense as absolute . Not only is it difficult to convey non-Western scales with Western notation ... '' Jennifer Lindsay , Javanese Gamelan ( Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , 1992 ) , pp. 39 -- 41 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 588582 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lindsay ( 1992 ) , p. 38 -- 39 : `` Slendro is made up of five equal , or relatively equal , intervals '' . Jump up ^ `` ... in general , no two gamelan sets will have exactly the same tuning , either in pitch or in interval structure . There are no Javanese standard forms of these two tuning systems . '' Lindsay ( 1992 ) , pp. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Miller & Lieberman ( 1999 ) , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Miller & Lieberman ( 1999 ) , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Japanese Music , Cross-Cultural Communication : World Music , University of Wisconsin -- Green Bay . Jump up ^ Sumarsam ( 1988 ) Introduction to Javanese Gamelan . Jump up ^ Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi ( 2001 ) . Culture and Customs of Somalia . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31333 - 4 . Somali music , a unique kind of music that might be mistaken at first for music from nearby countries such as Ethiopia , the Sudan , or even Arabia , can be recognized by its own tunes and styles . Jump up ^ Tekle , Amare ( 1994 ) . Eritrea and Ethiopia : from conflict to cooperation . The Red Sea Press . p. 197 . ISBN 0 - 932415 - 97 - 0 . Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Somalia and Sudan have significant similarities emanating not only from culture , religion , traditions , history and aspirations ( ... ) They appreciate similar foods and spices , beverages and sweets , fabrics and tapestry , lyrics and music , and jewelry and fragrances . Jump up ^ Seumas MacNeil and Frank Richardson Piobaireachd and its Interpretation ( Edinburgh : John Donald Publishers Ltd , 1996 ) : p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 85976 - 440 - 0 Jump up ^ Roderick D. Cannon The Highland Bagpipe and its Music ( Edinburgh : John Donald Publishers Ltd , 1995 ) : pp. 36 -- 45 . ISBN 0 - 85976 - 416 - 8 Jump up ^ Bruno Nettl , Blackfoot Musical Thought : Comparative Perspectives ( Ohio : The Kent State University Press , 1989 ) : p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 370 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Pentatonic and Blues Scale '' . How To Play Blues Guitar. 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NROTC Cadences '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Steve Turner , Amazing Grace : The Story of America 's Most Beloved Song ( New York : HarperCollins , 2002 ) : p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 000219 - 0 . Jump up ^ Beth Landis ; Polly Carder ( 1972 ) . The Eclectic Curriculum in American Music Education : Contributions of Dalcroze , Kodaly , and Orff . Washington D.C. : Music Educators National Conference . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 940796 - 03 - 4 . Jump up ^ Amanda Long . `` Involve Me : Using the Orff Approach within the Elementary Classroom '' . The Keep . Eastern Illinois University . p. 7 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrea Intveen , Musical Instruments in Anthroposophical Music Therapy with Reference to Rudolf Steiner 's Model of the Threefold Human Being Further reading ( edit ) Jeremy Day - O'Connell , Pentatonicism from the Eighteenth Century to Debussy ( Rochester : University of Rochester Press 2007 ) -- the first comprehensive account of the increasing use of the pentatonic scale in 19th - century Western art music , including a catalogue of over 400 musical examples . Trần Văn Khê , `` Le pentatonique est - il universel ? Quelques reflexions sur le pentatonisme '' , The World of Music 19 , nos. 1 -- 2 : 85 -- 91 ( 1977 ) . English translation : `` Is the pentatonic universal ? A few reflections on pentatonism '' pp. 76 -- 84 . -- via JSTOR ( subscription required ) Kurt Reinhard , `` On the problem of pre-pentatonic scales : particularly the third - second nucleus '' , Journal of the International Folk Music Council 10 ( 1958 ) . -- via JSTOR ( subscription required ) Yamaguchi Masaya ( New York : Charles Colin , 2002 ; New York : Masaya Music , Revised 2006 ) . Pentatonicism in Jazz : Creative Aspects and Practice . ISBN 0 - 9676353 - 1 - 4 Jeff Burns , Pentatonic Scales for the Jazz - Rock Keyboardist ( Lebanon , Ind. : Houston Publishing , 1997 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7935 - 7679 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Look up pentatonic in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pentatonic Scales for Guitar - A brief introduction Alternative uses for the pentatonic scale Video : How to Play Pentatonic Panflute by Brad White Detailed Examination of pentatonic scales in Southern Appalachian folksongs Pentatonic music of Aka Pygmies ( Central Africa ) with photos and soundscapes The Power of the Pentatonic Scale on World Science Festival Pentatonic Scale Improvisation Study Pentatonic Minor Scale - Analysis Pentatonic Major Scale - Analysis Musical scales ( list ) Main Western Major Minor Chromatic Types Bebop Diatonic Distance model Enharmonic Jazz Symmetric Synthetic mode Synthetic scale Name Acoustic Adonai malakh mode Alpha Altered Beta Blues Bohlen -- Pierce Double harmonic Enigmatic Flamenco mode Gamma Half diminished Harmonic major Harmonic Jazz minor Lydian dominant Major Locrian Misheberak Phrygian dominant Ptolemy 's intense diatonic Scale of harmonics Whole tone Ethnic origin Algerian Arabic Double harmonic Major Locrian Quarter tone 17 equal temperament Brazil Escala nordestina Gamelan Pelog Slendro Gypsy Hungarian gypsy Hungarian minor Istrian Japanese Neapolitan Persian Ukrainian Dorian Ukrainian minor Modes Modes in Western music Gregorian Authentic Dorian Phrygian Lydian Mixolydian Plagal Hypodorian Hypophrygian Hypolydian Hypomixolydian Other Ionian Hypoionian Aeolian Hypoaeolian Locrian Hypolocrian Reciting tone Diatonic Ionian ( I ) Dorian ( II ) Phrygian ( III ) Lydian ( IV ) Mixolydian ( V ) Aeolian ( VI ) Locrian ( VII ) Jazz minor Ascending melodic minor ( I ) Dorian ♭ 2 ( II ) Lydian Augmented ( III ) Lydian Dominant ( IV ) Mixolydian ♭ 13 ( V ) Locrian ♮ 2 ( VI ) Altered ( VII ) Number of tones Monotonic ( 1 ) Ditonic ( 2 ) Tritonic ( 3 ) Tetratonic ( 4 ) Pentatonic ( 5 ) Hexatonic ( 6 ) Heptatonic ( 7 ) Octatonic ( 8 ) Chromatic ( 12 ) GND : 4127999 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pentatonic_scale&oldid=800279272 '' Categories : Pentatonic scales Musical scales 5 ( number ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Limburgs Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 14 : 51 . 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-989149867246774865	Joint Task Force	Joint task Force - wikipedia Joint task Force Jump to : navigation , search `` JTF '' redirects here . For other uses , see JTF ( disambiguation ) . A Joint Task Force is a `` joint '' ( multi-service ) ad hoc military formation . The task force concept originated with the United States Navy around the beginning of the Second World War in the Pacific . `` Combined '' is the British - American military term for multi-national formations . CTF - Commander Task Force , sometimes Combined Task Force CCTF - Commander Combined Task Force CJTF - Combined Joint Task Force Ships of Task Group 100.1 during Exercise BALTOPS , 1985 There are two ways in which a U.S. or U.S. - allied task force may be assigned a number . The first is the originally naval scheme promulgated and governed by the U.S. Military Communications - Electronic Board , chaired by the Joint Staff J6 . Task force numbers allocated under this scheme form the majority of the listings below . The second is a by - product of the U.S. Army 's procedure for forming task - organised forces for combat , differing from strictly doctrinally assigned table of organization and equipment organizations . A battalion , company or brigade commander has very wide latitude in selecting a task force name , though often the name of the commander is used ( e.g. Task Force Faith ; Task Force Smith was named for the commander of the 1st Battalion , 21st Infantry Regiment ) . This has often resulted in derivations from the originator unit 's numerical designation being used . For example , when a special operations aviation unit was being formed in the late 1970s , the original unit drew heavily on personnel from the 158th Aviation . The designation chosen was Task Force 158 , which later grew to become the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment . Another example comes from 2004 in Afghanistan . On 15 April 2004 the headquarters of the U.S. Army 's 25th Infantry Division arrived in Afghanistan and took command of CJTF - 180 from the 10th Mountain Division . Lieutenant General David Barno , commanding then decided to rename CJTF 180 because the `` 180 '' designation had traditionally been given to Joint task forces led by the Army 's XVIII Airborne Corps . Barno chose Combined Joint Task Force 76 as the new name to evoke America 's history and the democratic spirit of 1776 . The CFC - A commander intended this new designation to highlight the change in command at the operational level at a time when Afghanistan appeared to be moving closer to democracy . No coordination appears to occur between U.S. Army task forces designated in this way , and the USMCEB scheme . This has resulted in simultaneous designations being used at the same time . For example , Combined Joint Task Force 76 , was in use in Afghanistan in 2004 , but doubling up on the Task Force 76 designation used for decades by Amphibious Force , United States Seventh Fleet , in north Asia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Numbered USMCEB joint task forces 2 Named joint task forces 3 United States Army and other non-USMCEB task forces 4 Others 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Numbered USMCEB Joint task Forces ( edit ) Allied Communications Publication 113 : Call Signs Book for Ships in its Annex B lists allocations of task force numbers from 1 to approximately 1000 , allocated by the United States Military Communications - Electronic Board in blocks for use by the United States Department of Defense and allies . Norman Polmar notes in Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet , 2005 , that the task forces under the commanders of the Atlantic and Pacific Fleet are mainly for contingency purposes . They are employed for specific operations and exercises . Combined Task Force ( CTF ) 13 conducts a simulated long range raid on Camp Hanson , Okinawa Japan , March 21 , 2016 . CTF - 13 conducted the raid , which commenced in South Korea , to demonstrate air assault , multi-continent long - range raid capabilities and the ability to deliver security and stability . CTF 13 included 1st Battalion , 3rd Marines . Joint task force Abbrev . State Notes Joint Task Force 1 001 JTF - 1 US Operation Crossroads Joint Task Force 2 002 JTF - 2 US / CAN In September 1964 , Major General George Brown was selected to organize and command JTF - 2 , a Joint Chiefs of Staff organization formed at Sandia Base , New Mexico , to the test the services ' weapon systems . It was staffed by personnel of all three services . Low Altitude Program nuclear test organisation , 1965 - 70 . In 1990s seemingly transferred to Canada , possibly completely out of USMCEB formal system for use by Canadian special forces . The Canadian SOF unit that took this designation was formed on 1 April 1993 . Joint Task Force 3 003 JTF - 3 US Formed late 1949 in preparation for Operation Greenhouse nuclear test series . Joint Task Force 4 004 JTF - 4 US From 1960 to 1 December 1963 , planning headquarters for Sub-Saharan Africa , responsible to Atlantic Command . Lt Gen Louis W. Truman reassigned as chief of staff for Caribbean operations during Cuban Missile Crisis . Superseded by creation of CINCMEAFSA ( Commander - in - Chief U.S. Strike Command ) . Drug interdiction task force in Caribbean Sea from December 1989 . Became Joint Interagency Task Force East on 1 October 1994 . Later amalgamated into Joint Interagency Task Force South in 1994 . Later became post-conflict reconstruction task force , eventually to become the ill - fated Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance . Joint Task Force 5 005 JTF - 5 US Drug interdiction task force at Coast Guard Island , Alameda , California , from December 1989 . Later became Joint Interagency Task Force West . Joint Task Force 6 006 JTF - 6 US Drug interdiction task force at El Paso , Texas , from December 1989 . Became Joint Task Force North in 2004 . Now seemingly Task Force 6 , the naval component commander , U.S. Africa Command , an additional duty post for Commander , Sixth Fleet . Joint Task Force 7 007 JTF - 7 US Operation Sandstone , a series of nuclear weapon tests in 1948 . Combined Joint Task Force 7 007 CJTF - 7 US CJTF 7 was the interim military formation that directed the U.S. military effort in Iraq between June 2003 and May 2004 . Previously used for Operation Castle atomic tests in the 1940s - 1950s Joint Task Force 8 008 JTF - 8 US Operation Dominic nuclear test organisation , April -- November 1962 . Joint Task Force 11 011 JTF - 11 US During World War II , Task Force 11 was a United States Navy aircraft carrier task force in the Pacific theater . JTF at Soto Cano Air Base , 1983 . By 1984 redesignated Joint Task Force Bravo Task Force 12 012 TF - 12 US Theater Anti-Submarine Warfare Force , Pacific / Patrol and Reconnaissance Force , Pacific ( PATRECONFORPAC ) . Task Force 16 016 TF - 16 US Maritime Defense Zone , U.S. Pacific Fleet , commanded by a Coast Guard officer ( 2005 ) . Previously celebrated carrier task force during World War II . Task Force 17 017 TF - 17 US Naval Air Forces , U.S. Pacific Fleet ( 2005 ) . Previously celebrated carrier task force during World War II . Task Force 18 018 TF - 18 US Sealift forces , U.S. Pacific Fleet ( 2005 ) . USS Hornet ( CV - 8 ) 's task force for 1942 Doolittle Raid . Task Force 20 020 TF - 20 US Task Group 20.5 , a carrier battle group built around USS Independence ( CV - 62 ) , was part of Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada , 1982 . Deputy Commander , Fleet and Joint Operations , U.S. Fleet Forces Command , with responsibility for subordinate seagoing formations , until 1 October 2012 . Task Force 21 021 TF - 21 US Transformation of the United States Army Task Forces 30 - 39 030 TF - 30 US All allocated to United States Third Fleet Task Force 31 031 TF - 31 US Task Force 37 037 TF - 37 US Task Force 38 038 TF - 38 US Fast Carrier Task Force , World War II ( Also Task Force 38.3 ) Task Force 44 044 TF - 44 US Task Forces 50 - 57 050 TF - 50 US All allocated to United States Fifth Fleet Task Force 57 057 TF - 57 US Task Force 58 058 TF - 58 US Recently Maritime Surveillance Force in the North Persian Gulf . Fast Carrier Task Force , World War II . Task Force 60 060 TF - 60 US United States Sixth Fleet ; Battle Force from c. 1950s - c. 2010 Task Force 61 061 TF - 61 US United States Sixth Fleet Task Force 64 064 TF - 64 US On 23 September 1942 , USS San Francisco ( CA - 38 ) , Salt Lake City , Minneapolis , Chester , Boise , and Helena , and Destroyer Squadron 12 ( DesRon 12 ) became TF 64 , a surface screening and attack force under the command of Rear Admiral Norman Scott in San Francisco . The next day , the force headed to the New Hebrides . Now United States Sixth Fleet . Task Force 67 067 TF - 67 US Task Force 73 073 TF - 73 US Commander , Logistics Group , Western Pacific , Seventh Fleet , Singapore . Task Force 74 074 TF - 74 US Submarine Force , U.S. Seventh Fleet . Previously Enterprise task force during Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 . Task Force 76 076 TF - 76 US Amphibious Force , United States Seventh Fleet . CJTF 76 was a designation given to a division - sized U.S. Army task force in Afghanistan , seemingly outside the formal USMCEB system . Task Force 77 077 TF - 77 US Carrier Striking Force , U.S. Seventh Fleet . As of 2016 built around Carrier Strike Group Five . ALSO : Former Task Force 145 Task Force 80 080 TF - 80 US TF - 80 is currently the Maritime Headquarters component for the U.S. Fleet Forces Command . Task Force 84 084 TF - 84 US Seemingly Anti-Submarine Warfare Force , Atlantic ( ASWFORLANT ) . Task Force 88 088 TF - 88 US Used during World War II for Task Force 88 ( Operation Dragoon ) ; after World War II for Task Force 88 ( Operation Argus ) . Also used by a USSOCOM task force , seemingly not within the USMCEB numbering scheme . Task Force 90 090 TF - 90 US Amphibious Force , Naval Forces Far East , during the Korean War , and later involved in Operation Passage to Freedom . Task Force 91 091 TF - 91 US U.S. Naval Forces Alaska , commanded by Commander 17th Coast Guard District , United States Coast Guard . Task Force 93 093 TF - 93 US Commander Alaskan Sea Frontier , late 1960s . Rear Admiral Donald M. White during SS Robert Louis Stevenson sinking incident , late 1960s . Task Force 100 100 , TF TF 100 US Involved in USS Liberty incident , 1967 . CINCUSNAVEUR established TF 100 under the command of Rear Admiral Renken , Commander , Service Forces , Atlantic , at 0000Z , 12 June 1967 . With forces from Sixth Fleet , Commander Fleet Air Mediterranean , Service Forces , Sixth Fleet , Naval Securities Group Europe , plus the Liberty herself , TF 100 was to ' ... supervise the drydocking of USS Liberty at Malta on or about 13 June 1967 in order to prevent disclosure of classified information and equipment to unauthorised personnel . ' TF 100 's functions were expected to be completed in about two days . Previously at times held by Deputy Commander - in - Chief United States Naval Forces Europe ( DCINCUSNAVEUR ) . The task force ( or Task Group 100.1 ) was also involved in a mid-May 1975 visit to Leningrad . Leahy and Tattnall , part of Cruiser - Destroyer Group 12 , were commanded by Rear Admiral Justin D. Langille III . On 1 April 2010 , it was announced that Rear Adm. ( lower half ) Charles K. Carodine was to be assigned new duties . Carodine was at the time serving as chief of staff , JTF - 100 Maritime Operations Center , United States Fleet Forces Command , Norfolk , Va . Also by 2010 TF 100 had become the Service Crypographic Component Operations task force of United States Tenth Fleet . Task Force 101 101 , TF TF 101 US Northern European Force after 1946 - 1956 . When Admiral Wright became CINCNELM was commanded by Rear Admiral Robert B. Pirie , Chief of Staff to CINCNELM . After the beginning of the War on Terror in 2001 , Combined Joint Task Force - 101 was a 101st Airborne Division rotation in Afghanistan . Task Forces 102 - 109 102 , TF TF 102 US All now seemingly allocated to United States Tenth Fleet . Task Force 104 104 , TF TF 104 US United States Naval Forces Germany , 1944 -- 45 , and possibly afterwards Task Force 111 111 , TF TF 111 UK / US Seemingly Admiral Bruce Fraser , Commander - in - Chief , British Pacific Fleet , aboard HMS Duke of York , soon after the end of World War II . Task Force 115 115 , TF TF 115 US Coastal Surveillance Force , Naval Forces Vietnam Task Force 116 116 , TF TF 116 US River Patrol Force , Naval Forces Vietnam Task Force 117 117 , TF TF 117 US Mobile Riverine Force , Naval Forces Vietnam Joint Task Force 120 120 , JTF JTF 120 US In times of crisis and during certain exercises , Commander Second Fleet became Commander , JTF 120 . This joint task force drew from the Atlantic Fleet , U.S. Army airborne and air assault units , U.S. Air Force aircraft and support personnel , U.S. Marine Corps amphibious forces , and at times , the United States Coast Guard . Ran Operation Urgent Fury , the invasion of Grenada in October 1983 . Later ran Operation Uphold Democracy regarding Haiti in 1994 - 95 . Task Force 121 121 , TF TF 121 US Possibly part of United States Twelfth Fleet during World War II . Task Force of Army Rangers during Operation Urgent Fury , Grenada , 1982 . After 2001 , one of the designations for the Joint Special Operations Command high value targets task force . This was made up of operators from the U.S. Army 's Delta Force , 75th Ranger Regiment , and 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment , Naval Special Warfare Development Group , the CIA 's Special Activities Division , U.S. Air Force Combat Controllers , Pararescuemen , Tactical Air Control Party operators , and Special Operations Weather Technicians , the Aviation Tactics Evaluation Group ( AvTEG ) , and the Joint Communications Unit . Two troops from the U.S. Army 1st Squadron , 1st Cavalry Regiment provided armor support for the Task Force . On occasions , Canadian , British , Australian and Polish special force personnel assisted and augmented TF121 . It served in Iraq and Afghanistan . Task Force 122 122 , TF TF 122 US United States Twelfth Fleet , World War II . Commanded by Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk , who commanded D - Day 's Western Naval Task Force ( Utah and Omaha Beaches ) . Task Force 123 123 , TF TF 123 US 82nd Airborne Division , Operation Urgent Fury , Grenada 1982 . Task Force 124 124 , TF TF 124 US Omaha Beach landing force , World War II . In Grenada 1982 , was the amphibious force , headquartered aboard USS Guam . Now Strategic Communications Wing One , Tinker AFB , Oklahoma ( E-6A Mercury aircraft ) Task Force 125 125 , TF TF 125 US Designation for Commander , Western Hemisphere Group , when acting as a naval component commander for U.S. Southern Command . Obsolete . Task Force 130 130 , TF TF 130 US Manned Spacecraft Recovery Force , Pacific , for Project Apollo . Flagship USS Arlington ( AGMR - 2 ) . Task Force 134 134 , TF TF 134 US Commander , Task Force 134 , COMSUBPAC , is an operational commander responsible to USSTRATCOM for strategic deterrent submarine operations . Task Force 136 136 , TF TF 136 US Under the commander of Commander , Second Fleet , was quarantine force during Cuban Missile Crisis . Led for a time by Commander Cruiser - Destroyer Flotilla 2 aboard USS Canberra . Task Force 140 140 , TF TF 140 US Project Mercury Recovery Force ( early 1960s ) , later Manned Spacecraft Recovery Force , Atlantic ( for Apollo 9 ) . In 1980s , as JTF 140 , designation for Second Fleet for Caribbean contingency operations . Ocean Venture ' 90 was a JCS directed field exercise sponsored by the U.S. Atlantic Command and executed by JTF 140 , a standing JTF assigned to LANTCOM which had existed since 1979 . Utilised for Haiti operations during 1994 . Task Force 144 144 , TF TF 144 US CTF 144 , Commander Submarine Forces / COMSUBLANT . Operational commander for Atlantic ballistic missile submarines , responsible to Commander , U.S. Strategic Command Task Force 145 145 , TF TF 145 US Task Force 151 151 , TF TF 151 US Combined Maritime Forces Joint Task Force 160 160 , JTF JTF 160 US Directed Operation Sea Signal . This humanitarian operation receiving Haitian refugees at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base , Cuba , took place from August 1994 to February 1996 . Task Force 160 was a non-USMCEB , U.S. Army allocation . Combined Joint Task Force - 180 180 , JTF JTF 180 US Appears to be the permanently assigned designator for HQ XVIII Airborne Corps when operating as a combined joint task force or joint task force , for example in Afghanistan after 2002 . Task Force 214 214 , TF TF 214 US Twentieth Air Force , while acting as the ICBM task force for U.S. Strategic Command Task Force 294 294 , TF TF 294 US U.S. Air Force air refueling forces while acting as a task force for U.S. Strategic Command Task Force 301 301 , TF TF 301 CAN Royal Canadian Navy , Atlantic Coast Task Force 311 311 , TF TF 311 UK Commander , Task Force 311 ( CTF - 311 ) , located in Northwood , Middlesex , is the Royal Navy 's sole submarine operating authority ( SUBOPAUTH ) . CTF - 311 maintains operational control of all Britain 's attack submarines , wherever they may be . Task Group 316.1 316 , TF TF 316 UK Used for Endeavour 90 deployment , under Capt Franklyn , HMS Bristol ( DTS ) Task Force 317 317 , TF TF 317 UK Falklands Task Force ; see British naval forces in the Falklands War Task Force 318 318 , TF TF 318 UK In November 1967 , TF 318 , under Flag Officer Second in Command Far East Fleet , Rear Admiral Edward Ashmore , managed the British withdrawal from Aden after 128 years of colonial rule . Reestablished with effect from 1 November 1971 to cover withdrawal of British forces from Persian Gulf ( Roberts , 95 ) Task Force 321 321 , TF TF 321 UK Seemingly Royal Navy in the Mediterranean and Middle East . Used Cyprus 1974 during Falklands War when RNZN frigates deployed , and after Iraqi invasion of Kuwait ( deployed force TG 321.1 in both later cases ) . In 1990 CINCFLEET acted as CTF 321 . Task Group 323.2 323 , TF TF 323 UK RN Mediterranean group during Operation Desert Storm Task Force 324 324 , TF TF 324 UK Royal Navy Red Sea force during Suez Crisis of 1956 . Consisted only of HMS Newfoundland . Task Force 330 330 , TF TF 330 UK UK naval forces during Operation Telic Task Force 333 333 , TF TF 333 UK Involved in Operation Grapple nuclear tests at Christmas Island , August 1958 . TG 333.1 seemingly utilised by Captain 11th Frigate Squadron ( Captain F11 ) , Royal New Zealand Navy , in November 1972 , during LONGEX 71 between Auckland and Wellington . TGs of TF 333 later used in NATO area ( Roberts ) Task Force 345 345 , TF TF 345 UK UK Mediterranean naval task force during Suez Crisis of 1956 . Now is reported as ' ... CTF 345 is the organisation that provides command and control of the UK deterrent ' at Northwood Headquarters . Rear Admiral Ian Corder commanded the task force as of September 2012 . Task Force 373 373 , TF TF 373 US JSOC or SOCCENT special operations forces task force in Afghanistan Task Force 402 402 , TF TF 402 US Joint Task Force 435 435 , JTF JTF 435 US ( Combined Joint Interagency Task Force 435 ) Afghanistan theatre detention operations Task Force 439 439 , TF TF 439 NATO attack submarine force , Mediterranean Task Force 440 440 , TF TF 440 Operation Sharp Guard , 1993 - 96 ( WEU , SNFL , SNFM ) Task Force 442 442 , TF TF 442 US From 1967 , Commander Submarine Flotilla 8 became COMSUBMED under NAVSOUTH in addition to wartime SSBN responsibilities as CTF 442 . Task Force 465 465 , TF TF 465 ( NATO ) Deployed task force of Operation Atalanta , EUNAVFOR Somalia , combating Somali piracy Task Force 472 472 , TF TF 472 SEATO ( 1969 ) At the time USS Evans and HMAS Melbourne collided on the early morning on 3 June 1969 , both were part of Exercise Task Group 472.1 . Command of Task Force 472 , and TG 472.1 , was being exercised by Rear Admiral G.J.B. Crabb , Flag Officer Commanding Australian Fleet . TF 472 included Melbourne , Evans , Kyes , Larson , Blackpool , and Cleopatra . TF 472 was taking part in SEATO Exercise Sea Spirit . Task Force 473 473 , TF TF 473 France Seemingly permanently assigned to the carrier battle group ( ' aeronaval group ' ) build around Charles de Gaulle . Part of Force d'action navale . Task Force 500 500 , TF TF 500 NATO Flag Officer Denmark ( FOD ) , Allied Forces Baltic Approaches ( 1963 ) . Task Force 502 502 , TF TF 502 NATO Carrier battle force , Naval Striking and Support Forces , Southern Europe , 1970s - 1980s . Provided by U.S. Carrier Group or Cruiser - Destroyer Group headquarters . Task Force 503 503 , TF TF 503 NATO Amphibious force , Naval Striking and Support Forces , Southern Europe , 1970s - 1980s . Provided by U.S. Amphibious Squadron headquarters . Task Force 504 504 , TF TF 504 NATO Landing force , Naval Striking and Support Forces , Southern Europe , 1970s - 1980s . Task Force 505 505 , TF TF 505 NATO Support force , Naval Striking and Support Forces , Southern Europe , 1970s - 1980s . Task Force 506 506 , TF TF 506 NATO Special Operations Force , Naval Striking and Support Forces , Southern Europe , 1970s - 1980s . Task Force 508 508 , TF TF 508 NATO ( or member ) As of late 2013 , Operation Ocean Shield Somali counter-piracy force . CTF 508 was Rear Admiral Eugenio Diaz del Rio on board flagship Alvaro de Bazan on 14 January 2014 . Joint Task Force 510 510 , JTF JTF 510 US Special Operations Command Pacific standing joint task force for rapid deployment . Involved in Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines , 2002 . Joint Task Force 622 622 , JTF JTF 622 AUS Operation VIC FIRE ASSIST Joint Task Force 627 627 , JTF JTF 627 AUS SUBmarine Search And Rescue ( SUBSAR ) May be designator for Commander Australian Fleet ; CTF 627 was allocated to this officer under his previous title of Maritime Commander Australia in 1999 - 2000 . Joint Task Force 630 630 , JTF JTF 630 AUS Op Larry Assist after Cyclone Larry , March 2006 . Commander was Mick Slater . Joint Task Force 631 631 , JTF JTF 631 AUS Operation Astute - Timor Leste International Stabilisation Force Joint Task Force 633 633 , JTF JTF 633 AUS Operation Okra , HQJTF 633 , based in the United Arab Emirates , provides command and control of all ADF elements deployed throughout the Middle East Area of Operations ( MEAO ) as part of Operation Slipper . JTF 633 is commanded by Major General Craig Orme . Previous commanders have included MAJGEN Stuart Smith . Included Security Detachment Iraq Joint Task Force 634 634 , JTF JTF 634 AUS Supported 2007 Sydney APEC Conference . Commander : Brigadier Andrew Smith , Cdr 7th Brigade . Joint Task Force 637 637 , JTF JTF 637 AUS Operation Kiribati Assist ; Operation Queensland Flood Assist Joint Task Force 639 639 , JTF JTF 639 AUS Op Resolute - Border Protection Command Joint Task Force 645 645 , JTF JTF 645 AUS Commander INTERFET , 1999 ( TF 645 ) , CHOGM 2001 , CHOGM 2002 Task Force 646 646 , TF TF 646 AUS RAAF Air Command Aerospace Operational Support Group TG 646.7 . Joint Task Force 662 662 , JTF JTF 662 AUS ADF support during the 2009 Victorian Black Saturday bushfires . Joint Task Force 663 663 , JTF JTF 663 AUS Operation Render Safe 2011 . HMAS Gascoyne , HMAS Diamantina , HMNZS Resolution ( A14 ) , HMNZS Wellington . Joint Task Force 664 664 , JTF JTF 664 AUS Operation Yasi Assist Joint Task Force 665 665 , JTF JTF 665 AUS Operation Testament , ADF commitment to World Youth Day 2008 , Commander Brigadier David Saul Task Force 714 714 , TF TF 714 US United States Special Operations Command . Designation for JSOC high - value targets task force in Iraq and Afghanistan during General Stanley McChrystal 's time in command . Task Force 825 825 , TF TF 825 Spain Task Group 825.1 was the Spanish aircraft carrier Principe de Asturias task group in May 2008 . Joint Task Force 950 950 , JTF JTF 950 US Commander , United States Second Fleet whilst in a training role . Task Force 1099 US ( See Task Force 121 ) Named Joint task Forces ( edit ) Joint Task Force Shining Hope ; Joint Task Force Eagle Vista ( 1998 Presidential African visit ) Joint task force Abbrev . Who Notes Joint Task Force - Alaska JTF - AK US Joint Task Force - Armed Forces Inaugural Committee JTF - AFIC US Joint Task Force Aztec Silence US Joint Task Force Bravo JTF - B US Central America operations from Soto Cano Air Base , Honduras Joint Task Force Caring Response US Joint Task Force Central CAN Joint Task Force - Civil Support JTF - CS US Joint Task Force East US Joint Task Force for Elimination JTF - E US Joint Task Force for Elimination of WMD ( JTF - E ) Joint Task Force Full Accounting US Joint Task Force Gator US Joint Task Force - Global Network Operations JTF - GNO US Critical infrastructure protection . ( Evolved from JTF - CND , then JTF - CNO ) Joint Task Force Gold JTF Gold AUS Sydney 2000 Summer Olympic Games Joint Task Force Guantanamo JTF - GTMO US Joint Task Force Haiti US Joint Task Force - Homeland Defense JTF - HD US Combined Joint Task Force -- Horn of Africa CJTF - HOA US Joint Task Force Katrina US Joint Task Force Lebanon JTF - L US Joint Task Force Liberia JTF Liberia US Joint Task Force National Capital Region / Medical JTF CapMed US Joint Task Force ( North ) JTF ( N ) CAN Joint Task Force North US Joint Task Force OMEGA JTF OMEGA Colombian Armed Forces JTF in support of US funded Plan Patriota Joint Task Force Southwest Asia JTF - SWA US The JTF commander also commanded 9th Aerospace Expeditionary Task Force - Southwest Asia , U.S. Central Command , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia . It carried out Operation Southern Watch to enforce the Iraqi no - fly zones . The 9AETF - SWA was the forward - deployed arm of the Ninth Air Force . Established on August 26 , 1992 ; active until 2003 . Joint Task Force Rita US United States Army and other non-USMCEB task Forces ( edit ) These included Combined Joint Task Force 76 , Combined Joint Task Force 82 , and Combined Joint Task Force 180 . Task force Abbrev . Who Notes Task Force 1 - 41 141 TF 1 - 41 INF US U.S. Army combined - arms heavy battalion mechanized Task Force consisting primarily of the 1st Battalion , 41st Infantry Regiment , 3rd Battalion , 66th Armor Regiment , and the 4th Battalion , 3rd Field Artillery Regiment all being part of the 2nd Armored Division ( Forward ) . It served at the Battle of 73 Easting and the Battle of Norfolk . Formed in various other incarnations during other conflicts . Combined Joint Task Force 82 082 CJTF - 82 US Special Operations Task Force 103 103 SOTF - 103 US On 11 May 2010 , Malian and Senegalese soldiers worked on small unit tactics , movements , and convoy vehicle recover drills with special operations forces personnel from Special Operations Task Force 103 in Bamako , Mali . The classes were part of Exercise Flintlock 10 , an exercise focused on military interoperability and capacity - building , which was part of an AFRICOM - sponsored annual exercise program with partner nations in northern and western Africa . Flintlock 10 , which includes participation of key European U.S. allies , was conducted by SOCAFRICA and was designed to build relationships and develop capacity among security forces throughout the Trans - Saharan region of Africa . Task Force 118 118 TF - 118 US a regular army aviation unit flying AH - 58D Warrior helicopters whose mast - mounted IR sights helped spot small boats during Operation Prime Chance Task Force ALBA Swiss Humanitarian operation in Albania during 1999 . Task Force Aegis US Redirects to Combined Joint Task Force 76 Task Force Alpha UK Redirects to 7th Armoured Brigade ( United Kingdom ) Task Force Baum US Concentration camp rescue force `` set up by U.S. Army general George S. Patton '' Task Force Bayonet US Task Force Bayonet ( disambiguation ) Task Force Black US Redirects to Task Force 88 ( anti-terrorist unit ) Task Force Blue US United States Navy SEALs Task Force Danbi South Korea Haiti earthquake relief 2010 Task Force Eagle NATO IFOR Task Force East US US European Command initiative to strengthen relationships with Eastern European allies Task Force Faith US US Army unit during the Korean War Task Force Falcon ( US ) US US Army Task Force serving as part of KFOR in Kosovo Task Force Frigid US After World War II , the War Department decided that U.S. Army personnel must be able to live and operate in any degree of cold . A group of task forces was therefore organized to test U.S. Army equipment in the cold . Task Force Frigid and Task Force Williwaw were dispatched to what is now Fort Greely , Alaska during the winters of 1946 and 1947 . Task Force Harvest NATO Operation Essential Harvest Task Force Hawk US Kosovo Task Force Helmand NATO Part of ISAF in Helmand Province , Afghanistan Task Force K - Bar US `` The first major ground deployment in the US - led invasion of Afghanistan '' Task Force Kandahar NATO ISAF in Kandahar , Afghanistan Task Force Kean UN North Korea Task Force Leatherneck US Located at Camp Leatherneck , Helmand Province , Afghanistan . Marine Air - Ground Task Force currently operating in Helmand Province . 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade during 2009 - 10 for Operation Enduring Freedom . Also used by the 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions during their deployments to Afghanistan Task Force Libeccio CAN Operation Mobile # Royal Canadian Air Force - 2011 military intervention in Libya . Task Force Lightning US 25th Infantry Division ( United States ) Task Force Manchu US Second Battle of Naktong Bulge # The end of Task Force Manchu Task Force Mustang US Combat Aviation Brigade , 36th Infantry Division , Texas Army National Guard Task Force ODIN US US Army aviation battalion created to combat improvised explosive devices in Iraq Task Force Phoenix CJTF Phoenix US Initially organized by CENTCOM to train and mentor the newly created Afghan National Security Forces Task Force Ranger US Battle of Mogadishu ( 1993 ) # Task Force Ranger Task Force Scorpio Swiss Biological and chemical response team activated during the first Gulf War - not deployed Task Force Shield US / UK / Iraq Set up in 2003 to provide security for Iraq 's critical oil infrastructure Task Force Sinai US U.S. element of Multinational Force and Observers ( MFO ) Task Force Smith US Battle of Osan # Task Force Smith Task Force Tarawa US The 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade during the 2003 invasion of Iraq Task Force Taro US 3rd Marine Regiment ( United States ) Task Force Trinity US 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines Task Force Tripoli US USMC air ground task force formed after the fall of Baghdad during the 2003 invasion of Iraq Task Force Uruzgan Netherlands Part of NATO 's Regional Command South , ISAF , Afghanistan Task Force Viking US Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force -- North ( CJSOTF -- N ) , also known as Task Force Viking , was the U.S. joint task force responsible for the northern front during the initial period of the 2003 invasion of Iraq Task Force White Eagle Poland A brigade sized detachment of Polish Land Forces in Ghazni Province , Afghanistan . The brigade was under the command of the US 1st Cavalry Division . Others ( edit ) Task Force for Business and Stability Operations - U.S. Department of Defense commercial facilitation organization , not an operational task force . Task Force 6 - 26 - USSOCOM or JSOC task force Task Force Iron - A heavy battalion mechanized task force with the foundation being formed by Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry and other 2nd Armored Division ( FWD ) battalions during the 1991 Gulf War . It fought during the Battle of 73 Easting and the Battle of Norfolk . Task Force 1 - 37 was a heavy battalion mechanized task force formed around units of the 1st Armored Division ( United States ) . It served with distinction at the Battle of Medina Ridge during the 1991 Gulf War . See also ( edit ) Taskforce ( disambiguation ) The Wire ( JTF - GTMO ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Larry Bond , ' Cauldron ' ( fiction ) or Hackworth , ' About Face ' . Jump up ^ Lieutenant General David W. Barno , interview by Center for Military History , 21 November 2006 , 31 -- 32 , in A Different Kind of War . ^ Jump up to : Norman Polmar , Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet , ' Naval Institute Press , 2005 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Puryear 1983 , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration , Federal Record Group 374.5. 2 , accessed June 2013 . Jump up ^ Barton C. Hacker , ' Elements of Controversy ' . Jump up ^ History of the Unified Command Plan 1946 - 2012 , pp. 22 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Adam B. ( August 1996 ) . The Intervasion of Haiti , Professional Paper 539 ( PDF ) . Center for Naval Analyses . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Science Advisor , NAVEUR / NAVAF / Sixth Fleet , Science and Technology Shortfalls Archived 2014 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , 26 June 2012 , accessed January 2014 . Jump up ^ Globalsecurity.org , Patrol and Reconnaissance Force , Pacific ^ Jump up to : Spector , Ronald ( 1987 ) . `` U.S. Marines in Grenada 1983 '' ( PDF ) . p. 6 . Jump up ^ CTF 84 Reserve Unit Established , October 5 , 2005 Jump up ^ Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet Jump up ^ Mud , Muscle and Miracles , 384 . Jump up ^ `` CINCUSNAVEUR OPORD 15 - 67 '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . 11 June 1967 . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ 1975LENINGRAD00693_b Jump up ^ Defense , This story was written by the Department of . `` CNO Announces Flag Officer Assignments '' . www.navy.mil . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2010SET/Deets.pdf Jump up ^ Warrior among Diplomats , p. 278 - 279 Jump up ^ `` The Development of Unified Command Structure for the U.S. Armed Forces , 1945 - 1950 , '' p. 11 - 21 in Ronald H. Cole , et al. , The History of Unified Command 1946 - 1993 ( Washington , DC : Joint History Office of the Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , 1995 ) Jump up ^ Larry Berman , Zumwalt : The Life and Times of Admiral Elmo Russell `` Bud '' Zumwalt , Jr. , Harper , 2012 , 171 . Jump up ^ Samuel E > Morrison , The Invasion of France and Germany , , p. 335 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Jessica Vargas , TACAMO , Strategic Communications Wing One Public Affairs . `` Strategic Communications Wing One Holds Change of Command '' . Navy.mil . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Karen Smith et al. , ' Is NAVSO Organized and Staffed to do its job ? ' Center for Naval Analysis , CRM D0005057. A1 , January 2002 . Jump up ^ `` p. 370 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ U.S. Navy online documentation Jump up ^ WA Saunders , Joint Pub 5 - 00.2 Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures : A Critical Review , 1992 Jump up ^ GlobalSecurity.org . `` Operation Sea Signal '' , GlobalSecurity.org website , 2008 . Retrieved on October 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.public.navy.mil/subfor/underseawarfaremagazine/issues/archives/issue_44/royal_navy.html Jump up ^ Roberts , 344 . Jump up ^ Independent , Obituary : Admiral Sir Richard Fitch , 22 February 1994 . Note that the Independent incorrectly lists Ashmore 's apppoinment at the time . Jump up ^ Henn , Francis . A Business of Some Heat : The United Nations Force in Cyprus Before and During the 1974 Turkish Invasion . Casemate Publishers , 2004 , 295 Jump up ^ The Gulf Revisited - Why ? , The Naval Review , 1990 , and Cdre Chris Craig account ^ Jump up to : `` SUEZ WAR OF 1956 '' . Godfreydykes.info. 1956 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.operationtelic.co.uk/order-of-battle/Operation-Telic-3-Order-%20of-Battle.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/137649/foi_christmas_island_miscellaneous_docs.pdf Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Andrew Preston ( 2012 - 09 - 15 ) . `` and Royal Navy Bridge Card , various editions '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Joint Force Command Naples , The First Reorganisation , accessed 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.jag.navy.mil/library/investigations/HMAS%20EVANS%20AND%20MELBOURNE%203%20JUN%2069.pdf Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Operation OCEAN SHIELD ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) . `` 14 January 2014 '' . Mc.nato.int . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Operation VIC FIRE ASSIST , army.gov.au Jump up ^ AFTP 9 ( H ) , navy.gov.au Jump up ^ Australian Operations in Afghanistan , accessed April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Commodore Timothy William BARRETT CSC RAN , ACT '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Working_Paper_20.pdf , p. 16 Jump up ^ Heightened security results in Joint Task Force , 11 April 2002 , defence.gov.au/news/raafnews Jump up ^ http://www.maltutty.com/content/Working%20Documents/16b%20SETE%202011%20WTR%20Workshop%20Presentation%20after.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.army.gov.au/Our-work/Community-engagement/Disaster-relief-at-home/Operation-VIC-FIRE-ASSIST-2009 Jump up ^ `` WWII ammo to be rendered safe on joint mission - Keith Jackson & Friends : PNG ATTITUDE '' . Asopa.typepad.com. 2011 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Stanley McChrystal , My Share of the Task . Jump up ^ http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/conocenos_actividades/prefLang_en/deLaFuerza--962_16_Espabras08--02_bitacora_es--2008--05--2008_05_01_es?_selectedNodeID=94179&_pageAction=selectItem Jump up ^ Navy Wire , 1999 . Jump up ^ See Spirtas et al. , ' What it takes , ' 59 - 63 . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Cold Regions Test Center - History , accessed June 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Center for Naval Analysis , Joint Task Force Operations since 1983 , CRM94 - 42 , July 1994 Timothy M. Bonds , Myron Hura , Thomas - Durrell Young , ' Enhancing Army Joint Force Headquarters Capabilities , ' Santa Monica , CA ; RAND Corporation , 2010 - includes list of joint task forces Roberts , John . Safeguarding the Nation : The Story of the Modern Royal Navy . Seaforth Publishing , 2009 . Includes mention of a number of RN task groups . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Task_Force&oldid=802709082 '' Categories : Joint task forces ( armed forces ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 23 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the authority to establish joint task forces	[]	[]
-3275779868701642424	United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York	United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York - wikipedia United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York Jump to : navigation , search Department of Justice U.S. Attorney 's Office for the Southern District of New York Seal of the United States Department of Justice Department overview Department executive Geoffrey Berman ( ad interim ) , U.S. Attorney Website justice.gov/usao/nys/ The United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York is the chief federal law enforcement officer in eight New York counties : Manhattan ( New York County ) , Bronx , Westchester , Putnam , Rockland , Orange , Dutchess and Sullivan . Geoffrey Berman currently serves as interim United States Attorney , since replacing Acting Attorney Joon Kim on January 5 , 2018 . Preet Bharara was the district 's last confirmed U.S. Attorney , having been appointed under President Barack Obama in 2009 . Bharara served until March 11 , 2017 , when he was fired by President Donald Trump , shortly after refusing to resign upon request . The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York has jurisdiction over all cases prosecuted by the U.S. Attorney . The New York Times has called the office `` one of New York City 's most powerful clubs . '' Dozens of former assistant U.S. Attorneys who worked there go on to prominent careers both in private practice and at the federal level . Because of the office 's resources , pursuit of high - profile cases , independence from presidential administrations and transitions , and tenacity , it is sometimes referred to as the `` Sovereign District of New York '' -- sometimes along with its accompanying FBI field office . Contents ( hide ) 1 Succession 2 Organization 3 List of U.S. Attorneys for the Southern District of New York 4 Notable assistants 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External links Succession ( edit ) Preet Bharara had taken over the post from Lev L. Dassin , who was acting as the interim U.S. Attorney after Michael J. Garcia , appointed by President George W. Bush in 2005 , stepped down in December 2008 to join the partnership of New York law firm Kirkland & Ellis . Organization ( edit ) United States Southern District of New York counties The Office is organized into divisions handling civil and criminal matters . The Southern District of New York also has two offices : one in Manhattan , and one in White Plains . The Office employs approximately 220 Assistant U.S. Attorneys . List of U.S. Attorneys for the Southern District of New York ( edit ) In 1814 , the District of New York was divided into the Northern and the Southern District . The next year , the first U.S. Attorneys for the new districts were appointed. -- Jonathan Fisk : 1815 -- 1819 Robert L. Tillotson : 1819 -- February 1828 John Duer : February 1828 -- April 1829 James A. Hamilton : April 1829 -- 1834 William M. Price : 1834 -- December 10 , 1838 Benjamin F. Butler : December 10 , 1838 -- 1841 Ogden Hoffman : 1841 -- 1845 Benjamin F. Butler : 1845 -- 1848 Charles McVean : Sept. -- Dec. 1848 Lorenzo B. Shepard : Dec. 1848 or Jan. 1849 -- April 1849 Jonathan Prescott Hall : April 1849 -- 1853 Charles O'Conor : 1853 -- 1854 John McKeon : 1854 -- 1858 Theodore Sedgwick : 1858 -- 1859 James I. Roosevelt : 1859 -- 1861 E. Delafield Smith : April 1861 -- April 1865 Daniel S. Dickinson : April 1865 -- April 12 , 1866 Samuel G. Courtney : April 1866 -- April 25 , 1869 Edwards Pierrepont : April 25 , 1869 -- July 20 , 1870 Noah Davis : July 20 , 1870 -- December 31 , 1872 George Bliss , Jr. : December 31 , 1872 -- January 24 , 1877 Stewart L. Woodford : January 24 , 1877 -- March 12 , 1883 Elihu Root : March 12 , 1883 -- July 6 , 1885 William Dorsheimer : July 6 , 1885 -- March 1 , 1886 Stephen A. Walker : March 1 , 1886 -- September 16 , 1889 Edward J. Mitchell : September 16 , 1889 -- February 1 , 1894 Henry C. Platt ( Acting ) : February 1 , 1894 -- July 23 , 1894 Wallace Macfarlane : July 23 , 1894 -- January 1898 Henry Lawrence Burnett : January 1898 -- January 1906 Henry L. Stimson : January 1906 -- April 8 , 1909 Henry A. Wise : April 8 , 1909 -- May 7 , 1913 Hudson Snowden Marshall : May 7 , 1913 -- 1917 Francis Gordon Caffey : 1917 -- June 1921 William Hayward : June 1921 -- March 2 , 1925 Emory Buckner : March 2 , 1925 -- April 6 , 1927 Charles H. Tuttle : April 6 , 1927 -- September 29 , 1930 Robert E. Manley ( Acting ) : September 29 , 1930 -- January 1931 George Z . Medalie : January 1931 -- November 21 , 1933 Thomas E. Dewey ( Acting ) : November 22 , 1933 -- December 26 , 1933 Martin Conboy : December 26 , 1933 -- May 16 , 1935 Francis William Holbrooke Adams ( Acting ) : May 16 , 1935 -- November 20 , 1935 Lamar Hardy : November 20 , 1935 -- March 1939 Gregory Francis Noonan : 1938 ? -- 1939 John T. Cahill : March 1939 -- March 1941 Mathias F. Correa ( Acting ) : March 1941 -- July 1941 Mathias F. Correa : July 1941 -- June 10 , 1943 Howard F. Corcoran ( Acting ) : June 10 , 1943 -- August 2 , 1943 -- James B.M. McNally August 2 , 1943 -- October 9 , 1944 John F.X. McGohey ( Acting ) : October 9 , 1944 -- January 1945 John F.X. McGohey : January 1945 -- October 1949 Irving Saypol ( Acting ) : October 1949 -- April 13 , 1950 Irving Saypol : April 13 , 1950 -- September 18 , 1951 Myles J. Lane : September 18 , 1951 -- April 1 , 1953 J. Edward Lumbard : April 1 , 1953 -- July 11 , 1955 Lloyd F. MacMahon ( Interim ) : July 11 , 1955 -- September 1 , 1955 Paul W. Williams : September 1 , 1955 -- July 9 , 1958 Arthur H. Christy ( Acting ) : July 9 , 1958 -- 1959 S. Hazard Gillespie , Jr. : 1959 -- January 31 , 1961 Morton S. Robson ( Acting ) : January 31 , 1961 -- April 18 , 1961 Robert M. Morgenthau : April 18 , 1961 -- 1962 ( resigned to run for Governor in New York state election , 1962 ) Vincent Lyons Broderick ( Acting ) : 1962 Robert M. Morgenthau : 1962 -- January 16 , 1970 ( re -- appointed by President Kennedy ) Whitney North Seymour , Jr. : January 16 , 1970 -- June 4 , 1973 Paul J. Curran : June 4 , 1973 -- October 31 , 1975 Thomas J. Cahill ( Interim ) : October 31 , 1975 -- March 1 , 1976 Robert B. Fiske : March 1 , 1976 -- 1980 William M. Tendy ( Acting ) : 1980 John S. Martin , Jr. : 1980 -- June 3 , 1983 Rudolph Giuliani : June 3 , 1983 -- January 1 , 1989 Benito Romano ( Interim ) : January 1 , 1989 -- October 16 , 1989 Otto G. Obermaier : October 16 , 1989 -- June 1993 Mary Jo White : June 1993 -- January 7 , 2002 James B. Comey : January 7 , 2002 -- December 15 , 2003 David N. Kelley ( Interim ) : December 15 , 2003 -- September 2005 Michael J. Garcia : September 2005 -- December 1 , 2008 Lev L. Dassin ( Acting ) : December 1 , 2008 -- August 13 , 2009 Preet Bharara : August 13 , 2009 -- March 11 , 2017 Joon Kim ( Acting ) : March 11 , 2017 -- January 3 , 2018 Geoffrey Berman ( Interim ) : January 3 , 2018 - Notable assistants ( edit ) Bob Arum -- Boxing promoter Neil Barofsky -- Special Inspector General overseeing the Troubled Asset Relief Program Bernard Bell -- Associate Dean for Academic Affairs , Professor of Law and Herbert Hannoch Scholar at Rutgers School of Law -- Newark Thomas E. Dewey -- Governor of New York ( 1943 -- 1954 ) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948 Louis Freeh -- former director , Federal Bureau of Investigation Patrick Fitzgerald -- U.S. Attorney , Northern District of Illinois Felix Frankfurter -- Associate Justice , U.S. Supreme Court Rudolph Giuliani -- former Mayor of New York John Marshall Harlan II -- Associate Justice , U.S. Supreme Court Arthur L. Liman -- criminal defense attorney Michael Mukasey -- former U.S. Attorney General Thomas Francis Murphy -- federal prosecutor and judge in New York City ; prosecutor in the two perjury trials of Alger Hiss Mary Grace Quackenbos - first woman to hold this post in the United States Charles Rangel -- U.S. Congressman ( D -- NY ) Henry Dwight Sedgwick -- American lawyer and author Franklin A. Thomas -- former director , Ford Foundation In popular culture ( edit ) In the TV series Billions , a show based on former U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York Preet Bharara 's prosecutions against SAC Capital and other hedge funds , Paul Giamatti plays a character based on Bharara . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ For Manhattan 's Next U.S. Attorney , Politics and Prosecution Do n't Mix , The New York Times , August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Maggie . `` Preet Bharara Is Fired After Refusing to Step Down as U.S. Attorney '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ A Steppingstone for Law 's Best and Brightest , New York Times , January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Weiser , Benjamin ; Rashbaum , William K. ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` With Preet Bharara 's Dismissal , Storied Office Loses Its Top Fighter '' . New York Times . In past presidential transitions , the storied office , long known to be so independent of Washington that some people referred to it as the Sovereign District of New York , has in large measure moved forward unaffected by politics . Jump up ^ Beale , Sara Sun ( 2011 ) . `` What Are the Rules if Everybody Wants to Play ? '' . In Barkow , Anthony S. ; Barkow , Rachel E. Prosecutors in the Boardroom : Using Criminal Law to Regulate Corporate conduct . NYU Press . p. 206 . ISBN 9780814787038 . Finally , in some multijurisdictional cases there have been turf battles rather than cooperation . For example , the U.S. Attorney 's Office in the Southern District of New York ... Press accounts have noted the perception that the `` ' Sovereign District of New York ' ... does n't necessar ( il ) y play well with others . '' Jump up ^ Ashcroft , John ( 2006 ) . Never Again : Securing America and Restoring Justice . Center Street . p . PT160 . ISBN 9780759568730 . As U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York ( sometimes referred to by Justice Departments insiders as ' the sovereign district ' of New York because of its high - profile cases and independence ) . Jump up ^ Ragavan , Chitra ( March 26 , 2001 ) . `` The pardon buck stops in New York : U.S. Attorney Mary Jo White takes the lead '' . U.S. News & World Report . Vol. 130 no . 12 . p. 24 . The Bush administration has left the answer largely in the hands of White , a registered independent , whose office , because of its legendary independence and tenacity , is known as the ' sovereign district . ' Jump up ^ McDermott , Terry ; Meyer , Josh ( 2012 ) . The Hunt for KSM : Inside the Pursuit and Takedown of the Real 9 / 11 Mastermind , Khalid Sheikh Mohammed . Little , Brown . p . PT42 . ISBN 9780316202732 . This was sometimes referred to -- mockingly , but enviously , too -- as the Sovereign District of New York . It was in many ways a separate fiedfdom from the rest of the Bureau , creating its own rules and procedures . The agent in charge of the office , unlike all but one other agent in charge , held the rank of an assistant director of the entire FBI . '' Jump up ^ The Man Who Took Down Spitzer , The Daily Beast , December 9 , 2008 Jump up ^ Organization and Operation , U.S. Attorney 's Office Jump up ^ Tallerico , Brian . `` Billions Recap : Agents of Chaos '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . External links ( edit ) United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York Official Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York&oldid=842385301 '' Categories : United States Attorneys for the Southern District of New York Prosecution Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 03 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	united states district attorney for the southern district of new york	[]	[]
-8940118888871315540	Strain theory (sociology)	Strain theory ( sociology ) - wikipedia Strain theory ( sociology ) Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Criminology and penology Theory ( hide ) Anomie Biosocial criminology Broken windows Collective efficacy Crime analysis Criminalization Differential association Deviance Labeling theory Psychopathy Rational choice Social control Social disorganization Social learning Strain Subculture Symbolic interactionism Victimology Types of crime ( show ) Against humanity Blue - collar Corporate Juvenile Organized Political Public - order State State - corporate Victimless White - collar War Penology ( show ) Deterrence Incapacitation Prison reform abolition Prisoner prisoner abuse prisoners ' rights Rehabilitation Recidivism Justice in penology Participatory Restorative Retributive Solitary confinement Schools ( show ) Chicago School Classical School Conflict Criminology Environmental Criminology Feminist School Frankfurt School Integrative Criminology Italian School Left Realism Marxist Criminology Neo-classical school Positivist School Postmodernist School Right Realism In sociology and criminology , strain theory states that social structures within society may pressure citizens to commit crime . Following on the work of Émile Durkheim , strain theories have been advanced by Robert King Merton ( 1938 ) , Albert K. Cohen ( 1955 ) , Richard Cloward , Lloyd Ohlin ( 1960 ) , Neil Smelser ( 1963 ) , Robert Agnew ( 1992 ) , Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld ( 1994 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Strain Theory 1.1 Merton 's Theory 2 Derived Theories 2.1 General Strain Theory 2.2 Institutional Anomie Theory 2.3 Illegitimate Opportunities Theory 2.4 Role Strain Theory 3 Other Strain Theorists 3.1 Robert Agnew 3.2 Jie Zhang 4 Criticism 5 Studies 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Strain theory ( edit ) Strain theory is a sociology and criminology theory developed in 1938 by Robert K. Merton . The theory states that society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals ( such as the American dream ) though they lack the means , this leads to strain which may lead the individuals to commit crimes . Examples being selling drugs or becoming involved in prostitution to gain financial security . Strain may either be : Structural : this refers to the processes at the societal level which filter down and affect how the individual perceives his or her needs , i.e. if particular social structures are inherently inadequate or there is inadequate regulation , this may change the individual 's perceptions as to means and opportunities ; or Individual : this refers to the frictions and pains experienced by an individual as he or she looks for ways to satisfy his or her needs , i.e. if the goals of a society become significant to an individual , actually achieving them may become more important than the means adopted . Merton 's theory ( edit ) Robert King Merton was an American sociologist who argued that society can encourage deviance to a large degree . Merton believed that socially accepted goals put pressure on people to conform . His theory was largely developed due to the social and economic circumstances occurring in the United States 's society during the early 1900s . Robert Merton 's Strain Theory stems from a fundamental question that he posed on why the rates of deviance were so different among societies . He thought that there could be deviance where there is a difference between what defines success and what the proper means are to achieve these goals . He found the United States as a prime example of high levels of deviance because there is a high value in achieving success , primarily monetary success , but there are contradictions for the means of achieving success . The college educated worker is respected , but the robber barons who stole for their money were also admired , showing success is seen as more important than the means to achieve success . In addition , he also saw how minority groups were unable to get good educations , and if they could then they could not get a good paying job with it , but the same high standard for success is set for everyone even though not everyone could reach those standards through conventional means . These contradictions led him to develop strain theory because of how high the US held success. People are forced to work within the system or become members of a deviant subculture to achieve the desired goal . Merton 's belief became the theory known as Strain Theory . Merton continued on to say when individuals are faced with a gap between their goals ( usually finances / money related ) and their current status , strain occurs . When faced with strain , people have five ways to adapt : Conformity : pursuing cultural goals through socially approved means . ( `` Hopeful poor '' ) Innovation : using socially unapproved or unconventional means to obtain culturally approved goals . Example : dealing drugs or stealing to achieve financial security . ( `` surviving poor '' ) Ritualism : using the same socially approved means to achieve less elusive goals ( more modest and humble ) . ( `` passive poor '' ) Retreatism : to reject both the cultural goals and the means to obtain it , then find a way to escape it . ( `` retreating poor '' ) Rebellion : to reject the cultural goals and means , then work to replace them . ( `` resisting poor '' ) not accepting any goals and means Derived Theories ( edit ) General strain theory ( edit ) Main article : General strain theory General strain theory ( GST ) is a sociology and criminology theory developed in 1992 by Robert Agnew . Agnew believed that Merton 's theory was too vague in nature and did not account for criminal activity which did not involve financial gain . The core idea of general strain theory is that people who experience strain or stress become distressed or upset which may lead them to commit crime in order to cope . One of the key principle of this theory is emotion as the motivator for crime . The theory was developed to conceptualize the full range of sources in society where strain possibly comes from , which Merton 's strain theory does not . The theory also focuses on the perspective of goals for status , expectations and class rather than focusing on money ( as Merton 's theory does ) . Examples of General Strain Theory are people who use illegal drugs to make themselves feel better , or a student assaulting his peers to end the harassment they caused . GST introduces 3 main sources of strain such as : Loss of positive stimuli ( death of family or friend ) Presentation of negative stimuli ( physical and verbal assaults ) The inability to reach a desired goal . Institutional Anomie theory ( edit ) Institutional anomie theory ( IAT ) is a criminology theory developed in 1994 in by Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld . The theory proposes that an institutional arrangement with a market , where the market / economy is allowed to operate / dominate without restraints from other social intuitions like family will likely cause criminal behavior . Derived from Merton 's Strain Theory , IAT expands on the macro levels of the theory . IAT 's focus centers on the criminal influences of varied social institutions , rather than just the economic structure . Illegitimate opportunities theory ( edit ) Main article : Illegitimate opportunity Illegitimate opportunities is a sociology theory developed in 1960 by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin . The theory states that crimes result from a high number of illegitimate opportunities and not from a lack of legitimate ones . The theory was created from Merton 's strain theory to help address juvenile delinquency . Role strain theory ( edit ) The theory of `` role strain '' , developed by sociologist William J. Goode in 1960 , states that social institutions are supported and operated by role relationships . Due to these role relationships that individuals may feel `` role strain '' , or difficulty fulfilling their sociological duties in the relationship . It is through this `` role strain '' that social action and social structure are maintained . With these relationships , come social obligations that members of that society are required to follow , which people are usually not forced to fulfill . In order for the society to continue existing , these obligations must be fulfilled at the volition of the individuals in it , which the theory states is what most people are inclined to do . Due to the fact that there is no force involved in maintaining these role relationships , there will be individuals who can not , or will not , conform to these societal expectations . In addition , the individuals within the society are not bound to one role relationship . In fact , all individuals will be part of multiple role relationships . Possession of multiple relationships can account for the conflicts of interest often faced in social settings . According to Goode , however , due to these multiple relationships , an individual will almost always have a total amount of role obligations that demand more than what the individual can give , whether it is in terms of time , emotional favor , or material resources . This can give rise to `` role strain '' , which can lead the individual to attempting to fulfill socially acceptable goals in means that may not be socially acceptable ( as explained in General String theory ) . While the theory of role strain attempts to attribute the maintenance of society to role relationships , Goode also acknowledges that the theory does not account for the existence of more complex social settings , such as that of urban society . The theory of role strain does not account for several aspects of urban life , such as the fact that some individuals accept absolutely none of the society 's central values , the fact that individuals vary in their emotional commitment to these societal values , how these role relationships change when individuals go through a change in social position , or how these relationships hold up during times of crisis . Other strain theorists ( edit ) Robert Agnew ( edit ) In 1992 , Robert Agnew asserted that strain theory could be central in explaining crime and deviance , but that it needed revision so that it was not tied to social class or cultural variables , but re-focused on norms . To this end , Agnew proposed a general strain theory that is neither structural nor interpersonal but rather individual and emotional , paying special attention to an individual 's immediate social environment . He argued that an individual 's actual or anticipated failure to achieve positively valued goals , actual or anticipated removal of positively valued stimuli , and actual or anticipated presentation of negative stimuli all result in strain . Anger and frustration confirm negative relationships . The resulting behavior patterns will often be characterized by more than their share of unilateral action because an individual will have a natural desire to avoid unpleasant rejections , and these unilateral actions ( especially when antisocial ) will further contribute to an individual 's alienation from society . If particular rejections are generalized into feelings that the environment is unsupportive , more strongly negative emotions may motivate the individual to engage in crime . This is most likely to be true for younger individuals , and Agnew suggested that research focus on the magnitude , recency , duration , and clustering of such strain - related events to determine whether a person copes with strain in a criminal or conforming manner . Temperament , intelligence , interpersonal skills , self - efficacy , the presence of conventional social support , and the absence of association with antisocial ( e.g. , criminally inclined ) age and status peers are chief among the factors Agnew identified as beneficial . Jie Zhang ( edit ) The strain theory of suicide postulates that suicide is usually preceded by psychological strains . A psychological strain is formed by at least two stresses or pressures , pushing the individual to different directions . A strain can be a consequence of any of the four conflicts : differential values , discrepancy between aspiration and reality , relative deprivation , and lack of coping skills for a crisis . Psychological strains in the form of all the four sources have been tested and supported with a sample of suicide notes in the United States and in rural China through psychological autopsy studies . The strain theory of suicide forms a challenge to the psychiatric model popular among the suicidologists in the world . The strain theory of suicide is based on the theoretical frameworks established by previous sociologists , e.g. Durkheim ( 1951 ) , Merton ( 1957 ) , and Agnew ( 2006 ) , and preliminary tests have been accomplished with some American ( Zhang and Lester 2008 ) and Chinese data ( Zhang 2010 ; Zhang , Dong , Delprino , and Zhou 2009 ; Zhang , Wieczorek , Conwell , and Tu 2011 ) . There could be four types of strain that precede a suicide , and each can be derived from specific sources . A source of strain must consist of two , and at least two , conflicting social facts . If the two social facts are non-contradictory , there would be no strain . Strain Source 1 : Differential Values When two conflicting social values or beliefs are competing in an individual 's daily life , the person experiences value strain . The two conflicting social facts are competing personal beliefs internalized in the person 's value system . A cult member may experience strain if the mainstream culture and the cult religion are both considered important in the cult member 's daily life . Other examples include the second generation of immigrants in the United States who have to abide by the ethnic culture rules enforced in the family while simultaneously adapting to the American culture with peers and school . In China , rural young women appreciate gender egalitarianism advocated by the communist government , but at the same time , they are trapped in cultural sexual discrimination as traditionally cultivated by Confucianism . Another example that might be found in developing countries is the differential values of traditional collectivism and modern individualism . When the two conflicting values are taken as equally important in a person 's daily life , the person experiences great strain . When one value is more important than the other , there is then little or no strain . Criticism ( edit ) Strain theory has received several criticisms , such as : Strain theory best applies only to the lower class as they struggle with limited resources to obtain their goals . Strain theory fails to explain white collar crime , the perpetrator of whom have many opportunities to achieve through legal and legitimate means . Strain theory fails to explain crimes based in gender inequality . Merton deals with individuals forms of responses instead of group activity which crime involves . Merton 's theory is not very critical of the social structure that he says generate the strains . Strain theory neglects the inter - and intra-personal aspect of crime . Strain theory has weak empirical evidence supporting it . Studies ( edit ) Strain theory was tested following its development . Most of these test examined ideal goals such as occupational goals and individual expectations , which would most ideally lead to crimes if not achieved under rule of strain theory . However , most of the research found that this was not the case . An example of these studies was a study done by Travis Hirschi in the 1969 . He analyzes a large body of data on delinquency collected in Western Contra Costa County , California that contrast with strain theory . These results and other criticisms lead to the abandonment of strain theory around the 1970s to the 80s . In addition to the study done by Hirsch , strain theory was explored in a 2001 study conducted by Jason D. Boardman ( and others ) . The study explored how societal strain and stress can lead to drug use by individuals , in particular how one 's neighborhood environment can affect their susceptibility to drug abuse . This study specifically centered around troubled neighborhoods in Detroit , and the results were based on census data taken of these neighborhoods , mainly because this data contained information on each individual resident 's use of drugs . From this data , the study found that the more disadvantaged a neighborhood is , the more its residents abuse drugs . The study credited this positive trend to higher levels of stress and fewer available resources . According to strain theory , this lack of resources may compel an individual to abuse drugs to attain the positively valued goal of happiness by using the means that are currently available , which in the case of rough neighborhoods , were drugs . See also ( edit ) Illegitimate opportunity References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Merton , Robert ( 1938 ) . `` Social Structure and Anomie '' . American Sociological Review . 3 ( 5 ) : 672 -- 682 . doi : 10.2307 / 2084686 . Jump up ^ WatkinsM . `` Merton 's Strain Theory '' . compass.port.ac.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ https://www.d.umn.edu/~bmork/2306/Theories/BAManomie.htm Jump up ^ Agnew , Robert ( 2001 ) . `` Building on the Foundation of General Strain Theory : Specifying the Types of Strain Most Likely to Lead to Crime and Delinquency '' . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 38 ( 4 ) : 319 -- 361 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022427801038004001 . Jump up ^ Agnew , Robert ( 2014 ) . `` General Strain Theory '' . Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice : 1892 -- 1900 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4614 - 5690 - 2_218 . Jump up ^ Agnew , Robert ( 2015 ) . `` General Strain Theory and Delinquency '' . The Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice Krohn / The Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice : 237 -- 256 . Jump up ^ Paternoster , Raymond ; Mazerolle , Paul ( 1994 ) . `` General Strain Theory and Delinquency : A Replication and Extension '' . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 31 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 263 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022427894031003001 . Jump up ^ Messner , Steven ; Rosenfeld , Richard ( 1997 ) . Crime and the American Dream . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Pub. Co . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Savolainen , Jukka . `` Institutional Anomie Theory '' . Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets . Jump up ^ Cloward , Richard ; Ohlin , Lloyd ( 1960 ) . Delinquency and opportunity : a theory of delinquent gangs . Glencoe , IL : Free Press . ^ Jump up to : Goode , William J. ( 1960 ) . `` A Theory of Role Strain '' . American Sociological Review . 25 ( 4 ) : 483 -- 496 . doi : 10.2307 / 2092933 . Jump up ^ Bernard , T.J. ( 1984 ) . `` Control Criticisms of Strain Theories : An Assessment of Theoretical and Empirical Adequacy '' . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 21 ( 4 ) : 353 -- 372 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022427884021004005 . Jump up ^ Kornhauser , Ruth ( 1978 ) . Social sources of delinquency : an appraisal of analytic models . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Hirschi , Travis ( 1969 ) . Causes of Delinquency . Berkeley : University of California . ^ Jump up to : Boardman , Jason D. ; Finch , Brian Karl ; Ellison , Christopher G. ; Williams , David R. ; Jackson , James S. ( 2001 ) . `` Neighborhood Disadvantage , Stress , and Drug Use among Adults '' . Journal of Health and Social Behavior . 42 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 165 . doi : 10.2307 / 3090175 . O'Grady W. ( 2011 ) . `` Crime in Canadian Context . '' Strain / anomie theory 92 - 94 Agnew , R ( 1992 ) . `` Foundation for a General Strain Theory '' . Criminology. 30 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 87 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 9125.1992. tb01093. x . Agnew , R. ; White , H. ( 1992 ) . `` An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory '' . Criminology. 30 ( 4 ) : 475 -- 99 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 9125.1992. tb01113. x . Agnew , R. ( 1997 ) . `` The Nature and Determinants of Strain : Another Look at Durkheim and Merton . '' pp. 27 -- 51 in The Future of Anomie Theory , edited by R. Agnew and N. Passas . Boston : Northeastern University Press . Agnew , R. ( 2009 ) . `` Revitalizing Merton : General Strain Theory . '' Advances in Criminological Theory : The Origins of American Criminology , Volume 16 , edited by F.T. Cullen , F. Adler , C.L. Johnson , and A.J. Meyer . New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction . Akers , R. ( 2000 ) . Criminological Theories : Introduction , Evaluation , and Application . Los Angeles : Roxbury . Cloward , R ( 1959 ) . `` Illegitimate Means , Anomie and Deviant Behavior '' . American Sociological Review . 24 ( 2 ) : 164 -- 76 . doi : 10.2307 / 2089427 . Cloward , R. & Ohlin , L. ( 1960 ) . Delinquency and Opportunity . NY : Free Press . Cohen , A. ( 1955 ) . Delinquent Boys . NY : Free Press . Cohen , A ( 1965 ) . `` The Sociology of the Deviant Act : Anomie Theory and Beyond '' . American Sociological Review . 30 : 5 -- 14 . doi : 10.2307 / 2091770 . Cohen , A ( 1977 ) . `` The Concept of Criminal Organization '' . British Journal of Criminology. 17 : 97 -- 111 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. bjc. a046820 . Dubin , R ( 1959 ) . `` Deviant Behavior and Social Structure : Continuities in Social Theory '' . American Sociological Review . 24 : 147 -- 163 . doi : 10.2307 / 2089426 . Durkheim , E. ( 1897 / 1997 ) . Suicide . NY : Free Press . Featherstone , R. & Deflem , M. ( 2003 ) . `` Anomie and Strain : Context and Consequences of Merton 's Two Theories . '' Sociological Inquiry 73 ( 4 ) : 471 - 489 . Hirschi , T. ( 1969 ) . Causes of Delinquency . Berkeley : University of California Press . Marwah , Sanjay , and Mathieu Deflem. 2006 . '' Revisiting Merton : Continuities in the Theory of Anomie - and - Opportunity - Structures . '' pp. 57 -- 76 in Sociological Theory and Criminological Research : Views from Europe and the United States , ed . M. Deflem . Amsterdam : Elsevier / JAI Press . Messner , S & Rosenfeld , R. ( 1994 ) . Crime and the American Dream . Belmont : Wadsworth . Polk , K ( 1969 ) . `` Class , Strain and Rebellion Among Adolescents '' . Social Problems . 17 : 214 -- 24 . doi : 10.2307 / 799867 . Polk , K. , & Schafer , W. ( eds . ) . ( 1972 ) . Schools and Delinquency . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall . Agnew , Robert . 2006 . `` General Strain Theory : Current Status and Directions for Further Research . '' pp. 101 -- 123 in Taking Stock : The Status of Criminological Theory - Advances in Criminological Theory , edited by F.T. Cullen , J.P. Wright , and K. Blevins . New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction . Durkheim , Emile . 1951 . Suicide : A Study in Sociology . New York : Free Press ( Original work published in 1897 ) . IOM , ( Institute of Medicine ) . 2002 . Reducing suicide : An American imperative . Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press . Mann , J.J. ; Waternaux , C. ; Haas , G.L. ; Malone , K.M. ( 1999 ) . `` Toward a clinical model of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients '' . American Journal of Psychiatry . 156 : 181 -- 189 . doi : 10.1176 / ajp. 156.2. 181 . Merton , R.K. 1957 . Social Theory and Social Structure , rev . ed . New York : Free Press . NIMH. 2003 . Research on Reduction and Prevention of Suicidality : National Institute of Mental Health . Phillips , Michael R ; Yang , Gonghuan ; Zhang , Yanping ; Wang , L. ; Ji , H. ; Zhou , M. ( 2002 ) . `` Risk factors for suicide in China : a national case - control psychological autopsy study '' . The Lancet . 360 : 1728 -- 1736 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 02 ) 11681 - 3 . Spitzer , R.L. , J.B.W. Williams , M. Gibbon , and A.B. First . 1988 . Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM - III - R ( SCID , 6 / 1 / 88 Revision ) . New York : Biometrics Research Department , New York State Psychiatric Institute . WatkinsM . `` Merton 's Strain Theory '' . compass.port.ac.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 Zhang , Jie ( 2010 ) . `` Marriage and Suicide among Chinese Rural Young Women '' . Social Forces . 89 : 311 -- 326 . doi : 10.1353 / sof. 2010.0065 . Zhang , Jie ; Dong , Nini ; Delprino , Robert ; Zhou , Li ( 2009 ) . `` Psychological Strains Found From In - Depth Interviews With 105 Chinese Rural Youth Suicides '' . Archives of Suicide Research . 13 : 185 -- 194 . doi : 10.1080 / 13811110902835155 . PMC 2715851 . Zhang , Jie and Shenghua Jin. 1998 . `` Interpersonal relations and suicide ideation in China . '' Genetic , Social , and General Psychology Monographs 124 : 79 - 94 . Zhang , Jie ; Lester , David ( 2008 ) . `` Psychological Tensions Found in Suicide Notes : A Test for the Strain Theory of Suicide '' . Archives of Suicide Research . 12 : 67 -- 73 . doi : 10.1080 / 13811110701800962 . Zhang , Jie ; Wieczorek , William F. ; Conwell , Yeates ; Ming Tu , Xin ( 2011 ) . `` Psychological strains and youth suicide in rural China '' . Social Science & Medicine . 72 : 2003 -- 2010 . doi : 10.1016 / j. socscimed. 2011.03. 048 . Zhang , Jie. 2000 . `` Gender differences in athletic performance and their implications in gender ratios of suicide : A comparison between the USA and China . '' Omega : Journal of Death and Dying 41 : 117 - 123 . External links ( edit ) Merton and the Strain Theory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strain_theory_(sociology)&oldid=841411692 '' Categories : Criminology Structuralism Crime Sociological theories Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 17 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who views crime as a desire for success when the legitimate means to achieve it are limited	[ "Strain theory is a sociology and criminology theory developed in 1938 by Robert K. Merton.[1] The theory states that society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals (such as the American dream) though they lack the means, this leads to strain which may lead the individuals to commit crimes. Examples being selling drugs or becoming involved in prostitution to gain financial security.[1]" ]	[ "Robert K. Merton" ]
3181578781386262023	Surviving U.S. veterans of World War II	Surviving US Veterans of World War II - wikipedia Surviving US Veterans of World War II Jump to : navigation , search Two World War II veterans : President John F. Kennedy and Rep. John Dingell . There were 16,112,566 members of the United States Armed Forces during World War II . There were 291,557 battle deaths , 113,842 other deaths in service ( non-theater ) , and 670,846 non-mortal woundings . According to the Department of Veterans Affairs , around 558,000 American veterans from the war are estimated to still be alive as of 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal of Honor recipients 2 Mortality 3 Survivors associations 4 Notable veterans 5 See also 6 References Medal of Honor recipients ( edit ) During this conflict 464 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor , 266 of them posthumously . Additionally , the only Medal of Honor recipient in the history of the United States Coast Guard , Douglas Albert Munro , received the Medal for his actions during this war . There are currently four living World War II Medal of Honor recipients . Mortality ( edit ) In 2016 , the Department of Veterans Affairs estimated that 362 American World War II veterans died every day . Survivors associations ( edit ) There are numerous US World War II survivors associations , including American Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor , Pearl Harbor Survivors Association ( disbanded in 2011 ) , Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge , United States Submarine Veterans of World War II ( many State Chapters now closed ) , Navajo Nation Code Talker Association , and the Philippine Scouts Heritage Society . Notable veterans ( edit ) Main article : List of notable surviving veterans of World War II See also ( edit ) Other US wars Last surviving United States war veterans List of last surviving World War I veterans by country List of surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War Specific groups Texas Military Veteran video Oral Histories - Newton Gresham Library , Sam Houston State University Other lists List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.nationalww2museum.org/honor/wwii-veterans-statistics.html Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Statistics '' . US Army Center of Military History . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Living Recipients '' . Congressional Medal of Honor Society . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Portal History of World War II by region and country Africa Belgian Congo British Somaliland Egypt French West Africa French Somaliland Gold Coast Kenya Liberia Nyasaland Madagascar South Africa Southern Rhodesia Tunisia North America Canada Cuba El Salvador Greenland Mexico Newfoundland Panama United States Arizona Nevada New Mexico Puerto Rico South America Argentina Brazil British Guiana Colombia Latin America Uruguay Venezuela Asia Burma Ceylon China Dutch East Indies Hong Kong India Indochina Iran Iraq Japan Manchukuo Malaya Mongolia Nepal Philippines Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan , and British North Borneo Singapore Thailand Turkey Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Nordic states Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Belarus Ukraine Spain Galicia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom British Empire Channel Islands Gibraltar Vatican City Yugoslavia Oceania Australia Nauru New Zealand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surviving_U.S._veterans_of_World_War_II&oldid=824834045 '' Categories : American military personnel of World War II Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 19 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many living world war ii veterans are there	[]	[]
-4126273991215890287	Heliocentrism	Heliocentrism - wikipedia Heliocentrism Jump to : navigation , search `` Heliocentric '' redirects here . For the albums , see Heliocentric ( Paul Weller album ) and Heliocentric ( The Ocean Collective album ) . For heliocentric orbit , see Heliocentric orbit . Andreas Cellarius 's illustration of the Copernican system , from the Harmonia Macrocosmica ( 1708 ) . Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System . Historically , Heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism , which placed the Earth at the center . The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BCE by Aristarchus of Samos , but at least in the medieval world , Aristarchus 's Heliocentrism attracted little attention -- possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic Era . It was not until the 16th century that a geometric mathematical model of a heliocentric system was presented , by the Renaissance mathematician , astronomer , and Catholic cleric Nicolaus Copernicus , leading to the Copernican Revolution . In the following century , Johannes Kepler elaborated upon and expanded this model to include elliptical orbits , and Galileo Galilei presented supporting observations made using a telescope . With the observations of William Herschel , Friedrich Bessel , and other astronomers , it was realized that the sun , although center of the solar system , was not the center of the universe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient and medieval astronomy 1.1 Classical Antiquity 1.1. 1 Pythagoreans 1.1. 2 Aristarchus of Samos 1.1. 3 Seleucus of Seleucia 1.1. 4 Late Antiquity 1.2 Medieval Islamic world 1.3 Later medieval period 2 Renaissance - era astronomy 2.1 European astronomy before Copernicus 2.2 Copernican heliocentrism 3 Reception in Early Modern Europe 3.1 Circulation of Commentariolus ( before 1515 ) 3.2 Publication of de Revolutionibus ( 1543 ) 3.3 Tycho Brahe 's geo - heliocentric system c. 1587 3.4 Galileo Galilei 3.4. 1 Publication of Starry messenger ( 1610 ) 3.4. 2 Publication of Letter to the Grand Duchess ( 1615 ) 3.4. 3 1616 ban against Copernicanism 3.4. 4 Publication of Epitome astronomia Copernicanae ( 1617 -- 1621 ) 3.4. 5 Publication of Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems 3.5 Age of Reason 3.6 Reception in Judaism 4 The view of modern science 4.1 Modern use of geocentric and heliocentric 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links 8 References Ancient and medieval astronomy ( edit ) A hypothetical geocentric model of the solar system ( upper panel ) in comparison to the heliocentric model ( lower panel ) . While the sphericity of the Earth was widely recognized in Greco - Roman astronomy from at least the 3rd century BCE , the Earth 's daily rotation and yearly orbit around the Sun was never universally accepted until the Copernican Revolution . While a moving Earth was proposed at least from the 4th century BCE in Pythagoreanism , and a fully developed heliocentric model was developed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BCE , these ideas were not successful in replacing the view of a static spherical Earth , and from the 2nd century CE the predominant model , which would be inherited by medieval astronomy , was the geocentric model described in Ptolemy 's Almagest . The Ptolemaic system was a sophisticated astronomical system that managed to calculate the positions for the planets to a fair degree of accuracy . Ptolemy himself , in his Almagest , points out that any model for describing the motions of the planets is merely a mathematical device , and since there is no actual way to know which is true , the simplest model that gets the right numbers should be used . However , he rejected the idea of a spinning earth as absurd as he believed it would create huge winds . His planetary hypotheses were sufficiently real that the distances of moon , sun , planets and stars could be determined by treating orbits ' celestial spheres as contiguous realities . This made the stars ' distance less than 20 Astronomical Units , a regression , since Aristarchus of Samos 's heliocentric scheme had centuries earlier necessarily placed the stars at least two orders of magnitude more distant . Problems with Ptolemy 's system were well recognized in medieval astronomy , and an increasing effort to criticize and improve it in the late medieval period eventually led to the Copernican heliocentrism developed in Renaissance astronomy . Classical antiquity ( edit ) See also : Greek astronomy Pythagoreans ( edit ) The non-geocentric model of the Universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus ( d . 390 BC ) , who taught that at the center of the Universe was a `` central fire '' , around which the Earth , Sun , Moon and Planets revolved in uniform circular motion . This system postulated the existence of a counter-earth collinear with the Earth and central fire , with the same period of revolution around the central fire as the Earth . The Sun revolved around the central fire once a year , and the stars were stationary . The Earth maintained the same hidden face towards the central fire , rendering both it and the `` counter-earth '' invisible from Earth . The Pythagorean concept of uniform circular motion remained unchallenged for approximately the next 2000 years , and it was to the Pythagoreans that Copernicus referred to show that the notion of a moving Earth was neither new nor revolutionary . Kepler gave an alternative explanation of the Pythagoreans ' `` central fire '' as the Sun , `` as most sects purposely hid ( e ) their teachings '' . Heraclides of Pontus ( 4th century BC ) said that the rotation of the Earth explained the apparent daily motion of the celestial sphere . It used to be thought that he believed Mercury and Venus to revolve around the Sun , which in turn ( along with the other planets ) revolves around the Earth . Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius ( AD 395 -- 423 ) later described this as the `` Egyptian System , '' stating that `` it did not escape the skill of the Egyptians , '' though there is no other evidence it was known in ancient Egypt . Aristarchus of Samos ( edit ) Aristarchus 's 3rd century BC calculations on the relative sizes of the Earth , Sun and Moon , from a 10th - century CE Greek copy The first person known to have proposed a heliocentric system , however , was Aristarchus of Samos ( c. 270 BC ) . Like Eratosthenes , Aristarchus calculated the size of the Earth , and measured the size and distance of the Moon and Sun , in a treatise which has survived . From his estimates , he concluded that the Sun was six to seven times wider than the Earth and thus hundreds of times more voluminous . His writings on the heliocentric system are lost , but some information is known from surviving descriptions and critical commentary by his contemporaries , such as Archimedes . Some have suggested that his calculation of the relative size of the Earth and Sun led Aristarchus to conclude that it made more sense for the Earth to be moving than for the huge Sun to be moving around it . Though the original text has been lost , a reference in Archimedes ' book The Sand Reckoner describes another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced an alternative hypothesis of the heliocentric model . Archimedes wrote : You King Gelon are aware the ' universe ' is the name given by most astronomers to the sphere the center of which is the center of the Earth , while its radius is equal to the straight line between the center of the Sun and the center of the Earth . This is the common account as you have heard from astronomers . But Aristarchus has brought out a book consisting of certain hypotheses , wherein it appears , as a consequence of the assumptions made , that the universe is many times greater than the ' universe ' just mentioned . His hypotheses are that the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved , that the Earth revolves about the Sun on the circumference of a circle , the Sun lying in the middle of the orbit , and that the sphere of fixed stars , situated about the same center as the Sun , is so great that the circle in which he supposes the Earth to revolve bears such a proportion to the distance of the fixed stars as the center of the sphere bears to its surface . Aristarchus believed the stars to be very far away , and saw this as the reason why there was no visible parallax , that is , an observed movement of the stars relative to each other as the Earth moved around the Sun . The stars are in fact much farther away than the distance that was generally assumed in ancient times , which is why stellar parallax is only detectable with telescopes . Archimedes says that Aristarchus made the stars ' distance larger , suggesting that he was answering the natural objection that Heliocentrism requires stellar parallactic oscillations . He apparently agreed to the point but placed the stars so distant as to make the parallactic motion invisibly minuscule . Thus Heliocentrism opened the way for realization that the universe was larger than the geocentrists taught . Heliocentrism had been in conflict with religion before Copernicus : One of the few pieces of information we have about the reception of Aristarchus 's heliocentric system comes from a passage in Plutarch 's dialogue , Concerning the Face which Appears in the Orb of the Moon . According to one of Plutarch 's characters in the dialogue , the philosopher Cleanthes had held that Aristarchus should be charged with impiety for `` moving the hearth of the world '' . Seleucus of Seleucia ( edit ) Since Plutarch mentions the `` followers of Aristarchus '' in passing , it is likely that there were other astronomers in the Classical period who also espoused Heliocentrism , but whose work was lost . The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who is known to have supported Aristarchus ' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia ( b . 190 BC ) , a Hellenistic astronomer who flourished a century after Aristarchus in the Seleucid empire . Seleucus adopted the heliocentric system of Aristarchus and is said to have proved the heliocentric theory . According to Bartel Leendert van der Waerden , Seleucus may have proved the heliocentric theory by determining the constants of a geometric model for the heliocentric theory and by developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model . He may have used early trigonometric methods that were available in his time , as he was a contemporary of Hipparchus . A fragment of a work by Seleucus has survived in Arabic translation , which was referred to by Rhazes ( b . 865 ) . Alternatively , his explanation may have involved the phenomenon of tides , which he supposedly theorized to be caused by the attraction to the Moon and by the revolution of the Earth around the Earth - Moon ' center of mass ' . Late antiquity ( edit ) Nicholas of Cusa , 15th century , asked whether there was any reason to assert that any point was the center of the universe . There were occasional speculations about heliocentrism in Europe before Copernicus . In Roman Carthage , the pagan Martianus Capella ( 5th century A.D. ) expressed the opinion that the planets Venus and Mercury did not go about the Earth but instead circled the Sun . Capella 's model was discussed in the Early Middle Ages by various anonymous 9th - century commentators and Copernicus mentions him as an influence on his own work . The Ptolemaic system was also received in Indian astronomy . Aryabhata ( 476 -- 550 ) , in his magnum opus Aryabhatiya ( 499 ) , propounded a planetary model in which the Earth was taken to be spinning on its axis and the periods of the planets were given with respect to the Sun . He accurately calculated many astronomical constants , such as the periods of the planets , times of the solar and lunar eclipses , and the instantaneous motion of the Moon . Early followers of Aryabhata 's model included Varahamihira , Brahmagupta , and Bhaskara II . Medieval Islamic world ( edit ) See also : Astronomy in medieval Islam and Islamic cosmology An illustration from al - Biruni 's astronomical works , explains the different phases of the moon , with respect to the position of the sun . Al - Biruni suggested that if the Earth rotated on its axis this would be consistent with astronomical theory . He discussed Heliocentrism but considered it a problem of natural philosophy . Muslim astronomers often , but not entirely accepted the Ptolemaic system and the geocentric model . Beginning in the 11th century , a tradition criticizing Ptolemy developed within Islamic astronomy , beginning with Ibn al - Haytham of Basra 's Al - Shukūk ' alā Baṭalamiyūs ( `` Doubts Concerning Ptolemy '' ) . Several Muslim scholars questioned the Earth 's apparent immobility and centrality within the universe . Abu Sa'id al - Sijzi ( d.c. 1020 ) accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis . According to Al - Biruni , Sijzi invented an astrolabe called al - zūraqī based on a belief held by some of his contemporaries `` That the motion we see is due to the Earth 's movement and not to that of the sky . '' The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states : According to the Geometers ( or engineers ) ( muhandisīn ) , the earth is in constant circular motion , and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars . Early in the 11th century Alhazen wrote a scathing critique of Ptolemy 's model in his Doubts on Ptolemy ( c. 1028 ) , which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy 's geocentrism , but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy 's model rather than his geocentrism . Abu Rayhan Biruni ( b . 973 ) discussed the possibility of whether the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun , but in his Masudic Canon , he set forth the principles that the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own . He was aware that if the Earth rotated on its axis , this would be consistent with his astronomical parameters , but he considered it a problem of natural philosophy rather than mathematics . In the 12th century , some Islamic astronomers developed complete alternatives to the Ptolemaic system ( although not heliocentric ) , such as Nur ad - Din al - Bitruji , who considered the Ptolemaic model as mathematical , and not physical . Al - Bitruji 's alternative system spread through most of Europe in the 13th century , with debates and refutations of his ideas continued up to the 16th century . Later medieval period ( edit ) The Maragha school of astronomy in Ilkhanid - era Persia further developed `` non-Ptolemaic '' planetary models involving Earth 's rotation . Notable astronomers of this school are Al - Urdi ( d . 1266 ) Al - Katibi ( d . 1277 ) , and Al - Tusi ( d . 1274 ) . The arguments and evidence used resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth 's motion . The criticism of Ptolemy as developed by Averroes and by the Maragha school explicitly address the Earth 's rotation but it did not arrive at explicit heliocentrism . The observations of the Maragha school were further improved at the Timurid - era Samarkand observatory under Qushji ( 1403 -- 1474 ) . European scholarship in the later medieval period actively received astronomical models developed in the Islamic world and by the 13th century was well aware of the problems of the Ptolemaic model . In the 14th century , bishop Nicole Oresme discussed the possibility that the Earth rotated on its axis , while Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa in his Learned Ignorance asked whether there was any reason to assert that the Sun ( or any other point ) was the center of the universe . In parallel to a mystical definition of God , Cusa wrote that `` Thus the fabric of the world ( machina mundi ) will quasi have its center everywhere and circumference nowhere . '' In India , Nilakantha Somayaji ( 1444 -- 1544 ) , in his Aryabhatiyabhasya , a commentary on Aryabhata 's Aryabhatiya , developed a computational system for a partially heliocentric planetary model , in which the planets orbit the Sun , which in turn orbits the Earth , similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century . In the Tantrasangraha ( 1500 ) , he further revised his planetary system , which was mathematically more accurate at predicting the heliocentric orbits of the interior planets than both the Tychonic and Copernican models , but did not propose any specific models of the universe . Nilakantha 's planetary system also incorporated the Earth 's rotation on its axis . Most astronomers of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics seem to have accepted his planetary model . Renaissance - era astronomy ( edit ) European astronomy before Copernicus ( edit ) Some historians maintain that the thought of the Maragheh observatory , in particular the mathematical devices known as the Urdi lemma and the Tusi couple , influenced Renaissance - era European astronomy , and thus was indirectly received by Renaissance - era European astronomy and thus by Copernicus . Copernicus used such devices in the same planetary models as found in Arabic sources . Furthermore , the exact replacement of the equant by two epicycles used by Copernicus in the Commentariolus was found in an earlier work by Ibn al - Shatir ( d.c. 1375 ) of Damascus . Ibn al - Shatir 's lunar and Mercury models are also identical to those of Copernicus . The state of knowledge on planetary theory received by Copernicus is summarized in Georg von Peuerbach 's Theoricae Novae Planetarum ( printed in 1472 by Regiomontanus ) . By 1470 , the accuracy of observations by the Vienna school of astronomy , of which Peuerbach and Regiomontanus were members , was high enough to make the eventual development of heliocentrism inevitable , and indeed it is possible that Regiomontanus did arrive at an explicit theory of heliocentrism before his death in 1476 , some 30 years before Copernicus . While the influence of the criticism of Ptolemy by Averroes on Renaissance thought is clear and explicit , the claim of direct influence of the Maragha school , postulated by Otto E. Neugebauer in 1957 , remains an open question . Copernicus explicitly references several astronomers of the `` Islamic Golden Age '' ( 10th to 12th centuries ) in De Revolutionibus : Albategnius ( Al - Battani ) , Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) , Thebit ( Thabit Ibn Qurra ) , Arzachel ( Al - Zarqali ) , and Alpetragius ( Al - Bitruji ) , but he does not show awareness of the existence of any of the later astronomers of the Maragha school . It has been argued that Copernicus could have independently discovered the Tusi couple or took the idea from Proclus 's Commentary on the First Book of Euclid , which Copernicus cited . Another possible source for Copernicus 's knowledge of this mathematical device is the Questiones de Spera of Nicole Oresme , who described how a reciprocating linear motion of a celestial body could be produced by a combination of circular motions similar to those proposed by al - Tusi . Copernican Heliocentrism ( edit ) Main article : Copernican heliocentrism Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1578 ) Nicolaus Copernicus in his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( `` On the revolution of heavenly spheres '' , first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg ) , presented a discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy in the 2nd century had presented his geocentric model in his Almagest . Copernicus discussed the philosophical implications of his proposed system , elaborated it in geometrical detail , used selected astronomical observations to derive the parameters of his model , and wrote astronomical tables which enabled one to compute the past and future positions of the stars and planets . In doing so , Copernicus moved Heliocentrism from philosophical speculation to predictive geometrical astronomy . In reality , Copernicus 's system did not predict the planets ' positions any better than the Ptolemaic system . This theory resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent , rather than real : it was a parallax effect , as an object that one is passing seems to move backwards against the horizon . This issue was also resolved in the geocentric Tychonic system ; the latter , however , while eliminating the major epicycles , retained as a physical reality the irregular back - and - forth motion of the planets , which Kepler characterized as a `` pretzel '' . Copernicus cited Aristarchus in an early ( unpublished ) manuscript of De Revolutionibus ( which still survives ) , stating : `` Philolaus believed in the mobility of the earth , and some even say that Aristarchus of Samos was of that opinion . '' However , in the published version he restricts himself to noting that in works by Cicero he had found an account of the theories of Hicetas and that Plutarch had provided him with an account of the Pythagoreans , Heraclides Ponticus , Philolaus , and Ecphantus . These authors had proposed a moving earth , which did not , however , revolve around a central sun . Reception in early modern Europe ( edit ) Main article : Copernican Revolution Circulation of Commentariolus ( before 1515 ) ( edit ) The first information about the heliocentric views of Nicolaus Copernicus was circulated in manuscript completed some time before May 1 , 1514 . Although only in manuscript , Copernicus ' ideas were well known among astronomers and others . His ideas contradicted the then - prevailing understanding of the Bible . In the King James Bible ( first published in 1611 ) , First Chronicles 16 : 30 states that `` the world also shall be stable , that it be not moved . '' Psalm 104 : 5 says , `` ( the Lord ) Who laid the foundations of the earth , that it should not be removed for ever . '' Ecclesiastes 1 : 5 states that `` The sun also ariseth , and the sun goeth down , and hasteth to his place where he arose . '' Nonetheless , in 1533 , Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter delivered in Rome a series of lectures outlining Copernicus ' theory . The lectures were heard with interest by Pope Clement VII and several Catholic cardinals . On November 1 , 1536 , Archbishop of Capua Nikolaus von Schönberg wrote a letter to Copernicus from Rome encouraging him to publish a full version of his theory . However , in 1539 , Martin Luther said : `` There is talk of a new astrologer who wants to prove that the earth moves and goes around instead of the sky , the sun , the moon , just as if somebody were moving in a carriage or ship might hold that he was sitting still and at rest while the earth and the trees walked and moved . But that is how things are nowadays : when a man wishes to be clever he must ... invent something special , and the way he does it must needs be the best ! The fool wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside - down . However , as Holy Scripture tells us , so did Joshua bid the sun to stand still and not the earth . '' This was reported in the context of a conversation at the dinner table and not a formal statement of faith . Melanchthon , however , opposed the doctrine over a period of years . Publication of De Revolutionibus ( 1543 ) ( edit ) Nicolaus Copernicus published the definitive statement of his system in De Revolutionibus in 1543 . Copernicus began to write it in 1506 and finished it in 1530 , but did not publish it until the year of his death . Although he was in good standing with the Church and had dedicated the book to Pope Paul III , the published form contained an unsigned preface by Osiander defending the system and arguing that it was useful for computation even if its hypotheses were not necessarily true . Possibly because of that preface , the work of Copernicus inspired very little debate on whether it might be heretical during the next 60 years . There was an early suggestion among Dominicans that the teaching of Heliocentrism should be banned , but nothing came of it at the time . Some years after the publication of De Revolutionibus John Calvin preached a sermon in which he denounced those who `` pervert the order of nature '' by saying that `` the sun does not move and that it is the earth that revolves and that it turns '' . On the other hand , Calvin is not responsible for another famous quotation which has often been misattributed to him : `` Who will venture to place the authority of Copernicus above that of the Holy Spirit ? '' It has long been established that this line can not be found in any of Calvin 's works . It has been suggested that the quotation was originally sourced from the works of Lutheran theologian Abraham Calovius . Tycho Brahe 's geo - heliocentric system c. 1587 ( edit ) Main article : Tychonic system In this depiction of the Tychonic system , the objects on blue orbits ( the Moon and the Sun ) revolve around the Earth . The objects on orange orbits ( Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn ) revolve around the Sun . Around all is a sphere of fixed stars , located just beyond Saturn . Prior to the publication of De Revolutionibus , the most widely accepted system had been proposed by Ptolemy , in which the Earth was the center of the universe and all celestial bodies orbited it . Tycho Brahe , arguably the most accomplished astronomer of his time , advocated against Copernicus 's heliocentric system and for an alternative to the Ptolemaic geocentric system : a geo - heliocentric system now known as the Tychonic system in which the five then known planets orbit the sun , while the sun and the moon orbit the earth . Tycho appreciated the Copernican system , but objected to the idea of a moving Earth on the basis of physics , astronomy , and religion . The Aristotelian physics of the time ( modern Newtonian physics was still a century away ) offered no physical explanation for the motion of a massive body like Earth , whereas it could easily explain the motion of heavenly bodies by postulating that they were made of a different sort substance called aether that moved naturally . So Tycho said that the Copernican system `` ... expertly and completely circumvents all that is superfluous or discordant in the system of Ptolemy . On no point does it offend the principle of mathematics . Yet it ascribes to the Earth , that hulking , lazy body , unfit for motion , a motion as quick as that of the aethereal torches , and a triple motion at that . '' Likewise , Tycho took issue with the vast distances to the stars that Aristarchus and Copernicus had assumed in order to explain the lack of any visible parallax . Tycho had measured the apparent sizes of stars ( now known to be illusory -- see stellar magnitude ) , and used geometry to calculate that in order to both have those apparent sizes and be as far away as Heliocentrism required , stars would have to be huge ( much larger than the sun ; the size of Earth 's orbit or larger ) . Regarding this Tycho wrote , `` Deduce these things geometrically if you like , and you will see how many absurdities ( not to mention others ) accompany this assumption ( of the motion of the earth ) by inference . '' He also cited the Copernican system 's `` opposition to the authority of Sacred Scripture in more than one place '' as a reason why one might wish to reject it , and observed that his own geoheliocentric alternative `` offended neither the principles of physics nor Holy Scripture '' . The Jesuit astronomers in Rome were at first unreceptive to Tycho 's system ; the most prominent , Clavius , commented that Tycho was `` confusing all of astronomy , because he wants to have Mars lower than the Sun . '' However , after the advent of the telescope showed problems with some geocentric models ( by demonstrating that Venus circles the sun , for example ) , the Tychonic system and variations on that system became very popular among geocentrists , and the Jesuit astronomer Giovanni Battista Riccioli would continue Tycho 's use of physics , stellar astronomy ( now with a telescope ) , and religion to argue against Heliocentrism and for Tycho 's system well into the seventeenth century ( see Riccioli ) . Galileo Galilei ( edit ) Publication of starry messenger ( 1610 ) ( edit ) In the 17th century AD Galileo Galilei opposed the Roman Catholic Church by his strong support for Heliocentrism Galileo was able to look at the night sky with the newly invented telescope . Then he published his discoveries in Sidereus Nuncius including ( among other things ) the moons of Jupiter and that Venus exhibited a full range of phases . These discoveries were not consistent with the Ptolemeic model of the solar system . As the Jesuit astronomers confirmed Galileo 's observations , the Jesuits moved toward Tycho 's teachings . Publication of letter to the Grand Duchess ( 1615 ) ( edit ) In a Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina , Galileo defended Heliocentrism , and claimed it was not contrary to Scriptures ( see Galileo affair ) . He took Augustine 's position on Scripture : not to take every passage literally when the scripture in question is in a Bible book of poetry and songs , not a book of instructions or history . The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world , and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set . In fact , it is the Earth 's rotation which gives the impression of the sun in motion across the sky . 1616 ban against Copernicanism ( edit ) Main article : Galileo affair In February 1615 , prominent Dominicans including Thomaso Caccini and Niccolò Lorini brought Galileo 's writings on Heliocentrism to the attention of the Inquisition , because they appeared to violate Holy Scripture and the decrees of the Council of Trent . Cardinal and Inquisitor Robert Bellarmine was called upon to adjudicate , and wrote in April that treating Heliocentrism as a real phenomenon would be `` a very dangerous thing , '' irritating philosophers and theologians , and harming `` the Holy Faith by rendering Holy Scripture as false . '' In January 1616 Msgr . Francesco Ingoli addressed an essay to Galileo disputing the Copernican system . Galileo later stated that he believed this essay to have been instrumental in the ban against Copernicanism that followed in February . According to Maurice Finocchiaro , Ingoli had probably been commissioned by the Inquisition to write an expert opinion on the controversy , and the essay provided the `` chief direct basis '' for the ban . The essay focused on eighteen physical and mathematical arguments against Heliocentrism . It borrowed primarily from the arguments of Tycho Brahe , and it notedly mentioned the problem that Heliocentrism requires the stars to be much larger than the sun . Ingoli wrote that the great distance to the stars in the heliocentric theory `` clearly proves ... the fixed stars to be of such size , as they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself . '' Ingoli included four theological arguments in the essay , but suggested to Galileo that he focus on the physical and mathematical arguments . Galileo did not write a response to Ingoli until 1624 . In February 1616 , the Inquisition assembled a committee of theologians , known as qualifiers , who delivered their unanimous report condemning Heliocentrism as `` foolish and absurd in philosophy , and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture . '' The Inquisition also determined that the Earth 's motion `` receives the same judgement in philosophy and ... in regard to theological truth it is at least erroneous in faith . '' Bellarmine personally ordered Galileo `` to abstain completely from teaching or defending this doctrine and opinion or from discussing it ... to abandon completely ... the opinion that the sun stands still at the center of the world and the earth moves , and henceforth not to hold , teach , or defend it in any way whatever , either orally or in writing . '' -- Bellarmine and the Inquisition 's injunction against Galileo , 1616 In March , after the Inquisition 's injunction against Galileo , the papal Master of the Sacred Palace , Congregation of the Index , and Pope banned all books and letters advocating the Copernican system , which they called `` the false Pythagorean doctrine , altogether contrary to Holy Scripture . '' In 1618 the Holy Office recommended that a modified version of Copernicus ' De Revolutionibus be allowed for use in calendric calculations , though the original publication remained forbidden until 1758 . Publication of Epitome astronomia Copernicanae ( 1617 -- 1621 ) ( edit ) In Astronomia nova ( 1609 ) , Johannes Kepler had used an elliptical orbit to explain the motion of Mars . In Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae he developed a heliocentric model of the solar system in which all the planets have elliptical orbits . This provided significantly increased accuracy in predicting the position of the planets . Kepler 's ideas were not immediately accepted . Galileo for example completely ignored Kepler 's work . Kepler proposed Heliocentrism as a physical description of the solar system and Epitome astronomia Copernicanae was placed on the index of prohibited books despite Kepler being a Protestant . Publication of dialogue Concerning the two chief world systems ( edit ) Pope Urban VIII encouraged Galileo to publish the pros and cons of Heliocentrism . Galileo 's response , Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems ( 1632 ) , clearly advocated Heliocentrism , despite his declaration in the preface that , I will endeavour to show that all experiments that can be made upon the Earth are insufficient means to conclude for its mobility but are indifferently applicable to the Earth , movable or immovable ... and his straightforward statement , I might very rationally put it in dispute , whether there be any such centre in nature , or no ; being that neither you nor any one else hath ever proved , whether the World be finite and figurate , or else infinite and interminate ; yet nevertheless granting you , for the present , that it is finite , and of a terminate Spherical Figure , and that thereupon it hath its centre ... Some ecclesiastics also interpreted the book as characterizing the Pope as a simpleton , since his viewpoint in the dialogue was advocated by the character Simplicio . Urban VIII became hostile to Galileo and he was again summoned to Rome . Galileo 's trial in 1633 involved making fine distinctions between `` teaching '' and `` holding and defending as true '' . For advancing heliocentric theory Galileo was forced to recant Copernicanism and was put under house arrest for the last few years of his life . According to J.L. Heilbron , informed contemporaries of Galileo 's : `` appreciated that the reference to heresy in connection with Galileo or Copernicus had no general or theological significance . '' Age of reason ( edit ) Further information : Age of Reason , 17th - century philosophy , and Scientific revolution René Descartes postponed , and ultimately never finished , his treatise The World , which included a heliocentric model , but the Galileo affair did little to slow the spread of Heliocentrism across Europe , as Kepler 's Epitome of Copernican Astronomy became increasingly influential in the coming decades . By 1686 the model was well enough established that the general public was reading about it in Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds , published in France by Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and translated into English and other languages in the coming years . It has been called `` one of the first great popularizations of science . '' In 1687 , Isaac Newton published Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , which provided an explanation for Kepler 's laws in terms of universal gravitation and what came to be known as Newton 's laws of motion . This placed Heliocentrism on a firm theoretical foundation , although Newton 's Heliocentrism was of a somewhat modern kind . Already in the mid-1680s he recognized the `` deviation of the Sun '' from the centre of gravity of the solar system . For Newton it was not precisely the centre of the Sun or any other body that could be considered at rest , but `` the common centre of gravity of the Earth , the Sun and all the Planets is to be esteem 'd the Centre of the World '' , and this centre of gravity `` either is at rest or moves uniformly forward in a right line '' . Newton adopted the `` at rest '' alternative in view of common consent that the centre , wherever it was , was at rest . Meanwhile , the Church remained opposed to Heliocentrism as a literal description , but this did not by any means imply opposition to all astronomy ; indeed , it needed observational data to maintain its calendar . In support of this effort it allowed the cathedrals themselves to be used as solar observatories called meridiane ; i.e. , they were turned into `` reverse sundials '' , or gigantic pinhole cameras , where the Sun 's image was projected from a hole in a window in the cathedral 's lantern onto a meridian line . In 1664 , Pope Alexander VII published his Index Librorum Prohibitorum Alexandri VII Pontificis Maximi jussu editus ( Index of Prohibited Books , published by order of Alexander VII , P.M. ) which included all previous condemnations of heliocentric books . In the mid-eighteenth century the Church 's opposition began to fade . An annotated copy of Newton 's Principia was published in 1742 by Fathers le Seur and Jacquier of the Franciscan Minims , two Catholic mathematicians , with a preface stating that the author 's work assumed Heliocentrism and could not be explained without the theory . In 1758 the Catholic Church dropped the general prohibition of books advocating Heliocentrism from the Index of Forbidden Books . The Observatory of the Roman College was established by Pope Clement XIV in 1774 ( nationalized in 1878 , but re-founded by Pope Leo XIII as the Vatican Observatory in 1891 ) . In spite of dropping its active resistance to Heliocentrism , the Catholic Church did not lift the prohibition of uncensored versions of Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus or Galileo 's Dialogue . The affair was revived in 1820 , when the Master of the Sacred Palace ( the Church 's chief censor ) , Filippo Anfossi , refused to license a book by a Catholic canon , Giuseppe Settele , because it openly treated heliocentrism as a physical fact . Settele appealed to pope Pius VII . After the matter had been reconsidered by the Congregation of the Index and the Holy Office , Anfossi 's decision was overturned . Pius VII approved a decree in 1822 by the Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition to allow the printing of heliocentric books in Rome . Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus and Galileo 's Dialogue were then subsequently omitted from the next edition of the Index when it appeared in 1835 . Reception in Judaism ( edit ) Already in the Talmud , Greek philosophy and science under general name `` Greek wisdom '' were considered dangerous . They were put under ban then and later for some periods . The first Jewish scholar to describe the Copernican system , albeit without mentioning Copernicus by name , was Maharal of Prague , his book `` Be'er ha - Golah '' ( 1593 ) . Maharal makes an argument of radical skepticism , arguing that no scientific theory can be reliable , which he illustrates by the new - fangled theory of heliocentrism upsetting even the most fundamental views on the cosmos . Copernicus is mentioned in the books of David Gans ( 1541 -- 1613 ) , who worked with Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler . Gans wrote two books on astronomy in Hebrew : a short one `` Magen David '' ( 1612 ) and a full one `` Nehmad veNaim '' ( published only in 1743 ) . He described objectively three systems : Ptolemy , Copernicus and of Tycho Brahe without taking sides . Joseph Solomon Delmedigo ( 1591 -- 1655 ) in his `` Elim '' ( 1629 ) says that the arguments of Copernicus are so strong , that only an imbecile will not accept them . Delmedigo studied at Padua and was acquainted with Galileo . An actual controversy on the Copernican model within Judaism arises only in the early 18th century . Most authors in this period accept Copernican heliocentrism , with opposition from David Nieto and Tobias Cohn . Both of these authors argued against heliocentrism on grounds of contradictions to scripture . Nieto merely rejected the new system on those grounds without much passion , whereas Cohn went so far as to call Copernicus `` a first - born of Satan '' , though he also acknowledged that he would have found it difficult to counter one particular objection based on a passage from the Talmud . In the 19th century two students of the Hatam sofer wrote books that were given approbations by him even though one supported heliocentrism and the other geocentrism . The one , a commentary on Genesis Yafe'ah le - Ketz written by R. Israel David Schlesinger resisted a heliocentric model and supported geocentrism . The other , Mei Menuchot written by R. Eliezer Lipmann Neusatz encouraged acceptance of the heliocentric model and other modern scientific thinking . Since the 20th century most Jews have not questioned the science of heliocentrism . Exceptions include Shlomo Benizri and R.M.M. Schneerson of Chabad who argued that the question of heliocentrism vs. geocentrism is obsolete because of the relativity of motion . Schneerson 's followers in Chabad continue to deny the heliocentric model . The view of modern Science ( edit ) Kepler 's laws of planetary motion were used as arguments in favor of the heliocentric hypothesis . Three apparent proofs of the heliocentric hypothesis were provided in 1727 by James Bradley , in 1838 by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel and in 1851 by Foucault . Bradley discovered the stellar aberration , simultaneously proving the motion of the earth and the finiteness of the speed of light . Bessel proved that the parallax of a star was greater than zero by measuring the parallax of 0.314 arcseconds of a star named 61 Cygni . In the same year Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve and Thomas Henderson measured the parallaxes of other stars , Vega and Alpha Centauri . Finally , Foucault with his pendulum proved the daily rotation of the earth . The thinking that the heliocentric view was also not true in a strict sense was achieved in steps . That the Sun was not the center of the universe , but one of innumerable stars , was strongly advocated by the mystic Giordano Bruno . Over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries , the status of the Sun as merely one star among many became increasingly obvious . By the 20th century , even before the discovery that there are many galaxies , it was no longer an issue . The concept of an absolute velocity , including being `` at rest '' as a particular case , is ruled out by the principle of relativity , also eliminating any obvious `` center '' of the universe as a natural origin of coordinates . Some forms of Mach 's principle consider the frame at rest with respect to the distant masses in the universe to have special properties . Even if the discussion is limited to the solar system , the Sun is not at the geometric center of any planet 's orbit , but rather approximately at one focus of the elliptical orbit . Furthermore , to the extent that a planet 's mass can not be neglected in comparison to the Sun 's mass , the center of gravity of the solar system is displaced slightly away from the center of the Sun . ( The masses of the planets , mostly Jupiter , amount to 0.14 % of that of the Sun . ) Therefore , a hypothetical astronomer on an extrasolar planet would observe a small `` wobble '' in the Sun 's motion . Modern use of geocentric and heliocentric ( edit ) In modern calculations the terms `` geocentric '' and `` heliocentric '' are often used to refer to reference frames . In such systems the origin in the center of mass of the Earth , of the Earth -- Moon system , of the Sun , of the Sun plus the major planets , or of the entire solar system can be selected ; see center - of - mass frame . Right Ascension and Declination are examples of geocentric coordinates , used in Earth - based observations , while the heliocentric latitude and longitude are used for orbital calculations . This leads to such terms as `` heliocentric velocity '' and `` heliocentric angular momentum '' . In this heliocentric picture , any planet of the Solar System can be used as a source of mechanical energy because it moves relatively to the Sun . A smaller body ( either artificial or natural ) may gain heliocentric velocity due to gravity assist -- this effect can change the body 's mechanical energy in heliocentric reference frame ( although it will not changed in the planetary one ) . However , such selection of `` geocentric '' or `` heliocentric '' frames is merely a matter of computation . It does not have philosophical implications and does not constitute a distinct physical or scientific model . From the point of view of General Relativity , inertial reference frames do not exist at all , and any practical reference frame is only an approximation to the actual space - time , which can have higher or lower precision . See also ( edit ) Cosmology portal Geocentric model Celestial spheres Copernican Revolution ( metaphor ) Copernican principle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ optinonally capitalised , Heliocentrism or heliocentrism , according to The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed. , 2007 ) . The term is a learned formation based on Greek ἥλιος helios `` sun '' and κέντρον kentron `` center '' ; the adjective heliocentric is first recorded in English ( as heliocentrick ) in 1685 , after New Latin heliocentricus , in use from about the same time ( Johann Jakob Zimmermann , Prodromus biceps cono ellipticæ et a priori demonstratæ planetarum theorices , 1679 , p. 28 ) . The abstract noun in - ism is more recent , recorded from the late 19th century ( e.g. in Constance Naden , Induction and Deduction : A Historical and Critical Sketch of Successive Philosophical Conceptions Respecting the Relations Between Inductive and Deductive Thought and Other Essays ( 1890 ) , p. 76 : `` Copernicus started from the observed motions of the planets , on which astronomers were agreed , and worked them out on the new hypothesis of Heliocentrism '' ) , modelled after German Heliocentrismus or Heliozentrismus ( c. 1870 ) . Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 1953 ) , pp. 135 -- 48 ; Linton ( 2004 ) , pp. 38 -- 9 ) . The work of Aristarchus 's in which he proposed his heliocentric system has not survived . We only know of it now from a brief passage in Archimedes 's The Sand Reckoner . Jump up ^ according to Lucio Russo , the heliocentric view was expounded in Hipparchus 's work on gravity . ( source : Lucio Rosso , The Forgotten Revolution , How Science was Born in 300BC and Why it had to be Reborn , pp 293 - 296 ) Jump up ^ Debus , Allen G. ( 1987 ) , Man and nature in the Renaissance , Cambridge University Press , p. 76 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29328 - 6 , Chapter V , page 76 Jump up ^ In Book 1 section 7 he admits that a model in which the earth revolves with respect to the stars would be simpler but does n't go as far as considering a heliocentric system . Jump up ^ Dennis Duke , Ptolemy 's Universe Jump up ^ Boyer , C. A History of Mathematics . Wiley , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Johannes Kepler ( 1618 -- 21 ) , Epitome of Copernican Astronomy , Book IV , Part 1.2 Jump up ^ Eastwood , B.S. ( November 1 , 1992 ) , `` Heraclides and Heliocentrism -- Texts Diagrams and Interpretations '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 23 : 233 , Bibcode : 1992JHA ... 23 ... 233E Jump up ^ Otto E. Neugebauer ( 1975 ) , A history of ancient mathematical astronomy , Berlin / Heidelberg / New York : Springer , p. 695 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 06995 - X Jump up ^ Rufus , W. Carl ( 1923 ) , `` The astronomical system of Copernicus '' , Popular Astronomy , 31 : 510 -- 521 ( 512 ) , Bibcode : 1923PA ... 31 ... 510R , at pp. 511 - 512 Jump up ^ Arenarius , I. , 4 -- 7 Jump up ^ D. Rawlins , Aristarchus 's vast universe : ancient vision , contends that all of Aristarchus 's huge astronomical estimates of distance were based upon his gauging the limit of human visual discrimination to be approximately a ten thousandth of a radian which is about right . Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 1953 , p. 138 ) ; Plutarch ( 1957 , p. 55 ) ( on - line copy available ) . According to a footnote in the latter reference , Diogenes Laertius listed a work of Cleanthes ' ( apparently now lost ) with the title Against Aristarchus ( Plutarch , 1957 , p. 54 ) . Jump up ^ Murdin , Paul , Murdin , Paul , ed. , Seleucus of Seleucia ( c. 190 BC - ? ) , Institute of Physics Publishing , Bibcode : 2000eaa ... bookE3998. , ISBN 0 - 333 - 75088 - 8 , doi : 10.1888 / 0333750888 , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 Jump up ^ Index of Ancient Greek Philosophers - Scientists , Ics.forth.gr , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 Jump up ^ Bartel , B.L. ( 1987 ) , `` The Heliocentric System in Greek , Persian and Hindu Astronomy '' , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 500 ( 1 ) : 525 -- 545 ( 527 -- 529 ) , Bibcode : 1987NYASA. 500 ... 525V , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1987. tb37224. x . Jump up ^ Shlomo Pines ( 1986 ) , Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science , 2 , Brill Publishers , pp. viii & 201 -- 17 , ISBN 965 - 223 - 626 - 8 Jump up ^ Lucio Russo , Flussi e riflussi , Feltrinelli , Milano , 2003 , ISBN 88 - 07 - 10349 - 4 . Jump up ^ William Stahl , trans. , Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts , vol. 2 , The Marriage of Philology and Mercury , 854 , 857 , New York : Columbia Univ . Pr , 1977 , pp. 332 -- 3 Jump up ^ Eastwood , Bruce S. ( 2007 ) , Ordering the Heavens : Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance , Leiden : Brill , pp. 244 -- 259 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16186 - 3 Jump up ^ Eastwood , Bruce S. ( 1982 ) , `` Kepler as Historian of Science : Precursors of Copernican Heliocentrism according to De revolutionibus I , 10 '' , Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , 126 : 367 -- 394 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Thurston ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Sabra , A.I. ( 1998 ) . `` Configuring the Universe : Aporetic , Problem Solving , and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy '' . Perspectives on Science . 6 ( 3 ) : 288 -- 330 . at pp. 317 -- 18 : All Islamic astronomers from Thabit ibn Qurra in the ninth century to Ibn al - Shatir in the fourteenth , and all natural philosophers from al - Kindi to Averroes and later , are known to have accepted ... the Greek picture of the world as consisting of two spheres of which one , the celestial sphere ... concentrically envelops the other . Jump up ^ Hoskin , Michael ( 1999 - 03 - 18 ) . The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 9780521576000 . ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ( 2001a ) , `` Tusi and Copernicus : The Earth 's Motion in Context '' , Science in Context , Cambridge University Press , 14 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 145 -- 163 , doi : 10.1017 / s0269889701000060 ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ; Al - Qushji , Ali ( 2001b ) , `` Freeing Astronomy from Philosophy : An Aspect of Islamic Influence on Science '' , Osiris , 2nd Series , 16 ( Science in Theistic Contexts : Cognitive Dimensions ) : 49 -- 64 & 66 -- 71 , Bibcode : 2001Osir ... 16 ... 49R , doi : 10.1086 / 649338 Jump up ^ Adi Setia ( 2004 ) , `` Fakhr Al - Din Al - Razi on Physics and the Nature of the Physical World : A Preliminary Survey '' , Islam & Science , 2 , retrieved 2010 - 03 - 02 Jump up ^ Alessandro Bausani ( 1973 ) . `` Cosmology and Religion in Islam '' . Scientia / Rivista di Scienza. 108 ( 67 ) : 762 . ^ Jump up to : Young , M.J.L. , ed. ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) . Religion , Learning and Science in the ' Abbasid Period . Cambridge University Press . p. 413 . ISBN 9780521028875 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . SUNY Press . p. 135 . ISBN 9781438414195 . Jump up ^ Qadir ( 1989 ) , p. 5 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Nicolaus Copernicus , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ E.S. Kennedy , `` Al - Bīrūnī 's Masudic Canon '' , Al - Abhath , 24 ( 1971 ) : 59 -- 81 ; reprinted in David A. King and Mary Helen Kennedy , ed. , Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences , Beirut , 1983 , pp. 573 -- 595 . Jump up ^ G. Wiet , V. Elisseeff , P. Wolff , J. Naudu ( 1975 ) . History of Mankind , Vol 3 : The Great medieval Civilisations , p. 649 . George Allen & Unwin Ltd , UNESCO . ^ Jump up to : Saliba ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Samsó , Julio ( 2007 ) . `` Biṭrūjī : Nūr al ‐ Dīn Abū Isḥāq ( Abū Jaʿfar ) Ibrāhīm ibn Yūsuf al ‐ Biṭrūjī '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 133 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) ^ Jump up to : Samsó , Julio ( 1970 -- 80 ) . `` Al - Bitruji Al - Ishbili , Abu Ishaq '' . Dictionary of Scientific Biography . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 10114 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hikmat al - ' Ain , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Toby E. Huff ( 1993 ) : The rise of early modern science : Islam , China , and the West ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Nicholas of Cusa , De docta ignorantia , 2.12 , p. 103 , cited in Koyré ( 1957 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Ramasubramanian , K. ( 1998 ) , `` Model of planetary motion in the works of Kerala astronomers '' , Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India , 26 : 11 -- 31 ( 23 -- 4 ) , Bibcode : 1998BASI ... 26 ... 11R Jump up ^ K. Ramasubramanian , et al. ( 1994 ) , p. 788 Jump up ^ Amartya Kumar Dutta ( May 2006 ) , `` Āryabhata and axial rotation of earth '' , Resonance , Springer , 11 ( 5 ) : 58 -- 72 ( 70 -- 1 ) , ISSN 0973 - 712X , doi : 10.1007 / BF02839373 Jump up ^ George G. Joseph ( 2000 ) , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Ramasubramanian , K. ; Srinivas , M.D. ; Sriram , M.S. ( 1994 ) , `` Modification of the earlier Indian planetary theory by the Kerala astronomers ( c. 1500 AD ) and the implied heliocentric picture of planetary motion '' , Current Science , 66 : 784 -- 790 . Jump up ^ Roberts , V. ; Kennedy , E.S. ( 1959 ) . `` The Planetary Theory of Ibn al - Shatir '' . Isis. 50 : 232 -- 234 . doi : 10.1086 / 348774 . Jump up ^ Guessoum , N. ( June 2008 ) , `` Copernicus and Ibn Al - Shatir : does the Copernican revolution have Islamic roots ? '' , The Observatory , 128 : 231 -- 239 ( 238 ) , Bibcode : 2008Obs ... 128 ... 231G Jump up ^ A.I. Sabra ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ E.S. Kennedy ( Autumn 1966 ) , `` Late Medieval Planetary Theory '' , Isis , University of Chicago Press , 57 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 378 ( 377 ) , JSTOR 228366 , doi : 10.1086 / 350144 Jump up ^ Saliba , George ( 1995 - 07 - 01 ) . A History of Arabic Astronomy : Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam . NYU Press . ISBN 9780814780237 . Jump up ^ Swerdlow , Noel M. ( 1973 - 12 - 31 ) . `` The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus 's Planetary Theory : A Translation of the Commentariolus with Commentary '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 117 ( 6 ) : 424 . ISSN 0003 - 049X . JSTOR 986461 . Jump up ^ King , David A. ( 2007 ) . `` Ibn al ‐ Shāṭir : ʿAlāʾ al ‐ Dīn ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 569 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers , Penguin Books , 1959 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ N.K. Singh , M. Zaki Kirmani , Encyclopaedia of Islamic science and scientists ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Viktor Blåsjö , `` A Critique of the Arguments for Maragha Influence on Copernicus '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 45 ( 2014 ) , 183 - 195 ADS . Jump up ^ Freely , John ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) . Light from the East : How the Science of Medieval Islam Helped to Shape the Western World . I.B. Tauris . p. 179 . ISBN 9781784531386 . Jump up ^ Veselovsky , I.N. ( 1973 ) , `` Copernicus and Nasir al - Din al - Tusi '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 4 : 128 -- 30 , Bibcode : 1973JHA ... 4 ... 128V . Jump up ^ Neugebauer , Otto ( 1975 ) , A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy , 2 , Berlin / Heidelberg / New York : Springer - Verlag , p. 1035 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 06995 - X Jump up ^ Kren , Claudia ( 1971 ) , `` The Rolling Device of Naṣir al - Dīn al - Ṭūsī in the De spera of Nicole Oresme '' , Isis , 62 ( 4 ) : 490 -- 498 , doi : 10.1086 / 350791 . Jump up ^ The image shows a woodcut by Christoph Murer , from Nicolaus Reusner 's Icones ( printed 1578 ) , allegedly after a ( lost ) self - portrait by Copernicus himself ; the Murer portrait became the template for a number of later ( 17th century ) woodcuts , copper engravings and paintings of Copernicus . Jump up ^ Henry , John ( 2001 ) . Moving heaven and earth : Copernicus and the solar system . Cambridge : Icon . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84046 - 251 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gingerich , ( 2004 , p. 51 ) Jump up ^ Gingerich , O. `` Did Copernicus Owe a Debt to Aristarchus ? '' Journal for the History of Astronomy , Vol. 16 , NO. 1 / FEB , P. 37 , 1985 . As mentioned earlier in this article , Philolaus had the Earth moving round a Central Fire which was not the Sun , so Copernicus 's reference to Aristarchus 's model as possibly geodynamic does not necessarily imply that he thought it was heliocentric . Jump up ^ A library catalogue of a 16th - century historian , Matthew of Miechow , bears that date and contains a reference to the manuscript , so it must have begun circulating before that date ( Koyré , 1973 , p. 85 ; Gingerich , 2004 , p. 32 ) . Jump up ^ Speller ( 2008 , p. 51 ) Jump up ^ `` Religious Objections to Copernicus '' . Jump up ^ Melanchthon , Elements of Physics , 1st . edition , 1549 Jump up ^ Revolution in Science , I. Bernard Cohen , page 497 . Jump up ^ Rosen ( 1995 , p. 159 ) . Rosen disputes the earlier conclusion of another scholar that this was referring specifically to Copernicus 's theory . According to Rosen , Calvin had very likely never heard of Copernicus and was referring instead to `` the traditional geokinetic cosmology '' . Jump up ^ Rosen , Edward ( 1960 ) , Calvin 's attitude toward Copernicus in Journal of the History of Ideas , volume 21 , no . 3 , July , pp. 431 -- 441 . Reprinted in Rosen ( 1995 , pp. 161 -- 171 ) . Jump up ^ Gingerich , Owen ( 2004 ) , The Book Nobody Read . New York : Walker and Co . Jump up ^ Hooykaas , R. ( 1973 ) . Religion and the rise of modern science . Reprint , Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press , 1977 . Jump up ^ Bye , Dan J. ( 2007 ) . McGrath vs Russell on Calvin vs Copernicus : a case of the pot calling the kettle black ? in The Freethinker , volume 127 , no . 6 , June , pp. 8 -- 10 . Available online here . Jump up ^ Owen Gingerich , The eye of heaven : Ptolemy , Copernicus , Kepler , New York : American Institute of Physics , 1993 , 181 , ISBN 0 - 88318 - 863 - 5 Jump up ^ Blair , Ann , `` Tycho Brahe 's critique of Copernicus and the Copernican system '' , Journal of the History of Ideas , 51 , 1990 , 364 . Jump up ^ Gingerich , O. & Voelkel , J.R. , J. Hist . Astron. , Vol. 29 , 1998 , page 1 , 24 Jump up ^ Fantoli , 2003 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers ( Penguin Arkana , 1989 p. 433 ) Jump up ^ Langford ( 1992 ) , p. 56 - 57 Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 240 ) , Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 110 − 111 ) , Favaro ( 1907 , 19 : 297 − 298 ) Archived December 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 110 − 115 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 68 - 69 ) Ingoli 's essay was published in English translation for the first time in 2015 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 2010 , pp. 72 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 71 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 66 - 76 , 164 - 175 , 187 - 195 ) Jump up ^ Favaro ( 1907 , 19 : 320 ) Archived May 13 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Domínguez ( 2014 ) ; arXiv : 1402.6168 Original text of the decision ^ Jump up to : Heilbron ( 2010 ) , p. 218 ^ Jump up to : Finochiario , Maurice ( 2007 ) . Retrying Galileo . University of California Press . ^ Jump up to : The Systeme of the World : in Four Dialogues ( 1661 ) Thomas Salusbury translation of Dialogo sopra i Due Massi Sistemi del Mondo ( 1632 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers ( Penguin Arkana , 1989 p. 491 ) Jump up ^ Heilbronn ( 1999 , p. 203 ) ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , David A. Is Pluto a Planet , p. 66 , Princeton University Press , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Kepler 's Laws of Planetary Motion : 1609 -- 1666 '' , J.L. Russell , British Journal for the History of Science , Vol. 2 , No. 1 , June 1964 Jump up ^ Curtis Wilson , `` The Newtonian achievement in astronomy '' , pages 233 -- 274 in R Taton & C Wilson ( eds ) ( 1989 ) , The General History of Astronomy , Volume 2A , at page 233 ^ Jump up to : ( text quotations from 1729 translation of Newton Principia , Book 3 ( 1729 vol. 2 ) at pages 232 -- 233 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Pontifical Decrees Against the Doctrine of the Earth 's Movement , and the Ultramontane Defence of Them '' , Rev. William Roberts , 1885 , London Jump up ^ John L. Heilbron , Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo ( in McMullin , Ernan ed. , The Church and Galileo , University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame , 2005 , p. 307 , IN . ISBN 0 - 268 - 03483 - 4 ) ^ Jump up to : Heilbron ( 2005 , pp. 279 , 312 -- 313 ) Jump up ^ Noah J. Efron . Jewish Thought and Scientific Discovery in Early Modern Europe . Journal of the History of Ideas , Vol. 58 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1997 ) , pp. 719 -- 732 Jump up ^ Sefer Elim , Amsterdam , 1629 , стр. 304 Jump up ^ Neher ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ In a marginal note in his Massé Touvia ( part 2 , p. 52b ) : `` Remark of the author : I fear that the incredulous may draw an objection from a text of Midrash Bereshit Rabba ( V , 8 ) in which our Teachers , the Rabbis , of blessed memory , explain that if the Earth is called in Hebrew `` eretz '' it is because it hastens ( `` ratseta '' ) before the Creator in order to accomplish His will . I acknowledge that the answer to this objection seems difficult for me to find `` , as translated by Neher ( 1977 , p. 220 ) . Jump up ^ `` יפח לקץ - חלק א - שלזינגר , ישראל דוד ( page 13 of 134 ) '' . www.hebrewbooks.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jeremy , Brown ( 2008 -- 2009 ) . `` Rabbi Reuven Landau and the Jewish Reaction to Copernican Thought in Nineteenth Century Europe '' ( PDF ) . The Torah u-Madda Journal . 15 : 142 . Jump up ^ `` HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail : מי מנוחות -- נויזץ , אליעזר ליפמן '' . hebrewbooks.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ RABBI NATAN , SLIFKIN . `` The Sun 's Path at Night : The Revolution in Rabbinic Perspectives on the Ptolemaic Revolution '' . Rationalist Judaism . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1964 - , Brown , Jeremy , ( 2013 ) . New heavens and a new earth : the Jewish reception of Copernican thought . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 262 . ISBN 9780199754793 . OCLC 808316428 . Jump up ^ `` on the basis of the presently accepted scientific view ( in accordance with the theory of Relativity ) that where two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another , it is impossible scientifically to ascertain which revolves around which , or which is stationary and the other in motion . Therefore , to say that there is , or can be , ' scientific proof ' that the earth revolves around the sun is quite an unscientific and uncritical statement . '' `` '' Igrot Kodesh '' v. 7 , p. 134 , letter number 1996 `` . Otzar770.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ 1964 - , Brown , Jeremy , ( 2013 ) . New heavens and a new earth : the Jewish reception of Copernican thought . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 362 . ISBN 9780199754793 . OCLC 808316428 . External links ( edit ) Does Heliocentrism Mean That the Sun is Stationary ? Heliocentric Pantheon The Copernican Model : a Sun Centered Solar System References ( edit ) Baker , A. and Chapter , L. ( 2002 ) , `` Part 4 : The Sciences '' . In M.M. Sharif , `` A History of Muslim Philosophy '' , Philosophia Islamica . Drake , Stillman ( 1978 ) . Galileo At Work . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 16226 - 5 . Dreyer , J.L.E. ( 1953 ) , A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler , New York , NY : Dover Publications , ISBN 0 - 486 - 60079 - 3 Fantoli , Annibale ( 2003 ) . Galileo -- For Copernicanism and the Church , 3rd English edition , tr . George V. Coyne , SJ . Vatican Observatory Publications , Notre Dame , IN . ISBN 88 - 209 - 7427 - 4 . Favaro , Antonio , ed. ( 1890 -- 1909 ) . Le Opere di Galileo Galilei , Edizione Nazionale ( The Works of Galileo Galilei , National Edition ) ( in Italian ) . Florence : Barbera . ISBN 88 - 09 - 20881 - 1 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2007 . A searchable online copy is available on the Institute and Museum of the History of Science , Florence , and a brief overview of Le Opere is available at Finn 's fine books , and here . Finocchiaro , Maurice ( 2010 ) , Defending Copernicus and Galileo : Critical Reasoning in the two Affairs , Springer , ISBN 978 - 9048132003 Gingerich , Owen ( 2004 ) . The Book Nobody Read . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 01315 - 3 . Graney , Christopher M. ( 2015 ) , Setting Aside All Authority : Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo , University of Notre Dame Press , ISBN 978 - 0268029883 Heath , T.L. ( 1913 ) . Aristarchus of Samos , the ancient Copernicus : a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus , Oxford , Clarendon . ISBN 0 - 486 - 24188 - 2 ( 1981 Dover reprint ) . Heilbron , John L. ( 1999 ) , The Sun in the Church : Cathedrals as Solar Observatories , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0674005368 Heilbron , John L. ( 2005 ) . `` Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo '' . In McMullin , Ernan . The Church and Galileo . University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame . ISBN 0 - 268 - 03483 - 4 . Heilbron , John L. ( 2010 ) . `` Biography of Galileo '' . Galileo . Oxford University Press , Oxford . Joseph , George G. ( 2000 ) . The Crest of the Peacock : Non-European Roots of Mathematics , 2nd edition . Penguin Books , London . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00659 - 8 . Koestler , Arthur , ( 1959 ) The Sleepwalkers : A History of Man 's Changing Vision of the Universe , Penguin Books ; 1986 edition : ISBN 0 - 14 - 055212 - X , 1990 reprint : ISBN 0 - 14 - 019246 - 8 Koyré , Alexandre ( 1957 ) . From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Univ . Pr . Koyré , Alexandre ( 1973 ) . The Astronomical Revolution : Copernicus -- Kepler -- Borelli . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0504 - 1 . Langford , Jerome K. , O.P. ( 1998 ) ( 1966 ) . Galileo , Science and the Church ( third ed . ) . St. Augustine 's Press . ISBN 1 - 890318 - 25 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) . Original edition by Desclee ( New York , NY , 1966 ) Linton , Christopher M. ( 2004 ) , From Eudoxus to Einstein -- A History of Mathematical Astronomy , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82750 - 8 Neher , André ( 1977 ) , `` Copernicus in the Hebraic Literature from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century '' , Journal of the History of Ideas , 38 ( No. 2 ) : 221 -- 26 , JSTOR 2708908 Plutarch ( 1957 ) , Plutarch 's Moralia in Fifteen Volumes , XII , Loeb Classical Library edition , translated by Harold Cherniss and William C. Helmbold , London : William Heinemann Qadir , Asghar ( 1989 ) . Relativity : An Introduction to the Special Theory . World Scientific . ISBN 9971 - 5 - 0612 - 2 . Rosen , Edward ( 1995 ) , Copernicus and his Successors , London : Hambledon Press , ISBN 1 - 85285 - 071 - X Sabra , A.I. ( 1998 ) , `` Configuring the Universe : Aporetic , Problem Solving , and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy '' , Perspectives on Science , 6 : 288 -- 330 . Saliba , George ( 1999 ) . Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe ? Columbia University . The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed . ) , Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 199 - 20687 - 2 Sharratt , Michael ( 1994 ) . Galileo : Decisive Innovator . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56671 - 1 . Speller , Jules ( 2008 ) , Galileo 's Inquisition Trial Revisited , Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang , ISBN 978 - 3 - 631 - 56229 - 1 Taton , René ; Wilson , Curtis , eds. ( 1989 ) , Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A : Tycho Brahe to Newton , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 24254 - 1 , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 Thurston , Hugh ( 1994 ) . Early Astronomy . Springer - Verlag , New York . ISBN 0 - 387 - 94107 - X . ( hide ) Ancient Greek astronomy Astronomers Aglaonice Agrippa Anaximander Andronicus Apollonius Aratus Aristarchus Aristyllus Attalus Autolycus Bion Callippus Cleomedes Cleostratus Conon Eratosthenes Euctemon Eudoxus Geminus Heraclides Hicetas Hipparchus Hippocrates of Chios Hypsicles Menelaus Meton Oenopides Philip of Opus Philolaus Posidonius Ptolemy Pytheas Seleucus Sosigenes of Alexandria Sosigenes the Peripatetic Strabo Thales Theodosius Theon of Alexandria Theon of Smyrna Timocharis Works Almagest ( Ptolemy ) On Sizes and Distances ( Hipparchus ) On the Sizes and Distances ( Aristarchus ) On the Heavens ( Aristotle ) Instruments Antikythera mechanism Armillary sphere Astrolabe Dioptra Equatorial ring Gnomon Mural instrument Triquetrum Concepts Callippic cycle Celestial spheres Circle of latitude Counter-Earth Deferent and epicycle Equant Geocentrism Heliocentrism Hipparchic cycle Metonic cycle Octaeteris Solstice Spherical Earth Sublunary sphere Zodiac Influences Babylonian astronomy Egyptian astronomy Influenced Medieval European science Indian astronomy Medieval Islamic astronomy GND : 4131692 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heliocentrism&oldid=807893075 '' Categories : Ancient Greek astronomy Obsolete scientific theories History of ideas Early scientific cosmologies Solar System Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Italian - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles needing the year an event occurred from April 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 18 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who said sun is the center of the solar system	[ "Heliocentrism[1] is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System. Historically, Heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BCE by Aristarchus of Samos,[2] but at least in the medieval world, Aristarchus's Heliocentrism attracted little attention—possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic Era.[3]" ]	[ "Aristarchus of Samos" ]
-2949506959008147904	The Fox and the Hound	The Fox and the Hound - wikipedia The Fox and the Hound Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the novel the film is based on , see The Fox and the Hound ( novel ) . The Fox and the Hound Original theatrical release poster Directed by Ted Berman Richard Rich Art Stevens Produced by Ron Miller Wolfgang Reitherman Art Stevens Story by Larry Clemmons Ted Berman David Michener Peter Young Burny Mattinson Steve Hulett Earl Kress Vance Gerry Based on The Fox and the Hound by Daniel P. Mannix Starring Mickey Rooney Kurt Russell Pearl Bailey Jack Albertson Sandy Duncan Jeanette Nolan Pat Buttram John Fiedler John McIntire Dick Bakalyan Paul Winchell Keith Mitchell Corey Feldman Music by Buddy Baker Edited by James Melton Jim Koford Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date July 10 , 1981 ( 1981 - 07 - 10 ) Running time 83 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $12 million Box office $63.5 million The Fox and the Hound is a 1981 American animated drama film produced by Walt Disney Productions and loosely based on the novel of the same name by Daniel P. Mannix . The 24th Disney animated feature film , the film tells the story of two unlikely friends , a red fox named Tod and a hound dog named Copper , who struggle to preserve their friendship despite their emerging instincts and the surrounding social pressures demanding them to be adversaries . Directed by Ted Berman , Richard Rich , and Art Stevens , the film features the voices of Mickey Rooney , Kurt Russell , Pearl Bailey , Jack Albertson , Sandy Duncan , Jeanette Nolan , Pat Buttram , John Fiedler , John McIntire , Dick Bakalyan , Paul Winchell , Keith Mitchell , and Corey Feldman . The Fox and the Hound was released to theaters on July 10 , 1981 to financial success . At the time of release it was the most expensive animated film produced to date , costing $12 million . It was re-released to theaters on March 25 , 1988 . A direct - to - video followup , The Fox and the Hound 2 , was released to DVD on December 12 , 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Animation 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reaction 6.2 Box office 7 Accolades 8 Legacy 8.1 Followup 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Plot After a young red fox is orphaned , Big Mama the owl , with the help of her friends Dinky the finch and Boomer the woodpecker , arranges for him to be adopted by a kindly farmer named Widow Tweed . Tweed names him Tod , because he reminds her of a toddler . Meanwhile , her neighbor , a hunter named Amos Slade , brings home a young hound puppy named Copper and introduces him to his hunting dog Chief . One day , Tod and Copper meet and become playmates , vowing to remain `` friends forever '' . Slade grows frustrated at Copper for constantly wandering off to play , and places him on a leash . While playing with Copper outside his doghouse , Tod awakens Chief . Slade and Chief chase Tod until they are stopped by Tweed . After an argument , Slade threatens to kill Tod if he trespasses on his farm again . Hunting season comes and Slade takes his dogs into the wilderness for the interim . Meanwhile , Big Mama , Dinky , and Boomer attempt to explain to Tod that his friendship with Copper will not continue , as they are natural enemies , but Tod naively refuses to believe them , hoping that he and Copper will remain friends forever . As months pass , Tod and Copper both reach adulthood . Copper has become an experienced hunting dog , while Tod has grown up into a handsome fox . On the night of Copper 's return , Tod sneaks over to visit him . Copper explains that while he still values Tod as a friend , he is now a hunting dog and things are different . Their conversation awakens Chief , who alerts Slade . In the ensuing chase Copper catches Tod . Against better judgement , Copper lets Tod go and diverts Chief and Slade . Tod tries escaping onto a railroad track , but is caught and pursued by Chief as a train suddenly passes by them . Tod ducks under the train , but Chief is struck by the train and falls into the river below , breaking his leg . Angered by this , Copper and Slade blame Tod for the accident and vow vengeance . Tweed , realizing that Tod is no longer safe with her , takes him on a drive and leaves him at a game preserve . Tod 's first night alone in the woods proves disastrous , as he inadvertently trespasses into an irritable old badger 's den . Thankfully , a friendly porcupine offers Tod shelter . That same night , Slade and Copper plan to poach Tod . The next morning , Big Mama finds Tod and introduces him to a female fox named Vixey . Wanting to impress her , Tod tries to catch a fish , but fails due to his lack of survival skills . Vixey and the other animals laugh at him , but Big Mama straightens the matter by directing Tod to be himself . The two foxes reconcile and Vixey helps Tod adapt to life in the forest . Meanwhile , Slade and Copper trespass into the preserve to hunt Tod . As Tod manages to escape Slade 's leghold traps , Copper and Slade pursue both foxes . They hide in their burrow while Slade tries trapping them by setting fire to the other end of the burrow . The foxes narrowly escape without getting burned as Slade and Copper chase them up the top of a hill until they reach a waterfall . There , Slade and Copper close in for the kill , but a large bear suddenly emerges from the bushes and attacks Slade . Slade trips and falls into one of his own traps , dropping his gun slightly out of reach . Copper tries fighting the bear but is no match for it . Not willing to let his former friend die , Tod intervenes and fights off the bear until they both fall down the waterfall . With the bear gone , a bewildered Copper approaches Tod as he lies exhausted near the bank of a waterfall - created lake . When Slade appears , Copper positions himself in front of Tod to prevent Slade from shooting him , refusing to move away . Slade lowers his gun and leaves with Copper . Tod and Copper share one last smile before parting . At home , Tweed nurses Slade back to health while the dogs rest . Copper , before resting , smiles as he remembers the day when he first met Tod . On a hill , Vixey joins Tod as they look down on the homes of Slade and Tweed . Cast Mickey Rooney as Tod Kurt Russell as Copper Pearl Bailey as Big Mama Jack Albertson as Amos Slade Sandy Duncan as Vixey Jeanette Nolan as Widow Tweed Pat Buttram as Chief John Fiedler as The Porcupine John McIntire as The Badger Dick Bakalyan as Dinky Paul Winchell as Boomer Keith Mitchell as Young Tod Corey Feldman as Young Copper Production Development Wolfgang Reitherman read the original novel and found it particularly touching because one of his sons had once owned a pet fox years before . He decided that it would make for a good animated feature . Thus the film began production in spring 1977 . Reitherman , Art Stevens , and Ron Miller quarreled over key sections of the film with Miller supporting the younger Stevens . Miller instructed Reitherman to surrender reins over the junior personnel , but Reitherman resisted due to a lack of trust in the young animators . Thinking the film had a weak second act , Reitherman decided to add a musical sequence of two swooping cranes voiced by Phil Harris and Charo who would sing a silly song titled `` Scoobie - Doobie Doobie Doo , Let Your Body Turn Goo '' . Live - action reference footage was shot of Charo in a sweaty pink leotard , but the scene was strongly disliked by studio personnel who felt the song was a distraction from the main plot with Stevens stating `` We ca n't let that sequence in the movie ! It 's totally out of place ! '' Stevens notified studio management and after many story conferences , the scene was removed . Reitherman later walked into Stevens 's office , slumped in a chair , and said , `` I dunno , Art , maybe this is a young man 's medium . '' He later moved onto to undeveloped projects such as Catfish Bend and died in a car accident in 1985 . Animation By late 1978 , Frank Thomas , Ollie Johnston , and Cliff Nordberg had completed their animation . Thomas had animated scenes of Tod and Cooper using dialogue Larry Clemmons had written and recorded with the child actors . This project would mark the last film to have the involvement of the Disney 's Nine Old Men who had retired early during production , and animation was turned over the next generation of directors and animators , which included John Lasseter , John Musker , Ron Clements , Glen Keane , Tim Burton , Brad Bird , Henry Selick , Chris Buck , and Mark Dindal , all of whom would finalize the animation and complete the film 's production . These animators had moved through the in - house animation training program , and would play an important role in the Disney Renaissance of the 1980s and 1990s . However , the transition between the old guard and the new resulted in arguments over how to handle the film . Reitherman had his own ideas on the designs and layouts that should be used , but the newer team backed Stevens . Animator Don Bluth animated several scenes including of Widow Tweed milking her cow , Abigail , while his team worked on the rest of the sequence , and when Tweed fires at Amos Slade 's automobile . Nevertheless , he declared Disney 's work `` stale '' and on his 42nd birthday , September 13 , 1979 , Bluth , along with Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy , entered Ron Miller 's office and turned in their resignation . Following their resignations , 13 animators followed suit in their resignations . Though Bluth and his team had animated substantial scenes , they asked not to receive screen credit . With 17 % of the animators now gone , Miller ordered all of the resigning animators off the studio lot by noon of that same day and would later push the release of The Fox and the Hound from Christmas 1980 to summer 1981 . New animators were hired and promoted to fill the ranks . To compensate for the lack of experience of the new animators , much of the quality control would rely upon a corp of veteran assistant animators . Four years after production started , the film was finished with approximately 360,000 drawings , 110,000 painted cels and 1,100 painted backgrounds making up the finished product . A total of 180 people , including 24 animators , worked on the film . Writing In an earlier version of the film , Chief was slated to die the same as in the novel . However , the scene was modified to have Chief survive with a cast on his back paw . Animator Ron Clements , who had briefly transitioned into the story department , protested that `` Chief has to die . The picture does n't work if he just breaks his leg . Copper does n't have motivation to hate the fox . '' Likewise , younger members of the story team pleaded with Stevens to have Chief killed . Stevens countered that `` Geez , we never killed a main character in a Disney film and we 're not starting now ! '' The younger crew members took the problem to upper management who would also back Stevens . Ollie Johnston 's test animation of Chief stomping around the house with his leg in a cast was eventually kept , and Randy Cartwright re-animated the scene where Copper finds Chief 's body and had him animate Chief 's eyes opening and closing so the audience knew that he was not dead . Casting Early into production , the principal characters such as young Tod and Copper , Big Mama , and Amos Slade had already been cast . The supporting characters were cast by Disney voice regulars including Pat Buttram for Chief , Paul Winchell for Boomer , and Mickey Rooney for adult Tod who had just finished filming Pete 's Dragon . Jeanette Nolan was the second choice for Widow Tweed after Helen Hayes turned down the part . The last role to be cast was for adult Cooper . Jackie Cooper had auditioned for the role , but left the project when he demanded more money than the studio was willing to pay . While filming the Elvis television film , former Disney child actor Kurt Russell was cast following a reading that had impressed the filmmakers , and completed his dialogue in two recording sessions . Soundtrack The Fox and the Hound Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 1981 Recorded 1980 - 1981 Genre Children 's , Classical Label Walt Disney The soundtrack album for the film was released in 1981 by Walt Disney Records . It contains songs written by Stan Fidel , Jim Stafford , and Jeffrey Patch . Track listing No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Best of Friends '' Stan Fidel Pearl Bailey 2 . `` Lack of Education '' Jim Stafford Pearl Bailey 3 . `` A Huntin ' Man '' Jim Stafford Jack Albertson 4 . `` Appreciate the Lady '' Jim Stafford Pearl Bailey 5 . `` Goodbye May Seem Forever '' Jeffrey Patch Jeanette Nolan and Chorus Release Home Media The Fox and the Hound was first released on North American VHS on March 4 , 1994 as the last video of the `` Walt Disney Classics '' collection ( it was not included in the `` Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection '' ) and in the UK in 1995 . On May 2 , 2000 , it was released to Region 1 DVD for the first time under the `` Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection '' . A 25th anniversary special edition DVD was released on October 10 , 2006 . The Fox and the Hound was released on Blu - ray Disc on August 9 , 2011 to commemorate the film 's 30th anniversary . The film was released in a 3 - disc Blu - ray / DVD Combo pack alongside its direct - to video followup The Fox and the Hound 2 in a 2 - movie Collection Edition . Featuring a new digital restoration , the Blu - ray transfer presents the film for the first time in 1.66 : 1 widescreen and also features 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio . The Fox and the Hound 2 is presented in 1.78 : 1 widescreen and features the same sound as the first film . A DVD - only edition was also released on the same day . Reception Critical reaction In The Animated Movie Guide , Jerry Beck considered the film `` average '' , though he praises the voice work of Pearl Bailey as Big Mama , and the extreme dedication to detail shown by animator Glen Keane in crafting the fight scene between Copper , Tod , and the bear . In his book The Disney Films , Leonard Maltin also notes that the fight scene between Copper , Tod , and the bear received great praise in the animation world . However , Maltin felt the film relied too much on `` formula cuteness , formula comedy relief , and even formula characterizations '' . Overall , he considered the film `` charming '' stating that it is `` warm , and brimming with personable characters '' and that it `` approaches the old Disney magic at times . '' Craig Butler from All Movie Guide stated that the film was a `` warm and amusing , if slightly dull , entry in the Disney animated canon . '' He also called it `` conventional and generally predictable '' with problems in pacing . However , he praised the film 's climax and animation , as well as the ending . His final remark is that `` Two of the directors , Richard Rich and Ted Berman , would next direct The Black Cauldron , a less successful but more ambitious project . '' Richard Corliss of Time , praised the film for an intelligent story about prejudice . He argued that the film shows that biased attitudes can poison even the deepest relationships , and the film 's bittersweet ending delivers a powerful and important moral message to audiences . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Times also praised the film , saying that `` for all of its familiar qualities , this movie marks something of a departure for the Disney studio , and its movement is in an interesting direction . The Fox and the Hound is one of those relatively rare Disney animated features that contains a useful lesson for its younger audiences . It 's not just cute animals and frightening adventures and a happy ending ; it 's also a rather thoughtful meditation on how society determines our behavior . '' TV Guide gave the film four out of five stars , saying that `` The animation here is better than average ( veteran Disney animators Wolfgang Reitherman and Art Stevens supervised the talents of a new crop of artists that developed during a 10 - year program at the studio ) , though not quite up to the quality of Disney Studios in its heyday . Still , this film has a lot of `` heart '' and is wonderful entertainment for both kids and their parents . Listen for a number of favorites among the voices . '' Michael Scheinfeld of Common Sense Media gave the film 's quality a rating of 4 out of 5 stars , stating that the film `` develops into a thoughtful examination of friendship and includes some mature themes , especially loss . '' The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 69 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 based on 26 reviews . The website 's consensus states that `` The Fox and the Hound is a likeable , charming , unassuming effort that manages to transcend its thin , predictable plot '' . Box Office In its original release , The Fox and the Hound grossed $39.9 million in domestic grosses . Its distributor rentals were reported to be $14.2 million while its international rentals grossed $43 million . The film was re-released theatrically on March 25 , 1988 , where it grossed $23.5 million . The Fox and the Hound has had a lifetime gross of $63.5 million across its original release and reissue . Accolades The film was awarded a Golden Screen Award ( German : Goldene Leinwand ) in 1982 . In the same year , it was also nominated for a Young Artist Award and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . Year Ceremony Award Result 1982 10th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated 1982 Golden Screen Awards Won 5th Youth in Film Awards Best Motion Picture - Fantasy or Comedy - Family Enjoyment Nominated Legacy As well as adaptations of the film itself , comic strips featuring the characters also appeared in stories unconnected to the film . Examples include The Lost Fawn , in which Copper uses his sense of smell to help Tod find a fawn who has gone astray ; The Chase , in which Copper must safeguard a sleepwalking Chief ; and Feathered Friends , in which the birds Dinky and Boomer have to go to desperate lengths to save one of Widow Tweed 's chickens from a wolf . A comic adaptation of the film , drawn by Richard Moore , was published in newspapers as part of Disney 's Treasury of Classic Tales . A comic - book titled The Fox and the Hound followed , with new adventures of the characters . Since 1981 and up to 2007 , a few Fox and the Hound Disney comics stories were produced in Italy , Netherlands , Brazil , France , and the United States . Followup Main article : The Fox and the Hound 2 A direct - to - video followup , The Fox and the Hound 2 , was released to DVD on December 12 , 2006 . The film takes place during the youth of Tod and Copper , before the events of the later half of the first film . The story - line involves Copper being tempted to join a band of singing stray dogs , thus threatening his friendship with Tod . The film was critically panned , with critics calling it a pale imitation of its predecessor . References ^ Jump up to : Ansen , David ( July 13 , 1981 ) . `` Forest Friendship '' . Newsweek : 81 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fox and the Hound , The ( film ) - D23 '' . Disney D23 . Disney.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grant , John ( April 30 , 1998 ) . The Encyclopedia of Walt Disney 's Animated Characters : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . Disney Editions . p. 306 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6336 - 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Beck 2005 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Sito 2006 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Sito 2006 , p. 298 . ^ Jump up to : Cowley , John . `` The Animated Films of Don Bluth '' . Cataroo . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finch , Christopher ( 1973 ) . `` The End of an Era '' . The Art of Walt Disney : From Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdom ( 2004 ed . ) . Harry N. Abrams . p. 260 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0810998148 . Jump up ^ Sito 2006 , p. 290 . ^ Jump up to : Sito , Tom ( November 1998 ) . `` Disney 's The Fox and the Hound : The Coming of the Next Generation '' . Animation World Magazine . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound - Soundtrack Details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Various - The Fox and the Hound ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound : Gold Collection DVD Review '' . DVDDizzy . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound 25th Anniversary Edition DVD Review '' . DVDDizzy . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fox and the Hound and The Fox and the Hound 2 : 2 Movie Collection Blu - ray + DVD Review '' . DVDDizzy . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck 2005 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Without Walt '' . The Disney Films . Disney Editions . p. 275 . ISBN 978 - 0786885275 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2010 ) . Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide . p. 490 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 22764 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) '' . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( July 20 , 1981 ) . `` Cinema : The New Generation Comes of Age '' . time.com . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1981 ) . `` The Fox and the Hound Movie Review ( 1981 ) '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox And The Hound : Review '' . Movies.tvguide.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Scheinfeld . `` The Fox and the Hound Movie Review '' . Commonsensemedia.org . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( September 19 , 1984 ) . `` Walt Disney Productions returns to animation '' . Lewison Daily Sun . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound ( reissue ) ( 1988 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound Release Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fox and the Hound - Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2008 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Annual Awards '' . Young Artist Association . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost Fawn '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chase '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Feathered Friends '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ A. Becattini , L. Boschi , La produzione sindacata , 1984 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` List of ' The Fox and the Hound ' Comics on Inducks '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Bibliography Beck , Jerry ( 2005 ) . The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Reader Press . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 591 - 5 . Hulett , Steve ( December 4 , 2014 ) . Mouse In Transition : An Insider 's Look at Disney Feature Animation . Theme Park Press . ISBN 978 - 1941500248 . Sito , Tom ( October 6 , 2006 ) . Drawing the Line : The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0813124070 . External links Disney portal Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Cartoon portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fox and the Hound Official website The Fox and the Hound on IMDb The Fox and the Hound at the TCM Movie Database The Fox and the Hound at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Fox and the Hound at AllMovie The Fox and the Hound at Box Office Mojo The Fox and the Hound at Rotten Tomatoes Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - 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iday Adventure ( 2013 ) Alpha and Omega 3 : The Great Wolf Games ( 2014 ) Alpha and Omega : The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave ( 2014 ) The Swan Princess : A Royal Family Tale ( 2014 ) The Swan Princess : Princess Tomorrow , Pirate Today ( 2016 ) The Swan Princess : Royally Undercover ( 2017 ) Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fox_and_the_Hound&oldid=810053037 '' Categories : 1981 films English - language films 1981 animated films 1980s American animated films 1980s drama films 1980s coming - of - age films American buddy films American children 's animated films American children 's drama films American coming - of - age films American films Animated buddy films Animated coming - of - age films Animated drama films Animated duos Animated films about death Animated films about dogs Animated films about foxes Animated films about orphans Animated films based on novels Films about discrimination Films based on American novels Films directed by Richard Rich Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring hunters Film scores by Buddy Baker ( composer ) Films set in North America Southern Gothic films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Articles containing German - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 02 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the fox and the hounds names	[ "The Fox and the Hound is a 1981 American animated drama film produced by Walt Disney Productions and loosely based on the novel of the same name by Daniel P. Mannix. The 24th Disney animated feature film, the film tells the story of two unlikely friends, a red fox named Tod and a hound dog named Copper, who struggle to preserve their friendship despite their emerging instincts and the surrounding social pressures demanding them to be adversaries. Directed by Ted Berman, Richard Rich, and Art Stevens, the film features the voices of Mickey Rooney, Kurt Russell, Pearl Bailey, Jack Albertson, Sandy Duncan, Jeanette Nolan, Pat Buttram, John Fiedler, John McIntire, Dick Bakalyan, Paul Winchell, Keith Mitchell, and Corey Feldman.", "The Fox and the Hound is a 1981 American animated drama film produced by Walt Disney Productions and loosely based on the novel of the same name by Daniel P. Mannix. The 24th Disney animated feature film, the film tells the story of two unlikely friends, a red fox named Tod and a hound dog named Copper, who struggle to preserve their friendship despite their emerging instincts and the surrounding social pressures demanding them to be adversaries. Directed by Ted Berman, Richard Rich, and Art Stevens, the film features the voices of Mickey Rooney, Kurt Russell, Pearl Bailey, Jack Albertson, Sandy Duncan, Jeanette Nolan, Pat Buttram, John Fiedler, John McIntire, Dick Bakalyan, Paul Winchell, Keith Mitchell, and Corey Feldman." ]	[ "red fox named Tod", "hound dog named Copper" ]
8081078397435635748	Eye (cyclone)	Eye ( cyclone ) - wikipedia Eye ( cyclone ) Jump to : navigation , search An image of Hurricane Isabel as seen from the International Space Station showing a well - defined eye at the center of the storm . Part of a series on Tropical cyclones Formation and naming ( show ) Development Structure Effects ( show ) Warnings and watches Storm surge Notable storms Climatology and tracking ( show ) Basins RSMCs Scales Observation Forecasting Rainfall forecasting Rainfall climatology Tropical cyclone naming ( show ) Tropical cyclone naming History of tropical cyclone naming List of historic tropical cyclone names List of retired Atlantic hurricane names List of retired Pacific hurricane names List of retired Pacific typhoon names List of retired Philippine typhoon names List of retired Australian cyclone names List of retired South Pacific cyclone names Outline of tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones portal The eye is a region of mostly calm weather at the center of strong tropical cyclones . The eye of a storm is a roughly circular area , typically 30 -- 65 km ( 20 -- 40 miles ) in diameter . It is surrounded by the eyewall , a ring of towering thunderstorms where the most severe weather and highest winds occur . The cyclone 's lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye and can be as much as 15 percent lower than the pressure outside the storm . In strong tropical cyclones , the eye is characterized by light winds and clear skies , surrounded on all sides by a towering , symmetric eyewall . In weaker tropical cyclones , the eye is less well defined and can be covered by the central dense overcast , an area of high , thick clouds that show up brightly on satellite imagery . Weaker or disorganized storms may also feature an eyewall that does not completely encircle the eye or have an eye that features heavy rain . In all storms , however , the eye is the location of the storm 's minimum barometric pressure -- where the atmospheric pressure at sea level is the lowest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Formation and detection 3 Associated phenomena 3.1 Eyewall replacement cycles 3.2 Moats 3.3 Eyewall mesovortices 3.4 Stadium effect 3.5 Eye - like features 4 Hazards 5 Other cyclones 5.1 Polar lows 5.2 Extratropical cyclones 5.3 Subtropical cyclones 5.4 Tornadoes 6 Extraterrestrial vortices 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) A cross section diagram of a mature tropical cyclone , with arrows indicating air flow in and around the eye A typical tropical cyclone will have an eye of approximately 30 -- 65 km ( 20 -- 40 mi ) across , usually situated at the geometric center of the storm . The eye may be clear or have spotty low clouds ( a clear eye ) , it may be filled with low - and mid-level clouds ( a filled eye ) , or it may be obscured by the central dense overcast . There is , however , very little wind and rain , especially near the center . This is in stark contrast to conditions in the eyewall , which contains the storm 's strongest winds . Due to the mechanics of a tropical cyclone , the eye and the air directly above it are warmer than their surroundings . While normally quite symmetric , eyes can be oblong and irregular , especially in weakening storms . A large ragged eye is a non-circular eye which appears fragmented , and is an indicator of a weak or weakening tropical cyclone . An open eye is an eye which can be circular , but the eyewall does not completely encircle the eye , also indicating a weakening , moisture - deprived cyclone . Both of these observations are used to estimate the intensity of tropical cyclones via Dvorak analysis . Eyewalls are typically circular ; however , distinctly polygonal shapes ranging from triangles to hexagons occasionally occur . While typical mature storms have eyes that are a few dozen miles across , rapidly intensifying storms can develop an extremely small , clear , and circular eye , sometimes referred to as a pinhole eye . Storms with pinhole eyes are prone to large fluctuations in intensity , and provide difficulties and frustrations for forecasters . Small / minuscule eyes -- those less than 10 nmi ( 19 km , 12 mi ) across -- often trigger eyewall replacement cycles , where a new eyewall begins to form outside the original eyewall . This can take place anywhere from fifteen to hundreds of kilometers ( ten to a few hundred miles ) outside the inner eye . The storm then develops two concentric eyewalls , or an `` eye within an eye '' . In most cases , the outer eyewall begins to contract soon after its formation , which chokes off the inner eye and leaves a much larger but more stable eye . While the replacement cycle tends to weaken storms as it occurs , the new eyewall can contract fairly quickly after the old eyewall dissipates , allowing the storm to re-strengthen . This may trigger another re-strengthen cycle of eyewall replacement . Eyes can range in size from 370 km ( 230 mi ) ( Typhoon Carmen ) to a mere 3.7 km ( 2.3 mi ) ( Hurricane Wilma ) across . While it is uncommon for storms with large eyes to become very intense , it does occur , especially in annular hurricanes . Hurricane Isabel was the eleventh most powerful North Atlantic hurricane in recorded history , and sustained a large , 65 -- 80 km ( 40 -- 50 mi ) - wide eye for a period of several days . Formation and detection ( edit ) See also : Tropical cyclogenesis Tropical cyclones form when the energy released by the condensation of moisture in rising air causes a positive feedback loop over warm ocean waters . Typically , eyes are easy to spot using weather radar . This radar image of Hurricane Andrew clearly shows the eye over southern Florida . Tropical cyclones typically form from large , disorganized areas of disturbed weather in tropical regions . As more thunderstorms form and gather , the storm develops rainbands which start rotating around a common center . As the storm gains strength , a ring of stronger convection forms at a certain distance from the rotational center of the developing storm . Since stronger thunderstorms and heavier rain mark areas of stronger updrafts , the barometric pressure at the surface begins to drop , and air begins to build up in the upper levels of the cyclone . This results in the formation of an upper level anticyclone , or an area of high atmospheric pressure above the central dense overcast . Consequently , most of this built up air flows outward anticyclonically above the tropical cyclone . Outside the forming eye , the anticyclone at the upper levels of the atmosphere enhances the flow towards the center of the cyclone , pushing air towards the eyewall and causing a positive feedback loop . However , a small portion of the built - up air , instead of flowing outward , flows inward towards the center of the storm . This causes air pressure to build even further , to the point where the weight of the air counteracts the strength of the updrafts in the center of the storm . Air begins to descend in the center of the storm , creating a mostly rain - free area -- a newly formed eye . There are many aspects of this process which remain a mystery . Scientists do not know why a ring of convection forms around the center of circulation instead of on top of it , or why the upper - level anticyclone only ejects a portion of the excess air above the storm . Many theories exist as to the exact process by which the eye forms : all that is known for sure is that the eye is necessary for tropical cyclones to achieve high wind speeds . The formation of an eye is almost always an indicator of increasing tropical cyclone organisation and strength . Because of this , forecasters watch developing storms closely for signs of eye formation . For storms with a clear eye , detection of the eye is as simple as looking at pictures from a weather satellite . However , for storms with a filled eye , or an eye completely covered by the central dense overcast , other detection methods must be used . Observations from ships and Hurricane Hunters can pinpoint an eye visually , by looking for a drop in wind speed or lack of rainfall in the storm 's center . In the United States , South Korea , and a few other countries , a network of NEXRAD Doppler weather radar stations can detect eyes near the coast . Weather satellites also carry equipment for measuring atmospheric water vapor and cloud temperatures , which can be used to spot a forming eye . In addition , scientists have recently discovered that the amount of ozone in the eye is much higher than the amount in the eyewall , due to air sinking from the ozone - rich stratosphere . Instruments sensitive to ozone perform measurements , which are used to observe rising and sinking columns of air , and provide indication of the formation of an eye , even before satellite imagery can determine its formation . Associated phenomena ( edit ) A satellite photo of Typhoon Amber of the 1997 Pacific typhoon season exhibiting an outer and inner eyewall , while undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle Eyewall replacement cycles ( edit ) Main article : Eyewall replacement cycle Eyewall replacement cycles , also called concentric eyewall cycles , naturally occur in intense tropical cyclones , generally with winds greater than 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) , or major hurricanes ( Category 3 or higher on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane scale ) . When tropical cyclones reach this intensity , and the eyewall contracts or is already sufficiently small ( see above ) , some of the outer rainbands may strengthen and organize into a ring of thunderstorms -- an outer eyewall -- that slowly moves inward and robs the inner eyewall of its needed moisture and angular momentum . Since the strongest winds are located in a cyclone 's eyewall , the tropical cyclone usually weakens during this phase , as the inner wall is `` choked '' by the outer wall . Eventually the outer eyewall replaces the inner one completely , and the storm can re-intensify . The discovery of this process was partially responsible for the end of the U.S. government 's hurricane modification experiment Project Stormfury . This project set out to seed clouds outside the eyewall , causing a new eyewall to form and weakening the storm . When it was discovered that this was a natural process due to hurricane dynamics , the project was quickly abandoned . Almost every intense hurricane undergoes at least one of these cycles during its existence . Hurricane Allen in 1980 went through repeated eyewall replacement cycles , fluctuating between Category 5 and Category 3 status on the Saffir - Simpson scale several times . Hurricane Juliette was a rare documented case of triple eyewalls . Moats ( edit ) A moat in a tropical cyclone is a clear ring outside the eyewall , or between concentric eyewalls , characterized by subsidence -- slowly sinking air -- and little or no precipitation . The air flow in the moat is dominated by the cumulative effects of stretching and shearing . The moat between eyewalls is an area in the storm where the rotational speed of the air changes greatly in proportion to the distance from the storm 's center ; these areas are also known as rapid filamentation zones . Such areas can potentially be found near any vortex of sufficient strength , but are most pronounced in strong tropical cyclones . Eyewall mesovortices ( edit ) Mesovortices visible in the eye of hurricane Emilia in 1994 . Eyewall mesovortices are small scale rotational features found in the eyewalls of intense tropical cyclones . They are similar , in principle , to small `` suction vortices '' often observed in multiple - vortex tornadoes . In these vortices , wind speeds may be greater than anywhere else in the eyewall . Eyewall mesovortices are most common during periods of intensification in tropical cyclones . Eyewall mesovortices often exhibit unusual behavior in tropical cyclones . They usually rotate around the low pressure center , but sometimes they remain stationary . Eyewall mesovortices have even been documented to cross the eye of a storm . These phenomena have been documented observationally , experimentally , and theoretically . Eyewall mesovortices are a significant factor in the formation of tornadoes after tropical cyclone landfall . Mesovortices can spawn rotation in individual thunderstorms ( a mesocyclone ) , which leads to tornadic activity . At landfall , friction is generated between the circulation of the tropical cyclone and land . This can allow the mesovortices to descend to the surface , causing tornadoes . Stadium effect ( edit ) View of Typhoon Maysak 's eye from the International Space Station on March 31 , 2015 , displaying a pronounced stadium effect . The stadium effect is a phenomenon observed in strong tropical cyclones . It is a fairly common event , where the clouds of the eyewall curve outward from the surface with height . This gives the eye an appearance resembling an open dome from the air , akin to a sports stadium . An eye is always larger at the top of the storm , and smallest at the bottom of the storm because the rising air in the eyewall follows isolines of equal angular momentum , which also slope outward with height . In tropical cyclones with very small eyes , the sloping phenomenon is much more pronounced . Eye - like features ( edit ) An eye - like structure is often found in intensifying tropical cyclones . Similar to the eye seen in hurricanes or typhoons , it is a circular area at the circulation center of the storm in which convection is absent . These eye - like features are most normally found in intensifying tropical storms and hurricanes of Category 1 strength on the Saffir - Simpson scale . For example , an eye - like feature was found in Hurricane Beta when the storm had maximum wind speeds of only 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) , well below hurricane force . The features are typically not visible on visible wavelengths or infrared wavelengths from space , although they are easily seen on microwave satellite imagery . Their development at the middle levels of the atmosphere is similar to the formation of a complete eye , but the features might be horizontally displaced due to vertical wind shear . Hazards ( edit ) Play media An aircraft flying through a storm 's eyewall and into the calm eye Though the eye is by far the calmest part of the storm , with no wind at the center and typically clear skies , over the ocean it is possibly the most hazardous area . In the eyewall , wind - driven waves all travel in the same direction . In the center of the eye , however , the waves converge from all directions , creating erratic crests that can build on each other to become rogue waves . The maximum height of hurricane waves is unknown , but measurements during Hurricane Ivan when it was a Category 4 hurricane estimated that waves near the eyewall exceeded 40 m ( 130 ft ) from peak to trough . A common mistake , especially in areas where hurricanes are uncommon , is for residents to exit their homes to inspect the damage while the calm eye passes over , only to be caught off guard by the violent winds in the opposite eyewall . Other cyclones ( edit ) The North American blizzard of 2006 , an extratropical storm , showed an eye - like structure at its peak intensity ( here seen just to the east of the Delmarva Peninsula ) . Main article : Cyclone Though only tropical cyclones have structures officially termed `` eyes '' , there are other weather systems that can exhibit eye - like features . Polar lows ( edit ) Polar lows are mesoscale weather systems , typically smaller than 1,000 km ( 600 mi ) across , found near the poles . Like tropical cyclones , they form over relatively warm water and can feature deep convection and winds of gale force or greater . Unlike storms of tropical nature , however , they thrive in much colder temperatures and at much higher latitudes . They are also smaller and last for shorter durations , with few lasting longer than a day or so . Despite these differences , they can be very similar in structure to tropical cyclones , featuring a clear eye surrounded by an eyewall and bands of rain and snow. . Extratropical cyclones ( edit ) Extratropical cyclones are areas of low pressure which exist at the boundary of different air masses . Almost all storms found at mid-latitudes are extratropical in nature , including classic North American nor'easters and European windstorms . The most severe of these can have a clear `` eye '' at the site of lowest barometric pressure , though it is usually surrounded by lower , non-convective clouds and is found near the back end of the storm . Subtropical cyclones ( edit ) Subtropical cyclones are low - pressure systems with some extratropical characteristics and some tropical characteristics . As such , they may have an eye while not being truly tropical in nature . Subtropical cyclones can be very hazardous , generating high winds and seas , and often evolve into fully tropical cyclones . For this reason , the National Hurricane Center began including subtropical storms in its naming scheme in 2002 . Tornadoes ( edit ) Tornadoes are destructive , small - scale storms , which produce the fastest winds on earth . There are two main types -- single - vortex tornadoes , which consist of a single spinning column of air , and multiple - vortex tornadoes , which consist of small `` suction vortices , '' resembling mini-tornadoes themselves , all rotating around a common center . Both of these types of tornadoes are theorized to have calm eyes . These theories are supported by doppler velocity observations by weather radar and eyewitness accounts . Extraterrestrial vortices ( edit ) A hurricane - like storm on the south pole of Saturn displaying an eyewall tens of kilometers high See also : Extraterrestrial vortex NASA reported in November 2006 that the Cassini spacecraft observed a `` hurricane - like '' storm locked to the south pole of Saturn with a clearly defined eyewall . The observation was particularly notable as eyewall clouds had not previously been seen on any planet other than Earth ( including a failure to observe an eyewall in the Great Red Spot of Jupiter by the Galileo spacecraft ) . In 2007 , very large vortices on both poles of Venus were observed by the Venus Express mission of the European Space Agency to have a dipole eye structure . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal List of tropical cyclones Radius of maximum wind RAINEX Storm surge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` A : Basic definitions '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. A11 : What is the ' eye ' ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` A : Basic definitions '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. A9 : What is a `` CDO '' ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Webmaster ( 2010 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Structure '' . JetStream -- Online School for Weather . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` A : Basic definitions '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. A7 : What is an extra-tropical cyclone ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Velden , Christopher S. ; Olander , Timothy L. ; Zehr , Raymond M. ( 1998 ) . `` Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity from Digital Geostationary Satellite Infrared Imagery '' . Weather and Forecasting . American Meteorological Society . 13 ( 1 ) : 172 -- 173 . Bibcode : 1998WtFor ... 13 ... 172V . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0434 ( 1998 ) 013 < 0172 : DOAOST > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0434 . Jump up ^ Schubert , Wayne H. ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Polygonal Eyewalls , Asymmetric Eye Contraction , and Potential Vorticity Mixing in Hurricanes '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 59 ( 9 ) : 1197 -- 1223 . Bibcode : 1999JAtS ... 56.1197 S . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 1999 ) 056 < 1197 : PEAECA > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . Jump up ^ Beven , Jack ( 2005 - 10 - 08 ) . Hurricane Wilma Discussion Number 14 ( Report ) . Hurricane Wilma Advisory Archive . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` D : Tropical cyclone winds and energy '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. D8 : What are `` concentric eyewall cycles '' ... ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bill . It 's Raining Fish and Spiders . Hurricane Extremes : Google Ebooks . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Weather . Weather Records : Storm Dunlop . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Beven , Jack ; Cobb , Hugh ( 2003 ) . Hurricane Isabel : 6 -- 19 September 2003 ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Archived from the original on 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Vigh , Jonathan ( 2006 ) . Formation of the Hurricane Eye ( PDF ) . 27th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology . Monterey , California : American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gutro , Rob ( 2005 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Ozone Levels Drop When Hurricanes Are Strengthening '' ( Press release ) . NASA . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ McNoldy , Brian D. ( 2004 ) . `` Triple Eyewall in Hurricane Juliette '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . American Meteorological Society . 85 ( 11 ) : 1663 -- 1666 . Bibcode : 2004BAMS ... 85.1663 M . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 85 - 11 - 1663 . ISSN 1520 - 0477 . Jump up ^ Rozoff , Christopher M. ; Schubert , Wayne H. ; McNoldy , Brian D. ; Kossin , James P. ( 2006 ) . `` Rapid filamentation zones in intense tropical cyclones '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 63 ( 1 ) : 325 -- 340 . Bibcode : 2006JAtS ... 63 ... 325R . doi : 10.1175 / JAS3595. 1 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , Michael T. ; Vladimirov , Vladimir A. ; Denissenko , Peter V. ( 2002 ) . `` An experimental study on hurricane mesovortices '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Fluid Mechanics . Cambridge University Press . 471 : 1 -- 32 . Bibcode : 2002JFM ... 471 ... 1M . doi : 10.1017 / S0022112002001647 . ISSN 0022 - 1120 . Jump up ^ Aberson , Sim D. ; Black , Michael L. ; Montgomery , Michael T. ; Bell , Michael ( 2004 ) . A Record Wind Measurement in Hurricane Isabel : Direct Evidence of an Eyewall Mesocyclone ? ( PDF ) . 26th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology . Miami , Florida : American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kossin , James P. ; McNoldy , Brian D. ; Schubert , Wayne H. ( 2002 ) . `` Vortical swirls in hurricane eye clouds '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 130 ( 12 ) : 3144 -- 3149 . Bibcode : 2002MWRv ... 130.3144 K . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 2002 ) 130 < 3144 : VSIHEC > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Jump up ^ Kossin , James . P. ; Schubert , Wayne H. ( 2001 ) . `` Mesovortices , polygonal flow patterns , and rapid pressure falls in hurricane - like vortices '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 58 ( 15 ) : 2196 -- 2209 . Bibcode : 2001JAtS ... 58.2196 K . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 2001 ) 058 < 2196 : MPFPAR > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . Jump up ^ Wright , John E. ; Bennett , Shawn P. ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Meso - Vorticies Observed By WSR - 88D In The Eye '' ( Press release ) . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Harry F. ; Rubsam , Daryl T. ( 1968 ) . `` Hurricane Hilda , 1964 : II . Structure and budgets of the hurricane on October 1 , 1964 '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 96 ( 9 ) : 617 -- 636 . Bibcode : 1968MWRv ... 96 ... 617H . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1968 ) 096 < 0617 : HH > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Jump up ^ Gray , W.M. ; Shea , D.J. ( 1973 ) . `` The hurricane 's inner core region : II . Thermal stability and dynamic characteristics '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 30 ( 8 ) : 1565 -- 1576 . Bibcode : 1973JAtS ... 30.1565 G . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 1973 ) 030 < 1565 : THICRI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Harry F. ; Imbembo , Stephen M. ( 1976 ) . `` The structure of a Small , Intense Hurricane -- Inez 1966 '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 104 ( 4 ) : 418 -- 442 . Bibcode : 1976MWRv ... 104 ... 418H . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1976 ) 104 < 0418 : TSOASI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Jump up ^ Beven , John L. ( 2005 - 10 - 27 ) . Tropical Storm Beta Discussion Number 3 ( Report ) . Hurricane Beta Advisory Archive . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Marks , Frank D. ; Stewart , Stacy R. ( 2001 ) . TRMM Satellite Data - Applications to Tropical Cyclone Analysis and Forecasting ( PDF ) ( Presentation ) . TRMM Workshops . Boulder , Colorado : University Corporation for Atmospheric Research . pp. 7 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` STORM project '' ( Press release ) . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Brown , Daniel ; Roberts , Dave . `` Interpretation of passive microwave imagery '' ( Press release ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Wang , David W. ; Mitchell , Douglas A. ; Teague , William J. ; Jarosz , Ewa ; Hulbert , Mark S. ( 2005 ) . `` Extreme Waves Under Hurricane Ivan '' . Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 309 ( 5736 ) : 896 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1112509 . PMID 16081728 . Jump up ^ Webmaster ( 2010 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Safety '' . JetStream -- Online School for Weather . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology Archived 2012 - 02 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... American Meteorological Society . Accessed 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ National Snow and Ice Data Center . `` Polar Lows '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maue , Ryan N. ( 2006 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Warm seclusion cyclone climatology '' . American Meteorological Society Conference . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cappella , Chris ( April 22 , 2003 ) . `` Weather Basics : Subtropical storms '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Monastersky , R. ( May 15 , 1999 ) . `` Oklahoma Tornado Sets Wind Record '' . Science News . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Justice , Alonzo A. ( May 1930 ) . `` Seeing the Inside of a Tornado '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . pp. 205 -- 206 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Sees into the Eye of a Monster Storm on Saturn '' . NASA . 2006 - 11 - 09 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Piccioni , G. ; et al. ( 2007 - 11 - 29 ) . `` South - polar features on Venus similar to those near the north pole '' . Nature . 450 ( 7170 ) : 637 -- 40 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 450 ... 637P . doi : 10.1038 / nature06209 . PMID 18046395 . External links ( edit ) Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Canadian Hurricane Centre : Glossary of Hurricane Terms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eye_(cyclone)&oldid=831731900 '' Categories : Tropical cyclone meteorology Vortices Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Featured articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 23 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the weather like in the eye of a hurricane	[ "The eye is a region of mostly calm weather at the center of strong tropical cyclones. The eye of a storm is a roughly circular area, typically 30–65 km (20–40 miles) in diameter. It is surrounded by the eyewall, a ring of towering thunderstorms where the most severe weather and highest winds occur. The cyclone's lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye and can be as much as 15 percent lower than the pressure outside the storm.[1]" ]	[ "mostly calm" ]
4936669173413195145	List of Blindspot episodes	List of Blindspot episodes - wikipedia List of Blindspot episodes Jump to : navigation , search Blindspot is an American crime drama television series created by Martin Gero , starring Sullivan Stapleton and Jaimie Alexander . The series was ordered by NBC on May 1 , 2015 , and premiered on September 21 , 2015 . A back nine order was given on October 9 , 2015 , bringing the first season to a total of 22 episodes , plus an additional episode bringing the order to 23 episodes . On May 10 , 2017 , NBC renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on October 27 , 2017 . As of December 15 , 2017 , 52 episodes of Blindspot have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 23 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) May 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) 22 September 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) TBA October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) The episode titles for the first season are anagrams that reveal hints to the plot , which can be strung together to form a coherent paragraph . No . overall No. in season Title / Anagram Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Woe Has Joined '' `` Who is Jane Doe '' Mark Pellington Martin Gero September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 276092 10.61 A woman is left naked inside a duffel bag on Times Square , completely covered in recent tattoos , among which is the name of FBI Special Agent Kurt Weller . She suffers from a drug - induced amnesia . At the FBI laboratory , they can neither identify her , nor does Kurt know her , making her a Jane Doe . They also find an older Navy SEAL tattoo that was covered up . One of her tattoos is an address in Chinese characters , leading them to the terrorist Chao . Jane and Kurt stop him , which triggers a memory of Jane running a shooting course supervised by an unknown man . This man also appears at the hospital to kill Chao . A flashback shows how the same man has given Jane the amnesia drug at her request . A number on Jane 's body matches a redacted file of Assistant Director Bethany Mayfair . `` A Stray Howl '' `` Taylor Shaw '' Mark Pellington Martin Gero September 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) 4X6302 9.11 Patterson has set up a computer program to constantly cross reference Jane 's tattoos . It brings up the name Major Arthur Gibson , a pilot who wants to expose a secret domestic drone program . He attains control over an armed drone and kills both his former boss and another pilot who had turned him in as a whistleblower . Gibson intends to destroy the drone program by bombing the pilots ' operation center . Patterson locates his signal and Weller and Jane stop him . Jane is haunted by flashbacks of killing a nun and suffers from remorse . She eventually remembers that it was really a disguised soldier from whom she took a USB key . Weller notices a scar on Jane 's neck which coincides with a scar of Taylor Shaw , a childhood friend who went missing 25 years ago , and he becomes certain that Jane is Taylor . His father was accused of kidnapping and murdering Taylor , which split up their family . At night , Jane is surprised by the mysterious man in her apartment . `` Eight Slim Grins '' `` The Missing Girl '' Steve Shill Eoghan Mahony & Martin Gero October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) 4X6303 9.06 When the unknown man in Jane 's apartment warns her about the FBI , he is shot by a sniper , which makes Jane suspicious and cautious . The FBI is unable to identify his body . Patterson finds the number of the redacted FBI case file of gang leader Saúl Guerrero , which was led by Mayfair , who pretends not to remember . Casey Robek is injured while robbing a jewelry store . He has the same Navy SEALs tattoo as Jane . When he wakes up in the hospital after surgery , he signals Jane that he knows her , but then his brother Travis abducts him . Travis lets himself get killed rather than be arrested , and Casey whispers the word `` Orion '' to Jane before he dies . A DNA test confirms that Jane is Taylor Shaw , Weller 's childhood neighbor . To Edgar 's dismay , Jane becomes an official member of the team . Mayfair meets with Tom Carter , Deputy Director of the CIA , to discuss the secret operation `` Daylight '' . Whoever tattooed Jane must have known about it , but only four people did and one is dead . Carter demands Mayfair make the situation go away . `` Bone May Rot '' `` Or Maybe Not '' Karen Gaviola Christina M. Kim October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) 4X6304 8.45 Patterson 's boyfriend David solves a puzzle on a photo of one of Jane 's tattoos . It leads them to a CDC lab where two fanatic scientists are planning to release a deadly virus to save the world from overpopulation , but they are stopped just in time . Patterson asks Mayfair to see the non-redacted Guerrero file , but is denied , presumably to protect agents in the field . Carter demands to interrogate Jane himself , but Mayfair refuses . Kurt tells Jane about Taylor 's past . However , a test that Patterson ran on Jane 's tooth shows that she was born in Africa -- this contradicts the DNA which matched Taylor Shaw . Tasha 's bookie warns her that she has three days to pay off her gambling debts . 5 5 `` Split the Law '' `` The Past Will '' Mark Pellington Brendan Gall October 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 4X6305 7.82 During a dinner with Kurt 's sister , Sarah , Jane can not withstand the pressure to fill the role of Taylor Shaw . She has a memory from her childhood of being led into a basement filled with other children . A crime scene of what seems to be a hostage situation matches an address derived from one of Jane 's tattoos , but it is really a CIA black site where Director Carter keeps bomb maker Dodi . Dodi is rescued by his team and builds a radiological bomb , but is stopped by the FBI . Carter shows up on site and is stopped by Mayfair from shooting Jane . He openly demands either Dodi or Jane for the CIA , so Mayfair gives up Dodi . Kurt 's father , Bill , visits Sarah , but Kurt refuses to reconcile . Carter pays off Zapata 's gambling debts and demands all the FBI 's information about Jane in return . 6 6 `` Cede Your Soul '' `` Cloud Our Eyes '' Rob Hardy Alex Berger October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 4X6306 7.91 The FBI shuts down a hacker app which can locate government vehicles . Jane has an erotic dream about someone who she thinks is Kurt , so she tries to keep her distance from him . However , the man in her dreams is not Weller and is observing her house at night . Tasha ultimately decides to pay her gambling debts by giving the money she got from Carter to her bookie . She tells him that she 's out and does n't want to bet anymore . Sarah tells Bill that Taylor is alive . 7 7 `` Sent on Tour '' `` Trust No One '' Steve Shill Chris Pozzebon November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 4X6307 8.02 When being questioned by Weller about the file , Mayfair claims Saúl Guerrero ( Lou Diamond Phillips ) was an informant and she was his handler but then he started to work against the FBI , which is the reason why the file is redacted . David wants to move in with Patterson and he helps her follow a clue to the Brooklyn Historical Society , but Mayfair finds out about David and reprimands Patterson for giving a civilian access to classified information . Afraid , she breaks up with David . The team follows one of Jane 's tattoos to a secessionist town in Michigan where they arrest Guerrero . After fighting the town 's militia with the help of clues from multiple other tattoos , they bring him in to the FBI . When Kurt notices that Mayfair has never met Guerrero before , she tells him about Operation Daylight . 8 8 `` Persecute Envoys '' `` Suspect Everyone '' Marcos Siega Chelsey Lora November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 4X6308 7.67 Five years ago , Bethany Mayfair met with Tom Carter , Deputy White House Political Director Sofia Varma , and the White House Chief of Staff Davenport . Now , Mayfair tells Weller about all of the valuable domestic intel the NSA collected illegally and that she was given orders to make the intelligence actionable . She used Saúl Guerrero to do that and they made him a front as a CI which let them put dangerous people behind bars . Kurt rails at her about all her lies , that she has the case , and why it is tattooed on Jane 's body . Mayfair swears she knows nothing more , but her relationship with Weller may be beyond repair . A flashback shows how Sofia , who was her lover , committed suicide . Meanwhile , two NYPD cops were found shot down after being connected to the scene of the shooting of a young black teen that resulted in riots . The unit 's numbered logo matches a tattoo on Jane 's body . Their investigation reveals a dirty secret of the 65th precinct . Carter demands Tasha keep delivering more information about Jane , which she is reluctant to give . 9 9 `` Authentic Flirt '' `` Lift the Curtain '' David McWhirter Katherine Collins November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 4X6309 7.74 Patterson decodes another tattoo that leads to a website criminals use to discuss their crimes . They are led to a location , and a shootout with an assassin - couple ensues in which the couple die . Allison Knight , a U.S. Marshall and Weller 's ex-girlfriend , explains there was a hack at WitSec and the assassin - couple were to purchase a hit - list . Weller and Jane go undercover as the assassin - couple to get the list and arrest the man selling it . Jane and Weller are transported to the seller 's island under high security . The team have to locate where Jane and Weller have been taken . Mayfair and Carter argue about Guerrero , with Carter wanting to take him out and Mayfair plotting to back date paperwork so he ca n't pin Daylight on them . However Carter orders a janitor to kill Guerrero . Zapata is pressured by Carter to place a bug in Jane 's safe house , but she does n't . Patterson meets with her ex-boyfriend David , who wants to reunite , but she wants to stay apart due to her high - level job . Later , David notices a person looking through a book of codes they had found together and follows them . After being led into an alley , he is found dead by a man following him . 10 10 `` Evil Handmade Instrument '' `` And Unveil the Mastermind '' Marcos Siega Christina M. Kim November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 4X6310 7.03 Mayfair meets with Carter , and he tells her to get rid of Jane since she is the last link to `` Daylight '' . Zapata gets a `` last chance '' from Carter to bug Jane 's apartment . Following info from the book with a partial print , the team discovers a Russian sleeper cell . The team learns that the red - haired woman is one of them and her mission is to eliminate targets deemed unpatriotic to Russia . They find her and take her down in a heavy fight . Later , Jane ditches her FBI handlers and waits for Weller outside his apartment where she kisses him . She is kidnapped by Carter who waterboards her for information , causing her to remember that he is connected to `` Orion . '' She is saved by the man with the tree tattoo who shows Jane a video revealing that `` she '' is the person who orchestrated everything , including her own memory loss . 11 11 `` Cease Forcing Enemy '' `` In Case of Emergency '' Rob Seidenglanz Martin Gero February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 4X6311 6.85 Oscar , the man with the tree tattoo , tells Jane that she has to trust him , and that she was the one who gave the order for her to not know who she is and why she did all of this to herself . One of Jane 's tattoos leads the team to an abandoned island , where they find a commercial plane that had disappeared and was presumed lost . Once there , they are apprehended by a group of terrorists who are using the island to keep the passengers hostage and are forcing them to create a device capable of disabling all U.S. GPS satellites . Meanwhile , Chief Inspector Fischer from the FBI Office of Professional Responsibility announces to Mayfair that he will be conducting an investigation into the death of Patterson 's ex-boyfriend David . 12 12 `` Scientists Hollow Fortune '' `` Follow These Instructions '' Rich Newey Alex Berger March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 4X6312 6.59 Jane is asked by Oscar to replace Mayfair 's pen with a duplicate . When an army airborne Sergeant who was thought to be dead kills three people at an army base , it is revealed that his name is tattooed on Jane 's leg along with the names of four other soldiers , all presumed dead . The team tracks him to his mother 's old house and they realize that he was being experimented on by a private military contractor trying to make a super soldier . When he is kidnapped by the doctor who experimented on him , the FBI tracks them down to a storage facility in Brooklyn and Weller is forced to shoot him when he has a gun pointed at Jane . 13 13 `` Erase Weary Youth '' `` Stay Where You Are '' Marcos Siega Chris Pozzebon March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 4X6313 6.25 After a tip reveals a mole within the FBI , the team must hunt for the operative while facing extreme scrutiny from Inspector Fischer . Fischer interrogates Mayfair and her team , probing for their deepest secrets . Fischer finds evidence that Jane 's whereabouts were unaccounted for on the night of Tom Carter 's disappearance and accuses her of killing him . An FBI informant identifies Jane as the mole and Fischer arrests her . Weller , certain of Jane 's innocence , roughs up the informant for more information and learns that Fischer himself is the mole . He and his team attempt to free Jane and arrest Fischer . Jane breaks out of custody and kills Fischer when the latter reaches for his gun . Reade tells Weller about his and Sarah 's relationship ; Weller orders him to end it . Realizing that Fischer 's case against Jane was highly plausible , Reade and Mayfair begin to wonder if she killed Carter . A furious and shaken Jane meets with Oscar , who says there is a time - sensitive tattoo on her body he needs her to decipher . Jane declares she is done with him and leaves . 14 14 `` Rules in Defiance '' `` Find a Secure Line '' Kenneth Fink Kristen Layden March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 4X6314 5.89 A tattoo leads the team towards a massive shootout , which was a sting operation the team screwed up . They then stumble on a suspicious death - row guilty plea and a human - trafficking ring . Unable to postpone the execution , the team needs to arrest the people involved in the smuggling ring to save the inmate . Zapata takes the place of the next supposed victim , but is drugged and kidnapped , her tracking device removed . Jane argues with the FBI 's therapist about whether or not to leave the FBI , but wants back in when she hears Zapata is in danger . The kidnappers find out that Zapata is not who they thought she was . The dirty politicians and businessmen involved flee in fear of being exposed , setting the building on fire with Zapata and the other victims inside . Zapata helps the others escape , but is trapped . The team gets there just in time , arresting the ring and saving Zapata . Edgar is knocked out by a masked man during his investigation into Carter 's death . Jane refuses to be Oscar 's asset in the FBI . Oscar warns that the people in charge will kill Weller if she does n't cooperate . 15 15 `` Older Cutthroat Canyon '' `` To Contact Your Handler '' Marcos Siega Brendan Gall March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 4X6315 5.99 Oscar gives Jane her new assignment : to place a tracker inside the team 's vehicle . Edgar wakes with a gun at his head . The masked man warns him off investigating Carter 's death . Patterson solves a tattooed clue : the burning rose . Investigation leads to a recently - robbed gallery . Kurt is injured by a bomb he finds inside a sculpture . Edgar and Jane search the artist 's apartment , but are shot at by a sniper whom Jane recognizes in flashback . When the sniper escapes , Jane runs off as well . Kurt refuses treatment until Jane is safe . As the team follows a lead , Jane learns about the sniper from Oscar . At a shipyard , Kurt 's team becomes trapped in the sniper 's hideout . Oscar is directed to keep Jane safe , but , needing to know Kurt and the others are safe , she heads to the shipyard and is caught by the sniper . Kurt 's team blast out of the trap as Jane fights the sniper . Oscar shoots the sniper and both fall into the water . Knowing Sarah is in danger , Edgar wants to stop investigating Jane and has to break Sarah 's heart to protect her . At their meeting point , Jane finds Oscar alive . The sniper is also still alive . 16 16 `` Any Wounded Thief '' `` Find What You Need '' Tricia Brock Christina M. Kim April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) 4X6316 5.54 As Kurt 's relationship with Allie develops , his sister decides to move out of his apartment due to her anger over being dumped by Reade . It is also Taylor 's birthday and Kurt gives her a pendant that belonged to her mother . When an armored truck carrying stolen Sarin gas is robbed , the team 's investigation leads to a corrupt general who was selling the gas to South Korea . When Jane gets upset at Oscar for asking her to get closer to Kurt , he professes his love for her and they have sex . Meanwhile , Patterson struggles with memories of David when she gets a call confirming a reservation he had made for their one year anniversary . After some encouragement from Dr. Borden , she goes to the restaurant with David 's last crossword . Speaking to a phantom of David , she solves the crossword , which reveals in a hidden message that David had solved another tattoo before his death . 17 17 `` Mans Telepathic Loyal Lookouts '' `` In Almost the Last Place You Look '' Jeff T. Thomas Rachel Caris Love April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 4X6317 5.53 Patterson uses David 's clues to decode another tattoo , leading her to an antiquities store where the owner suddenly kidnaps her . When the team later learns of her disappearance and retraces her steps , they learn that her abductor is a serial killer whose powerful brother has been covering up his crimes . After rescuing Patterson , killing her abductor , and arresting his brother , Reade comes forward to Mayfair about the threats against him . 18 18 `` One Begets Technique '' `` To Begin the Sequence '' Karen Gaviola Martin Gero April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 4X6318 5.46 The FBI must use the felon they put away , Rich Dotcom , to catch a criminal who is the banker for many terrorist organizations . His idea is to stage the robbery of 12 priceless black market paintings from the professor who stole them . Later , the entire heist turns out to be a scheme for Dotcom to escape custody . Meanwhile , Jane meets Weller 's father and starts to follow Oscar 's plan to pretend to remember things from her and Weller 's childhoods . Mayfair 's girlfriend Sofia , who was thought dead , turns out to be alive . 19 19 `` In the Comet of Us '' `` Focus on the Time '' Dermott Downs Ryan Johnson & Peter Lalayanis April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 4X6319 5.58 Zapata solves a tattoo which leads the team to Hudson University on a seemingly worthless mission to uncover scholarship fraud . Once they arrive on campus , a shooter starts a rampage . The team splits up and eventually apprehends the perpetrators who are revealed to be former football players abused by their coach , with whom Reade is close . The show also reveals details into the characters ' lives : Weller and his relationship with his dad ; Jane and her relationship with Oscar ; Zapata and her gamblers anonymous meetings ; and Reade getting over his breakup with Sarah and visiting his tailor . Meanwhile , Mayfair gives Sofia money to help her flee her pursuers . Sofia refuses Mayfair 's offer of protection and asks her to run away with her ; Mayfair declines and sends her away . 20 20 `` Swift Hardhearted Stone '' `` Then Wait For The Address '' Rob Seidenglanz Christina M. Kim May 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) 4X6320 5.43 Dr. Borden consults on the case of an autistic girl who draws extremely detailed sketches , one of which matches one of Jane 's tattoos . The girl turns out to be the daughter of the leader of a terrorist group and her sketches provide valuable intel . When the girl 's mother is murdered , the team takes her to Dr. Borden 's aunt 's cabin to protect her . There , they stop a group of men who come to kill her . The girl 's sketches reveal a State Department diplomat , who was funding the terrorist group , sent the men in order to keep her from identifying him , resulting in his arrest . Zapata explains her suspicions about Mayfair to Reade . Jane steals data from the FBI at Oscar 's request . While Mayfair is enjoying an evening out , her date is murdered and an anonymous phone call warns her not to investigate Carter 's death . 21 21 `` Of Whose Uneasy Route '' `` To Your New Safehouse '' Jeff F. King Alex Berger May 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) 4X6321 5.61 When the FBI office is hacked , Patterson must lead the team with analog technology to find the perpetrators and stop them from killing Reade , Sarah , and a stranger stuck in an elevator . Meanwhile , US Attorney Weitz takes over the investigation into Alexandra 's death and Mayfair realizes that he tried to recruit Zapata . Sarah tells Reade that she 's moving to Portland . Mayfair is arrested for the murder of Alexandra , who was n't who she claimed . Jane realizes that all of the missions she carried out for Oscar were pieces of a conspiracy to frame Mayfair . 22 22 `` If Love a Rebel , Death Will Render '' `` The Final Order Will Be Revealed '' Romeo Tirone Brendan Gall May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 4X6322 5.27 When Jane accuses Oscar of using her to get to Mayfair , Sofia appears and reveals that a pre-memory - wipe Jane recruited her into the plot to bring down Mayfair . The team investigates the case of an abandoned baby and uncovers a ring of rogue scientists who are illegally creating genetically engineered designer children . Mayfair breaks out of house arrest to find out who framed her . The evidence trail leads her to Oscar 's hideout and to Jane ; however , Oscar kills her before she can expose Jane 's involvement . Mayfair 's boss , Director Pellington , expels Jane from the FBI and ends all investigations involving her tattoos , but promotes Weller to fill Mayfair 's position permanently . Weller and Jane share a kiss . However , just before dying , Weller 's father confesses that he did indeed kill Taylor Shaw , leaving Weller to wonder : just who is Jane Doe ? 23 23 `` Why Await Life 's End '' `` When It 's Filed Away '' Rob Seidenglanz Martin Gero May 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) 4X6323 5.85 To track down Oscar , Jane enlists the help of Ana , a young hacker the team had previously saved . Weller and Sarah dig underneath the fort in their childhood home , where Bill Weller said Taylor Shaw was buried , but find nothing . Weller realizes that `` fort '' referred to an old family campsite ; there , he digs up Taylor 's bones . Jane finally catches up to Oscar , who knocks her out and captures her . When she awakens , he confirms she is not Taylor , explains their group 's plans , and tells her that Shepherd is their leader . As he prepares to wipe her memory again , Jane breaks free and kills him . Reade , Zapata , and Patterson search for Mayfair , learning she was murdered . Decrypting a flash drive Mayfair had hidden in her house , they discover files labeled `` Daylight , '' `` Orion , '' and `` M7G677 . '' Upon Jane 's return to her safe house , she is greeted by Weller , who is furious at her for pretending to remember childhood memories as Taylor Shaw and arrests her . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) The episode titles of the first nine of the second season follow the same anagram formula as the first season . The titles from the tenth episode onward are palindromes , with the center letter of each episode title spelling out the phrase `` Kurt Weller SOS '' . No . overall No. in season Title / Anagram Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` In Night So Ransomed Rogue '' `` Nothing Is More Dangerous '' Martin Gero Martin Gero September 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) T13. 19851 7.10 When Jane escapes CIA custody after being tortured for three months , NSA agent Nas Kamal recruits Weller 's team to recapture her . Under interrogation , Jane explains her involvement with Oscar and the circumstances surrounding Mayfair 's death . Nas reveals that Jane and Oscar were members of Sandstorm , a terrorist group , and proposes using Jane as a triple agent to infiltrate them . Though distrustful of Jane , Weller and his team agree to the idea in order to avenge Mayfair . Jane has the team shoot her to provide an alibi for her disappearance and meets with Roman , a member of Sandstorm . After treating Jane 's wound , he takes her to Shepherd , Sandstorm 's leader , who reveals that she is Jane 's adoptive mother and that Roman is Jane 's brother . Shepherd asks Jane , whose real name is Remy , to continue acting as Sandstorm 's double agent inside the FBI . Using the NSA 's resources , Patterson begins deciphering the files on Mayfair 's flash drive , discovering an aerial photo of Jane lying unconscious on a battlefield . Shepherd has a discussion with Roman about their other mole inside the FBI . 25 `` Heave Fiery Knot '' `` They Invoke Fear '' David McWhirter Brendan Gall September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) T13. 19852 6.08 Shepherd tells Jane to point the team at another tattoo which leads to them uncovering a Mexican drug cartel 's plot to blow up a plane headed for LaGuardia Airport . They foil the plan , but Nas then tells Jane that every tattoo they solve has ripple effects and unintended consequences . They also learn that Shepherd has people inside the government , including the Department of Justice . It is revealed that Nas is secretly recording Jane 's counseling sessions with Dr. Borden . Dr. Borden asks Patterson out to dinner . Allie tells Weller that she is pregnant and offers to let him be a part of the child 's life , but Weller is uncertain about the idea of fatherhood . Reade talks to an old friend about testifying against their former football coach from season 1 and realizes that he himself might have been one of the man 's victims . Frantic to protect Jane , Roman drugs and kidnaps her . 26 `` Hero Fears Imminent Rot '' `` For Their Moment is Near '' Jeff T. Thomas Alex Berger September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) T13. 19853 5.60 Jane wakes up in Sandstorm 's hideout . Suspicious of her alibi for her three months in captivity due to Cade having been in Venezuela at the time she said he was keeping her captive and torturing her , Shepherd assigns her a test : to kill an engineer who failed to design a microchip for Sandstorm . When Jane is unable to kill the man , Roman does so instead and returns her to the FBI to await further instructions . The remainder of the team attempts to stop a sequence of bombings throughout New York . When Weller attempts to talk to the bomber to calm him , Nas shoots the man from a distance without warning , escalating tensions between her and Weller . Patterson and Dr. Borden share a kiss . Reade confesses to Zapata that he may have repressed memories of being molested by his former coach . Jane returns to Sandstorm and finds that Roman told Shepherd she passed the test . She thanks Roman , who warns her that future plans will be moving quickly and he will not be able to cover for her a second time . 27 `` If Beth '' `` The FBI '' Jeff F. King Ryan Johnson & Peter Lalayanis October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) T13. 19854 5.71 Tormented by the possibility of his repressed memories , Reade has a mental breakdown , beating up a hacker for resisting arrest . Following a clue from one of Jane 's tattoos , the team goes undercover at a museum gala where a terrorist murders two people . The terrorist is revealed to be an ex-CIA agent whose identity was erased after she attempted to expose corruption in the CIA , her victims corrupt agents . The woman believes her daughter was killed , but Weller 's team finds her still alive and reunites mother with daughter . At Roman 's urging , Shepherd recounts her tragic early life to Jane in order to bind her closer to Sandstorm and their mission . Zapata hires the hacker Reade attacked for an unspecified job . Nas shows Weller evidence that Sandstorm has been surveilling him for over twenty years . 28 5 `` Condone Untidiest Thefts '' `` Defends The Constitution '' Rob Seidenglanz Christina M. Kim October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) T13. 19855 5.53 Weller 's team investigates an assassination attempt on State Senator Donahue . Evidence points to the Senator 's terminally ill cousin , Patrick O'Malley , who claims the senator is the secret head of the Irish mob and arranged a fake hit on himself . Escorted by Weller 's team and Allie , he collects evidence implicating Donahue , but Donahue 's men come to kill him . In the ensuing fight , Allie is shot in the leg and O'Malley sacrifices his life to ensure her escape , as they had been friends for years . After Donahue is arrested , Allie tells Weller that she will have to take a desk job and suggests he do the same for their baby . Thanks to a tip from the hacker Zapata hired , Patterson decodes the M7G677 file , revealing emails between Mayfair and Douglas Winter , the whistleblower who exposed Orion . Jane recovers memories of a doctor who rescued her in Afghanistan and Shepherd explains how she made it back to the US ; Shepherd 's story is later revealed to be a lie . Obsessed with his former coach 's alleged crimes , Reade assaults the man and breaks into his house , where he finds a videotape with his own name on it . Zapata finds Reade standing over the coach 's dead body . 29 6 `` Her Spy 's Harmed '' `` Shepherd 's Army '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Chris Pozzebon October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) T13. 19856 5.24 Despite being found at the scene of the crime , Reade insists that he did n't do it . As the coach 's murder catches Patterson 's attention , Reade and Zapata desperately try to cover up everything that could get Reade labeled a suspect . Jane joins Roman on a mission to steal a microchip for Sandstorm . While Roman keeps the security guards preoccupied , Jane tries to upload the microchip data to Patterson , but decides to stop mid-upload to save Roman . Meanwhile , Weller and Naz travel to Bulgaria in search of Douglas Winter and learn that the new deputy director of the CIA is on the same trail . When they find Winter , he claims to have been framed , as two masked individuals planted the incriminating evidence on his laptop , and provides an audio recording of the incident . Upon getting Winter back to the States , Patterson descrambles the voices in the recording , which Jane identifies as belonging to Shepherd and Roman . Additionally , Weller recognizes Shepherd 's voice . 30 7 `` Resolves Eleven Myths '' `` Only Serve Themselves '' Jeff F. King Eric Buchman October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) T13. 19857 5.20 In a dream , Jane fights a long - haired version of herself whom she ca n't beat . Later , the FBI computer system is hacked by Rich Dotcom , returned from the previous season when he escaped from the team . Dotcom now wants FBI protection from an assassin called the Arcadian . The assassin kills two FBI agents and primes a chemical bomb in the elevator . Reade and Zapata are arguing over a case when the Arcadian attacks them both and vanishes with an unconscious Zapata . She is injected with a neurotoxin and the Arcadian informs the team that , in return for Dotcom , he will let them know which of three vials contains the antidote . Weller and Dotcom create a false camera loop to set a trap for the Arcadian . Jane 's memory of her dream informs her which fight moves to use to beat the Arcadian , whom Weller kills . On the brink of death , Zapata taps Morse code on Reade 's wrist to indicate which vial will cure her . Dotcom almost escapes again but , thanks to Patterson , he and his accomplices are finally caught . Meanwhile , Roman receives information that Jane 's allegiance is with the FBI . 31 8 `` We Fight Deaths on Thick Lone Waters '' `` When The Soldiers Attack , We Fight On '' Rob Hardy Kristen Layden November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) T13. 19858 4.90 When Jane and Weller disappear while on an undercover mission , AUSA Weitz comes to the NY Office to investigate . He and the rest of Weller 's team must piece together the conflicting testimonies of two criminals to discover what happened . They eventually find Jane and learn that Weller left to follow the notorious arms dealer funding the mission . When he is captured and auctioned off to the highest bidder , the team wins the auction and poses as the buyers to rescue Weller and arrest the arms dealer . After Weitz threatens to end her career , Nas gives Patterson access to all of her data on Sandstorm . The team enjoys a baby shower for Weller and Allison 's baby . Zapata manages to return Freddie 's knife to police evidence , while Reade helps Freddie leave town . Roman comes to Jane 's safe house and tells her he needs her by his side as phase 2 of Sandstorm 's plan begins . 32 9 `` Why Let Cooler Pasture Deform '' `` We Shall Protect Your Freedom '' Tawnia McKiernan Brendan Gall November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) T13. 19859 5.00 While with Sandstorm , Jane alerts the FBI that their attack is imminent and Weller 's team raids Sandstorm 's headquarters . Roman knocks Jane out . When she awakens , Shepherd reveals she has long known Jane is a triple agent for the FBI thanks to Sandstorm 's mole , Dr. Borden . Flashbacks reveal Borden 's wife was the doctor who nursed a pre-memory wipe Jane back to health in Afghanistan ; after she was killed by a US drone strike , Jane recruited him into Sandstorm . In the present , Shepherd tells Jane she pretended phase two was underway to lure out Weller 's team ; when the FBI arrives at Sandstorm HQ , she detonates a bomb , trapping them in the rubble . Shepherd orders Roman to kill Jane ; when he refuses , Shepherd tries to kill both of them , but Jane and Roman escape . Weller manages to summon help and rescue his team . While treating Roman 's wounds , Jane erases his memory , hoping to give him the same second chance she had . Patterson recognizes Borden 's ring , realizing he works for Sandstorm . When she tries to arrest him , he fights back and a shot rings out ; it is not shown who was hit . 33 10 `` Nor I , Nigel , AKA Leg in Iron '' David Tuttman Rachel Caris Love January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) T13. 19860 5.14 The shot is revealed to have hit Patterson and , although she survives , she is captured by Borden and tortured for information by Shepherd . An amnesiac Roman escapes Jane 's custody and is later rescued from Sandstorm 's men by Jane and Weller . The FBI interrogates him for clues on Patterson 's location , but he remembers nothing . Zapata finds a coded message from a Sandstorm operative , which leads the FBI to Borden 's location . Director Pellington ejects Nas from the FBI for ordering the failed raid on Sandstorm . The FBI rescues Patterson just before she is killed , but Borden escapes . Reade makes romantic advances towards Zapata which are rejected . Pellington orders Roman be turned over to the CIA for further questioning , but relents and also reinstates Nas after Weller threatens to resign . Patterson cracks an encrypted phone and discovers a rough draft of Jane 's tattoos that includes a mysterious tattoo not present on Jane 's body . 34 11 `` Droll Autumn , Unmutual Lord '' Adam Salky Hadi Nicholas Deeb January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) T13. 19861 5.01 When terrorist leader Anton Stepulov enters the US , Weller 's team investigates . They learn he has been brought to the US by CIA Deputy Director Keaton to give information on a terrorist attack in exchange for a heart transplant for his son . Stepulov 's son dies during the operation and the FBI is forced to stop the attack without his help . They deduce that the target of the attack is a high school basketball tournament where Keaton 's daughter , Erin , is playing . Stepulov 's men kidnap Erin and hold her hostage , but she is rescued by Weller and Keaton and the attack is foiled . Allie tells Weller that she is considering moving to Colorado with their child . Nas brings in a psychiatrist to evaluate Roman and she concludes that he lacks empathy . Patterson solves the puzzle of the missing tattoo : it leads to Kat Jarrett , a member of a biker gang , who has an unknown link to Roman . 35 12 `` Devil Never Even Lived '' Kate Woods Deanna Shumaker & Chris Pozzebon January 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) T13. 19862 4.73 Jane and Roman go undercover to infiltrate Kat Jarrett 's biker gang , the Viper Kings . After Roman sees Kat , he remembers they were romantically involved and planned to run away together , but Remi forced him to abandon her . Jane and Roman arrange a fake heist to provide the Kings with explosives which they will sell to Sandstorm , giving the FBI a chance to arrest Shepherd . After the heist is successful , a suspicious Kat accuses Roman and Jane of working with the police ; Roman confesses , but claims he only did it to be with Kat . Kat helps him and Jane escape the Kings , but is fatally shot , professing her love for Roman with her dying breath . The FBI raids the meeting between the Kings and Sandstorm , but finds Shepherd has already left with the explosives . Because of this , Nas breaks up with Weller , feeling their relationship is clouding their professional judgment . Reade becomes involved with Freddy 's ex-girlfriend . Jane recognizes Shepherd in a photo from Weller 's old high school yearbook and Weller remembers who Shepherd is . 36 13 `` Name Not One Man '' Glen Winter Ryan Johnson & Peter Lalayanis February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T13. 19863 4.64 Visiting his old military academy , Weller learns Shepherd 's real name , Ellen Briggs , and that she funded his education . Weller 's team investigates Jared Wisnewski , leader of a group of anti-government farmers planning a bomb attack , learning Wisnewski is an FBI informant who was entrapped by Agent Boyd . Weller allows Wisnewski to meet with his co-conspirators so the FBI can arrest them , but Wisnewski is shot and one of the conspirators escapes , planning an attack on a new target . Weller fires Boyd and his team manages to avert the attack . Weller interrogates Sean Clarke , a former colleague of Shepherd 's who is disabled from a stroke , about Shepherd , but Clarke only rambles about baseball . Later , Patterson discovers Clarke blocked a promotion of Weller 's on Shepherd 's orders and Weller realizes Clarke 's `` ramblings '' were a coded message . Patterson collapses from overwork , Reade uses cocaine to unwind with Niki , and Jane starts a relationship with Oliver Kind . Meeting again with Weller , Clarke mentions the `` Truman Protocol , '' but he and Weller are then kidnapped by Shepherd . Shepherd kills Clarke and taunts Weller before escaping , saying they are very much alike and he will eventually have no choice but to join her . 37 14 `` Borrow or Rob '' Laura Belsey Eric Buchman February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T13. 19864 4.07 Weller 's team is forced to go undercover with Rich Dotcom to infiltrate a secret society , some of whose members are planning to start a war . Weller and Rich confront their most likely suspect , a Silicon Valley entrepreneur named Zach Riley , but he turns out to be innocent . Rich is kidnapped by the real culprit and forced to hack a computer to allow him to detonate a dirty bomb , thus starting the war ; Weller frees Rich , but not before being forced to shoot him . Nas , Jane , and Roman travel to various locations where Shepherd used to live in the hopes of triggering some memories . He remembers that he killed Taylor Shaw 's mother ; Jane tells him to keep it from Nas and that she will tell Weller . Zach Riley meets with Borden , who tells him that his work is crucial to Phase 2 of Sandstorm 's plan . 38 15 `` Draw O Caesar , Erase a Coward '' Darnell Martin Christina M. Kim February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T13. 19865 4.13 Based on a tattoo decoded by Rich Dotcom , Patterson is able to link three tattoos to a notorious near - mythical smuggler . To follow up on the various leads , Jane and Zapata question an antiques dealer brought in on a manslaughter charge a few months ago , Weller and Roman infiltrate a prestigious clinic , and Patterson and Reade investigate another address . They discover that the antique business and the other address are used as fronts for a human smuggling ring that brings illegal immigrants to the clinic , where their organs are harvested for wealthy patients . Weller and Roman are captured by the smugglers , but the rest of the team finds them in time . Observing his actions during the case , Patterson attempts to confront Reade about his developing drug habit , but he rebuffs her efforts . Later , Nas receives a new call from her old Sandstorm contact but , when she goes to the dead - drop , she is attacked in her car . 39 16 `` Evil Did I Dwell , Lewd I Did Live '' David McWhirter Alex Berger March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T13. 19866 4.26 Nas narrowly survives the attempt on her life and concludes that Sandstorm may have uncovered her informant . The team sets up a sting operation to catch him , during which Jane is attacked by Cade . When backup arrives , however , Cade reveals that he is the informant , having grown disillusioned with Shepherd 's disregard for human life . He reveals the location of a fixer working for Sandstorm , but the man is killed before he can be extracted . Patterson discovers a transmitter hidden in her tooth and uses it to set a trap for Borden . Wounded , Borden kills himself with a grenade and his men commit suicide . Cade is set free , but refuses to assist any further out of fear for what Shepherd has planned . Zapata confronts Reade about his cocaine usage and warns Weller . While having dinner with Oliver , Jane is ambushed and tranquilized by masked men . 40 17 `` Solos '' David Johnson Kristen Layden March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T13. 19867 4.32 Jane and Oliver awaken in captivity . It is revealed that Oliver 's father and business partner embezzled millions of dollars and the kidnappers intend to ransom Oliver and the partner 's children for the money . Jane manages to alert the FBI and Weller 's team successfully rescues the children as well as Oliver and Jane , discovering that Oliver 's father , long missing , has passed away . Afterwards , Oliver breaks up with Jane . Weller offers to let Reade take time off to get help , but Reade resigns instead . Weller arranges to allow Roman to live with Jane in her safe house . Roman recovers a memory of him retrieving money from a trust fund under Jane 's birth name , Alice Kruger . Heavily traumatized by her experience with Borden , Patterson tears apart her apartment looking for surveillance devices . Reade is recognized as an officer by a group of drug dealers , who beat him up . The team is officially notified that they are under investigation by the US Attorney for aiding and abetting terrorists . 41 18 `` Senile Lines '' Jeff T. Thomas Ryan Johnson & Peter Lalayanis April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) T13. 19868 4.34 Weller 's team investigates the death of a teenager living in a foster home and uncovers a conspiracy to illegally test new drugs on foster children . Jane persuades Weller to allow Roman to help the FBI in the field and they track down the children and arrest the conspirators . AUSA Weitz interrogates the members of Weller 's team , hunting for evidence to justify a congressional inquiry into their work on Sandstorm . In order to protect Weller and the rest of the team , thereby allowing them to continue to pursue Sandstorm , Nas takes full responsibility for the task force 's mistakes . While in the hospital , Reade opens up about his torment to a fellow patient and ultimately decides to watch Coach Jones ' tape together with Zapata in order to find closure . Shepherd obtains large amounts of nuclear material from an associate , warning him to avoid the Western Hemisphere during Phase 2 . 42 19 `` Regard a Mere Mad Rager '' Ernest Dickerson Alex Berger April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T13. 19869 4.33 Patterson manages to freeze Sandstorm 's accounts before Shepherd can purchase the nuclear materials , leading to a chase around Bangkok before she gets arrested . Shepherd manages to escape and reacquire the materials . Meanwhile , Weller 's team follows another tattoo leading to a scavenger hunt orchestrated by a pair of hacker siblings offering a database full of classified intel , including on the Truman Protocol . Weller and Jane manage to acquire the database before Sandstorm , forcing Shepherd to order Weller 's death . Zapata gets arrested by the NYPD for obstruction of justice . 43 20 `` In Words , Drown I '' Dermott Downs Christina M. Kim May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T13. 19870 4.18 Zapata 's arrest is revealed to be a ruse set up by Weller and Patterson to gather intelligence from Devon ( Ronda Rousey ) , a gunrunner with ties to Sandstorm . When Devon is stabbed by another inmate , however , she is forced to stage a breakout with the team 's assistance . Weller learns the truth about Emma 's death , but recognizes that Shepherd , not Jane , is to blame for what happened . Devon sets up a rendezvous with her boyfriend Parker , but changes the location to mislead the team . Parker identifies Zapata and subdues her to set an ambush for Weller and Jane . An increasingly unstable Patterson attacks one of her techs and steps off the case . Weller rescues Zapata and captures Parker and Devon . Jane inadvertently triggers a memory in Roman that reveals she erased his memory and he attacks her in a rage . 44 21 `` Mom '' Rob Seidenglanz Chris Pozzebon May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T13. 19871 3.92 Roman is subdued and returned to FBI custody , regaining many of his memories . Reade decides to transfer out of New York . Jane and Weller follow a lead from Parker , which turns out to be a ruse to lure them away . Shepherd and her team storm the New York office and seize control , killing Director Pellington and other agents in order to gain access to Patterson 's computer , which she plans to use to carry out attacks on federal buildings . Patterson , Reade , and Zapata stop Shepherd , but Zapata is severely wounded . Jane and Weller return to the FBI and defuse multiple bombs planted by Shepherd . Roman rejoins Shepherd and escapes with her . Weller is taken to a hidden bunker , where he learns that he is part of a secret continuity - of - government program , COGS , intended to be activated in a national emergency . He realizes that phase 2 of Shepherd 's plan is to wipe out the federal government and leave COGS in charge of America . 45 22 `` Lepers Repel '' Jeff F. King Rachel Caris Love May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T13. 19872 4.28 Weller escapes the bunker with CIA Deputy Director Keaton . Patterson traces the explosives used in Shepherd 's attacks to Zach Riley ; under interrogation , he reveals Shepherd plans to crash a satellite into Washington , D.C. , where she has hidden nuclear material . After Zapata and Keaton find the nuclear material in an ambulance , Jane and Weller go to confront Shepherd . While Jane drives the ambulance into a tunnel to minimize fallout , Weller searches for the beacon Shepherd is using to guide the satellite . Roman crashes a car into the ambulance , injuring Weller . Realizing Shepherd swallowed the beacon , Weller defibrillates her , disabling it and allowing Patterson to redirect the satellite into the ocean . Jane fights Roman , but can not bring herself to kill him , letting him escape . Shepherd is arrested and placed in Nas ' custody . The team celebrates and Jane and Weller consummate their relationship . Two years later , Jane is living on a mountaintop with monks , having left Weller and the FBI for unknown reasons . Weller comes to see her , asking for her help in finding Patterson , Reade , and Zapata , who have suddenly disappeared . He is wearing a wedding ring and has a sealed box marked with Jane 's name , which opens when they both touch it . Inside is a metallic object that causes Jane 's tattoos to light up . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The episode titles of the third season consist of a three - letter pattern within the title , in which the first and third letters are the same , and the second letter of each pattern can be strung together to spell out the phrase `` One Of Us Will G -- '' . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Back to the Grind '' Martin Gero Martin Gero October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) T30. 10001 4.13 Flashbacks reveal Jane and Weller married and began a family life , but were attacked by assassins seeking to collect a bounty on Jane . To protect Weller , Jane left him to stop whoever put the bounty on her . In the present day , Weller reunites with Jane , discovering that she is covered with new , bioluminescent tattoos . A clue leads them to Venice , where they battle Roman , who is responsible for the new tattoos . Jane and Weller fake her death in order to get the bounty on her head lifted . It is revealed Zapata joined the CIA , Reade is now head of the NY field office , and Patterson now works in the tech industry . The three of them are kidnapped by Venezuelan soldiers , who demand that Patterson decrypt a CIA computer . They escape and are rescued by Jane and Weller . The FBI and CIA create a joint task force to deal with Roman and the new tattoos , reuniting Weller 's old team . Zapata mentions a mysterious dragonfly tattoo to Keaton , which she wants to keep secret ; Jane conceals a stash of money and passports from Weller ; it is revealed Patterson has secretly been in contact with Rich Dotcom , who now works for the FBI ; and Weller is accosted by Roman , who threatens to tell Jane `` what happened in Berlin '' unless Weller does as he demands . 47 `` Enemy Bag of Tricks '' David Tuttman Chris Pozzebon November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) T30. 10002 3.50 A black box with the ability to disable a missile defense system is stolen from a downed satellite , bringing Jane face - to - face with an unscrupulous mercenary she had worked with during her absence . With the threat of a nuclear strike by North Korea looming , the team frantically searches for the black box . They discover that one of the satellite 's creators is working with North Korean agents , and recover the box before the missiles can be launched . Roman befriends a wealthy former soldier , Thomas Jakeman , kills him , and steals his identity . Zapata meets Reade 's girlfriend . Patterson finds her colleague Stuart murdered in his apartment . 48 `` Upside Down Craft '' Solvan `` Slick '' Naim Christina M. Kim November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) T30. 10003 3.38 After Jane and Weller arrest a financial tycoon , Kevin Loewe , his lawyer insists he was framed by an anonymous hacktivist group , the Three Blind Mice . It is revealed Patterson and Rich Dotcom were formerly members of the group , but left when the third member , Kathy , began executing malicious hacks . The FBI interrogates Kathy . Patterson uses a backdoor in the app she created to help prove Loewe is guilty of corporate sabotage , and Jane and Weller stop the saboteurs . Realizing Patterson and Rich were the other Mice , Kathy kidnaps them and tries to force them to perform criminal hacks . Patterson manages to signal Weller 's team , who rescue them . Reade voices his suspicion that Patterson and Rich were the other members of the Mice , but says he can not pursue them for lack of evidence , and suggests Jane 's new tattoos are intended to reveal secrets the team wants to keep hidden . Patterson continues investigating the tattoo Stuart was working on , finding it is linked to Van Gogh . An unknown one - eared man is seen concealing evidence of Stuart 's murder . 49 `` Gunplay Ricochet '' David McWhirter Ryan Johnson & Peter Lalayanis November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) T30. 10004 3.37 Following one of Jane 's tattoos , the team investigates Marcus Dunn , an anti-technology bomber thought to have died over twenty years ago . The trail leads the team to a man named Rosmond `` Rossi '' Ott , who recognizes Jane as Remi . Posing as Thomas Jakeman , Roman attends a charity auction hosted by a socialite , Blake Crawford . He flirts with Blake and places a tracking device on her . Ott is transferred to the custody of the State Department by Assistant Secretary of State West ; however , Ott escapes . The team learns Dunn is alive . They deduce his next target ; Zapata kills him and Jane and Weller work together to defuse his bomb . Zapata sees Reade meeting secretly with West . Ott sends Jane documents revealing that she has a daughter , whom she put up for adoption . 50 5 `` This Profound Legacy '' Rob Seidenglanz Rachel Caris Love December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) T30. 10005 3.35 The team investigates a series of arson attacks which lead them to Vanya Petrushev , rightful king of the nation of Kazarus , who is being targeted for assassination by his uncle , the current king . The team finds and rescues Vanya and his mother from the assassins . When his uncle is overthrown , Vanya decides to go to Kazarus in order to help lead the people . Suspicious of Reade 's behavior , Zapata and Patterson concoct fake evidence in the case of Stuart 's murder in order to lure out the mole within the FBI ; Hirst attempts to frame Reade by using his login to delete the `` evidence . '' Reade refuses to believe Zapata and Patterson 's accusations and demands they produce hard evidence against Hirst . Roman tells Jane that Shepherd forced her to give up her daughter , and Jane resolves to find her at all costs . A flashback reveals that while searching for Jane in Berlin , Weller met her daughter , Avery , who was also searching for her . 51 6 `` Adoring Suspect '' Glen Winter Eric Buchman December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) T30. 10006 3.50 Weller goes undercover in Hollywood to investigate the connection of Keith Rhodes , a famous actor , to a notorious organized crime boss , Nico Popov . Reade 's team learn Popov is using Rhodes 's producer as a front to ship WMD all over the world , and that Popov is planning a chemical attack in America . Weller and Jane thwart the attack and arrest Popov . Roman engineers another encounter with Blake Crawford , and the two grow closer . Jane decides to abandon the search for her daughter . Hirst issues a veiled threat to Reade after he confronts her about her connections to Kevin Loewe . Reade then joins Jane , Weller , Patterson , Zapata , and Rich to help bring Hirst down . 52 7 `` Fix My Present Havoc '' Lin Oeding Kristen Layden December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) T30. 10007 3.33 A flashback reveals that Hirst killed Stuart for solving the tattoo leading to the one - eared man 's identity . In the present day , clues from Roman lead the team to Dr. Margaret Palmieri , director of a cancer drug trial , who is accepting bribes . While interviewing one of the trial 's participants , Jane and Weller come face - to - face with his husband : the one - eared man . They capture him , learning he is Eric Vance , an ex-US Marshal . Vance reveals Hirst blackmailed him into working for her by threatening to force Palmieri to withdraw his husband from the drug trial , and agrees to testify against Hirst if they arrest Palmieri . Patterson deduces that Palmieri plans to release a deadly virus in order to become rich by selling the cure . Hirst demands that Reade expel Zapata from the task force and the FBI . With Allie 's help , Jane and Weller stop Palmieri from releasing the virus . Vance tells them Hirst murdered Stuart . When Vance is killed shortly after being placed in witness protection , Weller realizes that Hirst knows the team is investigating her . 53 8 `` City Folks Under Wraps '' TBA TBA December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) TBA TBD 54 9 `` Hot Burning Flames '' TBA TBA January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) TBA TBD 55 10 `` Balance of Might '' TBA TBA January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) TBA TBD 56 11 `` Technology Wizards '' TBA TBA January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) TBA TBD 57 12 `` Two Legendary Chums '' TBA TBA February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) TBA TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Woe Has Joined '' September 21 , 2015 3.1 / 10 10.61 1.9 5.98 5.0 16.59 `` A Stray Howl '' September 28 , 2015 2.6 / 8 9.11 2.0 6.02 4.6 15.12 `` Eight Slim Grins '' October 5 , 2015 2.4 / 8 9.06 1.9 5.65 4.3 14.71 `` Bone May Rot '' October 12 , 2015 2.5 / 8 8.45 1.7 5.34 4.2 13.79 5 `` Split the Law '' October 19 , 2015 2.1 / 7 7.82 1.9 5.61 4.0 13.43 6 `` Cede Your Soul '' October 26 , 2015 2.1 / 7 7.91 1.8 5.40 3.9 13.31 7 `` Sent on Tour '' November 2 , 2015 2.2 / 7 8.02 1.8 5.40 4.0 13.42 8 `` Persecute Envoys '' November 9 , 2015 2.2 / 7 7.67 1.8 5.52 4.0 13.19 9 `` Authentic Flirt '' November 16 , 2015 2.1 / 7 7.74 1.7 5.23 3.8 12.97 10 `` Evil Handmade Instrument '' November 23 , 2015 1.9 / 6 7.03 1.6 5.16 3.5 12.19 11 `` Cease Forcing Enemy '' February 29 , 2016 1.8 / 6 6.85 1.5 4.80 3.3 11.64 12 `` Scientists Hollow Fortune '' March 7 , 2016 1.7 / 6 6.59 1.5 4.54 3.2 11.13 13 `` Erase Weary Youth '' March 14 , 2016 1.6 / 5 6.25 1.4 4.40 3.0 10.65 14 `` Rules in Defiance '' March 21 , 2016 1.5 / 5 5.89 1.4 4.39 2.9 10.28 15 `` Older Cutthroat Canyon '' March 28 , 2016 1.6 / 5 5.99 1.3 4.21 2.9 10.20 16 `` Any Wounded Thief '' April 4 , 2016 1.3 / 4 5.54 1.2 3.89 2.5 9.43 17 `` Mans Telepathic Loyal Lookouts '' April 11 , 2016 1.4 / 5 5.53 3.88 2.5 9.41 18 `` One Begets Technique '' April 18 , 2016 1.3 / 4 5.46 1.2 3.84 2.5 9.30 19 `` In the Comet of Us '' April 25 , 2016 1.4 / 5 5.58 1.2 3.94 2.6 9.52 20 `` Swift Hardhearted Stone '' May 2 , 2016 1.3 / 4 5.43 1.2 3.90 2.5 9.32 21 `` Of Whose Uneasy Route '' May 9 , 2016 1.3 / 5 5.61 1.2 3.73 2.5 9.34 22 `` If Love a Rebel , Death Will Render '' May 16 , 2016 1.3 / 4 5.27 1.2 3.94 2.5 9.21 23 `` Why Await Life 's End '' May 23 , 2016 1.3 / 4 5.85 1.2 3.84 2.5 9.69 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` In Night So Ransomed Rogue '' September 14 , 2016 1.5 / 6 7.10 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Heave Fiery Knot '' September 21 , 2016 1.3 / 5 6.08 1.0 3.02 2.3 9.10 `` Hero Fears Imminent Rot '' September 28 , 2016 1.3 / 5 5.60 0.9 2.90 2.2 8.51 `` If Beth '' October 5 , 2016 1.3 / 5 5.71 0.9 2.91 2.2 8.62 5 `` Condone Untidiest Thefts '' October 12 , 2016 1.1 / 4 5.53 0.8 2.65 1.9 8.19 6 `` Her Spy 's Harmed '' October 19 , 2016 1.2 / 4 5.24 0.8 2.80 2.0 8.04 7 `` Resolves Eleven Myths '' October 26 , 2016 1.1 / 4 5.20 0.8 2.65 1.9 7.85 8 `` We Fight Deaths on Thick Lone Waters '' November 9 , 2016 1.0 / 4 4.90 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Why Let Cooler Pasture Deform '' November 16 , 2016 1.1 / 4 5.00 0.8 2.54 1.9 7.54 10 `` Nor I , Nigel , AKA Leg In Iron '' January 4 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.14 0.7 2.35 1.8 7.49 11 `` Droll Autumn , Unmutual Lord '' January 11 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.01 0.8 2.64 1.8 7.65 12 `` Devil Never Even Lived '' January 18 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.73 0.8 2.44 1.7 7.17 13 `` Name Not One Man '' February 8 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.64 N / A 2.69 N / A 7.33 14 `` Borrow or Rob '' February 15 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.07 0.8 2.61 1.7 6.71 15 `` Draw O Caesar , Erase a Coward '' February 22 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.13 0.8 2.47 1.6 6.60 16 `` Evil Did I Dwell , Lewd I Did Live '' March 22 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.26 0.6 2.15 1.5 6.41 17 `` Solos '' March 29 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.32 0.6 2.06 1.5 6.32 18 `` Senile Lines '' April 5 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.34 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Regard A Mere Mad Rager '' April 26 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.33 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` In Words , Drown I '' May 3 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.18 0.6 N / A 1.5 N / A 21 `` Mom '' May 10 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.92 0.6 2.02 1.4 5.94 22 `` Lepers Repel '' May 17 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.28 N / A N / A N / A N / A Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Back to the Grind '' October 27 , 2017 0.7 / 3 4.13 0.6 2.22 1.3 6.35 `` Enemy Bag of Tricks '' November 3 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.50 0.6 2.09 1.3 5.59 `` Upside Down Craft '' November 10 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.38 0.6 2.18 1.3 5.56 `` Gunplay Ricochet '' November 17 , 2017 0.6 / 3 3.37 0.6 2.16 1.2 5.52 5 `` This Profound Legacy '' December 1 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.35 0.6 2.21 1.3 5.56 6 `` Adoring Suspect '' December 8 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.50 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Fix My Present Havoc '' December 15 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.33 TBD TBD TBD TBD Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The message `` Got One Patterson '' actually appeared in The New York Times crossword puzzle on April 4 , 2016 , the same day as the episode 's original airdate . The crossword was created by David Kwong who intentionally created the message as a tie - in to the show . Jump up ^ In the weeks leading up to its airing , Season 2 , Episode 6 was originally titled `` Her Spy 's Mind '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` NBC picks up dramas Heartbreaker , Chicago Med , Blindspot '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Gets Full - Season Order By NBC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` NBC adds episodes to SVU , Blindspot and Chicago Fire and PD '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' Renewed for Season 3 at NBC '' . Variety . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Fall Premiere Dates for New 2017 - 18 Season '' . The Futon Critic . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Surette , Tim ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Blindspot : The Season 's Secret Episode Title Code Got Cracked Already '' . TVGuide . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pariseau , Leslie ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Back to the Drawing Board '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : The Big Bang Theory Adjusted Up ; Significant Mother , Life in Pieces & Penn & Teller Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : The Big Bang Theory + The Voice Adjusted Up ; Castle , Life in Pieces & Dancing With the Stars Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : The Big Bang Theory and The Voice adjusted up , Blindspot and Castle adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : The Voice and Big Bang Theory adjusted up , Castle , Life in Pieces and Scorpion adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Bait and Switch '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : Crazy Ex-Girlfriend and Jane the Virgin adjusted down , Big Bang adjusted up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Jane Has a Sex Dream '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : Supergirl and Blindspot adjust down , Big Bang Theory adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : The Truth Is Called Daylight '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : The Voice and NCIS : LA adjust up , Supergirl holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Jane 's Night Out '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : NCIS : LA adjust up , everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Bye - Bye , Lover Boys '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : Jane the Virgin adjusts down but still hits season high , Scorpion adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : You Did This to Yourself , Jane '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : The Voice adjusts up , Castle adjusts down to season average '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : A Literal Crossroads '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Where Jane Died '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Double - Agent Man '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up , ' Blindspot ' and ' After the Final Rose ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Jane Takes a Break '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : The Devil in the Details '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl , ' ' Blindspot ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' : How Patterson Appeared in an Actual ' New York Times ' Crossword Puzzle '' . Yahoo TV . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kwong , David ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Daily Puzzle - Puzzles and Games - NY Times.com '' . NY Times . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , William ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` WEB 's New York Times Crossword Solution @ NYTCrossword.com : 0404 - 16 New York Times Crossword Answers 4 Apr 16 , Monday '' . WEB 's New York Times Crossword Solutions @ NYTCrossword.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Jane Gets Hers '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' and ' Castle ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Scavenger Hunt '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : The Return of Rich Dotcom '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' finale adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Secret Morning Routines '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot unveils summer - long social scavenger hunt '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' finale and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Lockdown '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Blindspot ' and ' Reign ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cericola , Rachel ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Recap : Blindspot Season 1 , Episode 22 - She 's Under the Fort ! '' . Channel Guide Magazine . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' finale and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelorette ' premiere , all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jeremy ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot 2.1 review - ' In Night So Ransomed Rogue '' . 411Mania . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother ' adjust up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jeremy ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot 2.2 review - ' Heave Fiery Knot '' . 411Mania . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perenack , Pauline ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot `` Hero Fears Imminent Rot '' Review : Jane 's Loyalty is Tested `` . ScreenSpy . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perenack , Pauline ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot `` If Beth '' Recap `` . ScreenSpy . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lucas , B ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` TVShow Blindspot S02E05 - Condone Untidiest Thefts '' . TVShow Time . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' Season 2 episode 6 title change shakes up anagram puzzle ! What 's the new clue ? '' . Blasting News . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Team , The Screen Spy ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot `` Her Spy 's Harmed '' Recap `` . ScreenSpy . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' and ' Frequency ' adjust down , full debate numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Team , The Screen Spy ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot `` Resolves Eleven Myths '' Recap `` . ScreenSpy . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Team , The Screen Spy ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` BLINDSPOT Recap `` We Fight Deaths on Thick Lone Waters '' `` . ScreenSpy . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Armitos , Dan ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot 2 × 09 -- Why Let Cooler Pasture Deform '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down slightly : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC comedies , ' SVU , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Shots Fired ' all adjust up ; ' Beyond Borders ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and World Series adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 308 ) `` City Folks Under Wraps '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - blindspot on nbc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Premiere week Live + 7 ratings : Blindspot , Empire and Big Bang Theory score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 2 : The Blacklist premiere joins Empire and Blindspot atop the charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : Quantico more than doubles , Empire and Blindspot score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : Jane the Virgin premiere doubles , Empire and Blindspot top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : Empire and Blindspot have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : Big Bang Theory and Blindspot top week 6 , Quantico doubles in 18 -- 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : Elementary is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 10 : ' Blindspot ' is officially * the biggest gainer in Thanksgiving week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' and ' Blindspot ' gain the most for March 14 -- 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week of May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 - 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Blacklist top the week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Blindspot on IMDb Blindspot at TV Guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Blindspot_episodes&oldid=816080666 '' Categories : Lists of American crime television series episodes Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 03 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does new season of blind spot start	[ "\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n23\nSeptember 21, 2015 (2015-09-21)\nMay 23, 2016 (2016-05-23)\n\n\n\n2\n22\nSeptember 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)\nMay 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)\n\n\n\n3\nTBA\nOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)\nTBA\n\n" ]	[ "October 27, 2017" ]
6308742445468597210	Digital divide	Digital divide - wikipedia Digital divide Jump to : navigation , search Internet An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet General ( hide ) Access Censorship Democracy Digital divide Digital rights Freedom of information History of the Internet Internet phenomena Net neutrality Oldest domain names Pioneers Privacy Sociology Usage Governance ( show ) ICANN Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Governance Forum Internet Society Information infrastructure ( show ) Domain Name System Hypertext Transfer Protocol Internet exchange point Internet Protocol Internet protocol suite Internet service provider IP address Internet Message Access Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Services ( show ) Blogs Microblogging Email Fax File sharing File transfer Games Instant messaging Podcasts Shopping Television Voice over IP World Wide Web search Guides ( show ) Book Index Outline Internet portal A digital divide is an economic and social inequality with regard to access to , use of , or impact of information and communication technologies ( ICT ) . The divide within countries ( such as the digital divide in the United States ) may refer to inequalities between individuals , households , businesses , or geographic areas , usually at different socioeconomic levels or other demographic categories . The divide between differing countries or regions of the world is referred to as the global digital divide , examining this technological gap between developing and developed countries on an international scale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions and usage 2 Means of connectivity 2.1 Infrastructure 2.1. 1 The bit as the unifying variable 2.2 Skills and digital literacy 2.3 Location 2.4 Applications 3 Reasons and correlating variables 3.1 Economic gap in the United States 4 Facebook divide 5 Overcoming the divide 5.1 Libraries 6 Effective use 7 Implications 7.1 Social capital 7.2 Economic disparity 7.3 Education 7.4 Demographic differences 8 Criticisms 8.1 Knowledge divide 8.2 Second - level digital divide 9 The global digital divide 9.1 Versus the digital divide 9.2 Obstacles to a solution 9.3 Examples 10 Global solutions 10.1 Free Basics 10.2 Satellite constellations 10.3 One Laptop per Child 11 World Summit on the Information Society 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Definitions and usage ( edit ) The term digital divide describes a gap in terms of access to and usage of information and communication technology . It was traditionally considered to be a question of having or not having access , but with a global mobile phone penetration of over 95 % , it is becoming a relative inequality between those who have more and less bandwidth and more or fewer skills . Conceptualizations of the digital divide have been described as `` who , with which characteristics , connects how to what '' : Who is the subject that connects : individuals , organizations , enterprises , schools , hospitals , countries , etc . Which characteristics or attributes are distinguished to describe the divide : income , education , age , geographic location , motivation , reason not to use , etc . How sophisticated is the usage : mere access , retrieval , interactivity , intensive and extensive in usage , innovative contributions , etc . To what does the subject connect : fixed or mobile , Internet or telephone , digital TV , broadband , etc . Different authors focus on different aspects , which leads to a large variety of definitions of the digital divide . `` For example , counting with only 3 different choices of subjects ( individuals , organizations , or countries ) , each with 4 characteristics ( age , wealth , geography , sector ) , distinguishing between 3 levels of digital adoption ( access , actual usage and effective adoption ) , and 6 types of technologies ( fixed phone , mobile ... Internet ... ) , already results in 3x4x3x6 = 216 different ways to define the digital divide . Each one of them seems equally reasonable and depends on the objective pursued by the analyst '' . The `` digital divide '' is also referred to by a variety of other terms which have similar meanings , though may have a slightly different emphasis : digital inclusion , digital participation , basic digital skills , media literacy and digital accessibility . Means of connectivity ( edit ) Infrastructure ( edit ) The infrastructure by which individuals , households , businesses , and communities connect to the Internet address the physical mediums that people use to connect to the Internet such as desktop computers , laptops , basic mobile phones or smartphones , iPods or other MP3 players , gaming consoles such as Xbox or PlayStation , electronic book readers , and tablets such as iPads . The digital divide measured in terms of bandwidth is not closing , but fluctuating up and down . Gini coefficients for telecommunication capacity ( in kbit / s ) among individuals worldwide Traditionally the nature of the divide has been measured in terms of the existing numbers of subscriptions and digital devices . Given the increasing number of such devices , some have concluded that the digital divide among individuals has increasingly been closing as the result of a natural and almost automatic process . Others point to persistent lower levels of connectivity among women , racial and ethnic minorities , people with lower incomes , rural residents , and less educated people as evidence that addressing inequalities in access to and use of the medium will require much more than the passing of time . Recent studies have measured the digital divide not in terms of technological devices , but in terms of the existing bandwidth per individual ( in kbit / s per capita ) . As shown in the Figure on the side , the digital divide in kbit / s is not monotonically decreasing , but re-opens up with each new innovation . For example , `` the massive diffusion of narrow - band Internet and mobile phones during the late 1990s '' increased digital inequality , as well as `` the initial introduction of broadband DSL and cable modems during 2003 -- 2004 increased levels of inequality '' . This is because a new kind of connectivity is never introduced instantaneously and uniformly to society as a whole at once , but diffuses slowly through social networks . As shown by the Figure , during the mid-2000s , communication capacity was more unequally distributed than during the late 1980s , when only fixed - line phones existed . The most recent increase in digital equality stems from the massive diffusion of the latest digital innovations ( i.e. fixed and mobile broadband infrastructures , e.g. 3G and fiber optics FTTH ) . Measurement methodologies of the digital divide , and more specifically an Integrated Iterative Approach General Framework ( Integrated Contextual Iterative Approach -- ICI ) and the digital divide modeling theory under measurement model DDG ( Digital Divide Gap ) are used to analyze the gap existing between developed and developing countries , and the gap among the 27 members - states of the European Union . The bit as the unifying variable ( edit ) Fixed - line phone and Internet 2000 -- 2010 : subscriptions ( top ) and kbit / s ( bottom ) per capita Instead of tracking various kinds of digital divides among fixed and mobile phones , narrow - and broadband Internet , digital TV , etc. , it has recently been suggested to simply measure the amount of kbit / s per actor . This approach has shown that the digital divide in kbit / s per capita is actually widening in relative terms : `` While the average inhabitant of the developed world counted with some 40 kbit / s more than the average member of the information society in developing countries in 2001 , this gap grew to over 3 Mbit / s per capita in 2010 . '' The upper graph of the Figure on the side shows that the divide between developed and developing countries has been diminishing when measured in terms of subscriptions per capita . In 2001 , fixed - line telecommunication penetration reached 70 % of society in developed OECD countries and 10 % of the developing world . This resulted in a ratio of 7 to 1 ( divide in relative terms ) or a difference of 60 % ( divide in measured in absolute terms ) . During the next decade , fixed - line penetration stayed almost constant in OECD countries ( at 70 % ) , while the rest of the world started a catch - up , closing the divide to a ratio of 3.5 to 1 . The lower graph shows the divide not in terms of ICT devices , but in terms of kbit / s per inhabitant . While the average member of developed countries counted with 29 kbit / s more than a person in developing countries in 2001 , this difference got multiplied by a factor of one thousand ( to a difference of 2900 kbit / s ) . In relative terms , the fixed - line capacity divide was even worse during the introduction of broadband Internet at the middle of the first decade of the 2000s , when the OECD counted with 20 times more capacity per capita than the rest of the world . This shows the importance of measuring the divide in terms of kbit / s , and not merely to count devices . The International Telecommunications Union concludes that `` the bit becomes a unifying variable enabling comparisons and aggregations across different kinds of communication technologies '' . Skills and digital literacy ( edit ) However , research shows that the digital divide is more than just an access issue and can not be alleviated merely by providing the necessary equipment . There are at least three factors at play : information accessibility , information utilization and information receptiveness . More than just accessibility , individuals need to know how to make use of the information and communication tools once they exist within a community . Information professionals have the ability to help bridge the gap by providing reference and information services to help individuals learn and utilize the technologies to which they do have access , regardless of the economic status of the individual seeking help . Location ( edit ) Internet connectivity can be utilized at a variety of locations such as homes , offices , schools , libraries , public spaces , Internet cafe and others . There are also varying levels of connectivity in rural , suburban , and urban areas . Applications ( edit ) Common Sense Media , a nonprofit group based in San Francisco , surveyed almost 1,400 parents and reported in 2011 that 47 percent of families with incomes more than $75,000 had downloaded apps for their children , while only 14 percent of families earning less than $30,000 had done so . Reasons and correlating variables ( edit ) The gap in a digital divide may exist for a number of reasons . Obtaining access to ICTs and using them actively has been linked to a number of demographic and socio - economic characteristics : among them income , education , race , gender , geographic location ( urban - rural ) , age , skills , awareness , political , cultural and psychological attitudes . Multiple regression analysis across countries has shown that income levels and educational attainment are identified as providing the most powerful explanatory variables for ICT access and usage . Evidence was found that caucasians are much more likely than non-caucasians to own a computer as well as have access to the Internet in their homes . As for geographic location , people living in urban centers have more access and show more usage of computer services than those in rural areas . Gender was previously thought to provide an explanation for the digital divide , many thinking ICT were male gendered , but controlled statistical analysis has shown that income , education and employment act as confounding variables and that women with the same level of income , education and employment actually embrace ICT more than men ( see Women and ICT4D ) . However , each nation has its own set of causes or the digital divide . For example , the digital divide in Germany is unique because it is not largely due to difference in quality of infrastructure . One telling fact is that `` as income rises so does Internet use ... '' , strongly suggesting that the digital divide persists at least in part due to income disparities . Most commonly , a digital divide stems from poverty and the economic barriers that limit resources and prevent people from obtaining or otherwise using newer technologies . In research , while each explanation is examined , others must be controlled in order to eliminate interaction effects or mediating variables , but these explanations are meant to stand as general trends , not direct causes . Each component can be looked at from different angles , which leads to a myriad of ways to look at ( or define ) the digital divide . For example , measurements for the intensity of usage , such as incidence and frequency , vary by study . Some report usage as access to Internet and ICTs while others report usage as having previously connected to the Internet . Some studies focus on specific technologies , others on a combination ( such as Infostate , proposed by Orbicom - UNESCO , the Digital Opportunity Index , or ITU 's ICT Development Index ) . Based on different answers to the questions of who , with which kinds of characteristics , connects how and why , to what there are hundreds of alternatives ways to define the digital divide . `` The new consensus recognizes that the key question is not how to connect people to a specific network through a specific device , but how to extend the expected gains from new ICTs '' . In short , the desired impact and `` the end justifies the definition '' of the digital divide . Economic gap in the United States ( edit ) During the mid-1990s the US Department of Commerce , National Telecommunications & Information Administration ( NTIA ) began publishing reports about the Internet and access to and usage of the resource . The first of three reports is entitled `` Falling Through the Net : A Survey of the ' Have Nots ' in Rural and Urban America '' ( 1995 ) , the second is `` Falling Through the Net II : New Data on the Digital Divide '' ( 1998 ) , and the final report `` Falling Through the Net : Defining the Digital Divide '' ( 1999 ) . The NTIA 's final report attempted to clearly define the term digital divide ; `` the digital divide -- the divide between those with access to new technologies and those without -- is now one of America 's leading economic and civil rights issues . This report will help clarify which Americans are falling further behind , so that we can take concrete steps to redress this gap . '' Since the introduction of the NTIA reports , much of the early , relevant literature began to reference the NTIA 's digital divide definition . The digital divide is commonly defined as being between the `` haves '' and `` have - nots . '' Facebook divide ( edit ) The Facebook Divide , a concept derived from the `` digital divide '' , is the phenomenon with regard to access to , use of , or impact of Facebook on individual society and among societies . It is suggested at the International Conference on Management Practices for the New Economy ( ICMAPRANE - 17 ) on February 10 -- 11 , 2017 . Additional concepts of Facebook Native and Facebook Immigrants are suggested at the conference . The Facebook Divide , Facebook native , Facebook immigrants , and Facebook left - behind are concepts for social and business management research . Facebook Immigrants are utilizing Facebook for their accumulation of both bonding and bridging social capital . These Facebook Native , Facebook Immigrants , and Facebook left - behind induced the situation of Facebook inequality . In February 2018 , the Facebook Divide Index was introduced at the ICMAPRANE conference in Noida , India , to illustrate the Facebook Divide phenomenon . Overcoming the divide ( edit ) See also : Information and communication technologies for development An individual must be able to connect in order to achieve enhancement of social and cultural capital as well as achieve mass economic gains in productivity . Therefore , access is a necessary ( but not sufficient ) condition for overcoming the digital divide . Access to ICT meets significant challenges that stem from income restrictions . The borderline between ICT as a necessity good and ICT as a luxury good is roughly around the `` magical number '' of US $10 per person per month , or US $120 per year , which means that people consider ICT expenditure of US $120 per year as a basic necessity . Since more than 40 % of the world population lives on less than US $2 per day , and around 20 % live on less than US $1 per day ( or less than US $365 per year ) , these income segments would have to spend one third of their income on ICT ( 120 / 365 = 33 % ) . The global average of ICT spending is at a mere 3 % of income . Potential solutions include driving down the costs of ICT , which includes low cost technologies and shared access through Telecentres . Furthermore , even though individuals might be capable of accessing the Internet , many are thwarted by barriers to entry such as a lack of means to infrastructure or the inability to comprehend the information that the Internet provides . Lack of adequate infrastructure and lack of knowledge are two major obstacles that impede mass connectivity . These barriers limit individuals ' capabilities in what they can do and what they can achieve in accessing technology . Some individuals have the ability to connect , but they do not have the knowledge to use what information ICTs and Internet technologies provide them . This leads to a focus on capabilities and skills , as well as awareness to move from mere access to effective usage of ICT . The United Nations is aiming to raise awareness of the divide by way of the World Information Society Day which has taken place yearly since May 17 , 2006 . It also set up the Information and Communications Technology ( ICT ) Task Force in November 2001 . Later UN initiatives in this area are the World Summit on the Information Society , which was set up in 2003 , and the Internet Governance Forum , set up in 2006 . In the year 2000 , the United Nations Volunteers ( UNV ) programme launched its Online Volunteering service , which uses ICT as a vehicle for and in support of volunteering . It constitutes an example of a volunteering initiative that effectively contributes to bridge the digital divide . ICT - enabled volunteering has a clear added value for development . If more people collaborate online with more development institutions and initiatives , this will imply an increase in person - hours dedicated to development cooperation at essentially no additional cost . This is the most visible effect of online volunteering for human development . Social media websites serve as both manifestations of and means by which to combat the digital divide . The former describes phenomena such as the divided users demographics that make up sites such as Facebook and Myspace or Word Press and Tumblr . Each of these sites host thriving communities that engage with otherwise marginalized populations . An example of this is the large online community devoted to Afrofuturism , a discourse that critiques dominant structures of power by merging themes of science fiction and blackness . Social media brings together minds that may not otherwise meet , allowing for the free exchange of ideas and empowerment of marginalized discourses . Libraries ( edit ) A laptop lending kiosk at Texas A&M University -- Commerce 's Gee Library Attempts to bridge the digital divide include a program developed in Durban , South Africa , where very low access to technology and a lack of documented cultural heritage has motivated the creation of an `` online indigenous digital library as part of public library services . '' This project has the potential to narrow the digital divide by not only giving the people of the Durban area access to this digital resource , but also by incorporating the community members into the process of creating it . To address the divide The Gates Foundation began the Gates Library Initiative . The Gates Foundation focused on providing more than just access , they placed computers and provided training in libraries . In this manner if users began to struggle while using a computer , the user was in a setting where assistance and guidance was available . Further , the Gates Library Initiative was `` modeled on the old - fashioned life preserver : The support needs to be around you to keep you afloat . '' In nations where poverty compounds effects of the digital divide , programs are emerging to counter those trends . Prior conditions in Kenya -- lack of funding , language and technology illiteracy contributed to an overall lack of computer skills and educational advancement for those citizens . This slowly began to change when foreign investment began . In the early 2000s , The Carnegie Foundation funded a revitalization project through the Kenya National Library Service ( KNLS ) . Those resources enabled public libraries to provide information and communication technologies ( ICT ) to their patrons . In 2012 , public libraries in the Busia and Kiberia communities introduced technology resources to supplement curriculum for primary schools . By 2013 , the program expanded into ten schools . Effective use ( edit ) Community Informatics ( CI ) provides a somewhat different approach to addressing the digital divide by focusing on issues of `` use '' rather than simply `` access '' . CI is concerned with ensuring the opportunity not only for ICT access at the community level but also , according to Michael Gurstein , that the means for the `` effective use '' of ICTs for community betterment and empowerment are available . Gurstein has also extended the discussion of the digital divide to include issues around access to and the use of `` open data '' and coined the term `` data divide '' to refer to this issue area . Implications ( edit ) Social capital ( edit ) Once an individual is connected , Internet connectivity and ICTs can enhance his or her future social and cultural capital . Social capital is acquired through repeated interactions with other individuals or groups of individuals . Connecting to the Internet creates another set of means by which to achieve repeated interactions . ICTs and Internet connectivity enable repeated interactions through access to social networks , chat rooms , and gaming sites . Once an individual has access to connectivity , obtains infrastructure by which to connect , and can understand and use the information that ICTs and connectivity provide , that individual is capable of becoming a `` digital citizen '' . Economic disparity ( edit ) In the United States , research provided by Sungard Availability Services notes a direct correlation between a company 's access to technological advancements and its overall success in bolstering the economy . The study , which includes over 2,000 IT executives and staff officers , indicates that 69 percent of employees feel they do not have access to sufficient technology in order to make their jobs easier , while 63 percent of them believe the lack of technological mechanisms hinders their ability to develop new work skills . Additional analysis provides more evidence to show how the digital divide also affects the economy in places all over the world . A BCG Report suggests that in countries like Sweden , Switzerland , and the U.K. , the digital connection among communities is made easier , allowing for their populations to obtain a much larger share of the economies via digital business . In fact , in these places , populations hold shares approximately 2.5 percentage points higher . During a meeting with the United Nations a Bangladesh representative expressed his concern that poor and undeveloped countries would be left behind due to a lack of funds to bridge the digital gap . Education ( edit ) The digital divide also impacts children 's ability to learn and grow in low - income school districts . Without Internet access , students are unable to cultivate necessary tech skills in order to understand today 's dynamic economy . Federal Communication Commission 's Broadband Task Force created a report showing that about 70 % of teachers give students homework that demand access to broadband . Even more , approximately 65 % of young scholars use the Internet at home to complete assignments as well as connect with teachers and other students via discussion boards and shared files . A recent study indicates that practically 50 % of students say that they are unable to finish their homework due to an inability to either connect to the Internet , or in some cases , find a computer . This has led to a new revelation : 42 % of students say they received a lower grade because of this disadvantage . Finally , according to research conducted by the Center for American Progress , `` if the United States were able to close the educational achievement gaps between native - born white children and black and Hispanic children , the U.S. economy would be 5.8 percent -- or nearly $2.3 trillion -- larger in 2050 '' . Demographic differences ( edit ) Furthermore , according to the 2012 Pew Report `` Digital Differences '' , a mere 62 % of households who make less than $30,000 a year use the Internet , while 90 % of those making between $50,000 and $75,000 had access . Studies also show that only 51 % of Hispanics and 49 % of African Americans have high - speed Internet at home . This is compared to the 66 % of Caucasians that too have high - speed Internet in their households . Overall , 10 % of all Americans do n't have access to high - speed Internet , an equivalent of almost 34 million people . Supplemented reports from the Guardian demonstrate the global effects of limiting technological developments in poorer nations , rather than simply the effects in the United States . Their study shows that the rapid digital expansion excludes those who find themselves in the lower class . 60 % of the world 's population , almost 4 billion people , have no access to the Internet and are thus left worse off . Criticisms ( edit ) Knowledge divide ( edit ) Since gender , age , racial , income , and educational gaps in the digital divide have lessened compared to past levels , some researchers suggest that the digital divide is shifting from a gap in access and connectivity to ICTs to a knowledge divide . A knowledge divide concerning technology presents the possibility that the gap has moved beyond access and having the resources to connect to ICTs to interpreting and understanding information presented once connected . Second - level digital divide ( edit ) The second - level digital divide , also referred to as the production gap , describes the gap that separates the consumers of content on the Internet from the producers of content . As the technological digital divide is decreasing between those with access to the Internet and those without , the meaning of the term digital divide is evolving . Previously , digital divide research has focused on accessibility to the Internet and Internet consumption . However , with more and more of the population with access to the Internet , researchers are examining how people use the Internet to create content and what impact socioeconomics are having on user behavior . New applications have made it possible for anyone with a computer and an Internet connection to be a creator of content , yet the majority of user generated content available widely on the Internet , like public blogs , is created by a small portion of the Internet using population . Web 2.0 technologies like Facebook , YouTube , Twitter , and Blogs enable users to participate online and create content without having to understand how the technology actually works , leading to an ever - increasing digital divide between those who have the skills and understanding to interact more fully with the technology and those who are passive consumers of it . Many are only nominal content creators through the use of Web 2.0 , posting photos and status updates on Facebook , but not truly interacting with the technology . Some of the reasons for this production gap include material factors like the type of Internet connection one has and the frequency of access to the Internet . The more frequently a person has access to the Internet and the faster the connection , the more opportunities they have to gain the technology skills and the more time they have to be creative . Other reasons include cultural factors often associated with class and socioeconomic status . Users of lower socioeconomic status are less likely to participate in content creation due to disadvantages in education and lack of the necessary free time for the work involved in blog or web site creation and maintenance . Additionally , there is evidence to support the existence of the second - level digital divide at the K - 12 level based on how educators ' use technology for instruction . Schools ' economic factors have been found to explain variation in how teachers use technology to promote higher - order thinking skills . The global digital divide ( edit ) Internet users in 2015 as a percentage of a country 's population Source : International Telecommunications Union . Internet users per 100 inhabitants Source : International Telecommunications Union . Global bandwidth concentration : 3 countries have almost 50 % ; 10 countries almost 75 % Worldwide Internet users 2005 2016 World population 6.5 billion 6.9 billion 7.3 billion Users worldwide 16 % 30 % 47 % Users in the developing world 8 % 21 % 40 % Users in the developed world 51 % 67 % 81 % Estimate . Source : International Telecommunications Union . Internet users by region 2005 2016 Africa 2 % 10 % 25 % Americas 36 % 49 % 65 % Arab States 8 % 26 % 42 % Asia and Pacific 9 % 23 % 42 % Commonwealth of Independent States 10 % 34 % 67 % Europe 46 % 67 % 79 % Estimate . Source : International Telecommunication Union . Mobile broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012 as a percentage of a country 's population Source : International Telecommunications Union . Worldwide broadband subscriptions 2007 2014 World population 6.6 billion 6.9 billion 7.2 billion Fixed broadband 5 % 8 % 10 % Developing world 2 % 4 % 6 % Developed world 18 % 24 % 27 % Mobile broadband 4 % 11 % 32 % Developing world 1 % 4 % 21 % Developed world 19 % 43 % 84 % Estimate . Source : International Telecommunication Union . Broadband subscriptions by region Fixed subscriptions : 2007 2014 Africa 0.1 % 0.2 % 0.4 % Americas 11 % 14 % 17 % Arab States 1 % 2 % 3 % Asia and Pacific 3 % 6 % 8 % Commonwealth of Independent States 2 % 8 % 14 % Europe 18 % 24 % 28 % Mobile subscriptions : 2007 2014 Africa 0.2 % 2 % 19 % Americas 6 % 23 % 59 % Arab States 0.8 % 5 % 25 % Asia and Pacific 3 % 7 % 23 % Commonwealth of Independent States 0.2 % 22 % 49 % Europe 15 % 29 % 64 % Estimate . Source : International Telecommunications Union . The global digital divide describes global disparities , primarily between developed and developing countries , in regards to access to computing and information resources such as the Internet and the opportunities derived from such access . As with a smaller unit of analysis , this gap describes an inequality that exists , referencing a global scale . The Internet is expanding very quickly , and not all countries -- especially developing countries -- are able to keep up with the constant changes . The term `` digital divide '' does n't necessarily mean that someone does n't have technology ; it could mean that there is simply a difference in technology . These differences can refer to , for example , high - quality computers , fast Internet , technical assistance , or telephone services . The difference between all of these is also considered a gap . In fact , there is a large inequality worldwide in terms of the distribution of installed telecommunication bandwidth . In 2014 only 3 countries ( China , US , Japan ) host 50 % of the globally installed bandwidth potential ( see pie - chart Figure on the right ) . This concentration is not new , as historically only 10 countries have hosted 70 -- 75 % of the global telecommunication capacity ( see Figure ) . The U.S. lost its global leadership in terms of installed bandwidth in 2011 , being replaced by China , which hosts more than twice as much national bandwidth potential in 2014 ( 29 % versus 13 % of the global total ) . Versus the digital divide ( edit ) The global digital divide is a special case of the digital divide , the focus is set on the fact that `` Internet has developed unevenly throughout the world '' causing some countries to fall behind in technology , education , labor , democracy , and tourism . The concept of the digital divide was originally popularized in regard to the disparity in Internet access between rural and urban areas of the United States of America ; the global digital divide mirrors this disparity on an international scale . The global digital divide also contributes to the inequality of access to goods and services available through technology . Computers and the Internet provide users with improved education , which can lead to higher wages ; the people living in nations with limited access are therefore disadvantaged . This global divide is often characterized as falling along what is sometimes called the north - south divide of `` northern '' wealthier nations and `` southern '' poorer ones . Obstacles to a solution ( edit ) Some people argue that basic necessities need to be considered before achieving digital inclusion , such as an ample food supply and quality health care . Minimizing the global digital divide requires considering and addressing the following types of access : Physical access Involves `` the distribution of ICT devices per capita ... and land lines per thousands '' . Individuals need to obtain access to computers , landlines , and networks in order to access the Internet . This access barrier is also addressed in Article 21 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities by the United Nations . Financial access The cost of ICT devices , traffic , applications , technician and educator training , software , maintenance and infrastructures require ongoing financial means . Financial access and `` the levels of household income play a significant role in widening the gap '' Socio - demographic access Empirical tests have identified that several socio - demographic characteristics foster or limit ICT access and usage . Among different countries , educational levels and income are the most powerful explanatory variables , with age being a third one . Others , like gender , do n't seem to have much of an independent effect after controlling for income , education and employment . Cognitive access In order to use computer technology , a certain level of information literacy is needed . Further challenges include information overload and the ability to find and use reliable information . Design access Computers need to be accessible to individuals with different learning and physical abilities including complying with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act as amended by the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 in the United States . Institutional access In illustrating institutional access , Wilson states `` the numbers of users are greatly affected by whether access is offered only through individual homes or whether it is offered through schools , community centers , religious institutions , cybercafés , or post offices , especially in poor countries where computer access at work or home is highly limited '' . Political access Guillen & Suarez argue that `` democratic political regimes enable a faster growth of the Internet than authoritarian or totalitarian regimes '' . The Internet is considered a form of e-democracy and attempting to control what citizens can or can not view is in contradiction to this . Recently situations in Iran and China have denied people the ability to access certain websites and disseminate information . Iran has prohibited the use of high - speed Internet in the country and has removed many satellite dishes in order to prevent the influence of Western culture , such as music and television . Cultural access Many experts claim that bridging the digital divide is not sufficient and that the images and language needed to be conveyed in a language and images that can be read across different cultural lines . A 2013 study conducted by Pew Research Center noted how participants taking the survey in Spanish were nearly twice as likely to not use the internet . Examples ( edit ) In the early 21st century , residents of First World countries enjoy many Internet services which are not yet widely available in Third World countries , including : In tandem with the above point , mobile phones and small electronic communication devices ; E-communities and social - networking ; Fast broadband Internet connections , enabling advanced Internet applications ; Affordable and widespread Internet access , either through personal computers at home or work , through public terminals in public libraries and Internet cafes , and through wireless access points ; E-commerce enabled by efficient electronic payment networks like credit cards and reliable shipping services ; Virtual globes featuring street maps searchable down to individual street addresses and detailed satellite and aerial photography ; Online research systems like LexisNexis and ProQuest which enable users to peruse newspaper and magazine articles that may be centuries old , without having to leave home ; Electronic readers such as Kindle , Sony Reader , Samsung Papyrus and Iliad by iRex Technologies ; Price engines like Google Shopping which help consumers find the best possible online prices , and similar services like ShopLocal which find the best possible prices at local retailers ; Electronic services delivery of government services , such as the ability to pay taxes , fees , and fines online . Further civic engagement through e-government and other sources such as finding information about candidates regarding political situations . Global solutions ( edit ) Main article : Information and Communication Technologies for Development There are four specific arguments why it is important to `` bridge the gap '' : Economic equality -- For example , the telephone is often seen as one of the most important components , because having access to a working telephone can lead to higher safety . If there were to be an emergency situation , one could easily call for help if one could use a nearby phone . In another example , many work related tasks are online , and people without access to the Internet may not be able to complete work up to company standards . The Internet is regarded by some as a basic component of civil life that developed countries ought to guarantee for their citizens . Additionally , welfare services , for example , are sometimes offered via the Internet . Social mobility -- Computer and Internet use is regarded as being very important to development and success . However , some children are not getting as much technical education as others , because lower socioeconomic areas can not afford to provide schools with computer facilities . For this reason , some kids are being separated and not receiving the same chance as others to be successful . Democracy -- Some people believe that eliminating the digital divide would help countries become healthier democracies . They argue that communities would become much more involved in events such as elections or decision making . Economic growth -- It is believed that less developed nations could gain quick access to economic growth if the information infrastructure were to be developed and well used . By improving the latest technologies , certain countries and industries are able to gain a competitive advantage . While these four arguments are meant to lead to a solution to the digital divide , there are a couple other components that need to be considered . The first one is rural living versus suburban living . Rural areas used to have very minimal access to the Internet , for example . However , nowadays , power lines and satellites are used to increase the availability in these areas . Another component to keep in mind is disabilities . Some people may have the highest quality technologies , but a disability they have may keep them from using these technologies to their fullest extent . Using previous studies ( Gamos , 2003 ; Nsengiyuma & Stork , 2005 ; Harwit , 2004 as cited in James ) , James asserts that in developing countries , `` internet use has taken place overwhelmingly among the upper - income , educated , and urban segments '' largely due to the high literacy rates of this sector of the population . As such , James suggests that part of the solution requires that developing countries first build up the literacy / language skills , computer literacy , and technical competence that low - income and rural populations need in order to make use of ICT . It has also been suggested that there is a correlation between democrat regimes and the growth of the Internet . One hypothesis by Gullen is , `` The more democratic the polity , the greater the Internet use ... Government can try to control the Internet by monopolizing control '' and Norris et al. also contends , `` If there is less government control of it , the Internet flourishes , and it is associated with greater democracy and civil liberties . From an economic perspective , Pick and Azari state that `` in developing nations ... foreign direct investment ( FDI ) , primary education , educational investment , access to education , and government prioritization of ICT as all important '' . Specific solutions proposed by the study include : `` invest in stimulating , attracting , and growing creative technical and scientific workforce ; increase the access to education and digital literacy ; reduce the gender divide and empower women to participate in the ICT workforce ; emphasize investing in intensive Research and Development for selected metropolitan areas and regions within nations '' . There are projects worldwide that have implemented , to various degrees , the solutions outlined above . Many such projects have taken the form of Information Communications Technology Centers ( ICT centers ) . Rahnman explains that `` the main role of ICT intermediaries is defined as an organization providing effective support to local communities in the use and adaptation of technology . Most commonly an ICT intermediary will be a specialized organization from outside the community , such as a non-governmental organization , local government , or international donor . On the other hand , a social intermediary is defined as a local institution from within the community , such as a community - based organization . Other proposed solutions that the Internet promises for developing countries are the provision of efficient communications within and among developing countries , so that citizens worldwide can effectively help each other to solve their own problems . Grameen Banks and Kiva loans are two microcredit systems designed to help citizens worldwide to contribute online towards entrepreneurship in developing communities . Economic opportunities range from entrepreneurs who can afford the hardware and broadband access required to maintain Internet cafés to agribusinesses having control over the seeds they plant . At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , the IMARA organization ( from Swahili word for `` power '' ) sponsors a variety of outreach programs which bridge the Global Digital Divide . Its aim is to find and implement long - term , sustainable solutions which will increase the availability of educational technology and resources to domestic and international communities . These projects are run under the aegis of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory ( CSAIL ) and staffed by MIT volunteers who give training , install and donate computer setups in greater Boston , Massachusetts , Kenya , Indian reservations the American Southwest such as the Navajo Nation , the Middle East , and Fiji Islands . The CommuniTech project strives to empower underserved communities through sustainable technology and education . According to Dominik Hartmann of the MIT 's Media Lab , interdisciplinary approaches are needed to bridge the global digital divide . Building on the premise that any effective solution must be decentralized , allowing the local communities in developing nations to generate their own content , one scholar has posited that social media -- like Facebook , YouTube , and Twitter -- may be useful tools in closing the divide . As Amir Hatem Ali suggests , `` the popularity and generative nature of social media empower individuals to combat some of the main obstacles to bridging the digital divide '' . Facebook 's statistics reinforce this claim . According to Facebook , more than seventy - five percent of its users reside outside of the US . Moreover , more than seventy languages are presented on its website . The reasons for the high number of international users are due to many the qualities of Facebook and other social media . Amongst them , are its ability to offer a means of interacting with others , user - friendly features , and the fact that most sites are available at no cost . The problem with social media , however , is that it can be accessible , provided that there is physical access . Nevertheless , with its ability to encourage digital inclusion , social media can be used as a tool to bridge the global digital divide . Some cities in the world have started programs to bridge the digital divide for their residents , school children , students , parents and the elderly . One such program , founded in 1996 , was sponsored by the city of Boston and called the Boston Digital Bridge Foundation . It especially concentrates on school children and their parents , helping to make both equally and similarly knowledgeable about computers , using application programs , and navigating the Internet . Free Basics ( edit ) Main article : Free Basics Free Basics is a partnership between social networking services company Facebook and six companies ( Samsung , Ericsson , MediaTek , Opera Software , Nokia and Qualcomm ) that plans to bring affordable access to selected Internet services to less developed countries by increasing efficiency , and facilitating the development of new business models around the provision of Internet access . In the whitepaper realised by Facebook 's founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg , connectivity is asserted as a `` human right '' , and Internet.org is created to improve Internet access for people around the world . `` Free Basics provides people with access to useful services on their mobile phones in markets where internet access may be less affordable . The websites are available for free without data charges , and include content about news , employment , health , education and local information etc . By introducing people to the benefits of the internet through these websites , we hope to bring more people online and help improve their lives . '' However , Free Basics is also accused of violating net neutrality for limiting access to handpicked services . Despite a wide deployment in numerous countries , it has been met with heavy resistance notably in Inda where the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India eventually banned it in 2016 . Satellite constellations ( edit ) Several projects to bring internet to the entire world with a satellite constellation have been devised in the last decade , one of these being Starlink by Elon Musk 's company SpaceX . Unlike Free Basics , it would provide people with a full internet access and would not be limited to a few selected services . In the same week Starlink was announced , serial - entrepreneur Richard Branson announced his own project OneWeb , a similar constellation with approximately 700 satellites that has already procured communication frequency licenses for their broadcast spectrum and could possibly be operational as early as in 2019 . The biggest hurdle of these projects is the astronomical financial and logistical costs of launching so many satellites . After the failure of previous satellite - to - consumer space ventures , satellite industry consultant Roger Rusch said `` It 's highly unlikely that you can make a successful business out of this . '' Musk has publicly acknowledged this business reality , and indicated in mid-2015 that while endeavoring to develop this technically - complicated space - based communication system he wants to avoid overextending the company and stated that they are being measured in the pace of development . One laptop per Child ( edit ) One Laptop Per Child ( OLPC ) is another attempt to narrow the digital divide . This organization , founded in 2005 , provides inexpensively produced `` XO '' laptops ( dubbed the `` $100 laptop '' , though actual production costs vary ) to children residing in poor and isolated regions within developing countries . Each laptop belongs to an individual child and provides a gateway to digital learning and Internet access . The XO laptops are designed to withstand more abuse than higher - end machines , and they contain features in context to the unique conditions that remote villages present . Each laptop is constructed to use as little power as possible , have a sunlight - readable screen , and is capable of automatically networking with other XO laptops in order to access the Internet -- as many as 500 machines can share a single point of access . World Summit on the Information Society ( edit ) Main article : World Summit on the Information Society Several of the 67 principles adopted at the World Summit on the Information Society convened by the United Nations in Geneva in 2003 directly address the digital divide : 10 . We are also fully aware that the benefits of the information technology revolution are today unevenly distributed between the developed and developing countries and within societies . We are fully committed to turning this digital divide into a digital opportunity for all , particularly for those who risk being left behind and being further marginalized . 11 . We are committed to realizing our common vision of the Information Society for ourselves and for future generations . We recognize that young people are the future workforce and leading creators and earliest adopters of ICTs . They must therefore be empowered as learners , developers , contributors , entrepreneurs and decision - makers . We must focus especially on young people who have not yet been able to benefit fully from the opportunities provided by ICTs . We are also committed to ensuring that the development of ICT applications and operation of services respects the rights of children as well as their protection and well - being . 12 . We affirm that development of ICTs provides enormous opportunities for women , who should be an integral part of , and key actors , in the Information Society . We are committed to ensuring that the Information Society enables women 's empowerment and their full participation on the basis on equality in all spheres of society and in all decision - making processes . To this end , we should mainstream a gender equality perspective and use ICTs as a tool to that end . 13 . In building the Information Society , we shall pay particular attention to the special needs of marginalized and vulnerable groups of society , including migrants , internally displaced persons and refugees , unemployed and underprivileged people , minorities and nomadic people . We shall also recognize the special needs of older persons and persons with disabilities . 14 . We are resolute to empower the poor , particularly those living in remote , rural and marginalized urban areas , to access information and to use ICTs as a tool to support their efforts to lift themselves out of poverty . 15 . In the evolution of the Information Society , particular attention must be given to the special situation of indigenous peoples , as well as to the preservation of their heritage and their cultural legacy . 16 . We continue to pay special attention to the particular needs of people of developing countries , countries with economies in transition , Least Developed Countries , Small Island Developing States , Landlocked Developing Countries , Highly Indebted Poor Countries , countries and territories under occupation , countries recovering from conflict and countries and regions with special needs as well as to conditions that pose severe threats to development , such as natural disasters . 21 . Connectivity is a central enabling agent in building the Information Society . Universal , ubiquitous , equitable and affordable access to ICT infrastructure and services , constitutes one of the challenges of the Information Society and should be an objective of all stakeholders involved in building it . Connectivity also involves access to energy and postal services , which should be assured in conformity with the domestic legislation of each country . 28 . We strive to promote universal access with equal opportunities for all to scientific knowledge and the creation and dissemination of scientific and technical information , including open access initiatives for scientific publishing . 46 . In building the Information Society , States are strongly urged to take steps with a view to the avoidance of , and refrain from , any unilateral measure not in accordance with international law and the Charter of the United Nations that impedes the full achievement of economic and social development by the population of the affected countries , and that hinders the well - being of their population . See also ( edit ) Library resources about Digital divide Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Achievement gap Civic opportunity gap Computer technology for developing areas Digital divide by country Digital divide in Canada Digital divide in China Digital divide in South Africa Digital divide in Thailand Digital divide in the United States Digital rights Digital Society Day ( 17 October in India ) Global Internet usage Information society International communication Internet geography Internet governance List of countries by Internet connection speeds National broadband plans from around the world NetDay One Laptop per Child Rural Internet World Summit on the Information Society Groups devoted to digital divide issues Center for Digital Inclusion Close the Gap International VZW Digital Textbook a South Korean Project that intends to distribute tablet notebooks to elementary school students . Inveneo TechChange United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Commerce , National Telecommunications and Information Administration ( NTIA ) . ( 1995 ) . Falling through the net : A survey of the have nots in rural and urban America . Retrieved from , http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fallingthru.html . Jump up ^ Norris , P. ( 2001 ) . Digital Divide : Civic Engagement , Information Poverty and the Internet Worldwide Archived 2009 - 10 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Chinn , Menzie D. and Robert W. Fairlie. ( 2004 ) . The Determinants of the Global Digital Divide : A Cross-Country Analysis of Computer and Internet Penetration . Economic Growth Center . Retrieved from https://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp881.pdf . ^ Jump up to : Compaine , B.M. ( 2001 ) . The digital divide : Facing a crisis or creating a myth ? 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An innovated objective digital divide measure , Journal of Communication and Computer , Volume 6 , No. 12 ( Serial No. 61 ) , USA . Jump up ^ Paschalidou , Georgia , ( 2011 ) , Digital divide and disparities in the use of new technologies , https://dspace.lib.uom.gr/bitstream/2159/14899/6/PaschalidouGeorgiaMsc2011.pdf Jump up ^ Figures 11 and 12 in `` Mapping the dimensions and characteristics of the world 's technological communication capacity during the period of digitization ( 1986 -- 2007 / 2010 ) '' . Hilbert , Martin . Working paper INF / 15 - E , International Telecommunications Union . 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hilbert , Martin ( 2010 ) . `` Information Societies or `` ICT Equipment Societies ? '' Measuring the Digital Information - Processing Capacity of a Society in Bits and Bytes `` . 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Social Forces . 84 ( 2 ) : 681 -- 708 . doi : 10.1353 / sof. 2006.0015 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , III . E.J. ( 2004 ) . The Information Revolution and Developing Countries . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . ^ Jump up to : Carr , Deborah ( 2007 ) . `` The Global Digital Divide '' . Contexts. 6 ( 3 ) : 58 -- 58 . doi : 10.1525 / ctx. 2007.6. 3.58 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kenneth , Jennifer Wallin , and Christa Reiser . `` Social Science Computer Review . '' Social Science Computer Review . 2003 ; 21 ( 2 ) : 133 - 143 html PDF ^ Jump up to : Hilbert , Martin ( 2010 ) . `` When is Cheap , Cheap Enough to Bridge the Digital Divide ? Modeling Income Related Structural Challenges of Technology Diffusion in Latin America '' ( PDF ) . World Development . 38 ( 5 ) : 756 -- 770 . doi : 10.1016 / j. worlddev. 2009.11. 019 . ^ Jump up to : Hilbert , Martin ( November -- December 2011 ) . `` Digital gender divide or technologically empowered women in developing countries ? A typical case of lies , damned lies , and statistics '' ( PDF ) . Women 's Studies International Forum . Elsevier . 34 ( 6 ) : 479 -- 489 . doi : 10.1016 / j. wsif. 2011.07. 001 . Jump up ^ Schliefe , Katrin ( February 2007 ) . `` Regional Versus . Individual Aspects of the Digital Divide in Germany '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Rubin , R.E. ( 2010 ) . Foundations of library and information science . 178 - 179 . New York : Neal - Schuman Publishers . Jump up ^ Galperin , H. ( 2010 ) . Goodbye digital divide , Hello digital confusion ? A critical embrace of the emerging ICT4D consensus . Information Technologies and International Development , 6 Special Edition , 53 -- 55 Jump up ^ National Telecommunications & Information Administration , U.S. Department of Commerce . ( 1995 ) . Falling through the net : A survey of the'have nots ' in rural and urban America . Washington , D.C. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fallingthru.html Jump up ^ National Telecommunications & Information Administration , U.S. Department of Commerce . ( 1998 ) . Falling through the net II : New data on the digital divide . Washington , D.C. Retrieved from http://www.ntia.doc.gov/report/1998/falling-through-net-ii-new-data-digital-divide ^ Jump up to : National Telecommunications & Information Administration , U.S. Department of Commerce . ( 1999 ) . Falling through the net : Defining the digital divide . Washington , D.C. Retrieved from http://www.ntia.doc.gov/report/1999/falling-through-net-defining-digital-divide Jump up ^ National Telecommunications & Information Administration , U.S. Department of Commerce . ( 1995 ) . Falling through the net : A survey of the'have nots ' in rural and urban America . Washington , D.C. Retrieved from http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fallingthru.html Jump up ^ Yung , Chunsing ( 2017 - 06 - 01 ) . `` From Digital Divide to Facebook Divide , Reconstruct our Target Market Segments with Facebook Native and Facebook Immigrant '' . Jaipuria International Journal of Management Research . 3 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 18 . doi : 10.22552 / jijmr / 2017 / v3 / i1 / 146083 . ISSN 2454 - 9509 . Jump up ^ Thakur , Rajiv ; Srivastava , Vinita ; Bhatia , Shikha ; Sharma , Jitender ( 2017 ) . Management Practices for the New Economy . India : Bloomsbury Publishing India Pvt. Ltd . pp. 53 -- 56 . ISBN 9789386432087 . Jump up ^ Facebook Divide , Facebook Native and Facebook Immigrant . Proceedings of Researchfora 1st International Conference , Berlin , Germany , 3rd - 4th March 2017 , ISBN 978 - 93 - 86291 - 88 - 2 . https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2947269 Jump up ^ Yung , Chun Sing ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Facebook Divide Society ( 面簿分隔的社會 ) '' . Zao Bao , Singapore , Page 22 . Jump up ^ ICMAPRANE 2017 http://www.jaipuria.ac.in/icmaprane2018/past-conference/ Jump up ^ ICMAPRANE - 2018 http://www.jaipuria.ac.in/icmaprane2018/icmaprane-2018/ Jump up ^ United Nations Educational UNDay Jump up ^ `` UN Information and Communication Technologies ( ITC ) Task Force Launched Today at Headquarters '' , Press Release , United Nations ( New York ) , 20 November 2001 Jump up ^ Online Volunteering Jump up ^ Acevedo , Manuel . 2005 . Volunteering in the information society , Research paper . Jump up ^ Greyling , E. ; Zulu , S. ( 2010 ) . `` Content development in an indigenous digital library : A case study in community participation '' . IFLA Journal . 36 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 9 . doi : 10.1177 / 0340035209359570 . Jump up ^ Pingo , Z.B. ( 2015 ) . Transition from Camel Libraries to Digital Technologies in Kenya Public Libraries . Public Library Quarterly , 34 ( 1 ) , 63 - 84 . Jump up ^ Gurstein , Michael . `` Effective use : A community informatics strategy beyond the digital divide '' . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Gurstein , Michael . `` Open data : Empowering the empowered or effective data use for everyone ? '' . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McKendrick , Joe . `` Lack Of Digital , Cloud Opportunities Is Actually Embarrassing For Employees , Survey Suggests '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Foroohar , Rana . `` The Real Threat to Economic Growth Is the Digital Divide '' . Time . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Closing Digital Divide Critical to Social , Economic Development , Delegates Say at Second Committee Debate on Information and Communications Technologies Meetings Coverage and Press Releases '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Digital Divide : The Technology Gap between the Rich and Poor '' . Digital Responsibility . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Homework Gap : The ' Cruelest Part of the Digital Divide ' '' . NEA Today . 2016 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Digital Divide in the Age of the Connected Classroom NetRef '' . NetRef. 2016 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kang , Cecilia ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) . `` The Challenges of Closing the Digital Divide '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Larry ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Spread of internet has not conquered ' digital divide ' between rich and poor -- report '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , M. ( July 2011 ) . `` Time machines and virtual portals : The spatialities of the digital divide '' . Progress in Development Studies . 11 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 227 . doi : 10.1177 / 146499341001100303 . Jump up ^ Sciadas , George . ( 2003 ) . Monitoring the Digital Divide ... and Beyond . Orbicom . ^ Jump up to : Reilley , Collen A. Teaching Wikipedia as a Mirrored Technology . First Monday , Vol. 16 , No. 1 - 3 , January 2011 Jump up ^ Correa , Teresa. ( 2008 ) Literature Review : Understanding the `` second - level digital divide '' papers by Teresa Correa . Unpublished manuscript , School of Journalism , College of Communication , University of Texas at Austin . ( 6 ) . ^ Jump up to : Schradie , Jen ( 2011 ) . `` The Digital Production Gap : The Digital Divide and Web 2.0 Collide '' ( PDF ) . Poetics. 39 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 168 . doi : 10.1016 / j. poetic. 2011.02. 003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Reinhart , J. ; Thomas , E. ; Toriskie , J. ( 2011 ) . `` K - 12 Teachers : Technology Use and the Second Level Digital Divide '' . Journal of Instructional Psychology . 38 ( 3 / 4 ) : 181 . Jump up ^ `` Individuals using the Internet 2005 to 2014 '' , Key ICT indicators for developed and developing countries and the world ( totals and penetration rates ) , International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Internet users per 100 inhabitants 1997 to 2007 '' , ICT Data and Statistics ( IDS ) , International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Total Midyear Population for the World : 1950 - 2050 '' `` . International Programs Center for Demographic and Economic Studies , U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ICT Facts and Figures 2005 , 2010 , 2014 '' . Telecommunication Development Bureau , International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ICT Facts and Figures 2005 , 2010 , 2016 '' . Telecommunication Development Bureau , International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Active mobile - broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012 '' , Dynamic Report , ITU ITC EYE , International Telecommunication Union . Retrieved on 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Total Midyear Population for the World : 1950 - 2050 '' `` . International Programs Center for Demographic and Economic Studies , U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ICT Facts and Figures 2005 , 2010 , 2014 '' . Telecommunication Development Bureau , International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ ICT Facts and Figures 2005 , 2010 , 2014 , Telecommunication Development Bureau , International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Lu , Ming - te ( 2001 ) . `` Digital divide in developing countries '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Global Information Technology Management . 4 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 4 . doi : 10.1080 / 1097198x. 2001.10856304 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Krueger 1993 ; Attewell and Battle 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Divide . '' The Digital Divide , Stanford University , cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs201/projects/digital-divide/start.html . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Section 508 Archived 2013 - 08 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . ( 1998 ) . United States Government . Jump up ^ Tait , Robert ( 2006 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Iran bans fast internet to cut west 's influence '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Not Online and Why '' . Pew Research Center : Internet , Science & Tech. 2013 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ This graphic illustrates the difference in fixed broadband penetration ( History and Forecast ) between the European Union and Sub-Saharan Africa from International Futures ^ Jump up to : Digital Divide - ICT Information Communications Technology - 50x15 Initiative . ( 2014 , March 21 ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 , from http://www.internetworldstats.com/links10.htm Jump up ^ Social Impact Open Repository ( 2011 ) . `` Inclusion of excluded groups in decision - making in the development of technologies '' . SIOR . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James , J ( 2008 ) . `` Digital Divide Complacency : Misconceptions and Dangers '' . The Information Society . 24 : 54 -- 61 . doi : 10.1080 / 01972240701774790 . ^ Jump up to : Pick , J. ; Azari , R. ( 2008 ) . `` Global Digital Divide : Influence of Socioeconomic , Governmental , and Accessibility Factors on Information Technology '' . Information Technology for Development . 14 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 115 . doi : 10.1002 / itdj. 20095 . Jump up ^ Rahman , H. ( 2006 ) . Empowering Marginal Communities and Information Networking . Hershey , Pennsylvania : Idea Group Publishing . Jump up ^ Fizz , Robyn ; Mansur , Karla ( 2008 - 06 - 04 ) , `` Helping MIT neighbors cross the ' digital divide ' '' ( PDF ) , MIT Tech Talk , Cambridge : MIT , p. 3 Jump up ^ IMARA Project at MIT Jump up ^ Fizz , Robyn , `` CommuniTech Works Locally to Bridge the Digital Divide '' Archived August 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , IST News , MIT , April 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ Hartmann , Dominik ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) , `` Building bridges '' , D + C , development&cooperation ^ Jump up to : Ali , Amir ( 2011 ) . `` The Power of Social Media in Developing Nations : New Tools for Closing the Global Digital Divide and Beyond '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Human Rights Journal . 24 : 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facebook Statistics '' , 2011 . Archived October 18 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( Boston ) Digital Bridge Foundation Jump up ^ `` Mayor Menino , Boston Digital Bridge Foundation Host Evening on the Bridge 2.0 Celebration '' , Mayor 's Office , Boston , Press Release , September 26 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` City of Boston Receives $4.3 Million Grant That Will Give Training , Computers and Opportunity to Underserved Communities '' , City of Boston press office , September 14 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Is connectivity a human right ? '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Internet.org : About '' . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk and Richard Branson invest in satellite - Internet ventures '' . ^ Jump up to : One Laptop Per Child . ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of Principles '' , WSIS - 03 / GENEVA / DOC / 4 - E , World Summit on the Information Society , Geneva , 12 December 2003 Bibliography ( edit ) Azam , M. ( 2007 ) . `` Working together toward the inclusive digital world '' . Digital Opportunity Forum . Unpublished manuscript . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 , from http://www.dof.or.kr/pdf/Bangladesh%5BPPT%5D.pdf Borland , J. ( 1998 , April 13 ) . `` Move Over Megamalls , Cyberspace Is the Great Retailing Equalizer '' . Knight Ridder / Tribune Business News . Brynjolfsson , Erik and Michael D. Smith ( 2000 ) . `` The great equalizer ? Consumer choice behavior at Internet shopbots '' . Sloan Working Paper 4208 - 01 . eBusiness@MIT Working Paper 137 . July 2000 . Sloan School of Management , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts . James , J. ( 2004 ) . Information Technology and Development : A new paradigm for delivering the Internet to rural areas in developing countries . New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 32632 - X ( print ) . ISBN 0 - 203 - 32550 - 8 ( e-book ) . Southwell , B.G. ( 2013 ) . Social networks and popular understanding of science and health : sharing disparities . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 1324 - 2 ( book ) . World Summit on the Information Society ( WSIS ) , 2005 . `` What 's the state of ICT access around the world ? '' Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . World Summit on the Information Society ( WSIS ) , 2008 . `` ICTs in Africa : Digital Divide to Digital Opportunity '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Falling Through the Net : Defining the Digital Divide '' ( PDF ) , NTIS , U.S. Department of Commerce , July 1999 . DiMaggio , P. & Hargittai , E. ( 2001 ) . `` From the ' Digital Divide ' to ' Digital Inequality ' : Studying Internet Use as Penetration Increases '' , Working Paper No. 15 , Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies , Woodrow Wilson School , Princeton University . Retrieved May 31 , 2009 . Foulger , D. ( 2001 ) . `` Seven bridges over the global digital divide '' . IAMCR & ICA Symposium on Digital Divide , November 2001 . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . Chen , W. ; Wellman , B. ( 2004 ) . `` The global digital divide within and between countries '' . IT & Society . 1 ( 7 ) : 39 -- 45 . Council of Economic Advisors ( 2015 ) . Mapping the Digital Divide . `` A Nation Online : Entering the Broadband Age '' , NTIS , U.S. Department of Commerce , September 2004 . James , J ( 2005 ) . `` The global digital divide in the Internet : developed countries constructs and Third World realities '' . Journal of Information Science . 31 ( 2 ) : 114 -- 23 . doi : 10.1177 / 0165551505050788 . Rumiany , D. ( 2007 ) . `` Reducing the Global Digital Divide in Sub-Saharan Africa '' . Posted on Global Envision with permission from Development Gateway , January 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . Madon , S. , Reinhard , N. , Roode , D. , & Walsham , G. ( 2007 ) . `` Digital inclusion projects in developing countries : Processes of institutionalization '' . Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries , São Paulo , Brazil , May 2007 . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . `` Telecom use at the Bottom of the Pyramid 2 ( use of telecom services and ICTs in emerging Asia ) '' , LIRNEasia , 2007 . `` Telecom use at the Bottom of the Pyramid 3 ( Mobile2. 0 applications , migrant workers in emerging Asia ) '' , LIRNEasia , 2008 - 09 . `` São Paulo Special : Bridging Brazil 's digital divide '' , Digital Planet , BBC World Service , 2 October 2008 . Graham , M. ( 2009 ) . `` Global Placemark Intensity : The Digital Divide Within Web 2.0 Data '' , Floatingsheep Blog . Graham , M ( 2011 ) . `` Time Machines and Virtual Portals : The Spatialities of the Digital Divide '' . Progress in Development Studies . 11 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 227 . doi : 10.1177 / 146499341001100303 . Yfantis , V. ( 2017 ) . `` Disadvantaged Populations And Technology In Music '' . A book about the digital divide in the music industry . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : The Information Age Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Internet Governance E-inclusion , an initiative of the European Commission to ensure that `` no one is left behind '' in enjoying the benefits of Information and Communication Technologies ( ICT ) . eEurope - An information society for all , a political initiative of the European Union . Digital Inclusion Network , an online exchange on topics related to the digital divide and digital inclusion , E-Democracy.org . Profiles of Innovators and Leaders Who Make a Difference ( PDF ) . Expanding Digital Opportunity in New York City Public Schools . Committee on Technology in Government , New York City Council . June 2004 . `` The Digital Divide Within Education Caused by the Internet '' , Benjamin Todd , Acadia University , Nova Scotia , Canada , Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences , Volume 11 ( 2012 ) . Statistics from the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) Mobile Phones and Access is an animated video produced by TechChange and USAID which explores issues of access related to global mobile phone usage . 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4049888718088477305	Peyton Place (TV series)	Peyton Place ( tv series ) - wikipedia Peyton Place ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search Peyton Place Original title card ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Genre Soap opera Created by Grace Metalious ( original 1956 novel ) Starring ( in premiere episode ) Dorothy Malone Warner Anderson Ed Nelson Mia Farrow and ( over the entire run of the series ) a cast of over 200 actors in primary and secondary roles Theme music composer Franz Waxman Opening theme `` Theme from Peyton Place '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 514 Production Executive producer ( s ) Paul Monash Producer ( s ) Everett Chambers Richard Goldstone Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) 20th Century Fox Television Release Original network ABC Picture format Black - and - white ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Color ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Audio format Monaural Original release September 15 , 1964 ( 1964 - 09 - 15 ) -- June 2 , 1969 ( 1969 - 06 - 02 ) Chronology Preceded by Return to Peyton Place ( film ) Followed by Return to Peyton Place ( TV series ) Peyton Place is an American prime - time soap opera which aired on ABC in half - hour episodes from September 15 , 1964 , to June 2 , 1969 . Based upon the 1956 novel of the same name by Grace Metalious , the series was preceded by a 1957 film adaptation . A total of 514 episodes were broadcast , in black - and - white from 1964 to 1966 and in color from 1966 to 1969 . At the show 's peak , ABC ran three new episodes a week . Produced by 20th Century Fox Television . A number of guest stars appeared in the series for extended periods , among them Dan Duryea , Susan Oliver , Leslie Nielsen , Gena Rowlands , and Lee Grant , who won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Drama for her role of tough - as - nails Stella Chernak . The series served as the springboard for such performers as Mia Farrow , Ryan O'Neal , Barbara Parkins , Christopher Connelly , David Canary , Mariette Hartley , and Lana Wood . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Major changes between the 1956 novel and the series 3 Plots 3.1 Season 1 ( 1964 -- 1965 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 1966 -- 1967 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 1967 -- 1968 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 1968 -- 1969 ) 4 Characters 4.1 Original cast 4.2 Later main characters 4.3 Secondary characters 4.4 Minor characters played by recognizable actors 5 Schedules 6 Ratings 7 DVD releases 8 Further reading 9 Notes 10 External links History ( edit ) With Peyton Place , ABC hoped to bring the success of the British soap opera Coronation Street to America . Inspired by that soap opera , it was decided that it should be aired in prime time . Producer Paul Monash wanted to launch a revival of Grace Metalious ' novel of the same name . He refused to acknowledge it as a soap opera , calling it a ' high - class anthology drama ' . An hour - long pilot was shot in 1962 . Originally , the Cross family from the novel was included , but when Irna Phillips was contacted to change the pilot , she decided to scrap it . Various disagreements between the makers ensued , and the official pilot was not aired until September 15 , 1964 . When the series premiered in late 1964 , it marked the birth of the primetime American soap opera . The early stories were adapted from the 1956 book and 1957 film of the same name , although some principal character names , backstories and occupations were changed or simply eliminated . The time setting was changed from the early 1940s ( of the novel and film ) to the present day , and the town 's location , which had previously been unidentified , was established as being in the commonwealth of Massachusetts in the fourth episode . Some sensational plot lines from the novel ( like incest ) were replaced with less controversial themes ( like teen pregnancy ) . The series , nevertheless , immediately was criticized for the sexual themes with which it dealt . Peyton Place was an instant hit ; especially in the early years , when it had a loyal following from fans around the world . Originally , it was aired twice a week , but because of its success , it was increased to three airings a week in June 1965 . When Dorothy Malone was rushed into emergency surgery , the producers were faced with the dilemma of what to do with her character , Constance , who at that point was too deeply embroiled in the plot line to disappear without reason . Lola Albright was hired to take over the role and continued in the series until Malone returned . The show 's downfall began in September 1966 . Ratings dropped after Mia Farrow 's departure . Farrow never expected the show to become a success and immediately tried to get out of her contract when the show started its airing . On the urging of her then - husband , Frank Sinatra , the producers decided to write her off the show in the summer of 1966 . The character Rachel Welles , portrayed by Leigh Taylor - Young , was written into the show as her replacement . The addition of Taylor - Young 's character , however , was not successful in increasing the ratings . The show was cut back to two airings a week . By 1968 , most of the original characters had been written out of the show , in many cases at their own request . Critics agreed the show had become ' dated ' and , because of the constant change in characters , confusing as well . The writers , already beginning work on what would be the final season , announced several new characters would be written into the show . They would deal with ' electrifying subjects , the war , the draft , riots , music , God , and godlessness ' . Although several well - known actors were added to the cast , including Ruby Dee , it was cancelled on June 2 , 1969 . Major changes between the 1956 novel and the series ( edit ) The book is set in the years surrounding World War II . The series was set in the then modern day . The entire Cross family , an important family in the novel , does not appear in the television series . In the novel , Michael Rossi was a high school teacher and the school principal . In the television series , he served as the town 's doctor . In the novel , Matthew Swain was the town 's doctor . In the television series , he serves as the editor of the local newspaper . In the novel Rodney Harrington and Norman Page are unrelated . In the television series , they are both brothers , sons of Leslie Harrington . In the novel , Betty Anderson is more bad - natured than in the television series . In the novel , Constance runs a clothing store ; in the television series , she operates a bookstore . Plots ( edit ) The series opens with a shot of a church 's steeple , and the words `` Peyton Place '' superimposed , with a tolling of church bells . Announcer Dick Tufeld announces `` This is the continuing story of Peyton Place . '' The scene changes to scenes of the town square , a rolling brook , and a panoramic view of Peyton Place . It dissolves to cast members , and then narration of previous episode events by Warner Anderson , who also played Matthew Swain . In 1966 the message was changed to `` In color , the continuing story of Peyton Place . '' Warner Anderson left the series after the first season , but continued as narrator to the series until the final episode . Season 1 ( 1964 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) In the first episode , Dr. Michael Rossi ( Ed Nelson ) arrives from New York City to set up practice in town . Newspaper editor Matthew Swain ( Warner Anderson ) tells him people usually try to get away from towns like Peyton Place , not move to them . Matthew 's third cousin Allison MacKenzie ( Mia Farrow ) , a close friend of classmate Norman Harrington ( Christopher Connelly ) , has begun to fall in love with his older brother , Rodney ( Ryan O'Neal ) ; she is smitten as soon as they share their first kiss . At the end of the episode , Allison 's mother , Constance ( Dorothy Malone ) , makes it clear she disapproves of her daughter 's newfound relationship with Rodney . Rodney is startled to find his father , Leslie ( Paul Langton ) , in a passionate embrace with his secretary , Julie Anderson ( Kasey Rogers ) , the mother of Rodney 's girlfriend , Betty ( Barbara Parkins ) . Both Leslie and Julie are in unhappy marriages , but Leslie ca n't explain this to his son in the moment . Confused , Rodney tells Betty he can not date her anymore and begins to see Allison instead . Betty , confused and hurt because he offered no reason for breaking up with her , discovers she is pregnant and tells Rodney . He agrees to marry her , and then , following a car accident , Betty miscarries their child , but she does not tell Rodney until after they are wed -- - though Dr. Rossi , his nurse Laura , and Betty 's parents knew the truth before the marriage . Dr. Rossi and Constance become closer , though she 's unnerved by his possible purchase of the Carson beachfront home because of Elizabeth Carson 's murder there . Dr. Rossi also tangles with Dr. Morton over emergency surgery for Catherine Peyton Harrington ( Mary Anderson ) , Rodney and Norman 's spoiled , sickly , manipulative mother , who suffers a potentially fatal perforated ulcer . Rossi ca n't save Catherine 's life especially when Morton arrives and tries to obstruct him from performing emergency surgery . Betty decides to leave Peyton Place but runs into Allison at the bus depot and changes her mind about leaving . Morton threatens to destroy Rossi over Catherine 's death and uses the autopsy process to frame him out of his admitting and operating privileges -- - until Rossi discovers the pathologist , Dr. Bradford , made a critical error . Allison confesses to her mother that she still loves Rodney , and Betty confesses to Rodney that she miscarried in the auto accident , but after rejecting the idea at first both she and Rodney agree to annul the marriage . Catherine 's will includes a surprise codicil returning Leslie 's stock in the mill to her father . Pressured by Rossi 's relentless effort to clear himself , Bradford confesses he faked Catherine 's autopsy report to Morton , who informs Leslie of the truth . Learning of this , Rossi urges Morton not to leave Peyton Place or Doctor 's Hospital . Betty shows an interest in nursing and Rossi helps her find a job as a nurse 's aide at the hospital to begin . Betty 's disturbed father , George Anderson ( Henry Beckman ) , whose frustrations and drinking have driven him to spousal abuse and finally a nervous breakdown , is hospitalised in a sanitarium . Midway through the first season , another principal character arrives in Peyton Place . Elliot Carson ( Tim O'Connor ) , Allison 's birth father , who had been imprisoned for 18 years after being convicted of murdering his wife , Elizabeth , though the actual culprit was Catherine Harrington . The truth about the crime begins to emerge after Elliot 's former brother - in - law Paul Hanley , now a college teacher whose students include Allison -- - and who originally testified against Elliot at the murder trial -- - discovers Elizabeth 's diary and gives it to Elliot . Elliot is also torn between wanting Allison to know he 's her real father and , at Constance 's urging , not wanting to hurt her with the knowledge . George Anderson is allowed his first home visit during his treatment period . Elliot tries to stop George shooting Leslie and is shot himself ; Leslie vows to clear Elliot 's name after Elliot undergoes surgery -- - out of guilt , having hidden the truth about Elizabeth 's murder . After Leslie tells the Peyton family attorney ( Patrick Whyte ) that Catherine committed the murder , the reaction makes him realize that most people will believe that Leslie is the real murderer who is dragging his dead wife 's name through the mud , a suspicion that rears its head throughout the run of the show , especially when Catherine 's father , the show title town 's patriarch , becomes a dominant regular character long after initial references to him as a dying invalid . Elizabeth Carson 's affair and murder have been noted by scholars for setting up the town 's legacy of transgressive women . Meanwhile , no longer in charge of the Peyton Mill and disillusioned over his alienation from his sons now that they know who killed Elizabeth , Leslie leaves Peyton Place to travel abroad and sort out his life , while Norman struggles to accept the truth about his mother who doted on him . With his name clear , Elliot eventually marries Constance , but their decision to reveal to Allison that he is her real father , and that her mother hid that fact from her to protect her from association with a convicted murderer , does not go over too well with a daughter who had a firmly established view of the fictionalized father she had been brought up to believe in . Meanwhile , Norman falls in love with working class girl Rita Jacks ( Patricia Morrow ) , whose mother , Ada ( Evelyn Scott ) , owns the local tavern . They start a relationship , but both are constantly bothered by Rita 's aggressive ex-boyfriend Joe Chernak ( Don Quine ) . Steven Cord ( James Douglas ) arrives in Peyton Place to work with the Peyton / Harrington attorney but slowly reveals an agenda of his own . Claire Morton ( Mariette Hartley ) , the daughter of Dr. Morton and a successful physician in her own right , returns to Peyton Place to end her marriage to a successful but indifferent doctor ( Leslie Nielsen ) and shows more than a professional interest in Dr. Rossi . Norman and Rita 's graduation night is spoiled when Joe tries to assault Rita , who tries to keep it secret . Otherwise , while serving as a co-chaperone , Constance tells Rodney she 's changed her mind about him . Elliot is offered the editorship of the Peyton Place Clarion after Matt decides to retire and leave Peyton Place . Rodney tries to defend Norman , promising to help Rita and get Joe to back off , and winds up in a fight with him on the wharf , during which Joe accidentally falls off the wharf , strikes his head and , after getting up and trying to come at Rodney again , drops forward and dies . All of this is witnessed by Kim Schuster ( Kimberly Beck ) , the six - year - old deaf - mute daughter of David ( William Smithers ) and Doris ( Gail Kobe ) . She did not want to move from New York City to Peyton Place and , as a result , starts to rebel against her mother . She only bonds with Allison , who serves as her babysitter . The Schusters ' marriage is troubled as a result of Kim 's rebellion and David 's ambivalence about operating the Peyton Mill . Doris eventually discharges Allison and tries to bond with Kim belatedly , but the troubles between the Schusters only deepen -- - especially when they learn Kim ran off while Allison and Norman were with her at the library and saw the fight between Rodney and Joe . Season 2 ( 1965 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) The first half of the second season focused on the Rodney Harrington murder trial and the concurrent struggle of Allison Mackenzie after she was injured in a hit - and - run accident and left in a coma . Rodney is accused in the death of Joe Chernak , who refused to accept Rita 's dumping him and falling for Norman . District Attorney John Fowler ( John Kerr ) , son of the former DA who retired heartsick over learning he got a wrongful conviction against Elliot , is also unaware his wife Marian ( Joan Blackman ) , is the driver who struck Allison . Elliot and Steven suspect the younger Fowler wants to avenge his father via another Harrington , since Leslie 's original failure convicted Elliot . Against his family attorney 's advice , Rodney gives a statement to the police and the DA . Leslie returns to Peyton Place , and ultimately succeeds in getting Rodney bail . Only Allison truly believes in Rodney 's innocence before her accident , which happened after she visited Rodney in jail . Norman is haunted by his wish that Joe were dead because he abused Rita . The return of autocratic patriarch Martin Peyton ( George Macready ) fascinates and unnerves Peyton Place . A changing Betty also believes in Rodney 's innocence : she answered Rodney 's original call for an ambulance after Joe fell . Leslie ca n't convince Rodney to file for a change - of - venue , fearing his own past will prejudice a local jury . Joe 's sister Stella Grant ( Lee Grant ) , a biochemist , arrives home from California , wants Rodney behind bars though she knows he did n't intend to kill Joe . Her father , Gus , struggling to overcome alcohol , blames Leslie for his own failures -- Leslie demoted then tried to fire him for drunkenness -- and for his son 's death , hoping Rodney pays for Leslie 's sins . The Fowlers separate after Marian admits being tempted to an affair with physical therapist Russ Gehring ( David Canary ) . Stella lies at the preliminary hearing , after Michael hires her to help launch his medical research lab . Suspiciously , she is reluctant to submit a complete personnel file . Rodney finally hires Steven as his sole defense attorney . Stella alienates most of Peyton Place except Michael , with whom she becomes somewhat romantically involved . Rita and Kim have emotional problems over the case , Rita blaming herself but refusing her mother Ada 's urge to have them leave town before the trial begins . Betty steals Stella 's personnel file knowing Steven needs background help on Stella . To Betty 's surprise , stoic , hard - nosed Nurse Choate defends her though Michael demands her resignation . Allison 's coma worries her parents and friends . Fowler subpoenas Rita , whom Steven wanted as a defense witness , but her emotional testimony exposes Joe 's seedy character . Norman stays by her side and they elope after she testifies . Doris Schuster takes Kim back to New York . Martin moves back into the mansion and David moves to the local inn where Leslie is already staying . Allison emerges from her coma slowly but with no memory of the entire past year . Rodney fears his grandfather is even more manipulative than his father . Betty rejects Leslie 's offer to help her find a new job . Stella is at increasing odds with her father over Joe 's memory and character . David Schuster subdues Gus after Gus destroys mill equipment , but Gus collapses . Michael determines he 's dying of cirrhosis of the liver . Gus dies after walking out of the hospital to confront Martin at the mansion . Stella perjures herself during the trial . Michael advises Constance not to tell Allison about Elliot again just yet , which angers him . Russ keeps the secret of Marian Fowler hitting Allison after leaving his home . Steven 's West Coast detective unearths embarrassing information on Stella , including her theft of lab samples and pinning the rap on a former boyfriend , Richard Jensen ( Don Gordon ) . Steven convinces David to bring Kim back to testify at the trial . The jury convicts Rodney . Steven brings Jensen to Peyton Place , where he sets Stella up in a drug theft from the hospital . This prompts Stella to confess to Michael and then , formally , to Fowler , that she lied about Rodney . Marian also confesses to her husband that she was the driver who hit Allison . Rodney 's conviction is overturned with Stella 's confession and he 's exonerated . Stella leaves Peyton Place quietly , pleasing almost everyone including Michael by this point . Allison has now re-learned the truth of the previous year . At first she ca n't deal with it and rebels against her past , even cutting her trademark long hair and denouncing her parents . Michael convinces her to stop acting selfishly and return home , where she gradually accepts her parents again . She also wants to marry Rodney no matter his financial standing , but Rodney wants to build his own equity first . Martin offers Leslie the mill if Rodney agrees to live in the mansion under Martin 's guidance . Rodney is outraged by the agreement but stays in the mansion until he buys the Shoreline Garage with his inheritance , needing to work and accomplish on his own without the Peyton / Harrington influence . Betty and Steven marry at the mansion and honeymoon before moving into the home Hannah bought for them . The second half focuses mostly on a childhood accident involving Chris Webber ( Gary Haynes ) seventeen years earlier . He fell from a Sailors ' Bluff cliff and was blinded in the accident ; young Ann Colby was accused of pushing him . Returning to Peyton Place as an adult under her formerly married name , Ann Howard ( Susan Oliver ) wants to prove her innocence . Chris ' tough brother , Lee ( Steve Oliver ) , accused Ann , who left town with her father following the accident . Lee now tries to bully her out of town . His wife , Sandy ( Lana Wood ) , suffering under his abusive personality , is pushed toward Rodney , for whom Lee works at the garage and about whom Lee was suspicious before meeting Sandy . Ann also befriends Allison and becomes romantically involved with Michael . Chris arrives to visit , surprising his brother and sister - in - law who expected to drive to Boston to bring him back . Allison continues struggling with her identity after her breakup with Rodney . Leslie 's bargain with Martin has severe consequences for Rodney 's relationship with Norman . Hannah Cord ( Ruth Warrick ) , Martin 's housekeper / assistant , wants to make Ann leave town as well . Only Betty is unafraid to challenge Martin . He admires that quality in her and hires her as his second assistant . Hannah , meanwhile , carries a dark secret about son Steven 's past . Steven remains suspicious of Betty 's feelings for Rodney despite the fact Rodney and Betty were annulled long before he met Betty . After it is established that Steven has spent much of his life living in the Peyton Manor with his `` mother '' , Hannah , and the Peyton - Harringtons , Betty and the Harringtons expect that Martin will reveal he 's Steven 's father . Steven tells Betty he himself doe n't know ; he 's always been waiting for someone to tell him . Even though Hannah and Martin obviously know of Steven 's expectation to be told of his apparent Peyton and Cord lineage , they allowed him to believe the falsehood . In time , it 's revealed Steven and Ann are twins , the illegitimate children of Brian Cord and Catherine Peyton , who bore them out of wedlock . Rodney discovers the truth by accident when he overhears Martin and Hannah . Ann was sent away with her father , Brian , while Hannah adopted Steven as a punishment to her ex-husband Brian . Only Martin and Hannah know the truth before Betty learns it from Rodney . Martin and Hannah tell Betty the truth will destroy Steven . Her effort to keep silent at first causes Steven to think she 's seeing Rodney secretly . The Cords separate until Steven learns Ann really is his twin . Betty 's mother Julie reveals she rejected Leslie 's marriage proposal and plans to reconcile with her recovering husband , George , away from Peyton Place . Steven and Ann face it together and begin reconciling when Ann dies in an accident off the same bluff where Chris fell and was blinded . Allison discovers Ann first and calls Elliot , who calls police . In a concurrent confrontation , Lee admits pushing Chris off the bluff to his brother and becomes the main suspect in Ann 's death , though Martin and Leslie each suspect Hannah is involved somehow . With Rodney having proposed to Allison only a few hours before , a proposal she rejected , an angry Chris tells her that she is incapable of loving anyone -- - even Rodney -- - which strikes a nerve making her realize his statement is true . Allison suffers a breakdown and is hospitalised , but walks out of the hospital , alarming her parents , Michael , and Rodney , among others . The townspeople start to look for Allison but without any luck . Lee is arrested for Ann 's murder . He asks a judge to appoint Steven as his attorney . Steven first rejects then reluctantly agrees to the idea , after he begins questioning whether Ann 's past drove her to suicide . Chris turns his back on Lee and becomes outraged when he finds out about Steven defending him . Chris tries to convince Steven to withdraw from the case and also tries to push Sandy -- - abused by her husband yet still trying to love him -- - to stop protecting Lee . Michael finds Allison near Sailor 's Bluff and returns her to the hospital . Michael is astonished that Steven will defend Lee , while Steven tries to keep Lee on what he calls a `` nice and short '' leash after getting him bail . Betty thinks Steven 's defending Lee out of a desire for vengeance against Martin and Hannah . Steven admits to her he thinks they killed Ann somehow . Allison leaves the hospital again . After taunting Rodney at the garage , Lee taunts Allison into leaving Peyton Place , unaware she 's already given up on her hometown where all her previous beliefs were shattered . After looking at Rodney through the garage window one last time , Allison walks slowly down the road out of town to a variation on the show 's main title music . ( This reflected Mia Farrow leaving the show to accommodate the desire of her then - husband , Frank Sinatra ) . The townspeople are stunned by Allison 's disappearance , but Constance and Elliot are especially stunned . Friends try to keep Constance occupied while Elliot suspects Lee is responsible for Allison 's disappearance . So does DA Fowler , who revokes Lee 's bail when he learns Lee confronted Allison directly before she left , violating his bail conditions . ( Note : Lola Albright fills in for Dorothy Malone as Constance for several episodes . ) Season 3 ( 1966 -- 1967 ) ( edit ) The first season in colour . Season Three focuses on three things : Constance and Elliot and their newborn son ; the preliminary hearing for Lee Webber ; and , the arrival and troubles of young Rachel Welles . ( Leigh Taylor - Young ) . The season begins with Connie going into premature labor and giving birth to the son she names Matthew ( gift from God ) . Rita is happy for the Carsons but desires her own baby , but Norman says if she does he 'll have to drop out of college to work full time . Rita abandons the idea and works as Matthew 's babysitter as a second job . Baby Matthew is a hit with the townspeople , especially over-doting grandfather Eli . Connie and Elliot balance being doting parents to their new son with continuing concern over Allison 's disappearance . Steven takes heat for serving as Lee 's reluctant defense attorney . The hearing 's early highlights include troubling testimony and new doubts from Michael over his fiancee Ann 's death . Ground down by Lee 's abuse , his estranged wife Sandy shows interest in Rodney . Blind brother Chris testifies against Lee , convinced Lee is guilty . Both John and Steven try to outsmart each other -- - directly as well as in court . Norman and Rita are shocked to find Rachel hiding in an old abandoned cabin -- - in possession of a bracelet Elliot once gave Allison as a gift . Hannah first tries to slip out of Peyton Place but returns and tries to distance herself from Martin . Betty is aghast when she determines Steven intends to grill his mother on the witness stand if need be . The hearing draws a lot of townspeople 's attention , largely because of Hannah 's and Martin Peyton 's scheduled testimonies . Steven rebukes Hannah 's reconciliation attempt . His hard interrogation provokes Hannah 's confession that Catherine Peyton 's affair with her husband Brian Cord produced both Steven and Ann , and that Martin tried to hide the scandal by hiring Hannah and letting her claim Steven as her son , while Ann was sent to live with Brian , whom Martin paid off to keep quiet . Staggered over the news of his real lineage , Steven denounces Hannah . Hannah also testifies she saw Lee push Ann off the cliff , provoking Lee to explode that he did n't push her . Hannah 's revelation staggers the Harrington men , too , with Norman leaving the courtroom mixed in rage and sorrow . Leslie refuses Martin 's apology and confession of his failure at Catherine 's graveside . Rodney tells Leslie he wo n't be a pawn in any more of his father 's or his grandfather 's `` bargains . '' A lack of concrete evidence and Steven 's apparent use of the case to settle family scores gets Lee released on a technicality . Lee returns home happy but he 's not welcomed home , and his claim of vindication is denounced because he was n't technically proven innocent . Chris steals Ada Jacks 's gun , planning to shoot Lee whom he believes a murderer . Lee tricks Steven into going to the Webber house where Chris tries to shoot him thinking he 's Lee . The bullet grazes Steven 's topcoat . Steven helps Sandy cover for Chris and send him away from Peyton Place to start his life over . In a heated argument with Lee , Steven promises to make him pay for killing Ann . Sandy files for divorce and pursues Rodney , who still needs to learn the truth about Allison until Connie convinces him lovingly to go on with his life . Rachel turns out a runaway who reacts violently to anyone trying to get to know her at first . Having Allison 's bracelet makes Elliott think she knows more about Allison 's fate . Rodney gets Rachel to say she found the bracelet on a road . But only Michael is able to get truly close to her , discovering her uncle Jack Chandler ( John Kellogg ) abused her , and trying to protect her from him . Jack tries to make her return with him , which frightens her . She threatens to tell everyone that she found Allison 's bracelet in the floor of his truck if he keeps on harassing her , after which he gives up his legal claim to her custody -- but he threatens to harm the Carsons and their newborn son if Rachel ever reveals the truth . Michael takes a break from Peyton Place . Elliot suspects he 's seen Chandler in the past but ca n't remember where . After initial reluctance , Rachel moves into the Carson home after Rodney urges her to accept people 's generosity . She 's overjoyed when Michael returns and gives her a puppy as a gift but discouraged when Michael offers only frendship . She soon notices Elliot and Constance quarrel a lot about her . Fearing she might break up their marriage , she leaves the house and tries to end all confusion by trying to prove Chandler was responsible for Allison 's disappearance . This leads her to his old farmhouse , where she is attacked by him . She is able to run away and returns to Peyton Place in tears . Elliot comforts her and finally admits that he wants to take care of her , even if she does not reveal any information on Allison . An unexpected period of peace ends when Rachel is again harassed by Chandler , who sells his farm and moves to Peyton Place , where he strong - arms Leslie into hiring him at the mill and continues harassing Rachel . Elliot seems to get closer to the truth about Chandler . After the preliminary hearing , Martin accuses Steven of leaving the grown - ups to clean up `` his '' mess yet again . Steven and Betty find the Peyton mansion ablaze , compelling Steven to resuce Martin . Departing Hannah started the fire by torching the oil portrait of Catherine . After hospitalised Martin asks Steven his `` price '' for saving him , Steven names it -- - and moves into the mansion with Betty , ostensibly to keep his enemy close . Martin does the same with Lee , whom he hires as his chauffeur , hoping to make him pay eventually for killing Ann . Leslie , meanwhile , is unamused with Steven seeming to have become Peyton 's favorite son ; Steven , concurrently , is uneasy about Martin trying to maneuver him into a political future . Rodney and Sandy enjoy dates but when Lee tries to strongarm Sandy physically into returning to her marriage , Rodney surprisingly knocks Lee down with a punch . Fearing that Martin has now disinherited Rodney and Norman , Leslie blackmails Betty into stealing Martin 's will , threatening to reveal a report which falsely claims Betty was dating several men while in New York . Betty is shocked when she reads the changed will -- - naming her the Peyton heir on condition she marries Rodney within a year of Martin 's death . Martin hopes to maneuver Betty and Steven 's breakup and Betty 's remarriage to Rodney , but Rodney is aghast at the maneuvers and rejects Betty 's apparent buying in to the Peyton image . Elliot discovers the odd belt buckle once belonging to Chandler that Rachel has carried was made in a Texas prison , and eventually that Chandler -- - real name Jack Forrest -- - served time for deadly assault . Elliot and Chandler get into a fiery argument that ends in violence and Elliot 's jailing and Chandler 's hospitalisation . Elliot is free on bail and Steven as his attorney ramps up investigations into Chandler 's past . In the hospital , Chandler vows harm to the Carsons for challenging him and sheltering Rachel . But Chandler subsequently leaves Peyton Place , enraging Steven and Elliot because Chandler never received justice for his crimes against Rachel and others . Meanwhile , Steven receives the detective report about Betty for his birthday party , investigates it himself , and tells a stunned party he received it from an anonymous coward -- - though he later confronts Martin and accuses the old man of sending it . Genuinely shocked over learning the conditions in Martin 's changed will , Rodney urges suspicious Steven not to believe the detective report 's lies . The truth about Leslie blackmailing Betty eventually comes out , and Leslie is denounced , while Betty is forgiven . Chandler returns and Lee reluctantly invites him to stay at his house . Rodney and Sandy break up and Martin offers Sandy money to leave town . Sandy spurns the money but leaves for California , and Lee accuses Martin of driving her out of town . Despite continuing to struggle with his feelings about his family heritage and his father 's and grandfather 's manipulations , Rodney tries to convince Norman to accept financial help from his grandfather . Posing as Elliot , now - returned Chandler picks Rachel up at night school , kidnaps her , and forces her away , where we learn Rachel accidentally killed her aunt Lucy , which Allison witnessed , and refused to speak of Allison because it meant admitting involuntary manslaughter . Chandler also tries to pin the death of Rachel 's parents in a fire on her . Rachel kidnaps baby Matthew after she 's released from the hospital following her own fresh escape from Chandler . Meanwhile , Chandler is arrested by the police and Rachel leaves Matthew at the hospital . Rachel escapes but loses her mind , thinking she 's Allison . Michael finally decides to send her to a clinic in Boston . Connie now wants every trace of Allison and Rachel both out of her house . Leslie continues his criminal actions by slipping a gun to Chandler to help Chandler escape jail . Norman sees it and blackmails his father into giving him a job , so he can support Rita , who now is pregnant . At the end of the season , the town is stirred by the arrival of Adrienne Van Leyden ( Gena Rowlands ) and Eddie Jacks ( Dan Duryea ) . Adrienne is a widow hired by Martin to break up Steven 's and Betty 's already unstable marriage . Adrienne seduces Steven into an affair . Michael suspects Adrienne caused her husband 's death . Meanwhile , Ada is unamused by the arrival of her estranged husband Eddie , who left her 19 years ago and who once considered Chandler a friend . He insists on getting back in touch with his daughter , and Rita is shocked when she meets him . Season 4 ( 1967 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) The primary focus of season four remains Adrienne Van Leyton and Eddie Jacks and the havoc they provoke , until the arrival of young mother Jill Smith and a crisis she provokes for Constance and Elliot Carson , Michael Rossi , and Rev. Tom Winter and his wife , but the season ends with the immediate aftermath of Rodney Harrington 's injury in a motorcycle accident . Adrienne has mixed feelings at first about Martin 's manipulations between her and Steven , even as Martin buys her an engagement ring and proclaims their engagement . Steven strains to relieve Betty 's suspicions about Adrienne 's interest in him , but Adrienne seems to fall in love with Steven . Steven has mixed feelings about Adrienne but gives in to her temptations . Meanwhile , shocking facts about her past come to light , particularly her having driven her husband -- a highly respected medical researcher under whom Michael once studied -- to suicide , when he found himself too ground down to resist the pressure of her demands after he sacrificed his career for her . Betty follows Steven and Adrienne to Martin 's Boston home and confirms her suspicions . Returning home , she leaves Steven and stays at the Colonial Inn . Rodney , to whom Betty now turns for comfort , ca n't convince Norman his interest in her is friendship alone . Adrienne visits Betty at the inn but Betty rebuffs her and tells Rod she plans to hire an out - of - town attorney to handle her divorce . Steven confronts Martin and Adrienne about their maneuvers , then storms to the Shoreline Garage and awakens Rod , accusing him of being in on the plot . When Steven accuses Rod of being in on the plot , he angrily turns Rod 's bed over with Rod still in it , and Rod knocks him down with a punch . Adrienne tells Martin she plans to leave Peyton Place . Eddie tries to tell Steven about Adrienne 's scandalous past and Martin about Steven 's plan to have the old man declared incompetent . Ada wants Eddie to stay away from Rita , who wants to learn more about her father after initial reluctance . Norman and Martin each suspect Eddie intends to profit off Rita 's marriage into a wealthy family . As the Cords head toward divorce , Betty and Rod become reluctantly closer . Leslie wo n't hire Eddie but their secret meetings have Elliot thinking Eddie is connected somehow to Jack Chandler , whom we learned was killed in a confrontation with out - of - town police . Ada reluctantly hires Eddie at the tavern , on Elliot 's persuasion . Norman suffers rib injuries when Eddie punches and shoves him during an argument . Betty confronts Adrienne again , this time at the Peyton mansion , the night before Adrienne 's wedding to Martin , but Adrienne falls down the long stairs after turning away from Betty and dies when she hits the bottom . Sneaking into the mansion under a contract from Leslie to kill Martin , Eddie instead finds Adrienne 's dead body . Lee calls police accusing Eddie of killing her , and Eddie is jailed . Rita sees him being taken to the jail and staggers running after him , forcing her hospitalisation . Steven agrees to defend Eddie reluctantly , hoping to learn the truth -- but he learns Betty was the dark haired girl Eddie saw run from the mansion . Rita forces her husband and mother to tell the truth about Eddie 's arrest . For reasons she can barely explain , Connie takes Adrienne 's death particularly hard , puzzling Elliot . Martin visits Eddie in jail and learns Leslie contracted Eddie to kill him . He agrees to pay $50,000 for the signed document , and Eddie insists the money go to Norman and Rita . Martin convinces Lee to kill Leslie in revenge , hoping Leslie and Lee kill each other . Leslie shoots Lee as an intruder at his office . Severely wounded , Lee returns to the mansion crying out against Martin 's betrayal , revealing the abusive childhood that turned Lee into an abusive , at - war - with - the - world young man . Steven stops Lee from shooting Martin but the gun discharges during their struggle and kills Lee . Steven knows it discharged accidentally , though Martin suggests he avenged his sister 's death . Steven also tries to force Betty into acting like his loving wife by threatening to investigate her in Adrienne 's death , but he admits Adrienne 's death was an accident . Martin decides to leave Peyton Place for his health 's sake . Eddie decides to leave , too , but Rita collapses when she learns of this . Two surgeries reveal she miscarried . Steven and Betty have a violent argument during which Steven strikes her several times ; her bruises enrage Rod , who confronts Steven about it . Jill Smith ( Joyce Jillson ) comes to town with an infant she claims is Allison Mackenzie 's child , provoking battles between the Carsons -- to whom Jill gives the baby for care -- and Rod , who thinks he may be the baby 's father , but who was unaware Allison might have been pregnant when she left Peyton Place after rejecting his marriage proposal . Joe Rossi ( Michael Christian ) , Michael 's shady brother , arrives in town hoping Michael will help him get one more chance to fix his life -- - but Joe turns out to have his own agenda , which Michael sees when Joe sees Jill in the square and freezes a moment at the sight of her . Jill has the same reaction . Depressed Rita thinks Joe resembles her late , abusive ex-boyfriend Joe Chernak . Rita contacts Reverend Tom Winter ( Robert Hogan ) , unhappily married to alcoholic wife Susan ( Diana Hyland ) , who also serves as emotional support for rebellious teenager Carolyn Russell ( Elizabeth Walker ) . Steven , who 's become Jill 's attorney , has ulterior motives for wanting to resolve the issue of the baby 's paternity -- - a way to strike back at still confused Rod . Betty tells Rod she 'll help care for the baby if she 's his but ca n't love her because she 's Allison 's . Jill is really scheming with Joe , who hit town following criminal activities gone wrong , trying to avoid his old New York gang . Joe finds Rita , who 's been missing an entire day , and tries to convince her he 's not Chernak . This sets off a chain reaction of events from Eddie attacking Joe thinking he 's Chernak attacking Rita to the revelation that the baby is really Jill 's -- - in New York , she learned enough about Allison to pose as Allison and thus show Allison as the baby 's mother . Joe knows and reveals that means he 's the baby 's father . The revelation stuns Michael and outrages the Carsons , and Elliot accuses Michael of deceiving the Carsons . Eddie finally leaves Peyton Place , convinced at last that his presence hurts more than helps Rita . Connie -- who never stopped hoping , albeit quietly , that daughter Allison might yet return somehow -- suffers a breakdown . Rita tells Ada she no longer fears her past . Elliot persuades Connie they should leave Peyton Place with baby son Matthew and start over fresh . Michael and Elliot reconcile before the Carsons leave . Neither Rod , Betty , Michael , nor Eli can persuade them to change their minds . Steven discovers uncomfortably that Susan has more than a casual legal interest in him . Tom 's marital problems cause him to doubt his worth as a minister , even as he hires Jill as a temporary secretary at Susan 's persuasion . Rodney will struggle to recover from his accident . Leslie is staggered when the son of Martin 's Boston attorney arrives with the news that Peyton Mills has been sold and Leslie is out , news that surprises his sons when he tells them over dinner . Susan encourages Tom to take Jill under his wing -- hoping her youth and beauty will entice him out of the ministry to spend more time with his wife . Betty 's mother Julie returns for the wedding , but Betty refuses to let her mother drag the past back into her present and future . Uninvited Steven attends Rod and Betty 's wedding ceremony anyway and hands them an unexpected gift , which he got from his grandfather by way of a surprise and unconfortable one - time meeting with Hannah -- - then vows to Susan that he 'll stop at nothing to break them up . Carolyn ca n't deal with divorcing parents Marsha ( Barbara Rush ) and Fred ( Joe Maross ) , acting out by flirting with Joe and dating a band musician , behaviour that escalates as Marsha begins dating Michael . The newly - remarried Harringtons enjoy a brief honeymoon and begin putting their new house into shape . Ada gives Rita and Norman Eddie 's parting gift -- - the $50,000 Eddie got from Martin , which Eddie insisted be made out to Rita and Norman . Norman persuades reluctant Rod to take him as a garage partner converting it to motorcycle repair and sale . Steven discovers the promissory note Eddie sold to Martin and steals it from Martin 's lawyers . Fred tells Marsha and Carolyn he 's being transferred out of town , allowing them to make new lives , but Carolyn ca n't accept it at first . Jill fears her presence in the Winter home may compromise the Winters ' marriage , but Tom reminds her she may lose custody of baby Kelly if she leaves . Carolyn finally accepts her parents ' divorce and uses it to date whom she pleases . Tom thinks Susan is plotting to break up their marriage by setting him up to be seduced by Jill . Steven confronts Ada with the stolen promissory note but Ada wo n't help him find its truth . Norman has persuaded Rod to hire Steven to handle the new motorcycle shop 's legal affairs , but Steven still hopes to break up Rod and Betty . After selling a bike to a student , Rod and Norman ride another bike back to the shop but they 're inadvertently run off the road by Steven -- - with Betty in his car -- - and Rod is seriously injured when he 's thrown into a tree . When Rod tells Michael at the hospital he ca n't feel anything , Michael brings him to critical neck surgery and Rod begins a long , painful recovery from his paralysis . Steven 's attempt to comfort Betty is rebuffed angrily when she demands he stay out of their lives once and for all . Uninjured Norman is pounded with guilt over his brother 's condition . Tom defends Jill against Susan 's accusations . Neurosurgeon Harry Miles fears Michael is delaying further surgery on Rod . Leslie returns to town and accuses Steven of causing Rod 's accident deliberately . Tom admits to Michael that Susan is an alcoholic and Michael recommends a sanitarium . Jill finally leaves the Winters home , and Tom blames Susan . Betty , Norman , and Rita struggle to hide emotions when visiting Rod . Tom searches for Jill unaware she 's staying secretly at Ada 's , but he eventually finds her and tells her she and he were meant to be together . Leslie leaves town again , but not before telling Betty he does n't approve of her re-marrying Rod . Rod begins regaining some feeling but is aware his full recovery is n't guaranteed . Jill rejects Tom and he tries to leave the ministry , but Jill flees when a social worker tries to take Kelly . Susan is hospitalised after a drunken rage . Rod orders Steven to leave after Steven offers help and asks forgiveness . Tom leaves the ministry and moves out , getting a lobster trapping job and moving into a fishing boat on the wharf . Jill reluctantly surrenders Kelly to child welfare authorities who give her to Norman and Rita temporarily , after Steven tries but fails to convince Judge Chester Jill was a victim of Susan 's plot . Rita offers to help Jill regain custody of Kelly . Tom 's church overseer refuses to let him leave the ministry . ( During this season , Wilfrid Hyde - White plays Martin Peyton during a brief absence by George Macready . ) Season 5 ( 1968 -- 1969 ) ( edit ) Ed Nelson remains the show 's lead actor following Dorothy Malone 's departure near the end of Season Four ; Elizabeth Walker ( Carolyn ) and Barbara Rush ( Marsha ) are added to the opening credits . The final season revolves largely around Michael Rossi and Marsha Russell , but also around Rodney Harrington 's painful try at recovering from paralysis , Jill and Joe , and African - American neurosurgeon Harry Miles ( Percy Rodriguez ) who is hit with an unexpected family crisis involving his young son . Michael offers Jill a nursing job while Carolyn becomes more serious with young bandleader Jeff . Joe objects to Norman and Rita having custody of baby Kelly . Rod is n't comfortable with his therapist . Tom plans to divorce Susan . Norman is concerned about Betty turning to Steven for comfort as Rod 's recovery continues painfully . Carolyn learns a truth about her parents ' marriage the hard way , when she discovers father Fred is dating a much younger woman , Donna . Betty criticises Norman for not trusting her . Tom walks out of the ministry and goes to work on a fishing boat . Marsha admits to Carolyn she knew about Fred and Donna before she divorced Fred , but Carolyn blames her mother for the affair . Susan threatens to claim Tom and Jill had an affair if Tom tries divorcing her . Judge Chester reveals Jill leaving the Winter home was n't the reason he awarded custody of Kelly to Norman and Rita . Rod fears Betty no longer wants to be with him . Michael persuades reluctant Jill to take a job as a nurse 's aide in training to become a full nurse . Fred admits to Carolyn his affair began after the day he feared he no longer loved Marsha . Susan threatens to ruin Tom unless he takes her back . Joe ca n't admit he still has feelings for Jill -- - even as he accuses Tom falsely of hiding her and beats him viciously . Marsha tries to convince Carolyn her father is the reason for the divorce . Betty goes to work at the Harrington brothers ' motorcycle shop . Harry tries to convince Rod to find his will to use his slowly recovering body again . Joe frets over his relationship with baby Kelly . Marsha tries to break things off with Michael because of Carolyn 's disapproval . Michael concurrently fears Rod is now pushing himself too hard to recover . Harry and his wife Alma ( Ruby Dee ) fear their son , Lew ( Glynn Turman ) does n't want to come home , but they soon prepare for his arrival . Marsha catches Carolyn and Jeff near intimacy , leading to a lecture about sex . Michael convinces Marsha she ca n't let Carolyn 's feelings dictate her life , and they become engaged . Young Lew Miles returns home to his parents . Despite her new job at the hospital , Jill fears she has nothing to offer baby Kelly . Susan drops adultery charges in favor of mental cruelty , then kisses Steven . Carolyn interrogates Michael about his intentions toward her mother , then feels jealous over Jeff 's suspected interest in singer Nancy . Rod goes outside on hospital grounds for the first time since his accident , alarming Betty whom he did n't allow to accompany him , with Betty now fearing he wants to punish her . Harry and Alma wonder if Lew has changed radically . Joe tells Jill he wants to marry her , while Carolyn mourns the possible loss of her romance with Jeff . The marriage of Jill and Joe . Joe seems intent on leaving Peyton Place , causing guilt feelings for brother Michael , until Jill comes to reconcile with him . Harry and Alma discover Lew has been skipping classes . Rod is edgy when he sees Betty and Steven talking . Joe and Jill get married and regain custody of Kelly and leave Peyton Place soon after . Jill says goodbye to Tom , which sinks him even deeper into his emotional struggle , while Susan tries to reach out to him with Jill now gone . Rod ends his therapy , upsetting Michael . Lew admits to his parents he was edgy about how black people are treated in New York . Steven tries a tough approach with Rod -- - threatening to try pursuing Betty again unless Rod continues his therapy -- - but all that does is make Rod reluctant to see Betty . As Betty goes to Tom for advice on her marriage , Steven admits to Susan he still loves Betty -- - but kisses Susan . A phone call from Hannah Cord interrupts them , with Hannah revealing Martin Peyton 's death . Carolyn and Jeff begin seeing each other again . Steven immediately focuses on Martin 's will . Harry fears his son will compromise a future medical career . Michael sees Carolyn sneak into Jeff 's home , then advises Marsha not to interfere until Carolyn reveals she is n't sexually active with Jeff . Betty inherits Martin 's money as his will mandated through her marriage to Rod . Lew Miles talks to Michael about his racial identity and struggle with it . Betty urges Rod not to let Steven interfere in their marriage any longer , then shows a little of her new financial power by arranging Martin 's funeral over Hannah 's and Steven 's objections . Lew 's constant racial references unsettle Harry , who reminds his son of his own greater struggle in a far less accepting time while going through medical school . Susan wants to conspire with Steven to ruin Betty . Rod begins pushing himself harder to recover , while Steven drops none - too - subtle sly innuendos . Fred orders Jeff to stay away from Carolyn , then threatens to sue Marsha for custody of their daughter . After Marsha turns to Michael for counsel , Michael formally proposes to Marsha . Norman admits to Rita he thinks Betty is n't the right wife for Rod , but Rita disagrees and after they argue she goes to her mother Ada 's to stay awhile . Carolyn tells Fred she wants to live with him until she finds him with another young woman . Norman and Betty argue over the portrait Martin had done of her , while Betty ponders buying the Peyton mansion . Marsha accepts Michael 's marriage proposal . Susan tells Betty she intends to live in the Peyton mansion with Steven , while the future Rossis visit the Mileses for dinner . Phone calls between Lew and a woman in New York alarm his parents and cause his girlfriend Joanne Walker -- - the daughter of a Peyton Place police sergeant -- - to fear he cheated on her there . Fred suggests to Carolyn he wants to reconcile with her mother , but Marsha refuses to consider it . Betty offers Steven a fat price for the mansion , while Steven orders Susan to tell Rod Betty has been seeing him . Norman and Rita have settled their argument and now try playing matchmaker for widow Maggie Riggs ( Florida Friebus ) -- - with Eli Carson as the intended match . Marsha persuades Michael to elope . Lew 's New York friend , Vickie ( Judy Pace ) , arrives in Peyton Place , declares her pregnancy , and attempts to blackmail Lew , threatening to lie about him to police , though she acknowledges to Lew that another young man is the actual father . We learn Lew was involved in a hit - and - run accident in New York that left someone in a coma . Lew surprises his parents by agreeing to marry Vickie . After Steven accepts Betty 's offer , Betty follows him to Boston where they both learn Martin changed his will yet again -- - sending all his money to a foundation , thus also cutting out all his grandsons as well as Betty -- - and she inherits nothing , for which she blames Steven . Rod relapses after an argument with Betty and Norman blames her for his condition . Eli and Maggie have a blind date on which everything misfires . Harry tries and fails to buy Vickie out of town . Michael informs Betty that Rod now has serious doubts about their marriage , while Carolyn tries to persuade Marsha her father really does want to reconcile . Rita tries to persuade Norman not to interfere in Rod and Betty 's marriage , but after Norman and Rod argue about Betty Rod still decides he wants a separation . Harry begins learning more about his son -- - from police . Eli begins breaking through Maggie 's initial hostility . Betty begins packing the house but Rod 's ability to move begins to return . Alma wants Vickie to surrender her baby for adoption . Lew tries to learn what his father and Sgt . Walker talked about and promises Vickie to come clean with his father after Harry returns from New York . Concurrently , Lew 's fear of exposing himself alienates Joanne . Angered over Carolyn 's refusal to date him steadily again and over Fred attacking him after seeing an argument between him and Carolyn , Jeff lies to Fred that Carolyn is dating Lew . Betty pleads to Rod that she ca n't live without him while fearing he may think he can . After Fred confronts Marsha saying he believes Carolyn and Lew are dating , Marsha refuses to believe him but she worries how the town would react to an inter-racial romance between two teens . Carolyn forces Jeff to admit to Fred he lied about her and Lew , though Fred does n't believe it . Now recovering once again , Rod decides to leave Peyton Place and return to college . Maggie fears she hurt Eli by going on an ice fishing trip . Lew is uncomfortable with Carolyn and wants to stop hanging out with her , fearing their racial differences . Maggie tells Eli sad details about her marriage , including the lack of true togetherness she experienced with her late husband . Rod finally admits he believes he and Betty have a future together . Realising she loves Rod more than anything , including money , Betty goes to Boston with him to help him prepare for and work through college , surprising Steven . Fred 's continued insistence that Lew and Carolyn really are dating has ramifications for Harry , who fears Fred had something to do with a patient refusing Harry 's treatment . Carolyn ca n't convince her father she and Lew are only friends , and Carolyn and Lew 's alleged romance is the talk of the high school . When Betty returns to wind up her and Rod 's Peyton Place affairs , including selling their home , Martin 's longtime nurse Jennifer Ivers reveals Martin had several wills . Jeff now ca n't convince Fred he lied about their relationship . Fred tries to stop Carolyn and Lew from entering the school , leading to a heated confrontation with Michael . Michael asks Marsha to marry him that night and she agrees . Carolyn apologises to her mother for not trusting her in the past . Eli proposes to Maggie . Jennifer wants Betty 's help to keep Hannah from inheriting any Peyton money , but does n't reveal she 's actually conspiring with Hannah . As Marsha prepares to marry Michael Fred attacks and tries to rape her , but she escapes as police she previously called for protection arrive . Vickie apologises to Lew for her blackmail attempt . Steven is shocked to discover Hannah still trying to destroy Betty . Marsha and Sgt . Walker find Michael next to an unconscious Fred . Harry determines Fred suffered a severe skull injury . Remembering what happened to Rod when he gave police a statement over Joe Chernak 's accidental death on the wharf -- - and knowing Michael , too , sought only to try once more to talk Fred away from his former wife -- - Steven warns Michael not to give police any statement . Lew admits his hit - and - run involvement to Alma . While Steven meets with an assistant district attorney who 's building a case against Michael , weakened but still - delusional Fred tells Marsha Michael was responsible for his condition . Harry destroys a police report on Lew . Marsha tells Carolyn what happened to her father . Michael tells Marsha and Sgt . Walker of Fred 's death , and Michael is booked for his murder . Michael is denied bail . Maggie agrees to marry Eli . Susan admits to Tom she has misgivings about Steven defending Michael while still obsessed with the Peyton fortune . Carolyn visits Michael in his cell and tells him she believes he 's innocent . Betty and Norman argue over the possibility of Steven finally inheriting Martin 's estate . Alma invites Vickie to stay in the Miles home more permanently until they can resolve her pregnancy , now that the Miles know Lew is n't the real father . Harry does n't want to hear his son 's confession , while Marsha asks Tom to arrange Fred 's funeral . Michael prepares for his preliminary hearing . Harry learns from Sgt . Walker about a man implicating Lew in the New York hit - and - run . Susan breaks down in front of Tom . Steven thinks Fred may really have died at the hands of the husband or boyfriend of one of his before - and - after - divorce dalliances . Visiting Michael in his jail cell , Rita tells him she thinks she may be pregnant . Walker , Marsha , Norman , Rita , Ada , Harry , and a motel proprietor testify at the preliminary hearing . Michael is bound over for trial . Lew fears his chances at fairness as a black youth if he surrenders in the hit - and - run , after seeing a popular white doctor accused of murder , but he agrees to surrender rather than run . Susan plans to visit Michael in jail . The series ends with Michael -- - who once thought he loved Constance MacKenzie , who did love Ann Howard until her murder , and who prepared to marry Marsha Russell when her ex-husband died , leaving him charged with his murder -- - alone in his cell , pondering his future , leaving viewers to ponder likewise . Characters ( edit ) Original cast ( edit ) Ryan O'Neil as Rodney Harrington Warner Anderson as Matthew Swain Constance MacKenzie ( Dorothy Malone , 1964 -- 1968 , episodes 1 -- 435 ; 440 Lola Albright briefly played the role in Malone 's absence ) Allison 's mother and owner of a local book and gift shop . Although Constance initially has a good relationship with Allison , their relationship become strained after Allison finds out Constance lied to her about who her father is . Constance later marries Elliot Carson and has a son with him . Matthew Swain ( Warner Anderson , 1964 -- 1965 , episodes 1 -- 111 ) The editor of the town newspaper . He is the father figure in Allison 's life and is a good friend of his second cousin , Constance . Dr. Michael Rossi ( Ed Nelson , 1964 -- 1969 , entire run ) A surgeon who moved from New York City to Peyton Place for undeclared reasons . He clashes several times with colleague Dr. Robert Morton but eventually gets accepted in the town . He becomes romantically involved with several people , including Dr. Morton 's daughter Claire , until finally falling in love with divorcee Marsha Russell . Allison MacKenzie ( Mia Farrow , 1964 -- 1966 , episodes 1 -- 263 ) The quiet and smart daughter of Constance , who writes for Matthew 's Peyton Place Clarion . She likes to spend her time reading books and usually befriends older people . She also becomes romantically involved with Rodney several times , before an accident leaving her in a temporary coma and re-revelations about Elliot Carson being her real father spur her to re-evaluate her values and leave Peyton Place , without saying goodbye or declaring any plans . Rodney Harrington ( Ryan O'Neal , 1964 -- 1969 , episodes 1 -- 501 ) The oldest son of Leslie and Catherine Harrington . He is more social and popular than his brother Norman ; he 's earnest but too prone to wrong place / wrong time events , sometimes instigated by his manipulative elders . He falls for Allison but their relationship never really progresses , first because old girlfriend Betty tries to stop them , later because of Allison 's emotional changes following her accident and before her departure . Rodney eventually finds real love with Betty . An interesting fashion note is that the Baracuta G9 jacket that Rodney Harrington often wore , became known as the Harrington jacket and is still sold under that name by Baracuta Betty Anderson ( Barbara Parkins , 1964 -- 1969 , entire run ) The daughter of George and Julie . She is in love with Rodney and does everything to win him over , although he is in love with Allison . This includes lying about being pregnant and tricking him into marrying her . She later marries Steven Cord but divorces him after discovering his affair , and returns to Rodney , this time without false pretenses , but she has to fight off Steven 's obsessive attempts to win her back . Once named a Peyton heiress , she eventually disavows the fortune to make a simpler life with college - returning Rod . Julie Anderson ( Kasey Rogers , 1964 -- 1966 , episodes 1 -- 252 ; 435 - 436 ) Wife of George and mother of Betty . She was introduced as the secretary and secret lover of Leslie . After ending their affair , she became a full - time housewife . Her husband 's frustrations and alcoholism compromised their marriage , but when doctors tell her of his improving recovery , she returns to him and starts a new life with him away from Peyton Place . George Anderson ( Henry Beckman , 1964 -- 1965 , episodes 4 -- 59 ) Husband of Julie and father of Betty . Known as the aggressive guy , and a problem drinker , who abused his wife . He eventually loses his mind and is taken to a sanatorium , but his surprising recovery leads to his marriage 's revival away from Peyton Place . Leslie Harrington ( Paul Langton , 1964 -- 1968 , episodes 1 -- 69 ; 121 -- 436 ; 452 - 454 ) Husband of Catherine and father of Rodney and Norman . Although Leslie only wanted the best for his family , his manipulative nature made him one of the most hated people of Peyton Place . He covered up the truth about Elizabeth Carson 's murder , tried to manipulate his sons against his father - in - law , and eventually left town because of his bad reputation and several more acts bordering on criminal , with one even abetting a murder . Norman Harrington ( Christopher Connelly , 1964 -- 1969 , 1 - 514 ) The youngest son of Leslie and Catherine and shy younger brother of Rodney . Once in love with Allison , he never had a real chance with her . He later becomes romantically involved with Rita Jacks , despite their social differences . They marry happily but often have to bear the brunt of their loved ones ' struggles . Laura Brooks ( Patricia Breslin , 1964 -- 1965 , episodes 2 -- 36 ) Sister of Leslie and widow of Dr. Donald Brooks . After Dr. Rossi arrived in town , she immediately fell in love with him and became his secretary . They never had a relationship . She eventually left town to move to Europe , explaining she could not live in a town with so many problems . Catherine Harrington ( Mary Anderson , 1964 , episodes 2 -- 20 ) Daughter of Martin Peyton , wife of Leslie and mother of Rodney and Norman . Despite her death , she remained a character who was recurrently talked about . It was later revealed she was to blame for Elizabeth Carson 's murder and was the birth mother of Steven Cord and Ann Howard , a revelation that proves to have dire consequences for both . Dr. Robert Morton ( Kent Smith , 1964 -- 1965 , recurring afterwards , episodes 8 -- 137 , 214 -- 240 ) Husband of Grace and father of Claire . He was a rival of Dr. Rossi , but they later reconciled . He is a close friend of the Harrington family . Later main characters ( edit ) Elliot Carson ( Tim O'Connor , 1965 -- 1968 , episodes 25 -- 435 ; 440 ) Son of Eli , husband of Connie and father of Allison . He spent 18 years in jail for a false accusation and later became the editor of the local newspaper . He marries Connie and they have a son , Matthew ; after several crises draw the couple in deep enough to compromise them , Elliot persuades Connie that they and their son deserve a new better life away from Peyton Place . Rita Jacks ( Patricia Morrow , 1965 -- 1969 , episodes 52 -- 514 ) Daughter of Ada and Eddie . She grew up in a poor family but fell in love with wealthy Norman Harrington . Their relationship had its problems , since Rita was constantly bothered by her former boyfriends , but they married happily and weathered several crises together . Claire Morton ( Mariette Hartley , 1965 , episodes 56 -- 109 ) Daughter of Robert and Grace who lived very long in Peru with her husband Vincent . She returned to Peyton Place when her marriage failed , running away from her husband without filing for a divorce . She falls in love with Michael but eventually reconciles with her husband . David Schuster ( William Smithers , 1965 -- 1966 , episodes 69 -- 202 ) Husband of Doris and father of Kim , who came to town to take over the Peyton Mill from Leslie . He had big marriage problems and was suspected to have feelings for Allison , Kim 's babysitter . Doris Schuster ( Gail Kobe , 1965 , episodes 69 -- 147 , 187 - 189 ) Wife of David and mother of Kim , who is devastated she can not have a close relationship with her daughter , who makes no secret she hates her mother . Because of their different ideas in the raising of Kim , she and David fight a lot . Kim Schuster ( Kimberly Beck , 1965 , episodes 69 -- 140 , 187 - 189 ) The six - year - old daughter of David and Doris who is deaf . She hates her mother , but is fond of her babysitter , Allison . She suffers a traumatic experience when she witnesses the death of Joe and is forced to testify at Rod Harrington 's trial . Steven Cord ( James Douglas , 1965 -- 1969 , episodes 77 -- 514 ) Believed to be the son of Hannah Cord , but turned out to be the illegitimate son of Catherine Harrington . He starts to work as a lawyer and is involved in a love triangle involving Betty and Rodney while coming to terms with his lineage , later becoming obsessed with claiming his share of the Peyton fortune . Hannah Cord ( Ruth Warrick , 1965 -- 1967 , episodes 90 -- 302 , 435 - 436 ; 476 ; 480 ; 505 - 506 ) Believed to be the mother of Steven Cord , but it turns out she adopted him . She works as the loyal maid of Martin Peyton . When the truth about Steven 's true parents comes out , she becomes depressed and leaves Peyton Place -- - after torching the Peyton mansion -- - but returns eventually , trying to manipulate the disposal of patriarch Martin Peyton 's fortune . Stella Chernak ( Lee Grant , 1965 -- 1966 , episodes 111 -- 199 ) The daughter of Gus and older sister of Joe , who is hated by almost everyone in town because she is lying to the police , which is the cause of Rodney facing a jail sentence . Only Michael believes in her innocence and hires her as his personal assistant , until she confesses her lies , freeing Rodney before she leaves town for good . Martin Peyton ( George Macready , 1965 -- 1968 , episodes 133 -- 402 ; Wilfrid Hyde - White briefly played the character in Macready 's absence ) The father of Catherine Harrington and the most powerful and influential man in Peyton Place . Because of his bitter personality , his too - apparent passion for manipulating people like chess pieces , and his short temper , he is feared by most people . He bonds with Betty and wants her to be Rodney 's wife , but his cover - ups for Catherine 's immorality and Ann and Steven 's true parentage come back to haunt him . Ann Howard ( Susan Oliver , 1966 , episodes 205 -- 254 ) Ann was believed to be the person who blinded Chris Webber . She is determined to prove her innocence and is supported by Michael . She turns out to be Catherine Harrington 's daughter , twin sister of Steven , though in the middle of her turmoil she finds love with Michael until her own untimely death . Lee Webber ( Stephen Oliver , 1966 -- 1968 , episodes 206 -- 400 ) The brother of Chris and a bad seed thanks to boyhood abuse by his alcoholic father . He likes to beat his wife Sandy and regularly fights with Rodney . Ann blames him for having blinded Chris , which he eventually admits , but he was determined to do everything to silence her . After it 's determined there 's not enough evidence to prosecute him for Ann 's death in a fall off the bluff , Lee is hired as Martin Peyton 's chauffeur , unaware Peyton plans to hold him to account for Ann 's death . Rachel Welles ( Leigh Taylor - Young , 1966 -- 1967 , episodes 276 -- 354 ) A teen who is abused by her uncle , Jack Chandler . She first seeks romantic involvement with Michael and moves in with the Carson family , but she is eventually abducted by her uncle and loses her mind , while her uncle is eventually arrested for other crimes and ultimately killed in a police confrontation . Jill Smith ( Joyce Jillson , 1968 , episodes 402 -- 473 ) The woman who claims to have Allison 's child , causing Rodney Harrington to think he 's the father . It turns out Jill herself is the mother of the child , with Michael 's younger brother being the father . Joe Rossi ( Michael Christian , 1968 , episodes 411 -- 473 ) The amoral , much - bruised younger brother of Michael who has a romantic history with Jill and agrees to help her with her scheme while wreaking havoc for others in town . Tom Winter ( Robert Hogan , 1968 -- 1969 , episodes 419 -- 514 ) The husband of Susan . He works as a minister . He tries to convince his wife to end her alcoholism . When he fails that , and fears he 's too ready to surrender to Jill 's allure , Tom leaves the ministry to work on a fishing boat off the wharf and try to re-assemble his shattered life . Susan Winter ( Diana Hyland , 1968 -- 1969 , episodes 421 -- 514 ) The alcoholic wife of Tom . She has marriage problems , because she wants her husband to give up the church and refuses his attempts to end her addiction . After their divorce , Susan finds herself attracted somehow to Steven Cord , who 's very wary of her manipulativeness . Carolyn Russell ( Elizabeth Walker , 1968 -- 1969 , episodes 430 -- 514 ) The wild daughter of Marsha and Fred who first ca n't come to terms with her parents ' divorce . After a dangerous flirtation with Joe Rossi , she forges a close friendship with Lew Miles that 's compromised when another former boyfriend , Jeff , lashes at her father and tells him she and Lew , who is black , are dating -- discomfiting unexpectedly bigoted Fred . Marsha Russell ( Barbara Rush , 1968 -- 1969 , episodes 433 -- 514 ) The mother of Carolyn and wife of Fred , whose adultery causes her to file for divorce , though the cause seems shielded from their daughter at first . She next falls in love with Michael , and prepared to marry him when her ex-husband died . Fred Russell ( Joe Maross , 1968 -- 1969 , episodes 446 -- 514 ) Father of Carolyn and husband of Marsha , whose marriage ended over his philandering with younger women . His inability to accept his divorce and his ex-wife's planned new marriage to Michael drives him to desperation , including a brutal attempt to rape Marsha and threats against his former wife , until he 's found dead . Dr. Harry Miles ( Percy Rodriguez , 1968 -- 1969 , episodes 450 -- 514 ) A well - respected surgeon who is married to Alma . He is Lew 's father who must come to terms with his son 's rejection of the medical career path and his son 's involvement in a summer tragedy . Alma Miles ( Ruby Dee , 1968 -- 1969 , episodes 467 -- 514 ) The wife of Harry and mother of Lew , who always has wonderful manners but also a quiet , resolute strength . She eventually becomes the parent in whom Lew confides his part in the tragedy . Lew Miles ( Glynn Turman , 1968 -- 1969 , episodes 469 -- 514 ) The son of Harry and Alma , who always has good grades in school and comes to wrestle with his racial realities . He is close to Carolyn despite her father 's disapproval over his race , but he tries desperately to hide what proves his peripheral involvement in a tragic hit - and - run in New York . Secondary characters ( edit ) Eli Carson ( Frank Ferguson , 1964 -- 1969 , episodes 18 -- 507 ) Caring father of Elliot Carson . Carson never had a substantial storyline and usually served as a person people went to for advice and a doting grandfather to Elliot and Constance 's newborn son Matthew . Married Maggie Riggs during the last months of the series . Dr. Bradley ( Charles Irving , 1964 , episodes 22 - 29 ) Doctor at the hospital , friend of Doctor Morton . Lied to protect Dr. Morton when Catherine Harrington died and nearly cost Dr. Rossi his career and reputation . Ted Dowell ( Patrick Whyte , 1964 -- 66 , episodes 24 - 204 ) Leslie Harrington 's lawyer and friend , who 's also Martin Peyton 's lawyer but eventually turns his practise over to Steven Cord . Grace Morton ( Edith Atwater , 1964 - 1965 , episodes 29 -- 109 ) The mother of Claire Morton and wife of Doctor Robert Morton . Ada Jacks ( Evelyn Scott , 1965 -- 1969 , episodes 36 -- 514 ) The mother of Rita and owner of her own Tavern at the wharf . She grew up in the poor side of the town and often feels guilty for not raising Rita the right way when she was a teenager . Sharon Purcell ( Dayna Ceder , 1965 , episodes 36 -- 41 ) A friend of Betty who lives in New York City . She spends her time seducing older rich men to get what she wants , which causes complications for Betty when a detective mistakes Betty for being the same kind of seducer . Calvin Hanley ( Whit Bissell , 1965 , episodes 38 - 48 ) Father of Elliot 's murdererd wife Elizabeth and owner of the drugstore / iced cream parlor . Hates Elliot and was responsible for his son Paul giving testimony against Elliot . Knows more than he lets on about the truth surrounding his daughter 's killer . Paul Hanley ( Richard Evans , 1965 , episodes 38 -- 68 ) Brother of Elliot 's murdered wife Elizabeth and a professor of English at Peyton College who bonds with Allison when she becomes a student in his Freshman English class . He is an enemy of Elliot , because as a child he gave false testimony which sent Elliot to jail for 18 years . Esther Choate ( Erin O'Brien - Moore , 1965 -- 1969 , recurring from 50 to 507 ) Head Nurse at the hospital , initially antagonistic toward Dr. Rossi and coldly efficient , until she softens as she gets to know both Dr. Rossi and Betty . Reverend Jerry Bedford ( Ted Hartley , 1965 - 1966 , episodes 69 - 204 ) . Returns to Peyton Place as the new minister , dates Betty Anderson for a time but loses her to Steven Cord . Mrs. Dowell ( Heather Angel , 1965 , episodes 79 - 85 ) . Joe Chernak ( Don Quine , 1965 , episodes 83 -- 113 ) The son of Gus and younger brother of Stella who has the reputation for being the bad guy . He is the ex-boyfriend of Rita and is still in love with her . When she starts dating Norman , Joe constantly harasses him and forces the confrontation with Rodney that ended in his accidental death . Vincent and Kenneth Markham ( Leslie Nielsen , 1965 , episodes 90 -- 109 ) Vincent is the husband of Claire and was left behind in Peru , where he works as a doctor . He also travels to Peyton Place to take his wife back and is eventually visited by his twin brother , Kenneth , who tells him that he is ill and will die if he stays in Peyton Place . Gus Chernak ( Bruce Gordon , 1965 -- 1966 , episodes 111 -- 177 ) Alcoholic father of Gus and Stella who makes her daughter perjure herself . He hates the Harrington family ever since his removal from sensitive mill work because of his drinking , he is determined to take revenge on Martin Peyton 's family . John Fowler ( John Kerr , 1965 -- 1966 , episodes 117 -- 298 ) Lawyer and husband of Marian , who is enraged when he finds out his wife considered having an affair . He is a district attorney who is determined to get Rodney Harrington behind bars . Elliot blames him for being too subjective , because , according to him , John hates the Harrington family because Leslie withholding evidence to clear Elliot caused his father , a previous DA , grief over having prosecuted an innocent man . Marian Fowler ( Joan Blackman , 1965 -- 1966 , episodes 133 -- 191 ) Wife of John Fowler , who was tempted to an affair with physical therapist Dr. Russ Gehring . She hit Allison with her car but did not stop to help and keeps the accident a secret instead . She also has marriage problems and eventually admits she has an affair . Sandy Webber ( Lana Wood , 1966 -- 1967 , recurring afterwards , episodes 209 -- 346 , 404 ) The wife of Lee who falls in love with Rodney . She is beaten up by her husband several times but does not want to leave him . She becomes a rival of Betty , because she is in love with Rodney as well , but in time she leaves Peyton Place for California . Chris Webber ( Gary Haynes , 1966 -- 1967 , episodes 224 -- 312 ) The brother of Lee who has been blind since he was a child . Ann tries to convince him she was not the one who blinded him , but Chris initially refuses to believe his own brother was responsible . Jack Chandler ( John Kellogg , 1966 -- 1967 , episodes 288 -- 357 ) The uncle of Rachel who started to sexually abuse her after the death of his wife . He follows her to Peyton Place and , after blackmailing Leslie , abducts her . He is eventually arrested for another crime , escapes with Leslie 's help , but dies in a later confrontation with police in another town . Adrienne Van Leyden ( Gena Rowlands , 1967 , episodes 355 -- 393 ) Introduced as the widow of a prominent blood disease medical researcher , Adrienne becomes involved in Martin 's plot to break Steven and Betty 's marriage . She succeeds in seducing Steven while alienating most of the townspeople , but a revelation about her involvement in her late husband 's suicide precedes her own death in an accidental fall . Eddie Jacks ( Dan Duryea , 1967 -- 1968 , episodes 363 -- 429 ) Estranged husband of Ada and father of Rita , who left his family behind when Rita was a kid . However , he is now determined to change his life . He re-establishes a relationship with daughter Rita , much to Ada 's objection , until he 's accused in Adrienne 's death . Eventually his innocence in the crime is proven and Eddie eventually leaves town again -- - but not before helping arrange a shocking surprise for his daughter and son - in - law . Sergeant Goddard ( Garry Walberg , 1965 -- 1966 ) Recurring police officer investigating , among other things , the death of Gus Chernak at the Peyton mansion , the death of Joe Chernak on the wharf , and the death of Ann Howard . Maggie Riggs ( Florida Friebus , 1968 - 1969 . ) The demure widow of a farmer . She meets Eli Carson and reluctantly falls in love with and agrees to marry him while coming to terms with the loss of her late but indifferent farmer husband . Minor characters played by recognizable actors ( edit ) Thomas was Martin Peyton 's chauffeur , originally portrayed by James Doohan from Star Trek in about a dozen episodes ; just one episode after Thomas leaves town on an errand , another Star Trek actor , Nichelle Nichols turns up for two episodes as Martin Peyton 's nurse . Later Doohan returned for an episode before the character Thomas was taken over by another actor . Another recurring policeman character was portrayed by Greg Morris . The member of the parole board who contemplates the release of Eliott Carson was portrayed by Dabbs Greer . A future Academy Award - winning actor who had two brief appearances on the series was Richard Dreyfuss . In one early episode he is seen dropping stacks of the newspaper The Clarion from the back of a delivery truck . In the episode in which Rodney and Allison are preparing to graduate from high school , he has dialogue as an annoyed student who has been waiting for them as they are the last ones to pick up their caps and gowns . Schedules ( edit ) Promotional photo issued when the program moved to an earlier time slot . When the show premiered in 1964 , Peyton Place aired twice a week . Both installments of the show were Top 20 hits in the Nielsen ratings and this inspired ABC to air the show three times a week starting in the fall of 1965 . This move caused trouble for people who followed the show religiously , and many people tuned out . The season ratings for Peyton Place never rose into the Top 30 again and the serial 's production was dropped back to two episodes a week . In 1969 , with the show losing viewers with each episode , Peyton Place aired in one installment a week until the final episode was shown in June . The show was one of the first seen on US network television to talk about sex and infidelity in a frank manner . As such , ABC executives would only allow the show to be aired at 9 : 30 p.m. Eastern / Pacific time , a time at which many children and teenagers were expected to be in bed . With the show in a ratings slump in 1968 , the show was moved to 8 : 30 p.m. in order to draw the viewers they once had shunned . The series was revived as a daytime serial from April 3 , 1972 to January 4 , 1974 as Return to Peyton Place . Three of the actors from the primetime series reprised their roles on the daytime series -- Frank Ferguson as Eli Carson , Patricia Morrow as Rita Harrington , and Evelyn Scott as Ada Jacks . However , the daytime series did not prove to be as successful as the primetime series had been . Two television movies followed . The first ; Murder in Peyton Place was broadcast on NBC in the fall of 1977 . Billed as a reunion movie it focused on the mysterious deaths of Rodney Harrington and Allison MacKenzie , as well as a diabolical plot of a powerful person to ruin the community . It reunited original cast members Dorothy Malone , Ed Nelson , Tim O'Connor , Joyce Jillson , and Christopher Connelly . The second ; Peyton Place : The Next Generation which aired in the spring of 1985 on NBC , was conceived as a one - shot sequel , that would hopefully revive the popular series and was therefore also promoted as a television pilot . Although a new series of the show never came to fruition ; the film did reunite original cast members Dorothy Malone , Ed Nelson , Tim O'Connor , James Douglas , Christopher Connelly , Ruth Warwick and Barbara Parkins , who had declined to appear in Murder in Peyton Place . Ratings ( edit ) 1964 -- 65 : 25.5 1965 -- 66 : 19.5 1966 -- 67 : 17.7 1967 -- 68 : 16.1 1968 -- 69 : 12.3 Dvd releases ( edit ) Peyton Place : Part One , was released on May 19 , 2009 by Shout ! Factory as a five - disc set containing 31 half - hour episodes . Shout ! Factory released Peyton Place : Part Two , a five - disc set including 33 half - hour episodes , on July 14 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Cameron , Ardis ( 2015 ) . Unbuttoning America : A Biography of `` Peyton Place '' . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 9780801456091 . ( available online ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Haralovich , Mary Beth ( 1999 ) . Television , History and American Culture . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 2394 - 5 . pp. 77 Jump up ^ Cashmore , Ellis ( 1994 ) . And There was Television . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09131 - 2 . pp. 120 Jump up ^ Haralovich , Mary Beth ( 1999 ) . Television , History and American Culture . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 2394 - 5 . pp. 79 Jump up ^ Cashmore , Ellis ( 1994 ) . And There was Television . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09131 - 2 . pp. 121 ^ Jump up to : Haralovich , Mary Beth ( 1999 ) . Television , History and American Culture . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 2394 - 5 . pp. 78 ^ Jump up to : Trivia for `` Peyton Place '' IMDb.com Jump up ^ Mary Beth Haralovich and Lauren Rabinovitz , Television , history , and American culture : feminist critical essays ( Duke University Press , 1999 ) , 83 . Jump up ^ The 1985 television film contradicts this , referring to Steven as the illegitimate son of Catherine 's father Martin . Jump up ^ http://www.baracuta-g9.com/ Jump up ^ Morris , Bruce B. ( 1997 ) . Prime Time Network Serials . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0164 - 8 . pp. 675 -- 713 Jump up ^ `` Peyton Place : Part One '' . May 19 , 2009 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Place : Part Two '' . July 14 , 2009 -- via Amazon . External links ( edit ) Peyton Place on IMDb Part I DVD review and production notes on series Part II DVD review and production notes on series Peyton Place fansite Complete 1966 episode of Peyton Place as originally aired . ( hide ) Peyton Place Novels Peyton Place ( 1956 ) Return to Peyton Place ( 1959 ) Again in Peyton Place ( 1967 ) Carnival in Peyton Place ( 1967 ) Pleasures of Peyton Place ( 1968 ) Secrets of Peyton Place ( 1968 ) Evils of Peyton Place ( 1969 ) Hero in Peyton Place ( 1969 ) Thrills of Peyton Place ( 1969 ) Temptations of Peyton Place ( 1970 ) The Nice Girl From Peyton Place ( 1970 ) Characters Constance MacKenzie Allison MacKenzie Michael Rossi Matthew Swain Rodney Harrington Betty Anderson Selena Cross Lucas Cross Leslie Harrington Related topics Grace Metalious Peyton Place ( film ) Return to Peyton Place ( film ) Peyton Place ( TV series ) Return to Peyton Place ( TV series ) Murder in Peyton Place Peyton Place : The Next Generation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peyton_Place_(TV_series)&oldid=808777498 '' Categories : 1964 American television series debuts 1969 American television series endings 1960s American television series American Broadcasting Company network shows American television soap operas Black - and - white television programs English - language television programs Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television programs based on American novels Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 02 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the tv series peyton place filmed	[]	[]
4895827291813809321	Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway	Mickey & Minnie 's Runaway Railway - wikipedia Mickey & Minnie 's Runaway Railway Jump to : navigation , search Mickey & Minnie 's Runaway Railway Disney 's Hollywood Studios Area Hollywood Boulevard Coordinates 28 ° 21 ′ 22 '' N 81 ° 33 ′ 38 '' W / 28.356232 ° N 81.560483 ° W / 28.356232 ; - 81.560483 Coordinates : 28 ° 21 ′ 22 '' N 81 ° 33 ′ 38 '' W / 28.356232 ° N 81.560483 ° W / 28.356232 ; - 81.560483 Status Under construction Replaced The Great Movie Ride General statistics Designer Walt Disney Imagineering Theme Mickey Mouse Mickey & Minnie 's Runaway Railway is an upcoming dark ride attraction at Disney 's Hollywood Studios in the Walt Disney World Resort . Mickey & Minnie 's Runaway Railway was first announced at the D23 Expo in July 2017 as part of the unveiling of 23 improvements to Disney Parks , including 4 new rides across the theme parks . It will replace The Great Movie Ride , which closed on August 13 , 2017 . The ride will be themed upon the Mickey Mouse shorts shown on Disney Channel , and will be the first Mickey Mouse - themed ride - through attraction in the history of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . Ride experience ( edit ) At the beginning of the ride , guests will be invited to watch the premiere of a new Mickey Mouse cartoon , in which Mickey and Minnie Mouse prepare for a picnic outing and encounter Goofy conducting a train . According to Imagineer Kevin Rafferty , guests will then pass through a simulated movie screen ( as in the 2013 short Get a Horse ! ) where they will experience a `` zippy zany out - of - control adventure '' . Guests will then be transported into the cartoon and aboard Goofy 's train , which takes them on a wild adventure . The ride is described as `` 2 and ⁄ D '' since no 3D glasses would be needed for the ride . It will also include more hidden Mickeys than any existing ride . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kubersky , Seth ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mickey and Minnie 's Runaway Railway is replacing Great Movie Ride at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . Attractions Magazine . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bevil , Dewayne . `` Coming to Disney World : Tron , Guardians of the Galaxy ride , ' Star Wars ' hotel '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Thomas . `` First Mickey - Themed Ride - Through Attraction , Mickey and Minnie 's Runaway Railway , Coming to Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine , Arthur ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Disney announces 23 wild new developments for its theme parks '' . USA TODAY . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Marjie. `` 4 new rides coming to Disney World : Ratatouille , Tron , Mickey Mouse , Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Miami Herald . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knapp , JD ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Disney World : Mickey Mouse , ' Toy Story , ' ' Guardians ' and More Score Attractions '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wisel , Carlye ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Just Unveiled Its First - ever Mickey Mouse Ride '' . Travel + Leisure . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Poling , Monica ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Disney announces dozens of new attractions at D23 Expo '' . Fox News . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macy , Seth ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mickey and Minnie 's Runaway Train Announced for Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . IGN . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Disney 's Hollywood Studios Attractions Echo Lake 50 's Prime Time Café For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Hollywood & Vine Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Grand Avenue Mama Melrose 's Ristorante Italiano Muppet * Vision 3D Pixar Place Toy Story Midway Mania ! Animation Courtyard Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! Star Wars Launch Bay Voyage of the Little Mermaid Walt Disney Presents Sunset Boulevard Beauty and the Beast -- Live on Stage Fantasmic ! Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Commissary Lane ABC Commissary Sci - Fi Dine - In Theater Restaurant Entertainment Fantasmic ! Star Wars : A Galactic Spectacular Future areas and attractions Mickey & Minnie 's Runaway Railway Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Toy Story Land Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickey_%26_Minnie%27s_Runaway_Railway&oldid=809111878 '' Categories : Under construction amusement attractions Amusement rides by name Disney 's Hollywood Studios Hollywood Boulevard ( Disney 's Hollywood Studios ) Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions Dark rides Mickey Mouse Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 05 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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7994737108357555881	Upon This Rock (Larry Norman album)	Upon This Rock ( Larry Norman album ) - wikipedia Upon This Rock ( Larry Norman album ) Jump to : navigation , search Upon This Rock Studio album by Larry Norman Released 1969 Genre Christian rock Jesus music Length 43 : 01 Label Capitol Producer Hal Yoergler Larry Norman chronology Upon This Rock ( 1969 ) Street Level ( 1970 ) Street Level 1970 Upon This Rock is the debut solo album by pioneering Christian rock musician Larry Norman , released in 1969 . It is considered to be `` the first full - blown Christian rock album '' and was produced by Hal Yoergler . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Release and reception 3 Tracks 3.1 Original LP release 3.1. 1 Side 1 3.1. 2 Side 2 3.2 Extra tracks on some CD releases 4 Personnel 5 See also 6 References Background ( edit ) In 1969 Norman returned to Capitol Records , now headed by Mike Curb , to honor his original 1966 contract with the understanding that he would have complete artistic control . Believing that `` Kids just do n't want to listen to God 's empty songs anymore '' , in December 1969 Capitol released Norman 's first solo rock album , Upon This Rock , `` the first major label record to marry rock music with the gospel '' . `` the Sergeant Pepper of Christianity '' , widely regarded as `` the album that first recruited rock in the service of salvation '' , later cited as being `` one of the roots of the current Contemporary Christian Music '' ; and now considered to be the first full - blown Christian rock album `` . Upon This Rock , whose music was `` a blend of folk , psychedelic , and rock influences '' , combined `` street language and gritty imagery '' . In August 1970 he described the album as `` simply ... twelve love songs to Jesus '' , whereas Don Cusic believes that `` these songs tended to be darker than the early Christian cheerleader type of songs coming from other early Jesus music artists '' . In this album , `` Norman brought a mixture of reverence and rebellion ... spreading word of an impending Judgment Day in the midst of war and moral decadence ... ( and ) speak to the psychedelic generation without sacrificing their spiritual gravity '' . Believing that `` Christian music could be powerful in its message yet relevant to the times '' , Norman explained his thinking behind the album in 1969 : `` Upon This Rock '' was written to stand outside the Christian culture . I tried to create songs for which there was no anticipated acceptance . I wanted to display the flexibility of the gospel and that there was no limitation to how God could be presented . I used abrasive humor and sarcasm as much as possible , which was also not a traditional aspect of Christian music . I chose negative imagery to attempt to deliver a positive message , like `` I Do n't Believe in Miracles '' is actually about faith . `` I Wish We 'd All Been Ready '' talked about something I had never heard preached from a pulpit as I grew up . `` The Last Supper '' and `` Ha Ha World '' used very surreal imagery which drug users could assimilate . My songs were n't written for Christians . No , it was not a Christian album for those believers who wanted everything spelled out . It was more like a street fight . I was saying to Christians , `` I 'm going to present the gospel , and I 'm not going to say it like you want . This album is not for you . '' Speaking to the magazine Contemporary Musicians , Norman later expressed his intentions and feelings about the record : I wanted to push aside the traditional gospel quartet music , break down the church doors and let the hippies and the prostitutes and other unwashed rabble into the sanctuary , ... I wanted to talk about feeding the poor , going into the world ... I wanted the church to get active and go out and do what Jesus told us to do . I felt that while the hymns had great theology soaked into their lyrics , that most of the modern music was anemic and needed a transfusion `` . Release and reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic While Norman was denounced by television evangelists like Bob Larson ; Jimmy Swaggart , who called rock music `` the new pornography '' ; and Jerry Falwell ; and others within the conservative religious establishment , who considered the development of Christian rock - and - roll , `` a sinful compromise with worldliness and immoral sensuality '' , his music gained a large following in the emerging counter cultural movements . However , not all critics were impressed with this album . For example , a writer in Entertainment World called Norman `` a hermaphrodite '' and wrote `` Faith can move mountains , so it may move this incredible hunk of hubris '' . while another , who described Upon This Rock as `` a musical misery tour '' , and wrote : `` God did n't give Larry Norman a voice -- a recording contract , but not a voice '' . Another reviewer wrote : `` In `` Ha Ha World , '' Neil Young 's `` Mr. Soul '' is thinly and lethargically evoked . Ditto a Jim Morrison effect on `` The Last Supper . '' And shades of Art Garfunkel on the ballad `` I Wish We 'd All Been Ready '' . In February 1970 , two months after Upon This Rock was released , Capitol dropped Norman from their label , as the album was deemed a `` commercial flop '' as it had failed to reach the sales target Capitol expected , telling Norman that `` there is no market for your music . '' Norman analyzed its poor reception in a 1972 interview : `` It was too religious for the rock and roll stores and too rock and roll for the religious stores . '' In April 1970 Capitol leased Upon This Rock to Heartwarming / Impact Records for two years a small sum . While Norman decided to leave Capitol Records in protest , because he had a different audience in mind , he cooperated with the re-release of Upon This Rock : I gave my permission , did a special re-mix for the Southern record label in Nashville , diplomatically hoping to soften the cultural blow by lessening the distortion and percussion in favour of the lyrics and harmonies . After all , I had no desire to unnecessarily make enemies with the brethren or to cause them to stumble . Yet at the same time I had very little interest in cultivating endorsements from the Church . I was out to create a dialogue with people who believed they hated God . I wanted to be on the battlefield , fighting a spiritual battle , trying to convince and convert the undecided and get them to cross the battle line to stand together with other new believers . Though I may have been in error in standing aside from the brethren by not performing for them , the established Church was simply immaterial to me . Upon This Rock received increased sales due to its distribution in Christian bookstores , and `` became Benson 's most acclaimed release '' , selling 23,000 copies when it was eventually released in England in 1972 through Key Records . In 1971 Upon This Rock was submitted unsuccessfully for Grammy Award nomination . By May 1970 Capitol released a single ( Capitol 2766 ) with both songs from Upon This Rock : `` Sweet Sweet Song Of Salvation '' backed with `` Walking Backwards Down The Stairs '' . Tracks ( edit ) Original LP release ( edit ) Upon This Rock ( Capitol 1969 ) Produced by Hal Yoergler Side 1 ( edit ) `` Prelude '' `` You Ca n't Take Away the Lord '' `` I Do n't Believe in Miracles '' `` Moses in the Wilderness '' `` Walking Backwards Down the Stairs '' `` Ha Ha World '' Side 2 ( edit ) `` Sweet Sweet Song of Salvation '' `` Forget Your Hexagram '' `` The Last Supper '' `` I Wish We 'd All Been Ready '' `` Nothing Really Changes '' `` Postlude '' Extra tracks on some CD releases ( edit ) `` You Ca n't Take Away the Lord '' ( demo ) `` Sweet Sweet Song of Salvation '' ( live ) `` Nothing Really Changes '' ( demo ) Personnel ( edit ) Larry Norman -- vocals , guitar , piano Joe Osborne -- bass Hal Blaine -- drums Mike Deasey -- acoustic guitar Larry Knechtel -- keyboards The Inspirations -- backing vocals - The Dannie Belles , an African - American contemporary gospel quartet involved in the ' Jesus Movement ' sang backing vocals on the song `` I Wish We 'd All Been Ready '' . Danniebell , Jimmye , Phyllis & Paula Annie , Matthew and Nelly - backing vocals See also ( edit ) Larry Norman discography References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Vincent . `` Upon This Rock '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Larry Norman Down Under But Not Out '' , On Being ( 1985 / 1986 ) : 7 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism , 411 . Jump up ^ Michael McFadden , The Jesus Revolution ( Harper & Row , 1972 ) : 126 . Jump up ^ `` Linear Notes '' , Bootleg , http://www.meetjesushere.com/images/btlginsa.jpg Jump up ^ CBNmusic , `` Larry Norman '' , http://www.cbn.com/cbnmusic/artists/norman_larry.asp Jump up ^ Stephen H. Webb , Dylan Redeemed : From Highway 61 to Saved ( Continuum International , 2006 ) : 35 . According to Dylan , he believed his 1968 album , John Wesley Harding , was `` the first biblical rock album '' , with more than 60 biblical allusions . See Webb : 35 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Callahan , David Edwards , and Patrice Eyries , `` Solid Rock Album Discography '' ( January 10 , 2009 ) , http://www.bsnpubs.com/word/solidrock/solidrock.html ^ Jump up to : . John J. Thompson , Raised by Wolves : The Story of Christian Rock & Roll ( 2000 ) : 49 . ^ Jump up to : CBNmusic , `` Larry Norman '' , http://www.cbn.com/cbnmusic/artists/norman_larry.aspx Jump up ^ `` Somebody Lied '' , Hollywood Free Paper 2 : 15 ( August 4 , 1970 ) , http://www.hollywoodfreepaper.org/archive.php?id=22 See page 3 for an interview with Norman about Upon This Rock . Jump up ^ Don Cusic , ed. , Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music : Pop , Rock , and Worship ( ABC - CLIO , 2009 ) : 312 Jump up ^ `` iTunes Review '' , https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/upon-this-rock/id278869770 Jump up ^ `` Larry Norman@Everything2.com '' . Everything2.com. 2003 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Alfonso , Barry `` Larry Norman Biography . '' Musicianguide.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jason Bivins , Religion of Fear : The Politics of Horror in Conservative Evangelicalism ( Oxford University Press , 2008 ) : 125 ; Eileen Luhr , Witnessing Suburbia : Conservatives and Christian Youth Culture ( University of California Press , 2009 ) : 47 , 51 - 52 ; Jay R. Howard and John M. Streck , Apostles of Rock : The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music ( University Press of Kentucky , 2004 ) : 33 . Jump up ^ `` History of Christian Rock / Metal part 1 '' . Rock for the King ( in Portuguese ) . Ope Publishing . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` History of Christian Rock / Metal part 2 '' . Rock for the King ( in Portuguese ) . Ope Publishing . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Swaggart wrote a book criticizing the Christian rock and metal movements titled Religious Rock n ' Roll -- A Wolf in Sheep 's Clothing in 1987 . The book criticized the scene for using heavy metal music to preach the gospel of Christianity , calling rock music the music of the devil . See also John W. Styll , `` Christian Rock Wars : Evangelist Jimmy Swaggart Tells Why He Hates Today 's Christian Rock '' , CCM 7 : 12 ( June 1985 ) : 14 - 17 ; Heather Hendershot , Shaking the World for Jesus : Media and Conservative Evangelical Culture ( University of Chicago Press , 2004 ) : 55 ; Richard D. Barnet , Bruce Nemerov , and Mayo R. Taylor , The Story Behind the Song : 150 Songs that Chronicle the 20th Century ( Greenwood Press , 2004 ) : 206 . Jump up ^ `` Rap , Rock , and Censorship by Mathieu Deflem '' . Deflem.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jay R. Howard , `` Contemporary Christian Music : Where Rock Meets Religion '' , The Journal of Popular Culture 26 : 1 ( 5 March 2004 ) : 123 . Jump up ^ Garry J. Moes , Streams Of Civilization : Cultures In Conflict Since The Reformation Until The Third Millennium After Christ Vol. 2 ( Christian Liberty Press , 2003 ) : 397 . Jump up ^ High Fidelity 20 : 7 - 12 ( 1970 ) : 112 . Jump up ^ Entertainment World , 2 : 2 ( 1970 ) ; William Ayers , `` Chrono - Spective '' , http://www.onlyvisiting.com/larry/about/babylon_ayers.html Jump up ^ Entertainment World 2 : 2 ( Entertainment World Publications , 1970 ) : Jump up ^ Entertainment World 2 : 2 ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ John J. Thompson , Raised by Wolves : The Story of Christian Rock & Roll ( 2000 ) : 80 . Jump up ^ Larry Norman , `` Larry Norman : The Growth Of The Christian Music Industry '' , Cross Rhythms ( 11 October 2006 ) : 2 , http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/music/Larry_Norman__The_Growth_Of_The_Christian_Music_Industry/24341/p2/ ; `` About the Artist '' , Only Visiting This Planet ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Larry Norman , `` Buzz Interview 1972 '' , Buzz ( 1972 ) , http://dagsrule.com/stuff/larry/intvw72.html ; and Larry Norman , in Why Should the Devil Have All the Good Music Songbook , ( Los Angeles , CA : One Way , 1972 ) : 10 . Jump up ^ Larry Norman , `` Larry Norman : The Growth Of The Christian Music Industry '' , Cross Rhythms ( 11 October 2006 ) : 3 , http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/music/Larry_Norman__The_Growth_Of_The_Christian_Music_Industry/24341/p3/ ; Larry Norman , `` Linear Notes '' , Streams of White Light Into Darkened Corners , http://subversiveinfluence.com/2009/06/streams-of-white-light-into-darkened-corners/ Jump up ^ Larry Norman , `` Larry Norman : The Growth Of The Christian Music Industry '' , Cross Rhythms ( 11 October 2006 ) : 3 , http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/music/Larry_Norman__The_Growth_Of_The_Christian_Music_Industry/24341/p3/ Jump up ^ Kenneth G. Bielen , The Lyrics of Civility : Biblical Images and Popular Music Lyrics in American Culture ( Routledge , 1999 ) : 114 . Jump up ^ Larry Norman , in Why Should the Devil Have All the Good Music Songbook , ( Los Angeles , CA : One Way , 1972 ) : 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Billboard ( 23 May 1970 ) : 55 ; Robert Termorshuizen and Jim Böthel , `` Upon This Rock ( 1970 ) '' , http://www.meetjesushere.com/upon_this_rock.htm ( hide ) Larry Norman Studio albums Upon This Rock ( 1969 ) Bootleg ( 1972 ) The Trilogy Only Visiting This Planet ( 1972 ) So Long Ago the Garden ( 1973 ) In Another Land ( 1976 ) Something New Under the Son ( 1981 ) Home at Last ( 1989 ) Stranded in Babylon ( 1991 ) Tourniquet ( 2001 ) Live albums Street Level ( 1970 ) Related topics Discography Solid Rock Records People ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upon_This_Rock_(Larry_Norman_album)&oldid=811920557 '' Categories : 1969 debut albums Larry Norman albums Contemporary Christian music albums Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 20 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote i wish we'd all been ready	[]	[]
-140408944566015857	In the Pines	In the Pines - wikipedia In the Pines Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see In the Pines ( disambiguation ) . `` In the Pines '' Song Published 1917 Songwriter ( s ) Traditional `` In the Pines '' , also known as `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night ? '' and `` Black Girl '' , is a traditional American folk song originating from two songs , `` In the Pines '' and `` The Longest Train '' , both of which whose authorship is unknown and date back to at least the 1870s ( though some contend an older , Irish history ) . The songs originated in the Southern Appalachian area of the United States in the contiguous areas of Eastern Tennessee and Kentucky , Western North Carolina and Northern Georgia . Versions of the song have been recorded by many artists in numerous genres , but it is most often associated with American blues musician Lead Belly and American bluegrass musician Bill Monroe , both of whom recorded very different versions of the song in the 1940s and 1950s . A version of the song performed by The Four Pennies reached the UK top - twenty in 1964 . A live performance by the American grunge band Nirvana reinterpreted Lead Belly 's version and was recorded during their MTV Unplugged performance in 1993 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 Influential versions 2.1 Bill Monroe 2.2 Lead Belly 2.3 Cajun versions 2.4 The Four Pennies 2.5 Mark Lanegan / Nirvana 2.6 Other versions 3 In popular culture 3.1 In film 3.2 In literature 3.3 In television 3.4 In video games 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Early history ( edit ) Like numerous other folk songs , `` In the Pines '' was passed on from one generation and locale to the next by word of mouth . The first printed version of the song , compiled by Cecil Sharp , appeared in 1917 , and comprised just four lines and a melody . The lines are : Black girl , black girl , do n't lie to me Where did you stay last night ? I stayed in the pines where the sun never shines And shivered when the cold wind blows In 1925 , a version of the song was recorded onto phonograph cylinder by a folk collector . This was the first documentation of `` The Longest Train '' variant of the song , which includes a verse about `` The longest train I ever saw '' . This verse probably began as a separate song that later merged into `` In the Pines '' . Lyrics in some versions about `` Joe Brown 's coal mine '' and `` the Georgia line '' may refer to Joseph E. Brown , a former Governor of Georgia , who famously leased convicts to operate coal mines in the 1870s . While early renditions which mention the head in the `` driver 's wheel '' make clear that the decapitation was caused by the train , some later versions would omit the reference to the train and reattribute the cause . As music historian Norm Cohen pointed out in his 1981 book , Long Steel Rail : The Railroad in American Folksong , the song came to consist of three frequent elements : a chorus about `` in the pines '' , a verse about `` the longest train '' and a verse about a decapitation , but not all elements are present in all versions . Starting in 1926 , commercial recordings of the song were made by various folk and bluegrass bands . In her 1970 Ph. D. dissertation , Judith McCulloh ( 1935 - 2014 ) found 160 permutations of the song . As well as rearrangement of the three frequent elements , the person who goes into the pines , or who is decapitated , is described as a man , woman , adolescent , husband , wife , or parent , while the pines can be seen as representing sexuality , death , or loneliness . The train is described as killing a loved one , as taking one 's beloved away , or as leaving an itinerant worker far from home . In variants in which the song describes a confrontation , the person being challenged is always a woman . The folk version by the Kossoy Sisters asks , `` Little girl , little girl , where 'd you stay last night ? Not even your mother knows . '' The reply to the question , `` Where did you get that dress / And those shoes that are so fine ? '' from one version is , `` From a man in the mines / Who sleeps in the pines . '' The theme of a woman being caught doing something she should not is thus also common to many variants . One variant , performed in the early twentieth century by the Ellison clan ( Ora Ellison , deceased ) in Lookout Mountain , Georgia , tells of a young Georgia girl who flees to the pines after being raped . Her rapist , a male soldier , is later beheaded by the train . Some versions of the song also reference the Great Depression , with the `` black girl '' being a hobo on the move from the police , who witnesses the murder of her father while train - jumping . She hides from this by sleeping in the pines , in the cold . Influential versions ( edit ) Bill Monroe ( edit ) Bill Monroe 's 1941 and 1952 recordings , both under the title `` In the Pines '' , were highly influential on later bluegrass and country versions . Recorded with his Bluegrass Boys and featuring fiddles and yodelling , they represent the `` longest train '' variant of the song , and omit any reference to a decapitation . However , as Eric Weisbard writes in a 1994 article in The New York Times , `` ... the enigmatic train is almost as frightening , suggesting an eternal passage : ' I asked my captain for the time of day / He said he throwed his watch away . ' '' Lead Belly ( edit ) Huddie Ledbetter , a.k.a. Lead Belly , recorded over half - a-dozen versions between 1944 and 1948 , most often under the title , `` Black Girl '' or `` Black Gal '' . His first rendition , for Musicraft Records in New York City in February 1944 , is arguably his most familiar . Listed as `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' , this version appears on a number of Lead Belly `` best - of '' compilations , such as Absolutely the Best ( 2000 ) . Another familiar version was recorded for Moses Asch , founder of Folkways Records , in New York City . Listed as `` Black Girl '' or `` In the Pines '' , this version appears on compilations such as Where Did You Sleep Last Night -- Lead Belly Legacy Vol. 1 ( 1996 ) , and The Definitive Lead Belly ( 2008 ) . Lead Belly is often said to be the author of the song , e.g. by Nirvana on their MTV Unplugged album in 1994 . However , Lead Belly did n't write the song , but reinterpreted it , as did other musicians before and after him . According to the American folklorist Alan Lomax , Lead Belly learned the song from someone 's interpretation of the 1917 version compiled by Cecil Sharp , and by the 1925 phonograph recording . Cajun versions ( edit ) `` In the Pines '' , converted into the Cajun French language and sung under the titles `` Pine Grove Blues '' or `` Ma Negresse '' , became one of the landmark songs of Cajun music . The song is most associated with Nathan Abshire , the Louisiana Cajun accordion player , for whom `` Pine Grove Blues '' was his biggest hit . His melody is a hard - driving blues , but the lyrics , when translated to English , are the familiar `` Hey , my girl , where did you sleep last night ? '' The Cajun French word `` negresse '' and the masculine counterpart `` negre '' are terms of endearment without regard to race . He recorded it at least three times , from the 1940s onward . Since then , Abshire 's version has been covered by a wide variety of Cajun and zydeco musicians , including the Pine Leaf Boys , the Lost Bayou Ramblers , Beau Jocque , and Cedric Watson . The Four Pennies ( edit ) The Four Pennies recorded and released the song as `` Black Girl '' in October 1964 . Their version reached No. 20 in the UK , but was not released by their label in the US . Mark Lanegan / Nirvana ( edit ) `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' Song by Nirvana from the album MTV Unplugged in New York Released 1 November 1994 Recorded November 18 , 1993 at Sony Music Studios in New York City Length 5.08 Label DGC Records Songwriter ( s ) Lead Belly Producer ( s ) Alex Coletti , Scott Litt , Nirvana MTV Unplugged in New York track listing 13 tracks ( show ) `` About a Girl '' `` Come as You Are '' `` Jesus Does n't Want Me for a Sunbeam '' `` The Man Who Sold the World '' `` Pennyroyal Tea '' `` Dumb '' `` Polly '' `` On a Plain '' `` Something in the Way '' `` Plateau '' `` Oh , Me '' `` Lake of Fire '' `` All Apologies '' `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' Nirvana occasionally performed the song during the early 1990s . Singer / guitarist Kurt Cobain was introduced to the song by fellow Seattle musician Mark Lanegan , and played guitar on a version on Lanegan 's 1990 album , The Winding Sheet . Like Lanegan , Cobain usually screamed its final verse . It is likely that Cobain referenced Lead Belly 's 1944 Musicraft version for his interpretation of the song ; Lanegan owned an original 78 rpm record of this version , and it is the one that Cobain 's version most closely resembles in terms of lyrics , form and title . In a 2009 MTV article , Kurt Loder remembers discussing the song 's title with Cobain , with Cobain insisting , `` But the Leadbelly version is called ' Where Did You Sleep Last Night , ' '' and Loder preferring the `` In the Pines '' title used by Bill Monroe ( as well as Lead Belly ) . Cobain earned critical acclaim for his acoustic performance of the song during Nirvana 's MTV Unplugged appearance in 1993 . Canadian musician Neil Young described Cobain 's vocals during the final screamed verse as `` Unearthly , like a werewolf , unbelievable . '' This version was originally sanctioned to be released as a b - side to the band 's `` Pennyroyal Tea '' single in 1994 , but the single was cancelled following Cobain 's death in April 1994 . It was posthumously released on the band 's MTV Unplugged in New York album in November 1994 , and as a promotional single from the album . In 2002 the song featured as a bonus track on Nirvana 's `` best of '' compilation album Nirvana . A solo Cobain home demo , recorded in 1990 , appears on the band 's 2004 rarities box set , With the Lights Out . Nirvana 's chart positions Chart ( 1995 ) Position French Airplay Chart 62 Other versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dock Walsh recorded the first known commercial version April 17 , 1926 ( Columbia mastered W142031 - 1 ; released on 15094 - D , September 20 , 1926 ) . Darby and Tarlton recorded the song in 1927 as Lonesome In The Pines , and reworked it as Lonesome Railroad in 1928 . Roscoe Holcomb recorded a version , available on The High Lonesome Sound . The Louvin Brothers ' version appears on the 1956 album , Tragic Songs of Life . Dave Van Ronk 's version appears on The Folkway Years 1959 -- 1961 . The New Christy Minstrels recorded a version for their 1961 Columbia Records debut album . Joan Baez 's version appears on Very Early Joan , which includes performances from 1961 and 1963 . Fred Gerlach 's version , titled `` Little Girl '' , appears on his album Twelve - String Guitar , released on Folkways Records in 1962 . Doc Watson often performed the song , and a live recording exists , dating from the 1960s . Marianne Faithfull recorded a version of the song for her 1965 album Come My Way . Jackson C. Frank recorded `` In The Pines '' , which was released on the unreleased tracks and demos compilation Fixin ' to Die . Tiny Tim 's version is the B - side of his single `` April Showers '' , in 1966 . Grateful Dead recorded the song on July 17 , 1966 . It appears on their 2001 box set , The Golden Road . Jerry Reed recorded a version on Jerry Reed Explores Guitar Country , released in 1969 . Long John Baldry 's `` Black Girl '' , a duet with Maggie Bell , appears on his 1971 album It Ai n't Easy . A rendition also appears on Long John Baldry Trio - Live ( 1999 ) . Link Wray recorded two versions titled `` Georgia Pines '' and `` In the Pines '' on his 1973 folk rock release Beans and Fatback . Gene Clark recorded the song for his 1977 album Two Sides to Every Story . Charlie Feathers recorded a version in the 1980s in Memphis . The Oak Ridge Boys recorded `` In the Pines '' on their 1983 album , Deliver . Dolly Parton 's version appears on her 1994 album Heartsongs : Live from Home . Odetta recorded the song for her 2001 Lead Belly tribute album , Looking for a Home -- Thanks to Leadbelly . Pete Seeger 's version of `` Black Girl '' appears on the 2002 Smithsonian Folkways re-release of recordings from the 1950s and 1960s entitled American Favorite Ballads , Vol. 1 . Josh White 's version of `` Black Girl '' appears on his 1955 album , 25th Anniversary : The Story of John Henry , A Musical Narrative . Another version appears on New York to London ( 2002 ) . R. Crumb performed the song in Hamburg , Germany in 2003 . The only known release is on R. Crumb 's Music Sampler , included with the R. Crumb Handbook . ( Smog ) 's version appears on his 2005 album A River Ai n't Too Much to Love . Ralph Stanley and Jimmy Martin 's version appears on their album First Time Together , released in 2005 . Jack Rose 's version appears on his 2010 EP Ragged and Right . Laura Gibson 's version appears as a b - side on her single La Grande Kid Cudi and Dot da Genius , known collectively as WZRD , recorded a rendition on their eponymous 2012 album . My Own Private Alaska on the album `` Amen '' ( 2010 ) . Joe Banfi `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night ? '' on the EP `` Iron '' in 2012 Brad Paisley contributed a version of the song to the Orthophonic Joy collection released in 2015 . Loretta Lynn recorded a cover for her 2016 album Full Circle . The Journeymen recorded a cover of this song , titled `` Black Girl '' , for their eponymous album in 1961 . The Finnish rock group Lasten Hautausmaa recorded a cover of the song in Finnish with the name `` Tyttöni '' ( `` My Girl '' ) to close their 2015 eponymous debut LP. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) In popular culture ( edit ) In film ( edit ) A version of the song is sung during Elia Kazan 's 1960 film , Wild River . A few lines of the song are sung by Sissy Spacek in the Loretta Lynn biopic , Coal Miner 's Daughter . In literature ( edit ) Danzy Senna titled her memoir `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night ? A Personal History '' after this song in memory of her paternal grandmother . In 2007 , Czech - American writer - singer Natálie Kocábová used a strophe of `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' for the opening of her novella Růže : Cesta za světlem ... ( `` Rose : A Way to the Light '' ) . In television ( edit ) A version of the song is used in the trailer for American Gods , and appears in the first episode of the series . The song becomes an important plot point in the fourth series of Ripper Street . A version of it appears in the opening scene of the Marvel 's The Defenders seventh episode `` Fish in the Jailhouse '' In video Games ( edit ) A rendition by Jared Emerson - Johnson and Janel Drewis is played during the closing credits of The Walking Dead : Season Two - Episode 2 : A House Divided released in 2014 . See also ( edit ) List of train songs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cohen , Norm ( 2000 ) , Long Steel Rail : The Railroad in American Folk Song . Chicago , University of Illinois Press , pp. 491 - 496 . ISBN 0252068815 . Accessed 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` In the Pines '' , Second Hand Songs . Accessed 2017 - 19 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Five Good Covers : In The Pines ( Where Did You Sleep Last Night ) '' , ( www.covermesongs.com Cover Me ) . Accessed 2017 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Seida , Linda . `` The Four Pennies -- Music Biography , Credits and Discography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MTV Unplugged in New York ( 1993 ) , DGC Records . ^ Jump up to : Weisbard , Eric ( November 13 , 1994 ) . `` A Simple Song That Lives Beyond Time '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cohen , Norm ( 2000 ) . Long Steel Rail : The Railroad in American Folksong ( 2 ed . ) . p. 459 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06881 - 2 . Jump up ^ McCulloh , Judith Marie ( 1970 ) , In the Pines : The Melodic - Textual Identity of an American Lyric Folksong Cluster ( Ph. D. dissertation , Folklore ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Indiana University Jump up ^ `` The Four Pennies -- Discover music , videos , concerts , stats , & pictures at '' . Last.fm . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kurt Loder ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` Nirvana 's Kurt Cobain : Still Missed '' . MTV.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana 's Tense , Brilliant Unplugged in New York , 20 Years Later '' . The Atlantic . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nirvana - Where Did You Sleep Last Night Discogs.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Accès direct à ces Artistes ( The user must select `` Nirvana '' from the dropdown list ) `` . Infodisc.fr . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Gibson - La Grande b / w In the Pines '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ Horáková , Hana ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Cesta Natálie Kocáb '' . VašeLiteratura ( in Czech ) . VašeLiteratura . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ / . `` Telltale Games '' . Telltalegames.bandcamp.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Where Did You Sleep Last Night Nirvana 's version of the Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics American folk music African - American Appalachian Blues Cajun Creole Folk revival ( 1950s -- 60s ) Gospel Jazz Dixieland Native American Old - time Ragtime Spirituals Swamp pop Tejano Zydeco Country music Americana Bluegrass Honky - tonk Rockabilly Western swing Truman Capote 's Breakfast at Tiffany 's Adaptations House of Flowers ( 1954 musical ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 film ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1966 musical ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 2013 play ) Music `` Moon River '' Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Music from the Motion Picture ( 1961 soundtrack ) Jazz for `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1961 album ) `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1995 song ) Other Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Pines&oldid=808123483 '' Categories : Appalachian folk songs Lead Belly songs Nirvana ( band ) songs Live singles 1870s songs Songs about trains Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Duration without hAudio microformat Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 00 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	little girl don't lie to me where did you sleep last night	[]	[]
-1579634161552440144	April Kepner	April Kepner - wikipedia April Kepner Jump to : navigation , search April Kepner Grey 's Anatomy character The Season 9 Gallery Picture of Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner First appearance `` Invasion '' 6x05 , October 15 , 2009 ( as recurring cast ) `` With You I 'm Born Again '' 7x01 , September 23 , 2010 ( as main cast ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Sarah Drew Information Nickname ( s ) Virgin Mary Apes Shepherd 's flunkey Ducky Dud Keps The Machine Occupation Attending trauma surgeon Interim Chief of General Surgery ( former ) Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Joe Kepner ( Father ) Karen Kepner ( Mother ) Libby , Kimmie and Alice ( sisters ) Spouse ( s ) Jackson Avery ( divorced ) Significant other ( s ) Matthew Taylor ( ex-fiancé ) Children Samuel Norbert Avery ( son , with Jackson ; deceased ) Harriet Kepner - Avery ( daughter , with Jackson ) Religion Christianity April Kepner M.D. , is a fictional character from the television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and is portrayed by actress Sarah Drew . She was introduced in the episode `` Invasion '' as a former surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital who joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the two hospitals merge to compensate for the absence of some of the central cast members , and was created to be disliked by her colleagues . The character was originally set to appear in two episodes , Drew 's contract was extended to the remainder of the sixth season , with her becoming a series regular in the seventh season . The character 's focal storyline involved her struggle with fitting into the new work environment , her religious beliefs and balancing her duties as the hospital 's chief resident and her friendship with her colleagues and as of the end of season eight , her relationship with her best friend and now ex-husband Jackson Avery . Although initially focusing on neurosurgery during her residency , Kepner finally settles on trauma surgery as a specialty . After failing her boards , Kepner departs upon her contract 's expiration , but returns as a surgical attending when Chief Hunt offers her job back . Characterizing the character , ABC noted her determination , thoroughness , and intelligence as her main traits , while her insecurity , over-eagerness and vulnerability were highlighted as her main weakness . The character received mixed reviews from critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 2.3 Relationships 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2014 ) This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) April Kepner was born in Columbus , Ohio on April 23 , 1982 . Her mother Karen is a teacher and her father Joe is a farmer . She is the second of four daughters ; her sisters are Libby , Kimmie , and Alice . Kepner is initially a surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital . She joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the merger of the two hospitals , alongside Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) , and Charles Percy ( Robert Baker ) . Kepner is first shown to possess a red diary , in which she writes all her feelings and thoughts which is stolen by Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) . Grey uses the personal information written in the notebook to unnerve and blackmail Kepner but later apologizes . After she made a mistake that led to a patient 's death , she is fired . However , Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) rehires her when he becomes the new Chief of Surgery . As she is not confident anymore , she spends her time doing errands for Shepherd and develops a crush on him , earning her the nickname `` Shepherd 's flunky '' . In the season six finale , she discovers the body of her best friend Reed Adamson , who has been shot . She later runs into the shooter , Gary Clark , who lets her go after she tells him about her life after remembering a technique she says she learned from Oprah . Following the shooting , Kepner and Avery move into Meredith Grey 's ( Ellen Pompeo ) house . Kepner reveals that she is a virgin because she is a Christian and made a promise to God to stay a virgin until she was married , she also states that she thinks men find her annoying after yelling at Alex , Meredith , Lexie and Jackson about secrets , she claims that the fact that she is a 28 year old virgin is not a drinks conversation . She shows potential as a trauma surgeon during a trauma drill . She develops feelings for Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) who almost makes her lose her virginity . When Avery , now her best friend finds out about this , he assaults Karev . Later , Kepner agrees to go on a date with Robert Stark , believing him to have a good side . Her fellow residents make fun of her which prompts her to break up with him . April also impresses Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) and she is ultimately granted the position of Chief Resident in the season seven finale . Kepner initially struggles with her new status as her fellow doctors do not listen to her and do not take her seriously . As the end of the fifth year of residency is near , the surgical residents , including Kepner , prepare for their boards exams for the different fellowships they plan on joining . The night before taking the exam , April loses her virginity to Avery . This causes her to re-evaluate her faith during her Boards Exams , making the examiners feel uncomfortable . It is revealed that she is the only one out of the residents to have failed her Boards Exams . She receives phone calls from other hospital retracting their offers of fellowships and is laid off from Seattle Grace . Although Avery has true feelings for her , she pushes him away because she believes that he feels guilty for having sex with her . As a celebration of the conclusion of their residencies , the former chief of surgery Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) organizes his annual dinner for them . The eighth season ends with Kepner , Avery , Karev and Webber waiting for Meredith and Yang , who are victims of an aviation accident . Months later , Hunt goes to visit April , who had moved back to her parents ' farm in Moline , Ohio . In the wake of the tragic aviation accident , he offers her an attending position at the hospital . When she gets back to Seattle Grace , she resumes her sexual relationship with Avery , despite claiming she wants to re-virginise. April has a pregnancy scare and Jackson promises that he will be there every step of the way , even marry her , if she tests positive . When April finds out that she is not pregnant , she is overjoyed , but inadvertently hurts Jackson 's feelings by saying that they dodged a bullet , seemingly thrilled that they do n't have to get married anymore . Jackson breaks up with April . April suggests to Jackson that they each take a date to Bailey 's wedding in an attempt to move on . Jackson takes intern Stephanie ; the two bond and eventually have sex . When Jackson tells April that he is sleeping with somebody else , she is visibly crushed and tells him that they ca n't be friends again until she has gotten over him . In the next episode , a very attractive paramedic named Matthew ( Justin Bruening ) asks April out for coffee and they start seeing each other . Shortly afterwards she turns to Jackson for dating advice and it is hinted that Jackson is still in love with her when he shows signs of jealousy but Jackson overcomes his jealousy and they then re-establish their friendship . She confesses to Matthew that she is not a virgin anymore as she led him to believe and he breaks up with her because she lied to him . However , in the next episode , Matthew forgives April and they get back together . He asks her to marry him through a flash mob and she says yes . In the season 9 finale , April thinks she lost Jackson when a bus blew up and tells him she loves him , but he only has a few injuries . She remains engaged to Matthew while Jackson dates Stephanie . At the wedding , Jackson realizes he still loves April and stands up professing his love . Jackson and April are seen driving off together at the start of the following episode and later it is revealed that they have secretly eloped . At first April and Jackson do not tell their friends about their marriage , but later they do because of a new rule at the hospital . Catherine Avery is not at all happy about her son 's elopement with April , and the fact that there was n't a prenuptial agreement . They soon make up after April signs a postnuptial agreement . Jackson and April soon hit a rough patch when they realize that they have different views in the way their children should be raised religious . Not long after their fight , April realizes she is pregnant . April and Jackson 's baby is diagnosed during pregnancy with Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2 , and learn that the baby will not survive long after birth . Jackson believes that termination is the best option , however April would rather give birth to the baby knowing it will not live very long . They scheduled an induction for the next day , at the beginning of the appointment they are asked to sign their baby 's death certificate , which is too hard for the couple to bear . April does n't sign the papers and returns to work the same day praying for a miracle , while at work she has a heart to heart with a lady who lost her fiancé the night before . They decide to give birth to the baby via induction at 24 weeks gestation having it baptized right then . She gave birth to Samuel Norbert Avery , and he died a few hours after birth . In the following weeks after Samuel 's death , April and Jackson find it hard to be around each other and be intimate with one another . After April tries to seduce Jackson in a supply closet , Jackson asks if she is sure she wants this so soon after the death of their son , leaving April to storm out in anger . In the series 11 finale April decides to join Owen Hunt for 3 months as a trauma surgeon in the army ; this not being well received by Jackson . But after April states she needs this in order to grieve Samuel - Jackson lets her leave . Over the following months April lengthens her stay in the army , this having a strain on her and Jackson 's marriage as Jackson can rarely get a hold of her or talk to her over the phone . On Christmas Day after already being away for some time , April announces to Jackson while on video chat that she is staying for a longer service period , Jackson becomes angry with April but the conversation is cut short by sounds of gunfire and explosions from April 's base camp , leaving her to terminate the call ; meanwhile Jackson is unsure whether his wife is hurt or if she is ever coming home . On Valentine 's Day April returns to the hospital surprising Jackson , and they embrace in the foyer . In Season 12 , April and Jackson go through divorce proceedings started by Jackson . The morning before they sign the divorce papers , April discovers that she is expecting a second baby . She does not inform Jackson , and he is told by Arizona Robbins , which leads to additional tension . After Catherine Avery convinces Jackson to fight for full custody of his unborn child , April takes out a restraining order against him . The Averys ' lawyer asks for all documentation of their marriage , when reading through their wedding vows , Jackson realizes that they should fix the situation for their child . He and April decide to raise their son or daughter together as friends . Complications arise when April 's water breaks and when rushed to the hospital , she appears to be in critical condition ; however she survives the delivery ( via c - section ) and she and Jackson are shown their new daughter . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) `` I think it 's a really fun character and , of course , getting to be on that show is wonderful and exciting for any actress in Hollywood . '' Drew on her role in Grey 's Anatomy . Drew was cast in late September 2009 and first appeared on the show in the fifth episode of the sixth season as one of the residents from the Mercy West Hospital after its merger with Seattle Grace . Drew was brought aboard Grey 's Anatomy after former collaborations with the Series ' producer and creator Shonda Rhimes ; she was formally featured as a guest in two episodes of Private Practice in 2008 and was one of the main cast in Rhimes television pilot Inside the Box ( 2009 ) which was eventually not picked up by ABC . Her casting came after the absence of some of the central cast members , notably Katherine Heigl departure after her maternity leave and Ellen Pompeo 's absence due to pregnancy . Drew was originally contracted to guest star in a multi-episodes story arc where her character would be eventually fired from the series after two episodes . She explained : `` I came on to the show and I was told from day one that I was only going to be there for two episodes . I did not expect anything beyond that . The morning my firing episode aired , my agent got a call that they were talking about a contract and I was just completely floored . '' However she was promoted to a series regular on June 9 , 2010 for the seventh season of the show . Rhimes said in the wake of the news : `` Kepner has really been folded into the group '' of Grey 's Anatomy adding `` It 'll depend on what the studio and the network decide to do with those actors , but I fully advocate to have ( the characters ) '' . Drew received the call for her promotion the morning after the sixth episode of season six was telecast on October 29 , 2009 . She described the call as a `` totally happy surprise '' . Characterization ( edit ) `` I love the idea that there 's this person that everybody kind of hates , yet they all have to deal with , ( and even ) lean on . She is one of them , even though they find her terribly annoying , and I think that that 's sort of charming . '' Drew 's character has been called intelligent , hardworking , thorough and determined by Grey 's Anatomy executives . But she is also considered vulnerable , insecure , sensitive and overly eager by her colleagues . Of the character , Drew said : `` April is a very , very good doctor . She really knows what she 's doing , she 's worked really hard , and she certainly wants to do her best and stick around . '' but also described her as `` annoying '' , `` neurotic '' and `` really insecure '' . In the eighth season , April 's position as chief resident and her struggle to get a handle on her fellow residents formed the central arc of her storyline . Rhimes explained : `` Watching April try to be in charge of Cristina and Alex and Jackson is a pretty impossible task , and it 's made for comedy , it 's one of the funniest things we 're working on this season . '' One of Kepner 's central characteristics is her religious belief , notably her chastity and her instance on saving herself for someone she truly loves . In an interview , Drew assessed that : There certainly has never been a 28 - year - old virgin on Grey 's . I do n't even think there 's been a 28 - year - old virgin on television . Unless it 's someone who is sort of a recluse . A normal , smart , doctor .... pretty , healthy ... that in and of itself is really fascinating , and really interesting , and totally different . It 's neat to see someone who is just totally clueless in that area . Everyone else ( On Grey ' Anatomy ) seems like they know exactly what they 're doing . April is totally , totally clueless . Shonda told one of the directors , there are virgins that have sort of done everything else . But not April . April 's really pretty much done nothing . She 's completely untouched . '' Relationships ( edit ) April and Jackson ( Jesse Williams ) 's sexual encounter makes her re-evaluate her faith and jeopardizes the course of her career . Kepner entertained several relationships throughout her time on Grey 's Anatomy . In her early appearances , she is introduced as the best friend and roommate of her fellow Mercy West resident , Reed Adamson . In the season six finale , when Reed is tragically murdered by Gary Clark during the shooting , April is the first to find her when she trips over her dead body . In season seven April forms a friendship with Meredith Grey and she eventually moves into her house . Ellen Pompeo offered regarding their bond : `` Meredith will accept April in order to get the audience to accept her , '' and Drew further explained : `` She 's being plugged into the community . Meredith has really taken her under her wing , is really looking out for her . Having Meredith come around to April helps the audience come around to April . '' She first develops a crush on Derek Shepherd in season six . Carina MacKenzie from The Los Angeles Times called it `` ridiculous '' and added : `` April is drooling all over Chief McDreamy . Vomit . ( ... ) She 's been reduced to a 12 - year - old with hearts in her eyes and a painful inability to be subtle . '' Drew herself was skeptical about it , saying : `` The biggest thing that people did not like about my character was they thought I was a threat for the Mer / Der relationship , which I kind of found was super ridiculous ( ... ) I never saw it as anything that would ever transpire into something that might threaten them . I only saw it as a really pathetic little crush . '' She briefly has feelings for Alex Karev who almost makes her lose her virginity when he tries to sleep with her in Something 's Gotta Give . Wetpaint commented that he made her feel `` worthless and unwanted when she was at her most vulnerable . '' Kepner also briefly dates Dr. Robert Stark , a senior pediatric surgical attending . After her fellow residents make fun of her , she breaks up with him , creating a coldness between them . However , it is Stark who recommends her as chief resident to Dr. Hunt . Drew stated : `` She sees a side to Dr. Stark that he does n't show to anyone else at the hospital , and she finds that part endearing ... I think they enjoy the companionship . '' In the end of season eight , Kepner embarks on a relationship with her best friend turned lover Jackson Avery ( Williams ) , who she loses her virginity to and that eventually leads her to reflect on her faith and fail her boards . Critics praised the chemistry between April and Jackon . Rhimes commented on the dynamic between the two in season nine and said : `` I think it 's going to be funny , sexy , and good . '' Reception ( edit ) Kepner 's crush on Shepherd in season six was disliked among television critics . The character received mixed reviews from critics and fans alike . Initially , Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times highly praised the characterization of Kepner . writing : `` One of my favorite Mercy Westers is intern April ( Sarah Drew ) . Her saccharine - sweet attitude and wide - eyed insincerity were hilarious , as was her super-mysterious hot pink notebook full of morale - boosting platitudes . '' However , she criticized the later development of her story , especially her crush on Derek Shepherd calling it `` vomit '' PopSugar noted similarities between Kepner and Lexie Grey , stating : `` Am I the only one who thinks the new doctor is kind of like Lexie 2.0 ? Their dynamic reminded me of when Lexie first started and tries really hard to make nice with Mere , but gets the cold shoulder in return . '' Mariella Mosthof from Wetpaint stated : `` Despite her obnoxious yet well - meaning tendencies , we briefly flirted with the idea of liking April 's character last season , and it looks like there 's plenty of opportunity for her to come back and charm us again yet again this time around . '' Reviewing the first part of the eight season , Courtney Morrison of TV Fanatic wrote : `` Although the girl has grown in terms of likeability , her downfalls still outweigh the positives . She does n't really bring too much to the table . She was n't the best choice for Chief Resident ; she does n't seem to be on the same level surgical wise and she has n't carried a story on her own that makes us care about her . '' Kepner was included in TV Guide 's list of The Most Loathed TV Characters , adding : `` The extremely neurotic April ( she makes Liz Lemon look laid back ) has slowly made strides with fans thanks to her personal setbacks -- she lost her treasured virginity to her best friend and failed her boards -- but she still has a long way to go . '' Entertainment Weekly also named her one of the `` 21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever '' , commenting : `` April 's lightened up a little this season ( season 9 ) , but a few episodes of sympathetic behavior ca n't erase the painful memories of Seattle Grace - Mercy West 's most irritating doctor being . '' TV Fanatic included her in their list of Worst Character on TV . Christina Tran commented : `` Could she be any more annoying ? ! ? '' Drew stated that it was initially `` hard '' for her as an actress to play an unpopular character but deemed her `` interesting '' and when she was informed by the writers that her character would get Dr. Shepherd ( Dempsey ) shot in the season six finale , her reaction was : `` Oh , come on , guys , really ? They already hate my character , now they 're going to hate her even more ! '' Critics reception gradually changed positively . Entertainment Weekly noted : `` April was chirpy , irritating , and immature , and her crush on Derek did n't endear her to us either . But these days , we say hooray for April ; since Meredith declared that the two of them are pals , April 's become a lot more tolerable , instead of being Lexie 2.0 . '' Courtney Morrison of TVFanatic wrote : `` April has grown since her character was introduced . She 's no longer much less annoying than she used to be , and she 's honest . A girl with principles is a girl you want to do well . '' and described her and Avery as `` a couple for whom viewers can root '' . The Hollywood Reporter also remarked : `` It 's nice to see April with a bit of a backbone and putting Alex in his place as the newfound confidence suits her well . '' References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` Character Bios '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` Sarah Drew Previews Character , Grey 's Anatomy Role '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Sarah Drew Dishes on Dream Grey 's Anatomy Gig '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Tanen ( writer ) , Chandra Wilson ( director ) ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Almost Grown '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 05 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sarah Drew '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Most Loathed TV Characters Pictures , April Photos '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzi , Carina ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Mercy West is in , Izzie Stevens is out '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on 18 October 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) ; Rob Corn ( director ) ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Death and All His Friends '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 24 . ABC . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Sarah Drew '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Exclusive : Jesse Williams Gets Full - Time Upgrade '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samson , Janalen ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Interview with Sarah Drew : April is ' Super Freaked - Out ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Shonda Rhimes Talks Mer - Der 's Struggle , Cristina 's Pregnancy '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` April Kapner Bio '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Glenn ( June 27 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Sarah Drew Knows April is ' Annoying ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is in store for April this season '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . August 31 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Will Grey 's Anatomy Incorporate Sarah Drew 's Pregnancy ? '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Drew Exclusive : `` I had no idea ... '' `` . The Star Scoop . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( August 24 , 2010 ) . `` Pompeo : ' Grey 's Meredith , April will bond ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Top 5 OMG Moments From Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 , Episode 8 : `` Something 's Gotta Give '' `` . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April and Stark ? ! Sarah Drew Speaks on Unexpected Grey 's Anatomy Romance '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Spoiler : Will April and Jackson Get Together in Season 9 ? - Grey 's Anatomy '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( October 21 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Round Table : `` Love the One You 're With '' `` . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss Shonda Rhimes explains Eric Dane 's exit , teases unique season opener '' . EW.com . July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : He 's a Sloan all right '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Rundown , `` Invasion '' `` . PopSugar . Sugar Inc . October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Midseason Report Card : B + '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Staff Round Table : Worst Character on TV '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : 10 Reasons We Love It Again ! - Finally , April Is Less Annoying '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Review : Nothing Left To Squeeze '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Get Up , Stand Up '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . General `` April Kepner 's Character Journey '' . ABC . 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal April Kepner on IMDb April Kepner at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Kepner&oldid=800710982 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional characters from Ohio Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles that may be too long from November 2014 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 06 : 06 . 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-7419243605278338151	Derek Hough	Derek Hough - wikipedia Derek Hough Jump to : navigation , search Derek Hough Hough in 2011 ( 1985 - 05 - 17 ) May 17 , 1985 ( age 32 ) Salt Lake City , Utah , U.S. Nationality American Education Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts Occupation Dancer choreographer actor singer Years active 2001 -- present Relatives Julianne Hough ( sister ) Awards Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography : Dancing with the Stars ( 2013 , 2015 ) Derek Hough ( / ˈhʌf / ; born May 17 , 1985 ) is an American professional Latin and ballroom dancer , choreographer , actor and singer . Since September 2007 , Hough has become known for his work on the ABC dance - competition series , Dancing with the Stars , on which he has won a record six seasons . With a total of nine nominations , he has won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Choreography for several routines that he choreographed for the show . Hough has also starred in various stage productions , including the 2006 original production of Footloose : The Musical at the Novello Theatre in London 's West End , as well as the 2015 New York Spring Spectacular at Radio City Music Hall in New York City . In 2013 , he starred in Make Your Move , a Romeo and Juliet - inspired South Korean - American independent dance film . As of 2014 , he has held a recurring acting role on ABC 's musical - drama , Nashville . On December 7 , 2016 , Hough played the role of Corny Collins in NBC 's live musical TV - production , Hairspray Live ! In May 2017 , Hough joined the judges table in NBC 's new dance competition series World of Dance . He will continue his role as a judge for the second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Competitive dancing and choreography 2.2 Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics 2.3 Move Live On Tour 2.4 Dancing with the Stars 2.4. 1 Celebrity partners 2.4. 2 Performance history 2.4. 3 Records 2.5 World of Dance 2.6 Theater 2.7 Acting 2.8 Other media 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Music videos 4 Theater 5 Awards and honors 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Hough and his sister Julianne at the 2014 Kaleidoscope Ball Hough grew up the fourth of five children in a Latter - day Saint ( Mormon ) family in Sandy , Utah , a suburb of Salt Lake City . He is the son of Marianne and Bruce Hough , who was twice chairman of the Utah Republican Party , and has four sisters , Sharee , Marabeth , Katherine , and Julianne . All of his grandparents were dancers , and his parents met while on a ballroom dancing team in college in Idaho . He is the second cousin of musicians Riker , Rydel , Rocky , and Ross Lynch from R5 , their maternal grandmothers are sisters . When Hough was 12 , his divorcing parents sent him to London to live and study with dance coaches Corky and Shirley Ballas . Hough 's sister Julianne joined him in London several months later . Originally intending to stay for a year , Hough remained in London for ten years . ( Julianne returned after five years . ) The Ballases helped tutor the two Hough children alongside their own son , Mark Ballas , schooling them at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts . They received training in song , theater , gymnastics , and many forms of dance , including jazz , ballet , and tap . The three children formed their own pop music trio 2B1G ( `` 2 Boys , 1 Girl '' ) and performed at dance competitions in the UK and the U.S. , and showcased UK television shows . As well as being trained in many forms of dance , Hough can also play the piano , guitar and drums . Derek subsequently taught at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts . Career ( edit ) Competitive Dancing and Choreography ( edit ) Hough is a former WDSF World Youth Latin Champion ( 2002 ) as well as a Blackpool U-21 Latin title ( 2003 ) for Poland with Aneta Piotrowska . He has won the LA Outstanding Dancer of the Year and the New York Dance Alliance Outstanding Dance awards . On September 22 , 2013 , for the first time , the category for Outstanding Choreography for the Emmy Awards was moved to the Primetime Live Show , and all of the nominees in the category were to create and perform a number with the host of the show , Neil Patrick Harris . Hough , who was nominated for Dancing with the Stars , was part of that number , along with the other nominees . Ken Ehrlich , the executive producer of the show , stated , `` It 's definitely going to be an original number , something that has n't been done before . It 's going to utilize the talents of all of them to put this number together as choreographers . '' Hough then went on to win the Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography . On September 12 , 2015 , Hough won his second Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography , alongside Julianne Hough and Tessandra Chavez . This was both Julianne Hough 's and Chavez 's first Emmy win for outstanding choreography . Including the two nominations that he went on to win , Hough has been nominated for 8 Emmy Awards for choreography . Sochi 2014 winter Olympics ( edit ) On April 18 , 2013 , Hough announced that he had started working with world champion ice dancers Meryl Davis and Charlie White on a number for their upcoming 2014 Sochi winter Olympics short dance program that had to contain quickstep and foxtrot rhythms . Davis and White went on to win the gold medal with the routine . Their win made Olympic history , marking the first Olympic title in the event for the United States . About this opportunity , Hough said : `` I started working on a very special routine that 's not for the show ( Dancing with the Stars ) . I 'm choreographing a number for our world champion ice dancers Meryl Davis and Charlie White to perform at the Olympics next year . They graciously asked me to do it , and how could I say no ? It 's truly an honor , and they 're amazing . '' Move Live on tour ( edit ) On March 18 , 2014 , Hough , along with his sister , Julianne , announced a summer tour of over 40 cities across the U.S. and Canada , called `` Move Live on Tour '' , which would include dancing and singing from both of them , and the appearance of a group of dancers employed by the Hough 's who were chosen through auditions . They embarked on the sold out tour on May 25 , 2014 in Park City , Kansas and ended it in Los Angeles on July 26 , 2014 . Due to the success of ticket sales and several sold out venues before the tour had officially kicked off , several more shows were added to the tour schedule , which also sold out . For the tour choreography , the Hough siblings collaborated with Nappytabs . Following the success of the 2014 tour and high demand , the Hough 's announced the return of `` Move Live on Tour '' in the summer of 2015 . Spanning from June 12 , 2015 to August 8 , 2015 , the sold out tour visited over 40 cities throughout the U.S. and Canada , and visited larger venues than in the previous year . Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo `` Nappytabs '' returned as collaborating choreographers alongside the Hough siblings . Auditions were also held to recruit a new group of dancers to join the Hough 's , although some back - up dancers from the previous year returned . On July 9 , 2016 , the Hough 's held a free fitness pop - up event called ' Move Interactive ' in Los Angeles , which they announced would be the first of many to come . The event started off in Sherman Oaks with a workout session at Pulse Fitness Studios led by celebrity personal trainer and owner , Mark Harari . The participants then took part in a 2 - mile run along Ventura Blvd , before finishing off with a dance fitness class at JustDance Los Angeles . According to Hough , the motivation behind the event was to `` bring health , love , community and human interaction into our everyday lives . '' The following week , on July 14 , the Hough 's held a second free Move Interactive event in Fryman Canyon , LA , which included a hike and team building exercises . On December 14 , 2016 , they announced , via social media , that they would be going on a new tour , MOVE BEYOND Live on Tour , in 2017 . Dancing with the Stars ( edit ) Hough made his first appearance on Dancing with the Stars in season four ( week 6 ) as a guest instructor with Julianne and Apolo Anton Ohno . He then joined the cast of professional instructors in season five and was paired with Jennie Garth . Hough and Garth were eliminated in the semi-finals finishing the competition in fourth place . For season six , Hough was paired with actress Shannon Elizabeth . They were eliminated from the show on April 29 , 2008 , finishing the competition in sixth place . For season seven , Hough was partnered with model / TV host Brooke Burke . In rehearsal on October 4 , 2008 , Hough tripped and fell , hitting his head on the floor and momentarily blacked out . He was sent to the hospital , but sustained no injuries . Hough and Burke earned the mirror ball trophy and won season seven on November 25 , 2008 . For season eight , Hough was paired with rapper Lil ' Kim . They were eliminated on May 5 , 2009 , from the show finishing in fifth place . For season nine , Hough was partnered with model Joanna Krupa . They were eliminated during week nine , the semi-finals , on November 17 , 2009 , finishing fourth . For season ten , Hough was partnered with Nicole Scherzinger , the lead singer from the singing group The Pussycat Dolls and former member of Eden 's Crush . The couple reached the finals and won the competition on May 25 , 2010 . That was the second win for Hough . For season eleven , Hough won for the third time with actress Jennifer Grey , known for her film roles on Dirty Dancing and Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , on November 23 , 2010 . Hough did not participate in season 12 in order to be a part of the film COBU 3D ( later renamed to Make your Move 3D ) . For season 13 , he was partnered with actress and TV host Ricki Lake , known playing the original Tracy Turnblad in Hairspray . Lake scored consistently high the whole season and ended up in third place . For season 14 , Hough partnered with television personality Maria Menounos . In week seven , the couple earned the first 30 of the season and topped the leader board the first time in the season . The couple made it to the semi-finals but were eliminated after they finished at the top of the leader board . Menounos became the second celebrity in Dancing with the Stars history to be eliminated on a night where she came in first place with the judges ( the first was Willa Ford in season three ) . For season 15 ( All Stars ) , Hough was paired with season eight champion , Shawn Johnson . They were runners - up to Melissa Rycroft and Tony Dovolani . On July 27 , 2012 , Hough announced that season 15 would be his last , calling it his `` last hurrah '' . A few months later , on February 22 , 2013 , Hough announced that he would be back for season 16 , stating on his Twitter account , `` Was n't sure if I was able to do this season because of my other projects , but worked it out so I can do both . # pumped . '' . He was partnered with country singer and former American Idol contestant , Kellie Pickler . On May 21 , 2013 , Pickler was crowned season 16 champion , marking the fourth time Derek won the Mirror Ball trophy , and made him the only pro to have won four Mirror Balls . On August 2 , 2013 , Hough confirmed that he would be back for season 17 via an interview with Access Hollywood . The cast for season 17 was announced on September 4 , 2013 . Hough 's partner for season 17 was Glee star Amber Riley . Riley was crowned season 17 champion , historically marking the fifth time Hough has won the Mirror Ball trophy , and made him once again the only pro to have won five Mirror Balls . For season 18 , Hough was paired with paralympic snowboarder , Amy Purdy . In the finale on May 20 , 2014 , the couple was runner - up for the season , behind Meryl Davis and her partner Maksim Chmerkovskiy . On August 13 , 2014 , ABC announced that Hough would be back for the season 19 and in September , it was announced that he would be paired with YouTube personality Bethany Mota . The couple made it to the first night of the finals , finishing in fourth place . On February 24 , 2015 , Hough was announced as one of the returning professional dancers on season 20 despite previously reporting he would not be taking part in this season . He was partnered with gymnast Nastia Liukin . They made it to the semi-finals , but were subsequently eliminated on May 12 , finishing in fourth place . For season 21 , he was paired with wildlife conservationist and daughter of Steve Irwin , Bindi Irwin . The couple made it to the finals and won the competition on November 24 , 2015 , marking Hough 's sixth win on the show . Hough did not return for Season 22 . On August 30 , 2016 , it was revealed that Hough would once again return as a professional dancer for season 23 . He was paired with actress Marilu Henner . They were eliminated on November 7 , 2016 finishing in 6th place which is tied for his lowest finish . Celebrity partners ( edit ) Season Partner Place Average score 5 Jennie Garth 4th 25.7 6 Shannon Elizabeth 6th 24.5 7 Brooke Burke 1st 27.1 8 Lil ' Kim 5th 25.8 9 Joanna Krupa 4th 25.5 10 Nicole Scherzinger 1st 27.5 11 Jennifer Grey 1st 27.2 13 Ricki Lake 3rd 26.7 14 Maria Menounos 4th 26.8 15 Shawn Johnson 2nd 27.9 16 Kellie Pickler 1st 27.4 17 Amber Riley 1st 27.8 18 Amy Purdy 2nd 27.9 19 Bethany Mota 4th 36.3 20 Nastia Liukin 4th 36.6 21 Bindi Irwin 1st 27.9 23 Marilu Henner 6th 31.7 Performance history ( edit ) Season 5 : celebrity partner Jennie Garth ; average : 25.6 ; placed : 4th ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Uptown Girl '' 7 7 7 Safe Quickstep / `` Suddenly I See '' 7 7 7 Safe Tango / `` Cite Tango '' 9 8 9 Safe Paso doble / `` Because We Can '' 8 10 9 Safe 5 Samba / `` Cosmic Girl '' 8 9 8 Safe 6 Mambo / `` Mambo Baby '' Rock N ' Roll / `` Rockin ' Robin '' 9 No 9 scores 9 given Safe 7 Viennese Waltz / `` Runaway '' Rumba / `` Fallen '' 8 9 8 9 9 10 Last to be called safe 8 Jive / `` It Takes Two '' Foxtrot / `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' 8 9 8 9 8 8 Last to be called safe 9 Semifinals Tango / `` The Take Over , The Breaks Over '' Cha - cha - cha / `` Mustang Sally '' 9 10 10 10 9 10 Eliminated Season 6 : celebrity partner : Shannon Elizabeth ; average : 24.5 ; placed : 6th ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Shut Up and Drive '' 7 7 7 No elimination Quickstep / `` Swing with Me '' 8 8 8 Safe Jive / `` Goody Two - Shoes '' 8 8 8 Safe Viennese Waltz / `` Keep Holding On '' 9 10 9 Safe 5 Samba / `` Pon de Replay '' 8 8 7 Safe 6 Rumba / `` True Colors '' Country Western / `` Cotton - Eyed Joe 8 No 8 scores 8 given Safe 7 Tango / `` Tanguedia III '' Mambo / `` Ai n't Nothing Wrong With That '' 9 8 9 8 9 8 Eliminated Season 7 : celebrity partner : Brooke Burke ; average : 27.1 ; placed : 1st ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli 1 ( night 1 ) Cha - cha - cha / `` Are You My Woman ( Tell Me So ) '' 7 8 8 Safe 1 ( night 2 ) Quickstep / `` Lover , Come Back to Me '' 9 8 9 Safe Paso doble / `` Palladio , First Movement '' 8 8 8 Safe Viennese Waltz / `` Daughters '' 9 10 9 Safe Samba / `` Hip Hip Chin Chin '' 9 8 9 Safe 5 Jitterbug / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' 10 9 10 Safe 6 Rumba / `` No Air '' Old school hip hop / `` It Takes Two 8 No 10 scores 8 given Safe 7 Foxtrot / `` Lullaby of Birdland '' Group Paso doble / `` Rocks '' 10 10 10 9 10 10 Safe 8 Tango / `` Tango Diabolo '' Mambo / `` Cuban Mambo '' 10 9 8 9 10 9 Safe 9 Semifinals Jive / `` The House is Rockin ' '' Salsa / `` Barbarabatiri '' 7 9 7 10 7 9 Safe 10 Finals Samba / `` Blame It On the Boogie '' Freestyle / `` You 're the One That I Want '' Viennese Waltz / `` Daughters '' 9 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 Won Due to Len Goodman 's absence in week six the 10 was awarded by stand - in guest judge Michael Flatley Season 8 : celebrity partner : Lil ' Kim ; average : 25.8 ; placed : 5th ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Nasty '' 7 7 7 No elimination Quickstep / `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' 8 7 8 Safe Samba / `` Remedio P'al Corazon '' 8 8 9 Safe Argentine Tango / `` Taquito Militar '' 9 8 10 Safe 5 Viennese Waltz / `` I 'll Be '' 9 8 9 Safe 6 Jive / `` Jailhouse Rock '' 10 8 10 Safe 7 Rumba / `` Lost Without U '' 9 8 9 Safe 8 Paso doble / `` El Gato Montes '' Team tango / `` Womanizer '' 9 9 9 9 10 10 Safe 9 Waltz / `` When I Need You '' Salsa / `` Por Arriba , Por Abajo '' 8 9 9 9 8 9 Eliminated Season 9 : celebrity partner : Joanna Krupa ; average : 25.5 ; placed : 4th ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Salsa / `` Meddle '' Foxtrot / `` The Best Is Yet to Come '' 8 Awarded 8 10 8 points Safe Jive / `` What I Like About You '' 6 7 7 Safe Samba / `` La Bomba '' 7 8 8 Safe Lambada / `` Dançando Lambada '' 9 8 9 Safe 5 Argentine Tango / `` Whatever Lola Wants '' 8 8 8 Safe 6 Waltz / `` Be Here To Love Me '' Mambo / `` Ran Kan Kan '' 8 Awarded 9 10 9 points Safe 7 Rumba / `` The Look of Love '' Team tango / `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' 9 9 9 9 9 10 Safe 8 Quickstep / `` Valerie '' Paso doble / `` Living on Video '' 8 9 7 10 8 10 Safe 9 Semifinals Viennese Waltz / `` Hallelujah '' Cha - cha - cha / `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' Salsa / `` Lal Luz Del Ritmo '' 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Eliminated Due to Len Goodman 's absence in week two the 7 was awarded by stand - in guest judge Baz Luhrmann . Due to illness , Hough was unfortunately unable to perform that night . Krupa performed this dance and the Group Hustle with stand - in partner Maksim Chmerkovskiy . Season 10 : celebrity partner : Nicole Scherzinger ; average : 27.5 ; placed : 1st ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Viennese Waltz / `` Hold You In My Arms '' 9 7 9 No elimination Jive / `` SOS '' 10 8 10 Safe Quickstep / `` Anything Goes '' 8 6 9 Safe Rumba / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' 9 / 8 8 / 8 8 / 9 Safe 5 Tango / `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' 10 9 10 Safe 6 Samba / `` María '' Swing Marathon / `` In the Mood '' 9 Awarded 7 10 10 points Safe 7 Waltz / `` You Light Up My Life '' Team GaGa / Cha - cha / `` Telephone '' 9 9 9 9 9 9 Safe 8 Foxtrot / `` Have n't Met You Yet '' Paso doble / `` Spanish Guitar '' 10 10 9 10 10 10 Safe 9 Semifinals Argentine tango / `` El Capitalismo Foraneo '' Cha - cha - cha / `` Kiss '' 10 10 10 9 10 10 Safe 10 Finals Rumba / `` The Lady in Red '' Freestyle / `` A Little Less Conversation '' Argentine tango / `` El Capitalismo Foraneo '' Jive / `` Proud Mary '' 9 9 Awarded 10 9 9 30 10 10 9 points 10 Won This week 's dance received two scores from the judges ; one for its technical execution and one for the performance . Season 11 : celebrity partner : Jennifer Grey ; average : 27.2 ; placed : 1st ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Viennese Waltz / `` These Arms of Mine '' 8 8 8 Safe Jive / `` Shake It '' 8 8 8 Safe Samba / `` A Little Respect '' 8 8 8 Safe Argentine tango / `` La Cumparsita '' 9 / 10 9 / 9 9 / 10 Safe 5 Foxtrot / `` Love and Marriage '' 8 8 9 Safe 6 Paso doble / `` So What '' Rock ' n ' Roll Marathon / `` La Grange '' 6 Awarded 7 9 7 points Safe 7 Tango / `` Shut Up '' Team Apollo ( Cha - cha - cha ) / `` Bust A Move '' 10 / 9 9 9 9 9 9 Safe 8 Quickstep / `` Let 's Face the Music and Dance '' Rumba / `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' 9 10 9 10 9 10 Safe 9 Semifinals Cha - cha - cha / `` Mercy '' Waltz / `` Way Over Yonder '' 10 10 10 10 10 10 Safe 10 Finals Paso doble / `` Habanera '' Freestyle / `` Do You Love Me ( Now That I Can Dance ) '' Viennese Waltz / `` These Arms of Mine '' Instant cha - cha - cha / `` Raise Your Glass '' 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 Won This week 's dance received two scores from the judges ; one for its technical execution and one for the performance . Score from guest judge Drew Lachey . Notes : Hough and Grey hold the most perfect scores in all 16 seasons with six perfect 30s . They won season 11 on November 23 , 2010 and this season marked Hough 's third win , making him the first pro to win three times . Season 13 : celebrity Partner : Ricki Lake ; Average : 26.7 ; Placed : 3rd ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Viennese Waltz / `` This Year 's Love '' 7 6 7 Safe Jive / `` Hey Ya ! '' 8 7 8 Safe Rumba / `` Gravity '' 9 9 9 Safe Tango / `` Theme from Psycho '' 10 9 10 Safe 5 Foxtrot / `` Easy Lover '' 8 8 8 Safe 6 Quickstep / `` Luck Be a Lady '' Group Broadway dance / `` Big Spender '' & `` Money Money '' 10 No 9 scores 10 given Safe 7 Paso doble / `` Sweet Dreams '' Team paso doble / `` Bring Me to Life '' 9 9 9 8 9 9 Safe 8 Waltz / `` You Make Me Feel '' Instant Jive / `` Land of a Thousand Dances '' 9 8 9 8 10 8 Safe 9 Semifinals Samba / `` Jump in the Line '' Argentine tango / `` Allerdings '' Cha - cha - cha relay / `` I Like How It Feels '' 10 9 Awarded 10 10 8 10 10 points Safe 10 Finals Cha - cha - cha / `` Yeah 3x '' Freestyle / `` Ca n't Touch It '' Tango / Theme from Psycho 9 9 Awarded 9 9 30 9 9 points Third place Season 14 : celebrity partner : Maria Menounos ; average : 26.8 ; placed : 4th ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Stronger ( What Does n't Kill You ) '' 7 7 7 No elimination Quickstep / `` Sexy Sexy '' 8 8 9 Safe Rumba / `` Material Girl '' 9 9 9 Safe Tango / `` School 's Out '' 9 8 9 Safe 5 Salsa / `` The Cup of Life '' 9 9 9 Safe 6 Foxtrot / `` Jimmy Mack '' Motown Marathon / `` Nowhere to Run '' 8 Awarded 9 9 points Safe 7 Paso doble / `` Montagues and Capulets '' Team tango / `` Toccata '' 10 10 10 8 10 9 Safe 8 Viennese Waltz / `` A Thousand Years '' ( Trio Challenge ) Samba / `` Mama Do the Hump '' 10 9 8 7 10 9 Safe 9 Semifinals Argentine tango / `` La Yumba '' Jive / `` Tightrope '' 10 10 10 9 10 10 Eliminated The dancer Hough and Menounos chose for the Trio Challenge was Henry Byalikov . Season 15 : celebrity partner : Shawn Johnson ; average : 27.9 ; Placed : 2nd ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Foxtrot / `` Good Time '' 8 6.5 7.5 Safe Jive / `` The Nicest Kids in Town '' 8.5 8 8.5 Safe Quickstep / `` Hey Pachuco '' 9 8 9.5 Safe Mambo / `` Paro los Rumberos '' 10 9.5 10 / 10 Safe 5 Rumba / `` My Heart Will Go On '' Group freestyle / `` Call Me Maybe '' 9 9.5 8 10 10 10 No elimination 6 Cha - cha - cha / `` She Thinks My Tractor 's Sexy '' Country / `` Save a Horse ( Ride a Cowboy ) '' & `` I Play Chicken with a Train '' 9.5 No 8.5 scores 10 given Safe 7 Tango & Paso doble / `` Livin ' On A Prayer '' Swing Marathon / `` Do Your Thing '' 10 Awarded 10 8 10 points No elimination 8 Viennese Waltz / `` Angel '' ( Trio Challenge ) Samba / `` Jungle Jazz '' 10 10 9.5 7 10 9 Safe 9 Semifinals Bhangra `` Knight Rider '' / `` Mundian to Bach Ke '' Argentine tango / `` Bad '' 10 9 10 10 10 10 Safe 10 Finals Quickstep / `` Hey Pachuco '' Freestyle / `` Carnival de Paris '' Instant Cha - cha - cha / `` Respect 9 10 10 8.5 10 10 9.5 10 10 Runner - up Score from guest judge Paula Abdul During Week seven , Mark Ballas danced with Shawn Johnson in place of Hough , due to Hough having an injury in his neck . The dancer Hough and Johnson chose for the Trio Challenge was Mark Ballas . Season 16 : Celebrity partner : Kellie Pickler ; average : 27.4 ; placed : 1st ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Domino '' 7 7 7 No elimination Jazz / `` Lights '' 9 8 9 Safe Jive / `` Footloose '' 8 9 8 Safe Rumba / `` Say I Do '' 9 8 9 Safe 5 Foxtrot / `` It Had to Be You '' 9 9 9 Safe 6 Quickstep / `` Part - Time Lover '' Team Samba / `` Superstition '' 9 8 10 9 10 8 Safe 7 Samba / `` Shake Your Bon - Bon '' 9 10 10 Safe ( Immunity ) 8 Viennese Waltz / `` Fade Into You '' Paso doble ( trio challenge ) / `` Unstoppable '' 9 10 9 7 10 10 Safe 9 Semifinals Argentine tango / `` Para Te '' Flamenco / `` The Pirate That Should Not Be '' 10 9 10 10 10 9 Safe 10 Finals Quickstep / `` Peppy and George '' Cha - cha - cha relay / `` Treasure '' Freestyle / `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' Instant jive / `` Keep A-Knockin ' '' 10 Awarded 10 10 10 10 10 10 points 10 10 Won Hough and Pickler chose Henry Byalikov and Anna Trebunskaya to dance with them on the `` Side - By - Side '' Challenge . The dancer Hough and Pickler chose for the Trio Challenge was Tristan MacManus . Note : This season was Derek 's fourth win , making him the only pro with four mirrorball trophies . Season 17 : Celebrity partner : Amber Riley ; average : 27.8 ; placed : 1st ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Wings '' 9 9 9 No elimination Jive / `` Reet Petite '' 8 8 8 Safe Charleston / `` Bang Bang '' 8 8 8 Safe Tango / `` Love Lockdown '' 9 9 9 Safe 5 Foxtrot / `` Try a Little Tenderness '' 9 7 10 Safe 6 Samba / `` Get It Right '' Switch - Up Challenge / Various 10 Awarded 8 10 points No elimination 7 Paso doble / `` Diablo Rojo '' Group Freestyle / `` The Fox ( What Does the Fox Say ? ) '' 10 10 10 10 9 10 Safe 8 Rumba / `` If I Could Turn Back Time '' 9 9 10 Safe ( Immunity ) 9 Quickstep / `` That 's It ! '' Salsa ( Trio challenge ) / `` Que Viva la Vida '' 8 9 8 9 8 9 Safe 10 Semifinals Jazz / `` Locked Out of Heaven '' Viennese Waltz / `` Locked Out of Heaven '' ( acoustic version ) 10 10 10 / 9 10 / 10 10 10 Safe 11 Finals Charleston / `` Bang Bang '' Samba relay / `` No Scrubs '' Freestyle / `` Can You Do This '' 10 Awarded 10 10 10 10 points 10 Safe Quickstep & Samba Fusion / `` ( Your Love Keeps Lifting Me ) Higher and Higher '' 10 10 10 Won In week four , judge Len Goodman was absent and guest judge Julianne Hough filled in for him . In week eight , judge Len Goodman was absent and guest judge Cher filled in for him . The dancer Hough and Riley chose for the Trio Challenge is Mark Ballas . Score from guest judge Maksim Chmerkovskiy . Note : This season was Derek 's fifth win , making him the only pro with five mirrorball trophies and the first to have two back - to - back wins . Season 18 : Celebrity partner : Amy Purdy ; average : 27.9 ; placed : 2nd ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Counting Stars '' 8 8 8 No elimination Swing / `` Swing Set '' 8 8 8 Safe Contemporary / `` Human '' 9 9 / 9 9 Safe Salsa / `` Brand New '' 9 8 / 8 9 No elimination 5 Waltz / `` So This Is Love '' 9 9 / 10 9 Safe 6 Jive / `` Shout '' 9 10 / 9 10 Safe 7 Rumba / `` Light My Fire '' Team Loca ( Freestyle ) / `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' 9 10 9 / 9 10 / 9 9 10 Safe 8 Argentine tango / `` Heart Upon My Sleeve '' Celebrity Dance Duel ( Jive ) / `` Ai n't Nothing Wrong with That '' 10 9 10 / 10 10 / 10 10 10 Safe 9 Semifinals Quickstep / `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' Jazz / `` Too Darn Hot '' 10 9 9 / 10 10 / 10 10 10 Safe 10 Finals Salsa / `` Ran Kan Kan '' Freestyle / `` Dare You '' Argentine tango & Cha - cha - cha fusion / `` Rather Be '' 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 Runner - up Score from guest judge Robin Roberts For this week only , as part of the `` Partner Switch - Up '' , Purdy did not perform with Derek Hough and instead performed with Mark Ballas . Score from guest judge Julianne Hough . Score from guest judge Donny Osmond . Score from guest judge Redfoo . Scores from guest judge Ricky Martin . Score from guest judge Abby Lee Miller . Score from guest judge Kenny Ortega . Season 19 : Celebrity partner : Bethany Mota average : 36.3 ; placed : 4th ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Jive / `` Shake It Off '' 8 8 8 8 Safe Foxtrot / `` All About That Bass '' 8 9 8 8 Safe Jazz / `` Singin ' in the Rain '' 10 10 10 10 Safe Rumba / `` Try '' 8 9 8 8 Safe 5 Hip - Hop / `` She Came to Give It to You '' 8 8 8 8 No elimination 6 Tango / `` Jealous ( I Ai n't with It ) '' 9 9 9 9 Safe 7 Paso doble / `` Run Boy Run '' Team freestyle / `` Black Widow '' 10 9 9 9 10 9 10 9 Safe 8 Salsa / `` Babalu '' Cha - cha - cha dance - off / `` Really Do n't Care '' 9 Awarded 9 9 extra 10 points Safe 9 Viennese Waltz / `` Say You Love Me '' Trio Argentine tango / `` Jungle '' 9 9 9 10 9 10 9 9 Safe 10 Semi-finals Samba / `` I Want You Back '' Contemporary / `` I Want You Back '' ( acoustic version ) 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 Safe 11 Finals Jive / `` Shake It Off '' Freestyle / `` Revolution ( District 78 Remix ) '' 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 Eliminated Score given by guest judge Kevin Hart in place of Goodman . The American public scored the dance in place of Goodman with the averaged score being counted alongside the three other judges . This week only , for `` Partner Switch - Up '' week , Mota performed with Mark Ballas instead of Hough . Hough performed with Sadie Robertson . Score given by guest judge Jessie J in place of Goodman . Score given by guest judge Pitbull in place of Goodman . Season 20 : Celebrity partner : Nastia Liukin average : 36.6 ; placed : 4th ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Foxtrot / `` New York , New York '' 7 7 8 8 No Elimination Rumba / `` Thinking Out Loud '' 9 8 8 9 Safe Samba / `` Chillando Goma '' '' 9 8 9 8 Safe Argentine tango / `` Variations on Dark Eyes '' 9 8 9 10 Safe 5 Jazz / `` Love Is an Open Door '' 9 9 10 10 Safe 6 Tango / `` Summer '' Team freestyle / `` Wipe Out '' 9 10 8 9 8 10 9 10 Safe 7 Charleston / `` Honey , I 'm Good '' 10 9 9 10 Safe ( Immunity ) 8 Paso doble / `` Centuries '' Trio Jive / `` Diane Young '' 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 Safe 9 ( Semi-finals ) Quickstep / `` Feeling Good '' Viennese Waltz / `` Fall for You '' 10 10 10 - 10 10 10 10 Eliminated Nastia Liukin performed with Sasha Farber as Derek Hough was unable to perform due to an injury . Despite this , Hough choreographed and participated in the dance , but remained limited . For week nine , however , Liukin performed her Quickstep with Farber and her Viennese Waltz with Hough . Season 21 : celebrity partner Bindi Irwin ; average : 27.9 ; placed : 1st ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Hough Tonioli Jive / `` Crocodile Rock '' 8 8 8 No Elimination Tango / `` You Shook Me All Night Long '' Waltz / `` Only a Man '' 9 7 8 8 8 8 Safe Quickstep / `` Movin ' on Up '' 8 8 / 8 8 Safe Contemporary / `` Every Breath You Take '' 9 9 10 Safe 5 Cha - cha - cha / `` Hold My Hand '' 9 9 / 10 9 No elimination 6 Rumba / `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' 10 10 / 10 10 Safe 7 Argentine Tango / `` Cry Little Sister '' Team Freestyle / `` Ghostbusters '' 10 9 10 10 10 9 Safe 8 Foxtrot / `` Grace Kelly '' Jive Dance - off / `` Travelin ' Band '' 10 No 9 extra 9 points Safe 9 Viennese Waltz / `` Roses and Violets '' Team - up dance ( Charleston ) / `` All That Jazz '' & `` Hot Honey Rag '' 10 10 10 10 10 10 Safe 10 Semifinals Salsa / `` You 're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile '' Samba Dance - off / `` Lean On '' Trio Jazz / `` Resolve '' 9 Awarded 10 9 10 9 points 10 No elimination 11 Finals Quickstep / `` Dr. Bones '' Freestyle / `` Footprints in the Sand '' Argentine Tango & Cha - cha - cha Fusion / `` All the Way '' 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Won Score given by guest judge Alfonso Ribeiro . This week only , for `` Partner Switch - Up '' week , Irwin performed with Valentin Chmerkovskiy instead of Hough . Hough performed with Alexa PenaVega . Score given by guest judge Maksim Chmerkovskiy . Score given by guest judge Olivia Newton - John . Season 23 : Celebrity partner : Marilu Henner average : 31.7 ; placed : 6th ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' scores Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Jive / `` Ca n't Stop Dancing '' 7 7 6 7 No Elimination Foxtrot / `` Angela '' 7 8 7 7 Safe Tango / `` Battle Cry '' 7 7 7 7 Safe Paso Doble / `` Battlefield '' 7 -- 7 7 Safe 5 Viennese Waltz / `` Surprise Yourself '' 9 -- 9 9 No Elimination 6 Cha - cha - cha / `` Echa Pa'Lante '' 8 9 9 8 Safe 7 Charleston / `` Never Forget You '' Team Freestyle / `` Embrace '' 7 8 7 9 8 9 7 9 Safe 8 Argentine Tango / `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' Cha - cha - cha Dance - Off / `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' 7 No -- Extra 8 Points 8 Awarded Safe 9 Samba / `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' Team - up dance ( Jazz ) / `` Big Noise from Winnetka '' 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Eliminated Score given by guest judge Pitbull . Score given by guest judge Idina Menzel Records ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hough is the only professional dancer to win six Mirror Ball Trophies , and the first ( and only ) who achieved back - to - back wins twice . He has earned 49 perfect scores and 249 perfect 10s over the seasons . ( The perfect score and tens Johnson got with Ballas and the perfect scores Liukin got with Farber are not included . ) The only professional dancer to score a perfect 10 with all but one of his celebrity partners , scoring one with all but Marilu Henner in Season 23 . The only professional to be the Creative Director for Macy 's Stars of Dance and to choreograph for it three times in season 18 . Won Macy 's Stars of Dance : Design - a-Dance four out of eight times ( in seasons 7 , 8 , 11 , and 13 , sharing the honor in season 8 ) . World of Dance ( edit ) In May 2017 , Hough joined NBC 's new dance competition series World of Dance as a judge , alongside Jennifer Lopez and Ne - Yo and host / mentor Jenna Dewan - Tatum . It was the top premiere of a new summer alternative series on broadcast in five years and the most - watched in nine years . It has also been picked up for a second season . Theater ( edit ) Hough 's earliest theater work include playing the lead in Jesus Christ Superstar at the Millfield Theatre , and dancing in the company in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the London Palladium . In 2006 , Hough starred as Ren in the original cast production of Footloose : The Musical at the Novelo Theatre in London 's West End , as well as on the 2006 UK national tour . Hough 's West End performance earned him a nomination as The Stuart Phillips London Newcomer of the Year in the Whatsonstage.com Theatregoers ' Choice Awards . Hough made his Broadway debut on January 8 , 2010 , starring with Kym Johnson and Mary Murphy in Burn the Floor for the final four performances of the show 's Broadway run . On January 13 , 2015 , it was announced that Hough would appear in the New York Spring Spectacular , at Radio City Music Hall . Due to the production , it was announced that Hough would not return for the 10th anniversary of Dancing with the Stars , however , during the cast announcement , Hough and partner Nastia Liukin were revealed as surprise contestants . On February 27 , 2016 , during the Weinstein Company 's annual pre-Oscar dinner at the Montage in Beverly Hills , it was announced that Hough would be the male lead for the upcoming Singin ' in the Rain Broadway production . Acting ( edit ) Hough made two cameo appearances ; one in 2001 in the movie Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone and one in 2012 in the movie Rock of Ages , where his sister Julianne was playing the female lead role . In 2011 , Hough took one season break from Dancing with the Stars to star in his first movie Make Your Move ( original title Cobu 3D ) that premiered three years later , on March 31 , 2014 in Los Angeles . On April 25 , 2011 , Hough made a guest appearance on the ABC show Better with You as a dance instructor . On August 14 , 2014 , it was announced that he would join the cast of the ABC series Nashville for a multi-episode arc as Noah West . After three episodes during season three , Hough 's character returns in the fourth season for more episodes . On April 18 , 2016 , Hough guest starred on The CW series , Jane the Virgin . On April 27 , 2016 , it was announced that Hough would play Corny Collins in the NBC live broadcast of Hairspray , which aired on December 7 . Other media ( edit ) Hough was one of Bruno Tonioli 's panelists on BBC One 's DanceX , the first episode of which aired on July 14 , 2007 . He went on to choreograph and perform in Cheryl Cole 's `` Parachute '' music video , after being introduced to her by Tonioli . Hough was a founding member of the Ballas Hough Band ( formerly Almost Amy ) and he shared lead vocals , played guitar and had several songwriting credits on the band 's self - titled debut CD that was released by Hollywood Records in March 2009 . Hough directed Mark Ballas ' music video for his song `` Get My Name '' that was released on MTV on May 14 , 2014 . Hough 's first book Taking the Lead : Lessons from a Life in Motion came out on August 5 , 2014 and managed to enter The New York Times Best Seller list on August 24 , 2014 . Along with Ballas , Hough bought a house in order to flip it for profit . The process of the home renovation was broadcast as a four episode series on HGTV called Mark & Derek 's Excellent Flip . The show aired in the Spring of 2015 . In 2016 , Hough appeared alongside Lindsey Stirling in the music video for The Arena which he also choreographed . In 2017 , Hough participated in the celebrity edition of American Ninja Warrior for Red Nose Day . In 2017 , in an interview with Billboard , Hough reveals that he is going to be performing on the alternative metal band Breaking Benjamin 's upcoming album Ember , scheduled for a release in 2018 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Hogwarts schoolboy Uncredited role 2012 Rock of Ages Cameo appearance 2013 Make Your Move 3D Donny The movie 's first title was Cobu 3D Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 DanceX Himself Panelist ; BBC One channel 2007 -- 2016 Dancing with the Stars Himself 6 - time winner ; 2 - time Emmy winner 2011 Better With You Philip Episode : `` Better With Dancing '' 2011 When I Was 17 Himself MTV series ; season 2 , episode 35 2013 Family Dance Off Host Special 2014 -- 2016 Nashville Noah West Recurring role 2015 Mark & Derek 's Excellent Flip Himself HGTV series ; all 4 episodes 2015 Lip Sync Battle Himself Derek Hough vs Julianne Hough ( 1.8 ) 2016 Jane The Virgin Salsa Dancer Episode : `` Chapter 40 '' 2016 Hairspray Live ! Corny Collins NBC live musical 2017 -- present World of Dance Judge NBC Reality dance competition 2017 American Ninja Warrior Himself Red Nose Day special Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 `` That Song in My Head '' Cameo appearance Artist : Julianne Hough Single : `` That Song in My Head '' 2009 `` 99 Times '' Principal male Artist : Kate Voegele Album : A Fine Mess 2009 `` Download '' Cameo appearance Artist : Lil ' Kim Single : `` Download '' `` Parachute '' Main dancer Artist : Cheryl Cole Album : 3 Words 2013 `` Someone Somewhere Tonight '' Main dancer Artist : Kellie Pickler Single : `` Someone Somewhere Tonight '' 2014 `` Get My Name '' Director Artist : Mark Ballas Single : `` Get My Name '' 2016 `` The Arena '' Main Dancer / Choreographer Artist : Lindsey Stirling Album : `` Brave Enough '' 2017 `` I Believe In You '' Main Actor / Director / Choreographer Artist : Michael Bublé Album : Nobody But Me 2017 `` Hold On '' Singer / Writer / Director Artist : Derek Hough Album : - Theater ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Derek Hough '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Title Role Notes Ref . Jesus Christ Superstar Jesus Christ Amateur production at Millfield Theatre 2005 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Ensemble West End debut London Palladium 2006 Footloose : The Musical Ren McCormack UK national tour and West End at Novello Theatre Burn the Floor Replacement Dancer Longacre Theatre 2015 New York Spring Spectacular Jack Radio City Music Hall ; March 26 -- May 3 Awards and honors ( edit ) Hough is a two - time Emmy winner for Outstanding Choreography and has earned eight Emmy Award nominations in total for his work on Dancing with the Stars . On April 10 , 2014 , Hough and his sister , Julianne , were honored at Mattel Children 's Hospital UCLA 's second annual Kaleidoscope Ball with the Kaleidoscope Award , an award that is given to people of the entertainment industry who bring light and laughter into the lives of children through their professional achievements and personal humanitarianism . On October 17 , 2014 , GLSEN , during its annual Respect Awards , honored Hough with the year 's Inspiration Award . Year Association Nominated work Result Ref . 2009 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Choreography `` Great Balls on Fire '' ( with Julianne Hough ) Nominated `` Living on Video '' / `` Anything Goes '' Nominated `` Malaguena '' ( with Chelsie Hightower ) Nominated 2013 `` Hey Pachuco '' / `` Para Los Rumberos '' / `` Walking on Air '' Won `` Stars '' / `` Heart Cry '' ( with Allison Holker ) Nominated 2014 UCLA Kaleidoscope Award Derek and Julianne Hough Honored Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding choreography `` Human '' / `` Too Darn Hot '' / `` Ameksa '' Nominated Young Hollywood Awards Hottest Body Won Best Bromance Derek and Mark Ballas Nominated GLSEN Inspiration Award Honored 2015 Reality Television Awards Outstanding Performance Derek and Amy Purdy Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Dancer Nominated Industry Dance Awards America 's Favorite Choreographer Won America 's Favorite TV / Film Performance `` Elastic Heart '' ( with Julianne Hough & Tessandra Chavez ) Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Choreography `` Elastic Heart '' ( with Julianne Hough & Tessandra Chavez ) Won World Choreography Awards Television Live Performance `` MKTO 's Classic '' ( with Christopher Scott ; Hough listed as co-choreographer ) Won 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Dancer Nominated World of Dance Industry Awards Best Choreography on TV `` Elastic Heart '' ( with Julianne Hough & Tessandra Chavez ) Nominated The Dizzy Feet Foundation 's Celebration of Dance Gala Inspiration Award Derek and Julianne Hough Honored Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Choreography `` Footprints In The Sand '' / `` Grace Kelly '' / `` Cry Little Sister '' Nominated Industry Dance Awards America 's Favorite Performance `` Footprints In The Sand '' / `` Grace Kelly '' / `` Cry Little Sister '' Nominated Favorite Dance Idol Won World Choreography Awards Television Reality Show / Competition `` Elastic Heart '' ( with Julianne Hough & Tessandra Chavez ) Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Derek Hough profile '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hairspray Live ! Jump up ^ Ballas Hough Band Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel . `` Martin Short , Derek Hough Cast in NBC 's `` Hairspray Live '' `` . Variety . Variety.com . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2016/11/29/derek-hough-world-of-dance-judge-nbc-jennifer-lopez-dwts/ Jump up ^ Schadler , Jay ( 2007 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Sibling Rivalry : A Brother and Sister Compete to Win on ' Dancing with the Stars ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Hough National Committeeman '' . GOP . GOP.com . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside The Hough Family 's Heartbreaking Divorce : Siblings Julianne And Derek Were Separated During ' Difficult ' Time -- READ The Official Court Documents '' . Radar Online . June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hough , Julianne ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` On my way to the # rdmas to support my cousins @ officialR5 good luck tonight ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://zap2it.com/2015/03/dancing-with-the-stars-julianne-hough-wants-to-be-truthful-without-tearing-the-dancers-apart/ Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark ( April 17 , 2006 ) . `` Derek Hough '' . Fresh Face . Broadway.com in London . He has a son . ^ Jump up to : `` Derek Hough Bio '' . Dancing with the Stars . ABC . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With The Stars ' Derek Hough Using Dancing Celebrity For Control ? His Shocking Answer '' . Soul Central Magazine . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Emmys 2013 : Outstanding Choreography nominees present dance tribute to TV '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATED : The award for choreography is moved to the Primetime Emmys , while reality competition host moves to the Creative Arts Emmys '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Hough , Derek ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Dancing 's Derek Hough : I Still Ca n't Believe I Won an Emmy ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars Awards and Nominations '' . Television Academy . emmys.com . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hough , Derek ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Dancing 's Derek Hough : `` The Team Dance Is in Shambles '' `` . TV Guide . Jump up ^ White , Charlie ( September 14 , 2013 ) . `` Music Choices ( 9 / 14 / 13 ) '' . TeamUSA . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Lynn ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Davis , White mine Middle East for new free dance Team to skate to ' My Fair Lady ' for short , ' Scheherazade ' for free '' . Ice Network . Jump up ^ `` Meryl Davis and Charlie White win first - ever U.S. gold in Olympic ice dancing '' . CBS News . cbsnews.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ ABC News ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Julianne Hough and Derek Hough Announce National Tour '' . Yahoo . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carbone , Gina ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Julianne and Derek Hough Add L.A. Tour Date After Move Live Sells Out Shows '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Monica ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Derek & Julianne Hough Will Soon Be Dancing in a City Near You '' . People . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wight , Sherry . `` Derek Hough unveils summer 2015 ' Move Live on Tour ' dates '' . AXS . axs.com . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Move Live On Tour : About '' . Move Live On Tour . moveliveontour.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ McDonagh , Ross . `` Houghing and puffing ! Siblings Julianne and Derek lead the crowds on a pop - up two mile run in Los Angeles '' . MailOnline . DailyMail.com . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Hough , Julianne . `` Come be a part of our # MoveInterActive fitness pop up tomorrow ! '' . Instagram . Instagram.com . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Hough , Julianne . `` MOVEInterActive '' . Instagram . instragram.com . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Mike . `` Jiggly Hough ! Julianne works up a sweat as she goes on hike in VERY revealing pink sports bra and spandex shorts combo '' . Mail Online . dailymail.com . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/JulianneHough/videos/10154010077586456/ Jump up ^ Apolo Anton Ohno & Julianne Hough -- Rumba . You Tube . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With The Stars ' Season 5 Contestants Announced '' . Buddy TV . August 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Starr Seibel , Deborah ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Jennie Garth 's Dancing with the Stars Partner : You Ca n't Stop Juggernaut Marie ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dancing With The Stars '' Season 6 Pairings Announced `` . Pop Crunch . February 19 , 2008 . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( April 30 , 2008 ) . `` Shannon Elizabeth is eliminated from ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . USAToday . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars : Official Season 7 Cast Announced '' . Buddy TV . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deerwester , Jayme ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` ' Dancing ' can be a pain in the you - know - what for some stars '' . USAToday . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Derrik ( November 26 , 2008 ) . `` Brooke Burke Crowned `` Dancing '' Winner `` . Huffington Post . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Announces Season Eight 's DWTS Dance Pairs '' . People . February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lil ' Kim Ousted in Shocking Dancing Elimination '' . People . May 6 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing With the Stars Season 9 Cast , The Celebrities and their Professional Partners '' . Reality TV . August 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' cuts Joanna Krupa and partner Derek Hough '' . Reality TV World . November 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nicole Scherzinger Begins ' Dancing With The Stars ' Rehearsals With Derek Hough '' . Pop Dirt . March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nicole Scherzinger Wins ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . Fox News . May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Grey & Derek Hough Win ' Dancing With The Stars ! ' Breaking News ! '' . Hollywood Life . November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Barnert , Deanna ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Hough takes the lead in Cobu 3D '' . She Knows . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' : The season 13 couples ! '' . Pop watch . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleeman , Mike ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Down to Two Couples '' . People . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sher , Lauren ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars ' New Season 14 Cast Revealed '' . ABC News . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carter , Kelly ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Dancing With The Stars ' : Maria Menounos Scores Season 's First Perfect Score '' . MTV . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shira , Dahvi ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` Derek Hough Predicted His Dancing with the Stars Elimination '' . People . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars : All - Stars ' Partners Revealed '' . Huffington Post . August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Etkin , Jaimie ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Dancing With The Stars ' Winner Crowned : Melissa Rycroft Is Ultimate ' All - Star ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watch out Derek ! Maria Menounos sinks her teeth into Hough as he reveals this is his final Dancing With The Stars Jump up ^ Derek Hough Confirms He 's Returning For Dancing With The Stars Season 16 Jump up ^ ABC News ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Dancing With The Stars ' Season 16 : New Celebrity Cast Announced '' . Yahoo . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Susan ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' Results : Kellie Pickler Wins Mirror Ball Trophy '' . ABC News . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lash , Jolie ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Derek Hough Returning To Dancing With The Stars , Talks Family Dance Off '' . Access Hollywood . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Dancing With The Stars ' Cast : Season 17 Includes Snooki , Bill Nye , Valerie Harper , Elizabeth Berkley '' . HuffpostTV . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars Season 17 Cast Announced : Leah Remini , Valerie Harper , Jack Osbourne and Amber Riley to Compete '' . E Online . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With The Stars ' Season 17 Finale : Amber Riley Wins The Mirror Ball Trophy ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hare , Breeanna ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' : Meet the new cast ! '' . CNN . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shira , Dahvi ; Stueven , Michele ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Meryl Davis and Maksim Chmerkovskiy Win Dancing with the Stars '' . People . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' 2014 : Season 19 Pro Dancers Announced '' . ABC . August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` DWTS Reveals Season 19 Pros '' . People . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing With The Stars ' : Season 19 Celebrity Contestants Revealed '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/dancing-stars-2015-season-20-celebrity-cast-announced/story?id=29166872 Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Results : Who 's in the Finale ? '' . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars Season 21 Cast Announcement '' . ABC . September 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' DWTS ' 2016 Celebrity Cast Revealed : Ryan Lochte , Amber Rose , Rick Perry Among Star Lineup '' . Good Morning America : Yahoo . August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Dancing with the Stars Switch - Up Week Couples Revealed ! '' . People.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC -- Monday , November 7 , 2016 '' . broadwayworld.com . November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Derek Hough News ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Derek Hough 's acceptance speech at the Industry Dance Awards -- August 19 , 2015 '' . Daily Motion . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Derek Hough News ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Derek Hough -- Flamenco / Paso Doble Fusion to `` Ameksa '' ( S18W4 ) - Macy 's stars of dance `` . Daily Motion . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Derek Hough News ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Derek Hough - `` Animals '' club beat performance ( S18W6 ) - Macy 's stars of dance `` . Daily Motion . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Derek Hough News ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Derek Hough -- Tribute to American Icons - ( S18W9 ) - Macy 's stars of dance '' . Daily Motion . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Derek Hough Addicted ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Season 7 -- Macy 's Stars Of Dance -- Design a Dance '' . You Tube . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Derek Hough Addicted ( July 30 , 2011 ) . `` Season 8 -- Macy 's Stars Of Dance -- Design a Dance '' . You Tube . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Derek Hough Addicted ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Season 11 -- Macy 's Stars Of Dance -- Design a Dance '' . You Tube . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Derek Hough Addicted ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Season 13 -- Macy 's Stars Of Dance -- Design a Dance '' . You Tube . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.nbc.com/world-of-dance?nbc=1/ Jump up ^ http://www.thewrap.com/world-dance-americas-got-talent-agt-ratings/ Jump up ^ Chester , Jason ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Is Derek Hough Planning To Waltz His Way Out Of Dancing With The Stars ? '' . Entertainment Wise . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Julianne Hough Got ' Emotional ' For ' Footloose ' '' . MTV . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities Worldwide '' . Celebrities Worldwide . 2006 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Coverage : Derek Hough Makes BURN THE FLOOR Debut for Show 's Final Performances '' . Broadway World . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Derek Hough : Why He Wo n't Appear on Dancing with the Stars This Spring '' . People . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Hough to Star in Radio City 's SPRING SPECTACULAR ; Will Not Return for DWTS '' . Broadway World . January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sher , Lauren ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' 2015 : Season 20 Celebrity Cast Announced '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Mark ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official ! Derek Hough to Star on Broadway in Singin ' In the Rain '' . E Online . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carbone , Gina ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Where to Spot Mark Ballas and Derek Hough in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ; Malec , Brett ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Rock of Ages ' Surprise Celebrity Cameo Revealed ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kombert , Alissa ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Derek Hough and Amy Purdy Step Out For Make Your Move Premiere After DWTS Performance '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John . `` ' Better With You ' Photos with ' DWTS ' Pro Derek Hough '' . Buddy TV . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` DWTS Pro Derek Hough Is Coming to Nashville '' . People . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marquina , Sierra ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Derek Hough Joining the Cast of Nashville in Season 3 -- Get All the Details on His New Role ! '' . US Weekly . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Derek Hough Is Headed Back to Nashville ! '' . E ! News . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Terrero , Nina ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Derek Hough to guest - star on Jane the Virgin '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel . `` Martin Short , Derek Hough Cast in NBC 's `` Hairspray Live '' `` . Variety . Variety.com . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DanceX '' . BBC . June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Collar , Matt . `` Ballas Hough Band biography '' . All music . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ballas , Mark ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Alright y'all ... The # GetMyName music video is up on @ MTV.com ! The video was directed by @ derekhough , choreographed by ... '' Mark Ballas ' official Instagram . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hough , Derek ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` I Directed @ MarkBallas ' video for # GetMyName '' . Derek Hough 's official Twitter . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Ballas -- Get My Name ( Video ) '' . MTV . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Breakthrough Moments : Lessons from a Life in Motion '' . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carbone , Gina ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Derek Hough Releasing a Book in August ( UPDATE ) '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HGTV To Begin Production on ' Mark & Derek 's Excellent Flip ' Featuring Derek Hough and Mark Ballas '' . Business Wire . July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Mark Ballas and Derek Hough Trade Dancing for Flipping Houses in ' Mark & Derek 's Excellent Flip ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Arena -- Lindsey Stirling '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Ninja Warrior Announces Celeb Edition with Stephen Amell , Derek Hough '' . Jump up ^ `` Derek Hough Talks Mental Health , Shares Emotional ' Hold On ' Video : Exclusive Interview '' . Billboard . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Footloose -- The Musical at Novello Theatre '' . londontheatre.co.uk . London Theatre . 18 April 2006 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Hough Makes Broadway Debut With BURN THE FLOOR For Performances 1 / 8 - 1 / 10 ; Show Closes January 10 '' . Broadway World . January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Hough to Star in Radio City 's SPRING SPECTACULAR ; Will Not Return for DWTS '' . Broadway World . January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Albin , Amy ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Entertainers Julianne Hough and Derek Hough honored at Mattel Children 's Hospital UCLA 's second annual Kaleidoscope Ball '' . Century City . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Julianne & Derek Hough '' . UCLA Health . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` GLSEN announces Danny Moore & Julia Roberts to receive humanitarian award at 2014 GLSEN respect awars '' . GLSEN . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yaneza , Rickey ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Outstanding Choreography Nominations -- Emmy Awards '' . Rickey . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heller , Corinne ( August 29 , 2010 ) . `` Emmy Awards 2010 : Get the full list of winners '' . On The Red Carpet . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Awards 2013 -- Outstanding Choreography Nominees Make History '' . The Industry Voice . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yaneza , Rickey ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` Emmy Awards 2014 : Outstanding Choreography Nominations '' . Rickey . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tierneyhl ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Young Hollywood Awards Nominees : Ariana Grande , One Direction & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Young Hollywood Awards Winners 2014 -- Full List : Justin Bieber & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reality TV Awards . Reality Awards TV . May 13 , 2015 . Event occurs at 3 : 06 : 06 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zack ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Nominees : Wave 2 Revealed ! '' . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dancers Choice Awards 2015 Nominees '' . Industry Dance Awards . industrydanceawards.com . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 67th Emmy Awards '' ( PDF ) . Television Academy Emmys . Emmys.com . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Derek Hough News . `` Derek Hough and Christopher Scott win World Choreography Award '' . Dily Motion . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : See the full list of winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World of Dance '' . Facebook . Facebook.com . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Celebration of Dance Gala Sizzle Reel -- Dizzy Feet Foundation '' . YouTube . dizzyfeetfoundation . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 68th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Television Academy . emmys.com . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dancers Choice Awards 2016 '' . Industry Dance Awards . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Hough wins Favorite Dance Idol at the Industry Dance Awards 2016 - August 17 , 2016 '' . Daily Motion . August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Choreography Awards 2016 nominations '' . Facebook . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Derek Hough . Derek Hough on Twitter Derek Hough on IMDb Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Spin - off Dancing with the Stars Junior Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Jim Moore , George Pinney , and Jon Vanderkolff / Doug Jack , Sarah Kawahara and Kenny Ortega ( 2001 ) Debra Brown ( 2002 ) Sandra Bezic , A.C. 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5857913024333574981	Cristiano Ronaldo	Cristiano Ronaldo - wikipedia Cristiano Ronaldo Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Brazilian footballer Ronaldo . This person 's surname is Santos Aveiro , not Ronaldo . This name uses Portuguese naming customs . The first or maternal family name is Santos and the second or paternal family name is Aveiro . Cristiano Ronaldo GOIH , ComM Ronaldo at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth ( 1985 - 02 - 05 ) 5 February 1985 ( age 32 ) Place of birth Funchal , Madeira , Portugal Height 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Real Madrid Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B ( 0 ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 ( 3 ) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 ( 84 ) 2009 -- Real Madrid 272 ( 286 ) National team 2001 Portugal U15 9 ( 7 ) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 ( 5 ) 2003 Portugal U20 5 ( 1 ) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 ( 3 ) Portugal U23 ( 2 ) 2003 -- Portugal 147 ( 79 ) Honours ( show ) Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship Winner 2016 France Runner - up 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 22 : 40 , 5 November 2017 ( UTC ) . ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 22 : 40 , 10 October 2017 ( UTC ) This article is part of a series about Cristiano Ronaldo Portuguese professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Lionel Messi Buildings Airport renamed after Ronaldo Museu CR7 Films Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet Ronaldo Other Galaxy named after Ronaldo 's CR7 mantle Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH , ComM ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( kɾiʃ'tjɐnu ʁuˈnaɫdu ) ; born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team . Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time , Ronaldo has four FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , the most for a European player , and is the first player in history to win four European Golden Shoes . He has won 24 trophies in his career , including five league titles , four UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship . A prolific goalscorer , Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in the top five European leagues ( 370 ) , the UEFA Champions League ( 111 ) and the UEFA European Championship ( 29 ) , as well as the most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League season ( 17 ) . He has scored more than 600 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised on the Portuguese island of Madeira , Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart at age 15 . He underwent an operation to treat his condition , and began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP , before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003 . After winning his first trophy , the FA Cup , during his first season in England , he helped United win three successive Premier League titles , a UEFA Champions League title , and a FIFA Club World Cup . By age 22 , he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations and at age 23 , he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards . In 2009 , Ronaldo was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer worth € 94 million ( £ 80 million ) . In Spain , Ronaldo has won 13 trophies , including two La Liga titles , two Copa del Rey titles , three Champions League titles and two UEFA Super Cups . After joining Real Madrid , Ronaldo finished runner - up for the Ballon d'Or three times , behind Lionel Messi , his perceived career rival , before winning back - to - back Ballons d'Or in 2013 and 2014 . He has scored a record 32 La Liga hat - tricks , including a record - tying eight hat - tricks in the 2014 -- 15 season and is the only player to reach 30 league goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons . In 2014 , Ronaldo became the fastest player in history to reach 200 La Liga goals , which he achieved in 178 matches . In 2015 , he became the club 's all - time leading goalscorer . In 2016 , Ronaldo won his fourth Ballon d'Or by a record voting margin after sealing La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th European title , and winning Euro 2016 . A Portuguese international , Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all - time by the Portuguese Football Federation in 2015 . Ronaldo made his senior international debut in August 2003 , at age 18 . He is Portugal 's most capped player of all - time with over 140 caps , and has participated in seven major tournaments . He is Portugal 's all - time top goalscorer . He scored his first international goal at Euro 2004 and helped Portugal reach the final . He took over full captaincy in July 2008 , leading Portugal to their first - ever triumph in a major tournament by winning Euro 2016 , and received the Silver Boot as the second - highest goalscorer of the tournament . One of the most marketable sportsmen , he was ranked the world 's highest - paid athlete by Forbes in 2016 and 2017 , as well as the world 's most famous athlete by ESPN in 2016 and 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Sporting CP 2.2 Manchester United 2.2. 1 2003 -- 06 : Development and breakthrough 2.2. 2 2007 -- 09 : Collective and individual success 2.3 Real Madrid 2.3. 1 2009 -- 12 : World record transfer and La Liga championship 2.3. 2 2012 -- 14 : Consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima 2.3. 3 2014 -- 17 : All - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima 2.3. 4 2017 -- present : 400 goals for Real Madrid and La Duodécima 3 International career 3.1 2001 -- 06 : Youth level and early international career 3.2 2006 -- 12 : Assuming the captaincy 3.3 2012 -- 16 : All - time Portugal top scorer and European champion 3.4 2016 -- present : Post-European Championship victory 4 Player profile 4.1 Style of play 4.2 Reception 4.3 Comparisons to Lionel Messi 5 In popular culture 6 Outside football 6.1 Personal life 6.2 Philanthropy 6.3 Fashion 6.4 Controversies 7 Career statistics 7.1 Club 7.2 International 8 Honours and achievements 8.1 Club 8.2 International 8.3 Individual 8.3. 1 Orders 8.4 Records 8.4. 1 World 8.4. 2 Europe 8.4. 3 Spain 8.4. 4 Manchester United 8.4. 5 Real Madrid 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early life Ronaldo was born in São Pedro , Funchal , and grew up in the Funchal parish of Santo António , as the youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro , a cook , and José Dinis Aveiro , a municipal gardener and a part - time kit man . His second given name , `` Ronaldo '' , was chosen after then - U.S. president Ronald Reagan . He has one older brother , Hugo , and two older sisters , Elma and Liliana Cátia . His great - grandmother on his father 's side , Isabel da Piedade , was from São Vicente , Cape Verde . Ronaldo grew up in a Catholic and impoverished home , sharing a room with his brother and sisters . As a child , Ronaldo played for amateur team Andorinha from 1992 to 1995 , where his father was the kit man , and later spent two years with Nacional . In 1997 , aged 12 , he went on a three - day trial with Sporting CP , who signed him for a fee of £ 1,500 . He subsequently moved from Madeira to Alcochete , near Lisbon , to join Sporting 's other youth players at the club 's football academy . By age 14 , Ronaldo believed he had the ability to play semi-professionally , and agreed with his mother to cease his education in order to focus entirely on football . While popular with other students at school , he had been expelled after throwing a chair at his teacher , who he said had `` disrespected '' him . However , one year later , he was diagnosed with a racing heart , a condition that could have forced him to give up playing football . He underwent an operation in which a laser was used to cauterise the affected area of his heart ; discharged from hospital hours after the procedure , he resumed training only a few days later . Club career Sporting CP Ronaldo memorabilia at Sporting CP 's museum At age 16 , Ronaldo was promoted from Sporting 's youth team by first - team manager László Bölöni , who was impressed with his dribbling . He subsequently became the first player to play for the club 's under - 16 , under - 17 and under - 18 teams , the B team , and the first team , all within one season . A year later , on 7 October 2002 , Ronaldo made his debut in the Primeira Liga , against Moreirense , and scored two goals in their 3 -- 0 win . Over the course of the 2002 -- 03 season , his representatives suggested the player to Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier and Barcelona president Joan Laporta . Manager Arsène Wenger , who was interested in signing the winger , met with him at Arsenal 's grounds in November to discuss a possible transfer . Ronaldo came to the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson in August 2003 , when Sporting defeated United 3 -- 1 at the inauguration of the Estádio José Alvalade in Lisbon . His performance impressed the Manchester United players , who urged Ferguson to sign him . Ferguson himself considered the 18 - year - old `` one of the most exciting young players '' he had ever seen . A decade after his departure from the club , in April 2013 , Sporting honoured Ronaldo by selecting him to become their 100,000 th member . Manchester United 2003 -- 06 : development and breakthrough Ronaldo became Manchester United 's first - ever Portuguese player when he signed before the 2003 -- 04 season . His transfer fee of £ 12.24 million made him , at the time , the most expensive teenager in English football history . Although he requested the number 28 , his number at Sporting , he received the number 7 shirt , which had previously been worn by such United players as George Best , Eric Cantona and David Beckham . Wearing the number 7 became an extra source of motivation for Ronaldo . A key element in his development during his time in England proved to be his manager , Alex Ferguson , of whom he later said , `` He 's been my father in sport , one of the most important and influential factors in my career . '' `` There have been a few players described as ' the new George Best ' over the years , but this is the first time it 's been a compliment to me . '' -- Former Manchester United player George Best on the 18 - year - old Ronaldo in 2003 Ronaldo made his debut in the Premier League in a 4 -- 0 home victory over Bolton Wanderers on 16 August 2003 , receiving a standing ovation when he came on as a 60th - minute substitute for Nicky Butt . His performance earned praise from George Best , who hailed it as `` undoubtedly the most exciting debut '' he had ever seen . Ronaldo scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free - kick in a 3 -- 0 win over Portsmouth on 1 November . Three other league goals followed in the second half of the campaign , the last of which came against Aston Villa on the final day of the season , a match in which he also received his first red card . Ronaldo ended his first season in English football by scoring the opening goal in United 's 3 -- 0 victory over Millwall in the FA Cup final , earning his first trophy . Ronaldo playing against Chelsea in the Premier League during his third season in England At the start of 2005 , Ronaldo played two of his best matches of the 2004 -- 05 season , producing a goal and an assist against Aston Villa and scoring twice against rivals Arsenal . After scoring four goals in United 's run to the FA Cup final , he played the full 120 minutes of the decisive match against Arsenal , which ended in a goalless draw , and scored his attempt in the lost penalty shootout . Ronaldo scored three braces during the next campaign , the 2005 -- 06 season , scoring two goals each against Bolton Wanderers , Fulham , and Portsmouth . He scored Manchester United 's 1000th Premier League goal on 29 October , their only strike in a 4 -- 1 loss to Middlesbrough . Midway through the season , in November , he signed a new contract which extended his previous deal by two years to 2010 . Ronaldo won his second trophy in English football , the Football League Cup , after scoring the third goal in United 's 4 -- 0 final victory over Wigan Athletic . During his third season in England , Ronaldo was involved in several incidents . He had a one - match ban imposed on him by UEFA for a `` one - fingered gesture '' towards Benfica fans , and was sent off in the Manchester derby -- a 3 -- 1 defeat -- for kicking Manchester City 's former United player Andy Cole . Ronaldo clashed with a teammate , striker Ruud van Nistelrooy , who took offence at the winger 's showboating style of play . Following a training ground fight in January 2006 , the two again fought in May , with Van Nistelrooy telling Ronaldo to `` go crying to your daddy '' , a reference to Ronaldo 's relationship with assistant manager Carlos Queiroz. Van Nistelrooy was left on the substitutes ' bench for the final game of the season against Charlton Athletic -- a 4 -- 0 victory in which Ronaldo scored his ninth league goal . Following the 2006 FIFA World Cup , in which he was involved in an incident where club teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off , Ronaldo publicly asked for a transfer , lamenting the lack of support he felt he had received from the club over the incident . United , however , denied the possibility of him leaving the club . Although his World Cup altercation with Rooney resulted in Ronaldo being booed throughout the 2006 -- 07 season , it proved to be his breakout year , as he broke the 20 - goal barrier for the first time and won his first Premier League title . An important factor in this success was his one - to - one training by first - team coach René Meulensteen , who taught him to make himself more unpredictable , improve his teamwork , call for the ball , and capitalise on goalscoring opportunities rather than waiting for the chance to score the aesthetically pleasing goals for which he was already known . His upturn in form was showcased in November when he received a standing ovation from a section of Blackburn Rovers supporters as he was substituted . He scored three consecutive braces at the end of December , against Aston Villa -- a victory which put United on top of the league -- Wigan Athletic , and Reading . Ronaldo was named the Premier League Player of the Month in November and December , becoming only the third player to receive consecutive honours . 2007 -- 09 : collective and individual success Ronaldo during the 2006 -- 07 season At the quarter - final stage of the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League , Ronaldo scored his first - ever goals in the competition , finding the net twice in a 7 -- 1 victory over Roma . He subsequently scored four minutes into the first semi-final leg against Milan , which ended in a 3 -- 2 win , but was marked out of the second leg as United lost 3 -- 0 at the San Siro . He also helped United reach the FA Cup final , putting them 2 -- 1 up against Watford , but the decisive match against Chelsea ended in a 1 -- 0 defeat . Ronaldo scored the only goal in the Manchester derby on 5 May 2007 -- his 50th goal for the club -- as Manchester United claimed their first Premier League title in four years . As a result of his performances , he amassed a host of personal awards for the season . He won the Professional Footballers ' Association 's Player 's Player , Fans ' Player , and Young Player of the Year awards , as well as the Football Writers ' Association 's Footballer of the Year award , becoming the first player to win all four main PFA and FWA honours . His club wages were concurrently upgraded to £ 120,000 a week ( £ 31 million total ) as part of a five - year contract extension with United . Ronaldo scored a total of 42 goals in all competitions during the 2007 -- 08 season , his most prolific campaign during his time in England . His first goal of the season came against his former club , Sporting , with a header in the first group match of the Champions League . He missed three matches after headbutting a Portsmouth player at the start of the season , an experience he said taught him not to let opponents provoke him , but still managed to score 13 league goals by the campaign 's midway point . At the end of 2007 , Ronaldo was named runner - up to Kaká for the Ballon d'Or , and came third , behind Kaká and Lionel Messi , in the running for the FIFA World Player of the Year award . `` Ronaldo is better than George Best and Denis Law , who were two brilliant and great players in the history of United . '' -- Dutch player Johan Cruyff on the 23 - year - old Ronaldo , April 2008 . Ronaldo scored his first and only hat - trick for Manchester United in a 6 -- 0 win against Newcastle United on 12 January 2008 , bringing United up to the top of the Premier League table . A month later , on 19 March , he captained United for the first time in a home win over Bolton , and scored both goals of the match . His second goal was his 33rd of the campaign , which bettered George Best 's total of 32 goals in the 1967 -- 68 season , thus setting the club 's new single - season record by a midfielder . Ronaldo scored his final league goal of the season from the penalty spot in the title decider against Wigan on 11 May , as United claimed a second successive Premier League title . His 31 league goals earned him the Premier League Golden Boot , as well as the European Golden Shoe , which made him the first winger to win the latter award . Ronaldo taking a direct free kick against Celtic in the 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League In the knockout stage of the Champions League , Ronaldo scored the decisive goal against Lyon , which helped United advance to the quarter - finals 2 -- 1 on aggregate , and , while playing as a striker , scored with a header in the 3 -- 0 aggregate victory over Roma . Despite him missing a penalty in the first leg against Barcelona , United eventually advanced to the final in Moscow , where they faced Chelsea . His opening goal was negated by an equaliser as the match ended in a 1 -- 1 draw , but although his penalty was saved in the shoot - out , Manchester United emerged victorious . As the Champions League top scorer , Ronaldo was named the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year . He additionally received the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year awards for the second consecutive season . As rumours circulated of Ronaldo 's interest in moving to Real Madrid , United filed a tampering complaint with governing body FIFA over Madrid 's alleged pursuit of their player , but they declined to take action . FIFA president Sepp Blatter asserted that the player should be allowed to leave his club , describing the situation as `` modern slavery '' . Despite Ronaldo publicly agreeing with Blatter , he remained at United for another year . Ahead of the 2008 -- 09 season , on 7 July , he underwent ankle surgery , which kept him out of action for 10 weeks . Following his return , he scored his 100th goal in all competitions for United with the first of two free kicks in a 5 -- 0 win against Stoke City on 15 November , which meant he had now scored against all 19 opposition teams in the Premier League at the time . Five days later , he received the third red card of his career when he was sent off against Manchester City . At the close of 2008 , Ronaldo helped United win the FIFA Club World Cup in Japan , assisting the final - winning goal against Liga de Quito and winning the Silver Ball in the process . He subsequently became United 's first Ballon d'Or winner since George Best in 1968 , and the first Premier League player to be named the FIFA World Player of the Year . Ronaldo scored his first Champions League goal of the season , and his first since the final against Chelsea , in a 2 -- 0 victory over Inter Milan , sending United into the quarter - finals . His match - winning goal in the second leg against Porto , a 40 - yard strike , earned him the inaugural FIFA Puskás Award , presented by FIFA in recognition of the best goal of the year ; he later called it the best goal he had ever scored . He scored twice against Arsenal , including a free kick from 39 yards , as United advanced to the final in Rome , where he made little impact in United 's 2 -- 0 defeat to Barcelona . Ronaldo ended his time in England with nine trophies , as United claimed their third successive Premier League title and a Football League Cup . He finished the campaign with 26 goals in all competitions , 16 goals fewer than the previous season , in four more appearances . His final ever goal for Manchester United came on 10 May 2009 with a free kick in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford . Real Madrid 2009 -- 12 : World record transfer and La Liga Championship `` I have nothing but praise for the boy . He is easily the best player in the world . His contribution as a goal threat is unbelievable . His stats are incredible . Strikes at goal , attempts on goal , raids into the penalty box , headers . It is all there . Absolutely astounding . '' -- Ronaldo 's former manager , Alex Ferguson , following his transfer to Real Madrid Ahead of the 2009 -- 10 season , Ronaldo joined Real Madrid for a world record transfer fee at the time , of £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) . His contract , which ran until 2015 , was worth € 11 million per year and contained a € 1 billion buy - out clause . At least 80,000 fans attended his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu , surpassing the 25 - year record of 75,000 fans who had welcomed Diego Maradona at Napoli . Since club captain Raúl already wore the number 7 , the number Ronaldo wore at Manchester United , Ronaldo received the number 9 shirt , which was presented to him by the former Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano . As his usual number 7 was unavailable , Ronaldo wore number 9 during his first season at Madrid . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt before the 2010 -- 11 season Ronaldo made his debut in La Liga on 29 August 2009 , against Deportivo La Coruña , and scored from the penalty spot in Madrid 's 3 -- 2 home win . He scored in each of his first four league fixtures with the club , the first Madrid player to do so . His first Champions League goals for the club followed with two free kicks in the first group match against Zürich . His strong start to the season , however , was interrupted when he suffered an ankle injury in October while on international duty , which kept him sidelined for seven weeks . A week after his return , he received his first red card in Spain in a match against Almería . Midway through the season , Ronaldo placed second in the running for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , behind Lionel Messi of Barcelona , Madrid 's historic rivals . He finished the campaign with 33 goals in all competitions , including a hat - trick in a 4 -- 1 win against Mallorca on 5 May 2010 , his first in the Spanish competition . His first season at Real Madrid ended trophyless . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt for Real Madrid before the 2010 -- 11 season . His subsequent return to his Ballon d'Or - winning form was epitomised when , for the first time in his career , he scored four goals in a single match during a 6 -- 1 rout against Racing Santander on 23 October . His haul concluded a goalscoring run of six consecutive matches -- three in La Liga , one in the Champions League , and two for Portugal -- totalling 11 goals , the most he had scored in a single month . Ronaldo subsequently scored further hat - tricks against Athletic Bilbao , Levante , Villarreal , and Málaga . Despite his performance , he failed to make the podium for the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or at the end of 2010 . During a historical series of four Clásicos against rivals Barcelona in April 2011 , Ronaldo scored twice to equal his personal record of 42 goals in all competitions in a single season . Although he failed to find the net during Madrid 's eventual elimination in the Champions League semi-finals , he equalised from the penalty spot in the return league game and scored the match - winning goal in the 103rd minute of the Copa del Rey final , winning his first trophy in Spain . Over the next two weeks , Ronaldo scored another four - goal haul against Sevilla , a hat - trick against Getafe , and a brace of free kicks against Villarreal , taking his league total to 38 goals , which equalled the record for most goals scored in a season held by Telmo Zarra and Hugo Sánchez . His two goals in the last match of the season , against Almería , made him the first player in La Liga to score 40 goals . In addition to the Pichichi Trophy , Ronaldo consequently won the European Golden Shoe for a second time , becoming the first player to win the award in two different leagues . He ended his second season at Real Madrid with a total of 53 goals in all competitions . Ronaldo scored 46 league goals during the La Liga championship success in his third season in Spain During the following campaign , the 2011 -- 12 season , Ronaldo surpassed his previous goalscoring feats to achieve a new personal best of 60 goals across all competitions . His 100th goal for Real Madrid came at Camp Nou in the Supercopa de España , though Barcelona claimed the trophy 5 -- 4 on aggregate . He regained a place on the FIFA Ballon d'Or podium , as runner - up to Messi , after scoring hat - tricks against Real Zaragoza , Rayo Vallecano , Málaga , Osasuna , and Sevilla , the last of which put Madrid on top of the league by the season 's midway point . Despite two goals from Ronaldo , Madrid were subsequently defeated by Barcelona 4 -- 3 on aggregrate in the quarter - finals of the Copa del Rey . He again scored twice , including a penalty , in the Champions League semi-finals against Bayern Munich , resulting in a 3 -- 3 draw , but his penalty kick in the shootout was saved by Manuel Neuer , leading to Madrid 's elimination . Ronaldo found greater team success in the league , as he helped Real Madrid win their first La Liga title in four years , with a record 100 points . Following a hat - trick against Levante , further increasing Madrid 's lead over Barcelona , he scored his 100th league goal for Madrid in a 5 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 24 March 2012 , a milestone he reached in just 92 matches across three seasons , breaking the previous club record held by Ferenc Puskás . Another hat - trick in the Madrid derby against Atlético Madrid brought his total to 40 league goals , equalling his record of the previous season . His final league goal of the campaign , against Mallorca , took his total to 46 goals , four short of the new record set by Messi , and earned him the distinction of being the first player to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season in La Liga . Ronaldo began the 2012 -- 13 season by lifting the Supercopa de España , his third trophy in Spain . With a goal in each leg by the Portuguese , Madrid won the Spanish Super Cup on away goals following a 4 -- 4 aggregate draw against Barcelona . Although Ronaldo publicly commented that he was unhappy with a `` professional issue '' within the club , prompted by his refusal to celebrate his 150th goal for Madrid , his goalscoring rate did not suffer . After netting a hat - trick , including two penalties , against Deportivo La Coruña , he scored his first hat - trick in the Champions League in a 4 -- 1 victory over Ajax . Four days later , he became the first player to score in six successive Clásicos when he hit a brace in a 2 -- 2 draw at Camp Nou . His performances in 2012 again saw Ronaldo voted second in the running for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , finishing runner - up to four - time winner Messi . 2012 -- 14 : consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima Following the 2012 -- 13 winter break , Ronaldo captained Real Madrid for the first time in an official match , scoring a brace to lift 10 - man Madrid to a 4 -- 3 victory over Real Sociedad on 6 January . He subsequently became the first non-Spanish player in 60 years to captain Madrid in El Clásico on 30 January , a match which also marked his 500th club appearance . Three days prior , he had scored his 300th club goal as part of a perfect hat - trick against Getafe . Following hat - tricks against Celta Vigo and Sevilla , he scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid on 8 May in a 6 -- 2 win against Málaga , reaching the landmark in 197 games . He helped Madrid reach the Copa del Rey final by scoring a brace in El Clásico , which marked the sixth successive match at Camp Nou in which he had scored , a Real Madrid record . In the final , he headed the opening goal of an eventual 2 -- 1 defeat to Atlético Madrid , but was shown a straight red card in the 114th minute for violent conduct . Real Madrid also failed to defend their La Liga title , finishing runners up to Barcelona . In the first knockout round of the Champions League , Ronaldo faced his former club Manchester United for the first time . After scoring the equaliser in a 1 -- 1 draw at the Santiago Bernabéu , he scored the match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory at Old Trafford , his first return to his former home grounds . Ronaldo scored three goals in Madrid 's 5 -- 3 aggregate victory over Galatasaray to see them advance to the semi-finals , He scored Madrid 's only goal in the 4 -- 1 away defeat to Borussia Dortmund , but failed to increase his side 's 2 -- 0 victory in the second leg , as they were eliminated at the semi-final stage for the third consecutive year . Ronaldo had scored 12 goals , finishing as the Champions League top goalscorer for a second time in his career . Accounting for all competitions , he ended the season with a total of 55 goals . Ronaldo scored a record 17 goals during the 2013 -- 14 La Décima campaign Real Madrid 's failure to win major silverware and reports of division among the players prompted speculation regarding Ronaldo 's future at the club . At the start of the 2013 -- 14 season , however , he signed a new contract that extended his stay by three years to 2018 , with a salary of € 17 million net , making him briefly the highest - paid player in football . He was joined at the club by winger Gareth Bale , whose world record transfer fee of € 100 million surpassed the fee Madrid had paid for Ronaldo four years prior . Together with striker Karim Benzema , they formed an attacking trio popularly dubbed `` BBC '' , an acronym of Bale , Benzema , and Cristiano . After enjoying a strong goalscoring run during the first half of the campaign , Ronaldo suggested that he was in the best form of his career . By late November , he had scored 32 goals from 22 matches played for both club and country , including hat - tricks against Galatasaray , Sevilla , Real Sociedad , Northern Ireland , and Sweden . He ended 2013 with a total of 69 goals in 59 appearances , his highest year - end goal tally . His efforts earned him the FIFA Ballon d'Or , an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , for the first time in his career . Concurrently with his individual achievements , Ronaldo enjoyed his greatest team success in Spain to date , as he helped Real Madrid win La Décima , their tenth European Cup . In the knockout phase of the competition , he scored a brace in each leg of a 9 -- 2 aggregate win against Schalke 04 , helping Madrid advance to the quarter - finals . His goal in a 3 -- 0 home win over Borussia Dortmund -- his 100th Champions League match -- took his total for the season to 14 goals , equalling the record Messi had set two years before . After hitting a brace in a 4 -- 0 defeat of Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena , he scored from the penalty spot in the 120th minute of the 4 -- 1 final victory over Atlético Madrid , becoming the first player to score in two European Cup finals for two different winning teams . His overall performance in the final was subdued as a result of patellar tendinitis and related hamstring problems , which had plagued him in the last months of the campaign . Ronaldo played the final against medical advice , later commenting : `` In your life you do not win without sacrifices and you must take risks . '' As the Champions League top goalscorer for the third time , with a record 17 goals , he was named the UEFA Best Player in Europe . In the Copa del Rey , Ronaldo helped Madrid reach the final by scoring a brace of penalties against Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón , the first of which meant he had now scored in every single minute of a 90 - minute football match . His continued issues with his knee and thigh caused him to miss the final , where Real Madrid defeated Barcelona 2 -- 1 to claim the trophy . While Madrid were less successful in La Liga , finishing third , Ronaldo was unmatched as a goalscorer . He scored 31 goals in 30 league games , which earned him the Pichichi and the European Golden Shoe , receiving the latter award jointly with Liverpool striker Luis Suárez . Among his haul was his 400th career goal , in 653 appearances for club and country , which came with a brace against Celta Vigo on 6 January ; he dedicated his goals to compatriot Eusébio , who had died two days before . A last - minute , backheeled volley scored against Valencia on 4 May -- his 50th goal in all competitions -- was recognised as the best goal of the season by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional , which additionally named Ronaldo the Best Player in La Liga . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is changing the game in Spain . With all that pace and power and athleticism , he is driving Real Madrid back into dominance both there and in Europe . '' -- Former Manchester United player Bobby Charlton , November 2014 During the next campaign , the 2014 -- 15 season , Ronaldo set a new personal best of 61 goals in all competitions , starting with both goals in Real Madrid 's 2 -- 0 victory over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup . He subsequently achieved his best - ever goalscoring start to a league campaign , with a record 15 goals in the first eight rounds of La Liga , including a four - goal haul against Elche and hat - tricks against Deportivo La Coruña and Athletic Bilbao . His record 23rd hat - trick in La Liga , scored against Celta Vigo on 6 December , made him the fastest player to reach 200 goals in the Spanish league , as he reached the milestone in only his 178th game . After lifting the FIFA Club World Cup with Madrid in Morocco , again winning the Silver Ball , Ronaldo received a second successive FIFA Ballon d'Or , joining Johan Cruyff , Michel Platini , and Marco van Basten as a three - time Ballon d'Or winner . 2014 -- 17 : all - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima Ronaldo scored a personal best of 61 goals in all competitions during the 2014 -- 15 season Following the winter break , Ronaldo 's form faltered , concurrently with a decline in performance by his team . A 2 -- 1 defeat against Valencia in the first match of 2015 , despite his opening goal , ended Real Madrid 's Spanish record winning streak of 22 matches in all competitions . Their season continued unsuccessfully as they failed to win a major trophy , earning a second - place league finish and a semi-final exit in Europe . In the latter competition , Ronaldo extended his run of scoring away to a record 12 matches with his strike in a 2 -- 0 win against Schalke 04 , before hitting a brace in the 3 -- 4 return defeat that allowed Madrid to progress to the quarter - finals . He then scored both of his side 's goals in the semi-finals against Juventus , where Madrid were eliminated 2 -- 3 on aggregate . With 10 goals , he finished the campaign as top scorer for a third consecutive season , alongside Messi and Neymar . In La Liga , where Madrid finished second , Ronaldo went on a prolific goalscoring run towards the very end of the season . For the first time in his career , he scored five goals in one game , including an eight - minute hat - trick , in a 9 -- 1 rout of Granada on 5 April . His 300th goal for his club followed three days later in a 2 -- 0 win against Rayo Vallecano . Subsequent hat - tricks against Sevilla , Espanyol , and Getafe took his number of hat - tricks for Real Madrid to 31 , surpassing Di Stéfano 's club record of 28 trebles . As a result , Ronaldo finished the season with 48 goals , two ahead of his total in the 2011 -- 12 season , despite having missed two matches in February for assaulting a Córdoba player . In addition to a second consecutive Pichichi , he won the European Golden Shoe for a record fourth time . At the start of his seventh season at Real Madrid , the 2015 -- 16 campaign , Ronaldo became the club 's all - time top scorer , first in the league and then in all competitions . His five - goal haul in a 6 -- 0 away win over Espanyol on 12 September took his tally in La Liga to 230 goals in 203 games , surpassing the club 's previous recordholder , Raúl . A month later , on 17 October , he again surpassed Raúl when he scored the second goal in a 3 -- 0 defeat of Levante at the Bernabéu to take his overall total for the club to 324 goals . Ronaldo also became the all - time top scorer in the Champions League with a hat - trick in the first group match against Shakhtar Donetsk , having finished the previous season level with Messi on 77 goals . A brace against Malmö FF , scoring in a 2 -- 0 away win on 30 September , saw him reach the milestone of 500 career goals for both club and country . He subsequently became the first player to score double figures in the competition 's group stage , setting the record at 11 goals , including another four - goal haul against Malmö . By March 2016 , Ronaldo had scored 252 goals in 228 matches in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer Despite finishing runner - up to Messi for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , Ronaldo received criticism for his form and performances against top teams , with 14 of his goals coming against Espanyol and Malmö . However , during the second half of the season , his form gradually improved . By scoring four goals in a 7 -- 1 home win over Celta de Vigo on 5 March 2016 , Ronaldo arrived at 252 goals in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer in history behind Messi . After netting the match - winning goal for 10 - man Madrid in a 2 -- 1 Clásico victory on 2 April , he scored a hat - trick against VfL Wolfsburg to send his club into the Champions League semi-finals despite a 2 -- 0 first - leg defeat . The treble took his tally in the competition to 16 goals , making him the top scorer for the fourth consecutive season and the fifth overall . Suffering apparent fitness issues , Ronaldo gave a poorly - received performance in the final against Atlético Madrid , in a repeat of the 2014 final , though his penalty in the subsequent shoot - out secured La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th victory . For the sixth successive year , he ended the season having scored more than 50 goals across all competitions . For his efforts during the season , he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for a second time . `` The boy lived for the game -- everything else was built to fit around it '' -- Former Real Madrid manager Carlo Ancelotti , on Cristiano Ronaldo in June 2016 Ronaldo missed Real Madrid 's first three matches of the 2016 - 17 season , including the 2016 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , as he continued to rehabilitate the knee injury he suffered against France in the final of Euro 2016 . On 6 November 2016 , Ronaldo signed a new contract which will keep him until 2021 with Madrid . On 19 November , he scored a hat - trick in a 3 -- 0 away win against Atlético Madrid , making him the all - time top - scorer in the Madrid derby with 18 goals . On 15 December 2016 , Ronaldo scored his 500th club career goal in the 2 -- 0 victory over Club América in the semi-finals of the FIFA Club World Cup . He then scored a hat - trick in the 4 -- 2 win over Japanese club Kashima Antlers in the final . Ronaldo finished the tournament as top scorer with four goals and was also named the best player of the tournament . He won the Ballon d'Or for a fourth time and the inaugural Best FIFA Men 's Player , a revival of the old - style FIFA World Player of the Year , largely owing to his success with Portugal in winning Euro 2016 . 2017 -- present : 400 goals for Real Madrid and La Duodécima In Real Madrid 's 3 -- 2 away win against Villarreal on 27 February 2017 , Ronaldo overtook Hugo Sánchez as the most prolific penalty - kick scorer in La Liga history . As a result of the penalty scored by Ronaldo , Real Madrid reached its 5,900 th goal in the history of the league and became the first team to do so . On 12 April 2017 , in the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League quarter - final against Bayern Munich , Ronaldo scored two goals in a 2 -- 1 away win to give Madrid the win and the lead going into the second leg . The two goals saw him make history in becoming the first player to reach 100 goals in UEFA club competition . During the second leg of the quarter - finals , Ronaldo scored a perfect hat - trick and reached his 100th UEFA Champions League goal , becoming the first player to do so as Real Madrid again defeated Bayern 4 -- 2 after extra-time . On 2 May 2017 , Ronaldo scored another hat - trick in the following Champions League match , as Real defeated Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 in the semi-final first leg . His hat - trick made him the first player to reach 50 goals in the knockout stage of the competition . Ronaldo with Community of Madrid President Cristina Cifuentes during the celebrations in Madrid . On 17 May , Ronaldo overtook Jimmy Greaves as the all - time top - scorer in the top five European leagues , scoring a brace against Celta de Vigo . He finished the season with 42 goals in all competitions as he helped Madrid to win their first La Liga title since 2012 and the first team to win back - to - back finals in the Champions League era ; the first to win consecutive European titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . In the 2017 final , he scored two goals in the victory against Juventus and became the top goalscorer for the fifth - straight season , and sixth overall , with 12 goals , while also becoming the first person to score in three finals in the Champions League era as well as reaching his 600th senior career goal . Real Madrid 's title was its 12th , also known as La Duodécima , extending its record , and its third in four years . At the start of the 2017 -- 18 season , Ronaldo scored Madrid 's second goal in a 3 -- 1 Supercopa de España first - leg victory over Barcelona at Camp Nou . Having received a yellow card for taking his top off during his goal celebrations , he was sent off for a second yellow card offence minutes later before he shoved the referee lightly to depict his dissatisfaction . He was handed a five - match ban following the game . In his 400th game for Real Madrid , Ronaldo scored two goals against Borussia Dortmund in the Champions league , taking his tally to 411 goals . On 23 October , Ronaldo claimed his fifth FIFA Player of the Year award by receiving The Best FIFA Men 's Player award for the second consecutive year . International career 2001 -- 06 : youth level and early international career A Portuguese international , Ronaldo began his youth career in 2001 . Apart from the under - 15 team , he also represented the under - 17 , under - 20 , under - 21 , and under - 23 national sides , amassing 34 youth caps and scoring 18 goals overall . He represented his country at the 2002 UEFA European Under - 17 Football Championship , where they failed to progress past the group stage . Ronaldo also featured in the Olympic squad at the 2004 Summer Olympics , scoring one goal in the tournament , though the team was eliminated in the first round , finishing bottom of their group with three points after 4 -- 2 defeats to eventual semi-finalists Iraq and quarter - finalists Costa Rica . At age 18 , Ronaldo earned his first senior cap in a 1 -- 0 victory over Kazakhstan on 20 August 2003 . He was subsequently called up for UEFA Euro 2004 , held in his home country , and scored his first international goal in a 2 -- 1 group stage loss to eventual champions Greece . After converting his penalty in a shootout against England at the quarter - final stage , he helped Portugal reach the final by scoring the opening goal in a 2 -- 1 win over the Netherlands , but the crucial last match ended in a 0 -- 1 defeat . He was featured in the team of the tournament , having provided two assists in addition to his two goals . Ronaldo was the second - highest scorer in the European qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup with seven goals . During the tournament , he scored his first World Cup goal against Iran with a penalty kick in Portugal 's second match of the group stage . In the quarter - finals against England , his Manchester United teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off for stamping on Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho . Although the referee later clarified that the red card was only due to Rooney 's infraction , the English media speculated that Ronaldo had influenced his decision by aggressively complaining , after which he was seen in replays winking at Portugal 's bench following Rooney 's dismissal . Ronaldo was subsequently booed during their 1 -- 0 semi-final defeat to France . FIFA 's Technical Study Group overlooked him for the tournament 's Best Young Player award , citing his behaviour as a factor in the decision . 2006 -- 12 : assuming the captaincy Ronaldo , pictured playing against Germany at Euro 2012 , was made captain in 2008 One day after his 22nd birthday , Ronaldo captained Portugal for the first time in a friendly game against Brazil on 6 February 2007 , as requested by Portuguese Football Federation president Carlos Silva , who had died two days earlier . Ahead of Euro 2008 , he was given the number 7 shirt for the first time . While he scored eight goals in the qualification , the second - highest tally , he scored just one goal in the tournament , netting the second goal of their 3 -- 1 win in the group stage match against the Czech Republic , where he was named man of the match . Portugal were eliminated in the quarter - finals with a 3 -- 2 loss against eventual finalists Germany . After Portugal 's unsuccessful performance in the European Championship , Luiz Felipe Scolari was replaced as coach by Carlos Queiroz , formerly the assistant manager at United . Queiroz made Ronaldo the squad 's permanent captain in July 2008 . Ronaldo failed to score a single goal in the qualification for the 2010 World Cup , as Portugal narrowly avoided a premature elimination from the tournament with a play - off victory over Bosnia . At the group stage of the World Cup , he was named man of the match in all three matches against Côte d'Ivoire , North Korea , and Brazil . His only goal of the tournament came in their 7 -- 0 rout of North Korea , which marked his first international goal in 16 months . Portugal 's World Cup ended with a 1 -- 0 loss against eventual champions Spain in the round of 16 . Ronaldo scored seven goals in the qualification for Euro 2012 , including two strikes against Bosnia in the play - offs , to send Portugal into the tournament , where they were drawn in a `` group of death '' . After the opening 0 -- 1 defeat to Germany , he also failed to score in the 3 -- 2 win against Denmark , missing two clear one - on - one chances . He redeemed himself in the last group match against the Netherlands , where he scored twice to secure a 2 -- 1 victory , and the quarter - finals against the Czech Republic , scoring a header to give his team a 1 -- 0 win . He was named man of the match against both opponents . After the semi-finals against Spain ended scoreless , with Ronaldo having sent three shots over the bar , Portugal were eliminated in the penalty shootout . Ronaldo did not take a penalty as he had been slated to take the unused fifth , a decision that drew criticism . As the joint top scorer with three goals , alongside five other players , he was again included in the team of the tournament . 2012 -- 16 : all - time Portugal top scorer and European champion Ronaldo evades club teammate Luka Modrić during a friendly match against Croatia in June 2013 During the qualification for the 2014 World Cup , Ronaldo scored a total of eight goals . A qualifying match on 17 October 2012 , a 1 -- 1 draw against Northern Ireland , earned him his 100th cap . His first international hat - trick also came against Northern Ireland , when he found the net three times in a 15 - minute spell of a 4 -- 2 qualifying victory on 6 September 2013 . After Portugal failed to qualify during the regular campaign , Ronaldo scored all four of the team 's goals in the play - offs against Sweden , which ensured their place at the tournament . His hat - trick in the second leg took his international tally to 47 goals , equalling Pauleta 's record . Ronaldo subsequently scored twice in a 5 -- 1 friendly win over Cameroon on 5 March 2014 to become his country 's all - time top scorer . Ronaldo took part in the tournament despite suffering from patellar tendinitis and a related thigh injury , potentially risking his career . Ronaldo later commented : `` If we had two or three Cristiano Ronaldos in the team I would feel more comfortable . But we do n't . '' Despite ongoing doubts over his fitness , being forced to abort practice twice , Ronaldo played the full 90 minutes of the opening match against Germany , though he was unable to prevent a 4 -- 0 defeat . After assisting an injury - time 2 -- 2 equaliser against the United States , he scored a late match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory over Ghana . His 50th international goal made him the first Portuguese to play and score in three World Cups . Portugal were eliminated from the tournament at the close of the group stage on goal difference . Ronaldo playing in the Euro 2016 quarter - final against Poland Ronaldo scored five goals , including a hat - trick against Armenia , in the qualification for Euro 2016 . With the only goal in another victory over Armenia on 14 November 2014 , he reached 23 goals in the European Championship , including qualifying matches , to become the competition 's all - time leading goalscorer . At the start of the tournament , however , Ronaldo failed to convert his chances in Portugal 's draws against Iceland and Austria , despite taking a total of 20 shots on goal . In the latter match , he overtook Luís Figo as his nation 's most capped player with his 128th international appearance , which ended scoreless after he missed a penalty in the second half . With two goals and an assist in the last match of the group stage , a 3 -- 3 draw against Hungary , Ronaldo became the first player to score in four European Championships , having made a record 17 appearances in the tournament . Though placed third in their group behind Hungary and Iceland , his team qualified for the knockout round as a result of the competition 's newly expanded format . `` Cristiano is sacrificing himself , he 's working a lot for the team ; he 's not angry . When he does n't score he 's usually angry , but not now . He works a lot , also defending . You can see he 's an authentic leader . '' -- Former Portugal international Paulo Futre In Portugal 's first knockout match , Ronaldo 's only attempt on goal was parried by Croatia 's goalkeeper into the path of Ricardo Quaresma , whose finish then secured a 1 -- 0 victory late in extra time . After his team progressed past Poland on penalties , Ronaldo became the first player to participate in three European Championship semi-finals ; he scored the opening goal and assisted a second in a 2 -- 0 win against Wales , equalling Michel Platini as the competition 's all - time top scorer with 9 goals . In the final against hosts France , Ronaldo was forced off after just 25 minutes following a challenge from Dimitri Payet ; after multiple treatments and attempts to play on , he was stretchered off the pitch and replaced by Quaresma . During extra time , substitute Eder scored in the 109th minute to earn Portugal a 1 -- 0 victory . As team captain , Ronaldo later lifted the trophy in celebration of his country 's first - ever triumph in a major tournament . He was awarded the Silver Boot as the joint second - highest goalscorer , with three goals and three assists , and was named to the team of the tournament for the third time in his career . 2016 -- present : post-european Championship victory Ronaldo playing against Russia at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Following the Euro 2016 success , Ronaldo scored four goals against Andorra in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers on 8 October 2016 . His four goals against a nine - man team marked the highest amount of goals he has scored in an international match . On 13 November , Ronaldo scored two goals ( while also missing a penalty ) in another qualifier against Latvia , which ended in a 4 -- 1 home victory ; these goals brought his international tally to 68 goals , putting level with Gerd Müller and Robbie Keane as the fourth - highest European international goalscorer of all - time . He played his first professional match on his home island of Madeira on 28 March 2017 at the age of 32 , opening a 2 -- 3 friendly defeat to Sweden at the Estádio dos Barreiros ; with the goal , he tied with Miroslav Klose on 71 goals as the third - highest scoring European in international football . `` I admire him ( Ronaldo ) , if I had to set up a national team he would be my first pick . '' -- Pelé , in an interview with Sportsmail . In Portugal 's opening match of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup against Mexico on 17 June , Cristiano Ronaldo set - up Quaresma 's opening goal in a 2 -- 2 draw . Three days later , he scored in a 1 -- 0 win over hosts Russia . On 24 June , he scored from a penalty in a 4 -- 0 win over New Zealand , which saw Portugal top their group and advance to the semi-finals of the competition ; with his 75th international goal , Ronaldo also equalled Sándor Kocsis as the second - highest European international goalscorer of all time , behind only Ferenc Puskás . He was named man of the match in all three of Portugal 's group matches . Ronaldo left the competition early . After Chile defeated Portugal 3 -- 0 on penalties in the semi-finals , he was allowed to return home to be with his newborn children . Therefore , he missed Portugal 's third - place play - off match in which Portugal defeated Mexico 2 -- 1 after extra time . On 31 August 2017 , Ronaldo scored a hat - trick in a 5 -- 1 win in a World Cup qualifier over the Faroe Islands , which saw him overtake Pelé and equal Hussein Saeed as the joint - fifth - highest goalscorer in international football , with 78 goals . These goals brought his tally in the 2018 World Cup qualifiers to 14 , equalling Predrag Mijatović 's record for most goals in a single UEFA senior men 's qualifying campaign , and also saw him break the record for the most goals scored in a single European qualifying group , overtaking the previous record of 13 goals set by David Healy and Robert Lewandowski ; Ronaldo 's hat - trick took his World Cup qualifying goals total to 29 , making him the highest scorer in European World Cup qualifiers , ahead of Andriy Shevchenko , and the highest goalscorer in World Cup qualifying and finals matches combined , with 32 goals , ahead of Miroslav Klose . Player Profile Style of play Ronaldo in action for Real Madrid against Espanyol during the 2012 -- 13 season A versatile attacker , Ronaldo is capable of playing on either wing as well as through the centre of the pitch , and , while ostensibly right - footed , is very strong with both feet . He ranks among the world 's fastest footballers , both with and without the ball . Tactically , Ronaldo has undergone several evolutions throughout his career . While at Sporting and during his first season at Manchester United , he was typically deployed as a traditional winger on the right side of midfield , where he regularly looked to deliver crosses into the penalty area . In this position , he was able to use his pace and acceleration , agility , and technical skills to take on opponents in one - on - one situations . Ronaldo became noted for his dribbling and flair , often displaying an array of tricks and feints , such as the step overs that became his trademark . As Ronaldo matured , he underwent a major physical transformation , developing a muscular body type that allows him to retain possession of the ball . His strength , combined with his elevation and height of 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , awarded him an edge in winning aerial challenges for balls ; consequently , many of his goals have been headers . Concurrently with his increased stamina and work - rate , his goalscoring ability improved drastically on the left wing , where he was given the positional freedom to move into the centre to finish attacks . He also increasingly played a creative role for his team , participating in build - up plays courtesy of his good vision and passing ability . Ronaldo controlling the ball on his chest during a 2010 -- 11 La Liga game against Almería In his final seasons at United , Ronaldo played an even more attacking and central role , functioning both as a striker and as a supporting forward , or even as an attacking midfielder on occasion . He developed into a prolific goalscorer , capable of finishing well both inside the penalty area and from distance with an accurate and powerful shot . An accurate penalty kick taker , he also became a set piece specialist , renowned for his powerful , bending free kicks , though his ability in this regard deteriorated later on in his career . At Real Madrid , he continued to play a more offensive role , while his creative and defensive duties became more limited . Initially deployed as a centre - forward , he was later moved back onto the left wing , though in a free tactical role , allowing him to drift into the centre at will . Madrid 's counter-attacking style of play allowed him to become a more efficient and consistent player , as evidenced by his record - breaking goalscoring feats . From 2013 onwards , he effectively adapted his style to the physical effects of ageing with increasingly reduced off - the - ball movement and general involvement , instead focusing on short - distance goalscoring . Reception `` In the six years ( Manchester United ) had him , you just saw his game grow all the time , and he was a fantastic player . Now you see the complete player . His decision - making , his maturity , his experience , plus all the great skills he has got , they all make him the complete player . '' -- Former manager Alex Ferguson , January 2013 Ronaldo is widely regarded as one of the two best players of his generation , alongside Lionel Messi , and as one of the best players to ever play the game . Acclaimed for his prolific and consistent goalscoring ability , he is considered a decisive player , who stands out in games and who can be a game changer . Ronaldo is noted for his work ethic and dedication to improvement on the training pitch . His drive and determination to succeed are fuelled by a desire to carve his name in history alongside football players such as Pelé and Diego Maradona . Ronaldo has at times been criticised for diving when tackled , about which his Madrid teammate Sergio Ramos responded after a 3 -- 1 victory over Barcelona in the Spanish Super Cup : `` He was a long way from me . I think it was a moment of play that unbalanced him and he did n't feign anything , '' . Despite his talent , he was also occasionally criticised early in his career by manager Alex Ferguson , teammates and the media for being a selfish or overly flamboyant player . Earlier in his career , Ronaldo had also been described as having an `` arrogant image '' on the pitch , with Ronaldo stating that he had become a `` victim '' , because of how he was portrayed in the media . He is often seen moaning , gesticulating and scowling while trying to inspire his team to victory , with Ronaldo insisting that his competitive nature should not be mistaken for arrogance . His managers , teammates and various journalists have commented that this reputation has caused an unfair image of him . In 2014 , Ronaldo told France Football that he had made a `` mistake '' when he said in 2011 , `` People are jealous of me as I am young , handsome and rich '' , adding that he had matured since then and fans understood him better . Comparisons to Lionel Messi Main article : Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry Ronaldo with Lionel Messi before an international friendly between Portugal and Argentina in Geneva , Switzerland , on 9 February 2011 Both players have scored in at least two UEFA Champions League finals and have regularly broken the 50 - goal barrier in a single season . Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to argue who they believe is the best player in modern football . It has been compared to sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing , the Borg -- McEnroe rivalry in tennis , and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing . `` It 's part of my life now . People are bound to compare us . He tries to do his best for his club and for his national team , as I do , and there is a degree of rivalry with both of us trying to do the best for the teams we represent . '' -- Cristiano Ronaldo commenting on his rivalry with Messi . Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two , while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players : Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an arrogant and theatrical showoff , while Messi is portrayed as a shy , humble character . In a 2012 interview , Ronaldo commented on the rivalry , saying `` I think we push each other sometimes in the competition , this is why the competition is so high '' , while Ronaldo 's manager during his time at Manchester United , Alex Ferguson , opined that `` I do n't think the rivalry against each other bothers them . I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best '' . Messi himself denied any rivalry , saying that it was `` only the media , the press , who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Cristiano '' . Responding to the claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level , Ronaldo commented , `` We do n't have a relationship outside the world of football , just as we do n't with a lot of other players '' , before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together , stating ; `` We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit , because it 's a good thing . '' Representing archrivals Barcelona and Real Madrid , the two players face each other at least twice every season in the world 's biggest club game , El Clásico , which had a global audience of 400 million viewers in March 2014 . In a debate at Oxford Union in October 2013 , when asked whether FIFA president Sepp Blatter preferred Messi or Ronaldo , Blatter paid tribute to the work ethic of the Argentine before taking a swipe at Ronaldo , claiming `` one of them has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other '' . Real Madrid demanded -- and promptly received -- a full apology , and the Portuguese issued his own riposte with a mock - salute celebration after scoring a penalty against Sevilla , after Blatter had described him as a `` commander '' on the pitch . In popular Culture See also : Museu CR7 and Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport Forbes has twice ranked Ronaldo first on their list of the world 's highest - paid football players ; his combined income from salaries , bonuses and non-football earnings was $73 million in 2013 -- 14 and $79 million in 2014 -- 15 . The latter earnings saw him listed behind only boxer Floyd Mayweather , Jr. on the magazine 's list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes . In 2016 , he became the first footballer to top the Forbes list of highest - earning athletes , with a total income of $88 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015 -- 16 . He topped the list for the second straight year with earnings of $93 million in 2016 -- 17 . Ronaldo is one of the world 's most marketable athletes : SportsPro rated him the fifth most marketable athlete in 2012 , and eighth most marketable athlete in 2013 , with Brazilian footballer Neymar topping both lists . Sports market research company Repucom named Ronaldo the most marketable and most recognised football player in the world in May 2014 . He was additionally named in the 2014 Time 100 , Time 's annual list of the most influential people in the world . ESPN named Ronaldo the world 's most famous athlete in 2016 and 2017 . As his reputation grew from his time at Manchester United , Ronaldo signed many sponsorship deals for consumer products , including e.g. sportswear ( he wears Nike Mercurial Vapor CR7 boots ) , soft drinks , clothing , automotive lubricants , financial services , electronics , computer video games , and much more . Ronaldo has established a strong online presence ; the most popular sportsperson on social media , he counted 158 million total followers across Facebook , Twitter and Instagram by June 2015 . As of June 2015 , he has the world 's biggest Facebook fanbase with 103 million followers : he became the first sportsperson to reach 50 million followers in August 2010 , and in October 2014 , he became the first sportsperson , and the second person after Shakira , to reach 100 million followers . By June 2017 , Ronaldo had 277 million followers across social media . His sponsors earned $936 million in media value across his social media accounts between June 2016 to June 2017 . Ronaldo has released two mobile apps : in December 2011 , he launched an iPhone game called Heads Up with Cristiano , created by developer RockLive , and in December 2013 , he launched Viva Ronaldo , a dedicated social networking website and mobile app . Computer security company McAfee produced a 2012 report ranking footballers by the probability of an internet search for their name leading to an unsafe website , with Ronaldo 's name first on the list . The Cristiano Ronaldo Museum , `` CR7 '' , in Funchal , Madeira . It was opened on 15 December 2013 Ronaldo 's life and person have been the subject of several works . His autobiography , titled Moments , was published in December 2007 . His sponsor Castro produced the television film Ronaldo : Tested to the Limit , in which he is physically and mentally tested in several areas ; his physical performance was consequently subject to scrutiny by world media upon the film 's release in September 2011 . Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet , a documentary narrated by the actor Benedict Cumberbatch , was released via Vimeo in June 2014 . A documentary film about his life and career , titled Ronaldo , was released worldwide on 9 November 2015 . Directed by BAFTA - winner Anthony Wonke , the film is produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , while Asif Kapadia is the executive producer . Ronaldo 's CR7 Museum - front view In December 2013 , Ronaldo opened a museum , Museu CR7 , in his hometown of Funchal , Madeira , to house trophies and memorabilia of his life and playing career . At a ceremony held at the Belém Palace in January 2014 , President of Portugal Aníbal Cavaco Silva raised Ronaldo to the rank of Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry , `` to distinguish an athlete of world renown who has been a symbol of Portugal globally , contributing to the international projection of the country and setting an example of tenacity for future generations '' . A bronze statue of Ronaldo , designed by artist Ricardo Madeira Veloso , was unveiled in Funchal on 21 December 2014 . Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport in Madeira In June 2010 , during the build - up to the World Cup , Ronaldo became the fourth footballer -- after Steven Gerrard , Pelé and David Beckham -- to be represented as a waxwork at Madame Tussauds London . Another waxwork of him was presented at the Madrid Wax Museum in December 2013 . In June 2015 , astronomers led by David Sobral from Lisbon and Leiden discovered a galaxy which they named CR7 ( Cosmos Redshift 7 ) in tribute to Cristiano Ronaldo in reference to his CR7 mantle ( his initials and shirt number ) . On 23 July 2016 , following Portugal 's triumph at Euro 2016 , Madeira Airport in Funchal was renamed the Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport . The unveiling of the rebranded terminal took place on 29 March 2017 , which included a bust of his head being presented . Neither the bust nor the name change were unanimous , actually far form a consensus , as the former was ridicularized by Saturday Night Live 's character Cecilia Giminez portrayed by comedian and actress Kate McKinnon , with the latter being subject to much debate and controversy locally by politicians and citizens who even started a petition against the move . Outside Football Personal life Ronaldo 's father , José Dinis Aveiro , died of an alcoholism - related liver condition at age 52 in September 2005 when Ronaldo was 20 . Ronaldo has said that he does not drink alcohol , and he received libel damages over a Daily Mirror article that reported him drinking heavily in a nightclub while recovering from an injury in July 2008 . `` In football I do n't have a lot of friends . People I really trust ? Not many . Most of the time I 'm alone . I consider myself an isolated person . '' -- During the filming of his authorized biography , Ronaldo admitted to often preferring solitude while working , attributing it to his autonomous way of living . Ronaldo became father to a son in June 2010 . Ronaldo announced that he had full custody . Ronaldo has never publicly revealed the identity of his son 's mother . In June 2017 , Ronaldo confirmed on Facebook that he had become the father to twins . In July 2017 , he confirmed that he was expecting his fourth child with girlfriend Georgina Rodriguez . Philanthropy Television footage of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami showed an eight - year - old boy survivor named Martunis wearing a number 7 Portuguese football shirt who was stranded for 19 days after his family was killed . Following this , Ronaldo visited Aceh , Indonesia , to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction . After accepting undisclosed damages from a libel case against The Sun newspaper in 2008 , Ronaldo donated the damages to a charity in Madeira . In 2009 , Ronaldo donated £ 100,000 to the hospital that saved his mother 's life in Madeira following her battle with cancer , so that they could build a cancer centre on the island . In support of the victims of the 2010 Madeira flood , Ronaldo pledged to play in a charity match in Madeira between Primeira Liga club Porto and players from Madeiran - based clubs Marítimo and Nacional . In 2012 , Ronaldo and his agent paid for specialist treatment for a nine - year - old Canarian boy with apparently terminal cancer . In November 2012 , Ronaldo sold the golden boot he had won in 2011 for € 1.5 million and gave the money to fund schools for children in Gaza . In December 2012 , Ronaldo joined FIFA 's ' 11 for Health ' programme to raise awareness amongst kids of how to steer clear of conditions including drug addiction , HIV , malaria and obesity . In January 2013 , Ronaldo became Save the Children 's new Global Artist Ambassador , in which he hopes to help fight child hunger and obesity . In March , Ronaldo agreed to be the ambassador for The Mangrove Care Forum in Indonesia , an organisation aiming to raise awareness of mangrove conservation . In November 2014 , Ronaldo appeared in FIFA 's `` 11 against Ebola '' campaign with a selection of top football players from around the world , including Neymar , Gareth Bale , Xavi and Didier Drogba . Under the slogan `` Together , we can beat Ebola '' , FIFA 's campaign was done in conjunction with the Confederation of African Football and health experts , with the players holding up eleven messages to raise awareness of the disease and ways to combat it . He was named the world 's most charitable sportsperson in 2015 . In June 2016 , Ronaldo donated the entirety of his € 600,000 Champions League bonus after Real Madrid won the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League . In August 2016 , Ronaldo launched CR7Selfie , a selfie app for charity to help Save the Children that lets participants take a selfie with him in one of several different outfits and poses . In the app , fans can select from among 68 photos of Ronaldo in different outfits and poses , and scroll through 39 filters to apply to their selfies . Fashion Ronaldo during his current tenure with Real Madrid Ronaldo is known as a fashion icon , and is a lucrative spokesperson sought after by clothing designers , health and fitness specialists , fashion magazines , perfume and cosmetics manufacturers , hair stylists , exercise promoters , and spa and recreation companies . One example is a line of fragrances called Legacy . He opened his first fashion boutique under the name `` CR7 '' ( his initials and shirt number ) on the island of Madeira , Portugal in 2006 . Ronaldo expanded his business with a second clothes boutique in Lisbon in 2008 . In partnership with Scandinavian manufacturer JBS Textile Group and the New York fashion designer Richard Chai , Ronaldo co-designed a range of underwear and sock line , released in November 2013 . He later expanded his CR7 fashion brand by launching a line of premium shirts and shoes by July 2014 . In June 2015 , Ronaldo announced that he would be releasing his own fragrance by the end of the year , in a partnership with Eden Parfums . Controversies In 2017 , Ronaldo was charged with fraudulently evading almost € 15million in tax between 2011 and 2014 , a claim which he denies . As of September 2017 the court case is ongoing . In April 2017 , a story was published by Der Spiegel based on leaked documents provided by Football Leaks relating to an alleged rape by Ronaldo , stating that the alleged assault occurred in 2009 but that a legal agreement and accompanying non-disclosure agreement was entered into , resulting in the alleged charges being dropped . Ronaldo 's agent Jorge Mendes denied the claims labelling them ' journalistic fiction ' , with the player stating it was consensual sex . Der Spiegel published a further story in response to the denial , alleging that text messages sent by Ronaldo showed that he was aware of the legal negotiations . Career Statistics Club As of 5 November 2017 Club statistics Club Season League Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Sporting CP B 2002 -- 03 Segunda Divisão 0 -- -- -- -- 0 Sporting CP 2002 -- 03 Primeira Liga 25 -- 0 0 0 31 5 Manchester United 2003 -- 04 Premier League 29 5 0 5 0 0 0 40 6 2004 -- 05 33 5 7 0 8 0 0 0 50 9 2005 -- 06 33 9 0 8 -- 47 12 2006 -- 07 34 17 7 0 11 -- 53 23 2007 -- 08 34 31 0 0 11 8 0 49 42 2008 -- 09 33 18 12 53 26 Total 196 84 26 13 12 58 16 292 118 Real Madrid 2009 -- 10 La Liga 29 26 0 0 -- 6 7 -- 35 33 2010 -- 11 34 40 8 7 -- 12 6 -- 54 53 2011 -- 12 38 46 5 -- 10 10 55 60 2012 -- 13 34 34 7 7 -- 12 12 55 55 2013 -- 14 30 31 6 -- 11 17 -- 47 51 2014 -- 15 35 48 -- 12 10 5 54 61 2015 -- 16 36 35 0 0 -- 12 16 -- 48 51 2016 -- 17 29 25 -- 13 12 46 42 2017 -- 18 7 0 0 -- 6 13 8 Total 272 286 30 22 -- 92 96 13 10 407 414 Career total 495 373 59 37 12 150 112 16 11 732 537 Jump up ^ Includes the Taça de Portugal , FA Cup and Copa del Rey Jump up ^ Includes the FA Community Shield , UEFA Super Cup , FIFA Club World Cup and Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Champions League , two appearances in UEFA Cup ^ Jump up to : All appearance ( s ) in UEFA Champions League Jump up ^ Appearance in FA Community Shield ^ Jump up to : All appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ Does not include one goal scored on 18 September 2010 against Real Sociedad . Marca , which awards the Pichichi Trophy , attribute it to Ronaldo , while La Liga and UEFA attribute it to Pepe . ^ Jump up to : All appearances in Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance and two goals in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances in Supercopa de España , two appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup , one appearance and one goal in Supercopa de España International For more details on this topic , see List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo . As of 10 October 2017 National team Year Apps Goals Ratio Portugal 2003 0 0.00 16 7 0.44 2005 11 0.18 2006 14 6 0.43 2007 10 5 0.50 2008 8 0.13 2009 7 0.14 11 0.27 2011 8 7 0.88 2012 13 5 0.38 2013 9 10 1.11 2014 9 5 0.55 2015 5 0.60 2016 13 13 1.00 2017 11 11 1.00 Total 147 79 0.54 Honours and achievements For a comprehensive listing of Ronaldo 's achievements , see List of career achievements by Cristiano Ronaldo . Ronaldo presenting his third Ballon d'Or to fans at the Santiago Bernabéu in January 2015 Club Sporting CP Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2002 Manchester United Premier League : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 FA Cup : 2003 -- 04 Football League Cup : 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 FA Community Shield : 2007 UEFA Champions League : 2007 -- 08 FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 Real Madrid La Liga : 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 17 Copa del Rey : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Supercopa de España : 2012 , 2017 UEFA Champions League : 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 UEFA Super Cup : 2014 , 2017 FIFA Club World Cup : 2014 , 2016 International Portugal UEFA European Championship : 2016 Individual FIFA Ballon d'Or / Ballon d'Or : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 FIFA World Player of the Year : 2008 FIFPro World Player of the Year : 2008 The Best FIFA Men 's Player : 2016 , 2017 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 World Soccer Player of the Year : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 GSA Best Player of the Year : 2011 , 2014 , 2016 Onze d'Or : 2008 , 2016 -- 17 Onze d'Argent : 2007 , 2009 , 2011 -- 12 Onze de Bronze : 2010 -- 11 Bravo Award : 2004 FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year : 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 CNID Best Portuguese Athlete Abroad : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 PFA Portuguese Player of the Year : 2016 European Golden Shoe : 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 IFFHS World 's Best Top Goal Scorer : 2013 , 2014 , 2016 IFFHS World 's Best Top Division Scorer : 2014 , 2015 FIFA Puskás Award : 2009 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Team of the Year : 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year ESM Team of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 FIFA Club World Cup Golden Boot : 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball : 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball : 2008 , 2014 FIFA Club World Cup top assist provider : 2014 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League Best Forward : 2007 -- 08 , 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League Team of the Group Stage : 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League top scorer : 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League top assist provider : 2013 -- 14 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2004 , 2012 , 2016 UEFA European Championship Silver Boot : 2016 UEFA Euro All Time XI UEFA European Championship top scorer : 2012 Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year : 2003 -- 04 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 FA Cup top goalscorer : 2004 -- 05 Manchester United Players ' Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Manchester United Goal of the Season : 2008 -- 09 Premier League top assist provider : 2006 -- 07 PFA Young Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 PFA Fans ' Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 PFA Players ' Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 FWA Footballer of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Barclays Player of the Year 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Premier League Player of the Month : November 2006 , December 2006 , January 2008 , March 2008 PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Premier League Golden Boot : 2007 -- 08 Premier League 20 Seasons Awards Fantasy Team -- Public Premier League 20 Seasons Awards Fantasy Team -- Experts La Liga Best Player : 2013 -- 14 La Liga Best Forward : 2013 -- 14 La Liga Best Goal : 2013 -- 14 La Liga Fans 5 Star Player : 2014 -- 15 Trofeo EFE Best Ibero - American Soccer Player of the Spanish League : 2012 -- 13 Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano : 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 La Liga Player of the Month : November 2013 , May 2015 , May 2017 La Liga Team of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 La Liga top scorer : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 Copa del Rey top goalscorer : 2010 -- 11 BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year : 2014 ESPY Awards Best International Athlete : 2014 , 2016 GSA Best Media Attraction : 2011 GSA Greatest Media Attraction : 2011 GSA Fans Favorite Player : 2013 GSA Goodwill Award : 2016 Facebook FA La Liga Player of the Year : 2016 Facebook FA La Liga Best Striker : 2016 Orders Officer of the Order of Prince Henry Medal of Merit , Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa ( House of Bragança ) Grand officer of the Order of Prince Henry Commander of the Order of Merit Cordão Autonómico de Distinção Records As of 12 December 2016 World The most expensive footballer in history : 2009 -- 2013 Top goalscorer in the history of FIFA Club World Cup : 5 goals ( shared with Lionel Messi , César Delgado and Luis Suárez ) Most international goals in a calendar year ( club and country ) : 27 ( 2017 ) First footballer to reach 40 goals in a professional league for two consecutive seasons First player to score in every minute of an official football game Only player to win the League title , Domestic Cup , Domestic Supercup , Champions League , Club World Cup , League Player of the Year , Golden Shoe and Ballon d'Or at two different clubs ( Manchester United and Real Madrid ) Only player to win the League title , Domestic Cup , Domestic Supercup , Champions League , Club World Cup , League Player of the Year , Golden Shoe and Ballon d'Or at two different leagues ( England Premier League and La Liga ) Most appearances in the FIFPro World XI : 10 times ( 2007 -- 2016 ) ( shared with Lionel Messi ) First and only player to appear in the FIFPro World XI for two different clubs Only player to have won more than one FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball . Guinness World Record for Most Liked Person on Facebook : 2015 Only player in the world who has scored in 7 consecutive major international tournaments : the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the European Championship ; and the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 editions of the World Cup Only player to score more than 50 goals in six different seasons ( did it consecutively ) Only player to score a hattrick in a Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup final ( 2016 ) ( shared with Pelé ) Most hat tricks in the Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup ( shared with Luis Suárez and Pelé ) Europe Most career goals in Europe 's top six leagues : 373 goals Most goals scored in all UEFA competitions : 141 goals First player to reach 100 career goals in European competitions ( club football ) First player to reach 100 goals in the UEFA Champions League Most goals scored in European competitions ( club football ) : 114 goals ( including UEFA Super Cup and Champions League qualifiers ) Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League : 111 goals Most assists in the UEFA Champions League : 36 assists Most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League / European Cup season : 17 goals in 2013 -- 14 Most goals scored in group stage of a UEFA Champions League season : 11 goals in 2015 -- 16 Most goals scored in UEFA Champions League knockout phase : 54 goals Most goals scored in knockout phase of a UEFA Champions League season : 10 goals in 2016 -- 17 Most UEFA Champions League goals scored in a calendar year : 16 goals in 2015 and 2017 Only player to score 15 or more UEFA Champions League goals in two different seasons : in 2013 -- 14 and 2015 -- 16 The first player in the history of UEFA Champions League to score three hat - tricks in a single season : in 2015 -- 16 The first & only player to have scored two back - to - back hat - tricks in UEFA Champions League knockout phase . Most hattricks in the UEFA Champions League : 7 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) First footballer to have won the European Golden Shoe in two different leagues : English Premier League ( 2007 -- 08 ) and Spanish La Liga ( 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 ) Most goals scored in the UEFA European Championship , including qualifying : 29 goals , for Portugal Most career goals at UEFA European Championship finals : 9 goals , for Portugal ( shared with Michel Platini ) Only player to have scored at four UEFA European Championship finals : 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 Only player to have scored three or above ( goals ) at more than one UEFA European Championship finals : 3 goals in 2012 and in 2016 Most headed goals at UEFA European Championship finals : 5 Highest appearance - maker at UEFA European Championship finals : 20 appearances Most goals scored in UEFA European Championship and European FIFA World Cup qualifiers : 50 goals First player to ever score 10 goals in six consecutive UEFA Champions League seasons : 2011 -- 12 to 2016 -- 17 Only player to score for two different winning teams in the European Cup Final : Manchester United ( 2007 -- 08 ) and Real Madrid ( 2013 -- 14 ) Most away goals scored in Champions League history : 42 goals Most consecutive UEFA Champions League away games scored in : 12 Most wins in the UEFA Champions League Knockout phase : 29 wins Most braces scored in the UEFA Champions League : 20 Most European Golden Shoe awards : 4 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most UEFA Team of the Year appearances : 12 times Most consecutive appearances in the UEFA Team of the Year : 11 ( 2007 -- 2017 ) Only player to appear in more than one position in the UEFA Team of the Year . Only player to be among the finalists for all the editions of the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award : 2010 -- 11 to 2016 -- 17 Fastest player to score 350 goals for one club ( 335 games ) Most UEFA Best Player in Europe awards : 4 ( 2008 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ) Most Champions League top scorer awards : 6 Only player to finish Champions League top scorer in 5 consecutive seasons ( 2012 - 2013 to 2016 - 2017 ) Only player in history to score 10 + goals in 6 UEFA Champions League seasons ( did it consecutively ) Most quarter - final goals in the UEFA Champions League : 20 goals Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League semi-finals : 13 goals Most free kicks scored in UEFA Champions League : 12 free kick goals Most goals scored from penalty kicks in UEFA Champions League history : 13 Most goals scored against a single opponent in the Champions League : 9 goals against Bayern Munich ( shared with Lionel Messi ) ( against Arsenal ) ) Most headed goals scored in the UEFA Champions League : 18 goals Most goals scored in European World Cup Qualifiers : 30 goals Spain Most hat - tricks in La Liga history : 32 Most goals scored from penalty kicks in La Liga history : 58 Fastest La Liga player to score 150 league goals ( 140 games ) Fastest La Liga player to score 200 league goals ( 178 games ) Fastest player to reach 300 official club goals Most goals scored in Madrid Derby matches : 18 First player to score in six consecutive Clásicos Best scoring start in a Spanish league season : 15 goals in eight rounds Fastest player to reach 20 league goals in one season : 12 games ( missed one game due to injury ) Only player to reach 30 goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons Most teams scored against in a season ( 2012 -- 13 ) : 19 ( shared with Ronaldo Nazário and Lionel Messi ) Most La Liga hat - tricks in a season : 8 hat - tricks ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most hat - tricks scored in all competitions : 36 Manchester United Most league goals in a 38 - game season ( 2007 -- 08 ) : 31 Premier League goals ( shared with Alan Shearer ) Real Madrid Real Madrid all - time top goalscorer : 412 goals Top goalscorer in La Liga : 286 goals Top goalscorer in UEFA Champions League : 96 goals Top goalscorer in European competitions : 80 goals Most assists in La Liga : 82 assists Most assists in UEFA Champions League : 22 assists Fastest player to reach 50 league goals Fastest player to reach 100 league goals Fastest player to reach 200 official goals Fastest player to reach 250 official goals Most goals scored in seven consecutive league matches : 15 goals First player to score in eight consecutive matchdays Most hat - tricks in La Liga : 32 Most goals scored from penalty kicks in UEFA Champions League : 12 See also List of footballers with 50 or more international goals List of footballers with 100 or more caps Biography portal Association football portal Portugal portal Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry References Notes Jump up ^ Haugstad , Thore ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` FourFourTwo 's 100 Greatest Footballers EVER : No. 5 , Cristiano Ronaldo '' . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 1 June 2017 ) . `` Why Cristiano Ronaldo Should Be Talked About as the GOAT '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Mafham , Colin ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the undisputed greatest footballer in history ... and here 's why '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Real Madrid star ' worth at least £ 300m ' '' . BBC Sport. 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jorge Mendes said the 29 - year - old forward was the `` best player ever '' and the `` best sportsman ever '' . Delaney , Miguel ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Record - breaking Cristiano Ronaldo leads Real Madrid to their second successive Champions League title '' . The Independent . National Stadium of Wales . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo strengthened his claim to be considered the greatest player ever with two superb goals as Real defender their European title . Rice , Simon ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Jose Mourinho : ' If Lionel Messi is the best on the planet , Cristiano Ronaldo is the best in the universe ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Baxter , Kevin ( 6 May 2017 ) . `` Championships give Cristiano Ronaldo the edge over Lionel Messi as the greatest of all time '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ The terminology for the award has varied . Ronaldo received two Ballons d'Or ( 2008 , 2016 ) and two FIFA Ballons d'Or ( 2013 , 2014 ) , as well as the 2008 FIFA World Player of the Year and 2016 The Best FIFA Men 's Player awards . Jump up ^ Since surpassed by Gareth Bale 's fee of € 100.8 million in 2013 ( also to Real Madrid ) , Paul Pogba 's € 105 million transfer fee to Manchester United in 2016 , and Neymar 's € 222 million transfer fee to Paris Saint - Germain in 2017 . Jump up ^ Record shared with Lionel Messi , who recorded 8 hat - tricks in the 2011 -- 12 La Liga season . Jump up ^ Real Madrid had previously recognized Ronaldo as their all - time top scorer after he scored a brace against Malmö FF on 30 September 2015 . The club 's official record book attributes to Ronaldo a 74th - minute goal in a 2 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 18 September 2010 , despite his free - kick having been deflected by Pepe . Citations ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Tim ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` He 's got the world at his feet '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ( CR7 ) '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Desporto - Pelos caminhos de Ronaldo '' . Diário de Notícias. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , o menino : futebol no baptizado e no Caminho do Lombinho '' ( in Portuguese ) . Mais Futebol. 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano turns 32 '' . Marca. 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiebre Maldini : Los inicios de Cristiano Ronaldo ( flv ) ( Television production ) ( in Spanish ) . Madrid : Canal+ ( a division of PRISA TV ) . 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 1 October 2012 ) . El Clasico : Barcelona V Real Madrid : Football 's Greatest Rivalry . A&C Black . p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo tem ' costela ' cabo - verdiana '' . Sapo Expresso ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo spills all to his ' close friend ' Jasmine about women , football , cars ... and money '' . Daily Mirror. 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben Hayward ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` The ' little bee ' who always cried - the story of young Ronaldo 's path to greatness in Madeira '' . goal.com . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bola de Ouro - Ronaldo conquistou primeiro prémio aos oito anos no Andorinha '' ( in Portguese ) . Diário de Notícias. 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Tom Oldfield ( 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . p. 1953 . John Blake Publishing Jump up ^ `` Clash of the Titans '' . Manchester Evening News . 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Ronaldo at about.com '' . about.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Clash of the Titans '' . Manchester Evening News . 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I was expelled from school for throwing a chair at the teacher '' . Now Magazine . 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United winger Cristiano Ronaldo needed heart operation to save career '' . The Telegraph . 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boloni își amintește de debutul lui Ronaldo la Sporting : `` Nu reușeam să îl opresc să facă driblinguri '' `` . DigiSport. 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous players featured in U17 c'ships '' . uefau17.com . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool ' turned down Ronaldo ' '' . Eurosport. 6 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 22 January 2013 ) . `` Joan Laporta : Barcelona could have had Cristiano Ronaldo '' . ESPN . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 19 January 2011 ) . `` The brightest star in Europe and £ 1m to a mysterious agent '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Profile at world cup soccer '' . wldcup.com . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 12 August 2003 ) . `` United confirm Ronaldo capture '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United land other Ronaldo '' . The Guardian . London . 12 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Message from the president '' . Sporting Clube de Portugal . 29 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd sign Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 12 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 13 August 2003 ) . `` United fork out record £ 12m fee to land teenager '' . The Daily Telegraph . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 August 2003 ) . `` Teenager takes Beckham No7 shirt '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McDonnell , David ( 29 September 2007 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo exclusive '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo vows to justify price tag '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Justin ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` George Best On Ronaldo 's Debut For Man Utd '' . Sabotage Times . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd stroll past Bolton '' . BBC Sport. 16 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson hails Ronaldo debut '' . BBC Sport. 17 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 17 August 2003 ) . `` Only one Ronaldo as United find new idol '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd see off Pompey '' . BBC Sport. 1 November 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 22 March 2004 ) . `` United rediscover form and put Arsenal on red alert '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 1 -- 2 Man Utd '' . BBC . 10 April 2004 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Ian ( 15 May 2004 ) . `` Ronaldo 's good and bad day '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd win FA Cup '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2004 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 3 -- 1 Aston Villa '' . BBC . 22 January 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 22 January 2005 ) . `` Fergie : Ronaldo 's best game '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC . 1 February 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 2 February 2005 ) . `` United storm the battle of Highbury '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 20 January 2005 ) . `` Rooney ends Exeter dream '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 20 February 2005 ) . `` Rooney return proves a distraction as Fortune steals in to seize chance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 13 March 2005 ) . `` Coastal breeze for United as Keane blows away resistance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 18 April 2005 ) . `` Ferguson 's men triumph by a one - way street '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 0 - 0 Man Utd ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 4 -- 1 Bolton '' . BBC . 31 December 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 5 February 2006 ) . `` Manchester Utd 4 Fulham 2 : Ronaldo 's double proves decisive as Fulham fume '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth 1 -- 3 Man Utd '' . BBC . 11 February 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesbrough 4 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2005 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo extends Man Utd contract '' . BBC Sport. 18 November 2005 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd ease to Carling Cup glory '' . BBC Sport. 26 February 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ban after finger gesture '' . BBC . 14 November 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 15 January 2006 ) . `` Fergie upset with red card '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Stuart ( 17 January 2006 ) . `` Ruud and Ron in training bust - up '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 9 May 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo jibe left Van Nistelrooy out in cold '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 4 -- 0 Charlton '' . BBC . 7 May 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rich , Tim ( 8 May 2006 ) . `` United move on without Van Nistelrooy '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney 's dismissal stuns England '' . BBC . 1 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2006 ) . `` Rooney must look at himself rather than blame Ronaldo '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wants transfer to Spain '' . BBC . 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Stirling , James ( 9 July 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo : I ca n't stay in Manchester '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 12 July 2006 ) . `` United : Ronaldo not for sale '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo not for sale '' . World Soccer. 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Clive ( 25 September 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo has last laugh on Reading fans '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` The secrets behind the development of Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo , revealed by Rene Meulensteen '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 November 2006 ) . `` New Ronaldo earns old - style respect with pride after a fall '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 24 December 2006 ) . `` Cristiano 's stockings full of gifts for United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 27 December 2006 ) . `` Ferguson giddy with glee as Ronaldo stretches United 's lead '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 31 December 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo stretches United 's advantage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo lands back - to - back accolades '' . inthenews.com. 11 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins monthly award again '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` Seven wonders of sublime United dazzle and destroy helpless Roma '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` Seventh heaven in Theatre of Dreams '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 3 May 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` Watford 1 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final -- Chelsea 1 -- 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 19 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 6 May 2007 ) . `` Misfiring Ronaldo gets a kick out of giving City the runaround '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins PFA double '' . World Soccer. 23 April 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 4 May 2007 ) . `` Writers award for Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo secures PFA awards double '' . BBC Sport. 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 1 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` Ferguson lets rip at Madrid after Ronaldo signs £ 31m deal '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 20 September 2007 ) . `` Lionised Ronaldo lights up his Lisbon homecoming '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 16 August 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 's Ronaldo sent off at Portsmouth '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo pledges to keep his cool '' . BBC Sport. 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United go top '' . Sky Sports . 6 October 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 12 November 2007 ) . `` Ronaldo rolls over Rovers in drive to the top '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Pearson , James ( 3 December 2007 ) . `` Fulham undone by Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 24 December 2007 ) . `` Ronaldo seizes late gift to light up United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kaká 's year capped by Ballon d'Or '' . UEFA Official Website. 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : Going the right way '' . FIFA. 17 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 18 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross , John ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Johan Cruyff pays Cristiano Ronaldo the ultimate compliment '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 6 -- 0 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 20 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo revels in role of Captain Fantastic as United stretch lead '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Best 's crown intact until Ronaldo cures his travel sickness '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 12 May 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo makes Wigan suffer as champions mix business with pleasure '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards '' . BBC . 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scoops ESM Golden Shoe '' . UEFA Official Website. 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Oliver ( 5 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo puts Man Utd into quarters '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 2 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo and Rooney combine to leave Roma in ruins again '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 24 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo fluffs penalty but United hold firm '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Lewis ( 29 April 2008 ) . `` Scholes seals final spot '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Vicki ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's penalty technique ' unacceptable ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Terry 's cruel slip hands Cup to United on unforgettable night '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Profile '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 1 July 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named player of the year '' . BBC Sport. 27 April 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins writers ' award again '' . BBC Sport. 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks silence '' . Sky Sports . 5 June 2008 . Retrieved 5 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Castles , Duncan ( 5 June 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo declares for Real Madrid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real reported over Ronaldo link '' . BBC Sport. 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Alan ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Fifa decline to take action against Real '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Dall , James ( 10 July 2008 ) . `` Blatter -- Let Ronaldo leave '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 11 July 2008 ) . `` I am a slave , says Ronaldo as he pushes for Madrid move '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 11 July 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo : ' I am a slave ' '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sticks with United '' . ESPN . 7 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I will stay at Man Utd -- Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 6 August 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Burton , Chris ( 7 August 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo sticks with United '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ankle surgery a ' success ' '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hart , Simon ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Villarreal return to frustrate United '' . UEFA Official Website . Retrieved 18 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 17 November 2008 ) . `` United swear by Ronaldo as Stoke can only curse '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stat Attack '' . The United Review . Manchester United . 70 ( 11 ) : 65 . 15 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 30 November 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is sent off but United show City who are kings of Manchester '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Richard ( 18 December 2008 ) . `` United secure final date '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Liga de Quito 0 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney crowned best player '' . FIFA Official Website. 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Roughley , Gregg ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo beats off Messi and Torres to scoop Ballon d'Or '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scoops Ballon d'Or '' . The Independent . London . 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named Fifa player of 2008 '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 March 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 0 Inter Milan ( agg 2 -- 0 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 's ' incredible , fantastic ' goal '' . FIFA. 21 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( 15 April 2009 ) . `` FC Porto 0 -- 1 Man Utd ( agg 2 -- 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo stunner thrills Ferguson '' . BBC Sport. 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United cruise into final '' . Sky Sports . 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` As gladiators clash , Messi is the champion '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo in a mess as Lionel Messi takes lead role on grand stage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile Cristiano Ronaldo '' . PremierLeague.com . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Tottenham ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Team of the Year '' . Sky Sports . 28 April 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United closing in on glory '' . Sky Sports . 10 May 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Bio , Stats , News '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Quotes : `` I have nothing but praise for the boy . He is easily the best player in the world . He is better than Kaka and better than Messi . He is streets ahead of them all . His contribution as a goal threat is unbelievable . His stats are incredible . Strikes at goal , attempts on goal , raids into the penalty box , headers . It is all there . Absolutely astounding . '' Sir Alex Ferguson , July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo transfer : Real Madrid agree £ 80 million fee with Manchester United '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo agrees six - year Real deal '' . BBC Sport. 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ya es Real '' ( Cristiano Ronaldo now is Real ) . Marca ( in Spanish ) . 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 26 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo welcomed by 80,000 fans at Real Madrid unveiling '' . The Guardian . London . 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo welcomed by 80,000 fans at Real Madrid unveiling '' . The Guardian . London . 5 June 2009 . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Takes Raul 's No. 7 Shirt at Real Madrid , Benzema Moves To No. 9 , Xabi Alonso Takes No. 14 '' . whoateallthepies.tv. 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo To Wear No. 9 At Real Madrid -- Report '' . goal.com. 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo aims shot at English game '' . BBC Sport. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo in winning start for Real '' . BBC Sport. 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo makes Real Madrid history '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Champions League review '' . BBC Sport. 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 3 November 2009 ) . `` Champions League : Milan v Real Madrid -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo forced out of Milan meetings '' . UEFA Official Website. 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores and sent off in Real victory '' . BBC Sport. 5 December 2009 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2009 -- 10 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick keeps Real Madrid on Barcelona 's tail '' . The Guardian . 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The cristiano ronaldo - higuain duo holds the real madrid 's scoring record '' . 1x2.eu. 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores four in Real Madrid victory '' . BBC . 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo matches Messi 's treble as Real and Barca go goal crazy '' . CNN . 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hat - trick sees Real past Villarreal '' . Eurosport. 9 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` No redemption for Manuel Pellegrini on a grim return to the Bernabéu '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Chadband , Ian ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` Messi , Ronaldo and Neymar are Ballon d'Or nominees '' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2010 -- 11 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Madrid clinch Copa del Rey Sky Sports Retrieved 20 April 2011 Archived 23 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 4 as Madrid thrash Sevilla '' . CNN . 8 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Sevilla FC v Real Madrid -- Spanish Primera División '' . ESPN FC. 7 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid delay coronation of Barcelona as La Liga champions '' . The Independent . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo equals La Liga goal - scoring record '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sets new Primera Liga scoring record '' . BBC . 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks La Liga record as Real rout Almeria '' . CNN . 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo wins 2010 / 11 Golden Shoe '' . UEFA Official Website. 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid Squad Stats ( Spanish Primera División ) -- 2011 -- 12 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 7 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 Real Madrid 2 ; agg 5 - 4 , match report '' . The Telegraph . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Zaragoza 6 -- 0 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 28 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hat tricks for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real go top in Spain '' . CNN . 22 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo treble as Madrid thrash Osasuna '' . CNN . 6 November 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hits three in Real romp '' . Eurosport. 17 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 25 May 2013 ) . `` Bayern Munich hold nerve to beat Real Madrid on penalties in semi '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's sixth hat - trick of the season sees Real Madrid open 10 - point lead over Barcelona '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid and Barca victorious '' . ESPN Soccernet. 24 March 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Atletico 4 -- 1 to maintain four = point cushion over Barcelona '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 12 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Barcelona striker 's goal record in numbers '' . BBC . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history scoring against every La Liga team '' . footballzz.com . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barcelona 3 -- 2 Real Madrid -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . 23 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 3 September 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo ' sad ' at Real Madrid and upset with ' people in the club ' after choosing not to celebrate goals '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tynan , Gordon ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs another Real Madrid hat - trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo : a class apart in el Clasico '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi crowned world 's best for record fourth time '' . CNN . 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Marioni , Massimo ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Iker Casillas rejects captain 's armband gesture from Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Metro . UK . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo will miss Osasuna clash '' . Inside Spanish Football . 7 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 1 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey semi-final first leg match report '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 300th club goal '' . Independent Online . South Africa . 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid thrash Celta Vigo '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Sevilla La Liga match report '' . The Guardian . London . 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 200 goals for Real Madrid with Malaga strike '' . goal.com. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores twice as Real Madrid crush Barcelona '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Atletico Madrid , 2013 Copa del Rey : Final score 1 -- 2 in thrilling extra time upset '' . sbnation.com. 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Chris ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo Red Card : Real Madrid Star Scores Opening Goal In Copa Del Rey Final , Gets Sent Off '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Jose Mourinho receive bans '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo rises to big occasion with impeccable timing '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Nani 's red card opens door and Real Madrid defeat Manchester United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Zac Lee ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid ties up loose ends early against Galatasaray '' . Aol.sportingnews.com . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galatasaray 3 -- 2 Real Madrid ( agg 3 -- 5 ) '' . The Guardian . London . 9 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo to miss Madrid derby '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Borussia Dortmund Champions League semi-final , second leg match report '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 12 June 2013 ) . `` Monaco set to make world record £ 85m bid for Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 9 July 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid want to make Cristiano Ronaldo the highest - paid player in the world and frustrate Manchester United '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 24 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo tells Manchester United he is keen on a return to club '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo signs new contract '' . ESPN . 16 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo agrees £ 76m Real Madrid deal to end hopes of Manchester United return '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid - and agent 's fury '' ( 21 January 2016 ) . The Telegraph . 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 200 goals for the BBC '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : This is the form of my life '' . Yahoo Sport . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick sees Portugal beat Northern Ireland 4 - 2 '' . Sky Sports . 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unstoppable Ronaldo fires Portugal to Brazil '' . ESPN . 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits hat - trick as Real Madrid hammer Galatasaray '' . Sky Sports . 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo and Bale among the goals as Real Madrid win 10 - goal thriller '' . CNN . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CR7 : 19 league hat - tricks and 20 goals from free kicks '' . As.com. 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's goal - den 2013 , month by month '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : first player in history to score 10 + goals in 3 consecutive Uefa Champions League campaigns '' . Inagist. 27 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Equals Messi 's Record For Most Goals In One UEFA Champions League Season '' . World Soccer Talk . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big game and big record for Ronaldo '' . MARCA.com . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals Alfredo Di Stefano 's European goals record '' . ESPN . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich 0 -- 4 Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo beats Messi 's Champions League record '' . ESPN.co.uk. 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 24 May 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo ' risked career ' by playing through pain barrier '' . ESPN . 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours '' . UEFA Official Website. 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Pete ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo named UEFA Best Player in Europe '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . After being named the winner of the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for 2013 / 14 in Monaco , Cristiano Ronaldo gave his reaction to UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo tops Aragonés record '' . Marca. 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Treadaway , Dan ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo Has Scored a Goal in Every Minute of a Game Throughout His Career '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo to miss Copa del Rey final against Barcelona with injury '' . The Guardian . London . 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 - 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez claims top billing with Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 400 - goal milestone and dedicates achievement to Eusébio after Real Madrid win '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ García , Javier ( 4 May 2014 ) . `` Cristiano 's spectacular backheel to reach 50 goals '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , winner of the ' Best Goal in the 2013 -- 14 Liga BBVA ' '' . LFP. 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Nicholas ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Atletico Madrid snubbed at La Liga awards despite winning league ahead of Spanish giants Real Madrid and Barcelona '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Charlton : `` Cristiano Ronaldo is changing the game '' `` . MARCA.com ( English version ) . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo beats his personal best for a single season '' . AS ( English ) . 24 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo flaunts Real Madrid pedigree in defeat of Sevilla '' . The Guardian . London . 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` With 15 goals in first eight matches , Ronaldo sets best scoring start in Spanish league '' . independent.com.mt. 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits 25th hat - trick for Real Madrid with four against Elche '' . The Guardian . London . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo de La Coruña 2 -- 8 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Athletic Bilbao '' . BBC News . 5 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo breaks La Liga hat trick record '' . ESPN FC. 6 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid claim FIFA Club World Cup '' . UEFA. 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 FIFA Club World Cup awards '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Awards -- adidas Golden Ball -- 1 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Sergio RAMOS 2 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol CRISTIANO RONALDO 3 Auckland City FC Ivan VICELICH ^ Jump up to : `` Ramos outshines the rest '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . adidas Silver Ball : Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Kessler , Low and Kellermann triumph at FIFA Ballon d'Or 2014 '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 13 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Ballon d'Or over Lionel Messi & Manuel Neuer '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 January 2015 Jump up ^ Simon , Thomas ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dans la troisième dimension '' . France Football . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or in the spotlight at FIFA World Football Museum '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo slump hurts Real as in - form Messi drives Barca '' . Reuters. 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid fall short of world - record winning run as they lose 2 - 1 to Valencia '' . The Daily Telegraph . 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo eclipses his best in an up - and - down Real Madrid campaign '' . ESPN FC. 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano levels Raúl and Messi in Europe with Schalke goal '' . 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets new all - time UEFA scoring record '' . 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ties Alfredo Di Stefano in Real Madrid scoring chart '' . ESPN FC. 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar , Messi and Ronaldo top scoring charts '' . UEFA. 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 9 -- 1 Granada '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano 0 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla 2 -- 3 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo banned for two matches after dismissal '' . 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat trick to end year with personal - best 61 goals '' . ESPN FC. 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Un histórico Ronaldo lidera la goleada al Espanyol '' ( A historic Ronaldo leads the thrashing at Espanyol ) . laliga.es. 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crisitano Ronaldo sets real madrid la liga scoring record '' . ESPN . 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - Real Madrid 3 - 0 Levante '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid celebrate Cristiano Ronaldo all time record '' . Sky Sports . 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores a hat - trick as Real Madrid beat Shakhtar '' . Sky Sports . 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th career goal '' . ESPN FC. 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid cruise past Malmo and Cristiano Ronaldo moves level with Raúl '' . The Guardian . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo rampant as Madrid put eight past Malmö '' . Union of European Football Associations. 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo sets goals record for Champions League group stage '' . Reuters. 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins Ballon d'Or over Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits back at critics after hat - trick : ' Goals are in my DNA ' '' . The Guardian . 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Balague , Guillem ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo was back to his best against Wolfsburg '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 14 April 2016 ) , `` Sid Lowe 's Notes from Spain : a great week for Spain and a fantastic one for Madrid '' , World Soccer , retrieved 21 April 2016 Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 Celta Vigo 1 : Ronaldo hits four to beat Zarra mark '' . FourFourTwo. 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 - 0 : Comeback accomplished , now for the semi-finals ; Real Madrid overcome Wolfsburg courtesy of a Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick , to take their place in Friday 's Champions League draw '' . 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo takes scoring prize again '' . UEFA . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Samuel ( 30 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo brands his critics ' jealous ' after third Champions League triumph '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 29 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo seals UCL for Real Madrid despite not being at his best '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named Best Player in Europe '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the ultimate professional and a pleasure to manage '' . The Telegraph . 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo set to miss Real Madrid 's first three games of season with knee injury '' . sportskeeda. 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Announcement : Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo , all - time top scorer in the derby against Atlético '' . Realmadrid.com. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Following his hat - trick at the Calderón , the Portuguese has now scored 18 goals against Atlético , surpassing Di Stéfano 's record ( 17 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo becomes top scorer in Madrid derby history '' . fourfourtwo.com. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th club goal '' . ESPN FC. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid see off spirited Kashima in electric extra time final '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Modric and Shibasaki sweep awards '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins his fourth Ballon d'Or '' . Real Madrid . 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The world at Cristiano Ronaldo 's feet '' . FIFA. 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN Staff ( 28 February 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo passes Hugo Sanchez 's La Liga penalty record '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ OptaJose ( @ OptaJose ) ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` 57 - Cristiano Ronaldo is now the player with most penalties scored in La Liga history , surpassing Hugo Sanchez ( 56 ) . Punisher '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 26 February 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Leal , Antonio M. ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid have scored more than 5,900 goals in the league '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . The Cristiano penalty saw the total top another hundred . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo makes history with 100th European goal '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo has become the first player to reach a century of goals in UEFA club competition after scoring twice for Real Madrid at Bayern München . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores 100th Champions League goal '' . goal.com . Goal.com. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` Ronaldo hat - trick leaves Real Madrid on brink of final '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo smashes Jimmy Greaves ' all - time goal record '' . Sky Sports . 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Real Madrid , campeón de LaLiga Santander 2016 / 17 '' . laliga.es. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid win La Liga title with victory at Malaga '' . bbc.com. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Das and Rory Smith ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Champions League Final : Real Madrid Confirms Its Spot as World 's Best '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo nets 600th goal , hails ' unique moment ' '' . espnfc.com. 3 June 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel Taylor ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid win Champions League as Cristiano Ronaldo double defeats Juve '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Haslam ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Majestic Real Madrid win Champions League in Cardiff '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronado , sent off for diving and pushes the referee '' . Sport English . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Ronaldo then pushed the referee , who reported it in his match report . `` After being shown the red card the player pushed me lightly to show his dissatisfaction '' he wrote . Jump up ^ Press Association ( 14 August 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo handed five - match ban after red card against Barcelona '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Roger Gonzalez ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 5 - game ban upheld after Real Madrid appeal denied ; out vs. Barca '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Gareth Bale score as Real Madrid beat Borussia Dortmund '' . The Guardian . 26 September 2017 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best FIFA Men 's Player '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.com . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo is chosen for the Olympics '' . CNN . 21 July 2004 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 24 July 2004 ) . `` Ronaldo keen to play at Olympics '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lucky rebound gives Portugal narrow win over Kazakhstan '' . China Daily . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fans Can Get Best Out of Ronaldo '' . 4thegame.com . Archived from the original on 23 August 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ames , Paul ( 14 June 2004 ) . `` Greece stuns Portugal 2 -- 1 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Harte , Adrian ( 25 June 2004 ) . `` Portugal hold their nerve against England '' . UEFA . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 1 July 2004 ) . `` Portugal have the final word '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Szreter , Adam ( 5 July 2004 ) . `` Greece are crowned kings of Europe '' . UEFA . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2004 Statistics : Assists '' . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Paktribune . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Vs Iran match '' . FIFA. 17 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo cleared over Rooney red card '' . Soccernet. 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Spanton , Tim ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo : I never asked for Rooney red card '' . The Sun . Retrieved 10 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Chick , Alex ( 6 July 2006 ) . `` Scolari 's fortunes take a dive '' . ESPNsoccernet . ESPN . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Podolski beats Ronaldo to award '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 10 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : I could leave United '' . Metro . UK . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scolari delighted with Portugal victory over Brazil '' . Rediff. 7 February 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal '' . UEFA Official Website . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top scorers for Euro 2008 European Qualifying campaign '' . ESPN FC . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report Czech Republic - Portugal '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Official Website. 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 20 June 2008 ) . `` Euro 2008 : German power leaves Portugal in despair '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Queiroz appointed Portugal coach '' . FIFA. 11 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Asante , Angela ( 15 October 2008 ) . `` Queiroz 's belief in Ronaldo as captain of Portugal '' . Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Liew , Jonathan ( 20 November 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Portugal star player at World Cup 2010 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report Côte d'Ivoire - Portugal '' . FIFA. 15 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report North Korea - Portugal '' . FIFA. 21 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report Brazil - Portugal '' . FIFA. 25 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Match Results : Portugal vs North Korea -- FIFA World Cup 2010 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Clegg , Jonathan ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Portugal Beats North Korea in 7 -- 0 Rout '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : David Villa raises the roof as Spain push past Portugal '' . The Guardian ( London ) . Retrieved 28 May 2014 Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 16 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Who will survive the Group of Death ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Messi chants shake Cristiano Ronaldo further , Portugal ... '' Daily News . New York . 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 14 June 2012 ) . `` Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo aims dig at Lionel Messi '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 17 June 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo downs a double to join the party spirit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What did Ronaldo REALLY say after scoring for Portugal '' . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's header sends Portugal into semifinals with 1 -- 0 win over Czech Republic '' . Daily News . New York . 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 Full - time Report : Portugal - Netherlands ( 2 -- 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CZECH REPUBLIC - PORTUGAL ( 0 -- 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Defending champion Spain advances to another final after beating Portugal 4 -- 2 on penalties '' . Daily News . New York . 27 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's save - it - for - later approach hurts Portugal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo says coach told him to take fifth penalty '' . The Guardian . London . 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Frank ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Portugal vs. Spain Euro 2012 : 5 Most to Blame for Portugal 's Penalty Collapse ( 5 of 7 -- Cristiano Ronaldo ) '' . bleacherreport.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal winger Nani suggests that Ronaldo demanded the fifth penalty against Spain to take the glory '' . foxsports.com.au . News Corp Australia . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Official Website . 3.08 . p. 10 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Centurion Ronaldo honoured by UEFA '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 17 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Real Madrid C.F. -- Official Web Site Archived 22 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Philip ( 20 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo showed ' I am here ' after stunning hat - trick for Portugal in World Cup play - off against Sweden '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brassell , Andy ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's hat - trick fires Portugal past battling Sweden '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records come naturally to me , says Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo suffering from tendinosis before World Cup '' . The Guardian . London . 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal fret over Ronaldo fitness '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 23 June 2014 Jump up ^ Krishnan , Joe ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Portugal star defies medics who warn playing against USA could end his career '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Daniel ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo film captures giant ego and strange , lonely world of being CR7 '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gill , Kieran ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo cuts training short and leaves with ice pack on knee ... so will Portugal 's star be fit for World Cup opener ? '' . dailymail.co.uk . DMG Media Limited . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Cristiano Ronaldo limps out of training '' . bbc.com . BBC Global News Ltd. 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ' 100 percent fit ' for U.S. game '' . ESPN . 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 23 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo produces last gasp moment of magic to keep hopes alive '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Portugal 2 -- 1 Ghana '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2014 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the first Portuguese to score in three final stages '' . Diário de Notícias . Retrieved 26 June 2014 ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo deemed unfit , will miss Portugal Euro 2016 qualifier '' . sbnation.com . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo grabs last - gasp winner as Portugal beat Denmark '' . eurosport.yahoo.com . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo adds to impressive record collection '' . uefa.com . Retrieved 15 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Armenia 2 -- 3 Portugal '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Championship 's all - time top scorers '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Brassell , Andy ( 21 June 2016 ) . `` Euro 2016 : What 's wrong with Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes first to score in four European Championships '' . espnfc.com. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets record for all - time EURO appearances '' . UEFA.com. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Keel , Toby ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` Third place at Euro 2016 : How it works , who qualified and last 16 draw '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo has sacrificed himself for the good of the team , says Futre '' . Goal.com. 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal beat Croatia with Ricardo Quaresma goal in extra time '' . ESPN FC. 25 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Piotr Koźmiński ; Joseph Walker ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` Poland 1 - 1 Portugal '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo the first to play in three Euro semifinals '' . ESPN FC. 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals Michel Platini 's Euros goal - scoring recorde '' . ESPN FC. 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal striker Cristiano Ronaldo forced off injured in Euro 2016 final '' . ESPN FC. 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA EURO 2016 Team of the Tournament revealed '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` France forward Antoine Griezmann wins Golden Boot '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits four in Portugal 's 6 - 0 rout of nine - man Andorra '' . The Guardian . 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo bagged four goals Portugal thrash Andorra 6 - 0 '' . Sky Sports . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo goes fourth on all - time list of international scorers '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 13 November 2016 . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Steve ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Bittersweet return for Ronaldo as Portugal beaten by Sweden in Madeira , Russia fight back against Belgium '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Trehan , Dev ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets the nod from Pele ahead of Lionel Messi '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Ames ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Héctor Moreno 's stoppage - time header earns Mexico draw against Portugal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo header earns Portugal Confederations Cup win over Russia '' . The Guardian . 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confederations Cup : Ronaldo helps Portugal into semi-final as hosts Russia out '' . BBC Sport. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo second on all - time list of international scorers '' . UEFA.com. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Awards Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms birth of twins , leaves Portugal at Confed Cup '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal come from behind to finish third '' . FIFA.com. 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pele congratulates Cristiano Ronaldo on surpassing his goals record '' . beIN Sports . 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Saffer ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals European Qualifiers goal record '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Cristiano Ronaldo is better than Lionel Messi ! '' . Zeenews.india.com. 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Wilson ( 24 March 2010 ) . `` Why are so many wingers playing on the ' wrong ' wings ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` E ' Ronaldo il Bolt del calcio '' . Sport media set . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo -- Portogallo '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Mike L. ( 22 September 2015 ) . `` The Evolution of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Grantland . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Named Fittest Man Alive By Men 's Health Magazine '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How did Cristiano Ronaldo score his incredible header against Manchester United ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mechanization of Cristiano Ronaldo : How his style of play has changed '' . O - Posts. 13 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` # EUROfantasy Tipster : Paolo 's team '' . uefa.com . Union of European Football Associations. 10 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eden Hazard the new penalty taker king ; Julio Cesar the best stopper '' . ESPN FC. 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` From Messi to Ronaldo -- the world 's best free kick takers '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Alistair Tweedale ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo free - kick goals are rare '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ David Salazar ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` The Time to Sell Declining Cristiano Ronaldo Is Now '' . Latin Post . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The argument for playing Cristiano Ronaldo centrally at Real Madrid '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Liverpool can stop Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Did Jose Mourinho 's Tactics Help Cristiano Ronaldo Flourish at Real Madrid ? '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the ' complete player ' , admits Sir Alex Ferguson '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pele : Ronaldo now better than Messi '' . ESPN . Retrieved 17 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` Messi v Ronaldo in numbers '' . ESPN . Retrieved 17 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Greatest Footballers Of All - Time -- Pelé , Maradona , Messi And Ronaldo Included In The Best Soccer Players Ever List '' . IBT. 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 21 August 2009 ) . `` Manchester United will miss Ronaldo says Lampard '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Ronaldo became the world 's best : the inside story '' . Yahoo !. 5 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo says he has no idea how much money he has '' . Daily Mirror ( London ) . Retrieved 5 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` RONALDO DIDN 'T DIVE AND REAL MADRID COULD APPEAL AGAINST RED CARD , SAYS RAMOS '' . goal.com. 14 August 2017 . Text `` http://www.goal.com/en/news/sergio-ramos-cristiano-ronaldo-did-not-dive-real-madrid/1d6un67fafao61kpm0px84djb2 '' ignored ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jim Daly ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Rio Ferdinand claims Cristiano Ronaldo was once blasted by Sir Alex Ferguson for playing selfishly '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney Hits Out At ' Selfish ' Cristiano Ronaldo , Shrugs Off Scholes ' ' Strange ' Criticism '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo admits perceived arrogance has cost him '' . CNN . 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho claims Cristiano Ronaldo deserved to win Ballon d'Or '' . Espn Fc. 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe : `` Cristiano is a symbol '' `` . Marca . Spain . 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets an unfair press , claims his former team - mate Patrice Evra '' . The Guardian . London . 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or : Cristiano Ronaldo 's improved image helped win , says Guillem Balague '' . Sky Sports . 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry : Talks Arsenal , Man Utd , Messi and more on Sky Sports '' . Sky Sports . BSkyB. 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo regrets ' jealousy ' remark '' . ESPN . 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendes , Chris ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's personal duel with Lionel Messi is affecting his performances for Portugal '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 28 November 2010 ) . `` The game 's best rivalry '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi v Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Messi and I are colleagues , work friends `` . Marca . Retrieved 21 November 2014 Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 26 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo versus Lionel Messi pits showman against shy man '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Tim ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : he 's got a god - given talent -- and he knows it '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Michael ( 15 June 2014 ) . `` Crunch time for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Storey , Daniel ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo : The world 's best ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Montague , James ; Pinto , Pedro ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I 'm better than Messi '' . CNN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Kevin ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` Fergie : Ronaldo and Messi are equals '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi blames media for inventing rivalry with Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Sepp Blatter 's apology to Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` The world 's highest paid football players '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's highest paid football players 2015 '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Reynolds ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo first footballer to top Forbes rich list of highest - earning athletes '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Produced Nearly $1 Billion In Value For Sponsors On Social Media '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 August 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` MS Dhoni , Mary Kom world 's 16th , 38th most marketable athletes '' . The Times of India . 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Marketable 2013 -- Cristiano Ronaldo '' . SportsProMedia. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Marketable Footballers in the World '' ( PDF ) . Repucom ( press release ) . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo by Pelé : TIME 100 '' . TIME. 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100 '' . ESPN . 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100 '' . ESPN . 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` From £ 175 to £ 80m in 14 years -- but can Cristiano Ronaldo earn it like Beckham ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Is Cristiano Ronaldo The World 's Most Marketable Athlete ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo offered $9 million Nike deal '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo displays Dad dancing skills in new advert '' . The Daily Telegraph . The Telegraph . 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Alexander ( 18 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and KFC show how branding has changed '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes Emirates ambassador '' . GulfNews.com. 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Heads Most Popular Athletes on Social Media '' . Forbes . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 15 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo tops 50 million ' Likes ' on Facebook '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history with 100m followers on Facebook '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` How Mobile Games Are Sports Stars ' Newest Marketing Channel '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ `` ' Viva Ronaldo ' -- Cristiano creates his own online community '' . AS.com. 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McAfee Names Most Dangerous Football Team in Europe '' . Infosecurity. 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Moments '' . Chapters. 27 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Brigid ( June 2014 ) . `` WATCH : Benedict Cumberbatch Narrates Cristiano Ronaldo Documentary '' . BBC America . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Footballer Cristiano Ronaldo awarded with Guinness World Records certificates at London film premiere '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 10 November 2015 Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms film being made about his life with Amy and Senna director on board '' . Independent . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alice ( 25 February 2014 ) . `` Inside Cristiano Ronaldo 's museum : ' I have room for more trophies ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry '' . El País. 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo immortalized in bronze statue outside his personal museum '' . CNN . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Statue Has Bulky Lump in Pants Which Sparks Comments '' . NDTV Sports . 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : Cristiano Ronaldo gets Madam Tussauds waxwork '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sends stylist to museum to brush waxwork 's hair '' . BBC Sport. 5 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : CR7 name given to discovered galaxy '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Man United star Cristiano Ronaldo ' over the moon ' with new CR7 galaxy '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport to be named after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . FourFourTwo . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The World Game . Special Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by Madeira president '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . The renaming will take place on March 29 after Portugal host Sweden in a friendly in Funchal -- the first time Ronaldo has played an official senior match on his home island . Jump up ^ `` O busto de Ronaldo no aeroporto faz furor '' ( Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by furor ) ( in Portuguese ) . Diário de Notícias. 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Weekend Update : Cecilia Gimenez on Cristiano Ronaldo Bust - SNL , Saturday Night Live Youtube Channel , 28.10. 2017 Jump up ^ Madeira airport preparing to be renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo , ESPN FC , 28.10. 2017 Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by Madeira president , ESPN FC , 28.10. 2017 Jump up ^ Davies , Hunter ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` The Fan : Cristiano Ronaldo the tarnished icon '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 14 September 2005 ) . `` Forlán reborn in Spanish soccer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo receives libel damages over drink story '' . USA Today . 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Fast Facts '' . CNN . 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo names son Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 8 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baby ' joy ' for Cristiano Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Bergin , Olivia ( 14 January 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Irina Shayk : a very modern family '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sharland , Pete . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms he is a father of twins '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estive ao serviço da Seleção Nacional , como sempre acontece , de corpo e alma , mesmo sabendo que os meus dois filhos tinham nascido '' . Facebook . Cristiano Ronaldo . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Girlfriend Pregnant Weeks After Welcoming Twins Via Surrogate '' . People . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo raises funds for tsunami - hit Aceh '' . People 's Daily . 13 June 2005 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami Survivors : New Life For A Decimated Football Club '' . FIFA. 9 January 2008 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo accepts Daily Telegraph libel payout '' . BBC News . 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo donates to Cancer - stricken mums saviors '' . cristianoronaldofan.net. 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo to play in charity match for Madeira '' . Reuters. 22 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2010 . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo funds cancer treatment for 9 - year - old boy '' . AS.com. 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reportedly donates € 1.5 m to children in Gaza '' . Russia : RT . 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Messi and Ronaldo join forces for FIFA 's ' 11 for Health ' '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Football for Health '' . FIFA . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Kicks Off the New Year as Save the Children 's New Global Artist Ambassador for Child Hunger and Nutrition '' . Save the Children . 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ambassador for mangrove '' . The Jakarta Post . 17 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top players , FIFA , CAF and health experts unite against Ebola '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 4 March 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Real Madrid forward donates € 600,000 Champions League win bonus to charity '' . The Independent . 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's New Charity App Lets You Post Selfies With Him , Topless or Otherwise '' . Adweek . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Superstar Cristiano Ronaldo Launches New Selfie App , Donation for Every Download Helps Kids in Need '' . savethechildren.org . Save the Children . 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo expands his brand with the launch of Legacy fragrance '' . Forbes.com. 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New CR7 store in London '' . Football Shirt Culture . 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Tilley , Jonathan ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` M&C Saatchi launches underwear range with giant image of Ronaldo in pants '' . PR Week . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Is Working With Richard Chai to Add Shirts to His CR7 Underwear Line '' . Complex. 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo launches SHOE range as he branches out into fashion '' . Irish Mirror. 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo to Release His Own Fragrance Later This Year '' . Bleacher. 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets right up your nose '' . Guardian . 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Secret '' . Der Spiegel . 19 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Austin , Jack ( 15 April 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo representatives strongly deny rape allegations and label them ' journalistic fiction ' '' . Independent . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . footballzz.co.uk . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . footballzz.co.uk . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe 's goal is awarded to Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Spain . 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2011 -- 12 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2012 -- 13 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2013 -- 14 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.pt . Portuguese Football Federation . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mamrud , Roberto ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro -- Century of International Appearances '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . National Football Teams . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Histórico de Internacionalizações of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo ( CR7 ) '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins third Fifa Ballon d'Or '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Ballon d'Or for the fourth time '' . Guardian . 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 2008 World Player of the Year : Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerlens. 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted FIFPro World Player of the Year '' . Union of European Football Associations. 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named Best Player in Europe '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . A UEFA Champions League winner with Real Madrid and a European champion with Portugal , Cristiano Ronaldo has claimed the 2015 / 16 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named 2016 / 17 Men 's Player of the Year '' . UEFA. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Soccer Awards 2016 : Cristiano Ronaldo named Player of the Year '' . 1 December 2016 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wall of Fame '' . Globe Soccer . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : José Luis Pierrend ( 6 March 2012 ) . `` '' Onze Mondial '' Awards `` . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , Onze de Oro award for player of the season '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ José Luis Pierrend ( 6 January 2016 ) . `` The `` Bravo '' Award `` . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . 2004 Cristiano RONALDO ( Manchester United & Portugal ) Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo - Career '' . cristianoronaldo.com . Official website of Cristiano Ronaldo . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Career timeline Jump up ^ `` MICHELLE BRITO RECEBEU PRÉMIO CNID '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . 2007 -- João José ( Voleibol ) e Cristiano Ronaldo Jump up ^ `` PRÉMIOS CNID 2008 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Atletas Portugueses no estrangeiro Cristiano Ronaldo , futebol ... Jump up ^ `` RONALDO RECEBE PRÉMIO CNID MEO '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RONALDO RECEBE PRÉMIO CNID ZON SAGRES EM MADRID '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ENTREGA DOS PRÉMIOS CNID ZON SAGRES 2012 '' ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Cristiano Ronaldo ( Atleta português do estrangeiro ) Jump up ^ `` PRÉMIOS CNID ZON SAGRES 2013 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Atleta Português no Estrangeiro Cristiano Ronaldo -- Futebol Jump up ^ `` Prémios CNID : os vencedores de 2015 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Atleta português no estrangeiro -- Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jump up ^ `` PRÉMIOS CNID 2016 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação dos Jornalistas de Desporto . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Atleta Português no Estrangeiro Cristiano Ronaldo , Real Madrid Jump up ^ http://www.espnfc.com/portugal/story/3086873/cristiano-ronaldo-named-portugals-player-of-the-year-as-renato-sanches-wins-best-young-player Jump up ^ `` The World 's Best Top Goal Scorer 2013 '' . International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . 15 January 2014 . Cristiano Ronaldo is the World 's Best Top Goal Scorer 2013 Jump up ^ Ley , Robert ( 21 September 2015 ) . `` CRISTIANO RONALDO , TONI KROOS AND THE REAL MADRID CLUB HONORED IN MADRID '' . International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . Last week , a IFFHS delegation was in Madrid to give the Trophies for THE WORLD 'S BEST TOP GOALSCORER 2014 and THE WORLD 'S BEST FIRST DIVISION SCORER 2014 to Cristiano Ronaldo , for THE WORLD 'S BEST PLAYMAKER 2014 to Toni Kroos and THE WORLD 'S BEST CLUB 2014 to Real Madrid CF , represented by his captain Sergio Ramos . Jump up ^ García , Javier ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo receives the IFFHS World 's Best Goalscorer award for 2016 '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Cristiano Ronaldo was presented with the trophy which recognises him as the World 's Best Goalscorer in 2016 according to the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference IFFHS was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` History '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . 2009 -- PUSKÁS AWARD -- CRISTIANO RONALDO ( POR ) Jump up ^ `` The Best named at FIFA Football Awards '' . FIFA. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA FIFPro World11 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Team of the Year : the all - time XI '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 22 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESM Team of the Season -- 2014 - 15 '' . World Soccer. 11 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ ESM Top - Elf : Ein Bayern - Star in Europas Elite . Abendzeitung ( in German ) . 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 FIFA Club World Cup awards '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Awards -- adidas Golden Ball -- 1 Manchester United Wayne ROONEY 2 Manchester United CRISTIANO RONALDO 3 Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito Alejandro MANSO Jump up ^ 2014 FIFA CLUB WORLD CUP STATISTICS AND LEADERS : http://www.foxsports.com/soccer/stats?competition=26&season=2014&team=0 Jump up ^ `` UEFA Club Footballer of the Year '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named # UCL forward of the season '' . UEFA.com. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Cristiano Ronaldo , who registered a season - record 17 goals in the campaign , is joined by Marco Reus , Arjen Robben and Zlatan Ibrahimović . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Antoine Griezmann all feature in the UEFA technical observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` Eight Real Madrid players in the Champions League team of the season for 2016 / 17 '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Carvajal , Ramos , Marcelo , Casemiro , Kroos , Modric , Isco and Cristiano Ronaldo are amongst the 18 players chosen . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski all feature in the UEFA Technical Observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` Champions League team of the group stage '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 15 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . FW : Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named in the Champions League team of the group stage '' . Realmadrid.com. 15 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League 2013 / 2014 '' Assists `` . WorldFootball . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All - star squad revealed '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 5 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Spain players in Team of the Tournament '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Your All - time EURO 11 revealed '' . UEFA. 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 Statistics '' . UEFA. 16 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup 2004 / 2005 '' Top Scorer `` . WorldFootball . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ goal vs FC Porto in 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League , quarter - final Jump up ^ `` Premier League 2006 / 2007 '' Assists `` . WorldFootball . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo secures PFA awards double '' . BBC Sport. 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named player of the year '' . BBC . 27 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale named player of the year by football writers '' . BBC . 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Duncan ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Fifa World Player of the Year '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Premier League . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man Utd dominate 20 Seasons Fantasy Teams '' . Premier League . 14 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano revalida el trofeo Di Stéfano '' . MARCA.com ( in Spanish ) . 26 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El ' hat - trick ' del número 1 '' . MARCA.com ( in Spanish ) . 7 November 2014 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . CRISTIANO CONQUISTA SU TERCER TROFEO DI STÉFANO Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receives his fourth Alfredo Di Stéfano Award from ' Marca ' '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 7 November 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Ronaldo picked up his fourth Alfredo Di Stéfano Award as the best player from last term . Jump up ^ `` Premios BBVA a los mejores de noviembre '' . laliga.es ( in Spanish ) . 10 December 2013 . Sobre el terreno de juego , el futbolista más destacado del mes de noviembre ha sido Cristiano Ronaldo . Jump up ^ `` BBVA Awards : Cristiano Ronaldo chosen as Liga BBVA player of the month for May '' . Official website of La Liga. 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named LaLiga Santander Player of the Month for May '' . Official website of La Liga. 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Liga BBVA team of the season '' . LFP. 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 / 15 Liga BBVA Ideal XI '' . LFP. 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Liga BBVA 2015 / 16 Team of the Season '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Copa del Rey Top Scorer : 2010 -- 11 '' . World Football . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The ESPYs 2014 '' . ESPN . ^ Jump up to : `` Five madridistas pick up prizes at the Facebook Football Awards '' . realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 12 May 2016 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Ronaldo ( best striker and best player ) , James ( best goal ) , Modric ( best midfielder ) , Marcelo ( best defender ) and Navas ( best goalkeeper ) were the winners at the ceremony which took place at Facebook 's offices in Madrid . The Real Madrid fans were also chosen as the best supporters in La Liga . Jump up ^ `` Ordem do Infante D. Henrique -- OIH '' . Ordens Honorificas Portuguesas . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` D. Duarte condecora selecção nacional '' ( in Portuguese ) . Correio da Manhã. 31 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Clapham , Peter Wynter Bee ; illustrated by Lucy ( 2008 ) . People of the day 3 . Woking : People of the Day Limited . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9548110 - 2 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made ' Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry ' '' . Real Madrid C.F. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Presidente da República condecora jogadores com grau de comendador da Ordem do Mérito '' . Record.pt . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receberá Cordão Autonómico de Distinção '' . Assembleia Legislativa da Região Autónoma da Madeira. 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bale 's transfer fee revealed '' . FIFA . Agence France - Presse. 15 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 20 December 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Luis Suárez Star in Club World Cup Win over River '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Messi moved to five goals in the Club World Cup -- matching the all - time record held by former Monterrey striker Cesar Delgado -- and Suarez 's double means he joins them on that mark after just two appearances in the competition . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup : Players & Coaches '' . FIFA . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top records held by Cristiano Ronaldo '' . MSN News . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Zlatan Ibrahimovic both have this incredible stat in common ... they 've each scored in EVERY minute of a football match , with Lionel Messi close , a mere two minutes away '' . The Sun . 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo sets new record after winning same eight trophies with Manchester United and Real Madrid '' . quora. 5 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid star Cristiano Ronaldo has now won the same eight trophies with two teams '' . Global Soccer. 22 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballon d'Or trio 's remarkable records '' . Goal.com. 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Ball - FIFA Club World Cup '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 7 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks another record '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . He is the only player in the world who has scored in the last three World Cups and last four Euros ... Following his two goals against Hungary , he is the only player to have scored for his national team in the last seven major international tournaments . The madridista forward has made his mark in the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the Euro ; and in the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 editions of the World Cup . ^ Jump up to : `` What records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold ? '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League + European Cup '' All - time Topscorers '' rank 1 - 50 `` . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League All time - Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours '' . UEFA. 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Club matches '' . worldfootball.net . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets Champions League goals record '' . Futaa.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo sets two Champions League records '' . goal.com. 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' Champions League 2016 / 2017 `` . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receives Golden Shoe , wants to be ' best ever ' '' . ESPN . 5 November 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo : record - guzzler '' . en.as.com . Diario AS -- PRISA. 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners '' . reuters.com. 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA.com users ' Team of the Year 2015 : lowdown '' . UEFA.com. 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Who got the most votes ? Who has appeared for a record tenth time ? Which clubs and national teams have provided the most players to all 15 Teams of the Year . Find out here ... Cristiano Ronaldo is the first to ten selections and uniquely has appeared in more than one position : midfield ( 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) and up front ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Best Player in Europe Award '' . UEFA . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Sean ( 5 March 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes fastest player in Europe to score 350 goals for one club '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League All time - Penalties '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HAT - TRICKS -- CRISTIANO RONALDO -- ALL - TIME REAL MADRID RECORD IN LA LIGA '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . CRISTIANO RONALDO 'S 32 LA LIGA HAT - TRICKS Jump up ^ `` Spain '' Primera División '' All - time best penalty takers '' rank 1 - 50 `` . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the player who hits the 150 goal mark the fastest in Liga history '' . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 23 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo fastest to 300 goals in La Liga '' . Stuff.co.nz. 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the first player to score in six consecutive Clasicos '' . 8 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The quickest to hit the 20 mark '' . Marca.com ( English ) . 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets record by scoring 30 league goals in six straight seasons '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi 's record - breaking run '' . fcbarcelona.com. 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 33 Hattrick Untuk Madrid , Lewati Messi '' . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Premier League '' . The Official Website of the Barclays Premier League . Archived from the original on 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Manchester United winger Cristiano Ronaldo is top scorer with 31 goals - in just 31 Premier League starts -- tying Alan Shearer 's record for a 38 - match season . Jump up ^ `` Mikael Silvestre Exclusive : Lukaku Can Smash Ronaldo 's Premier League Goal - Scoring Record '' . 888sport. 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Five - time Premier League winner believes red - hot Romelu Lukaku can break a club record for Manchester United this season by surpassing the 31 goals notched up by CR7 in 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CRISTIANO RONALDO ALL - TIME TOP GOALSCORER '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga Real Madrid All time - Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid All time - Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga Real Madrid All time - Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid All time - Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes Real Madrid history '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid C.F. 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest player to score 100 goals in La Liga with Real Madrid '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid C.F. 25 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid against Malaga '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid C.F. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo puts Puskas in the shade '' . Marca ( English ) . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , the first Madrid player to score in eight consecutive matchdays '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid C.F. 1 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga Real Madrid All time - Hat Tricks '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid All time - Penalties '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . External links Find more aboutCristiano Ronaldoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Real Madrid official profile Cristiano Ronaldo -- La Liga competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FPF competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- UEFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FIFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo at National-Football-Teams.com Cristiano Ronaldo at BDFutbol Cristiano Ronaldo 's channel on YouTube Cristiano Ronaldo on Twitter Cristiano Ronaldo on Instagram Real Madrid C.F. -- current squad 1 Navas 2 Carvajal 3 Vallejo 4 Ramos ( c ) 5 Varane 6 Nacho 7 Ronaldo 8 Kroos 9 Benzema 10 Modrić 11 Bale 12 Marcelo 13 Casilla 14 Casemiro 15 Theo 17 Vázquez 18 Llorente 19 Achraf 20 Asensio 21 Mayoral 22 Isco 23 Kovačić 24 Ceballos 30 Luca Head coach : Zidane Portugal squads Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 runners - up 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Rui Jorge 4 Andrade 5 F. Couto ( c ) 6 Costinha 7 Figo 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 Rui Costa 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Beto 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Moreira 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal men 's football squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics 1 Moreira 2 M. Sérgio 3 Meireles 4 B. Alves 5 R. Costa ( c ) 6 Meira 7 C. Ronaldo 8 Viana 9 H. Almeida 10 C. Martins 11 J. Ribeiro 12 Frechaut 13 Boa Morte 14 Bosingwa 15 Lourenço 16 João Paulo 17 Danny 18 Vale Coach : Romão Portugal squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Caneira 4 Costa 5 Meira 6 Costinha 7 Figo ( c ) 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 H. Viana 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Boa Morte 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Santos 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2008 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 B. Alves 4 Bosingwa 5 Meira 6 Meireles 7 C. Ronaldo 8 Petit 9 H. Almeida 10 J. Moutinho 11 Simão 12 Nuno 13 Miguel 14 Ribeiro 15 Pepe 16 Carvalho 17 Quaresma 18 Veloso 19 Nani 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes ( c ) 22 Patrício 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Ferreira 4 Rolando 5 Duda 6 Carvalho 7 C. Ronaldo ( c ) 8 P. Mendes 9 Liédson 10 Danny 11 Simão 12 Beto 13 Miguel 14 Veloso 15 Pepe 16 Meireles 17 Amorim 18 H. Almeida 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Costa 22 D. Fernandes 23 Coentrão Coach : Queiroz Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 semi-finalists 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 Custódio 7 C. Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Quaresma 11 Oliveira 12 Patrício 13 R. Costa 14 Rolando 15 Micael 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 M. Lopes 20 Viana 21 J. Pereira 22 Beto 23 Postiga Coach : Bento Portugal squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 William 7 C. Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Vieirinha 11 Eder 12 Patrício 13 Costa 14 Neto 15 Rafa 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 A. Almeida 20 Amorim 21 Pereira 22 Beto 23 H. Postiga Coach : Bento Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 winners ( 1st title ) 1 Patrício 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Fonte 5 Guerreiro 6 Carvalho 7 C. Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 Eder 10 J. Mário 11 Vieirinha 12 Lopes 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Sanches 17 Nani 18 Rafa 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Eduardo 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Portugal squad -- 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Third Place 1 Patrício 2 Alves 3 Pepe 4 Neto 5 Guerreiro 6 Fonte 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 A. Silva 10 B. Silva 11 Semedo 12 Sá 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Pizzi 17 Nani 18 Gelson 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Beto 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Awards Sporting positions Preceded by Sebastian Vettel BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year 2014 Succeeded by Dan Carter 2005 -- 06 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Shay Given DF : Pascal Chimbonda DF : John Terry DF : Jamie Carragher DF : William Gallas MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Frank Lampard MF : Joe Cole FW : Thierry Henry FW : Wayne Rooney 2006 -- 07 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Edwin van der Sar DF : Gary Neville DF : Rio Ferdinand DF : Nemanja Vidić DF : Patrice Evra MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Paul Scholes MF : Ryan Giggs FW : Didier Drogba FW : Dimitar Berbatov 2007 -- 08 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : David James DF : Bacary Sagna DF : Rio Ferdinand DF : Nemanja Vidić DF : Gaël Clichy MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Cesc Fàbregas MF : Ashley Young FW : Emmanuel Adebayor FW : Fernando Torres 2008 -- 09 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Edwin van der Sar DF : Glen Johnson DF : Rio Ferdinand DF : Nemanja Vidić DF : Patrice Evra MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Steven Gerrard MF : Ryan Giggs MF : Ashley Young FW : Nicolas Anelka FW : Fernando Torres 2013 -- 14 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Courtois RB : Juanfran CB : Laporte CB : Godín LB : F. Luís MF : Iturraspe MF : Koke MF : Gabi MF : Rakitić FW : Ronaldo FW : D. Costa Manager : Simeone 2014 -- 15 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Bravo RB : Dani Alves CB : Piqué CB : Otamendi LB : Alba MF : J. Rodríguez MF : Krychowiak MF : Rakitić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Griezmann Manager : Luis Enrique 2015 -- 16 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Oblak RB : Ramos CB : Piqué CB : Godín LB : Marcelo MF : Iniesta MF : Busquets MF : Modrić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Suárez UEFA Euro 2004 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Petr Čech Antonios Nikopolidis Defenders Ashley Cole Sol Campbell Ricardo Carvalho Traianos Dellas Olof Mellberg Giourkas Seitaridis Gianluca Zambrotta Midfielders Michael Ballack Luís Figo Frank Lampard Maniche Pavel Nedvěd Theodoros Zagorakis Zinedine Zidane Forwards Milan Baroš Angelos Charisteas Henrik Larsson Ruud van Nistelrooy Cristiano Ronaldo Wayne Rooney Jon Dahl Tomasson UEFA Euro 2012 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Gianluigi Buffon Iker Casillas Manuel Neuer Defenders Jordi Alba Fábio Coentrão Philipp Lahm Pepe Gerard Piqué Sergio Ramos Midfielders Xabi Alonso Sergio Busquets Daniele De Rossi Steven Gerrard Andrés Iniesta Sami Khedira Mesut Özil Andrea Pirlo Xavi Forwards Mario Balotelli Cesc Fàbregas Zlatan Ibrahimović Cristiano Ronaldo David Silva UEFA Euro 2016 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Rui Patrício Defenders Joshua Kimmich Jérôme Boateng Pepe Raphaël Guerreiro Midfielders Toni Kroos Joe Allen Antoine Griezmann Aaron Ramsey Dimitri Payet Forward Cristiano Ronaldo Ballon d'Or France Football magazine award Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 ) 1956 : Matthews 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Kopa 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Suárez 1961 : Sívori 1962 : Masopust 1963 : Yashin 1964 : Law 1965 : Eusébio 1966 : Charlton 1967 : Albert 1968 : Best 1969 : Rivera 1970 : Müller 1971 : Cruyff 1972 : Beckenbauer 1973 : Cruyff 1974 : Cruyff 1975 : Blokhin 1976 : Beckenbauer 1977 : Simonsen 1978 : Keegan 1979 : Keegan 1980 : Rummenigge 1981 : Rummenigge 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Platini 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Belanov 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Van Basten 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Weah 1996 : Sammer 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Shevchenko 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi Ballon d'Or ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : TBA FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1991 -- 2009 ) FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) The Best FIFA Men 's Player ( 2016 -- present ) FIFA Player of the Year FIFA World Player of the Year 1991 : Matthäus 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Romário 1995 : Weah 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Zidane 2001 : Figo 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Zidane 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi The Best FIFA Men 's Player 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo See also : Ballon d'Or FIFPro Player of the Year awards World Player of the Year 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo Young Player of the Year 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Messi 2007 : Messi 2008 : Messi UEFA European Championship winning captains 1960 : Netto 1964 : Olivella 1968 : Facchetti 1972 : Beckenbauer 1976 : Ondruš 1980 : Dietz 1984 : Platini 1988 : Gullit 1992 : Olsen 1996 : Klinsmann 2000 : Deschamps 2004 : Zagorakis 2008 : Casillas 2012 : Casillas 2016 : Ronaldo UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award UEFA Best Player in Europe 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Iniesta 2012 -- 13 : Ribéry 2013 -- 14 : Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Messi 2015 -- 16 : Ronaldo UEFA Men 's Player of the Year 2016 -- 17 : Ronaldo UEFA Club Footballer of the Year 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Beckham 2000 : Redondo 2001 : Effenberg 2002 : Zidane 2003 : Buffon 2004 : Deco 2005 : Gerrard 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Milito UEFA Club Football Awards Best Goalkeeper 1997 -- 98 : Schmeichel 1998 -- 99 : Kahn 1999 -- 2000 : Kahn 2000 -- 01 : Kahn 2001 -- 02 : Kahn 2002 -- 03 : Buffon 2003 -- 04 : Baía 2004 -- 05 : Čech 2005 -- 06 : Lehmann 2006 -- 07 : Čech 2007 -- 08 : Čech 2008 -- 09 : Van der Sar 2009 -- 10 : Júlio César 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Buffon Best Defender 1997 -- 98 : Hierro 1998 -- 99 : Stam 1999 -- 2000 : Stam 2000 -- 01 : Ayala 2001 -- 02 : Roberto Carlos 2002 -- 03 : Roberto Carlos 2003 -- 04 : Carvalho 2004 -- 05 : Terry 2005 -- 06 : Puyol 2006 -- 07 : Maldini 2007 -- 08 : Terry 2008 -- 09 : Terry 2009 -- 10 : Maicon 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Ramos Best Midfielder 1997 -- 98 : Zidane 1998 -- 99 : Beckham 1999 -- 2000 : Mendieta 2000 -- 01 : Mendieta 2001 -- 02 : Ballack 2002 -- 03 : Nedvěd 2003 -- 04 : Deco 2004 -- 05 : Kaká 2005 -- 06 : Deco 2006 -- 07 : Seedorf 2007 -- 08 : Lampard 2008 -- 09 : Xavi 2009 -- 10 : Sneijder 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Modrić Best Forward 1997 -- 98 : Ronaldo 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko 1999 -- 2000 : Raúl 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Raúl 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Ronaldinho 2005 -- 06 : Eto'o 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Milito 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo European Golden Shoe L'Équipe award 1968 : Eusébio 1969 : Zhekov 1970 : Müller 1971 : Skoblar 1972 : Müller 1973 : Eusébio 1974 : Yazalde 1975 : Georgescu 1976 : Kaiafas 1977 : Georgescu 1978 : Krankl 1979 : Kist 1980 : Vandenbergh 1981 : Slavkov 1982 : Kieft 1983 : Gomes 1984 : Rush 1985 : Gomes 1986 : Van Basten 1987 : Cămătaru / Polster 1988 : Çolak 1989 : Mateuţ 1990 : Sánchez & Stoichkov 1991 : Pančev Unofficial 1992 : McCoist 1993 : McCoist 1994 : Taylor 1995 : Avetisyan 1996 : Endeladze ESM award 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Machlas 1999 : Jardel 2000 : Phillips 2001 : Larsson 2002 : Jardel 2003 : Makaay 2004 : Henry 2005 : Henry & Forlán 2006 : Toni 2007 : Totti 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Forlán 2010 : Messi 2011 : C. Ronaldo 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : C. Ronaldo & Suárez 2015 : C. Ronaldo 2016 : Suárez 2017 : Messi FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball 2000 : Edílson 2005 : Rogério Ceni 2006 : Deco 2007 : Kaká 2008 : Rooney 2009 : Messi 2010 : Eto'o 2011 : Messi 2012 : Cássio 2013 : Ribéry 2014 : Ramos 2015 : Suárez 2016 : Ronaldo Premier League Golden Boot 1993 : Sheringham 1994 : Cole 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Shearer 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Dublin , Owen & Sutton 1999 : Hasselbaink , Owen & Yorke 2000 : Phillips 2001 : Hasselbaink 2002 : Henry 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Henry 2005 : Henry 2006 : Henry 2007 : Drogba 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Anelka 2010 : Drogba 2011 : Berbatov & Tevez 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Agüero 2016 : Kane 2017 : Kane La Liga top scorers 1929 : Bienzobas 1930 : Gorostiza 1931 : Bata 1932 : Bata 1933 : Olivares 1934 : Lángara 1935 : Lángara 1936 : Lángara 1940 : Unamuno 1941 : Pruden 1942 : E. Suárez 1943 : Martín 1944 : E. Suárez 1945 : Zarra 1946 : Zarra 1947 : Zarra 1948 : Pahiño 1949 : César 1950 : Zarra 1951 : Zarra 1952 : Pahiño 1953 : Zarra 1954 : Di Stéfano 1955 : Arza 1956 : Di Stéfano 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Badenes , Di Stéfano & Ricardo 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Puskás 1961 : Puskás 1962 : Seminario 1963 : Puskás 1964 : Puskás 1965 : Ré 1966 : Aragonés 1967 : Waldo 1968 : Uriarte 1969 : Amancio & Gárate 1970 : Amancio , Aragonés & Gárate 1971 : Gárate & Rexach 1972 : Porta 1973 : Marianín 1974 : Quini 1975 : Carlos 1976 : Quini 1977 : Kempes 1978 : Kempes 1979 : Krankl 1980 : Quini 1981 : Quini 1982 : Quini 1983 : Rincón 1984 : Da Silva & Juanito 1985 : Sánchez 1986 : Sánchez 1987 : Sánchez 1988 : Sánchez 1989 : Baltazar 1990 : Sánchez 1991 : Butragueño 1992 : Manolo 1993 : Bebeto 1994 : Romário 1995 : Zamorano 1996 : Pizzi 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Vieri 1999 : Raúl 2000 : Salva 2001 : Raúl 2002 : Tristán 2003 : Makaay 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Forlán & Eto'o 2006 : Eto'o 2007 : Van Nistelrooy 2008 : Güiza 2009 : Forlán 2010 : Messi 2011 : C. Ronaldo 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : C. Ronaldo 2016 : L. Suárez 2017 : Messi Copa del Rey top scorers 1994 : Coca & Gudelj 1995 : Penev 1996 : Pantić 1997 : Klimowicz 1998 : Rivaldo 1999 : C. López 2000 : Arenaza , Barata , Cembranos , Gâlcă , Hasselbaink , Míchel & Yordi 2001 : Salva 2002 : Guti & Raúl 2003 : Portillo 2004 : Raúl 2005 : Huegún , Alejandro & Muñoz 2006 : Ewerthon 2007 : Saviola 2008 : Soler 2009 : Messi & Luis Fabiano 2010 : Maxi 2011 : Messi & C. Ronaldo 2012 : Infante 2013 : Costa 2014 : Messi 2015 : Aspas & Neymar 2016 : Guidetti , Messi , Munir , Negredo & Suárez 2017 : Ben Yedder & Messi European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers European Cup 1955 -- 56 : Milutinović 1956 -- 57 : Viollet 1957 -- 58 : Di Stéfano 1958 -- 59 : Fontaine 1959 -- 60 : Puskás 1960 -- 61 : J. Águas 1961 -- 62 : Di Stéfano , Løfqvist , Puskás , Strehl & Tejada 1962 -- 63 : Altafini 1963 -- 64 : Kovačević , Mazzola & Puskás 1964 -- 65 : Eusébio & Torres 1965 -- 66 : Albert & Eusébio 1966 -- 67 : Piepenburg & Van Himst 1967 -- 68 : Eusébio 1968 -- 69 : Law 1969 -- 70 : Jones 1970 -- 71 : Antoniadis 1971 -- 72 : Dunai , Macari & Takač 1972 -- 73 : Müller 1973 -- 74 : Müller 1974 -- 75 : Müller & Markarov 1975 -- 76 : Heynckes 1976 -- 77 : Cucinotta & Müller 1977 -- 78 : Simonsen 1978 -- 79 : Sulser 1979 -- 80 : Lerby 1980 -- 81 : McDermott , Rummenigge & Souness 1981 -- 82 : Hoeneß 1982 -- 83 : Rossi 1983 -- 84 : Sokol 1984 -- 85 : Nilsson & Platini 1985 -- 86 : Nilsson 1986 -- 87 : Cvetković 1987 -- 88 : R. Águas , Ferreri , Hagi , Madjer , McCoist , Míchel & Novák 1988 -- 89 : Van Basten 1989 -- 90 : Papin & Romário 1990 -- 91 : Pacult & Papin 1991 -- 92 : Papin & Yuran UEFA Champions League 1992 -- 93 : Romário 1993 -- 94 : Koeman & Rufer 1994 -- 95 : Weah 1995 -- 96 : Litmanen 1996 -- 97 : Pantić 1997 -- 98 : Del Piero 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko & Yorke 1999 -- 2000 : Jardel , Raúl & Rivaldo 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Van Nistelrooy 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Van Nistelrooy 2005 -- 06 : Shevchenko 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Neymar , C. Ronaldo & Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo UEFA European Championship top scorers 1960 : Galić , Heutte , Ivanov , Jerković & Ponedelnik ( 2 ) 1964 : Bene , Novák & Pereda ( 2 ) 1968 : Džajić ( 2 ) 1972 : G. Müller ( 4 ) 1976 : D. Müller ( 4 ) 1980 : Allofs ( 3 ) 1984 : Platini ( 9 ) 1988 : Van Basten ( 5 ) 1992 : Bergkamp , Brolin , Larsen & Riedle ( 3 ) 1996 : Shearer ( 5 ) 2000 : Kluivert & Milošević ( 5 ) 2004 : Baroš ( 5 ) 2008 : Villa ( 4 ) 2012 : Balotelli , Dzagoev , Gómez , Mandžukić , C. Ronaldo & Torres ( 3 ) 2016 : Griezmann ( 6 ) * : Golden Boot award winner ( when goals scored are tied ) FIFA Puskás Award 2009 : C. Ronaldo 2010 : Altıntop 2011 : Neymar 2012 : Stoch 2013 : Ibrahimović 2014 : J. Rodríguez 2015 : Wendell Lira 2016 : Mohd Faiz 2017 : Giroud EFE Trophy 1990 -- 91 : Fernández 1991 -- 92 : Zalazar 1992 -- 93 : Zamorano 1993 -- 94 : Romário 1994 -- 95 : Zamorano 1995 -- 96 : Simeone 1996 -- 97 : Ronaldo 1997 -- 98 : Roberto Carlos 1998 -- 99 : Rivaldo 1999 -- 2000 : Herrera 2000 -- 01 : Acuña 2001 -- 02 : Saviola 2002 -- 03 : Ronaldo 2003 -- 04 : Ronaldinho 2004 -- 05 : Forlán 2005 -- 06 : Aimar 2006 -- 07 : Messi 2007 -- 08 : Agüero 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : Diego Costa 2014 -- 15 : Suárez 2015 -- 16 : Navas Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year 1988 : McClair 1989 : Robson 1990 : Pallister 1991 : Hughes 1992 : McClair 1993 : Ince 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Kanchelskis 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Giggs 1999 : Keane 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Heinze 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Vidić 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Hernández 2012 : Valencia 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : De Gea 2015 : De Gea 2016 : De Gea 2017 : Herrera PFA Young Player of the Year 1974 : Beattie 1975 : Day 1976 : Barnes 1977 : Gray 1978 : Woodcock 1979 : Regis 1980 : Hoddle 1981 : Shaw 1982 : Moran 1983 : Rush 1984 : Walsh 1985 : Hughes 1986 : Cottee 1987 : Adams 1988 : Gascoigne 1989 : Merson 1990 : Le Tissier 1991 : Sharpe 1992 : Giggs 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Cole 1995 : Fowler 1996 : Fowler 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Owen 1999 : Anelka 2000 : Kewell 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Bellamy 2003 : Jenas 2004 : Parker 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Fàbregas 2009 : Young 2010 : Milner 2011 : Wilshere 2012 : Walker 2013 : Bale 2014 : Hazard 2015 : Kane 2016 : Alli 2017 : Alli PFA Fans ' Player of the Year 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Meireles 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Suárez 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Sánchez 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kane PFA Players ' Player of the Year 1974 : Hunter 1975 : Todd 1976 : Jennings 1977 : Gray 1978 : Shilton 1979 : Brady 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Wark 1982 : Keegan 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Reid 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Hughes 1990 : Platt 1991 : Hughes 1992 : Pallister 1993 : McGrath 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Ferdinand 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Terry 2006 : Gerrard 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Giggs 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Bale 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kanté FWA Footballer of the Year 1948 : Matthews 1949 : Carey 1950 : Mercer 1951 : Johnston 1952 : Wright 1953 : Lofthouse 1954 : Finney 1955 : Revie 1956 : Trautmann 1957 : Finney 1958 : Blanchflower 1959 : Owen 1960 : Slater 1961 : Blanchflower 1962 : Adamson 1963 : Matthews 1964 : Moore 1965 : Collins 1966 : R. Charlton 1967 : J. Charlton 1968 : Best 1969 : Book & Mackay 1970 : Bremner 1971 : McLintock 1972 : Banks 1973 : Jennings 1974 : Callaghan 1975 : Mullery 1976 : Keegan 1977 : Hughes 1978 : Burns 1979 : Dalglish 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Thijssen 1982 : Perryman 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Southall 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Nicol 1990 : Barnes 1991 : Strachan 1992 : Lineker 1993 : Waddle 1994 : Shearer 1995 : Klinsmann 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Zola 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Pirès 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Henry 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Parker 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Vardy 2017 : Kanté Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano 2007 -- 08 : Raúl 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : C. Ronaldo 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo La Liga Best Player of the Year - LFP Awards 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Griezmann La Liga Forward of the Year - LFP Awards 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Messi Bravo Award 1978 : Case 1979 : Birtles 1980 : H. Müller 1981 : Wark 1982 : Shaw 1983 : Bonini 1984 : Righetti 1985 : Butragueño 1986 : Butragueño 1987 : van Basten 1988 : Ohana 1989 : Maldini 1990 : Baggio 1991 : Prosinečki 1992 : Guardiola 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Panucci 1995 : Kluivert 1996 : Del Piero 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Buffon 2000 : Casillas 2001 : Hargreaves 2002 : Metzelder 2003 : Rooney 2004 : C. Ronaldo 2005 : Robben 2006 : Fàbregas 2007 : Messi 2008 : Benzema 2009 : Busquets 2010 : T. Müller 2011 : Hazard 2012 : Verratti 2013 : Isco 2014 : Pogba 2015 : Berardi World Soccer Player of the Year 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Zico 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Maradona 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Gullit 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Maldini 1995 : Vialli 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Xavi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : C. Ronaldo Best International Athlete ESPY Award winners 2005 : Pujols 2006 : Pujols 2007 : Federer 2008 : Ochoa 2009 : Bolt 2010 -- 2011 : Award not given 2012 : Messi 2013 : Bolt 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Bolt VIAF : 42170021 LCCN : no2007130960 ISNI : 0000 0001 1460 7485 GND : 140422390 SELIBR : 382857 SUDOC : 178619000 BNF : cb15712322w ( data ) BIBSYS : 10046491 NDL : 01129904 NKC : xx0161225 BNE : XX4898197 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristiano_Ronaldo&oldid=808924490 '' Categories : 1985 births Living people People from Funchal Portuguese Roman Catholics Portuguese footballers Madeiran footballers Association football forwards Association football wingers Primeira Liga players Sporting CP footballers Premier League players Manchester United F.C. players La Liga players Real Madrid C.F. players Portugal youth international footballers Portugal under - 21 international footballers Portugal international footballers UEFA Euro 2004 players UEFA Euro 2008 players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2006 FIFA World Cup players 2010 FIFA World Cup players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers of Portugal Golden Globes ( Portugal ) winners Grand Officers of the Order of Prince Henry First Division / Premier League top scorers Pichichi Trophy winners Ballon d'Or winners FIFA World Player of the Year winners World Soccer Magazine World Player of the Year winners FIFA Century Club Portuguese expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Spain Portuguese male models Portuguese people of Cape Verdean descent Portuguese expatriates in England Portuguese expatriates in Spain UEFA Euro 2016 players UEFA European Championship - winning captains UEFA European Championship - winning players 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players UEFA Champions League winning players Commanders of the Order of Merit ( Portugal ) Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Portuguese - language external links Pages with citations using unnamed parameters NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Pages with broken reference names CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from October 2017 Use British English from August 2016 Articles using Template : Medal with Winner Articles using Template : Medal with Runner - up All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 UEFA player template using Wikidata FIFA player template using Wikidata NFT template using Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Akan አማርኛ Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语粵語 Zazaki 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 01 : 53 . 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2443420304574546129	Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court	Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court - wikipedia Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court Jump to : navigation , search Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court Supreme Court of the United States Argued November 5 , 1986 Decided February 24 , 1987 Full case name Asahi Metal Industry Company , Ltd. v. Superior Court of California , Solano County ( Cheng Shin Rubber Industrial Company , Ltd. , Real Party in Interest ) Citations 480 U.S. 102 ( more ) 107 S. Ct. 1026 ; 94 L. Ed . 2d 92 ; 1987 U.S. LEXIS 555 ; 55 U.S.L.W. 4197 ; CCH Prod . Liab . Rep. P11 , 267 Holding Considering the international context , the heavy burden on the alien defendant , and the slight interests of the plaintiff and the forum State , the exercise of personal jurisdiction by a California court over Asahi in this instance would be unreasonable and unfair . Court membership Chief Justice William Rehnquist Associate Justices William J. Brennan , Jr . Byron White Thurgood Marshall Harry Blackmun Lewis F. Powell , Jr . John P. Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Antonin Scalia Case opinions Majority O'Connor , joined by unanimous court ( part I ) ; Rehnquist , Brennan , White , Marshall , Blackmun , Powell , Stevens ( part II - B ) Concurrence O'Connor ( parts II - A , III ) , joined by Rehnquist , Powell , Scalia Concurrence Brennan , joined by White , Marshall , Blackmun Concurrence Stevens , joined by White , Blackmun Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . XIV Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court , 480 U.S. 102 ( 1987 ) , decided on February 24 , 1987 , was a case decided by the United States Supreme Court , in which the court decided whether a foreign corporation , by merely being aware that its products could end up in the forum state and into the American `` stream of commerce '' which later caused injuries , satisfied the minimum contact necessary to satisfy jurisdictional due process requirements . The court was unanimous in the result , but issued a fractured decision with Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor writing for a plurality of the court . Contents ( hide ) 1 Facts 2 Holding 3 See also 4 See also 5 External links Facts ( edit ) Asahi Metal Industry Co. was an international corporation based in Japan , which manufactured a valve used in the manufacture of motorcycle wheels . These valves were bought by Cheng Shin Rubber Industrial Co. , a Taiwanese distributor . One of these valves was alleged to have failed , causing an accident in California . As a result of the accident the driver of the motorcycle sustained serious injuries and his wife , who was riding on the motorcycle as a passenger , was killed . The accident victim sued Cheng Shin in a California state court , and Cheng Shin in turn filed a third - party complaint ( impleader ) seeking indemnification from Asahi . Asahi contested California 's personal jurisdiction over Asahi , but the California courts found jurisdiction based on Asahi 's alleged awareness of the international distribution of its products . Specifically , Asahi moved to quash Cheng Shin 's summons . The California Superior Court denied the motion but the Court of Appeals issued a writ of mandamus to the state of California telling them to quash the summons . The California Supreme Court reversed this decision , leading Asahi to appeal to the United States Supreme Court . Holding ( edit ) The Supreme Court applied a five - factor test in determining whether `` traditional notions of fair play '' would permit the assertion of personal jurisdiction over a foreign ( meaning out - of - state ) defendant : What is the burden on the defendant ? What are the interests of the forum state in the litigation ? What is the interest of the plaintiff in litigating the matter in that state ? Does the allowance of jurisdiction serve interstate efficiency ? Does the allowance of jurisdiction serve interstate policy interests ? The Court found that in this case , the burden on the defendant was severe based on both the geographic distance and legal dissimilarities between Japan and the United States . Cheng Shin was not a California resident , diminishing California 's interest in the case . Cheng Shin also did not show that it would be inconvenienced if the case for indemnification against Asahi were heard in Japan or Taiwan instead of California . Finally , neither interstate efficiency nor interstate policy interests would be served by finding jurisdiction . Because an assertion of jurisdiction would disturb the `` traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice , '' the decision of the California Supreme Court was reversed and the judgment of California Court of Appeal ( California 's intermediate appellate court ) was effectively reinstated . See also ( edit ) International trade Comity Trade treaties See also ( edit ) List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 480 List of United States Supreme Court cases Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court External links ( edit ) Full text opinion from Findlaw.com Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court Supreme Court of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asahi_Metal_Industry_Co._v._Superior_Court&oldid=792954762 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases United States personal jurisdiction case law 1987 in United States case law United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2017 , at 20 : 24 . About Wikipedia	asahi metal industry co. ltd. v. superior court of california	[]	[]
-7536706389526651289	I Wan'na Be like You (The Monkey Song)	I Wan'na Be like You ( the monkey song ) - wikipedia I Wan'na Be like You ( the monkey song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Wan'na Be like You '' is a song from Walt Disney 's 1967 film The Jungle Book . The song was written by songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman and was performed by Louis Prima . Richard Sherman said he and his brother aimed for a jazz sound , with a Dixieland - like melody . He added that `` When we first got an idea for ' I Wan'na Be Like You , ' we said an ape swings from a tree , and he 's the king of apes . We 'll make him ' the king of the swingers . ' That 's the idea , we 'll make him a jazz man . '' Once Prima was invited to do the song , he mockingly responded to the Shermans with `` You want to make a monkey out of me ? You got me ! '' The instrumentals were originally recorded by Prima -- who also played the trumpet -- and his band , Sam Butera & The Witnesses , but the music was replaced by one written by the film 's composer , George Bruns , and orchestrated by Walter Sheets . The `` scat dialogue '' between Baloo and King Louie was the result of two recording sessions . Louis Prima recorded first , with the intent that Baloo -- played in his recording by Butera -- would simply repeat what Louie scatted , but Phil Harris decided not to imitate Prima 's recording and made up his own . The song was released the same date as the motion picture itself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 2 Robbie Williams version 2.1 Weekly charts 3 Uses in popular culture 4 See also 5 References Cover versions ( edit ) Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen released a single of `` I Wanna Be like You '' ( without an apostrophe in the title ) in 1968 and it also featured on their 1969 album King of the Swingers . Pinky and Perky recorded a version for their Film Parade album in 1970 and also released the song as a single . On the 1990 collection Stay Awake : Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films , the song appears on `` Medley Two '' as recorded by Los Lobos , who play the song occasionally in their live shows . On 5 April 1994 Phish performed a truly Phish - styled version at The Metropolis Concert Hall in Montreal , Quebec . Big Bad Voodoo Daddy did a cover of the song on the Swingers soundtrack , even though the song does not appear in the film . The band later released the song on their 1999 album This Beautiful Life . Voodoo Glow Skulls recorded a ska version of the song for the 2002 Japanese - exclusive album Dive into Disney . The Jungle Book 2 , released in 2003 , featured the band Smash Mouth playing the song during the end credits of the film ; the song also appeared on the film 's soundtrack . In the Australian version , Nikki Webster covers the song , which is also featured on her Best of album . The 2005 album En Vivo by Gabriel Ríos contains a cover of the song . In 2007 , a pop rock cover was recorded by the Jonas Brothers for Disneymania 5 . British pop singer Paolo Nutini performed `` I Wan'na Be like You '' at the 2007 Glastonbury Festival . On 23 October 2010 , X Factor contestant Katie Waissel pleased the judges with her surprise selection of the song . Craig David sang a cover of the song for an award ceremony in the UK ; the video is on YouTube . In November 2013 , The Overtones recorded a cover of the song as a mix with `` The Bare Necessities '' for their album Saturday Night at the Movies . In 2015 , Fall Out Boy recorded a cover version of the song for the compilation album We Love Disney . Christopher Walken performs the song as King Louie in the 2016 live - action adaptation , with new lyrics written by Richard M. Sherman to reflect the character of Louie being depicted as a Gigantopithecus . J - pop band Little Glee Monster recorded a Japanese cover of the song titled ' Kimi no yō ni naritai ` ( 君のようになりたい ) . The Fun Songs version is performed in a 1994 Disney Sing - Along Songs home video : Let 's Go to the Circus . In it , Toby Scott Ganger imagines what it would be like if he and his friends were all monkeys in the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus show . Robbie Williams version ( edit ) `` I Wanna Be like You '' Song by Robbie Williams featuring Olly Murs from the album Swings Both Ways Length 3 : 31 Label Island Universal Songwriter ( s ) Richard Sherman Robert Sherman Producer ( s ) Guy Chambers Swings Both Ways track listing `` Go Gentle '' ( 2 ) `` I Wanna Be like You '' ( 3 ) `` Swing Supreme '' ( 4 ) `` I Wan'na Be like You '' was covered by British recording artist Robbie Williams featuring British recording artist Olly Murs for his tenth studio album Swings Both Ways ( 2013 ) . Production of their rendition was handled by Guy Chambers . However , in the liner notes Robbie Williams incorrectly attributes the original to Phil Harris , and says how much he admires Harris ( p. 4 of notes in Deluxe Edition ) . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 55 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 85 Ireland ( IRMA ) 64 Uses in popular culture ( edit ) In 2009 , `` I Wanna Be like You '' was used in a British anti-smoking public information film . It showed children copying everything their parents did ( for example , boys putting shaving cream on their faces , girls dressing up in their mothers ' best clothes and both genders washing the car ) , and `` I Wanna Be like You '' is playing throughout the advertisement , but it stops when a girl puts a crayon to her mouth in imitation of her mother smoking . It stops with the voice - over saying , `` If you smoke , your children are more likely to . '' The Robbie Williams / Olly Murs collaborative cover appears in season 3 , episode 9 of the TV drama Stella . In 2015 , `` I Wanna Be like You '' was featured in season 1 , episode 7 of the TV drama Aquarius . See also ( edit ) I Wanna Be Loved by You References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) -- Soundtracks from Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Sherman , Richard . The Jungle Book audio commentary . The Jungle Book -- Platinum Edition Jump up ^ I Wan'na Be like You : Richard Sherman shares story behind writing famous Jungle Book song Jump up ^ Kenny Ball 45rpm Discography at www.45rpm.org.uk Jump up ^ Kenny Ball -- King Of The Swingers ( 1969 ) at Discogs Jump up ^ Rebecca Keegan ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' director Jon Favreau keeps the 19th century Kipling tone but updates the classic for modern times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Robbie Williams feat . Olly Murs -- I wan na Be like You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Robbie Williams feat . Olly Murs -- I wan na Be like You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 48 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . ( hide ) Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Mowgli 's First Adventure : In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond ( 1998 ) Mowgli ( 2018 ) Television Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wan%27na_Be_like_You_(The_Monkey_Song)&oldid=823436479 '' Categories : Songs about animals Songs from The Jungle Book 1967 songs Songs written by the Sherman Brothers Jazz songs Swing music Robbie Williams songs Olly Murs songs Fall Out Boy songs Jonas Brothers songs Los Lobos songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 06 : 30 . 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3080015526932456725	Oh Wonder (album)	Oh Wonder ( album ) - Wikipedia Oh Wonder ( album ) Oh Wonder Studio album by Oh Wonder Released September 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 04 ) Recorded 2014 -- 2015 Genre Indie pop electropop alternative Length 52 : 23 Label Self - released Island Republic Caroline International Oh Wonder chronology Oh Wonder ( 2015 ) Ultralife ( 2017 ) Ultralife 2017 Singles from Oh Wonder `` Body Gold '' Released : September 1 , 2014 `` Shark '' Released : October 1 , 2014 `` Dazzle '' Released : November 1 , 2014 `` All We Do '' Released : December 1 , 2014 `` The Rain '' Released : January 1 , 2015 `` Lose It '' Released : February 1 , 2015 `` Technicolour Beat '' Released : March 1 , 2015 `` Midnight Moon '' Released : April 1 , 2015 `` Livewire '' Released : May 1 , 2015 `` White Blood '' Released : June 1 , 2015 `` Landslide '' Released : July 1 , 2015 `` Drive '' Released : August 1 , 2015 `` Heart Hope '' Released : September 1 , 2015 `` Without You '' Released : September 4th , 2015 `` Plans '' Released : September 4th , 2015 Oh Wonder is the debut studio album by alt - pop duo Oh Wonder , self - released on September 4 , 2015 . The album is the accumulation of singles released monthly throughout 2014 - 2015 , in addition to two unreleased songs . Contents 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Usage in media 4 Track listing 5 Charts 6 Certifications 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Starting in September 2014 , Anthony West and Josephine Vander Gucht wrote , recorded and released one song on the first of every month for a year on Soundcloud . They have described the creation and release of their debut album as nontraditional , stating that the album consists of fifteen singles and was never conceived as an entire record . The debut album consisted of all thirteen songs , as well as two additional songs , `` Without You '' and `` Plans '' . The album was written , produced and mixed by West and Vander Gucht in their home studio in South - East London in 2014 -- 2015 . The album has sold over 500,000 copies worldwide and amassed in excess of 500 million streams . It has been certified silver in the UK , and gold in Canada . Critical reception ( edit ) Oh Wonder received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Serena Weiss of The Ithacan hailed the album as `` simplistically stunning '' and `` hauntingly beautiful '' , while praising the chemistry between Gucht and West . Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Guardian Renowned for Sound The Ithacan Usage in media ( edit ) The song , `` All We Do '' , was featured in the opening credits of the 2015 ITV crime drama Unforgotten and the third episode of the 2015 MTV American slasher horror Scream . The song `` Drive '' was used in the pilot episode of the 2015 BBC drama Doctor Foster . In October 2016 , `` All We Do '' was featured at the end of an episode of Coronation Street. . `` All We Do '' was also featured at the end of `` Miss Taken '' , an episode of Sky drama Elementary . The first verse of the song `` Landslide '' was sampled in rapper Lil Uzi Vert 's song `` The Way Life Goes '' from his album Luv Is Rage 2 , as well as retaining some of the original vocals , therefore Oh Wonder are credited as featured artists on the song . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Josephine Vander Gucht and Anthony West . No . Title Length 1 . `` Livewire '' 3 : 24 2 . `` Body Gold '' 3 : 05 3 . `` Technicolour Beat '' 3 : 00 4 . `` Drive '' 3 : 16 5 . `` Lose It '' 3 : 50 6 . `` Landslide '' 3 : 28 7 . `` White Blood '' 4 : 17 8 . `` Without You '' 3 : 45 9 . `` The Rain '' 2 : 54 10 . `` Dazzle '' 3 : 07 11 . `` All We Do '' 3 : 34 12 . `` Midnight Moon '' 3 : 31 13 . `` Shark '' 3 : 07 14 . `` Heart Hope '' 4 : 09 15 . `` Plans '' 3 : 59 Total length : 52 : 23 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 56 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 55 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 135 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 19 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 50 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 54 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 87 UK Albums ( OCC ) 26 US Billboard 200 80 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 60,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Oh Wonder '' . MusicBrainz . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oh Wonder caps off an electric debut tour '' . Boston Globe . 29 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Serena . `` Review : Oh Wonder stuns with debut album The Ithacan '' . theithacan.org . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Donelson , Marcy . Oh Wonder Oh Wonder > Review at AllMusic . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Mokoena , Tshepo ( 3 September 2015 ) . `` Oh Wonder : Oh Wonder review -- a breathy synthpop debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Floyd , Marcus ( 5 September 2015 ) . `` Album Review : Oh Wonder - Oh Wonder '' . Renowned for Sound . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Serena . `` Review : Oh Wonder stuns with debut album The Ithacan '' . theithacan.org . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Jantz , Ryan . `` Music from Scream : Season 1 , Episode 3 '' . MTV Soundtrack . MTV . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Mech , Chris . `` Lil Uzi Vert Samples A London Indie Duo On His New Song `` The Way Life Goes '' `` . Genius . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 12 September 2015 ) . `` ARIA Albums : Troye Sivan ' Wild ' EP Debuts At No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Oh Wonder -- Oh Wonder '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Oh Wonder -- Oh Wonder '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oh Wonder - Chart history : Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Oh Wonder -- Oh Wonder '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track Albums : Week 37 , 2015 '' . Chart - Track . IRMA . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Oh Wonder -- Oh Wonder '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oh Wonder - Chart history : Billboard 200 '' . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Oh Wonder -- Oh Wonder '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Oh Wonder -- Oh Wonder '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Select albums in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter Oh Wonder in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) OhWonder on SoundCloud OhWonder on iTunes This 2010s indie pop album - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oh_Wonder_(album)&oldid=843777623 '' Categories : 2015 debut albums Oh Wonder albums 2010s alternative rock album stubs Indie pop album stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom SoundCloud ID same as Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 11 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sang all we do is hide away	[]	[]
8420492885797356641	Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)	Hey Hey , My My ( into the black ) - wikipedia Hey Hey , My My ( into the black ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Hey Hey , My My ( Into the Black ) '' Single by Neil Young and Crazy Horse from the album Rust Never Sleeps B - side `` My My , Hey Hey ( Out of the Blue ) '' Released August 27 , 1979 Format 45 RPM Record Recorded October 22 , 1978 , The Cow Palace , Daly City , California Genre Hard rock Length 5 : 18 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Neil Young , Jeff Blackburn Producer ( s ) Neil Young , David Briggs , Tim Mulligan `` Hey Hey , My My ( Into the Black ) '' is a song written by Canadian musician Neil Young . Combined with its acoustic counterpart `` My My , Hey Hey ( Out of the Blue ) '' , it bookends Young 's successful 1979 album Rust Never Sleeps . Inspired by electropunk group Devo , the rise of punk and what Young viewed as his own growing irrelevance , the song significantly revitalized Young 's career at the time , and today crosses generations , inspiring admirers from punk to grunge . The song is about the alternatives of continuing to produce similar music ( `` to rust '' or -- in `` My My , Hey Hey ( Out of the Blue ) '' -- `` to fade away '' ) or to burn out . A line from the acoustic version of the song , `` it 's better to burn out than to fade away , '' became infamous after being quoted in Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain 's suicide note . Young later said that he was so shaken that he dedicated his 1994 album Sleeps with Angels to Cobain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Legacy 2.1 Quotations 3 References 4 External links Origins ( edit ) The song `` Hey , Hey , My , My ... '' and the title phrase of the album , `` rust never sleeps '' on which it was featured sprang from Young 's encounters with Devo and in particular Mark Mothersbaugh . Devo was asked by Young in 1977 to participate in the creating of his film Human Highway . A scene in the film shows Young playing the song in its entirety with Devo , who clearly want little to do with anything `` radio - friendly '' ( of note is Mothersbaugh changing `` Johnny Rotten '' to `` Johnny Spud '' ) . The famous line `` It 's better to burn out than it is to rust '' is often credited to Young 's friend Jeff Blackburn of The Ducks . Some reviewers viewed Young 's career as skidding after the release of American Stars ' N Bars and Comes a Time . With the explosion of punk in 1977 , some punks felt that Young and his contemporaries were becoming obsolete . Young worried that they were right . The death of Elvis Presley that same year seemed to sound a death knell for rock , as The Clash cried , `` No Elvis , Beatles or The Rolling Stones in 1977 ! '' in the song `` 1977 '' . From Young 's fear of becoming obsolete sprang an appreciation of the punk ethic , and the song was born , initially an acoustic lament that became `` My My , Hey Hey ( Out of the Blue ) '' . Upon embarking on a tour with his backing band Crazy Horse , the song took on new life in a rock arrangement , punctuated by Young 's guitar solos that would go on to inspire players of the proto - grunge scene , including Sonic Youth , The Meat Puppets , Pixies and Dinosaur Jr . Legacy ( edit ) Upon its release , Rust Never Sleeps was hailed as a commercial and critical revitalization for Young , and the successful , bizarre tour ( featuring oversized amps , road crews dressed as Jawas from the then - new film Star Wars ( called Road - eyes ) , sound technicians in lab coats , audio recordings from Woodstock played from disintegrating tapes , etc . ) earned him a new generation of fans and good will , buoyed mainly by `` Hey Hey , My My '' . As Young 's commercial popularity waned in the 1980s , an underground rock movement began to embrace the artist . At a time when glam metal and bubblegum pop saturated commercial airwaves , disaffected bands used Young as a prime example of the perfect blend of noise and melody , braggadocio and vulnerability , folk and hard rock . A collection of Neil Young covers titled The Bridge emerged in the late ' 80s , featuring a veritable who 's - who of the pre-Nirvana grunge scene . When Nirvana appeared on the national stage with Nevermind , Cobain and Young took to acknowledging one another in the press . `` Hey Hey , My My 's '' most memorable influence on modern rock comes from the line `` It 's better to burn out than to fade away '' ( actually only spoken in full in the acoustic `` My My , Hey Hey '' and the Human Highway film recording ) . Kurt Cobain 's suicide note ended with the same line , shaking Young and inadvertently cementing his place as the so - called `` Godfather of Grunge '' . Ex-Beatle John Lennon commented on the message of the song in a 1980 interview with David Sheff from Playboy : Sheff : You disagree with Neil Young 's lyric in Rust Never Sleeps : `` It 's better to burn out than to fade away ... '' Lennon : I hate it . It 's better to fade away like an old soldier than to burn out . If he was talking about burning out like Sid Vicious , forget it . I do n't appreciate the worship of dead Sid Vicious or of dead James Dean or dead John Wayne . It 's the same thing . Making Sid Vicious a hero , Jim Morrison -- it 's garbage to me . I worship the people who survive -- Gloria Swanson , Greta Garbo . They 're saying John Wayne conquered cancer -- he whipped it like a man . You know , I 'm sorry that he died and all that -- I 'm sorry for his family -- but he did n't whip cancer . It whipped him . I do n't want Sean worshiping John Wayne or Johnny Rotten or Sid Vicious . What do they teach you ? Nothing . Death . Sid Vicious died for what ? So that we might rock ? I mean , it 's garbage you know . If Neil Young admires that sentiment so much , why does n't he do it ? Because he sure as hell faded away and came back many times , like all of us . No , thank you . I 'll take the living and the healthy . Young would reply two years later when asked to respond to Lennon 's comments : The rock'n'roll spirit is not survival . Of course the people who play rock'n'roll should survive . But the essence of the rock'n'roll spirit to me , is that it 's better to burn out really bright than to sort of decay off into infinity . Even though if you look at it in a mature way , you 'll think , `` well , yes ... you should decay off into infinity , and keep going along '' . Rock'n'roll does n't look that far ahead . Rock'n'roll is right now . What 's happening right this second . Is it bright ? Or is it dim because it 's waiting for tomorrow -- that 's what people want to know . And that 's why I say that . The song also influenced Britpop artists . Oasis covered the song on their 2000 world tour , including it on their live album and DVD Familiar to Millions . Not coincidentally , the band acknowledged Cobain 's attachment to the song by dedicating it to him when they played it in Seattle on the sixth anniversary of his death . Scottish band Big Country recorded a version , which can be heard on their Under Covers album , and the remastered edition of their live album Without the Aid of a Safety Net . It is also used as live - intro to System of a Down 's `` Kill Rock ' n Roll '' in some live performances . The song still appears frequently on FM radio today , most often on `` classic rock '' stations . Young 's penchant for `` bookending '' an album with the same song in different renditions , first seen on Tonight 's the Night , returned on his second `` comeback '' album , Freedom , in 1989 , with `` Rockin ' in the Free World '' . Young performs the song at nearly every concert in one form or another . It is included on his Greatest Hits . Many other bands and singers have played or recorded covers of this song : System of a Down ( Festival of Hurricane in 2005 ) , Dave Matthews Band , Cross Canadian Ragweed , Battleme ( closing track of the Sons of Anarchy Season 3 finale ) , Rick Derringer , Nomeansno ( FUBAR soundtrack ) , Mexican rock & roll band El Tri , Finnish glam rock band Negative , Argentine rock band La Renga , Chromatics , Jake Bugg ( played live at the 2013 Glastonbury Festival ) , Axel Rudi Pell on his 2014 album Into the Storm . Romanian act Fjord covered the song for their 2016 album Textures . Brazilian doom metal band HellLight recorded a version for an album of covers ( The Light That Brought Darkness in 2012 ) . Blixa Bargeld and Teho Teardo covered the song on their 2017 album Fall . The song is the title theme of Dennis Hopper 's movie Out of the Blue . The song was included at # 93 in Bob Mersereau 's book The Top 100 Canadian Singles ( 2010 ) . Peter Buck of R.E.M. has acknowledged in interviews that his band 's first hit , `` The One I Love '' , is actually a rewriting on Neil Young 's `` Hey Hey , My My '' . Quotations ( edit ) Courtney Love , singer for Hole and Cobain 's widow , alludes both to this song and her husband 's suicide note in the song `` Reasons To Be Beautiful '' from the album Celebrity Skin . In `` Reasons To Be Beautiful , '' she changes the verse to `` It 's better to rise than fade away . '' Def Leppard begins their song `` Rock of Ages '' with the lines `` I got something to say / It 's better to burn out than fade away '' ; the same lines were used in the movie Highlander by The Kurgan and used in the Queen song `` Gimme The Prize ( Kurgan 's Theme ) '' on their A Kind Of Magic album . Metalcore band Killswitch Engage have quoted the line in their song `` New Awakening '' . The lyrics of the song , in particular `` out of the blue and into the black '' , are an epigraph and also a prominent feature in Stephen King 's It . Lana Del Rey mentions the song through the lyrics `` out of the black , into the blue '' on her song `` Get Free '' from her fifth studio album Lust for Life ( Lana Del Rey album ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shakey : Neil Young 's Biography , Jimmy McDonough , 2002 , Anchor Jump up ^ Oh Yes , It 's Devo : An Interview with Jerry Casale Brian L. Knight , The Vermont Review , Retrieved December 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ Shakey : Neil Young 's Biography , Jimmy McDonough , 2002 , Anchor , pp. 534 - 535 Jump up ^ The Last Gang in Town : The Story and Myth of the Clash , Marcus Gray , 1996 , New York : Henry Holt and Company , pp. 187 - 188 ^ Jump up to : `` Neil and The Beatles '' . HyperRust.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Oasis Pay Tribute to Cobain '' . NME news . 2000 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved December 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ FjordVEVO ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) , Fjord - Hey Hey , My My ( Into The Black ) ( Neil Young Cover Video ) , retrieved 2016 - 10 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Funeral Doom / The Light That Brought Darkness , by Helllight '' . Helllight . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Song lyrics at Metrolyrics HyperRust Never Sleeps - a Neil Young database with information and further lyrics Kurt Cobain and Neil Young - details the connection between Nirvana and Young , as well as Cobain 's suicide note Sonic Youth and Neil Young - details Sonic Youth 's involvement with Young during the early 1990s Ruth Israel , Rachel Auger and Patrick McAllister - Theatrical Blues Performance dedicated to Neil Young ( hide ) Neil Young Crazy Horse The Stray Gators Promise of the Real Studio albums Neil Young Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere After the Gold Rush Harvest On the Beach Tonight 's the Night Zuma American Stars ' n Bars Comes a Time Hawks & Doves Re ac tor Trans Everybody 's Rockin ' Old Ways Landing on Water This Note 's for You Freedom Ragged Glory Harvest Moon Sleeps with Angels Mirror Ball Broken Arrow Silver & Gold Are You Passionate ? Greendale Prairie Wind Living with War Chrome Dreams II Fork in the Road Le Noise Americana Psychedelic Pill A Letter Home Storytone The Monsanto Years Peace Trail Hitchhiker The Visitor EPs Eldorado Live albums Time Fades Away Rust Never Sleeps Live Rust Life Arc Weld Unplugged Year of the Horse Road Rock Vol. 1 Earth Soundtracks Journey Through the Past Where the Buffalo Roam Philadelphia Dead Man Compilations Decade Lucky Thirteen Greatest Hits Archives series The Archives Vol. 1 1963 -- 1972 Archives Performance series Live at the Fillmore East Live at Massey Hall 1971 Sugar Mountain -- Live at Canterbury House 1968 Live at the Riverboat 1969 Dreamin ' Man Live ' 92 A Treasure Live at the Cellar Door Bluenote Café Unreleased albums Homegrown Chrome Dreams Songs `` Mr. Soul '' `` Broken Arrow '' `` Expecting to Fly '' `` Sugar Mountain '' `` The Loner '' `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' `` Cinnamon Girl '' `` Down by the River '' `` Cowgirl in the Sand '' `` Helpless '' `` Ohio '' `` Tell Me Why '' `` After the Gold Rush '' `` Only Love Can Break Your Heart '' `` Southern Man '' `` Do n't Let It Bring You Down '' `` When You Dance I Can Really Love '' `` Bad Fog of Loneliness '' `` A Man Needs a Maid '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Are You Ready for the Country ? '' `` Old Man '' `` The Needle and the Damage Done '' `` Cortez the Killer '' `` Will to Love '' `` Like a Hurricane '' `` Love Is a Rose '' `` Lotta Love '' `` Hey Hey , My My ( Into the Black ) '' `` Pocahontas '' `` Powderfinger '' `` Sedan Delivery '' `` Rockin ' in the Free World '' `` No More '' `` Wrecking Ball '' `` Downtown '' `` Let 's Impeach the President '' `` Angry World '' `` A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop '' Films and Videos Journey Through the Past Human Highway Neil Young in Berlin Solo Trans Year of the Horse Neil Young : Silver and Gold Greendale Neil Young : Heart of Gold CSNY / Déjà Vu Neil Young Trunk Show Neil Young Journeys Books Waging Heavy Peace : A Hippie Dream Related Discography The Squires The Mynah Birds Buffalo Springfield Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young The Stills -- Young Band The Bridge : A Tribute to Neil Young Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi Pono Old Black Farm Aid Bridge School Benefit Pegi Young ( former wife ) Carrie Snodgress Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hey_Hey,_My_My_(Into_the_Black)&oldid=825374841 '' Categories : Neil Young songs 1979 singles Songs written by Neil Young Oasis ( band ) songs Songs about suicide Song recordings produced by David Briggs ( producer ) 1979 songs Reprise Records singles Music videos directed by Julien Temple Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2010 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 01 : 25 . 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7587656134254063041	Billionaire (Los Angeles, California)	Billionaire ( Los Angeles , California ) - wikipedia Billionaire ( Los Angeles , California ) Billionaire Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap General information Type House Architectural style Contemporary Location 924 Bel Air Road Los Angeles , California , 90077 Coordinates 34 ° 05 ′ 23 '' N 118 ° 26 ′ 27 '' W / 34.089695 ° N 118.440817 ° W / 34.089695 ; - 118.440817 Coordinates : 34 ° 05 ′ 23 '' N 118 ° 26 ′ 27 '' W / 34.089695 ° N 118.440817 ° W / 34.089695 ; - 118.440817 Construction started 2012 Completed 2016 Governing body Private Technical details Floor area 38,000 square feet ( 3,500 m ) Billionaire is a private residence located at 924 Bel Air Road in the Bel Air neighborhood of Los Angeles . The home designed by Bruce Makowsky is the most expensive house for sale in the United States ( as of 2017 ) and one of the largest houses in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . Contents 1 History 2 Price 3 Description 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The previous home occupying the lot was owned by Hollywood star Judy Garland until 1967 . The property was acquired by Makowsky on May 7 , 2012 , for US $7.9 million . The structure was built over the course of four years by 250 workers . Price ( edit ) Listed on January 18 , 2017 , at US $250 million , Billionaire was the most expensive house listed for sale at that time in the United States . In April 2018 it was relisted for $188 million . It surpassed the Gemini mansion in Manalapan , Florida that was listed at US $190 million at the time . The most expensive home ever sold in Los Angeles County was the Playboy Mansion at $100 million while the record sale in the state of California was $117.5 million . At that time , the most expensive home ever sold in the United States was a $147 million East Hampton mansion . Description ( edit ) This section contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The house at 924 Bel Air Road consists of 38,000 square feet ( 3,500 m ) of living space on four levels including 12 bedrooms ( two master suites and 10 VIP oversized guest suites ) . The interior contains 21 bathrooms adorned with 50 types of marble imported from Italy , five bars , three gourmet kitchens , three dining areas , a state - of - the - art fitness center , a wellness spa , a 4 - lane bowling alley , a $12,000 glass pool table , and a 360 - inch TV , likely the largest residential television set . The $2 million , 40 - seat Dolby Atmos James Bond - themed theater features a 22 - foot screen , 57 speakers , and a 4k projector with 7,000 pre-loaded movies . Situated on a 1.08 - acre lot , the exterior of the home features 17,000 square feet ( 1,600 m ) of outdoor deck space , a $2 million outdoor hydraulic retractable theater screen measuring 18 feet by 12 feet , an 85 - foot glass tile infinity pool with a swim - up bar , and a helipad with an inoperable Airwolf . replica that the developer calls a `` sculpture . '' The home offers a 270 - degree unobstructed view of Los Angeles from the San Gabriel Mountains to the Pacific Ocean in Malibu . The residence contains many unique features including two fully stocked wine cellars , two commercial elevators lined in alligator skin , a $2 million polished steel staircase , a $500,000 set of moving Seven Dwarfs images , a $200,000 wall of candy dispensers , Dom Pérignon - filled fire extinguishers , over 130 works of art ( including photographs by Timothy White and a $1 million sculpture by Liao Yibai ) , and a seven - person full - time staff with separate living quarters . The residence includes an auto gallery with US $30 million in luxury vehicles including Lamborghinis , Ferraris , Bentleys , a Rolls Royce , a Bugatti Veyron , ten motorcycles , a one - of - a-kind Pagani Huayra worth more than $2 million , and a 1936 Mercedes - Benz 540K worth in excess of $15 million . See also ( edit ) List of largest houses in the Los Angeles metropolitan area List of largest houses in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stone , Natalie ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Grab Your Checkbook ! The Most Expensive Home in America Hits the Market for $250 Million '' . People.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 924 BEL AIR RD '' . 924BelAir.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 924 Bel Air Road '' . OnThisVerySpot.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 924 Judy Garland 's Home '' . Pinterest.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Write to your favorite celebrity '' . RobTencerPR.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 924 Bel Air Road , Los Angeles , CA 90077 '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leitereg , Neal J. ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` The U.S. ' priciest house for sale is a Bel - Air mansion that includes 7 staffers and a helicopter '' . LATimes.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Robert ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Most Expensive House ... Times Two '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Robert ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Take a peek inside the most expensive home for sale in the US '' . CNBC.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Millin , Amanda ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Most Expensive Home : Flamboyant Display of Wealth or Ultimate Party Pad ? '' . RobbReport.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kiefer , Peter ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Most Expensive Home : $250 M Los Angeles Mansion Hits the Market '' . HollywoodReporter.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jamshed , Zahra ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` $250 million mansion is most expensive home listed in US '' . CNN.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Bel Air , Los Angeles Geography Neighborhoods East Gate Bel Air Education Primary and secondary schools Los Angeles Unified School District Marymount High School Milken Community Schools Mirman School John Thomas Dye School Westland School Wise School Other education American Jewish University Los Angeles Public Library Los Angeles Community College District Other Landmarks Bel Air Presbyterian Church Hannah Carter Japanese Garden Stephen S. Wise Temple Category Commons Portal Westside region , Los Angeles Districts and neighborhoods Bel Air Benedict Canyon Beverly Crest Beverly Glen Beverly Hills Post Office Beverlywood Brentwood Brentwood Circle Brentwood Glen Century City Cheviot Hills Crestview Del Rey East Gate Bel Air Holmby Hills Kenter Canyon La Cienega Heights Mandeville Canyon Marina del Rey Marina Peninsula Mar Vista Palisades Highlands Pacific Palisades Palms Playa del Rey Playa Vista Rancho Park Reynier Village Rustic Canyon Sawtelle South Robertson Venice West Los Angeles Westchester Westdale Westside Village Westwood Wilshire Vista Points of interest Getty Center LAX Loyola Marymount University Sunset Strip UCLA Neighboring cities and communities Beverly Hills Culver City Ladera Heights Malibu Marina del Rey Santa Monica West Hollywood LA Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Wilshire Mid-City West Mid-Wilshire Los Angeles articles By topic History Timeline Transportation Culture Landmarks Historic sites Skyscrapers Demographics Crime Sports Media Music Notable people Lists Government Flag Mayor City Council ( President ) Other elected officials Airport DWP Fire Department Police Public schools Libraries Port Transportation LA Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Wilshire Mid-City West Mid-Wilshire Category Commons Portal External links ( edit ) Photograph of the former home at 924 Bel Air Road . Photographs of the current home at 924 Bel Air Road . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billionaire_(Los_Angeles,_California)&oldid=865785088 '' Categories : Houses in Los Angeles Bel Air , Los Angeles Residential buildings completed in 2016 Hidden categories : Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with a promotional tone from June 2018 All articles with a promotional tone Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 03 : 46 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who lives at 924 bel air road california	[]	[]
-4061219176057844095	Srinivasa Ramanujan	Srinivasa Ramanujan - wikipedia Srinivasa Ramanujan This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 August 2018 . `` Ramanujan '' redirects here . For other uses , see Ramanujan ( disambiguation ) . In this Indian name , the name Srinivasa is a patronymic , not a family name , and the person should be referred to by the given name , Ramanujan . Srinivasa Ramanujan FRS ( 1887 - 12 - 22 ) 22 December 1887 Erode , Madras Presidency , British India ( present - day Tamil Nadu , India ) 26 April 1920 ( 1920 - 04 - 26 ) ( aged 32 ) Kumbakonam , Madras Presidency , British India ( present - day Tamil Nadu , India ) Residence Kumbakonam , Madras Presidency , British India ( present - day Tamil Nadu , India ) Madras , Madras Presidency , British India ( present - day Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India ) London , England , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( present - day United Kingdom ) Nationality Indian Education Government Arts College ( no degree ) Pachaiyappa 's College ( no degree ) Trinity College , Cambridge ( BSc , 1916 ) Known for Landau -- Ramanujan constant Mock theta functions Ramanujan conjecture Ramanujan prime Ramanujan -- Soldner constant Ramanujan theta function Ramanujan 's sum Rogers -- Ramanujan identities Ramanujan 's master theorem Ramanujan -- Sato series Awards Fellow of the Royal Society Scientific career Fields Mathematics Institutions Trinity College , Cambridge Thesis Highly Composite Numbers ( 1916 ) Academic advisors G.H. Hardy J.E. Littlewood Influences G.S. Carr Influenced G.H. Hardy Signature Srinivasa Ramanujan FRS ( / ˈʃriːniˌvɑːsə rɑːˈmɑːnʊdʒən / ; listen ( help info ) ; 22 December 1887 -- 26 April 1920 ) was an Indian mathematician who lived during the British Rule in India . Though he had almost no formal training in pure mathematics , he made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis , number theory , infinite series , and continued fractions , including solutions to mathematical problems considered to be unsolvable . Ramanujan initially developed his own mathematical research in isolation : `` He tried to interest the leading professional mathematicians in his work , but failed for the most part . What he had to show them was too novel , too unfamiliar , and additionally presented in unusual ways ; they could not be bothered '' . Seeking mathematicians who could better understand his work , in 1913 he began a postal partnership with the English mathematician G.H. Hardy at the University of Cambridge , England . Recognizing the extraordinary work sent to him as samples , Hardy arranged travel for Ramanujan to Cambridge . In his notes , Ramanujan had produced groundbreaking new theorems , including some that Hardy stated had `` defeated ( him and his colleagues ) completely '' , in addition to rediscovering recently proven but highly advanced results . During his short life , Ramanujan independently compiled nearly 3,900 results ( mostly identities and equations ) . Many were completely novel ; his original and highly unconventional results , such as the Ramanujan prime , the Ramanujan theta function , partition formulae and mock theta functions , have opened entire new areas of work and inspired a vast amount of further research . Nearly all his claims have now been proven correct . The Ramanujan Journal , a peer - reviewed scientific journal , was established to publish work in all areas of mathematics influenced by Ramanujan , and his notebooks -- containing summaries of his published and unpublished results -- have been analyzed and studied for decades since his death as a source of new mathematical ideas . As late as 2011 and again in 2012 , researchers continued to discover that mere comments in his writings about `` simple properties '' and `` similar outputs '' for certain findings were themselves profound and subtle number theory results that remained unsuspected until nearly a century after his death . He became one of the youngest Fellows of the Royal Society and only the second Indian member , and the first Indian to be elected a Fellow of Trinity College , Cambridge . Of his original letters , Hardy stated that a single look was enough to show they could only have been written by a mathematician of the highest calibre , comparing Ramanujan to other mathematical geniuses such as Euler and Jacobi . In 1919 , ill health -- now believed to have been hepatic amoebiasis ( a complication from episodes of dysentery many years previously ) -- compelled Ramanujan 's return to India , where he died in 1920 at the age of 32 . His last letters to Hardy , written January 1920 , show that he was still continuing to produce new mathematical ideas and theorems . His `` lost notebook '' , containing discoveries from the last year of his life , caused great excitement among mathematicians when it was rediscovered in 1976 . A deeply religious Hindu , Ramanujan credited his substantial mathematical capacities to divinity , and stated that the mathematical knowledge he displayed was revealed to him by his family goddess . `` An equation for me has no meaning , '' he once said , `` unless it expresses a thought of God . '' Contents 1 Early life 2 Adulthood in India 2.1 Pursuit of career in mathematics 2.2 Contacting British mathematicians 3 Life in England 3.1 Illness and death 3.2 Personality and spiritual life 4 Mathematical achievements 4.1 The Ramanujan conjecture 4.2 Ramanujan 's notebooks 5 Hardy -- Ramanujan number 1729 6 Mathematicians ' views of Ramanujan 7 Posthumous recognition 8 In popular culture 9 Selected publications on Ramanujan and his work 10 Selected publications on works of Ramanujan 11 See also 12 References 13 External links 13.1 Media links 13.2 Biographical links 13.3 Other links Early life ( edit ) Ramanujan 's birthplace on 18 Alahiri Street , Erode Ramanujan 's home on Sarangapani Sannidhi Street , Kumbakonam Ramanujan ( literally , `` younger brother of Rama '' , a Hindu deity ) was born on 22 December 1887 into a Tamil Brahmin Iyengar family in Erode , Madras Presidency ( now Tamil Nadu ) , at the residence of his maternal grandparents . His father , K. Srinivasa Iyengar , originally from Thanjavur district , worked as a clerk in a sari shop . His mother , Komalatammal , was a housewife and also sang at a local temple . They lived in a small traditional home on Sarangapani Sannidhi Street in the town of Kumbakonam . The family home is now a museum . When Ramanujan was a year and a half old , his mother gave birth to a son , Sadagopan , who died less than three months later . In December 1889 , Ramanujan contracted smallpox , though he recovered , unlike 4,000 others who would die in a bad year in the Thanjavur district around this time . He moved with his mother to her parents ' house in Kanchipuram , near Madras ( now Chennai ) . His mother gave birth to two more children , in 1891 and 1894 , both failing to reach their first birthdays . On 1 October 1892 , Ramanujan was enrolled at the local school . After his maternal grandfather lost his job as a court official in Kanchipuram , Ramanujan and his mother moved back to Kumbakonam and he was enrolled in the Kangayan Primary School . When his paternal grandfather died , he was sent back to his maternal grandparents , then living in Madras . He did not like school in Madras , and tried to avoid attending . His family enlisted a local constable to make sure the boy attended school . Within six months , Ramanujan was back in Kumbakonam . Since Ramanujan 's father was at work most of the day , his mother took care of the boy as a child . He had a close relationship with her . From her , he learned about tradition and puranas . He learned to sing religious songs , to attend pujas at the temple , and to maintain particular eating habits -- all of which are part of Brahmin culture . At the Kangayan Primary School , Ramanujan performed well . Just before turning 10 , in November 1897 , he passed his primary examinations in English , Tamil , geography and arithmetic with the best scores in the district . That year , Ramanujan entered Town Higher Secondary School , where he encountered formal mathematics for the first time . By age 11 , he had exhausted the mathematical knowledge of two college students who were lodgers at his home . He was later lent a book by S.L. Loney on advanced trigonometry . He mastered this by the age of 13 while discovering sophisticated theorems on his own . By 14 , he was receiving merit certificates and academic awards that continued throughout his school career , and he assisted the school in the logistics of assigning its 1200 students ( each with differing needs ) to its 35 - odd teachers . He completed mathematical exams in half the allotted time , and showed a familiarity with geometry and infinite series . Ramanujan was shown how to solve cubic equations in 1902 ; he developed his own method to solve the quartic . The following year , Ramanujan tried to solve the quintic , not knowing that it could not be solved by radicals . In 1903 , when he was 16 , Ramanujan obtained from a friend a library copy of A Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied Mathematics , G.S. Carr 's collection of 5,000 theorems . Ramanujan reportedly studied the contents of the book in detail . The book is generally acknowledged as a key element in awakening his genius . The next year , Ramanujan independently developed and investigated the Bernoulli numbers and calculated the Euler -- Mascheroni constant up to 15 decimal places . His peers at the time commented that they `` rarely understood him '' and `` stood in respectful awe '' of him . When he graduated from Town Higher Secondary School in 1904 , Ramanujan was awarded the K. Ranganatha Rao prize for mathematics by the school 's headmaster , Krishnaswami Iyer . Iyer introduced Ramanujan as an outstanding student who deserved scores higher than the maximum . He received a scholarship to study at Government Arts College , Kumbakonam , but was so intent on mathematics that he could not focus on any other subjects and failed most of them , losing his scholarship in the process . In August 1905 , Ramanujan ran away from home , heading towards Visakhapatnam , and stayed in Rajahmundry for about a month . He later enrolled at Pachaiyappa 's College in Madras . There he passed in mathematics , choosing only to attempt questions that appealed to him and leaving the rest unanswered , but performed poorly in other subjects , such as English , physiology and Sanskrit . Ramanujan failed his Fellow of Arts exam in December 1906 and again a year later . Without a FA degree , he left college and continued to pursue independent research in mathematics , living in extreme poverty and often on the brink of starvation . It was in 1910 , after a meeting between the 23 - year - old Ramanujan and the founder of the Indian Mathematical Society , V. Ramaswamy Aiyer , also known as Professor Ramaswami , that Ramanujan started to get recognition within the mathematics circles of Madras , subsequently leading to his inclusion as a researcher at the University of Madras . Adulthood in India ( edit ) On 14 July 1909 , Ramanujan married Janaki ( Janakiammal ) ( 21 March 1899 -- 13 April 1994 ) , a girl whom his mother had selected for him a year earlier and who was ten years old when they married . It was not unusual for marriages to be arranged with girls . She came from Rajendram , a village close to Marudur ( Karur district ) Railway Station . Ramanujan 's father did not participate in the marriage ceremony . As was common at that time , Janakiammal continued to stay at her maternal home for three years after marriage till she attained puberty . In 1912 , she and Ramanujan 's mother joined Ramanujan in Madras . After the marriage , Ramanujan developed a hydrocele testis . The condition could be treated with a routine surgical operation that would release the blocked fluid in the scrotal sac , but his family did not have the money for the operation . In January 1910 , a doctor volunteered to do the surgery at no cost . After his successful surgery , Ramanujan searched for a job . He stayed at a friend 's house while he went from door to door around Madras looking for a clerical position . To make money , he tutored students at Presidency College who were preparing for their F.A. exam . In late 1910 , Ramanujan was sick again . He feared for his health , and told his friend R. Radakrishna Iyer to `` hand ( his notebooks ) over to Professor Singaravelu Mudaliar ( the mathematics professor at Pachaiyappa 's College ) or to the British professor Edward B. Ross , of the Madras Christian College . '' After Ramanujan recovered and retrieved his notebooks from Iyer , he took a train from Kumbakonam to Villupuram , a city under French control . In 1912 , Ramanujan moved to a house in Saiva Muthaiah Mudali street , George Town , Madras with his wife and mother where they lived for a few months . In May 1913 , upon securing a research position at Madras University , Ramanujan moved with his family to Triplicane . Pursuit of career in mathematics ( edit ) Ramanujan met deputy collector V. Ramaswamy Aiyer , who had founded the Indian Mathematical Society . Wishing for a job at the revenue department where Aiyer worked , Ramanujan showed him his mathematics notebooks . As Aiyer later recalled : I was struck by the extraordinary mathematical results contained in ( the notebooks ) . I had no mind to smother his genius by an appointment in the lowest rungs of the revenue department . Aiyer sent Ramanujan , with letters of introduction , to his mathematician friends in Madras . Some of them looked at his work and gave him letters of introduction to R. Ramachandra Rao , the district collector for Nellore and the secretary of the Indian Mathematical Society . Rao was impressed by Ramanujan 's research but doubted that it was his own work . Ramanujan mentioned a correspondence he had with Professor Saldhana , a notable Bombay mathematician , in which Saldhana expressed a lack of understanding of his work but concluded that he was not a phony . Ramanujan 's friend C.V. Rajagopalachari tried to quell Rao 's doubts about Ramanujan 's academic integrity . Rao agreed to give him another chance , and listened as Ramanujan discussed elliptic integrals , hypergeometric series , and his theory of divergent series , which Rao said ultimately converted him to a belief in Ramanujan 's brilliance . When Rao asked him what he wanted , Ramanujan replied that he needed work and financial support . Rao consented and sent him to Madras . He continued his research , with Rao 's financial aid taking care of his daily needs . With Aiyer 's help , Ramanujan had his work published in the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society . One of the first problems he posed in the journal was to find the value of : 1 + 2 1 + 3 1 + ⋯ . ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 1 + 2 ( \ sqrt ( 1 + 3 ( \ sqrt ( 1 + \ cdots ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) He waited for a solution to be offered in three issues , over six months , but failed to receive any . At the end , Ramanujan supplied the solution to the problem himself . On page 105 of his first notebook , he formulated an equation that could be used to solve the infinitely nested radicals problem . x + n + a = a x + ( n + a ) 2 + x a ( x + n ) + ( n + a ) 2 + ( x + n ) ⋯ ( \ displaystyle x + n + a = ( \ sqrt ( ax+ ( n + a ) ^ ( 2 ) + x ( \ sqrt ( a ( x + n ) + ( n + a ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( x + n ) ( \ sqrt ( \ cdots ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Using this equation , the answer to the question posed in the Journal was simply 3 , obtained by setting x = 2 , n = 1 , and a = 0 . Ramanujan wrote his first formal paper for the Journal on the properties of Bernoulli numbers . One property he discovered was that the denominators ( sequence A027642 in the OEIS ) of the fractions of Bernoulli numbers were always divisible by six . He also devised a method of calculating B based on previous Bernoulli numbers . One of these methods follows : It will be observed that if n is even but not equal to zero , B is a fraction and the numerator of B / n in its lowest terms is a prime number , the denominator of B contains each of the factors 2 and 3 once and only once , 2 ( 2 − 1 ) B / n is an integer and 2 ( 2 − 1 ) B consequently is an odd integer . In his 17 - page paper , `` Some Properties of Bernoulli 's Numbers '' ( 1911 ) , Ramanujan gave three proofs , two corollaries and three conjectures . Ramanujan 's writing initially had many flaws . As Journal editor M.T. Narayana Iyengar noted : Mr. Ramanujan 's methods were so terse and novel and his presentation so lacking in clearness and precision , that the ordinary ( mathematical reader ) , unaccustomed to such intellectual gymnastics , could hardly follow him . Ramanujan later wrote another paper and also continued to provide problems in the Journal . In early 1912 , he got a temporary job in the Madras Accountant General 's office , with a salary of 20 rupees per month . He lasted only a few weeks . Toward the end of that assignment , he applied for a position under the Chief Accountant of the Madras Port Trust . In a letter dated 9 February 1912 , Ramanujan wrote : Sir , I understand there is a clerkship vacant in your office , and I beg to apply for the same . I have passed the Matriculation Examination and studied up to the F.A. but was prevented from pursuing my studies further owing to several untoward circumstances . I have , however , been devoting all my time to Mathematics and developing the subject . I can say I am quite confident I can do justice to my work if I am appointed to the post . I therefore beg to request that you will be good enough to confer the appointment on me . Attached to his application was a recommendation from E.W. Middlemast , a mathematics professor at the Presidency College , who wrote that Ramanujan was `` a young man of quite exceptional capacity in Mathematics '' . Three weeks after he had applied , on 1 March , Ramanujan learned that he had been accepted as a Class III , Grade IV accounting clerk , making 30 rupees per month . At his office , Ramanujan easily and quickly completed the work he was given , so he spent his spare time doing mathematical research . Ramanujan 's boss , Sir Francis Spring , and S. Narayana Iyer , a colleague who was also treasurer of the Indian Mathematical Society , encouraged Ramanujan in his mathematical pursuits . Contacting British mathematicians ( edit ) In the spring of 1913 , Narayana Iyer , Ramachandra Rao and E.W. Middlemast tried to present Ramanujan 's work to British mathematicians . M.J.M. Hill of University College London commented that Ramanujan 's papers were riddled with holes . He said that although Ramanujan had `` a taste for mathematics , and some ability , '' he lacked the educational background and foundation needed to be accepted by mathematicians . Although Hill did not offer to take Ramanujan on as a student , he did give thorough and serious professional advice on his work . With the help of friends , Ramanujan drafted letters to leading mathematicians at Cambridge University . The first two professors , H.F. Baker and E.W. Hobson , returned Ramanujan 's papers without comment . On 16 January 1913 , Ramanujan wrote to G.H. Hardy . Coming from an unknown mathematician , the nine pages of mathematics made Hardy initially view Ramanujan 's manuscripts as a possible fraud . Hardy recognised some of Ramanujan 's formulae but others `` seemed scarcely possible to believe '' . One of the theorems Hardy found amazing was on the bottom of page three ( valid for 0 < a < b + 1 / 2 ) : ∫ 0 ∞ 1 + x 2 ( b + 1 ) 2 1 + x 2 a 2 × 1 + x 2 ( b + 2 ) 2 1 + x 2 ( a + 1 ) 2 × ⋯ d x = π 2 × Γ ( a + 1 2 ) Γ ( b + 1 ) Γ ( b − a + 1 ) Γ ( a ) Γ ( b + 1 2 ) Γ ( b − a + 1 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle \ int \ limits _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 + ( \ dfrac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( ( b + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 1 + ( \ dfrac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( a ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) \ times ( \ frac ( 1 + ( \ dfrac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( ( b + 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 1 + ( \ dfrac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( ( a + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) \ times \ cdots \ , dx = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( \ pi ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ times ( \ frac ( \ Gamma \ left ( a+ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ Gamma ( b + 1 ) \ Gamma ( b - a + 1 ) ) ( \ Gamma ( a ) \ Gamma \ left ( b+ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ Gamma \ left ( b - a+ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) ) . ) Hardy was also impressed by some of Ramanujan 's other work relating to infinite series : 1 − 5 ( 1 2 ) 3 + 9 ( 1 × 3 2 × 4 ) 3 − 13 ( 1 × 3 × 5 2 × 4 × 6 ) 3 + ⋯ = 2 π ( \ displaystyle 1 - 5 \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 3 ) + 9 \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 \ times 3 ) ( 2 \ times 4 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 3 ) - 13 \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 \ times 3 \ times 5 ) ( 2 \ times 4 \ times 6 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 3 ) + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( \ pi ) ) ) 1 + 9 ( 1 4 ) 4 + 17 ( 1 × 5 4 × 8 ) 4 + 25 ( 1 × 5 × 9 4 × 8 × 12 ) 4 + ⋯ = 2 2 π Γ 2 ( 3 4 ) . ( \ displaystyle 1 + 9 \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 4 ) + 17 \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 \ times 5 ) ( 4 \ times 8 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 4 ) + 25 \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 \ times 5 \ times 9 ) ( 4 \ times 8 \ times 12 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 4 ) + \ cdots = ( \ frac ( 2 ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ( ( \ sqrt ( \ pi ) ) \ , \ Gamma ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) ) ) . ) The first result had already been determined by G. Bauer in 1859 . The second was new to Hardy , and was derived from a class of functions called hypergeometric series , which had first been researched by Leonhard Euler and Carl Friedrich Gauss . Hardy found these results `` much more intriguing '' than Gauss 's work on integrals . After seeing Ramanujan 's theorems on continued fractions on the last page of the manuscripts , Hardy commented that the theorems `` defeated me completely ; I had never seen anything in the least like them before '' . He figured that Ramanujan 's theorems `` must be true , because , if they were not true , no one would have the imagination to invent them '' . Hardy asked a colleague , J.E. Littlewood , to take a look at the papers . Littlewood was amazed by Ramanujan 's genius . After discussing the papers with Littlewood , Hardy concluded that the letters were `` certainly the most remarkable I have received '' and said that Ramanujan was `` a mathematician of the highest quality , a man of altogether exceptional originality and power '' . One colleague , E.H. Neville , later remarked that `` not one ( theorem ) could have been set in the most advanced mathematical examination in the world '' . On 8 February 1913 , Hardy wrote Ramanujan a letter expressing his interest in his work , adding that it was `` essential that I should see proofs of some of your assertions '' . Before his letter arrived in Madras during the third week of February , Hardy contacted the Indian Office to plan for Ramanujan 's trip to Cambridge . Secretary Arthur Davies of the Advisory Committee for Indian Students met with Ramanujan to discuss the overseas trip . In accordance with his Brahmin upbringing , Ramanujan refused to leave his country to `` go to a foreign land '' . Meanwhile , he sent Hardy a letter packed with theorems , writing , `` I have found a friend in you who views my labour sympathetically . '' To supplement Hardy 's endorsement , Gilbert Walker , a former mathematical lecturer at Trinity College , Cambridge , looked at Ramanujan 's work and expressed amazement , urging the young man to spend time at Cambridge . As a result of Walker 's endorsement , B. Hanumantha Rao , a mathematics professor at an engineering college , invited Ramanujan 's colleague Narayana Iyer to a meeting of the Board of Studies in Mathematics to discuss `` what we can do for S. Ramanujan '' . The board agreed to grant Ramanujan a research scholarship of 75 rupees per month for the next two years at the University of Madras . While he was engaged as a research student , Ramanujan continued to submit papers to the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society . In one instance , Narayana Iyer submitted some of Ramanujan 's theorems on summation of series to the journal , adding , `` The following theorem is due to S. Ramanujan , the mathematics student of Madras University . '' Later in November , British Professor Edward B. Ross of Madras Christian College , whom Ramanujan had met a few years before , stormed into his class one day with his eyes glowing , asking his students , `` Does Ramanujan know Polish ? '' The reason was that in one paper , Ramanujan had anticipated the work of a Polish mathematician whose paper had just arrived in the day 's mail . In his quarterly papers , Ramanujan drew up theorems to make definite integrals more easily solvable . Working off Giuliano Frullani 's 1821 integral theorem , Ramanujan formulated generalisations that could be made to evaluate formerly unyielding integrals . Hardy 's correspondence with Ramanujan soured after Ramanujan refused to come to England . Hardy enlisted a colleague lecturing in Madras , E.H. Neville , to mentor and bring Ramanujan to England . Neville asked Ramanujan why he would not go to Cambridge . Ramanujan apparently had now accepted the proposal ; as Neville put it , `` Ramanujan needed no converting and that his parents ' opposition had been withdrawn '' . Apparently , Ramanujan 's mother had a vivid dream in which the family goddess , the deity of Namagiri , commanded her `` to stand no longer between her son and the fulfilment of his life 's purpose '' . Ramanujan traveled to England by ship , leaving his wife to stay with his parents in India . Life in England ( edit ) Ramanujan ( centre ) and his colleague G.H. Hardy ( extreme right ) , with other scientists , outside the Senate House , Cambridge , c. 1914 -- 19 Whewell 's Court , Trinity College , Cambridge Ramanujan departed from Madras aboard the S.S. Nevasa on 17 March 1914 . When he disembarked in London on 14 April , Neville was waiting for him with a car . Four days later , Neville took him to his house on Chesterton Road in Cambridge . Ramanujan immediately began his work with Littlewood and Hardy . After six weeks , Ramanujan moved out of Neville 's house and took up residence on Whewell 's Court , a five - minute walk from Hardy 's room . Hardy and Littlewood began to look at Ramanujan 's notebooks . Hardy had already received 120 theorems from Ramanujan in the first two letters , but there were many more results and theorems in the notebooks . Hardy saw that some were wrong , others had already been discovered , and the rest were new breakthroughs . Ramanujan left a deep impression on Hardy and Littlewood . Littlewood commented , `` I can believe that he 's at least a Jacobi '' , while Hardy said he `` can compare him only with Euler or Jacobi . '' Ramanujan spent nearly five years in Cambridge collaborating with Hardy and Littlewood , and published part of his findings there . Hardy and Ramanujan had highly contrasting personalities . Their collaboration was a clash of different cultures , beliefs , and working styles . In the previous few decades , the foundations of mathematics had come into question and the need for mathematically rigorous proofs recognized . Hardy was an atheist and an apostle of proof and mathematical rigour , whereas Ramanujan was a deeply religious man who relied very strongly on his intuition and insights . While in England , Hardy tried his best to fill the gaps in Ramanujan 's education and to mentor him in the need for formal proofs to support his results , without hindering his inspiration -- a conflict that neither found easy . Ramanujan was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree by research ( this degree was later renamed PhD ) in March 1916 for his work on highly composite numbers , the first part of which was published as a paper in the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society . The paper was more than 50 pages and proved various properties of such numbers . Hardy remarked that it was one of the most unusual papers seen in mathematical research at that time and that Ramanujan showed extraordinary ingenuity in handling it . On 6 December 1917 , he was elected to the London Mathematical Society . In 1918 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society , the second Indian admitted to the Royal Society , following Ardaseer Cursetjee in 1841 . At age 31 Ramanujan was one of the youngest Fellows in the history of the Royal Society . He was elected `` for his investigation in Elliptic functions and the Theory of Numbers . '' On 13 October 1918 , he was the first Indian to be elected a Fellow of Trinity College , Cambridge . Illness and death ( edit ) Throughout his life , Ramanujan was plagued by health problems . His health worsened in England ; possibly he was also less resilient due to the difficulty of keeping to the strict dietary requirements of his religion in England and wartime rationing during 1914 -- 1918 . He was diagnosed with tuberculosis and a severe vitamin deficiency at the time , and was confined to a sanatorium . In 1919 he returned to Kumbakonam , Madras Presidency , and soon thereafter , in 1920 , died at the age of 32 . After his death , his brother Tirunarayanan chronicled Ramanujan 's remaining handwritten notes consisting of formulae on singular moduli , hypergeometric series and continued fractions and compiled them . Ramanujan 's widow , Smt . Janaki Ammal , moved to Bombay ; in 1931 she returned to Madras and settled in Triplicane , where she supported herself on a pension from Madras University and income from tailoring . In 1950 , she adopted a son , W. Narayanan , who eventually became an officer of the State Bank of India and raised a family . In her later years , she was granted a lifetime pension from Ramanujan 's former employer , the Madras Port Trust , and was also granted pensions from , among others , the Indian National Science Academy and the state governments of Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal . She continued to cherish Ramanujan 's memory , and was active in efforts towards increasing his public recognition ; prominent mathematicians , including George Andrews , Bruce C. Berndt and Béla Bollobás made it a point to visit her while in India . She died at her Triplicane residence in 1994 . A 1994 analysis of Ramanujan 's medical records and symptoms by Dr. D.A.B. Young concluded that his medical symptoms -- including his past relapses , fevers , and hepatic conditions -- were much closer to those resulting from hepatic amoebiasis , an illness then widespread in Madras , rather than tuberculosis . He had two episodes of dysentery before he left India . When not properly treated , dysentery can lie dormant for years and lead to hepatic amoebiasis , whose diagnosis was not then well established . At the time , if properly diagnosed , amoebiasis was a treatable and often curable disease ; for instance , British soldiers who had contracted the disease during the First World War were being successfully cured of amoebiasis around the time Ramanujan left England . Personality and spiritual life ( edit ) Ramanujan has been described as a person of a somewhat shy and quiet disposition , a dignified man with pleasant manners . He lived a simple life at Cambridge . Ramanujan 's first Indian biographers describe him as a rigorously orthodox Hindu . He credited his acumen to his family goddess , Mahalakshmi of Namakkal . He looked to her for inspiration in his work and said he dreamed of blood drops that symbolised her consort , Narasimha . Afterward he would receive visions of scrolls of complex mathematical content unfolding before his eyes . He often said , `` An equation for me has no meaning unless it represents a thought of God . '' Hardy cites Ramanujan as remarking that all religions seemed equally true to him . Hardy further argued that Ramanujan 's religious belief had been romanticised by Westerners and overstated -- in reference to his belief , not practice -- by Indian biographers . At the same time , he remarked on Ramanujan 's strict vegetarianism . Mathematical achievements ( edit ) In mathematics , there is a distinction between insight and formulating or working through a proof . Ramanujan proposed an abundance of formulae that could be investigated later in depth . G. H. Hardy said that Ramanujan 's discoveries are unusually rich and that there is often more to them than initially meets the eye . As a byproduct of his work , new directions of research were opened up . Examples of the most interesting of these formulae include the intriguing infinite series for π , one of which is given below : 1 π = 2 2 9801 ∑ k = 0 ∞ ( 4 k ) ! ( 1103 + 26390 k ) ( k ! ) 4 396 4 k . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ pi ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2 ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ( 9801 ) ) \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( 4k ) ! ( 1103 + 26390k ) ) ( ( k ! ) ^ ( 4 ) 396 ^ ( 4k ) ) ) . ) This result is based on the negative fundamental discriminant d = − 4 × 58 = − 232 with class number h ( d ) = 2 . Further , 26390 = 5 × 7 × 13 × 58 and 16 × 9801 = 396 and is related to the fact that e π 58 = 396 4 − 104.000000177 ... . ( \ textstyle e ^ ( \ pi ( \ sqrt ( 58 ) ) ) = 396 ^ ( 4 ) - 104.000000177 \ dots . ) This might be compared to Heegner numbers , which have class number 1 and yield similar formulae . Ramanujan 's series for π converges extraordinarily rapidly ( exponentially ) and forms the basis of some of the fastest algorithms currently used to calculate π . Truncating the sum to the first term also gives the approximation 9801 √ 2 / 4412 for π , which is correct to six decimal places . See also the more general Ramanujan -- Sato series . One of Ramanujan 's remarkable capabilities was the rapid solution of problems , illustrated by the following anecdote about an incident in which P.C. Mahalanobis posed a problem : Imagine that you are on a street with houses marked 1 through n . There is a house in between ( x ) such that the sum of the house numbers to the left of it equals the sum of the house numbers to its right . If n is between 50 and 500 , what are n and x ? ' This is a bivariate problem with multiple solutions . Ramanujan thought about it and gave the answer with a twist : He gave a continued fraction . The unusual part was that it was the solution to the whole class of problems . Mahalanobis was astounded and asked how he did it . ' It is simple . The minute I heard the problem , I knew that the answer was a continued fraction . Which continued fraction , I asked myself . Then the answer came to my mind ' , Ramanujan replied . '' His intuition also led him to derive some previously unknown identities , such as ( 1 + 2 ∑ n = 1 ∞ cos ⁡ ( n θ ) cosh ⁡ ( n π ) ) − 2 + ( 1 + 2 ∑ n = 1 ∞ cosh ⁡ ( n θ ) cosh ⁡ ( n π ) ) − 2 = 2 Γ 4 ( 3 4 ) π = 8 π 3 Γ 4 ( 1 4 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) & \ left ( 1 + 2 \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( \ cos ( n \ theta ) ) ( \ cosh ( n \ pi ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( - 2 ) + \ left ( 1 + 2 \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( \ cosh ( n \ theta ) ) ( \ cosh ( n \ pi ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( - 2 ) \ \ ( 6pt ) & = ( \ frac ( 2 \ Gamma ^ ( 4 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) ) ( \ pi ) ) = ( \ frac ( 8 \ pi ^ ( 3 ) ) ( \ Gamma ^ ( 4 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) for all θ , where Γ ( z ) is the gamma function , and related to a special value of the Dedekind eta function . Expanding into series of powers and equating coefficients of θ , θ , and θ gives some deep identities for the hyperbolic secant . In 1918 Hardy and Ramanujan studied the partition function P ( n ) extensively . They gave a non-convergent asymptotic series that permits exact computation of the number of partitions of an integer . Hans Rademacher , in 1937 , was able to refine their formula to find an exact convergent series solution to this problem . Ramanujan and Hardy 's work in this area gave rise to a powerful new method for finding asymptotic formulae called the circle method . In the last year of his life , Ramanujan discovered mock theta functions . For many years these functions were a mystery , but they are now known to be the holomorphic parts of harmonic weak Maass forms . The Ramanujan conjecture ( edit ) Main article : Ramanujan -- Petersson conjecture Although there are numerous statements that could have borne the name Ramanujan conjecture , there is one that was highly influential on later work . In particular , the connection of this conjecture with conjectures of André Weil in algebraic geometry opened up new areas of research . That Ramanujan conjecture is an assertion on the size of the tau - function , which has as generating function the discriminant modular form Δ ( q ) , a typical cusp form in the theory of modular forms . It was finally proven in 1973 , as a consequence of Pierre Deligne 's proof of the Weil conjectures . The reduction step involved is complicated . Deligne won a Fields Medal in 1978 for that work . In his paper `` On certain arithmetical functions '' , Ramanujan defined the so - called delta - function whose coefficients are called τ ( n ) ( the Ramanujan tau function ) . He proved many congruences for these numbers such as τ ( p ) ≡ 1 + p mod 691 for primes p . This congruence ( and others like it that Ramanujan proved ) inspired Jean - Pierre Serre ( 1954 Fields Medalist ) to conjecture that there is a theory of Galois representations which `` explains '' these congruences and more generally all modular forms . Δ ( z ) is the first example of a modular form to be studied in this way . Pierre Deligne ( in his Fields Medal - winning work ) proved Serre 's conjecture . The proof of Fermat 's Last Theorem proceeds by first reinterpreting elliptic curves and modular forms in terms of these Galois representations . Without this theory there would be no proof of Fermat 's Last Theorem . Ramanujan 's notebooks ( edit ) Further information : Ramanujan 's lost notebook While still in Madras , Ramanujan recorded the bulk of his results in four notebooks of loose - leaf paper . They were mostly written up without any derivations . This is probably the origin of the misapprehension that Ramanujan was unable to prove his results and simply thought up the final result directly . Mathematician Bruce C. Berndt , in his review of these notebooks and Ramanujan 's work , says that Ramanujan most certainly was able to prove most of his results , but chose not to . This may have been for any number of reasons . Since paper was very expensive , Ramanujan would do most of his work and perhaps his proofs on slate , and then transfer just the results to paper . Using a slate was common for mathematics students in the Madras Presidency at the time . He was also quite likely to have been influenced by the style of G.S. Carr 's book , which stated results without proofs . Finally , it is possible that Ramanujan considered his workings to be for his personal interest alone and therefore recorded only the results . The first notebook has 351 pages with 16 somewhat organised chapters and some unorganised material . The second notebook has 256 pages in 21 chapters and 100 unorganised pages , with the third notebook containing 33 unorganised pages . The results in his notebooks inspired numerous papers by later mathematicians trying to prove what he had found . Hardy himself created papers exploring material from Ramanujan 's work , as did G.N. Watson , B.M. Wilson , and Bruce Berndt . A fourth notebook with 87 unorganised pages , the so - called `` lost notebook '' , was rediscovered in 1976 by George Andrews . Hardy -- Ramanujan number 1729 ( edit ) Main article : 1729 ( number ) The number 1729 is known as the Hardy -- Ramanujan number after a famous visit by Hardy to see Ramanujan at a hospital . In Hardy 's words : I remember once going to see him when he was ill at Putney . I had ridden in taxi cab number 1729 and remarked that the number seemed to me rather a dull one , and that I hoped it was not an unfavorable omen . `` No '' , he replied , `` it is a very interesting number ; it is the smallest number expressible as the sum of two cubes in two different ways . '' Immediately before this anecdote , Hardy quoted Littlewood as saying , `` Every positive integer was one of ( Ramanujan 's ) personal friends . '' The two different ways are 1729 = 1 + 12 = 9 + 10 . Generalizations of this idea have created the notion of `` taxicab numbers '' . Mathematicians ' views of Ramanujan ( edit ) In his obituary of Ramanujan which he wrote for Nature in 1920 , Hardy observed Ramanujan 's work primarily involved fields less known even amongst other pure mathematicians , concluding : His insight into formulae was quite amazing , and altogether beyond anything I have met with in any European mathematician . It is perhaps useless to speculate as to his history had he been introduced to modern ideas and methods at sixteen instead of at twenty - six . It is not extravagant to suppose that he might have become the greatest mathematician of his time . What he actually did is wonderful enough ... when the researches which his work has suggested have been completed , it will probably seem a good deal more wonderful than it does to - day . Hardy further said : He combined a power of generalization , a feeling for form , and a capacity for rapid modification of his hypotheses , that were often really startling , and made him , in his own peculiar field , without a rival in his day . The limitations of his knowledge were as startling as its profundity . Here was a man who could work out modular equations and theorems ... to orders unheard of , whose mastery of continued fractions was ... beyond that of any mathematician in the world , who had found for himself the functional equation of the zeta function and the dominant terms of many of the most famous problems in the analytic theory of numbers ; and yet he had never heard of a doubly periodic function or of Cauchy 's theorem , and had indeed but the vaguest idea of what a function of a complex variable was ... `` . When asked about the methods Ramanujan employed to arrive at his solutions , Hardy said that they were `` arrived at by a process of mingled argument , intuition , and induction , of which he was entirely unable to give any coherent account . '' He also stated that he had `` never met his equal , and can compare him only with Euler or Jacobi . '' K. Srinivasa Rao has said , `` As for his place in the world of Mathematics , we quote Bruce C. Berndt : ' Paul Erdős has passed on to us Hardy 's personal ratings of mathematicians . Suppose that we rate mathematicians on the basis of pure talent on a scale from 0 to 100 , Hardy gave himself a score of 25 , J.E. Littlewood 30 , David Hilbert 80 and Ramanujan 100 . ' '' During a lecture at IIT Madras in May 2011 , Berndt stated that over the last 40 years , as nearly all of Ramanujan 's theorems have been proven right , there had been greater appreciation of Ramanujan 's work and brilliance , and that Ramanujan 's work was now pervading many areas of modern mathematics and physics . In his book Scientific Edge , the physicist Jayant Narlikar spoke of `` Srinivasa Ramanujan , discovered by the Cambridge mathematician Hardy , whose great mathematical findings were beginning to be appreciated from 1915 to 1919 . His achievements were to be fully understood much later , well after his untimely death in 1920 . For example , his work on the highly composite numbers ( numbers with a large number of factors ) started a whole new line of investigations in the theory of such numbers . '' Posthumous recognition ( edit ) Further information : List of things named after Srinivasa Ramanujan Bust of Ramanujan in the garden of Birla Industrial & Technological Museum The year after his death , Nature listed Ramanujan among other distinguished scientists and mathematicians on a `` Calendar of Scientific Pioneers , '' who had achieved eminence . Ramanujan 's home state of Tamil Nadu celebrates 22 December ( Ramanujan 's birthday ) as ' State IT Day ' . A stamp picturing Ramanujan was released by the Government of India in 1962 -- the 75th anniversary of Ramanujan 's birth -- commemorating his achievements in the field of number theory , and a new design was issued on 26 December 2011 , by the India Post . Since Ramanujan 's centennial year , his birthday , 22 December , has been annually celebrated as Ramanujan Day by the Government Arts College , Kumbakonam where he studied and at the IIT Madras in Chennai . A prize for young mathematicians from developing countries has been created in Ramanujan 's name by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics ( ICTP ) in cooperation with the International Mathematical Union , which nominate members of the prize committee . The SASTRA University , based in the state of Tamil Nadu in South India , has instituted the SASTRA Ramanujan Prize of US $ 10,000 to be given annually to a mathematician not exceeding the age of 32 for outstanding contributions in an area of mathematics influenced by Ramanujan . Based on the recommendations of a high level committee appointed by the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) , Government of India , Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre , established by SASTRA , has been declared as an OFF - CAMPUS CENTRE under the ambit of SASTRA University . House of Ramanujan Mathematics , a museum on life and works of the Mathematical prodigy , Srinivasa Ramanujan , also exists on this campus . SASTRA purchased the house where Srinivasa Ramanujan lived at Kumabakonam and renovated it . Vasavi College of Engineering named its Department of Computer Science and Information Technology `` Ramanujan Block '' . In 2011 , on the 125th anniversary of his birth , the Indian Government declared that 22 December will be celebrated every year as National Mathematics Day . Then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh also declared that the year 2012 would be celebrated as the National Mathematics Year . In popular culture ( edit ) The Man Who Knew Infinity : A Life of the Genius Ramanujan ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 19259 - 8 ) is a biography of Ramanujan , written in 1991 by Robert Kanigel and published by Washington Square Press . The Man Who Knew Infinity is a 2015 film based on the book by Robert Kanigel . In the film , Ramanujan is portrayed by British actor Dev Patel . Ramanujan , an Indo - British collaboration film , chronicling the life of Ramanujan , was released in 2014 by the independent film company Camphor Cinema . The cast and crew include director Gnana Rajasekaran , cinematographer Sunny Joseph and editor B. Lenin . Popular Indian and English stars Abhinay Vaddi , Suhasini Maniratnam , Bhama , Kevin McGowan and Michael Lieber star in pivotal roles . The thriller novel The Steradian Trail by M.N. Krish weaves Ramanujan and his accidental discovery into its plot connecting religion , mathematics , finance and economics . Partition , a play by Ira Hauptman about Hardy and Ramanujan , first performed in 2013 . A play , First Class Man by Alter Ego Productions , was based on David Freeman 's First Class Man . The play is centred around Ramanujan and his complex and dysfunctional relationship with Hardy . On 16 October 2011 , it was announced that Roger Spottiswoode , best known for his James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies , is working on the film version , starring actor Siddharth . Like the book and play it is also titled The First Class Man . A Disappearing Number is a recent British stage production by the company Complicite that explores the relationship between Hardy and Ramanujan . The novel The Indian Clerk by David Leavitt explores in fiction the events following Ramanujan 's letter to Hardy . Google honoured him on his 125th birth anniversary by replacing its logo with a doodle on its home page . Ramanujan was mentioned in the 1997 film Good Will Hunting , in a scene where professor Gerald Lambeau ( Stellan Skarsgard ) explains to Sean Maguire ( Robin Williams ) the genius of Will Hunting ( Matt Damon ) by comparing him to Ramanujan . On 22 March 1988 , the PBS series Nova aired a documentary about Ramanujan , `` The Man Who Loved Numbers '' ( Season 15 , Episode 19 ) . In the book Hyperspace by Michio Kaku , Ramanujan 's contributions to Superstring theory and a brief synopsis of his life are given in Part II Unification in Ten Dimensions in the chapter Superstrings under the sections Mystery of Modular Functions and Reinventing 100 Years of Mathematics . The 2013 documentary The Genius of Srinivasa Ramanujan explores his achievements in theory of numbers . It includes interviews with number theorists like A. Raghuram and Ken Ono . Selected publications on Ramanujan and his work ( edit ) Berndt , Bruce C. ( 1998 ) . Butzer , P.L. ; Oberschelp , W. ; Jongen , H. Th. , eds . Charlemagne and His Heritage : 1200 Years of Civilization and Science in Europe ( PDF ) . Turnhout , Belgium : Brepols Verlag . pp. 119 -- 146 . ISBN 2 - 503 - 50673 - 9 . Berndt , Bruce C. ; Andrews , George E. ( 2005 ) . Ramanujan 's Lost Notebook . Part I. New York : Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 25529 - X . Berndt , Bruce C. ; Andrews , George E. ( 2008 ) . Ramanujan 's Lost Notebook . Part II . New York : Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 77765 - 8 . Berndt , Bruce C. ; Andrews , George E. ( 2012 ) . Ramanujan 's Lost Notebook . Part III . New York : Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4614 - 3809 - 0 . Berndt , Bruce C. ; Andrews , George E. ( 2013 ) . Ramanujan 's Lost Notebook . Part IV . New York : Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4614 - 4080 - 2 . Berndt , Bruce C. ; Rankin , Robert A. ( 1995 ) . Ramanujan : Letters and Commentary. 9 . Providence , Rhode Island : American Mathematical Society . ISBN 0 - 8218 - 0287 - 9 . Berndt , Bruce C. ; Rankin , Robert A. ( 2001 ) . Ramanujan : Essays and Surveys. 22 . Providence , Rhode Island : American Mathematical Society . ISBN 0 - 8218 - 2624 - 7 . Berndt , Bruce C. ( 2006 ) . Number Theory in the Spirit of Ramanujan. 9 . Providence , Rhode Island : American Mathematical Society . ISBN 0 - 8218 - 4178 - 5 . Berndt , Bruce C. ( 1985 ) . Ramanujan 's Notebooks . Part I. New York : Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 96110 - 0 . Berndt , Bruce C. ( 1999 ) . Ramanujan 's Notebooks . Part II . New York : Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 96794 - X . Berndt , Bruce C. ( 2004 ) . Ramanujan 's Notebooks . Part III . New York : Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 97503 - 9 . Berndt , Bruce C. ( 1993 ) . Ramanujan 's Notebooks . Part IV . New York : Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 94109 - 6 . Berndt , Bruce C. ( 2005 ) . Ramanujan 's Notebooks . Part V. New York : Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 94941 - 0 . Hardy , G.H. ( March 1937 ) . `` The Indian Mathematician Ramanujan '' . The American Mathematical Monthly . 44 ( 3 ) : 137 -- 155 . doi : 10.2307 / 2301659 . JSTOR 2301659 . Hardy , G.H. ( 1978 ) . Ramanujan . New York : Chelsea Pub. Co . ISBN 0 - 8284 - 0136 - 5 . Hardy , G.H. ( 1999 ) . Ramanujan : Twelve Lectures on Subjects Suggested by His Life and Work . Providence , Rhode Island : American Mathematical Society . ISBN 0 - 8218 - 2023 - 0 . Henderson , Harry ( 1995 ) . Modern Mathematicians . New York : Facts on File Inc . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3235 - 1 . Kanigel , Robert ( 1991 ) . The Man Who Knew Infinity : a Life of the Genius Ramanujan . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 19259 - 4 . Kolata , Gina ( 19 June 1987 ) . `` Remembering a ' Magical Genius ' '' . Science , New Series . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 236 ( 4808 ) : 1519 -- 1521 . Bibcode : 1987Sci ... 236.1519 K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 236.4808. 1519 . Leavitt , David ( 2007 ) . The Indian Clerk ( paperback ed . ) . London : Bloomsbury . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7475 - 9370 - 6 . Narlikar , Jayant V. ( 2003 ) . Scientific Edge : the Indian Scientist From Vedic to Modern Times . New Delhi , India : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303028 - 0 . Ono , Ken ; Aczel , Amir D. ( 13 April 2016 ) . My Search for Ramanujan : How I Learned to Count . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3319255668 . Sankaran , T.M. ( 2005 ) . `` Srinivasa Ramanujan - Ganitha lokathile Mahaprathibha '' ( in Malayalam ) . Kochi , India : Kerala Sastra Sahithya Parishath . Selected publications on works of Ramanujan ( edit ) Ramanujan , Srinivasa ; Hardy , G.H. ; Seshu Aiyar , P.V. ; Wilson , B.M. ; Berndt , Bruce C. ( 2000 ) . Collected Papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan . AMS . ISBN 0 - 8218 - 2076 - 1 . This book was originally published in 1927 after Ramanujan 's death . It contains the 37 papers published in professional journals by Ramanujan during his lifetime . The third reprint contains additional commentary by Bruce C. Berndt . S. Ramanujan ( 1957 ) . Notebooks ( 2 Volumes ) . Bombay : Tata Institute of Fundamental Research . These books contain photocopies of the original notebooks as written by Ramanujan . S. Ramanujan ( 1988 ) . The Lost Notebook and Other Unpublished Papers . New Delhi : Narosa . ISBN 3 - 540 - 18726 - X . This book contains photo copies of the pages of the `` Lost Notebook '' . Problems posed by Ramanujan , Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society . S. Ramanujan ( 2012 ) . Notebooks ( 2 Volumes ) . Bombay : Tata Institute of Fundamental Research . This was produced from scanned and microfilmed images of the original manuscripts by expert archivists of Roja Muthiah Research Library , Chennai . See also ( edit ) Mathematics portal Biography portal India portal 1729 ( number ) Brown numbers List of amateur mathematicians List of Indian mathematicians Ramanujan graph Ramanujan summation Ramanujan 's constant Ramanujan 's ternary quadratic form Rank of a partition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of Ramanujan , Srinivasa Aayiangar in English '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kanigel , Robert . `` Ramanujan , Srinivasa '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 51582 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Hans Eysenck ( 1995 ) . Genius , p. 197 . Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 48508 - 8 . Jump up ^ Berndt , Bruce C. ( 12 December 1997 ) . Ramanujan 's Notebooks , Part 5 . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 4 . ISBN 9780387949413 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ono , Ken ( June -- July 2006 ) . `` Honoring a Gift from Kumbakonam '' ( PDF ) . Notices of the American Mathematical Society . Mathematical Association of America . 53 ( 6 ) : 650 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 June 2007 . Retrieved 23 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rediscovering Ramanujan '' . Frontline. 16 ( 17 ) : 650 . August 1999 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Alladi , Krishnaswami ; Elliott , P.D.T.A. ; Granville , A. ( 30 September 1998 ) . Analytic and Elementary Number Theory : A Tribute to Mathematical Legend Paul Erdos . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 6 . ISBN 9780792382737 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Deep meaning in Ramanujan 's ' simple ' pattern Archived 3 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mathematical proof reveals magic of Ramanujan 's genius '' Archived 9 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... New Scientist . Jump up ^ Kanigel , Robert ( 26 April 2016 ) . The Man Who Knew Infinity : A Life of the Genius Ramanujan . Simon and Schuster . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 9781476763491 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Knew Infinity '' , ( 1991 ) , Kanigel , Robert , page 7 of Prologue ^ Jump up to : Kanigel , Robert ( 1991 ) . The Man Who Knew Infinity : a Life of the Genius Ramanujan . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 19259 - 4 . Jump up ^ Berndt & Rankin 2001 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Srinivasan , Pankaja ( 19 October 2012 ) . `` The Nostalgia Formula '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Berndt & Rankin 2001 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Hardy , G.H. ( 1999 ) . Ramanujan : Twelve Lectures on Subjects Suggested by His Life and Work . Providence , Rhode Island : American Mathematical Society . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 8218 - 2023 - 0 . Jump up ^ A to Z of mathematicians by Tucker McElroy 2005 ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5338 - 3 - page 221 ^ Jump up to : Ramanujan Aiyangar , Srinivasa ; Hardy , Godfrey Harold ; Aiyar , P. Veṅkatesvara Seshu ( 2000 ) , `` Collected papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan '' , Nature , 123 ( 3104 ) : xii , Bibcode : 1929Natur. 123 ... 631L , doi : 10.1038 / 123631a0 , ISBN 0 - 8218 - 2076 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Ramanujan lost and found : a 1905 letter from The Hindu '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Krishnamachari , Suganthi ( 27 June 2013 ) . `` Travails of a Genius '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Krishnamurthy , Prof. V. `` Srinivasa Ramanujan -- His life and his genius '' . www.krishnamurthys.com . ( Expository address delivered on Sep. 16 , 1987 at Visvesvarayya Auditorium as part of the celebrations of Ramanujan Centenary by the IISC , Bangalore ) . Archived from the original on 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Bullough , V.L. ( 1990 ) . History in adult human sexual behavior with children and adolescents in Western societies ( Pedophilia : Biosocial Dimensions ed . ) . Springer - Verlag New York Inc. p. 71 . ISBN 9781461396840 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Kolata 1987 , p. 236 ^ Jump up to : `` Ramanujan 's wife : Janakiammal ( Janaki ) '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Mathematical Sciences , Chennai . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Janardhanan , Arun ( 6 December 2015 ) . `` A passage to infinity '' . Indian Express . Archived from the original on 5 September 2016 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramanujan , Srinivasa ( 1968 ) . P.K. Srinivasan , ed . Ramanujan Memorial Number : Letters and Reminiscences . Madras : Muthialpet High School . Vol. 1 , p100 . Jump up ^ Ranganathan , Shiyali Ramamrita ( 1967 ) . Ramanujan : The Man and the Mathematician . Bombay : Asia Publishing House . , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan ( 1968 ) , Vol. 1 , p99 . Jump up ^ Rao . `` Ramanujan 's wife Janakiammal ( Janaki ) '' ( PDF ) . IMSC . Institute of Mathematical Sciences , Chennai . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Ramanujan '' . The Ramanujan Institute . Archived from the original on 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan ( 1968 ) , Vol. 1 , p129 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan ( 1968 ) , Vol. 1 , p86 . Jump up ^ Neville , Eric Harold ( January 1921 ) . `` The Late Srinivasa Ramanujan '' . Nature . 106 ( 2673 ) : 661 -- 662 . Bibcode : 1921Natur. 106 ... 661N . doi : 10.1038 / 106661b0 . Jump up ^ Ranganathan 1967 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Seshu Iyer , P.V. ( June 1920 ) . `` The Late Mr. S. Ramanujan , B.A. , F.R.S. '' . Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society . 12 ( 3 ) : 83 . Jump up ^ Neville ( March 1942 ) , p292 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan ( 1968 ) , p176 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan ( 1968 ) , p31 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan ( 1968 ) , p49 . Jump up ^ Letter from M.J.M. Hill to a C.L.T. Griffith ( a former student who sent the request to Hill on Ramanujan 's behalf ) , 28 November 1912 . Jump up ^ Snow , C.P. ( 1966 ) . Variety of Men . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 30 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Hardy , G.H. ( June 1920 ) . `` Obituary , S. Ramanujan '' . Nature . 105 ( 7 ) . Bibcode : 1920Natur. 105 ... 494H . doi : 10.1038 / 105494a0 . ^ Jump up to : Neville , Eric Harold ( March 1942 ) . `` Srinivasa Ramanujan '' . Nature . 149 ( 3776 ) : 293 . Bibcode : 1942Natur. 149 ... 292N . doi : 10.1038 / 149292a0 . Jump up ^ Letter , Hardy to Ramanujan , 8 February 1913 . Jump up ^ Letter , Ramanujan to Hardy , 22 January 1914 . Jump up ^ Letter , Ramanujan to Hardy , 27 February 1913 , Cambridge University Library . Jump up ^ Ram , Suresh ( 1972 ) . Srinivasa Ramanujan . New Delhi : National Book Trust . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Ranganathan 1967 , pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Ranganathan 1967 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Hardy , G.H. ( 1940 ) . Ramanujan . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Letter , Littlewood to Hardy , early March 1913 . Jump up ^ Hardy , G.H. ( 1979 ) . Collected Papers of G.H. Hardy . Oxford , England : Clarendon Press . Vol. 7 , p720 . Jump up ^ Young , D.A.B. ( 1994 ) . Ramanujan 's illness . Notes and records of the Royal Society of London , 48 ( 1 ) , 107 -- 119 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Doug . `` Raiders of the Lost Notebook '' . UIUC College of Liberal Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 12 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , J.W.C. , & SAVAGE , B. ( 1919 ) . Report on the Treatment of Entamoeba Histolytica Infections . Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps , 33 ( 5 ) , 418 -- 426 . Jump up ^ Langley , George J. ( 24 December 1921 ) . `` The Difficulties In Diagnosis And Treatment Of Hepatic Abscess '' . British Medical Journal . 2 : 1073 -- 1074 . JSTOR 20429465 . Jump up ^ `` Ramanujan 's Personality '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Chaitin , Gregory ( 28 July 2007 ) . `` Less Proof , More Truth '' . New Scientist ( 2614 ) : 49 . Jump up ^ Berndt , Bruce C. ; Rankin , Robert Alexander ( 2001 ) . Ramanujan : Essays and Surveys . American Mathematical Society . p. 47 . ISBN 0821826247 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ranganathan 1967 , p. 82 Jump up ^ Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao ( 1997 ) . Statistics and truth : putting chance to work . World Scientific . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 02 - 3111 - 8 . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Partition Formula '' . Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 - Year - Old Deathbed Dreams of Mathematician Proved True '' . Fox News . 28 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ono ( June -- July 2006 ) , p 649 . Jump up ^ Ramanujan , Srinivasa ( 1916 ) . `` On certain arithmetical functions '' ( PDF ) . Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . Cambridge Philosophical Society . XXII ( No. 9 ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . The tau function is discussed in pages 194 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Ono , Ken ; Aczel , Amir D. ( 13 April 2016 ) . My Search for Ramanujan : How I Learned to Count . Springer . pp. 236 -- 237 . ISBN 978 - 3319255668 . ideas that were critical to the proof of Fermat 's last theorem ^ Jump up to : Ramanujans Notebooks . ISBN 0387949410 . Jump up ^ `` Quotations by Hardy '' . Gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary Notices : Srinivasa Ramanujan '' . Hardy , G.H. , Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 19 , p. lvii . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ramanujan quote '' . Archived from the original on 10 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Srinivasa Ramanujan Archived 25 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ K Srinivasa Rao . `` Srinivasa Ramanujan ( 22 December 1887 -- 26 April 1920 ) '' . Archived from the original on 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Berndt on `` Ramanujan 's Lost Notebook '' , IIT Madras , 24th May 2011 `` . youtube.com . Archived from the original on 6 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar of Scientific Pioneers '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 107 : 252 . 21 April 1921 . Bibcode : 1921Natur. 107 ... 252 ... doi : 10.1038 / 107252b0 . Jump up ^ `` Stamps released in 1962 '' . Indian Postage Stamps . Archived from the original on 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stamps 2011 '' . India Post . Archived from the original on 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India Post Issued a Commemorative Stamp on S Ramanujan '' . Phila Mirror. 26 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sastra University -- Srinivasa Ramanujan Center -- About Us '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singh 's first visit to the state '' . CNN IBN . India . 26 December 2011 . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome 2012 -- The National Mathematical Year in India '' . India . Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cannes : Dev Patel to Star as Famed Indian Mathematician '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Irons to Co-star in ' The Man Who Knew Infinity ' '' . variety.com . Archived from the original on 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dev Patel 's ' The Man Who Knew Infinity ' Moves to Production After 8 Years in Development '' . variety.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ramanujan ' Makers Shoot in His House '' . Indiatimes . Times Internet Limited . Archived from the original on 11 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Camphor Cinema Presents Their First Film Ramanujan '' . Box Office India . Select Publishing Company . Archived from the original on 20 August 2013 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Makers of ' Ramanujan ' shoot in genius ' house '' . Z News . Zee Media Corporation Ltd . Archived from the original on 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Krishnamachari , Suganthy ( 27 June 2013 ) . `` Travails of a genius '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Racy read '' . 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crime in a World of High Science '' . 16 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2016 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Dennis ( 18 May 2003 ) . `` Review : ' Partition ' '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hindu : Partitions -- a play on Ramanujan '' . Archived from the original on 20 July 2008 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ DATTA , SRAVASTI . `` An ode to a genius '' . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Class Man '' . Alteregoproductions.org . Archived from the original on 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News / National : James Bond director to make film on Ramanujan '' . The Hindu . India . 16 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lunden , Jeff ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` ' Disappearing Number ' : A Vivid Theatrical Equation '' . Morning Edition . National Public Radio . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Nell Freudenberger ( 16 September 2007 ) . `` Lust for Numbers '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 10 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ DJ Taylor ( 26 January 2008 ) . `` Adding up to a life '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Google doodles for Ramanujan 's 125th birthday '' . Times of India . 22 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Srinivasa Ramanujan 's 125th Birthday '' . www.google.com . Archived from the original on 10 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Kumar , V. Krishna ( 2 February 2018 ) . `` A Legendary Creative Math Genius : Srinivasa Ramanujan '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Loved Numbers '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on 14 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Vigyan Prasar & IISER - Pune presents , a Nandan Kudhyadi production . The Genius of Srinivasa Ramanujan . New Delhi : Pune : Vigyan Prasar ; Indian Institute for Science Education & Research , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bell , E.T. ( 1928 ) . `` Collected Papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan , edited by G.H. Hardy , P.V. Seshu Aiyar and B.M. Wilson '' . Bull . Amer . Math . Soc. 34 : 783 -- 784 . doi : 10.1090 / S0002 - 9904 - 1928 - 04651 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSrinivasa Ramanujanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Media links ( edit ) Biswas , Soutik ( 16 March 2006 ) . `` Film to celebrate mathematics genius '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 August 2006 . Feature Film on Mathematics Genius Ramanujan by Dev Benegal and Stephen Fry BBC radio programme about Ramanujan -- episode 5 A biographical song about Ramanujan 's life Biographical links ( edit ) Srinivasa Ramanujan at the Mathematics Genealogy Project O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Srinivasa Ramanujan '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Weisstein , Eric Wolfgang ( ed . ) . `` Ramanujan , Srinivasa ( 1887 -- 1920 ) '' . ScienceWorld . Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan A short biography of Ramanujan `` Our Devoted Site for Great Mathematical Genius '' Other links ( edit ) Who Was Ramanujan ? A Study Group For Mathematics : Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengar The Ramanujan Journal -- An international journal devoted to Ramanujan International Math Union Prizes , including a Ramanujan Prize . Hindu.com : Norwegian and Indian mathematical geniuses , RAMANUJAN -- Essays and Surveys , Ramanujan 's growing influence , Ramanujan 's mentor Hindu.com : The sponsor of Ramanujan Bruce C. Berndt ; Robert A. Rankin ( 2000 ) . `` The Books Studied by Ramanujan in India '' . American Mathematical Monthly . Mathematical Association of America . 107 ( 7 ) : 595 -- 601 . doi : 10.2307 / 2589114 . JSTOR 2589114 . MR 1786233 . `` Ramanujan 's mock theta function puzzle solved '' Ramanujan 's papers and notebooks Sample page from the second notebook Ramanujan on Fried Eye Clark , Alex . `` 163 and Ramanujan Constant '' . Numberphile . Brady Haran . Indian mathematics Mathematicians Ancient Apastamba Baudhayana Katyayana Manava Pāṇini Pingala Yajnavalkya Classical Āryabhaṭa I Āryabhaṭa II Bhāskara I Bhāskara II Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri Brahmadeva Brahmagupta Brihaddeshi Govindasvāmi Halayudha Jyeṣṭhadeva Kamalakara Mādhava of Saṅgamagrāma Mahāvīra Mahendra Sūri Munishvara Narayana Pandit Parameshvara Achyuta Pisharati Jagannatha Samrat Nilakantha Somayaji Śrīpati Sridhara Gangesha Upadhyaya Varāhamihira Sankara Variar Virasena Modern Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize recipients in Mathematical Science Treatises Āryabhaṭīya Bakhshali manuscript Bijaganita Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta Ganita Kaumudi Karanapaddhati Līlāvatī Lokavibhaga Paulisa Siddhanta Paitamaha Siddhanta Romaka Siddhanta Sadratnamala Siddhānta Shiromani Śulba Sūtras Surya Siddhanta Tantrasamgraha Vasishtha Siddhanta Veṇvāroha Yuktibhāṣā Yavanajataka Centres Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics Ujjain Jantar Mantar ( Jaipur , Delhi ) Historians of mathematics Bibhutibhushan Datta T.A. Sarasvati Amma A.A. Krishnaswami Ayyangar Sudhakara Dvivedi Radha Charan Gupta Kim Plofker K.V. Sarma Bapudeva Sastri Prabodh Chandra Sengupta Translators Walter Eugene Clark David Pingree Other regions Babylonian mathematics Chinese mathematics Greek mathematics Islamic mathematics European mathematics Modern institutions Indian Statistical Institute Chennai Mathematical Institute Institute of Mathematical Sciences , Chennai Indian Institute of Science Harish - Chandra Research Institute Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education BNF : cb12305056s ( data ) CiNii : DA00956924 GND : 118748955 ISNI : 0000 0001 2125 2846 LCCN : n50054441 MGP : 91561 NDL : 00621342 NKC : jx20070813001 NLA : 35280757 SELIBR : 238676 SNAC : w66x1fd4 SUDOC : 027908895 VIAF : 27132864 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srinivasa_Ramanujan&oldid=854359521 '' Categories : Srinivasa Ramanujan 1887 births 1920 deaths Scientists from Tamil Nadu 20th - century Indian mathematicians Indian Hindus Mental calculators Indian combinatorialists Indian number theorists Fellows of Trinity College , Cambridge Fellows of the Royal Society Pi People from Erode district University of Madras alumni People from Thanjavur district 19th - century Indian mathematicians 20th - century mathematicians Tamil mathematicians Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages using ISBN magic links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 CS1 Malayalam - language sources ( ml ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 中文 72 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 19 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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2797306062805690786	Great Fire of Rome	Great fire of Rome - wikipedia Great fire of Rome Jump to : navigation , search The Torches of Nero , by Henryk Siemiradzki . According to Tacitus , Nero targeted Christians as those responsible for the fire . The Great Fire of Rome was an urban fire in the year AD 64 . It caused widespread devastation , before being brought under control after six days . Differing accounts either blame Emperor Nero for initiating the fire or credit him with organizing measures to contain it and provide relief for refugees . According to Tacitus and later Christians , Nero blamed the devastation on the Christian community in the city , initiating the empire 's first persecution against the Christians . However , this is not supported by all modern scholarship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Varying historical accounts 2 Outbreak and progress of fire 3 Later stages 4 Modern scholarship 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 Bibliography 8 External links Varying historical accounts ( edit ) The varying historical accounts of the event come from three secondary sources -- Cassius Dio , Suetonius and Tacitus . The primary accounts , which possibly included histories written by Fabius Rusticus , Marcus Cluvius Rufus and Pliny the Elder , did not survive . At least five separate stories circulated regarding Nero and the fire : Motivated by a desire to destroy the city , Nero secretly sent out men pretending to be drunk to set fire to the city . Nero watched from his palace on the Palatine Hill singing and playing the lyre . Nero quite openly sent out men to set fire to the city . Nero watched from the Tower of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill singing and playing the lyre . Nero sent out men to set fire to the city . Nero sang and played his lyre from a private stage . The fire was an accident . Nero was in Antium . The fire was said to have been caused by the already unpopular Christians . This story was spread in order to blame someone else , because rumor had it that Nero started it . Outbreak and progress of fire ( edit ) Tacitus describes the fire as beginning in shops where flammable goods were stored , in the region of the Circus neighboring the Caelian and Palatine Hills of Rome . The night was a windy one and the flames rapidly spread along the full length of the Circus . The fire expanded through an area of narrow , twisting streets and closely located apartment blocks . In this lower area of ancient Rome there were no large buildings such as temples , or open areas of ground , to impede the conflagration . It then spread along the Palatine and Caelian slopes . The population fled first to areas unaffected by the fire and then to the open fields and rural roads outside the city . Looters and arsonists were reported to have spread the flames by throwing torches or , acting in groups , to have hindered measures being made to halt or slow the progress of the flames . Tacitus surmises that some may have acted under orders or that they may simply have wanted to plunder unhindered . Later stages ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) According to Tacitus , Nero was away from Rome , in Antium , when the fire broke out . He returned to the city and took measures to bring in food supplies and open gardens and public buildings to accommodate refugees . After six days the organized clearing of built - up areas brought the conflagration to a halt before it reached the Esquiline Hill . There was a further outbreak in the Aemilian district , involving the destruction of temples and arcades but less loss of life . However the fire was now under control . Of Rome 's 14 districts , 3 were completely devastated and only 4 completely escaped damage . Modern scholarship ( edit ) It is postulated that the fire had been intentionally started to create room for Nero 's Domus Aurea , but the fire started 1 km ( 0.6 miles ) away from the site where this palace would later be built , on the other side of the Palatine Hill . Moreover , the fire destroyed parts of Nero 's own palace , the Domus Transitoria . It seems unlikely that Nero wanted to destroy this palace since he actually salvaged some of the marble decoration and integrated it into the new Domus Aurea . Even the paintings and wall decorations of the new palace were similar to the ones that had been burned . Last , the fire started just two days after a full moon , a time that , it is presumed , would not have been chosen by arsonists who prefer the cover of darkness . See also ( edit ) List of fires Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dando - Collins , Stephen ( September 2010 ) . The Great Fire of Rome . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81890 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio , Jump up ^ Suetonius . `` Life of Nero '' . Lives of Twelve Caesars . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Anal XV. 38 -- 44 Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annals XV. 38 -- 9 Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annals XV. 44 Jump up ^ Griffin , Miriam T. ( 2000 ) . Nero : The End of a Dynasty . Routledge . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21464 - 3 . Bibliography ( edit ) Cassius Dio , Roman History , Books 62 ( c. 229 ) Suetonius , The Lives of Twelve Caesars , the Life of Nero , 38 ( c. 121 ) Tacitus , Annals , XV ( c. 117 ) External links ( edit ) `` Secrets of the dead '' : PBS series investigates clues that Nero circumvented the Senate by burning Rome Tacitus describes the great Fire ( in English ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Fire_of_Rome&oldid=803822087 '' Categories : 64 60s in the Roman Empire Ancient city of Rome Julio - Claudian dynasty Fires in Italy Nero 1st - century Christianity 1st century in Italy Urban fires Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 21 : 19 . 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-5265254497676327247	Lord's Prayer	Lord 's Prayer - wikipedia Lord 's Prayer Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Lord 's Prayer ( disambiguation ) , Our Father ( disambiguation ) and Pater Noster ( disambiguation ) . James Tissot -- The Lord 's Prayer ( Le Pater Noster ) -- Brooklyn Museum The Lord 's Prayer ( also called the Our Father or Pater Noster , among other names ) is a venerated Christian prayer that , according to the New Testament , Jesus taught as the way to pray . Two versions of this prayer are recorded : the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount , and the short form in the Gospel of Luke when `` one of his disciples said to him , ' Lord , teach us to pray , as John ( the Baptist ) taught his disciples . ' '' The first three of the seven petitions in Matthew address God ; the other four are related to human needs and concerns . The Matthew account alone includes the `` Your will be done '' and the `` Rescue us from the evil one '' ( or `` Deliver us from evil '' ) petitions . Both original Greek texts contain the adjective epiousios , which does not appear in any other classical or Koine Greek literature ; while controversial , `` daily '' has been the most common English - language translation of this word . Some Christians , particularly Protestants , conclude the prayer with a doxology , a later addendum appearing in some manuscripts of Matthew . Matthew 6 : 9 -- 6 : 13 ( NRSV ) Our Father in heaven , hallowed be your name . Your kingdom come . Your will be done , on earth as it is in heaven . Give us this day our daily bread . And forgive us our debts , as we also have forgiven our debtors . And do not bring us to the time of trial , but rescue us from the evil one . Luke 11 : 2 -- 11 : 4 ( NRSV ) Father , hallowed be your name . Your kingdom come . Give us each day our daily bread . And forgive us our sins , for we ourselves forgive everyone indebted to us . And do not bring us to the time of trial . Initial words on the topic from the Catechism of the Catholic Church teach that it `` is truly the summary of the whole gospel . '' The prayer is used by most Christian churches in their worship ; with few exceptions , the liturgical form is the Matthean . Although theological differences and various modes of worship divide Christians , according to Fuller Seminary professor Clayton Schmit , `` there is a sense of solidarity in knowing that Christians around the globe are praying together ... and these words always unite us . '' In biblical criticism , the prayer 's absence in the Gospel of Mark together with its occurrence in Matthew and Luke has caused scholars who accept the two - source hypothesis ( against other document hypotheses ) to conclude that it is probably a logion original to Q . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 1.1 Original Greek text and Vulgate Latin translation 1.2 Liturgical Greek and Latin texts 1.3 English versions 2 Analysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 First Petition 2.3 Second Petition 2.4 Third Petition 2.5 Fourth Petition 2.6 Fifth Petition 2.7 Sixth Petition 2.8 Seventh Petition 2.9 Doxology 3 Use as a language comparison tool 4 Relation to Jewish prayer 5 Musical settings 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links Text ( edit ) The Lord 's Prayer in Gregorian chant Pater Noster The Lord 's Prayer in Latin sung in Gregorian chant Original Greek text and Vulgate Latin translation ( edit ) Standard edition of Greek text Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου , ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν , ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν , ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ . Vulgate Latin translation Pater noster , qui es in caelis , sanctificetur nomen tuum , adveniat regnum tuum , fiat voluntas tua , sicut in caelo , et in terra . Panem nostrum supersubstantialem da nobis hodie ; et dimitte nobis debita nostra , sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris ; et ne inducas nos in tentationem ; sed libera nos a Malo . Liturgical Greek and Latin texts ( edit ) Patriarchal Edition 1904 Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου , ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ , καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν , ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν , ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ . ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας ἀμήν . Roman Missal Pater noster , qui es in caelis : sanctificetur nomen tuum ; adveniat regnum tuum ; fiat voluntas tua , sicut in caelo , et in terra . Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie ; et dimitte nobis debita nostra , sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris ; et ne nos inducas in tentationem ; sed libera nos a malo . English versions ( edit ) Main article : History of the Lord 's Prayer in English A crucifix on an open Bible showing an English translation of the prayer ( from Matthew ) There are several different English translations of the Lord 's Prayer from Greek or Latin , beginning around AD 650 with the Northumbrian translation . Of those in current liturgical use , the three best - known are : The translation in the 1662 Anglican Book of Common Prayer ( BCP ) of the Church of England The slightly modernized form used in the 1928 version of the Prayer Book of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America ( along with the doxology ) and in the English vernacular translation of the Catholic Mass The 1988 translation of the ecumenical English Language Liturgical Consultation ( ELLC ) The square brackets in three of the texts below indicate the doxology often added at the end of the prayer by Protestants and , in a slightly different form , by the Byzantine Rite ( `` For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory : of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit , now and ever , and unto ages of ages . Amen . '' ) , among whom the prayer proper is usually recited by the cantors and congregation in unison , and the doxology by the priest as the conclusion of the prayer . The Anglican Book of Common Prayer adds it in some services but not in all . Older English translations of the Bible , based on late Byzantine Greek manuscripts , included it , but it is excluded in critical editions of the New Testament , such as that of the United Bible Societies . It is absent in the oldest manuscripts and is not considered to be part of the original text of Matthew 6 : 9 -- 13 . The Catholic Church has never attached it to the Lord 's Prayer , but has included it in the Roman Rite Mass as revised in 1969 , not as part of the Our Father but separated from it by a prayer called the embolism spoken or sung by the priest ( in the official ICEL English translation : `` Deliver us , Lord , we pray , from every evil , graciously grant peace in our days , that , by the help of your mercy , we may be always free from sin and safe from all distress , as we await the blessed hope and the coming of our Saviour , Jesus Christ . '' ) that elaborates on the final petition , `` Deliver us from evil . '' For more information on this doxology , see Doxology , below . When Reformers set out to translate the King James Bible , they assumed that a Greek manuscript they possessed was ancient and therefore adopted the phrase `` For thine is the kingdom , the power , and the glory forever '' into the Lord 's Prayer . Later scholarship demonstrated that the manuscript was actually a late addition based on Eastern liturgical tradition . 1928 Episcopal BCP ( with doxology ) ; Catholic version ( without doxology ) Our Father who art in heaven , Hallowed be thy name . Thy kingdom come . Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven . Give us this day our daily bread , and forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive those who trespass against us , and lead us not into temptation , but deliver us from evil . ( The 1928 BCP adds : For thine is the kingdom , and the power , and the glory , for ever and ever Amen . ) 1662 Anglican BCP Our Father , which art in heaven , Hallowed be thy Name ; Thy kingdom come ; Thy will be done in earth , as it is in heaven : Give us this day our daily bread ; And forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive them that trespass against us ; And lead us not into temptation , But deliver us from evil : When before the Collect the priest alone recites the prayer , the people here respond : Amen . When after all have communicated the people repeat each petition after the priest , the prayer ends : For thine is the kingdom , the power , and the glory , For ever and ever . Amen . 1988 ELLC Our Father in heaven , hallowed be your name , your kingdom come , your will be done , on earth as in heaven . Give us today our daily bread . Forgive us our sins as we forgive those who sin against us . Save us from the time of trial and deliver us from evil . For the kingdom , the power , and the glory are yours now and for ever . Amen . Other English translations are also used . Though Matthew 6 : 12 uses the term debts , the older English versions of the Lord 's Prayer uses the term trespasses , while ecumenical versions often use the term sins . The latter choice may be due to Luke 11 : 4 , which uses the word sins , while the former may be due to Matthew 6 : 14 ( immediately after the text of the prayer ) , where Jesus speaks of trespasses . As early as the third century , Origen of Alexandria used the word trespasses ( παραπτώματα ) in the prayer . Although the Latin form that was traditionally used in Western Europe has debita ( debts ) , most English - speaking Christians ( except Scottish Presbyterians and some others of the Reformed tradition ) use trespasses . The Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) , the Established Presbyterian Church of Scotland as well as the Congregational denomination follow the version found in Matthew 6 in the Authorized Version ( known also as the King James Version ) , which in the prayer uses the words `` debts '' and `` debtors '' . All these versions are based on the text in Matthew , rather than Luke , of the prayer given by Jesus : Matthew 6 : 9 -- 13 ( ESV ) `` Pray then like this : ' Our Father in heaven , hallowed be your name . Your kingdom come , your will be done , on earth as it is in heaven . Give us this day our daily bread , and forgive us our debts , as we also have forgiven our debtors . And lead us not into temptation , but deliver us from evil . ' '' Luke 11 : 2 -- 4 ( ESV ) And he said to them , `` When you pray , say : ' Father , hallowed be your name . Your kingdom come . Give us each day our daily bread , and forgive us our sins , for we ourselves forgive everyone who is indebted to us . And lead us not into temptation . ' '' Analysis ( edit ) The Lord 's Prayer in Greek Subheadings use 1662 Book of Common Prayer ( BCP ) ( see above ) Introduction ( edit ) `` Our Father , which art in heaven '' This explains that God , the Father , rests in Heaven , and the plural word `` Our '' indicates that there are a group of God 's children who call him Father . Augustine interpreted `` heaven '' ( coelum , sky ) in this context as meaning `` in the hearts of the righteous , as it were in His holy temple '' . First petition ( edit ) `` Hallowed be thy Name ; '' See also : Names of God in Christianity and Matthew 6 : 9 Former Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams explains this phrase as a petition that people may look upon God 's name as holy , as something that inspires awe and reverence , and that they may not trivialize it by making God a tool for their purposes , to `` put other people down , or as a sort of magic to make themselves feel safe '' . He sums up the meaning of the phrase by saying : `` Understand what you 're talking about when you 're talking about God , this is serious , this is the most wonderful and frightening reality that we could imagine , more wonderful and frightening than we can imagine . '' Second petition ( edit ) `` Thy kingdom come ; '' See also : Matthew 6 : 10 `` This petition has its parallel in the Jewish prayer , ' May he establish his Kingdom during your life and during your days . ' In the gospels Jesus speaks frequently of God 's kingdom , but never defines the concept : `` He assumed this was a concept so familiar that it did not require definition . '' Concerning how Jesus ' audience in the gospels would have understood him , G.E. Ladd turns to the concept 's Hebrew Biblical background : `` The Hebrew word malkuth ( ... ) refers first to a reign , dominion , or rule and only secondarily to the realm over which a reign is exercised . ( ... ) When malkuth is used of God , it almost always refers to his authority or to his rule as the heavenly King . '' This petition looks to the perfect establishment of God 's rule in the world in the future , an act of God resulting in the eschatological order of the new age . The request for God 's kingdom to come is commonly interpreted at the most literal level : as a reference to the belief , common at the time , that a Messiah figure would bring about a kingdom of God . Traditionally , the coming of God 's kingdom is seen as a divine gift to be prayed for , not a human achievement . This idea is frequently challenged by groups who believe that the Kingdom will come by the hands of those faithful who work for a better world . These believe that Jesus ' commands to feed the hungry and clothe the needy are the kingdom to which he was referring . Hilda C. Graef notes that the operative Greek word , basileia , means both kingdom and kingship ( i.e. , reign , dominion , governing , etc . ) , but that the English word kingdom loses this double meaning . Kingship adds a psychological meaning to the petition : one is also praying for the condition of soul where one follows God 's will . Third petition ( edit ) `` Thy will be done in earth , as it is in heaven : '' See also : Matthew 6 : 10 John Ortberg interprets this phrase as follows : `` Many people think our job is to get my afterlife destination taken care of , then tread water till we all get ejected and God comes back and torches this place . But Jesus never told anybody -- neither his disciples nor us -- to pray , ' Get me out of here so I can go up there . ' His prayer was , ' Make up there come down here . ' Make things down here run the way they do up there . '' The request that `` thy will be done '' is God 's invitation to `` join him in making things down here the way they are up there . '' Fourth petition ( edit ) `` Give us this day our daily ( epiousios ) bread ; '' See also : Matthew 6 : 11 See also : Epiousios As mentioned earlier in this article , the original word ἐπιούσιος ( epiousios ) , commonly characterized as daily , is unique to the Lord 's Prayer in all of ancient Greek literature . The word is almost a hapax legomenon , occurring only in Luke and Matthew 's versions of the Lord 's Prayer , and nowhere else in any other extant Greek texts . While epiousios is often substituted by the word `` daily , '' all other New Testament translations from the Greek into `` daily '' otherwise reference hemeran ( ἡμέραν , `` the day '' ) , which does not appear in this usage . Via linguistic parsing , Jerome translated `` ἐπιούσιον '' ( epiousios ) as `` supersubstantialem '' in the Gospel of Matthew , but chose `` cotidianum '' ( `` daily '' ) in the Gospel of Luke . This wide - ranging difference with respect to meaning of epiousios is discussed in detail in the current Catechism of the Catholic Church by way of an inclusive approach toward tradition as well as a literal one for meaning : `` Taken in a temporal sense , this word is a pedagogical repetition of `` this day , '' to confirm us in trust `` without reservation . '' Taken in the qualitative sense , it signifies what is necessary for life , and more broadly every good thing sufficient for subsistence . Taken literally ( epi - ousios : `` super-essential '' ) , it refers directly to the Bread of Life , the Body of Christ , the `` medicine of immortality , '' without which we have no life within us . '' Epiousios is translated as supersubstantialem in the Vulgate ( Matthew 6 : 11 ) and accordingly as supersubstantial in the Douay - Rheims Bible ( Matthew 6 : 11 ) . Barclay M. Newman 's A Concise Greek - English Dictionary of the New Testament , published in a revised edition in 2010 by the United Bible Societies has the following entry : ἐπι ούσιος , ον ( εἰμί ) of doubtful meaning , for today ; for the coming day ; necessary for existence It thus derives the word from the preposition ἐπί ( epi ) and the verb εἰμί ( eimi ) , from the latter of which are derived words such as οὐσία ( ousia ) , the range of whose meanings is indicated in A Greek - English Lexicon . Fifth petition ( edit ) `` And forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive them that trespass against us ; '' See also : Matthew 6 : 12 Twenty - one out of 23 bible versions available at BibleHub.com use the word `` debts '' and `` debtors '' , while none of the bible translations uses the word `` trespass . '' The Presbyterian and other Reformed churches tend to use the rendering `` forgive us our debts , as we forgive our debtors '' . Roman Catholics , Anglicans and Methodists are more likely to say `` trespasses ... those who trespass against us '' . The `` debts '' form appears in the first English translation of the Bible , by John Wycliffe in 1395 ( Wycliffe spelling `` dettis '' ) . The `` trespasses '' version appears in the 1526 translation by William Tyndale ( Tyndale spelling `` treaspases '' ) . In 1549 the first Book of Common Prayer in English used a version of the prayer with `` trespasses '' . This became the `` official '' version used in Anglican congregations . After the request for bread , Matthew and Luke diverge slightly . Matthew continues with a request for debts to be forgiven in the same manner as people have forgiven those who have debts against them . Luke , on the other hand , makes a similar request about sins being forgiven in the manner of debts being forgiven between people . The word `` debts '' ( ὀφειλήματα ) does not necessarily mean financial obligations , as shown by the use of the verbal form of the same word ( ὀφείλετε ) in passages such as Romans 13 : 8 . The Aramaic word ḥôbâ can mean `` debt '' or `` sin '' . This difference between Luke 's and Matthew 's wording could be explained by the original form of the prayer having been in Aramaic . The generally accepted interpretation is thus that the request is for forgiveness of sin , not of supposed loans granted by God . Asking for forgiveness from God was a staple of Jewish prayers . It was also considered proper for individuals to be forgiving of others , so the sentiment expressed in the prayer would have been a common one of the time . Anthony C. Deane , Canon of Worcester Cathedral , suggests that the choice of the word `` ὀφειλήματα '' ( debts ) , rather than `` ἁμαρτίας '' ( sins ) , indicates a reference to failures to use opportunities of doing good . He links this with the parable of the sheep and the goats ( also in Matthew 's Gospel ) , in which the grounds for condemnation are not wrongdoing in the ordinary sense but failure to do right , missing opportunities for showing love to others . `` As we forgive ... '' . Divergence between Matthew 's `` debts '' and Luke 's `` sins '' is relatively trivial compared to the impact of the second half of this statement . The verses immediately following the Lord 's Prayer , show Jesus teaching that the forgiveness of our sin / debt ( by God ) is contingent on how we forgive others . Later , Matthew elaborates with Jesus ' parable of the unforgiving servant . In this parable , forgiveness from the king ( God ) is conditional on the servant 's forgiveness of a small debt owed to him . Sixth petition ( edit ) `` And lead us not into temptation , '' See also : Matthew 6 : 13 Interpretations of the penultimate petition of the prayer -- not to be led by God into peirasmos -- vary considerably . The range of meanings of the Greek word `` πειρασμός '' ( peirasmos ) is illustrated in New Testament Greek lexicons . In different contexts it can mean temptation , testing , trial , experiment . Although the traditional English translation uses the word `` temptation '' and Carl Jung saw God as actually leading people astray , Christians generally interpret the petition as not contradicting James 1 : 13 -- 14 : `` Let no one say when he is tempted , ' I am being tempted by God ' , for God can not be tempted with evil , and he himself tempts no one . But each person is tempted when he is lured and enticed by his own desire . '' Some see the petition as an eschatological appeal against unfavourable Last Judgment , a theory supported by the use of the word `` peirasmos '' in this sense in Revelation 3 : 10 . Others see it as a plea against hard tests described elsewhere in scripture , such as those of Job . It is also read as : `` Do not let us be led ( by ourselves , by others , by Satan ) into temptations '' . Since it follows shortly after a plea for daily bread ( i.e. , material sustenance ) , it is also seen as referring to not being caught up in the material pleasures given . A similar phrase appears in Matthew 26 : 41 and Luke 22 : 40 in connection with the prayer of Jesus in Gethsemane . Joseph Smith , the founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , in a translation of the Holy Bible that was n't completed before his death , used this wording : `` And suffer us not to be led into temptation '' . In 2017 , Pope Francis , speaking on the Italian TV channel TV2000 , proposed that the wording be changed to `` do not let us fall into temptation '' , explaining that `` it is I who fall , it is not God who throws me into temptation '' . Seventh petition ( edit ) `` But deliver us from evil : '' See also : Matthew 6 : 13 Translations and scholars are divided over whether the final word here refers to `` evil '' in general or `` the evil one '' ( the devil ) in particular . In the original Greek , as well as in the Latin translation , the word could be either of neuter ( evil in general ) or masculine ( the evil one ) gender . Matthew 's version of the prayer appears in the Sermon on the Mount , in earlier parts of which the term is used to refer to general evil . Later parts of Matthew refer to the devil when discussing similar issues . However , the devil is never referred to as the evil one in any known Aramaic sources . While John Calvin accepted the vagueness of the term 's meaning , he considered that there is little real difference between the two interpretations , and that therefore the question is of no real consequence . Similar phrases are found in John 17 : 15 and 2 Thessalonians 3 : 3 . Doxology ( edit ) `` For thine is the kingdom , the power , and the glory , For ever and ever . Amen . '' See also : Matthew 6 : 13 The doxology of the prayer is not contained in Luke 's version , nor is it present in the earliest manuscripts of Matthew , representative of the Alexandrian text , although it is present in the manuscripts representative of the Byzantine text . Most scholars do not consider it part of the original text of Matthew . New translations generally omit it . The first known use of the doxology , in a less lengthy form ( `` for yours is the power and the glory forever '' ) , as a conclusion for the Lord 's Prayer ( in a version slightly different from that of Matthew ) is in the Didache , 8 : 2 . It has similarities with 1 Chronicles -- `` Yours , O LORD , is the greatness and the power and the glory and the victory and the majesty , for all that is in the heavens and in the earth is yours . Yours is the kingdom , O LORD , and you are exalted as head above all . '' In the Byzantine Rite , a similar doxology is sung within the context of the Divine Liturgy . Following the last line of the prayer , the priest sings `` For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory , of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit , now and ever and unto ages of ages . '' Latin Church Roman Catholics do not include the doxology when reciting the Lord 's Prayer ; but it was added as an independent item , not as part of the Lord 's Prayer , in the Roman Rite Mass of 1970 . The Anglican Book of Common Prayer sometimes gives the Lord 's Prayer with the doxology , sometimes without . Most Protestants append it to the Lord 's Prayer . Use as a language comparison tool ( edit ) Detail of the Europa Polyglotta published with Synopsis Universae Philologiae in 1741 ; the map gives the first phrase of the Lord 's Prayer in 33 different languages of Europe . In the course of Christianization , one of the first texts to be translated between many languages has historically been the Lord 's Prayer , long before the full Bible would be translated into the respective languages . Since the 16th century , collections of translations of the prayer have often been used for a quick comparison of languages . The first such collection , with 22 versions , was Mithridates de differentis linguis by Conrad Gessner ( 1555 ; the title refers to Mithridates VI of Pontus who according to Pliny the Elder was an exceptional polyglot ) . Gessner 's idea of collecting translations of the prayer was taken up by authors of the 17th century , including Hieronymus Megiserus ( 1603 ) and Georg Pistorius ( 1621 ) . Thomas Lüdeken in 1680 published an enlarged collection of 83 versions of the prayer , of which three were in fictional philosophical languages . Lüdeken quotes as a Barnum Hagius as his source for the exotic scripts used , while their true ( anonymous ) author was Andreas Müller . In 1700 , Lübeck 's collection was re-edited by B. Mottus as Oratio dominica plus centum linguis versionibus aut characteribus reddita et expressa . This edition was comparatively inferior , but a second , revised edition was published in 1715 by John Chamberlain . This 1715 edition was used by Gottfried Hensel in his Synopsis Universae Philologiae ( 1741 ) to compile `` geographico - polyglot maps '' where the beginning of the prayer was shown in the geographical area where the respective languages were spoken . Johann Ulrich Kraus also published a collection with more than 100 entries . Lord 's Prayer in Classical Chinese These collections continued to be improved and expanded well into the 19th century ; Johann Christoph Adelung and Johann Severin Vater in 1806 -- 1817 published the prayer in `` well - nigh five hundred languages and dialects '' . Samples of scripture , including the Lord 's Prayer , were published in 52 oriental languages , most of them not previously found in such collections , translated by the brethren of the Serampore Mission and printed at the mission press there in 1818 . Relation to Jewish Prayer ( edit ) There are similarities between the Lord 's Prayer and both biblical and post-biblical material in Jewish prayer especially Kiddushin 81a ( Babylonian ) . `` Hallowed be thy name '' is reflected in the Kaddish . `` Lead us not into sin '' is echoed in the `` morning blessings '' of Jewish prayer . A blessing said by some Jewish communities after the evening Shema includes a phrase quite similar to the opening of the Lord 's Prayer : `` Our God in heaven , hallow thy name , and establish thy kingdom forever , and rule over us for ever and ever . Amen . '' There are parallels also in 1 Chronicles 29 : 10 -- 18 . Rabbi Aron Mendes Chumaceiro has said that nearly all the elements of the prayer have counterparts in the Jewish Bible and Deuterocanonical books : the first part in Isaiah 63 : 15 -- 16 ( `` Look down from heaven and see , from your holy and beautiful habitation ... For you are our Father ... '' ) and Ezekiel 36 : 23 ( `` I will vindicate the holiness of my great name ... '' ) and Ezekiel 38 : 23 ( `` I will show my greatness and my holiness and make myself known in the eyes of many nations ... '' ) , the second part in Obadiah 1 : 21 ( `` Saviours shall go up to Mount Zion to rule Mount Esau , and the kingdom shall be the LORD 's '' ) and 1 Samuel 3 : 18 ( `` ... It is the LORD . Let him do what seems good to him '' ) , the third part in Proverbs 30 : 8 ( `` ... feed me with my apportioned bread '' ) , the fourth part in Sirach 28 : 2 ( `` Forgive your neighbour the wrong he has done , and then your sins will be pardoned when you pray '' ) . `` Deliver us from evil '' can be compared with Psalm 119 : 133 ( `` ... let no iniquity get dominion over me . '' ) . Chumaceiro says that , because the idea of God leading a human into temptation contradicts the righteousness and love of God , `` Lead us not into temptation '' has no counterpart in the Jewish Bible / Christian Old Testament . The word `` πειρασμός '' , which is translated as `` temptation '' , could also be translated as `` test '' or `` trial '' , making evident the attitude of someone 's heart . Well - known examples in the Old Testament are God 's test of Abraham ( Genesis 22 : 1 ) , his `` moving '' ( the Hebrew word means basically `` to prick , as by weeds , thorns '' ) David to do ( numbering Israel ) what David later acknowledged as sin ( 2 Samuel 24 : 1 -- 10 ; see also 1 Chronicles 21 : 1 -- 7 ) , and the Book of Job . Musical settings ( edit ) In modern times , various composers have incorporated The Lord 's Prayer into a musical setting for utilization during liturgical services for a variety of religious traditions as well as interfaith ceremonies . Included among them are : Chris M. Allport -- The Lord 's Prayer ( 2016 ) Music and additional text by Chris M. Allport Albert Hay Malotte -- The Lord 's Prayer Sergei Rachmaninoff -- Otche Nash ( Отче наш ; Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom , op . 31 , 1910 ) Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov -- Otche Nash ( 1883 ) John Serry Sr . -- The Lord 's Prayer ( for Organ & Chorus , 1992 ) Igor Stravinsky -- Otche Nash ( 1926 ) , arr . Pater Noster ( Latin , some time later ) Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky -- Otche Nash ( Отче наш ; Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom , op . 41 , 1878 ) Christopher Tin -- Baba Yetu ( 2005 ) See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Amen Didache , an early book of rituals which mentions saying the prayer three times daily Discourse on ostentation , a portion of the Sermon on the Mount Five Discourses of Matthew High Priestly Prayer Prayer in the New Testament Novum Testamentum Graece , the primary source for most contemporary New Testament translations Textus Receptus References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pray then in this way '' ( Matthew 6 : 9 NRSV ) ; `` When you pray , say '' ( Luke 11 : 2 NRSV ) Jump up ^ Luke 11 : 1 NRSV Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - The summary of the whole Gospel '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kang , K. Connie . `` Across the globe , Christians are united by Lord 's Prayer . '' Los Angeles Times , in Houston Chronicle , p . A13 , April 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ Farmer , William R. , The Gospel of Jesus : The Pastoral Relevance of the Synoptic Problem , Westminster John Knox Press ( 1994 ) , p. 49 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25514 - 5 Jump up ^ The text given here is that of the latest edition of Greek New Testament of the United Bible Societies and in the Nestle - Aland Novum Testamentum Graece . Most modern translations use a text similar to this one . Most older translations are based on a Byzantine - type text with ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς in line 5 ( verse 10 ) instead of ἐπὶ γῆς , and ἀφίεμεν in line 8 ( verse 12 ) instead of ἀφήκαμεν , and adding at the end ( verse 13 ) the doxology ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας . ἀμήν . Jump up ^ Three editions of the Vulgate : the Clementine edition of the Vulgate , which varies from the Nova Vulgata only in punctuation and in having `` ne nos inducas '' in place of `` ne inducas nos '' , and another edition of the Vulgate , which has `` qui in caelis es '' in place of `` qui es in caelis '' ; `` veniat '' in place of `` adveniat '' ; `` dimisimus '' in place of `` dimittimus '' ; `` temptationem '' in place of `` tentationem '' . Jump up ^ In the Nova Vulgata , the official Latin Bible of the Catholic Church , the last word is capitalized , indicating that it is a reference to Malus ( the Evil One ) , not to malum ( evil ) . Jump up ^ The doxology associated with the Lord 's Prayer in Byzantine Greek texts is found in four Vetus Latina manuscripts , only two of which give it in its entirety . The other surviving manuscripts of the Vetus Latina Gospels do not have the doxology . The Vulgate translation also does not include it , thus agreeing with critical editions of the Greek text . Jump up ^ The Greek Orthodox Church uses a slightly different Greek version. which can be found in the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom ( ( 1 ) Greek Orthodox Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom ) ) , as presented in the ( 2 ) 1904 text of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople ) and various Greek prayer books and liturgies . This is the Greek version of the Lord 's Prayer most widely used for prayer and liturgy today , and is similar to other texts of the Byzantine text - type used in older English Bible translations , with ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς instead of ἐπὶ γῆς on line 5 and ἀφίεμεν instead of ἀφήκαμεν ( present rather than aorist tense ) in line 8 . The last part , ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας ἀμήν , is said by the priest after the prayer . Jump up ^ 2002 edition ; 1962 edition , pp. 312 − 313 Jump up ^ The version of the Lord 's Prayer most familiar to Christians until the Protestant Reformation , and beyond for Catholics , is that in the Roman Missal , which has had cultural and historical importance for most regions where English is spoken . The text is used in the Roman Rite liturgy ( Mass , Liturgy of the Hours , etc . ) . It differs from the Vulgate in having cotidianum in place of supersubstantialem . It does not add the Byzantine doxology : this is never joined immediately to the Lord 's Prayer in the Latin liturgy or the Latin Bible , but it appears , in the form quia tuum est regnum , et potestas , et gloria , in saecula , in the Mass of the Roman Rite , as revised in 1969 , separated from the Lord 's Prayer by the prayer , Libera nos , quaesumus ... ( the embolism ) , which elaborates on the final petition , libera nos a malo ( deliver us from evil ) . Others have translated the Byzantine doxology into Latin as quia tuum est regnum ; et potentia et gloria ; per omnia saecula or in saecula saeculorum . Jump up ^ In editions of the Roman Missal prior to that of 1962 ( the edition of Pope John XXIII ) the word cotidianum was spelled quotidianum . Jump up ^ In Greek : Ὅτι σοῦ ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων . Ἀμήν . Jump up ^ `` The 1928 Book of Common Prayer : Family Prayer '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church Jump up ^ `` The Communion '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Praying Together Jump up ^ Augustine , On the Sermon on the Mount , Book II , Chapter 5 , 17 -- 18 ; original text Jump up ^ Rowan Williams , The Lord 's Prayer Jump up ^ G. Dalman , The Words of Jesus ( 1909 ) , 99 . As cited in G.E. Ladd , The Presence of the Future ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans 1974 ) , 137 Jump up ^ George Eldon Ladd , The Presence of the Future : The Eschatology of Biblical Realism , Eerdmans ( Grand Rapids : 1974 ) , 45 . Jump up ^ George Eldon Ladd , The Presence of the Future : The Eschatology of Biblical Realism , Eerdmans ( Grand Rapids : 1974 ) , 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ G.E. Ladd , The Presence of the Future ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans 1974 ) , 136 -- 137 Jump up ^ Hilda C. Graef , St. Gregory of Nyssa : The Lord 's Prayer and the Beatitudes ( Ancient Christin Writers , No. 18 ) , Paulist Press ( New York : 1954 ) , n. 68 , p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Ortberg , John Ortberg . `` God is Closer Than You Think '' . Zondervan , 2005 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew 6 : 11 Interlinear : ' Our appointed bread give us to - day '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The New Greek - English Interlinear New Testament , 1993 , The United Bible Societies , ( basis : UBS4 Greek text ) , page x of Introduction Jump up ^ `` Matthew 20 : 2 Interlinear : and having agreed with the workmen for a denary a day , he sent them into his vineyard '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luke 9 : 23 Interlinear : And he said unto all , ' If any one doth will to come after me , let him disown himself , and take up his cross daily , and follow me ; '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acts 6 : 1 Interlinear : And in these days , the disciples multiplying , there came a murmuring of the Hellenists at the Hebrews , because their widows were being overlooked in the daily ministration , '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acts 17 : 11 Interlinear : and these were more noble than those in Thessalonica , they received the word with all readiness of mind , every day examining the Writings whether those things were so ; '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acts 17 : 17 Interlinear : therefore , indeed , he was reasoning in the synagogue with the Jews , and with the worshipping persons , and in the market - place every day with those who met with him '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acts 19 : 9 Interlinear : and when certain were hardened and were disbelieving , speaking evil of the way before the multitude , having departed from them , he did separate the disciples , every day reasoning in the school of a certain Tyrannus '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Corinthians 11 : 28 Interlinear : apart from the things without -- the crowding upon me that is daily -- the care of all the assemblies '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hebrews 3 : 13 Interlinear : but exhort ye one another every day , while the To - day is called , that none of you may be hardened by the deceitfulness of the sin , '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hebrews 10 : 11 Interlinear : and every priest , indeed , hath stood daily serving , and the same sacrifices many times offering , that are never able to take away sins '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - The seven petitions '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Cf. ( 3 ) Barclay M. Newman , A Concise Greek - English Dictionary of the New Testament , Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft , United Bible Societies 2010 ISBN 978 - 3 - 438 - 06019 - 8 . Partial preview ) Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon : οὐσία Jump up ^ Chaignot , Mary Jane . Questions and Answers . < http://biblewise.com/archives/2005/september/overview/questions.htm#trespasses > Accessed : 11 Feb 2013 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Nathan Eubank , Wages of Cross-Bearing and Debt of Sin ( Walter de Gruyter 2013 ISBN 978 - 31 - 1030407 - 7 ) , p. 2 Jump up ^ ( 5 ) John S. Kloppenborg , Q , the Earliest Gospel ( Westminster John Knox Press 2008 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61164058 - 8 ) , p. 58 ) Jump up ^ See : Theological Dictionary of the New Testament , edited by Kittel and Friedrich , Abridged in One Volume by Goeoffrey W. Bromiley ; William B. Eeerdmans Publishing Company , Grand Rapids , Mich ; 1985 ; Pages 746 -- 750 : Gives use of ὸφείλω opheilo ( to owe , be under obligation ) , ὸφειλή opheile ( debt , obligation ) and two other word forms as used in the New Testament and outside the New Testament , including use in Judaism . Jump up ^ `` abcog.org '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Entry for Strong 's # 3986 : πειρασμός '' . StudyLight.org . Jump up ^ Jung , Carl , `` Answer to Job '' Jump up ^ Psalm 26 : 2 and Psalm 139 : 23 are respectful challenges for a test to prove the writer 's innocence and integrity . Jump up ^ Clontz , T.E. and J. , `` The Comprehensive New Testament '' , Cornerstone Publications ( 2008 ) , pp. 451 -- 452 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778737 - 1 - 5 Jump up ^ JST Matthew 6 : 14 Jump up ^ `` Pope Francis wants Lord 's Prayer changed '' . BBC News . December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clontz , p. 452 Jump up ^ Nicholas Ayo , The Lord 's Prayer : A Survey Theological and Literary , University of Notre Dame Press ( 1993 ) , p. 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 268 - 01292 - 2 Jump up ^ Clontz , p. 8 Jump up ^ David E. Aune , The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament ( Blackwell 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0825 - 6 ) , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Kurt Aland and Barbara Aland , The Text of the New Testament ( Eerdmans 1998 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4098 - 1 ) , p. 306 . Jump up ^ The doxology is not included in the following modern translations : American Standard Version Contemporary English Version English Standard Version GOD 'S WORD Translation Good News Translation New International Reader 's Version New International Version New Living Translation Today 's New International Version . It is enclosed in square brackets in Holman Christian Standard Bible New American Standard Bible New Century Version . Two publications that are updates of the Authorized King James Version rather than new translations keep it : 21st Century King James Version and New King James Version ; but the second of these adds a note : `` `` NU - Text omits For Yours through Amen . '' Jump up ^ `` Early Christian Fathers - Christian Classics Ethereal Library '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ For instance , in Morning Prayer the doxology is included in the Lord 's Prayer in the Introduction , but not in the Prayers after the Apostles ' Creed . Jump up ^ Augustin Backer , Alois Backer , Bibliothèque des écrivains de la compagnie de Jésus ou notices bibliographiques , vol. 5 , 1839 , 304f . Jump up ^ Mithridates oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde mit dem Vater Unser als Sprachprobe in bey nahe fünf hundert Sprachen und Mundarten , 1806 -- 1817 , Berlin , Vossische Buchlandlung , 4 volumes . Facsimile edition , Hildesheim - Nueva York , Georg Olms Verlag , 1970 . Jump up ^ Clontz , p. 451 Jump up ^ Clontz , pp. 8 , 451 Jump up ^ `` Verdediging is geen aanval '' pp. 121 -- 122 Jump up ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office. The Lord 's Prayer , Composer : John Serry Sr. , September 2 , 1992 , # PAU 1 - 665 - 838 Bibliography ( edit ) Clark , D . The Lord 's Prayer . Origins and Early Interpretations ( Studia Traditionis Theologiae , 21 ) Turnhout : Brepols Publishers , 2016 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 503 - 56537 - 8 Albright , W.F. and C.S. Mann . `` Matthew . '' The Anchor Bible Series . New York : Doubleday & Company , 1971 . Augsburger , Myron . Matthew . Waco , Texas : Word Books , 1982 . Barclay , William . The Gospel of Matthew : Volume 1 Chapters 1 -- 10 . Edinburgh : Saint Andrew Press , 1975 . Beare , Francis Wright . The Gospel According to Matthew . Oxford : B. Blackwell , 1981 . Brown , Raymond E. The Pater Noster as an Eschatological Prayer , article in Theological Studies ( 1961 ) Volume 22 , pages 175 - 208 : available online as a PDF file from the website of Marquette University ; also reprinted in New Testament Essays ( 1965 ) Clontz , T.E. and J. , `` The Comprehensive New Testament with complete textual variant mapping and references for the Dead Sea Scrolls , Philo , Josephus , Nag Hammadi Library , Pseudepigrapha , Apocrypha , Plato , Egyptian Book of the Dead , Talmud , Old Testament , Patristic Writings , Dhammapada , Tacitus , Epic of Gilgamesh '' , Cornerstone Publications , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778737 - 1 - 5 Filson , Floyd V. A Commentary on the Gospel According to St. Matthew . London : A. & C. Black , 1960 . Fowler , Harold . The Gospel of Matthew : Volume One . Joplin : College Press , 1968 France , R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew : an Introduction and Commentary . Leicester : Inter-Varsity , 1985 . Hendriksen , William . The Gospel of Matthew . Edinburgh : Banner of Truth Trust , 1976 Hill , David . The Gospel of Matthew . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1981 `` Lilies in the Field . '' A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature . David Lyle Jeffrey , general editor . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans , 1992 . Lewis , Jack P . The Gospel According to Matthew . Austin , Texas : R.B. Sweet , 1976 ... Luz , Ulrich . Matthew 1 -- 7 : A Commentary . trans . Wilhlem C. Linss . Minneapolis : Augsburg Fortress , 1989 . Morris , Leon . The Gospel According to Matthew . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans , 1992 . Schweizer , Eduard . The Good News According to Matthew . Atlanta : John Knox Press , 1975 Underhill , Evelyn , Abba . A meditation on the Lord 's Prayer ( 1940 ) ; reprint 2003 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lord 's Prayer Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lord 's Prayer . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Our Father Text Pater Noster : a chirographic opus in one hundred and twenty - six languages , by Z.W. 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417315581416494645	List of Shugo Chara! characters	List of Shugo Chara ! Characters - wikipedia List of Shugo Chara ! Characters Jump to : navigation , search Shugo Chara ! is a Japanese shōjo manga created by the manga author duo Peach - Pit . The story centers on elementary schoolgirl Amu Hinamori , whose popular exterior , referred to as `` cool and spicy '' by her classmates , contrasts with her introverted personality . When Amu wishes for the courage to be reborn as her would - be self , she is surprised to find three colorful eggs the next morning , which hatch into three Guardian Characters : Ran , Miki , and Su . Cast of Shugo Chara ! from the first anime series . Peach - Pit uses Amu to explore differences between one 's true self and the self that is presented to others . Like Jun Sakurada in Peach - Pit 's previous work , Rozen Maiden , Amu tackles issues such as alienation and fitting in at school . Unlike most heroines in other magical girl series , Amu is neither the perfect sweetheart nor a complete klutz . Amu gets grumpy and frequently talks back to others in contrast to the polite schoolgirls that fill the genre . Amu 's Guardian Characters -- Ran , Miki , Su , and later Diamond -- aid her in her quest of self - discovery . Each Guardian Character represents an aspect of Amu 's true self . Ran represents Amu 's desire to be more honest and athletic , Miki represents Amu 's desire to be more level headed and artistic , Su represents Amu 's desire to be more caring and improve her domestic skills , while Diamond represents Amu 's desire to shine in front of others and be a good speaker . Moreover , the Guardian Characters are more than mere mascots who help Amu learn about her true self . They can also perform a `` Character Change '' where Amu 's personality is replaced by an entirely different one . However , Amu is not the only one with Guardian Characters . Each of the Guardians -- Tadase Hotori , Nadeshiko Fujisaki , Kukai Soma , and Yaya Yuiki -- have their own Guardian Characters . Amu also encounters Ikuto Tsukiyomi and Utau Hoshina ( Tsukiyomi ) , two siblings who also have Guardian Characters and are employed by the Easter Company to search for the Embryo . Eventually , Nadeshiko Fujisaki and Kukai Soma leave the Guardians and are replaced by Rima Mashiro and Kairi Sanjo , respectively . Kairi later leaves and is replaced by Nagihiko Fujisaki , Nadeshiko 's real identity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Amu Hinamori 1.2 Tadase Hotori 1.3 Ikuto Tsukiyomi 1.4 Utau Hoshina / Tsukiyomi 2 Supporting characters 3 Minor characters 4 References 5 See also Main Characters ( edit ) Amu Hinamori ( edit ) Amu Hinamori ( 日奈森あむ , Hinamori Amu ) , the series ' protagonist , is a student of Seiyo Elementary . Amu 's classmates see her as `` cool and spicy '' Amu can be identified as a Tsundere ( Mean and Cold to opening up to other people ) , but Amu 's true character is shy and timid . Part of the reason for this misunderstanding is the trendy punk goth clothing her mother buys for her as well as the way she expresses her shyness . However , when Amu wishes for the courage to become her would - be self , three colorful eggs appear . When they hatch , they reveal Amu 's Guardian Characters : Ran , Miki , and Su . Amu becomes a member of the Guardians , the school 's student council , and discovers that each member has a Guardian Character . Amu 's position with the Guardians is the Joker . Her task as the Joker is to search for and purify X Eggs and X Characters ( also , in the second season , she purifies Mystery Eggs , the corrupted forms of people 's would - be selves ) . Ran , Miki , and Su help Amu with her task through a process called Character Transformation , which is enabled by the Humpty Lock and grants Amu special abilities depending on the Guardian Character . Later on , Amu also creates a fourth egg , known as Diamond . In the second season , when Amu shows her true potential , the Humpty Lock increases in power . Thus , new transformation scenes are used ... Amu 's main love interests are Tadase Hotori and Tsukiyomi Ikuto . Throughout the first half of the series , Amu had a crush on Tadase and blushed every time she was in his presence . She initially regarded Ikuto as a jerk and pervert , but she grew close to him as he aided her countless times . When Ikuto first confesses his love to her , she thinks he is teasing her and dismisses it . When Tadase asks Amu if it is okay for him to fall in love with her , she is thrilled at the progress in their relationship but soon finds herself drawn to Ikuto . She was saddened when Ikuto decided to leave in search of his father . Because of this , she realizes that she truly loves Ikuto . After he confesses to her and kisses her close to the lips , she refuses to admit her feelings for him , which prompts Ikuto to make a deal with her that he will get her to fall in love with him . In chapter 48 , Amu confesses to Tadase 's older self that she had liked Tadase for his outer character . Although they have a much better relationship than before , Amu remains stubborn about her feelings for Ikuto . In the final chapter of Shugo Chara Encore , she is happy to reunite with him and is seen holding hands with him at Sanjou and Nikaidou 's wedding . Amu 's primary rival is Utau Hoshina , Ikuto 's younger sister , who is jealous that Ikuto shows an interest in Amu instead of her . They soon become good friends after Utau leaves Easter . In the end , she chooses Ikuto in the manga . However , it is heavily implied that she ends up with Tadase in the anime . Amu gains the Dumpty Key from Yoru and uses it to unlock the Humpty Lock . In some of the later chapters , when Amu opens the Humpty Lock with the Dumpty Key , she and Tadase see more of Ikuto 's past . Their journey ends when Amu Character transforms with Diamond , and she and Ikuto fight briefly . Ran , Miki , Su , and Diamond all combine their powers , making Amu character transform into Amulet Fortune and Ikuto character transform into Seven Seas Treasure . Amu ventures to the Eggs ' Cradle , a place where unborn and `` lost '' Shugo Chara reside , in order to search for four coloured shards representing each of her Shugo Chara in an attempt to bring Ran , Miki and Su back . In chapter 44 , Diamond tells Amu that Ran , Miki and Su have `` disappeared '' and that she will help Amu find them as her `` navigator '' . Diamond becomes Amu 's guide in the Eggs ' Cradle in Amu 's search for the four coloured shards . She finally comes to terms with the loss of her Guardian Characters at the end of the journey , however as she returns she realizes that she has Ran , Miki , Su and Diamond back in Egg form much to her relief and later joy as they are born again later in Shugo Chara Encore . In the anime television series , Amu is voiced by Kanae Itō . She is portrayed by Yuuka Maeda in the musical . Ran ( ラン ) Ran is the first to hatch from Amu 's eggs and represents Amu 's desire to be more honest , confident and athletic . Ran is frequently cheering Amu on . During Character Change , Amu gains , thus , and increased her athletic abilities . During Character Transformation , Amu becomes Amulet Heart , with a cheerleader inspired outfit . In chapter 38 , Ran undergoes a new Character Transformation , along with Miki , Su , and Diamond ; becoming Amulet Fortune . In chapter 44 , she disappears along with Miki and Su , and later Diamond as well when Amu no longer needs them . In Shugo Chara Encore at the very end of the last chapter , she and Amu 's other Shugo Chara emerge hatch again at Sanjou and Nikaidou 's wedding much to Amu 's joy . In the anime television series , Ran is voiced by Kana Asumi . Miki ( ミキ ) The second Guardian Character to hatch is Miki . Miki represents Amu 's desire to be more sharp , level headed , and artistic . Miki is also the one to help Amu make fashion choices . Reflecting Amu 's love interests , Miki has shown an interest in Tadase 's Guardian Character , Kiseki , Ikuto 's Guardian Character , Yoru , Kukai 's Guardian Character , Daichi , and Nagihiko 's Guardian Character , Rhythm . During Character Change , Amu gains increased artistic abilities . During Character Transformation , Amu becomes Amulet Spade . In chapter 38 , Miki undergoes a new Character Transformation , along with Ran , Su , and Diamond ; becoming Amulet Fortune . In Shugo Chara ! Doki , Miki is the only one out of Amu 's Guardian Characters to be able to sense Mystery Eggs clearly . In chapter 44 , she disappears along with Ran and Su , and later Diamond as well when Amu no longer needs them . In Shugo Chara Encore , she returns along with the others and together catch the wedding bouquet for Amu who accidentally threw it back in the air again . In the anime television series , Miki is voiced by Nanae Katō . Su ( スゥ , Sū ) The third Guardian Character , Su , represents Amu 's desire to be more caring , sensitive and improve her domestic skills . However , Su is prone to silly mistakes . She is very fond of Amu 's teacher , Yuu Nikaidou . Amu gains an improvement in cooking and cleaning skills during Character Change , as well as becoming `` too girly '' . During Character Transformation , Amu becomes Amulet Clover with an outfit just like Su 's . In chapter 38 , Su undergoes a new Character Transformation with Ran , Miki , and Diamond ; becoming Amulet Fortune . In chapter 44 , she disappears along with Miki and Ran , and later Diamond as well when Amu no longer needs them . She and the others make an unexpected return toward the end of the last chapter of Shugo Chara Encore as they appear to be reborn again from Amu 's feelings . In the anime television series , Su is voiced by Aki Toyosaki . Diamond ( ダイヤ , Daiya ) Diamond is Amu 's fourth Guardian Character . Diamond represents Amu 's desire to be more calm and optimistic . She is shown to be an air - headed character who always speaks with a soft toned voice . In Japanese versions , her name is shortened to Dia . She is a unique Guardian Characters , who only appears and uses her powers she senses Amu 's strong desire to help others . Before hatching , she became an X Egg and left after Amu lost confidence in adjusting to the changes happening in the spring semester . Her egg is later found by Utau , while collecting X Eggs with Yukari . Unusually , she is not shaped like the usual X Character ; she looks like a normal Guardian Character , but with a white X-shaped clip covering her black diamond - shaped clip . Because of this , Amu does n't know her true name . X-Diamond is able to character change with Utau to extract more X-eggs from people . They can also Character Transform with Utau , becoming Dark Jewel , however , the transformation does not last very long . When Amu is finally able to prove to Diamond that she does have enough confidence to shine she reverts into her true original form . Together they undergo a Character Transformation , becoming Amulet Diamond . Afterward , Diamond returns to her egg until Amu 's desires to `` shine again '' , but secretly comes out as a spirit at times . Diamond is shown to be an air - headed character . In chapter 38 , Diamond finally comes back and helps Amu to lift Ikuto 's spirit . They then character transforming and help Ikuto , she , Ran , Miki , and Su combine powers with Amu ; becoming Amulet Fortune . In chapter 44 , Diamond tells Amu that Ran , Miki and Su have `` disappeared '' and that she will help Amu find them as her `` navigator '' . Diamond becomes Amu 's guide in the Eggs ' Cradle in Amu 's search for the four colored shards . Coming to terms with herself and the future , Amu accepts the loss of her Guardian Characters and Diamond disappears as well , guaranteeing that the four of them will always be watching over her . In Shugo Chara Encore , Diamond and the other three have hatched again and save Amu 's catching of the thrown bouquet . When Amu Character Changes with Diamond in Shugo Chara Party 's Shugo Chara Dokki Doki , Amu does n't really do much but smile and sparkle , disappointing Ran , Miki , and Su . In the anime television series , Diamond is voiced by Kanae Itō . Tadase Hotori ( edit ) Tadase Hotori ( 辺里唯世 , Hotori Tadase ) is a boy in the same year as Amu and serves as King 's Chair of the Guardians . Like Amu , he is actually a shy person and is not good at public speaking ; instead , he Character Changes with his Guardian Character , Kiseki . Although he is popular with the girls , when a girl confesses their love to Tadase , he will have Kiseki reject her . However , whenever he hears the word `` ouji '' ( `` prince '' ) , or anything resembling the word `` ouji '' , he Character Changes into an egotistical king who seeks world domination . Amu develops a crush on Tadase soon after she transfers into the school . His love interest is Amulet Heart , Amu 's Character Transformation with Ran , but it later becomes Amu herself . In episode 39 , Kiseki 's egg turns into an X Egg because Tadase lost his self - esteem by not being able to find the Embryo . With the help of Amulet Heart , Tadase turns back to normal . Tadase has known Ikuto and Utau since childhood , but he does not talk about it in detail until the Guardians are about to face Utau in their final battle . Amu and Tadase reconcile soon after , though . Later on , he agrees to help Amu save Ikuto from Easter . Tadase confesses his love for Amu in chapter 28 ( episode 74 in the anime ) behind Amu 's house while Ikuto was hiding in Amu 's closet . Ikuto overheard and made fun of Tadase , only to protect him , which he knew nothing about . When Tadase was facing against Ikuto in chapter 35 , his staff becomes a sword called Royal Sword in episode 99 . Tadase ventures into the Eggs ' Cradle with Amu , but subsequently gets separated from Amu due to a meteor shower . The future Tadase , who looks like Tsukasa helps Amu and reveals himself to be Tadase . In episode 127 of the anime , he kisses Amu on the cheek and tells her that he 'll always be by her side . In the anime television series , Tadase is voiced by Reiko Takagi . He is portrayed by Hidemi Hikita in the musical . Kiseki ( キセキ ) Kiseki is Tadase 's Guardian Character . Kiseki was born for a combination of Tadase 's desire to be stronger and the dream of world domination . Because of this , Kiseki is extremely egotistical and often demanding , and does n't like obeying others . He frequently calls other Guardian Characters to go on `` Special Secret Meetings . '' A running gag is that the other Guardian Character will almost always ignore him when he starts up a meeting . Kiseki is aware of Tadase 's crush on Amu and acts the same way as Amu 's Guardian Characters whenever Tadase seems to be confessing to Amu . Kiseki holds a grudge against Ikuto 's Guardian Character , Yoru . During Character Change , Tadase gains the confidence to overcome his shyness . However , sometimes Tadase will become an egotistical person who seeks world domination . Although Tadase could not Character Transform with Kiseki at first , they later gain this ability with the help of Amu after Kiseki 's egg gets tainted with an X , becoming Platinum Royal . In the anime television series , Kiseki is voiced by Kaya Miyake . Ikuto Tsukiyomi ( edit ) Ikuto Tsukiyomi ( 月詠イクト , Tsukiyomi Ikuto ) is a teenage boy in high school , contracted by Easter to find the Embryo . He often helps Amu even though he works for Easter . Ikuto actually despises Easter and tries to wrench himself free from them by trying to find the Embryo to grant that wish . He possesses the Dumpty Key which pairs with Amu 's Humpty Lock which at first did not fit in the keyhole . Like his father , Ikuto is a skilled violinist . He is the current owner of the Dumpty Key , which originally belonged to Aruto , his father , although Tadase 's father had it for a little while . His father is presumed to be dead , but Ikuto refuses to believe it and has set out on finding him . As her status as the only daughter of the past president of the Easter Company , his mother was forced to marry the company 's director after her husband 's violin was found in a foreign country . From her second marriage , she bound her children into working for Easter . Ikuto 's personality is aloof , mysterious , and a little naughty . He likes teasing people , especially Amu and Tadase . He is also the older brother of Utau Hoshina . As the series goes on , he grows very strong feelings for Amu -- he confessed that he loves her in the same chapter Tadase did , although she believes that he is teasing her . He later surrendered himself to Easter , not wanting to get anyone else involved in the mess he made . In the manga timeline , it is shown he character transformed with a new black Guardian Egg to become Death Rebel , shocking Amu . In chapter 38 , he character transforms with Yoru and the black egg into Seven Seas Treasure . In chapter 39 , it 's said that Ikuto may have two eggs , one is possibly still inside him . In one of the later chapters , Ikuto calls Amu ' princess ' and she replies by asking him to thank her for making him get back to normal . Ikuto swears that this time he will be the one to protect her . In chapter 43 , Ikuto confesses to Amu he will never see her again as he is going to search for his father . Ikuto returns for Yukari Sanjo and Yuu Nikaidou 's wedding . Amu is very happy and relieved to see him . He promises that he would show Amu sides of him that she has not seen , but only when he returns for her when she is older , he then later kisses her on the nose . At the wedding Ikuto and Amu are seen holding hands and Amu says she knows she can reach the future without letting go of his hand.In the anime television series , Ikuto is voiced by Yūichi Nakamura . He is portrayed by KENN in the musical . Yoru ( ヨル ) Yoru is Ikuto 's cat - like Guardian Character and represents Ikuto 's desire to be free . Yoru often goes out by himself and enjoys causing trouble for the Guardians and their Guardian Characters for fun . When Ikuto and Yoru undergo a Character Transformation , they become Black Lynx . Yoru became hysterical when Ikuto does the Death Rebel Character Transformation in chapter 31 . During this time , he also could not track Ikuto because the hypnotizing tuning fork confuses him . Later on , when Racquel and Tadase find Ikuto being controlled by Easter , Yoru takes the Dumpty Key and gives it to Amu . In chapter 38 , he along with the black egg , combine powers with Ikuto to become Seven Seas Treasure . In chapter 46 , Amu finds a dazed Yoru in the Eggs ' Cradle . He and Amu fall out of the Egg 's cradle and see Ikuto . In chapter 48 , when Yoru sees how happy Ikuto is , he comments him for having become a `` true alley cat '' , and goes back to being a heart 's egg inside of Ikuto . In the anime television series , Yoru is voiced by Miyuki Sawashiro . Utau Hoshina / Tsukiyomi ( edit ) Utau Hoshina ( ほしな歌唄 , Hoshina Utau ) is a junior high student model turned singing idol . She is actually Ikuto 's younger sister , Utau Tsukiyomi ( 月詠歌唄 , Tsukiyomi Utau ) . Utau had tried to find the Embryo to release her brother from Easter , but she never succeeded . Utau is very attracted to Ikuto and becomes extremely jealous of Amu because Ikuto shows an interest in her . However , she eventually accepts Amu and they become friends . She becomes good friends with Kukai in the anime and manga , and soon starts a relationship with him . She was the vocalist of the indie band `` Black Diamond '' which is produced by her manager , Yukari Sanjo , as a method of using the CDs of their music to draw the eggs out of children and make them into X Eggs . She only sang in Black Diamond whilst in a x-chara change with x-Diamond . X-Diamond was found during one of her x-egg withdrawal sessions . Utau mainly uses X-Diamond to extract the heart 's egg of other people since X-Diamond can withdraw more x-eggs than Il can and El refuses to do anything . X-Diamond can Character Transform with Utau , and become Dark Jewel , however , the transformation lasts only a short period of time . When the plan fell apart , Utau quit Easter with her manager and became a singer on her own , without Easter contracting her . In the anime television series , Utau is voiced by Nana Mizuki . She is portrayed by Misaki Yonemura in the musical . Il ( イル , Il ) The devilish Iru is the first of Utau 's two Character Guardians introduced in the story . Iru seems mean and unkind , but it 's just her character . Sometimes she can be helpful and sincere , but she dislikes nagging . She represents Utau 's energetic and playful side . During Character Transformation , Utau becomes Lunatic Charm , with the attack Nightmare Lorelei and later , Lilin Trident . When Iru felt lonely because Eru was n't there for her to tease and when she felt that Utau was ignoring her because of Diamond , she Character Transforms with Amu , becoming Amulet Devil . In the anime television series , Il is voiced by Hiromi Konno . El ( エル , El ) El is Utau 's second Guardian Character and is the complete angelic opposite of Il . She represents Utau 's caring and outspoken side towards her brother Ikuto . El often nags , likes correcting people about their choices that she considers wrong herself , and helps those who are troubled by love . Because El was treated badly by Il and ignored by Utau , she left home and wound up in Amu 's care . El can perform a Character Transformation with Amu , resulting in Amulet Angel , which surprised Utau . However , as Amu is not El 's real owner , the Character Transformation remains powerless with no real abilities . Whenever El performs a Character Transformation with Amu , Amu usually ends up being embarrassed due to El 's over-the - top antics . Eru finally performed a Character Transformation with Utau , forming Seraphic Charm . Later in the manga series , Utau uses White Wing to help the Guardians help Ikuto . In the anime television series , El is voiced by Hyo - sei . Supporting Characters ( edit ) Nadeshiko Fujisaki ( 藤咲なでしこ , Fujisaki Nadeshiko ) / Nagihiko Fujisaki ( 藤咲なぎひこ , Fujisaki Nagihiko ) Nadeshiko Fujisaki is a student in the same year as Amu and serves as Queen 's Chair of the Guardians . When Amu rejected the offer to join the Guardians , Nadeshiko tries several tactics to convince Amu to join . The two become best friends and Nadeshiko looks over and supports Amu in her love life . However , before Amu and Nadeshiko enter the sixth grade , Nadeshiko leaves Seiyo Elementary to travel to Europe to study dancing . Nadeshiko is actually a boy named Nagihiko Fujisaki , called `` Nagi '' as a nickname by Amu and the girls . It is tradition in the Fujisaki family for males to be raised as females as part of their training so that they may play female roles in Japanese dance . Nagihiko 's secret is known by his family , Tadase , Kukai , Rima ( including their Shugo Chara ) , and the school 's principal Tsukasa Amakawa . Nagihiko has trouble telling Amu that he is actually a boy , instead , he tells Amu that he is Nadeshiko 's twin brother . After Kairi leaves the Guardians , Nagihiko returns and is appointed as the interim Jack 's Chair . In the anime television series , Nadeshiko is voiced by Saeko Chiba . She / he is portrayed by Kanon Fukuda in the musical . Temari ( てまり ) Temari is Nagihiko 's first Guardian Character . Temari appears to be elegant and Nagihiko 's desire to be more mannered and become a Japanese dancer . However , during Character Change , both Temari and Nagihiko ( as Nadeshiko ) become aggressive and very masculine ; Nagihiko , inadvertently , also gains a naginata , which he promptly uses . Prior to Nagihiko 's return to the guardians , Temari went back into her egg to slumber . In chapter 34 and episode 98 , Temari wakes up after Nagihiko realizes that it does n't matter what gender a person is , it 's effort that they put into something they do . They perform a Character Transformation , Yamato Maihime , whose attack is ' Robe of Feathers , Dance of the Cherry Blossoms ' . In the anime television series , Temari is voiced by Ryōka Yuzuki . Rhythm ( リズム , Rizumu ) Rhythm is Nagihiko 's second Guardian Character . Rhythm appears to be cool and outgoing , showing Nagihiko 's boy self . However , he might also be quite a flirt , as is shown when he hugs all of the female guardian chara 's after just meeting them . Rhythm 's egg was first seen in chapter 30 and in episode 56 , but as of chapter 34 and episode 91 , he hatches after Nagihiko remembers how much he liked playing basketball , at his own pace and rhythm , while fighting against a X Character . During Character Change , huge headphones appear around Nagihiko 's neck , and he gains an energetic persona ; he also does n't seem to hesitate in participating in athletic activities , and goes all out dominating several sports such as soccer , baseball , tennis , and judo . This causes most of the sports clubs to become obsessed with recruiting Nagihiko to their teams , much to his dismay . When in a Character Transformation , they become Beat Jumper . In the anime television series , Rhythm is voiced by Kōki Miyata . Kukai Soma ( 相馬空海 , Sōma Kūkai ) Kukai Soma is the upbeat and energetic Jack 's Chair of the Guardians . One year senior to Amu , Kukai helps Amu with her training as the Joker . Although he was the captain of the soccer club , Kukai loves and excels at all sports . At the end of the school year , Kukai graduates and goes on to middle school . However , Kukai returns to visit the Guardians from time to time . He also becomes good friends with Utau after they go to a ramen eating contest together . Kukai helps people when they are sad or mad he helps Amu get along with the new Queen and Jack chair and helped her become a stronger character so she does not bottle up her feelings inside . At the end , he falls in love with Utau . In the anime television series , Kukai is voiced by Atsushi Abe . He is portrayed by Yuuta Koseki in the musical . Daichi ( ダイチ ) Kukai 's Guardian Character is Daichi . He is very good at sports and can not seem to sit still . He was born when Kukai wanted to do many sports but had to choose . When Daichi and Kukai Character Change , Kukai becomes even more athletic . When Kukai and Daichi return for a visit , they Character Transform with the power of the Humpty Lock , becoming Sky Jack . In the anime television series , Daichi is voiced by Hiroyuki Yoshino . Yaya Yuiki ( 結木やや , Yuiki Yaya ) Yaya Yuiki is the childish girl serving as the Ace Chair and is one year junior to Amu . Yaya often acts immature for her age , such as having an enormous sweet tooth , a great soft spot for items like ribbons , as well as tending to be hyperactive . She is also a ballerina , though a rather clumsy one . She has a newborn baby brother named Tsubasa , who , she claims , gets all her parents ' attention . It is because of this that her baby - like Guardian Character , Pepe , was born . Though she acts jealous around Tsubasa , Yaya does have a responsible side , once personally taking him to the doctor when he had a fever , as no other option was possible . In the anime television series , Yaya is voiced by Tomoko Nakamura . She is portrayed by Meimi Tamura in the musical . Pepe ( ぺぺ ) Pepe is a baby - like Guardian Character who was born from Yaya 's desire to remain baby - like in nature . When either she or Yaya get hurt or something goes wrong , both of them begin to whine and cry in unison . During Character Transformation , they become Dear Baby . In the anime television series , Pepe is voiced by Kimiko Koyama . Rima Mashiro ( 真城りま , Mashiro Rima ) Rima Mashiro replaces Nadeshiko as the new Queen 's Chair . Although Rima is the same age as Amu , she is petite and has relatively poor athletic ability . Most of the boys in her class love her and treat her like a real queen because of her beauty and passive personality , while the girls are annoyed by her because of her selfishness . Because of a kidnapping incident that happened before she transferred to Seiyo Elementary , her parents pick her up after school , but since it interferes with their work schedules , they often argue about who cares more for Rima over work , resulting in Rima often having no one but Kusukusu as company for her secret interest in gag comedy . Later , she opens up to Amu and becomes friends with her . When Yaya explains to Rima about Amu and Nadeshiko 's friendship , she appears to be jealous . At first , she is shown to have great dislike for Nagihiko because Amu told Rima and Yaya that he is Nadeshiko 's twin brother due to a confusion between the two . That leads Rima to be protective over Amu and cold toward Nagihiko , although it is implied she is in love with him . She tells Nagihiko that he is useless because his Guardian Character is still inside an egg , but she gains respect and trust for him later on . Rima discovers that Nadeshiko and Nagihiko are actually the same person . In the anime television series , Rima is voiced by Sayuri Yahagi . She is portrayed by Karen Yagishita in the musical . Kusukusu ( クスクス ) Kusukusu is Rima 's Guardian Character and represents Rima 's desire to make others laugh . When she Character Changes , Rima becomes a gag character ( which she is embarrassed to use ) and uses a signature phrase and pose : `` Bala - Balance '' ( Balancing Balance ) from the magazine Great Gag Manga King ( ギャグマンガ大王 , Gyagu Manga Daiō ) . During Character Transformation , Rima becomes Clown Drop . In the anime television series , Kusukusu is voiced by Sayaka Narita . Kairi Sanjo ( 三条海里 , Sanjō Kairi ) Kairi Sanjo replaces Kukai as the new Jack 's Chair when Kukai leaves for middle school . Kairi is tall , despite being two years junior to Amu . Unlike the spontaneous Kukai , Kairi is uptight , very organized , and blunt about faults . Even with these traits , he is so capable that Amu and Yaya call him `` chairman . '' Kairi is the younger brother of Yukari Sanjo and was sent to spy on the Guardians . This was not his choice though , as Yukari immediately begged him to transfer to Seiyo upon discovering that he had a Guardian Character . Since his sister is busy at work , Kairi takes care of the household work ( and his sister ) in her apartment . However , when he saw the true meaning of his `` missions , '' he tries to rebel against Yukari , but not before he reveals his secret to the Guardians when they accidentally discover him with teaser CDs . He switches sides after Amu convinces him he is a good person . Afterward , he leaves saying that he promised his parents and local classmates that he would return , but not before declaring his love for Amu , saying that he shall return for her when he has become a man worthy of her . He also declared a rivalry toward Tadase . Recently in Chapter 44 , he is shown in Amu 's town looking for Yukari and comments about also looking for `` that person '' . In chapter 45 , he becomes the adviser for Yuu Nikaido and Yukari Sanjo , who are arguing about getting back together . In chapter 46 , he returns to the academy to meet with Tsukasa , meeting Hikaru and Yaya on his way . In the final chapter of the manga , it is shown that Kairi and Nagihiko share the same love for old samurai movies . In the anime television series , Kairi is voiced by Mitsuki Saiga . He is portrayed by Reo Sawada in the musical . Musashi ( ムサシ ) Kairi 's Guardian Character . Musashi has the traits and the personality of a samurai . He also has some of Kairi 's traits , such as green hair and glasses . When he Character Transforms with Kairi , they become Samurai Soul . In the anime television series , Musashi is voiced by Nobuhiko Okamoto . Yuu Nikaidou ( 二階堂悠 , Nikaidō Yū ) Yuu Nikaidou is a former employee member of Easter . In order to find the Embryo , he joined Seiyo Elementary and became in charge of Amu 's class in the disguise of a clumsy and kind - hearted teacher . His childhood dream was to become a robot engineer , but when his mentor quit , due to his ailing wife , and his parents opposed the idea , he lost sight of his dream and became a twisted person . He recovered with help from Amu and Su . He resigned from Easter Company and officially become the teacher in charge of Amu 's class . A running joke is that he calls Amu Himamori , meaning `` leisure time '' much to her dismay . He dated Yukari Sanjo before the series began , and they broke up . In chapter 45 , they argue about getting back together . In the anime television series , Yuu Nikaidou is voiced by Junji Majima . Yukari Sanjo ( 三条ゆかり , Sanjō Yukari ) Yukari Sanjo is a former employee of Easter Company , Kairi Sanjo 's older sister , and Utau 's manager . She came up with a new project , Black Diamond , to find the Embryo and mass - produce X Eggs . The CDs of the band were freely distributed and the people listening to it had their Eggs removed by force . As the band became more famous , their song is slated to be released to the Internet together with the unveiling of the band . She and Utau resigned from Easter after Amu got Diamond back , and started their own record company called Sanjo Productions . Yukari once dated Yuu Nikaidou , but the two have since broken up . She becomes annoyed whenever their former relationship is mentioned . In chapter 45 of the manga , she and Yuu argue about getting back together . In the anime television series , Yukari Sanjo is voiced by Rio Natsuki . She is portrayed by Kumiko Kōgami in the musical . Lulu de Morcerf Yamamoto ( 山本ルルドモルセール , Yamamoto Ruru Do Morusēru ) Lulu De Morcerf is an anime - original character in Shugo Chara ! ! Doki -- . She is the new Easter Company worker who has the ability to turn Heart 's Eggs into ? Eggs and has a hobby of making ruby necklace jewelries which she adorns around her victims . Her mother is an actress and her father is a French chef . She wants to find the Embryo so her mother will regain her radiance and make acting history . At first , Lulu dislikes Amu for always purifying the people with Nazo Tama or `` ? '' Eggs and stopping the Embryo from appearing . However , in episode 63 of Shugo Chara ! ! Doki -- , Lulu becomes quite kinder to Amu . In episode 84 , Lulu was fired from Easter . However , she continued to seek out the Embryo on her own . When Amu finally found out that Lulu is the one who has been corrupting people 's dreams , she confronts her in a battle . Lulu makes many ? Eggs , so many that they become two giant ? Eggs . She eventually resorts to making her own Guardian Character , Nana , into a ? Egg , and then Character Transforms into Dream Dream . In the end , Amu convinces Lulu to chase her own dreams and not to force her desires on others . After her mother lands a movie role in France , Lulu bids farewell to Amu . In the anime television series , Lulu is voiced by Akemi Kanda . Nana ( ナナ ) Nana is an anime - original character in Shugo Chara ! ! Doki -- . She represents Lulu 's desire to be more carefree and less reserved about herself despite her extravagant upbringing . During Character Change , Lulu 's hair clip becomes a purple flower . This allows Lulu to use her necklace in order to corrupt Heart 's Eggs . Unlike Lulu 's heritage , Nana has a nagoya accent which results with Lulu sometimes speaking in the same dialect , which embarrasses her greatly . When Lulu used the accent in front of Amu , she complimented it by being cute surprising Lulu . When Amu and the others find out that she and Lulu are the culprits behind the corruptions of Heart 's Eggs , Nana confronts their Guardian Characters to convince them of Lulu 's intentions . Lulu forcibly turns her into a ? Egg so that she can Character Transform into Dream Dream and fight against Amu . She nearly disappeared after she was purified , however , Lulu regretfully apologizes to her and she reappears . When Lulu 's mother lands a film role in France , she decides to move back to France with Lulu . In the anime television series , Nana is voiced by Ryōka Yuzuki . Rikka Hiiragi ( 柊りっか , Hiiragi Rikka ) Rikka is an anime - original character in Shugo Chara ! ! ! Dokki Doki . She is an upbeat , mysterious girl who can understand what X-Eggs are saying , and she can see Guardian Characters even though she lacks a Heart 's Egg . She lives in an apartment room with a bunch of X-Eggs that she collects whenever she sees one . At the end of episode 2 , Rikka becomes a Guardian Apprentice after begging Amu and Nagihiko . She becomes quick friends with Hikaru . Later on she finds a yellow egg in her bed with a sun as symbol that eventually hatches into her Guardian Character : Hotaru . Because she was ignoring the X-Eggs , panic arose when they started shattering . Saving one of them from shattering triggers her Character Transformation with Hotaru , becoming Pure Feeling . She then help Amu purify the X-Eggs in her new form . Rikka is appointed the new Queen 's Chair before graduation . In the anime television series , Rikka Hiiragi is voiced by Erika . Hotaru ( ほたる ) Hotaru is Rikka 's Guardian Character . Rikka gave birth to her egg in Shugo Chara ! ! ! Dokki Doki episode 15 . She hatched five episodes later . Before she hatched , Rikka felt lost of herself which subsequently turned her egg into an X-Egg , but it purified very soon . Hotaru is polite and elegant , balancing out Rikka 's energy and spunk . The two later perform a Character Transformation when her radiance is awakened , becoming Pure Feeling . In the anime television series , Hotaru is voiced by Ryōka Yuzuki . Hikaru Ichinomiya ( 一之宮ひかる , Ichinomiya Hikaru ) Hikaru Ichinomiya is the head of Easter Company . The people of Easter Company refer to him as `` Gozen , '' although it 's revealed that his real name is Hikaru in the much later chapters . Gozen promised the company employees a successful career if they can present him the Embryo . According to the manga , he wishes for a rare one - of - a-kind jewel , thus Easter 's search for the Embryo . In chapter 40 , it is revealed that Gozen is the little boy to whom Amu gave a taiyaki and appeared many other times mysteriously . This little boy , Hikaru , is unique in that he did not have a Heart 's Egg in him like almost all children . In chapter 41 , after his past is revealed , he finally gains one . It turns out that his egg was actually the shining white egg the others previously suspected as the Embryo . Hikaru is Kazuomi Hoshina 's grandson . In chapter 45 , he receives a Guardian Egg and transfers to Seiyo Elementary , which also happens in episode 103 of the anime and the Guardians make him a Guardian Apprentice . In the anime television series , Hikaru Ichinomiya is voiced by Eri Nakao . He is voiced by Shōzō Iizuka when using a voice changer . Minor Characters ( edit ) Midori Hinamori ( 日奈森緑 , Hinamori Midori ) Midori Hinamori is Amu 's mother and works as an editor for the magazine Housewives ' Knowledge . Midori is the one responsible for choosing Amu and Ami 's clothing styles . Unlike Amu 's father , Midori is more understanding of Amu 's relationship with boys . In chapter 30 , when Amu was found out with Ikuto in the house , she believes her and seeks to find a place for Ikuto . In chapter 33 , Amu calls her , and Midori mysteriously tells Amu that everyone believes in her . In the anime television series , Midori Hinamori is voiced by Kazusa Murai . Tsumugu Hinamori ( 日奈森紡 , Hinamori Tsumugu ) Tsumugu Hinamori is a wild bird photographer and Amu 's father . Tsumugu is devoted to his daughters and refers to them with names like `` Papa 's little sparrows '' and `` Papa 's shining stars . '' He is frequently shown taking pictures of Ami . However , he overreacts at the slightest provocation that Amu has a relationship with a boy . In the anime television series , Tsumugu Hinamori is voiced by Yūsei Oda . Ami Hinamori ( 日奈森亜実 , Hinamori Ami ) Ami Hinamori is Amu 's little sister who is innocent and pure - hearted . Ami is able to see Guardian Characters despite the fact that she does not have one . Unlike Amu , Ami is dressed in `` Sweet Lolita '' clothing . She respects and looks up to both Utau and Amu and loves to sing . She is a huge fan of Utau and played a big role in helping Utau to rediscover her good side . In the anime television series , Ami Hinamori is voiced by Kurumi Mamiya . Tsukasa Amakawa ( 天河司 , Amakawa Tsukasa ) Tsukasa Amakawa is the first King 's Chair of the Guardians and their founder . He is the Seiyo Elementary superintendent and manages the planetarium as a part - time job . He is the author of the book `` Kokoro no Tamago '' ( The Heart 's Egg ) . Tsukasa looks similar to Tadase because he is Tadase 's uncle on his mother 's side . In chapter 32 , Tsukasa is seen in a photograph along with the Hotori family and the Tsukiyomi family . So when Ikuto ran away , Tsukasa took him in and apparently `` kidnapped '' him in Tadase 's eyes . At first , he is thought to hold the Humpty Lock . He is a cat lover and has a liking for Ikuto 's cat ears , often teasing him with catnip and food . In chapter 37 , Tsukasa mysteriously tells Ikuto ' he is not a grown up man . ' Tsukasa also has a cunning ability to guess people 's thoughts . In the anime television series , Tsukasa Amakawa is voiced by Akira Ishida . Kazuomi Hoshina ( 星名一臣 , Hoshina Kazuomi ) Kazuomi Hoshina is the managing director of Easter company , a middle - aged man who is also the stepfather of Ikuto and Utau , and the former superior of Nikaidou and Yukari . After his repeated failure to obtain the Embryo , he started fearing that Gozen may abandon him , so he forms a plan to brainwash Ikuto to collect X Eggs . In chapter 33 , he realizes that the Embryo only shows up when X Eggs are purified , so he lures the Guardians into a trap . In chapter 41 , it is revealed that Kazuomi is actually Hikaru 's grandfather and he had previously lost his son and wife in a terrible accident and it is revealed that he forced Souko , Ikuto and Utau 's mother , into remarrying him so that his grandson can be the successor of Easter Company instead of Ikuto . In chapter 42 , he asked Ikuto and Souko for forgiveness and decides to retire from Easter . When he gives the divorce papers to Souko , Souko gives him a paper which , after reading it , shocks him . It is latter revealed during a conversation between Ikuto and Souko that she never summited the divorce papers with Aruto , Ikuto 's real father in the first place . Ikuto refers to him as `` Mr. Director . '' In the anime television series , Kazuomi Hoshina is voiced by Mitsuru Ogata . Nobuko Saeki ( 冴木のぶ子 , Saeki Nobuko ) Nobuko Saeki is a spiritual fortune teller and has a praised fortune telling column in Housewives ' Knowledge , although she dislikes the occult . She is 54 and likes miso peanuts . Her spiritual sense is so strong that she is able to see the Guardian Characters . She is the one who inspires Amu to wish to be a new person , meaning that she ignited Amu 's wishes . In Chapter 33 , she appears to help the Guardians into the Easter headquarters , saying that Amu is searching for someone precious to her . She is also fond of Tadase , probably because he looks so much like Tsukasa , who is one of the astrologers in her magazine . In the anime television series , Nobuko Saeki is voiced by Keiko Yamamoto . Saaya Yamabuki ( 山吹沙綾 , Yamabuki Saaya ) Saaya Yamabuki is an egotistical girl in the same class as Amu and leader of the Tadase Fan Club . Along with the other club members , Saaya shows off whenever she gets the chance in order to impress Tadase , and Kukai , but to no avail . She is also very jealous of Amu . Because of that , she once transformed with her hearts ' egg ( which changed into a ? egg ) in Doki ! into Hinamori Dream . In the anime television series , Saaya Yamabuki is voiced by Miyuki Kawashō . Seiichiro Suzuki ( 鈴木誠一郎 , Suzuki Seiichirō ) Seiichiro Suzuki is a third grade boy who greatly admires Amu . He is often seen cheering for Amu , admiring her in some way , or proving to Saaya Yamabuki that Amu is a superhero or can save anyone from anything . In the anime television series , Suzuki is voiced by Omi Minami . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Santos , Carlo ( 2007 - 04 - 17 ) . `` RIGHT TURN ONLY ! ! Kashimashi ~ Boy Meets Dragon ~ '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Santos , Carlo ( 2007 - 09 - 18 ) . `` RIGHT TURN ONLY ! ! Black and White and Matsumoto 'd All Over '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . Shugo Chara ! Episodes See also ( edit ) List of Shugo Chara ! episodes List of Shugo Chara ! ! Doki -- episodes List of Shugo Chara ! ! ! Dokki Doki episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Shugo_Chara!_characters&oldid=842209035 '' Categories : Lists of anime and manga characters Shugo Chara ! Magical girl anime and manga characters Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 ไทย 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 23 : 48 . About Wikipedia	who does amu end up with in the manga	[]	[]
7456031505648823140	Arctic Ocean	Arctic Ocean - Wikipedia Arctic Ocean Jump to : navigation , search `` Arctic Sea '' redirects here . For the cargo ship , see MV Arctic Sea . Map of the Arctic Ocean , with borders as delineated by the International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) , including Hudson Bay ( some of which is south of 57 ° N latitude , off the map ) . Earth 's oceans Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern World Ocean The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world 's five major oceans . The International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) recognizes it as an ocean , although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea , classifying it a mediterranean sea or an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean . Alternatively , the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost part of the all - encompassing World Ocean . Located mostly in the Arctic north polar region in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere , the Arctic Ocean is almost completely surrounded by Eurasia and North America . It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter . The Arctic Ocean 's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes ; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans , due to low evaporation , heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams , and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities . The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50 % . The US National Snow and Ice Data Center ( NSIDC ) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Extent and major ports 2.1. 1 United States 2.1. 2 Canada 2.1. 3 Greenland 2.1. 4 Norway 2.1. 5 Russia 2.2 Arctic shelves 2.3 Underwater features 3 Oceanography 3.1 Water flow 3.2 Sea ice 4 Climate 5 Animal and plant life 6 Natural resources 7 Environmental concerns 7.1 Arctic ice melting 7.2 Clathrate breakdown 7.3 Other concerns 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) For much of European history , the north polar regions remained largely unexplored and their geography conjectural . Pytheas of Massilia recorded an account of a journey northward in 325 BC , to a land he called `` Eschate Thule '' , where the Sun only set for three hours each day and the water was replaced by a congealed substance `` on which one can neither walk nor sail '' . He was probably describing loose sea ice known today as `` growlers '' or `` bergy bits '' ; his `` Thule '' was probably Norway , though the Faroe Islands or Shetland have also been suggested . Emanuel Bowen 's 1780s map of the Arctic features a `` Northern Ocean '' . Early cartographers were unsure whether to draw the region around the North Pole as land ( as in Johannes Ruysch 's map of 1507 , or Gerardus Mercator 's map of 1595 ) or water ( as with Martin Waldseemüller 's world map of 1507 ) . The fervent desire of European merchants for a northern passage , the Northern Sea Route or the Northwest Passage , to `` Cathay '' ( China ) caused water to win out , and by 1723 mapmakers such as Johann Homann featured an extensive `` Oceanus Septentrionalis '' at the northern edge of their charts . The few expeditions to penetrate much beyond the Arctic Circle in this era added only small islands , such as Novaya Zemlya ( 11th century ) and Spitzbergen ( 1596 ) , though since these were often surrounded by pack - ice , their northern limits were not so clear . The makers of navigational charts , more conservative than some of the more fanciful cartographers , tended to leave the region blank , with only fragments of known coastline sketched in . This lack of knowledge of what lay north of the shifting barrier of ice gave rise to a number of conjectures . In England and other European nations , the myth of an `` Open Polar Sea '' was persistent . John Barrow , longtime Second Secretary of the British Admiralty , promoted exploration of the region from 1818 to 1845 in search of this . In the United States in the 1850s and 1860s , the explorers Elisha Kane and Isaac Israel Hayes both claimed to have seen part of this elusive body of water . Even quite late in the century , the eminent authority Matthew Fontaine Maury included a description of the Open Polar Sea in his textbook The Physical Geography of the Sea ( 1883 ) . Nevertheless , as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported , the polar ice cap is quite thick , and persists year - round . Fridtjof Nansen was the first to make a nautical crossing of the Arctic Ocean , in 1896 . The first surface crossing of the ocean was led by Wally Herbert in 1969 , in a dog sled expedition from Alaska to Svalbard , with air support . The first nautical transit of the north pole was made in 1958 by the submarine USS Nautilus , and the first surface nautical transit occurred in 1977 by the icebreaker NS Arktika . Since 1937 , Soviet and Russian manned drifting ice stations have extensively monitored the Arctic Ocean . Scientific settlements were established on the drift ice and carried thousands of kilometres by ice floes . In World War II , the European region of the Arctic Ocean was heavily contested : the Allied commitment to resupply the Soviet Union via its northern ports was opposed by German naval and air forces . Geography ( edit ) A bathymetric / topographic map of the Arctic Ocean and the surrounding lands . The Arctic region ; of note , the region 's southerly border on this map is depicted by a red isotherm , with all territory to the north having an average temperature of less than 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) in July . The Arctic Ocean occupies a roughly circular basin and covers an area of about 14,056,000 km ( 5,427,000 sq mi ) , almost the size of Antarctica . The coastline is 45,390 km ( 28,200 mi ) long . It is surrounded by the land masses of Eurasia , North America , Greenland , and by several islands . It is generally taken to include Baffin Bay , Barents Sea , Beaufort Sea , Chukchi Sea , East Siberian Sea , Greenland Sea , Hudson Bay , Hudson Strait , Kara Sea , Laptev Sea , White Sea and other tributary bodies of water . It is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Bering Strait and to the Atlantic Ocean through the Greenland Sea and Labrador Sea . Countries bordering the Arctic Ocean are : Russia , Norway , Iceland , Greenland , Canada and the United States . Extent and major ports ( edit ) Main article : Borders of the oceans § Arctic Ocean There are several ports and harbours around the Arctic Ocean United States ( edit ) In Alaska , the main ports are Barrow ( 71 ° 17 ′ 44 '' N 156 ° 45 ′ 59 '' W / 71.29556 ° N 156.76639 ° W / 71.29556 ; - 156.76639 ( Barrow ) ) and Prudhoe Bay ( 70 ° 19 ′ 32 '' N 148 ° 42 ′ 41 '' W / 70.32556 ° N 148.71139 ° W / 70.32556 ; - 148.71139 ( Prudhoe ) ) . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , ships may anchor at Churchill ( Port of Churchill ) ( 58 ° 46 ′ 28 '' N 094 ° 11 ′ 37 '' W / 58.77444 ° N 94.19361 ° W / 58.77444 ; - 94.19361 ( Port of Churchill ) ) in Manitoba , Nanisivik ( Nanisivik Naval Facility ) ( 73 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 084 ° 32 ′ 57 '' W / 73.06889 ° N 84.54917 ° W / 73.06889 ; - 84.54917 ( Nanisivik Naval Facility ) ) in Nunavut , Tuktoyaktuk ( 69 ° 26 ′ 34 '' N 133 ° 01 ′ 52 '' W / 69.44278 ° N 133.03111 ° W / 69.44278 ; - 133.03111 ( Tuktoyaktuk ) ) or Inuvik ( 68 ° 21 ′ 42 '' N 133 ° 43 ′ 50 '' W / 68.36167 ° N 133.73056 ° W / 68.36167 ; - 133.73056 ( Inuvik ) ) in the Northwest territories . Greenland ( edit ) In Greenland , the main port is at Nuuk ( Nuuk Port and Harbour ) ( 64 ° 10 ′ 15 '' N 051 ° 43 ′ 15 '' W / 64.17083 ° N 51.72083 ° W / 64.17083 ; - 51.72083 ( Nuuk Port and Harbour ) ) . Norway ( edit ) In Norway , Kirkenes ( 69 ° 43 ′ 37 '' N 030 ° 02 ′ 44 '' E / 69.72694 ° N 30.04556 ° E / 69.72694 ; 30.04556 ( Kirkenes ) ) and Vardø ( 70 ° 22 ′ 14 '' N 031 ° 06 ′ 27 '' E / 70.37056 ° N 31.10750 ° E / 70.37056 ; 31.10750 ( Vardø ) ) are ports on the mainland . Also , there is Longyearbyen ( 78 ° 13 ′ 12 '' N 15 ° 39 ′ 00 '' E / 78.22000 ° N 15.65000 ° E / 78.22000 ; 15.65000 ( Longyearbyen ) ) on Svalbard , a Norwegian archipelago , next to Fram Strait . Russia ( edit ) In Russia , major ports sorted by the different sea areas are : Murmansk ( 68 ° 58 ′ N 033 ° 05 ′ E / 68.967 ° N 33.083 ° E / 68.967 ; 33.083 ( Murmansk ) ) in the Barents Sea Arkhangelsk ( 64 ° 32 ′ N 040 ° 32 ′ E / 64.533 ° N 40.533 ° E / 64.533 ; 40.533 ( Arkhangelsk ) ) in the White Sea Labytnangi ( 66 ° 39 ′ 26 '' N 066 ° 25 ′ 06 '' E / 66.65722 ° N 66.41833 ° E / 66.65722 ; 66.41833 ( Labytnangi ) ) Salekhard ( 66 ° 32 ′ N 066 ° 36 ′ E / 66.533 ° N 66.600 ° E / 66.533 ; 66.600 ( Salekhard ) ) , Dudinka ( 69 ° 24 ′ N 086 ° 11 ′ E / 69.400 ° N 86.183 ° E / 69.400 ; 86.183 ( Dudinka ) ) , Igarka ( 67 ° 28 ′ N 86 ° 35 ′ E / 67.467 ° N 86.583 ° E / 67.467 ; 86.583 ( Igarka ) ) and Dikson ( 73 ° 30 ′ N 080 ° 31 ′ E / 73.500 ° N 80.517 ° E / 73.500 ; 80.517 ( Dikson ) ) in the Kara Sea Tiksi ( 71 ° 38 ′ N 128 ° 52 ′ E / 71.633 ° N 128.867 ° E / 71.633 ; 128.867 ( Tiksi ) ) in the Laptev Sea Pevek ( 69 ° 42 ′ N 170 ° 17 ′ E / 69.700 ° N 170.283 ° E / 69.700 ; 170.283 ( Pevek ) ) in the East Siberian Sea Arctic shelves ( edit ) The ocean 's Arctic shelf comprises a number of continental shelves , including the Canadian Arctic shelf , underlying the Canadian Arctic Archipelago , and the Russian continental shelf , which is sometimes simply called the `` Arctic Shelf '' because it is greater in extent . The Russian continental shelf consists of three separate , smaller shelves , the Barents Shelf , Chukchi Sea Shelf and Siberian Shelf . Of these three , the Siberian Shelf is the largest such shelf in the world . The Siberian Shelf holds large oil and gas reserves , and the Chukchi shelf forms the border between Russian and the United States as stated in the USSR -- USA Maritime Boundary Agreement . The whole area is subject to international territorial claims . Underwater features ( edit ) An underwater ridge , the Lomonosov Ridge , divides the deep sea North Polar Basin into two oceanic basins : the Eurasian Basin , which is between 4,000 and 4,500 m ( 13,100 and 14,800 ft ) deep , and the Amerasian Basin ( sometimes called the North American , or Hyperborean Basin ) , which is about 4,000 m ( 13,000 ft ) deep . The bathymetry of the ocean bottom is marked by fault block ridges , abyssal plains , ocean deeps , and basins . The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is 1,038 m ( 3,406 ft ) . The deepest point is Litke Deep in the Eurasian Basin , at 5,450 m ( 17,880 ft ) . The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the Canada Basin ( between Alaska / Canada and the Alpha Ridge ) , Makarov Basin ( between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges ) , Amundsen Basin ( between Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges ) , and Nansen Basin ( between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the Franz Josef Land ) . Oceanography ( edit ) Water flow ( edit ) Distribution of the major water mass in the Arctic Ocean . The section sketches the different water masses along a vertical section from Bering Strait over the geographic North Pole to Fram Strait . As the stratification is stable , deeper water masses are more dense than the layers above . Density structure of the upper 1,200 m ( 3,900 ft ) in the Arctic Ocean . Profiles of temperature and salinity for the Amundsen Basin , the Canadian Basin and the Greenland Sea are sketched in this cartoon . In large parts of the Arctic Ocean , the top layer ( about 50 m ( 160 ft ) ) is of lower salinity and lower temperature than the rest . It remains relatively stable , because the salinity effect on density is bigger than the temperature effect . It is fed by the freshwater input of the big Siberian and Canadian streams ( Ob , Yenisei , Lena , Mackenzie ) , the water of which quasi floats on the saltier , denser , deeper ocean water . Between this lower salinity layer and the bulk of the ocean lies the so - called halocline , in which both salinity and temperature are rising with increasing depth . A Copepod Because of its relative isolation from other oceans , the Arctic Ocean has a uniquely complex system of water flow . It is classified as a mediterranean sea , which as `` a part of the world ocean which has only limited communication with the major ocean basins ( these being the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans ) and where the circulation is dominated by thermohaline forcing '' . The Arctic Ocean has a total volume of 18.07 × 10 km , equal to about 1.3 % of the World Ocean . Mean surface circulation is predominately cyclonic on the Eurasian side and anticyclonic in the Canadian Basin . Water enters from both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and can be divided into three unique water masses . The deepest water mass is called Arctic Bottom Water and begins around 900 metres ( 3,000 feet ) depth . It is composed of the densest water in the World Ocean and has two main sources : Arctic shelf water and Greenland Sea Deep Water . Water in the shelf region that begins as inflow from the Pacific passes through the narrow Bering Strait at an average rate of 0.8 Sverdrups and reaches the Chukchi Sea . During the winter , cold Alaskan winds blow over the Chukchi Sea , freezing the surface water and pushing this newly formed ice out to the Pacific . The speed of the ice drift is roughly 1 -- 4 cm / s . This process leaves dense , salty waters in the sea that sink over the continental shelf into the western Arctic Ocean and create a halocline . The Kennedy Channel . This water is met by Greenland Sea Deep Water , which forms during the passage of winter storms . As temperatures cool dramatically in the winter , ice forms and intense vertical convection allows the water to become dense enough to sink below the warm saline water below . Arctic Bottom Water is critically important because of its outflow , which contributes to the formation of Atlantic Deep Water . The overturning of this water plays a key role in global circulation and the moderation of climate . In the depth range of 150 -- 900 metres ( 490 -- 2,950 feet ) is a water mass referred to as Atlantic Water . Inflow from the North Atlantic Current enters through the Fram Strait , cooling and sinking to form the deepest layer of the halocline , where it circles the Arctic Basin counter-clockwise . This is the highest volumetric inflow to the Arctic Ocean , equalling about 10 times that of the Pacific inflow , and it creates the Arctic Ocean Boundary Current . It flows slowly , at about 0.02 m / s . Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer ( up to 3 ° C ) . In fact , this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water , and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density . When water reaches the basin it is pushed by strong winds into a large circular current called the Beaufort Gyre . Water in the Beaufort Gyre is far less saline than that of the Chukchi Sea due to inflow from large Canadian and Siberian rivers . The final defined water mass in the Arctic Ocean is called Arctic Surface Water and is found from 150 -- 200 metres ( 490 -- 660 feet ) . The most important feature of this water mass is a section referred to as the sub-surface layer . It is a product of Atlantic water that enters through canyons and is subjected to intense mixing on the Siberian Shelf . As it is entrained , it cools and acts a heat shield for the surface layer . This insulation keeps the warm Atlantic Water from melting the surface ice . Additionally , this water forms the swiftest currents of the Arctic , with speed of around 0.3 - 0.6 m / s . Complementing the water from the canyons , some Pacific water that does not sink to the shelf region after passing through the Bering Strait also contributes to this water mass . Waters originating in the Pacific and Atlantic both exit through the Fram Strait between Greenland and Svalbard Island , which is about 2,700 metres ( 8,900 feet ) deep and 350 kilometres ( 220 miles ) wide . This outflow is about 9 Sv . The width of the Fram Strait is what allows for both inflow and outflow on the Atlantic side of the Arctic Ocean . Because of this , it is influenced by the Coriolis force , which concentrates outflow to the East Greenland Current on the western side and inflow to the Norwegian Current on the eastern side . Pacific water also exits along the west coast of Greenland and the Hudson Strait ( 1 - 2 Sv ) , providing nutrients to the Canadian Archipelago . As noted , the process of ice formation and movement is a key driver in Arctic Ocean circulation and the formation of water masses . With this dependence , the Arctic Ocean experiences variations due to seasonal changes in sea ice cover . Sea ice movement is the result of wind forcing , which is related to a number of meteorological conditions that the Arctic experiences throughout the year . For example , the Beaufort High -- an extension of the Siberian High system -- is a pressure system that drives the anticyclonic motion of the Beaufort Gyre . During the summer , this area of high pressure is pushed out closer to its Siberian and Canadian sides . In addition , there is a sea level pressure ( SLP ) ridge over Greenland that drives strong northerly winds through the Fram Strait , facilitating ice export . In the summer , the SLP contrast is smaller , producing weaker winds . A final example of seasonal pressure system movement is the low pressure system that exists over the Nordic and Barents Seas . It is an extension of the Icelandic Low , which creates cyclonic ocean circulation in this area . The low shifts to centre over the North Pole in the summer . These variations in the Arctic all contribute to ice drift reaching its weakest point during the summer months . There is also evidence that the drift is associated with the phase of the Arctic Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation . Sea ice ( edit ) Sea cover in the Arctic Ocean , showing the median , 2005 and 2007 coverage Main article : Arctic ice pack Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally . The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km ( 6,023,200 sq mi ) at a rate of 3 % per decade . The seasonal variations are about 7,000,000 km ( 2,702,700 sq mi ) with the maximum in April and minimum in September . The sea ice is affected by wind and ocean currents , which can move and rotate very large areas of ice . Zones of compression also arise , where the ice piles up to form pack ice . Icebergs occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island , and icebergs are formed from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada . These icebergs pose a hazard to ships , of which the Titanic is one of the most famous . Permafrost is found on most islands . The ocean is virtually icelocked from October to June , and the superstructure of ships are subject to icing from October to May . Before the advent of modern icebreakers , ships sailing the Arctic Ocean risked being trapped or crushed by sea ice ( although the Baychimo drifted through the Arctic Ocean untended for decades despite these hazards ) . Climate ( edit ) See also : Climate change in the Arctic Play media Changes in ice between 1990 -- 1999 Under the influence of the Quaternary glaciation , the Arctic Ocean is contained in a polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges . Winters are characterized by the polar night , extreme cold , frequent low - level temperature inversions , and stable weather conditions . Cyclones are only common on the Atlantic side . Summers are characterized by continuous daylight ( midnight sun ) , and temperatures can rise above the melting point ( 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . Cyclones are more frequent in summer and may bring rain or snow . It is cloudy year - round , with mean cloud cover ranging from 60 % in winter to over 80 % in summer . The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant , near the freezing point of seawater . Because the Arctic Ocean consists of saltwater , the temperature must reach − 1.8 ° C ( 28.8 ° F ) before freezing occurs . The density of sea water , in contrast to fresh water , increases as it nears the freezing point and thus it tends to sink . It is generally necessary that the upper 100 -- 150 m ( 330 -- 490 ft ) of ocean water cools to the freezing point for sea ice to form . In the winter the relatively warm ocean water exerts a moderating influence , even when covered by ice . This is one reason why the Arctic does not experience the extreme temperatures seen on the Antarctic continent . There is considerable seasonal variation in how much pack ice of the Arctic ice pack covers the Arctic Ocean . Much of the Arctic ice pack is also covered in snow for about 10 months of the year . The maximum snow cover is in March or April -- about 20 to 50 cm ( 7.9 to 19.7 in ) over the frozen ocean . The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly in the past . As recently as 55 million years ago , during the Paleocene -- Eocene Thermal Maximum , the region reached an average annual temperature of 10 -- 20 ° C ( 50 -- 68 ° F ) . The surface waters of the northernmost Arctic Ocean warmed , seasonally at least , enough to support tropical lifeforms requiring surface temperatures of over 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) . Animal and plant life ( edit ) Three polar bears approach USS Honolulu near the North Pole . Endangered marine species in the Arctic Ocean include walruses and whales . The area has a fragile ecosystem which is slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage . Lion 's mane jellyfish are abundant in the waters of the Arctic , and the banded gunnel is the only species of gunnel that lives in the ocean . The Arctic Ocean has relatively little plant life except for phytoplankton . Phytoplankton are a crucial part of the ocean and there are massive amounts of them in the Arctic , where they feed on nutrients from rivers and the currents of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . During summer , the sun is out day and night , thus enabling the phytoplankton to photosynthesize for long periods of time and reproduce quickly . However , the reverse is true in winter when they struggle to get enough light to survive . Natural resources ( edit ) See also : Natural resources of the Arctic , Territorial claims in the Arctic , and Marine mammal Petroleum and natural gas fields , placer deposits , polymetallic nodules , sand and gravel aggregates , fish , seals and whales can all be found in abundance in the region . The political dead zone near the centre of the sea is also the focus of a mounting dispute between the United States , Russia , Canada , Norway , and Denmark . It is significant for the global energy market because it may hold 25 % or more of the world 's undiscovered oil and gas resources . Environmental concerns ( edit ) Main articles : Climate change in the Arctic , Ozone depletion , and Pollution in the Arctic Ocean Arctic ice melting ( edit ) The Arctic ice pack is thinning , and in many years there is also a seasonal hole in the ozone layer . Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet 's average albedo , possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism . Research shows that the Arctic may become ice free for the first time in human history within a few years or by 2040 . Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice free : 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as few as 5,500 years ago ; ice and ocean cores going back 8000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period . Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the north Atlantic , possibly disrupting global ocean current patterns . Potentially severe changes in the Earth 's climate might then ensue . As the extent of sea ice diminishes and sea level rises , the effect of storms such as the Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012 on open water increases , as does possible salt - water damage to vegetation on shore at locations such as the Mackenzie 's river delta as stronger storm surges become more likely . Clathrate breakdown ( edit ) Main article : Clathrate gun hypothesis Marine extinction intensity during the Phanerozoic % Millions of years ago ( H ) K -- Pg Tr -- J P -- Tr Cap Late D O -- S The Permian -- Triassic extinction event ( the Great Dying ) may have been caused by release of methane from clathrates . An estimated 52 % of marine genus became extinct , representing 96 % of all marine species . Sea ice , and the cold conditions it sustains , serves to stabilise methane deposits on and near the shoreline , preventing the clathrate breaking down and outgassing methane into the atmosphere , causing further warming . Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane , a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere , causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and ; marine genus and species to become extinct . Other concerns ( edit ) Other environmental concerns relate to the radioactive contamination of the Arctic Ocean from , for example , Russian radioactive waste dump sites in the Kara Sea and Cold War nuclear test sites such as Novaya Zemlya . In addition , Shell planned to drill exploratory wells in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas during the summer of 2012 , which environmental groups filed a lawsuit about in an attempt to protect native communities , endangered wildlife , and the Arctic Ocean in the event of a major oil spill . On July 16 , 2015 , five nations ( United States of America , Russia , Canada , Norway , Denmark / Greenland ) signed a declaration committing to keep their fishing vessels out of a 1.1 million square mile zone in the central Arctic Ocean near the North Pole . The agreement calls for those nations to refrain from fishing there until there is better scientific knowledge about the marine resources and until a regulatory system is in place to protect those resources . See also ( edit ) Arctic portal Geography portal Arctic Bridge Arctic cooperation and politics Arctic sea ice ecology and history Chukchi Cap Explorers of the Arctic Extreme points of the Arctic Fauna of the Arctic International Arctic Science Committee Nordicity North Atlantic Current Seven Seas Subarctic References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Pidwirny ( 2006 ) . `` Introduction to the Oceans '' . www.physicalgeography.net . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Tomczak , Matthias ; Godfrey , J. Stuart ( 2003 ) . Regional Oceanography : an Introduction ( 2nd ed . ) . Delhi : Daya Publishing House . ISBN 81 - 7035 - 306 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` ' Arctic Ocean ' - Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . As an approximation , the Arctic Ocean may be regarded as an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean . Jump up ^ Some Thoughts on the Freezing and Melting of Sea Ice and Their Effects on the Ocean K. Aagaard and R.A. Woodgate , Polar Science Center , Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington , January 2001 . Retrieved 7 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Pytheas Archived September 18 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Andre Engels . Retrieved 16 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Channel 4 , `` Sir Wally Herbert dies '' 13 June 2007 Jump up ^ North Pole drifting stations ( 1930s -- 1980s ) ^ Jump up to : Wright , John W. , ed. ( 2006 ) . The New York Times Almanac ( 2007 ed . ) . New York , New York : Penguin Books . p. 455 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303820 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Oceans of the World '' ( PDF ) . rst2.edu . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Ocean Fast Facts '' . wwf.pandora.org ( World Wildlife Foundation ) . Archived from the original on 29 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : CIA World Fact Book : Arctic Ocean . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Backgrounder -- Expanding Canadian Forces Operations in the Arctic '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Mariana Trench -- Oceanography '' . www.marianatrench.com. 2003 - 04 - 04 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : ( Regional Oceanography : An Introduction . Tomczak , Godfrey . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ) ^ Jump up to : ( Descriptive Physical Oceanography . Talley , Pickard , Emery , Swift . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . ) ^ Jump up to : Arctic Ocean Circulation : Going Around at the Top of the World . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Polar Discovery : Arctic Ocean Circulation . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005 Archived October 7 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Robert Simmon , Earth Observatory , and Walt Meier , NSIDC . Retrieved 7 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Sea Ice Index . Nsidc.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Polar Sea Ice Cap and Snow -- Cryosphere Today . Arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu ( 2007 - 09 - 23 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Buixadé Farré , Albert ; Stephenson , Scott R. ; Chen , Linling ; Czub , Michael ; Dai , Ying ; Demchev , Denis ; Efimov , Yaroslav ; Graczyk , Piotr ; Grythe , Henrik ; Keil , Kathrin ; Kivekäs , Niku ; Kumar , Naresh ; Liu , Nengye ; Matelenok , Igor ; Myksvoll , Mari ; O'Leary , Derek ; Olsen , Julia ; Pavithran . A.P. , Sachin ; Petersen , Edward ; Raspotnik , Andreas ; Ryzhov , Ivan ; Solski , Jan ; Suo , Lingling ; Troein , Caroline ; Valeeva , Vilena ; van Rijckevorsel , Jaap ; Wighting , Jonathan ( 16 October 2014 ) . `` Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage : Routes , resources , governance , technology , and infrastructure '' . Polar Geography . Taylor & Francis . doi : 10.1080 / 1088937X. 2014.965769 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Serreze , Mark C ; Barry , Roger G ( 2014 ) . The Arctic Climate System ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 168 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 03717 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Simmonds , Ian ; Burke , Craig ; Keay , Kevin ( 2008 ) . `` Arctic climate change as manifest in cyclone behavior '' . Journal of Climate. 21 . doi : 10.1175 / 2008JCLI2366. 1 . Jump up ^ Serreze , Mark C ; Barry , Roger G ( 2014 ) . The Arctic Climate System ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 56 -- 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 03717 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` NSIDC sea ice '' . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Shellito , C.J. ; Sloan , L.C. ; Huber , M. ( 2003 ) . `` Climate model sensitivity to atmospheric CO levels in the Early - Middle Paleogene '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 193 ( 1 ) : 113 -- 123 . doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 0182 ( 02 ) 00718 - 6 . Jump up ^ Drill cores were recovered from the Lomonosov Ridge , presently at 87 ° N Jump up ^ the dinoflagellates Apectodinium augustum Jump up ^ Sluijs , A. ; Schouten , S. ; Pagani , M. ; Woltering , M. ; Brinkhuis , H. ; Damsté , J.S.S. ; Dickens , G.R. ; Huber , M. ; Reichart , G.J. ; Stein , R. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene / Eocene thermal maximum '' . Nature . 441 ( 7093 ) : 610 -- 613 . doi : 10.1038 / nature04668 . PMID 16752441 . Jump up ^ Microbes flourish under Arctic sea ice ; Scientists shocked to find phytoplankton thriving under frozen surface July 28th , 2012 ; Vol. 182 # 2 ( p. 17 ) Science News ^ Jump up to : Physical Nutrients and Primary Productivity Professor Terry Whiteledge . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 7 December 2006 . Jump up ^ The Arctic 's New Gold Rush -- BBC Jump up ^ The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier : The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons , by Shamil Yenikeyeff and Timothy Fenton Krysiek , Oxford Institute for Energy Studies , August 2007 Jump up ^ Clean Air Online -- Linking Today into Tomorrow ^ Jump up to : Earth -- melting in the heat ? Richard Black , 7 October 2005 . BBC News . Retrieved 7 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Russia the next climate recalcitrant Peter Wilson , 17 November 2008 , The Australian . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` When will the Arctic lose its sea ice ? '' . National Snow & Ice Data Center . May 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Has the Arctic Ocean always had ice in summer ? '' . National Snow & Ice Data Center . February 2012 . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lauren Morello ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Warmer Arctic with Less Ice Increases Storm Surge '' . Climate Central . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Connor ( 23 September 2008 ) . `` Exclusive : The methane time bomb '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Volker Mrasek ( 17 April 2008 ) . `` A Storehouse of Greenhouse Gases Is Opening in Siberia '' . Spiegel Online . Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ 400 million cubic meters of radioactive waste threaten the Arctic area Archived October 16 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Thomas Nilsen , Bellona , 24 August 2001 . Retrieved 7 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Plutonium in the Russian Arctic , or How We Learned to Love the Bomb Bradley Moran , John N. Smith . Retrieved 7 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Tim Phillips , `` Alaska Natives Sue Federal Government for Approving Shell 's Insufficient Clean - Up Plan for a Potential Oil Spill in the Arctic Ocean '' , Activist Defense , July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic deal bans North Pole fishing '' . BBC News . 16 July 2015 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Yereth ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` 5 nations sign declaration to protect Arctic ' donut hole ' from unregulated fishing '' . Alaska Dispatch News . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Neatby , Leslie H. , Discovery in Russian and Siberian Waters 1973 ISBN 0 - 8214 - 0124 - 6 Ray , L. , and bacon , B. , eds. , The Arctic Ocean 1982 ISBN 0 - 333 - 31017 - 9 Thorén , Ragnar V.A. , Picture Atlas of the Arctic 1969 ISBN 0 - 8214 - 0124 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arctic Ocean . Look up arctic ocean in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has original text related to this article : CIA World Fact Book , 2004 / Arctic Ocean ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF The Hidden Ocean Arctic 2005 Daily logs , photos and video from exploration mission . Oceanography Image of the Day , from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Arctic Council The Northern Forum Arctic Environmental Atlas Interactive map NOAA Arctic Theme Page `` Arctic Ocean '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Daily Arctic Ocean Rawinsonde Data from Soviet Drifting Ice Stations ( 1954 -- 1990 ) at NSIDC NOAA North Pole Web Cam Images from Web Cams deployed in spring on an ice floe NOAA Near - realtime North Pole Weather Data Data from instruments deployed on an ice floe Search for Arctic Life Heats Up by Stephen Leahy International Polar Foundation `` Daily report of Arctic ice cover based on satellite data '' . nsidc.org . National Snow and Ice Data Center . 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Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C. Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv . Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. 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-9086048198815706206	Internal audit	Internal audit - wikipedia Internal audit Jump to : navigation , search Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( show ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( show ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( show ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( show ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( show ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( show ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( show ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( show ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( show ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal Internal auditing is an independent , objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organization 's operations . It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic , disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management , control and governance processes . Internal auditing is a catalyst for improving an organization 's governance , risk management and management controls by providing insight and recommendations based on analyses and assessments of data and business processes . With commitment to integrity and accountability , internal auditing provides value to governing bodies and senior management as an objective source of independent advice . Professionals called internal auditors are employed by organizations to perform the internal auditing activity . The scope of internal auditing within an organization is broad and may involve topics such as an organization 's governance , risk management and management controls over : efficiency / effectiveness of operations ( including safeguarding of assets ) , the reliability of financial and management reporting , and compliance with laws and regulations . Internal auditing may also involve conducting proactive fraud audits to identify potentially fraudulent acts ; participating in fraud investigations under the direction of fraud investigation professionals , and conducting post investigation fraud audits to identify control breakdowns and establish financial loss . Internal auditors are not responsible for the execution of company activities ; they advise management and the Board of Directors ( or similar oversight body ) regarding how to better execute their responsibilities . As a result of their broad scope of involvement , internal auditors may have a variety of higher educational and professional backgrounds . The Institute of Internal Auditors ( IIA ) is the recognized international standard setting body for the internal audit profession and awards the Certified Internal Auditor designation internationally through rigorous written examination . Other designations are available in certain countries . In the United States the professional standards of the Institute of Internal Auditors have been codified in several states ' statutes pertaining to the practice of internal auditing in government ( New York State , Texas , and Florida being three examples ) . There are also a number of other international standard setting bodies . Internal auditors work for government agencies ( federal , state and local ) ; for publicly traded companies ; and for non-profit companies across all industries . Internal auditing departments are led by a Chief Audit Executive ( `` CAE '' ) who generally reports to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors , with administrative reporting to the Chief Executive Officer ( In the United States this reporting relationship is required by law for publicly traded companies ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of internal auditing 2 Organizational independence 3 Role in internal control 4 Role in risk management 5 Role in corporate governance 6 Audit project selection or `` annual planning '' 7 Internal audit execution 8 Internal audit reports 8.1 Quality of Internal Audit Report 9 Strategy 10 Other topics 10.1 Measuring the internal audit function 10.2 Reporting of critical findings 10.3 Audit philosophy 11 See also 12 References History of internal auditing ( edit ) The Internal Auditing profession evolved steadily with the progress of management science after World War II . It is conceptually similar in many ways to financial auditing by public accounting firms , quality assurance and banking compliance activities . While some of the audit technique underlying internal auditing is derived from management consulting and public accounting professions , the theory of internal auditing was conceived primarily by Lawrence Sawyer ( 1911 - 2002 ) , often referred to as `` the father of modern internal auditing '' ; and the current philosophy , theory and practice of modern internal auditing as defined by the International Professional Practices Framework ( IPPF ) of the Institute of Internal Auditors owes much to Sawyer 's vision . With the implementation in the United States of the Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002 , the profession 's exposure and value was enhanced , as many internal auditors possessed the skills required to help companies meet the requirements of the law . However , the focus by internal audit departments of publicly traded companies on SOX related financial policy and procedures derailed progress made by the profession in the late 20th century toward Larry Sawyer 's vision for internal audit . Beginning in about 2010 , the IIA once again began advocating for the broader role internal auditing should play in the corporate arena , in keeping with the IPPF 's philosophy . Organizational independence ( edit ) While internal auditors are not independent of the companies that employ them , independence and objectivity are a cornerstone of the IIA professional standards ; and are discussed at length in the standards and the supporting practice guides and practice advisories . Professional internal auditors are mandated by the IIA standards to be independent of the business activities they audit . This independence and objectivity are achieved through the organizational placement and reporting lines of the internal audit department . Internal auditors of publicly traded companies in the United States are required to report functionally to the board of directors directly , or a sub-committee of the board of directors ( typically the audit committee ) , and not to management except for administrative purposes . The required organizational independence from management enables unrestricted evaluation of management activities and personnel and allows internal auditors to perform their role effectively . Although internal auditors are part of company management and paid by the company , the primary customer of internal audit activity is the entity charged with oversight of management 's activities . This is typically the Audit Committee , a sub-committee of the Board of Directors . Organizational independence is effectively achieved when the chief audit executive reports functionally to the board . Examples of functional reporting to the board involve the board : Approving the internal audit charter ; Approving the risk based internal audit plan ; Approving the internal audit budget and resource plan ; Receiving communications from the chief audit executive on the internal audit activity 's performance relative to its plan and other matters ; Approving decisions regarding the appointment and removal of the chief audit executive ; Approving the remuneration of the chief audit executive ; and Making appropriate inquiries of management and the chief audit executive to determine whether there are inappropriate scope or resource limitations . Role in internal control ( edit ) Internal auditing activity is primarily directed at evaluating internal control . Under the COSO Framework , internal control is broadly defined as a process , effected by an entity 's board of directors , management , and other personnel , designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of the following core objectives for which all businesses strive : Effectiveness and efficiency of operations . Reliability of financial and management reporting . Compliance with laws and regulations . Safeguarding of Assets Management is responsible for internal control , which comprises five critical components : the control environment ; risk assessment ; risk focused control activities ; information and communication ; and monitoring activities . Managers establish policies , processes , and practices in these five components of management control to help the organization achieve the four specific objectives listed above . Internal auditors perform audits to evaluate whether the five components of management control are present and operating effectively , and if not , provide recommendations for improvement . In the United States , internal auditors may assist management with compliance with the Sarbanes - Oxley Act ( SOX ) . Role in risk management ( edit ) Internal auditing professional standards require the function to evaluate the effectiveness of the organization 's Risk management activities . Risk management is the process by which an organization identifies , analyzes , responds , gathers information about , and monitors strategic risks that could actually or potentially impact the organization 's ability to achieve its mission and objectives . Under the COSO enterprise risk management ( ERM ) Framework , an organization 's strategy , operations , reporting , and compliance objectives all have associated strategic business risks - the negative outcomes resulting from internal and external events that inhibit the organization 's ability to achieve its objectives . Management assesses risk as part of the ordinary course of business activities such as strategic planning , marketing planning , capital planning , budgeting , hedging , incentive payout structure , credit / lending practices , mergers and acquisitions , strategic partnerships , legislative changes , conducting business abroad , etc . Sarbanes - Oxley regulations require extensive risk assessment of financial reporting processes . Corporate legal counsel often prepares comprehensive assessments of the current and potential litigation a company faces . Internal auditors may evaluate each of these activities , or focus on the overarching process used to manage risks entity - wide . For example , internal auditors can advise management regarding the reporting of forward - looking operating measures to the Board , to help identify emerging risks ; or internal auditors can evaluate and report on whether the board and other stakeholders can have reasonable assurance the organization 's management team has implemented an effective enterprise risk management program . In larger organizations , major strategic initiatives are implemented to achieve objectives and drive changes . As a member of senior management , the Chief Audit Executive ( CAE ) may participate in status updates on these major initiatives . This places the CAE in the position to report on many of the major risks the organization faces to the Audit Committee , or ensure management 's reporting is effective for that purpose . The internal audit function may help the organization address its risk of fraud via a fraud risk assessment , using principles of fraud deterrence . Internal auditors may help companies establish and maintain Enterprise Risk Management processes . This process is highly valued by many businesses for establishing and implementing effective management systems and ensuring quality is maintained & professional standards are met Internal auditors also play an important role in helping companies execute a SOX 404 top - down risk assessment . In these latter two areas , internal auditors typically are part of the risk assessment team in an advisory role . Role in corporate governance ( edit ) Internal auditing activity as it relates to corporate governance has in the past been generally informal , accomplished primarily through participation in meetings and discussions with members of the Board of Directors . According to COSO 's ERM framework , governance is the policies , processes and structures used by the organization 's leadership to direct activities , achieve objectives , and protect the interests of diverse stakeholder groups in a manner consistent with ethical standards . The internal auditor is often considered one of the `` four pillars '' of corporate governance , the other pillars being the Board of Directors , management , and the external auditor . A primary focus area of internal auditing as it relates to corporate governance is helping the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors ( or equivalent ) perform its responsibilities effectively . This may include reporting critical management control issues , suggesting questions or topics for the Audit Committee 's meeting agendas , and coordinating with the external auditor and management to ensure the Committee receives effective information . In recent years , the IIA has advocated more formal evaluation of Corporate governance , particularly in the areas of board oversight of enterprise risk , corporate ethics , and fraud . Audit project selection or `` annual planning '' ( edit ) Based on the risk assessment of the organization , internal auditors , management and oversight Boards determine where to focus internal auditing efforts . This focus or prioritization is part of the annual / multi-year Audit Planning . The audit plan is typically proposed by the CAE ( sometimes with several options or alternatives ) for the review and approval of the Audit Committee or Board of Directors . Internal auditing activity is generally conducted as one or more discrete assignments. internal Internal audit execution ( edit ) A typical internal audit assignment involves the following steps : Establish and communicate the scope and objectives for the audit to appropriate management . Develop an understanding of the business area under review . This includes objectives , measurements , and key transaction types . This involves review of documents and interviews . Flowcharts and narratives may be created if necessary . Describe the key risks facing the business activities within the scope of the audit . Identify management practices in the five components of control used to ensure each key risk is properly controlled and monitored . Internal Audit Checklist can be a helpful tool to identify common risks and desired controls in the specific process or industry being audited . Develop and execute a risk - based sampling and testing approach to determine whether the most important management controls are operating as intended . Report issues and challenges identified and negotiate action plans with management to address the problems . Follow - up on reported findings at appropriate intervals . Internal audit departments maintain a follow - up database for this purpose . Audit assignment length varies based on the complexity of the activity being audited and Internal Audit resources available . Many of the above steps are iterative and may not all occur in the sequence indicated . In addition to assessing business processes , specialists called Information Technology ( IT ) Auditors review Information technology controls . Internal audit reports ( edit ) Internal auditors typically issue reports at the end of each audit that summarize their findings , recommendations , and any responses or action plans from management . An audit report may have an executive summary -- a body that includes the specific issues or findings identified and related recommendations or action plans , and appendix information such as detailed graphs and charts or process information . Each audit finding within the body of the report may contain five elements , sometimes called the `` 5 C 's '' : Condition : What is the particular problem identified ? Criteria : What is the standard that was not met ? The standard may be a company policy or other benchmark . Cause : Why did the problem occur ? Consequence : What is the risk / negative outcome ( or opportunity foregone ) because of the finding ? Corrective action : What should management do about the finding ? What have they agreed to do and by when ? The recommendations in an internal audit report are designed to help the organization achieve effective and efficient governance , risk and control processes associated with operations objectives , financial and management reporting objectives ; and legal / regulatory compliance objectives . Audit findings and recommendations may also relate to particular assertions about transactions , such as whether the transactions audited were valid or authorized , completely processed , accurately valued , processed in the correct time period , and properly disclosed in financial or operational reporting , among other elements . Under the IIA standards , a critical component of the audit process is the preparation of a balanced report that provides executives and the board with the opportunity to evaluate and weigh the issues being reported in the proper context and perspective . In providing perspective , analysis and workable recommendations for business improvements in critical areas , auditors help the organization meet its objectives . Quality of internal audit report ( edit ) Objectivity - The comments and opinions expressed in the Report should be objective and unbiased . Clarity - The language used should be simple and straightforward . Accuracy - The information contained in the report should be accurate . Brevity - The report should be concise . Timeliness - The report should be released promptly immediately after the audit is concluded , within a month . Strategy ( edit ) Internal audit functions may also develop functional strategies described in multi-year strategic plans . Professional guidance on building an Internal Audit strategic plan was issued by the Institute of Internal Auditors in July 2012 via a Practice Guide called Developing the Internal Audit Strategic Plan . A key aspect of developing IA strategy is understanding the expectations of stakeholders , such as the Audit Committee and top management . This helps guide the IA function in its mission of helping the organization address the risks it faces . Specific topics considered in IA strategic planning include : Scope and emphasis : An IA function may be involved in addressing risks related to financial reporting , operations , legal and regulatory compliance , and the company strategy . There may also be special topics of interest to stakeholders that change considerably year - to - year . Portfolio of services : IA functions may provide traditional audit assurance across the risk spectrum as well as consulting project support in a variety of areas such as project management , data analysis , and monitoring of major company initiatives . Larger audit functions may establish specialty areas to handle their service portfolio . Competency development : The stakeholder expectations around scope and service portfolio determine what competencies the function needs , which drives decisions regarding hiring of specific skills and training programs . The internal audit function is often used as a `` management training ground '' to provide employees with a deeper knowledge of the company 's operations before they are rotated into a management position . Technology : IA functions use a variety of technology tools / software to support audit process workflow , statistical analysis , and obtaining data from systems . Building the IA strategy may involve a variety of strategic management concepts and frameworks , such as strategic planning , strategic thinking , and SWOT analysis . Other topics ( edit ) Measuring the internal audit function ( edit ) The measurement of the internal audit function can involve a balanced scorecard approach . Internal audit functions are primarily evaluated based on the quality of counsel and information provided to the Audit Committee and top management . However , this is primarily qualitative and therefore difficult to measure . `` Customer surveys '' sent to key managers after each audit engagement or report can be used to measure performance , with an annual survey to the Audit Committee . Scoring on dimensions such as professionalism , quality of counsel , timeliness of work product , utility of meetings , and quality of status updates are typical with such surveys . Understanding the expectations of senior management and the audit committee represent important steps in developing a performance measurement process , as well as how such measures help align the audit function with organizational priorities . Independent peer reviews are part of the quality assurance process for many internal audit groups as they are often required by standards . The resulting peer review report is made available to the Audit Committee . Reporting of critical findings ( edit ) The Chief Audit Executive ( CAE ) typically reports the most critical issues to the Audit Committee quarterly , along with management 's progress towards resolving them . Critical issues typically have a reasonable likelihood of causing substantial financial or reputational damage to the company . For particularly complex issues , the responsible manager may participate in the discussion . Such reporting is critical to ensure the function is respected , that the proper `` tone at the top '' exists in the organization , and to expedite resolution of such issues . It is a matter of considerable judgment to select appropriate issues for the Audit Committee 's attention and to describe them in the proper context . Audit philosophy ( edit ) Some of the philosophy and approach of internal auditing is derived from the work of Lawrence Sawyer . His philosophy and guidance on the role of internal audit was a forerunner of the current definition of internal auditing . It emphasized assisting management and the Board in achieving the organization 's objectives through well - reasoned audits , evaluations , and analyses of operational areas . He encouraged the modern internal auditor to act as a counselor to management rather than as an adversary . Sawyer saw auditors as active players influencing events in the business rather than criticizing all degrees of errors and mistakes . He also foresaw a more desirable auditor future involving a stronger relationship with members of Audit Committee and the Board and a divorce from direct reporting to the Chief Financial Officer . Sawyer often talked about `` catching a manager doing something right '' and providing recognition and positive reinforcement . Writing about positive observations in audit reports was rarely done until Sawyer started talking about the idea . He understood and forecast the benefits of providing more balanced reporting while simultaneously building better relationships . Sawyer understood the psychology of interpersonal dynamics and the need for all people to receive acknowledgment and validation for relationships to prosper . Sawyer helped make internal auditing more relevant and more interesting through a sharp focus on operational or performance auditing . He strongly encouraged looking beyond financial statements and financial - related auditing into areas such as purchasing , warehousing and distribution , human resources , information technology , facilities management , customer service , field operations , and program management . This approach helped catapult the chief audit executive into the role of a respected and knowledgeable adviser who was thought to be reasonable , objective , and concerned about helping the organization achieve the stated goals . See also ( edit ) Certified Information Systems Auditor Chartered Institute of Internal Auditors Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ( COSO ) Fraud deterrence International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board International Register of Certificated Auditors IS Audit Operational auditing Risk based internal audit References ( edit ) Library resources about Internal audit Resources in your library Jump up ^ IIA 's definition of audit . Jump up ^ Wood , David A. ( May 2012 ) . `` Corporate Managers ' Reliance on Internal Auditor Recommendations '' . AUDITING : A Journal of Practice & Theory . 31 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Wood , David A. ( July 2009 ) . `` Internal Audit Quality and Earnings Management '' . The Accounting Review . 84 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Wood , David A. ( September 2013 ) . `` A Descriptive Study of Factors Associated with the Internal Audit Function Policies Having an Impact : Comparisons Between Organizations in a Developed and an Emerging Economy '' . Turkish Studies . 14 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ `` UK and Ireland Certifications '' . Eciia.eu. 2013 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The IIA - History and Evolution of Internal Auditing '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Auditor Magazine '' . na.theiia.org. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Pages - Standards '' . theiia.org . Jump up ^ `` Role of Internal Auditing in ERM '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ECAAS Certification & Training '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` IIA Article `` Getting a Leg Up '' `` . Findarticles.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ David Griffiths . `` Internal audit - Risk based - Introduction '' . internalaudit.biz . Jump up ^ `` Internal Audit Checklists of various processes '' . Internal Audit Expert . internalauditexpert.in . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Format of Internal Audit Report '' . internalauditexpert.in . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pages - Developing the Internal Audit Strategic Plan Practice Guide '' . theiia.org . Jump up ^ Wood , David A. ( November 2011 ) . `` The Effect of Using the Internal Audit Function as a Management Training Ground on the External Auditor 's Reliance Decision '' . The Accounting Review . 86 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Frigo , Mark L. A Balanced Scorecard Framework for Internal Auditing Departments . IIA Research Foundation . Altamonte Springs , FL. : 2002 Jump up ^ `` IIA - GAIN Study - Knowledge Report - Measuring Internal Audit Performance - September 2009 '' . Theiia.org. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` PWC - 2012 State of the Internal Audit Profession Survey - March 2012 '' . Pwc.com. 2012 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Peer Review : IIA , GAGAS and ISSAI '' . projectauditors.com. 2012 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Sawyer , Lawrence ( 2003 ) . Sawyer 's Internal Auditing 5th Edition . Institute of Internal Auditors . ISBN 978 - 0894135095 . NDL : 00567977 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_audit&oldid=798037163 '' Categories : Auditing Internal audit Types of auditing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 16 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	explain broadly the objects and elements of good internal check system	[]	[]
-6928273801070675794	America's Got Talent (season 13)	America 's Got Talent ( season 13 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( season 13 ) America 's Got Talent Promotional poster for the season . Season 13 Broadcast from May 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) -- present ( present ) Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Host ( s ) Tyra Banks Broadcaster NBC Chronology ◀ 2018 Season thirteen of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent premiered on May 29 , 2018 , on NBC . Howie Mandel , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective ninth , sixth , sixth , and third seasons . Meanwhile , Tyra Banks returned for her second season as host . The live shows return to the Dolby Theatre , beginning August 14 , 2018 . AGT is co-produced by FremantleMedia North America and Syco Entertainment , Cowell 's company . Dunkin ' Donuts is a sponsor for a fourth consecutive season . Contents 1 Preliminary auditions 1.1 Golden buzzer 2 Cut before Judge Cuts 3 Judge Cuts 3.1 Golden Buzzer 3.2 Week 1 3.3 Week 2 3.4 Week 3 3.5 Week 4 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 ( August 14 -- 15 ) 4.2 Week 2 ( August 21 -- 22 ) 4.3 Week 3 ( August 28 -- 29 ) 5 Top 36 acts 6 International broadcast 7 Ratings 7.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 7.2 Special episodes 8 Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows 9 References 10 External links Preliminary auditions Season 13 judges and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks The season had preliminary open call auditions in Orlando , Cincinnati , Savannah , Milwaukee , Houston , Las Vegas , New York City , Nashville , and Los Angeles . As in years past , prospective contestants could also submit online auditions . Auditions were taped from March 6 - 23 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles and began to air on May 29 , 2018 . Golden buzzer The golden buzzer returned for its fifth consecutive season . Any act that receives the golden buzzer during the judges ' auditions will be sent directly to the live shows and will not compete in the Judge Cuts round . In the first episode , Tyra Banks was the first to press the golden buzzer for acrobatic and dance group Zurcaroh . Simon Cowell was second to press it for 40 - year - old singer Michael Ketterer . Howie Mandel was third to press it for 13 year old singer Courtney Hadwin . Mel B was fourth to press it for 15 year old singer Amanda Mena . Heidi Klum was the final judge to use the golden buzzer , using it for 15 year old singer Makayla Phillips . Cut before Judge Cuts The following acts successfully advanced past preliminary auditions but were not seen in the competition again . Some acts were cut before the Judge Cuts episodes by producers , some only intended to perform once , others withdrew for personal reasons , or the reason for some was left unknown . Andy Huggins , Stand - up Comedian Annaliese Nock , Daredevil Bill Thrasher , Michael Jackson Impersonating Hula - Hooper Benjamin and Adam , Pole Acrobat Duo Blaise Ryndes , Bubbleologist Caroline Baran , Singer Chris Cox , Mentalist Darzana , Dance Group Duo Non Stop , Rolla Bolla Duo Duo Vital - x , Danger Act French Accent , Accordionist and Stand - up Comedian Front Pictures , Multimedia Performance Act Hamster Wheel , Rube Goldberg Trio The Janes , Vocal Group Jenny Klimantova , Hula - Hoop Artist Jimmy Ichihana , Magician Kenny Thomas , Motorcycle Stunt Performer Kaylee and Eddie , Dance Duo Laurent Piron , Magician Natalie Ong , Singer Nathan Spare , Fire Breather Pancakes , Dance Troupe Silicon Valley Girls , Acrobat Trio Srikanta Barefoot , Cyr Wheel Acrobat Virzi Triplets , Comedian Trio Judge Cuts The Judge Cuts rounds began airing on Tuesday , July 17 , 2018 . Like the previous season , one guest judge will join the judges ' panel each show and will be given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Eighteen acts perform each week instead of twenty as in the previous three seasons . Of the eighteen acts performing each week seven acts advance including the guest judge 's golden buzzer which immediately advances if used . Guest judges will not be given a red buzzer to use . Any act that will receive all four red buzzers will be immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges are Ken Jeong , Olivia Munn , Martina McBride , and Chris Hardwick , who was also a guest judge in the previous season . The final Judge Cuts episode aired on August 7 , 2018 . This is the first Judge Cuts rounds in history where no acts received four red buzzers . Golden buzzer The golden buzzer also returned for the Judge Cuts round . Each week during the Judge Cuts a guest judge will have the option to use their golden buzzer on any act . An act that receives the golden buzzer during the Judge Cuts round will not face elimination and will advance automatically to the live shows . In the first week of the Judge Cuts Ken Jeong pressed his golden buzzer for the Voices of Hope Children 's Choir . In week 2 , Olivia Munn pressed her Golden Buzzer for Angel City Chorale . In the third week , Martina McBride pressed her Golden Buzzer for Quin and Misha , a ballroom dance duo . Chris Hardwick gave the season 's final Golden Buzzer for Flau'jae , a 14 - year old rapper , in the final week of the Judge Cuts . Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Quarterfinal Wildcard Eliminated Advanced Immediately Week 1 Guest judge : Ken Jeong Date : July 17 , 2018 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Jeong Mel B Mandel Junior New System Dance Group Advanced Harold & Regan Dance Duo Eliminated Us the Duo Band Advanced Kevin Blake Magician Eliminated Mochi 5 Diabolo Artist Advanced Lilly Wikler 6 Animal Impressionist Eliminated Oscar and Pam 7 Singing Dog & Pianist Eliminated Daniel Emmet 8 Opera Singer Quarterfinal Wildcard Voices of Hope 9 Choir Advanced Immediately Aaron Crow 10 Danger Act Advanced Carmen Lynch 11 Stand - up Comedienne Eliminated Christina Wells 12 Singer Advanced Patches 13 Rapper Eliminated Andrew Johnston 14 Singer Eliminated Celina and Filiberto 15 Dance Duo Eliminated Trinh Tra My 16 Aerialist Eliminated Jack Tenney 17 Trampolinist Eliminated Duo Transcend 18 Trapeze Duo Advanced Week 2 Guest judge : Olivia Munn Date : July 24 , 2018 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Munn Mel B Mandel Human Fountains Novelty Act Quarterfinal Wildcard Shin Lim Close - up Magician Advanced The Melisizwe Brothers Band Eliminated Macey Mac Singer / Guitarist Eliminated Sophie Fatu 5 Singer Eliminated Reyes del Swing 6 Salsa Dance Troupe Eliminated The Future Kingz 7 Dance Group Advanced Lioz Shem Tov 8 Comedy Mentalist Eliminated Angel City Chorale 9 Choir Advanced Immediately Shannon and Reckon 10 Dog Act Eliminated EXISDANCE 11 Multimedia Dance Act Eliminated Hans 12 Singer / Accordionist / Dancer Advanced Vivien Vajda 13 Jump Rope Acrobat Eliminated Rob Lake 14 Illusionist Advanced Leah Mathies 15 Singer / Guitarist Eliminated Hunter Price 16 Singer / Guitarist Eliminated Joseph O'Brien 17 Singer / Pianist Advanced Vicki Barbolak 18 Stand - up Comedienne Advanced Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Joseph O'Brien to stop performing during his act . After given the opportunity , O'Brien chose to perform for a second time . His result is based off the second performance . Week 3 Guest judge : Martina McBride Date : July 31 , 2018 This is the second Judge Cuts episode in the show 's history in which an act with at least one `` X '' buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum McBride Mel B Mandel The Savitsky Cats Cat Act Advanced Blue Tokyo Acrobatic Dance Group Eliminated OC Music and Dance Orchestral Band Eliminated The PAC Dance Team Dance Group Advanced Angel Garcia 5 Singer Eliminated Jeffrey Li 6 Singer Eliminated Ms. Trysh 7 Singer Eliminated Kazi 8 Singer / Guitarist Eliminated Bone Hampton 9 Stand - up Comedian Eliminated Quin and Misha 10 Ballroom Dance Duo Advanced Immediately Noah Guthrie 11 Singer / Guitarist Advanced Jules and Jerome 12 Teeterboard Duo Eliminated Fratelli Rossi 13 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Bensax International 14 Saxophonist Eliminated Oliver Graves 15 Stand - up Comedian Eliminated UDI Dance 16 Blacklight Dance Group Advanced We Three 17 Band Advanced The Sacred Riana 18 Illusionist Advanced Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Noah Guthrie to stop performing during his act . After given the opportunity , Guthrie chose to perform for a second time . His result is based off the second performance . Week 4 Guest judge : Chris Hardwick Date : August 7 , 2018 This is the first time in America 's Got Talent Judge Cuts history where two or more acts that have been buzzed went on to the live shows . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Hardwick Mel B Mandel Brian King Joseph Electric Violinist Advanced Yumbo Dump Comedy Duo Advanced Academy of Villains Dance Group Eliminated Da RepubliK Dance Group Advanced Berlin 5 Singer / Pianist Eliminated Sergey and Sasha 6 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Flau'jae 7 Rapper Advanced Immediately Elijah Holt 8 Trampolinist Eliminated Sixto and Lucia 9 Quick Change Duo Eliminated Brody Ray 10 Singer / Guitarist Eliminated Ronnie Lamarque 11 Singer Eliminated Glennis Grace 12 Singer Advanced Diabolowalker 13 Diabolo Dance Group Eliminated Troy James 14 Contortionist Eliminated Street Drum Corps 15 Percussion Group Eliminated NUNNABOVE 16 Band Eliminated Lord Nil 17 Escape Artist Advanced Samuel J. Comroe 18 Stand - up Comedian Advanced Quarterfinals The quarterfinals are set to be broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 14 , 2018 with twelve acts performing each night . The following night the results will be announced to the public with seven of the twelve acts proceeding to the semifinals . Each week viewers of the show also have the opportunity to send one act , determined by popular vote , using `` Google 's Instant Save '' , sometimes also known as the `` Dunkin ' Save '' due to a sponsorship contract with Dunkin Donuts , via the America 's Got Talent app or the official website . In the first week of the Quarterfinals , Human Fountains received a buzzer from Cowell and Lord Nil received one from Mel B. In the second week of the Quarterfinals , Yumbo Dump received a buzzer from Klum . Key Buzzed Judges ' Choice Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) Advanced ( Won Judges ' Choice ) Advanced ( Recived Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save ) Advanced ( Received Judges ' Wildcard ) Eliminated Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' Choice ) Week 1 ( August 14 -- 15 ) Guest : Darci Lynne Farmer Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Mochi Diabolo Artist Lost Judges ' Choice Human Fountains Novelty Act Eliminated Angel City Chorale Choir Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save The PAC Dance Team Dance Group Eliminated Amanda Mena 5 Singer Advanced Junior New System 6 Dance Group Won Judges ' Choice We Three 7 Band Advanced Lord Nil 8 Escape Artist Eliminated Flau'jae 9 Rapper Eliminated Shin Lim 10 Close - up Magician Advanced Vicki Barbolak 11 Stand - up Comedienne Advanced Courtney Hadwin 12 Singer Advanced Jump up ^ After the Judges ' choice was split evenly , Junior New System was revealed to have received more of the public vote and therefore advanced to the next round . Week 2 ( August 21 -- 22 ) Guests : The Illusionists and Light Balance Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Makayla Phillips Singer Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save Da RepubliK Dance Group Won Judges ' Choice Noah Guthrie Singer / Guitarist Advanced Yumbo Dump Comedy Duo Eliminated Samuel J. Comroe 5 Stand - up Comedian Advanced Voices of Hope 6 Choir Advanced The Savitsky Cats 7 Cat Act Eliminated Glennis Grace 8 Singer Advanced The Sacred Riana 9 Illusionist Eliminated Quin and Misha 10 Ballroom Dance Duo Eliminated Front Pictures 11 Multimedia Performance Act Lost Judges ' Choice Duo Transcend 12 Trapeze Duo Advanced Jump up ^ Cowell buzzed the act , but then took his buzzer back at the end . Jump up ^ Mel B buzzed the act , but then took her buzzer back at the end . Week 3 ( August 28 -- 29 ) Guest : TBA Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel The Future Kingz Dance Group N / A Us the Duo Band N / A Daniel Emmet Opera Singer N / A Brian King Joseph Electric Violinist N / A Aaron Crow 5 Danger Act N / A Joseph O'Brien 6 Singer / Pianist N / A Hans 7 Singer / Accordionist / Dancer N / A UDI Dance 8 Blacklight Dance Group N / A Christina Wells 9 Singer N / A Zurcaroh 10 Acrobatic Group N / A Rob Lake 11 Illusionist N / A Michael Ketterer 12 Singer N / A Top 36 acts Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Aaron Crow 49 Danger Danger Act Bruges , Belgium Amanda Mena 15 Singing Singer Boston , Massachusetts Angel City Chorale 19 -- 88 Singing Choir Los Angeles , California Brian King Joseph 27 Music Electric Violinist Los Angeles , California Christina Wells 42 Singing Singer Houston , Texas Courtney Hadwin 13 Singing Singer County Durham , England Da RepubliK 15 -- 32 Dance Dance Group Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Daniel Emmet 25 Singing Opera Singer Las Vegas , Nevada Duo Transcend 29 & 32 Acrobatics Trapeze Duo Salt Lake City , Utah Glennis Grace 39 Singing Singer Amsterdam , Netherlands Hans `` 19 '' Variety Singer / Accordionist / Dancer Adelaide , Australia Joseph O'Brien 20 Singing Singer / Pianist Columbia , Tennessee Junior New System 18 -- 25 Dance Dance Group Manila , Philippines Makayla Phillips 16 Singing Singer Canyon Lake , California Michael Ketterer 40 Singing Singer Anaheim , California Noah Guthrie 24 Singing Singer / Guitarist Greer , South Carolina Rob Lake 35 Magic Illusionist Norman , Oklahoma Samuel J. Comroe 30 Comedy Stand - up Comedian Los Angeles , California Shin Lim 26 Magic Close - up Magician Acton , Massachusetts The Future Kingz 7 -- 23 Dance Dance Group Chicago , Illinois UDI Dance 20 -- 37 Dance Blacklight Dance Group Tomsk , Russia Us the Duo 27 & 28 Singing Band Los Angeles , California Vicki Barbolak 60 Comedy Stand - up Comedienne Oceanside , California Voices of Hope 5 -- 17 Singing Choir Orange County , California We Three 21 -- 27 Singing Band McMinnville , Oregon Zurcaroh 8 -- 39 Acrobatics Acrobatic Group Götzis , Austria Front Pictures 41 & 43 Variety Multimedia Performance Act Kiev , Ukraine N / A Quarterfinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Mochi 29 Variety Diabolo Artist Shizuoka , Japan N / A Quarterfinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Flau'jae 14 Music Rapper Savannah , Georgia N / A Eliminated Human Fountains 24 -- 29 Variety Novelty Act Los Angeles , California N / A Eliminated Lord Nil 38 Danger Escape Artist Italy N / A Eliminated Quin and Misha 70 & 35 Dance Ballroom Dance Duo Orlando , Florida N / A Eliminated The PAC Dance Team 15 -- 18 Dance Dance Group Sahuarita , Arizona N / A Eliminated The Sacred Riana 25 Magic Illusionist Jakarta , Indonesia N / A Eliminated The Savitsky Cats 24 & 45 Animal Cat Act Ukraine N / A Eliminated Yumbo Dump 31 & 34 Comedy Comedy Duo Okayama , Japan N / A Eliminated International Broadcast This season is being aired in Asia within 48 hours of being broadcast in the US . It airs on AXN starting May 31 , 2018 ( UTC + 8 ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland the first episode was brought to Netflix on May 31 . In Singapore , the show was broadcast on MediaCorp Channel 5 every Thursday starting May 31 , 2018 . Ratings U.S. Nielsen ratings Episode Title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank Auditions Week 1 May 29 , 2018 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 11 12.16 Auditions Week 2 June 5 , 2018 2.2 10 11.27 Auditions Week 3 June 12 , 2018 2.3 10 11.46 Auditions Week 4 June 19 , 2018 2.2 10 11.86 5 Auditions Week 5 June 26 , 2018 2.0 9 11.32 6 Auditions Week 6 July 10 , 2018 2.1 9 11.55 7 Judge Cuts 1 July 17 , 2018 2.1 9 11.33 8 Judge Cuts 2 July 24 , 2018 2.0 8 11.68 9 Judge Cuts 3 July 31 , 2018 2.1 9 11.83 10 Judge Cuts 4 August 7 , 2018 1.9 9 11.04 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 14 , 2018 2.1 10 11.10 12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 15 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 8 9.85 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 21 , 2018 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 9 11.21 TBA 14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 22 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 8 9.69 TBA 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 28 , 2018 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 29 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 17 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) September 4 , 2018 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 18 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) September 5 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Special episodes Specials Title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank S1 Best of Auditions July 11 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.9 5 5.98 S2 Road to Lives August 9 , 2018 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 3.82 21 Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows Act Television show Season Result Notes Academy of Villains America 's Got Talent 7 Semifinalist Sergey and Sasha 10 Cut Before Judge Cuts Silicon Valley Girls 11 Cut Before Judge Cuts Auditioned as `` Trio Grace '' Junior New System Asia 's Got Talent Finalist Received the golden buzzer during the semifinals . The Sacred Riana Winner Yumbo Dump Semi-Finalist UDI Britain 's Got Talent 9 Finalist Wes - P 12 Semi-Finalist Auditioned as `` Mr. Uekusa '' Aaron Crow 7 Semi-Finalist La France a un incroyable talent 11 Semi-Finalist Zurcaroh 12 Finalist Received the golden buzzer during the auditions . David Pereira 8 Finalist Got Talent España Finalist Noah Guthrie Glee 6 N / A Played Roderick Meeks Recurring role ; 12 episodes . Lioz Shem Tov Israel 's Got Talent Semi-Finalist Jeffrey Li Little Big Shots N / A Rob Lake Masters of Illusion N / A Shin Lim Penn & Teller : Fool Us Fooler Jimmy Ichihana Non-Fooler Flau'jae The Rap Game Final Four Troy James Showtime At The Apollo N / A Glennis Grace Eurovision Song Contest 50 ( 2005 ) Semi-Finalist Dutch contestant with `` My Impossible Dream '' Soundmixshow 10 ( 1994 ) Winner Sang `` One Moment in Time '' by Whitney Houston Courtney Hadwin The Voice Kids ( UK ) Finalist One - chair turn from Danny Jones . Angel Garcia La Voz Kids ( US ) Eliminated in the Battles Auditioned as `` Angelito Garcia '' . One - chair turn from Prince Royce . Amanda Mena Winner Three - chair turner and joined Team Royce . References Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' America 's Got Talent '' Renewed For Season 13 By NBC With All 4 Judges & Host Tyra Banks Returning `` . deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' America 's Got Talent '' Judging Panel , Tyra Banks Set to Return for Season 13 `` . variety.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' AGT '' Brings Everyone Back : Howie , Simon , Mel B , Heidi , and Host Tyra Banks All Sign on for Summer 2018 `` . thewrap.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` NBC 's World of Dance , Ninja Warrior and AGT Get Summer Return Dates '' . tvline.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Season 13 Auditions Start November 5 ( 9 Cities ) '' . 2paragraphs.com . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gerdes , Caroline ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` How To Audition For `` America 's Got Talent '' And Show Your Skills To The World `` . bustle.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandoval , Michael ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` '' America 's Got Talent '' Returns To The Pasadena Civic Auditorium `` . socalmuse.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Seamayer , Zach ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Tyra Banks Presses Golden Buzzer For Amazing Acrobatic Dance Group On `` America 's Got Talent '' Premiere `` . Yahoo . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weigle , Lauren ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' 2018 Golden Buzzer Winners So Far -- 7 / 17 / 2018 '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICA 'S GOT TALENT - ( # 1311 ) `` LIVE QUARTER FINALS 1 '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICA 'S GOT TALENT - ( # 1312 ) `` LIVE RESULTS 1 '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 13 Viewer Votes '' . August 15 , 2018 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' : How to use Dunkin ' Save to keep your favorite act on ' AGT ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca . `` Asia , America and Britain have Talent on AXN Deals News Rapid TV News '' . www.rapidtvnews.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent , Britain 's Got Talent Head to AXN in Asia -- TVASIA '' . TVASIA. 2018 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent S13 Show Info - Toggle '' . Toggle.sg. 2018 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals , ' America 's Got Talent ' start summer strong : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for May 28 - June 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals carry ABC again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Beat Shazam ' adjust up , ' World of Dance ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' takes over No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' takes over No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June - 19 - 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' takes over No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June - 26 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' 20 / 20 ′ adjusts up , ' The Outpost ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Big Brother ' dominate : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for July 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and all shows hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` MLB All - Star Game , ' America 's Got Talent ' lead : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for July 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last Defense ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads again : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for July 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Outpost ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and NFL Preseason keep NBC on top : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for July 30 -- August 5 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Making It ' and ' The Outpost ' adjust down , ' Beat Shazam ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads in 18 - 49 and viewers : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for August 6 - 10 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Castaways , ' ' Making It ' adjust down , ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Big Brother ' dominate : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for August 13 - 19 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' encore adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Beat Shazam , ' ' America 's Got Talent ' adjust up , ' Making It ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Burden of Truth ' adjusts down : Wednesday final broadcast '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- America 's got talent on nbc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Trial & Error , ' ' Big Brother , ' everything else adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PH dance group Junior New System gets Golden Buzzer on ' Asia 's Got Talent ' '' . Rappler . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian magician The Sacred Riana is crowned winner of Asia 's Got Talent Season 2 '' . Straits Time . 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ 彭嘉彬 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) . `` ( 亞洲達人秀 ) 肥都係一種才藝 ? 日本相撲手組合靠大肚腩過關 '' . 香港 01 ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Asia 's Got Talent ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Yumbo Dump Semi-Final 3 -- VOTING CLOSED Asia 's Got Talent 2017 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` International Dance Troop Wows On `` France 's Got Talent '' -- InspireMore `` . InspireMore . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' Star Noah Guthrie Performed Rihanna 's ' Love on the Brain ' for ' America 's Got Talent ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simon ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Watch Peterlee schoolgirl Courtney Hadwin wow on The Voice Kids '' . nechronicle . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ La Voz Kids ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) , Amanda Mena canta `` Because of You '' en La Voz Kids , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 External links Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 12 ( 2017 ) America 's Got Talent Season 13 ( 2018 ) Succeeded by America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Kevin Johnson Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Kadie Lynn Roberson Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin D.J. Demers Sos and Victoria Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Evie Clair Season 13 Aaron Crow Angel City Chorale Annaliese Nock Glennis Grace Rob Lake The Sacred Riana Zurcaroh Related America 's Got Talent : The Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_13)&oldid=857022807 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use mdy dates from March 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 01 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is america's got talent this week	[]	[]
-6755685734701971140	United States Senate Committee on Finance	United States Senate Committee on Finance - wikipedia United States Senate Committee on Finance Jump to : navigation , search Seal of the United States Senate The U.S. Senate Committee on Finance ( or , less formally , Senate Finance Committee ) is a standing committee of the United States Senate . The Committee concerns itself with matters relating to taxation and other revenue measures generally , and those relating to the insular possessions ; bonded debt of the United States ; customs , collection districts , and ports of entry and delivery ; deposit of public moneys ; general revenue sharing ; health programs under the Social Security Act ( notably Medicare and Medicaid ) and health programs financed by a specific tax or trust fund ; national social security ; reciprocal trade agreements ; tariff and import quotas , and related matters thereto ; and the transportation of dutiable goods . It is considered to be one of the most powerful committees in Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Role 3 Members , 115th Congress 4 Subcommittees 5 Chairmen 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The Committee on Finance is one of the original committees established in the Senate . First created on December 11 , 1815 , as a select committee and known as the Committee on Finance and an ( sic ) Uniform National Currency , it was formed to alleviate economic issues arising from the War of 1812 . On December 10 , 1816 the Senate officially created the Committee on Finance as a standing committee . Originally , the Committee had power over tariffs , taxation , banking and currency issues and appropriations . Under this authority the committee played an influential role in the most heated topics of the era ; including numerous tariffs issues and the Bank War . The committee was also influential in the creation of the Department of Interior in 1849 . Under the Chairmanship of William Pitt Fessenden , the committee played a decisive role during the Civil War . Appropriating all funds for the war effort as well as raising enough funds to finance the war through tariffs and the nation 's first income tax . Additionally , the committee produced the Legal Tender Act of 1862 , the nation 's first reliance on paper currency . In 1865 the House of Representatives created an Appropriations Committee to relieve the burden from the Committee on Ways and Means . The Senate followed this example by forming the Appropriations Committee in 1867 . Despite the loss of one of its signature duties the committee continued to play a prominent role in the major issues of the nation . The committee was at the center of the debate over the silver question in the latter half of the 19th Century . Passage of the Bland - Allison Act and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act were attempts to remedy the demand for silver , though the silver cause would eventually fail by the end of the century . The committee also continued to play a role in the debate over income taxes . The repeal of the Civil War income taxes in the 1870s would eventually be raised in 1894 with the passage of a new income tax law . The Supreme Court 's decision in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , 157 U.S. 429 ( 1895 ) ruled the income tax as unconstitutional , since it was not based on apportionment . The fight for an income tax finally culminated with the Payne - Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909 . In order to pass the new tariff Senate leaders , including Chairman Nelson Aldrich , allowed for a Constitutional Amendment to be passed . Four years later the 16th Amendment was officially ratified and in 1913 the nation 's first peacetime income tax was instituted . Around that same time the committee lost jurisdiction over banking and currency issues to the newly created Committee on Banking and Currency . The committee did gain jurisdiction over veterans ' benefits when it successfully passed the War Risk Insurance Act of 1917 . The act shifted pensions from gratuities to benefits and which served as one of the first life insurance programs created under the federal government . The Finance Committee continued to play an increasingly important role in the lives of the nation 's veterans . The committee helped to consolidate the veteran bureaucracy by streamlining the various responsibilities into a Veterans ' Bureau which ultimately would become the Veterans ' Administration . In 1924 the committee passed a `` Bonus Bill '' for World War I veterans which compensated veterans of that war for their service . These series of increasing and providing better benefits for veterans reached a crescendo in 1944 with the passage of the Servicemen 's Readjustment Act . Senator Bennett `` Champ '' Clark , who served as the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Veterans , assured smooth sailing of the bill through the Senate . The bill not only ended the usual demands from returning veterans which had been seen in nearly every war America had participated in , but also provided the most generous benefits that veterans had ever received , including continuing education , loans and unemployment insurance . Not all Finance Committee legislation was as well received as the G.I. Bill . At the beginning of the Great Depression the committee passed the Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act . The act greatly increased tariffs and had a negative effect on the nation 's economy . Following traditional economic practices the members of the committee , including Chairman Reed Smoot , felt that protection of American businesses was required in order to buoy them during the dire economic times . The effort backfired and the economic situation worsened . The Smoot - Hawley Tariff would eventually be replaced by the Reciprocal Tariff Act of 1934 which authorized the President to negotiate trade agreements . This act not only set up the trade policy system as it exists today but also effectively transferred trade making policy from the Congress to the President . The committee also played an important role in two major acts created under the New Deal . The committee received jurisdiction over the National Industrial Recovery Act because of tax code changes in the bill . The new bureaucracy was President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's attempt to stimulate the economy and promote jobs for unemployed Americans while also regulating businesses . The National Recovery Administration would ultimately fail as it lost public support but the act served as a springboard to the Wagner Act and the National Labor Board . Probably the single biggest , and by far one of the most lasting , piece of legislation enacted by the Finance Committee during the New Deal was the Social Security Act . Once again the committee received jurisdiction owing to the payroll taxes that would be enacted to pay for the new program . The act was the first effort by the federal government to provide benefits to the elderly and the unemployed . The act greatly enhanced the economic welfare of many elderly Americans . In 1981 , a Senate Resolution required the printing of the History of the Committee on Finance . Role ( edit ) The role of the Committee on Finance is very similar to that of the House Committee on Ways and Means . The one exception in area of jurisdiction is that the Committee on Finance has jurisdiction over both Medicare and Medicaid , while the House Ways and Means Committee only has jurisdiction over Medicare . ( The House Energy and Commerce Committee has jurisdiction over Medicaid . ) The other difference in terms of power is that all revenue raising measures must originate in the House giving the Ways and Means Committee a slight edge in setting tax policy . In addition to having jurisdiction over legislation the Committee has extensive oversight powers . It has authority to investigate , review and evaluate existing laws , and the agencies that implement them . Due to the Committee 's wide jurisdiction , it is often considered an influential committee . A wide array of Senators with differing policy concerns seek membership on the Committee because of its role in setting tax , trade , and health policy . Members , 115th Congress ( edit ) Majority Minority Orrin Hatch , Utah , Chairman Chuck Grassley , Iowa Mike Crapo , Idaho Pat Roberts , Kansas Mike Enzi , Wyoming John Cornyn , Texas John Thune , South Dakota Richard Burr , North Carolina Johnny Isakson , Georgia Rob Portman , Ohio Pat Toomey , Pennsylvania Dean Heller , Nevada Tim Scott , South Carolina Bill Cassidy , Louisiana Ron Wyden , Oregon , Ranking Member Debbie Stabenow , Michigan Maria Cantwell , Washington Bill Nelson , Florida Bob Menendez , New Jersey Tom Carper , Delaware Ben Cardin , Maryland Sherrod Brown , Ohio Michael Bennet , Colorado Bob Casey , Pennsylvania Mark Warner , Virginia Claire McCaskill , Missouri Subcommittees ( edit ) Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member International Trade , Customs , and Global Competitiveness John Cornyn ( R - TX ) Bob Casey Jr . ( D - PA ) Taxation and IRS Oversight Rob Portman ( R - OH ) Mark Warner ( D - VA ) Health Care Pat Toomey ( R - PA ) Debbie Stabenow ( D - MI ) Energy , Natural Resources , and Infrastructure Dean Heller ( R - NV ) Michael Bennet ( D - CO ) Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth Tim Scott ( R - SC ) Ron Wyden ( D - OR ) Social Security , Pensions , and Family Policy Bill Cassidy ( R - LA ) Sherrod Brown ( D - OH ) Source Chairmen ( edit ) Chairman Party State Years George W. Campbell Democratic - Republican Tennessee 1815 -- 1818 John Wayles Eppes Democratic - Republican Virginia 1818 -- 1819 Nathan Sanford Democratic - Republican New York 1819 -- 1821 John Holmes Democratic - Republican Maine 1821 -- 1822 Walter Lowrie Democratic - Republican Pennsylvania 1822 -- 1823 Samuel Smith Crawford Republican , Jacksonian Maryland 1823 -- 1833 Daniel Webster Anti-Jacksonian Massachusetts 1833 -- 1836 Silas Wright Jacksonian , Democratic New York 1836 -- 1841 Henry Clay Whig Kentucky 1841 George Evans Whig Maine 1841 -- 1845 Levi Woodbury Democratic New Hampshire 1845 John C. Calhoun Democratic South Carolina 1845 -- 1846 Dixon H. Lewis Democratic Alabama 1846 -- 1847 Charles G. Atherton Democratic New Hampshire 1847 -- 1849 Daniel S. Dickinson Democratic New York 1849 -- 1850 Robert M.T. Hunter Democratic Virginia 1850 -- 1861 James A. Pearce Democratic Maryland 1861 William P. Fessenden Republican Maine 1861 -- 1864 John Sherman Republican Ohio 1864 -- 1865 William P. Fessenden Republican Maine 1865 -- 1867 John Sherman Republican Ohio 1867 -- 1877 Justin Smith Morrill Republican Vermont 1877 -- 1879 Thomas F. Bayard , Sr . Democratic Delaware 1879 -- 1881 Justin Smith Morrill Republican Vermont 1881 -- 1893 Daniel W. Voorhees Democratic Indiana 1893 -- 1895 Justin Smith Morrill Republican Vermont 1895 -- 1898 Nelson W. Aldrich Republican Rhode Island 1898 -- 1911 Boies Penrose Republican Pennsylvania 1911 -- 1913 Furnifold M. Simmons Democratic North Carolina 1913 -- 1919 Boies Penrose Republican Pennsylvania 1919 -- 1921 Porter J. McCumber Republican North Dakota 1921 -- 1923 Reed Smoot Republican Utah 1923 -- 1933 Pat Harrison Democratic Mississippi 1933 -- 1941 Walter F. George Democratic Georgia 1941 -- 1947 Eugene D. Millikin Republican Colorado 1947 -- 1949 Walter F. George Democratic Georgia 1949 -- 1953 Eugene D. Millikin Republican Colorado 1953 -- 1955 Harry F. Byrd Democratic Virginia 1955 -- 1965 Russell B. Long Democratic Louisiana 1965 -- 1981 Bob Dole Republican Kansas 1981 -- 1985 Bob Packwood Republican Oregon 1985 -- 1987 Lloyd Bentsen Democratic Texas 1987 -- 1993 Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic New York 1993 -- 1995 Bob Packwood Republican Oregon 1995 William V. Roth , Jr . Republican Delaware 1995 -- 2001 Max Baucus Democratic Montana 2001 Chuck Grassley Republican Iowa 2001 Max Baucus Democratic Montana 2001 -- 2003 Chuck Grassley Republican Iowa 2003 -- 2007 Max Baucus Democratic Montana 2007 -- 2014 Ron Wyden Democratic Oregon 2014 -- 2015 Orrin Hatch Republican Utah 2015 -- present References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of the Committee on Finance United States Senate '' . Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Simms , Henry Harrison . Life of Robert M.T. Hunter : A Study in Sectionalism and Secession . Richmond : William Byrd Press , 1935 Jump up ^ Jellison , Charles A. Fessenden of Maine , Civil War Senator . Syracuse : Syracuse University Press , 1962 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Committee on Finance United States Senate '' . Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Sherman , John . Recollections of Forty Years in The House , Senate , and Cabinet : An Autobiography. 2 vols. 1895 . Reprint . New York : Greenwood Press , 1968 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Nathaniel W. Nelson W. Aldrich : A Leader In American Politics . 1930 . Reprint . New York : Kennikat Press , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Committee on Finance United States Senate '' . Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ The Provision of Federal Benefits for Veterans . House Committee Print 171 , 84th Congress , 1st Session , December 28 , 1955 Jump up ^ Bennett , Michael . When Dreams Come True : The G.I. Bill and the Making of Modern America . Washington : Potomac Books , Inc. , 1999 . Jump up ^ Dobson , John . Two Centuries of Tariffs : The Background and Emergence of the U.S. International Trade Commission . Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1976 . Jump up ^ Ratner , Sidney . Taxation and Democracy in America . Octagon Books , 1980 . Jump up ^ Swain , Martha H. Pat Harrison : The New Deal Years . Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 1978 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Committee on Finance United States Senate '' . Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ `` Hatch , Wyden Announce Finance Subcommittee Assignments for 115th Congress The United States Senate Committee on Finance '' . www.finance.senate.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Chaired a special session of the 29th Congress . His ten - day chairmanship of the committee is the shortest on record . Jump up ^ Morrill holds the longest non-continuous service as Chairman , at eighteen years . Russell Long holds the longest continuous service as chairman , at sixteen years . External links ( edit ) Official website ( Archive ) Senate Finance Committee . Legislation activity and reports , Congress.gov . History of the Committee on Finance ; United States Senate ( pdf ) . 4th ed . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1981 . ( hide ) Current United States congressional committees Senate ( list ) Aging ( Special ) Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce , Science , and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Ethics ( Select ) Finance Foreign Relations Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Indian Affairs Intelligence ( Select ) Judiciary Narcotics ( Caucus ) Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans ' Affairs House ( list ) Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Benghazi ( Select ) Budget Education and the Workforce Energy and Commerce Ethics Financial Services Foreign Affairs Homeland Security House Administration Intelligence ( Permanent Select ) Judiciary Natural Resources Oversight and Government Reform Rules Science , Space , and Technology Small Business Transportation and Infrastructure Veterans ' Affairs Ways and Means ( Whole ) Joint ( list ) ( Conference ) Economic Inaugural Ceremonies ( Special ) Library Printing Taxation Standing committees , Defunct committees Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance&oldid=806754099 '' Categories : Committees of the United States Senate Economy of the United States 1815 establishments in the United States Organizations established in 1815 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the chair of the senate finance committee	[]	[]
8650779232887127998	No Longer Slaves	No Longer Slaves - wikipedia No Longer Slaves `` No Longer Slaves '' Single by Bethel Music featuring Jonathan David & Melissa Helser from the album We Will Not Be Shaken Released August 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 21 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Worship CCM Length 4 : 07 Label Bethel Music Songwriter ( s ) Jonathan Helser Joel Case Brian Johnson Producer ( s ) Ed Cash Bethel Music singles chronology `` It Is Well '' ( 2015 ) `` No Longer Slaves '' ( 2015 ) `` Have It All '' ( 2016 ) `` It Is Well '' ( 2015 ) `` No Longer Slaves '' ( 2015 ) `` Have It All '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` No Longer Slaves ( Live ) '' on YouTube `` No Longer Slaves '' is a song by Bethel Music featuring Jonathan David & Melissa Helser and it was released on August 21 , 2015 as Bethel Music 's lead single from their seventh live album , We Will Not Be Shaken ( 2015 ) . The song won the `` Worship Song of the Year '' award at the 47th Annual GMA Dove Awards in 2016 , with Jonathan David & Melissa Helser performing it at the ceremony . Contents 1 Background 2 Music videos 3 Accolades 4 Track listing 5 Charts 6 Release history 7 References Background ( edit ) Composed by Jonathan Helser , Joel Case and Brian Johnson , a live version of the song was released as part of the Bethel Music compilation , We Will Not Be Shaken , on January 26 , 2015 . The live version was recorded on a mountaintop overlooking Shasta Lake in northern California , with Jonathan David & Melissa Helser leading the song . The studio version of the song impacted Christian radio on August 21 , 2015 as well as being distributed as a digital download , and was produced by award - winning producer Ed Cash . Music videos ( edit ) The live music video of the song was released by the Bethel Music on January 26 , 2015 , having been recorded at Shasta Lake and is part of the concert film We Will Not Be Shaken directed by Nathan Grubbs and Luke Manwaring . The live video was later released on February 17 , 2015 on Bethel Music 's YouTube channel , with over 7 million views as of May 2017 . The official lyric video of the song was released on January 26 , 2015 , also on Bethel Music 's YouTube channel and has been viewed over 26 million times as May 2017 . Accolades ( edit ) In August 2016 , the Gospel Music Association announced the nominees of the 47th Annual GMA Dove Awards with `` No Longer Slaves '' being nominated for a Dove Award in the `` Worship Song of the Year '' category . On October 11 , 2016 , the song won the GMA Dove Award at a ceremony held at the Allen Arena on the campus of Lipscomb University in Nashville , Tennessee , with Jonathan David & Melissa Helser performing the song that night . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` No Longer Slaves '' 4 : 07 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) 19 US Christian Airplay ( Billboard ) 20 US Christian Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Christian Streaming Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Version Format Label Ref . Worldwide August 21 , 2015 Standard Digital download Bethel Music References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Industry Spotlight : Hauser of the Holy Daily Play MPE ® '' . Daily Play MPE ® . Destiny Media Technologies Inc . September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . This new Bethel Music song called ' No Longer Slaves ' is a very , very special song to me right now . Ed Cash , who 's produced Chris Tomlin , Chris August - just huge records , multi years of winning Dove award Producer of the Year . He came in and crafted this song for radio , reinvented it for radio , had the singers come in and re-sing the vocal , and built the new track up . This is the most important song I 'm going to work in 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bethel Music -- No Longer Slaves ( radio version ) Daily Play MPE ® '' . Daily Play MPE ® . Destiny Media Technologies Inc . August 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jonathan David & Melissa Helser Receive First Dove Award As ' Beautiful Surrender ' Tops Retail Charts - NewReleaseToday '' . NewReleaseToday . NRT Media , Inc . Hoganson Relations . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Culminating the first week 's sales success of Beautiful Surrender , the Helser 's were honored with their first GMA Dove Award for `` Worship Song of the Year '' for their hit single , `` No Longer Slaves , '' which is featured as a bonus song on the new album . The Helser 's further led the song live Oct. 11 on the 47th Annual GMA Dove Awards show that lifted the sold - out crowd at Lipscomb University 's Allen Arena to their feet in worship . Jump up ^ `` PraiseCharts Bethel Music sheet music from the album `` We Will Not Be Shaken '' `` . PraiseCharts . PraiseCharts Publishing , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No Longer Slaves ( Radio Version ) - Single by Bethel Music , Jonathan David & Melissa Helser on Apple Music '' . Apple Music ( iTunes ) . U.S. Apple Inc . August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ong , Czarina ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Bethel Music premieres We Will Not Be Shaken film free on Facebook Christian News on Christian Today '' . Christian Today . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yap , Timothy ( January 4 , 2015 ) . `` Bethel Music `` We Will Not be Shaken '' Album Review : Exclusives : Hallels `` . Hallels . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` No Longer Slaves ( Radio Version ) - Single by Bethel Music , Jonathan David & Melissa Helser on Apple Music '' . Apple Music ( iTunes ) . U.S. Apple Inc . August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' No Longer Slaves '' on Apple Music `` . Apple Music ( iTunes ) . U.S. ( Music video ) . Apple Inc . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We Will Not Be Shaken - Nathan Grubbs Creative '' . Nathan Grubbs Creative . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No Longer Slaves ( Full Video ) \ \ Jonathan and Melissa Helser \ \ We Will Not Be Shaken - YouTube '' . YouTube . YouTube , LLC . February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No Longer Slaves / / Jonathan David & Melissa Helser / / We Will Not Be Shaken Official Lyric Video - YouTube '' . YouTube . YouTube , LLC . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Law , Jeannie ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 GMA Dove Award Nominees : Hillsong , Lecrae , Lauren Daigle Up for Artist of the Year ( List ) '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 47th Annual Dove Awards Nominees Announced - NewReleaseToday '' . NewReleaseToday . NRT Media , Inc . August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Law , Jeannie ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Dove Awards 2016 Full Winners List : Lauren Daigle , Kirk Franklin Win Big ( and DC Talk Reunites After 16 Years ! ) '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faust , Aliya ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Dove Award Winners Praise 106.1 '' . Praise 106.1 . Interactive One , LLC . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard - Bethel Music - Chart History - Hot Christian Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard - Bethel Music - Chart History - Christian Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard - Bethel Music - Chart History - Christian Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard - Bethel Music - Chart History - Christian Streaming Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Bethel Music releases Live albums Here Is Love ( 2010 ) Be Lifted High ( 2011 ) The Loft Sessions ( 2012 ) For the Sake of the World ( 2012 ) Tides Live ( 2014 ) You Make Me Brave ( 2014 ) We Will Not Be Shaken ( 2015 ) Have It All ( 2016 ) Starlight ( 2017 ) Moments : Mighty Sound ( 2018 ) Studio albums Tides ( 2013 ) Remix albums Without Words ( 2013 ) Without Words : Synesthesia ( 2015 ) After All These Years ( Instrumental ) ( 2017 ) Compilations Discover Bethel Music ( 2013 ) EPs Tides : The Streaming EP ( 2013 ) Singles `` Come to Me '' `` Chasing You '' `` You Make Me Brave '' `` It is Well '' `` No Longer Slaves '' `` Have It All '' `` Take Courage '' `` Living Hope '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_Longer_Slaves&oldid=847598795 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2015 singles Contemporary Christian songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 14 : 04 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song no longer a slave to fear	[]	[]
-8484496945095191237	List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States	List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States . Its membership , as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices , any six of whom would constitute a quorum . Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and appointed after confirmation by the United States Senate . Justices of the Supreme Court have life tenure and receive a salary which is set at $255,500 per year for the chief justice and at $244,400 per year for each associate justice as of 2014 . The Supreme Court was created in 1789 by Article III of the United States Constitution , which stipulated that the `` judicial Power of the United States , shall be vested in one supreme Court '' together with any lower courts Congress may establish . Congress organized the Court that year with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 . It specified the Court 's original and appellate jurisdiction , created thirteen judicial districts , and fixed the number of justices at six ( one chief justice and five associate justices ) . Since 1789 , Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court , historically in response to the country 's own expansion in size . An 1801 act would have decreased the Court 's size to five members upon its next vacancy . However , an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred , maintaining the Court 's size at six members . Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807 , to nine in 1837 , and to ten in 1863 . An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court 's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies , and two vacancies did occur during this period . However , before a third vacancy occurred , the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened , restoring the Court 's size to nine members , where it has remained since . While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life , many have retired or resigned . Beginning in the early 20th century , many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether . A retired justice , according to the United States Code , is no longer a member of the Supreme Court , but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court , and many retired justices have served in these capacities . Historically , the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years . However , since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current justices of the Supreme Court 2 All justices of the Supreme Court 2.1 Notes 3 Timelines 3.1 All justices 3.2 Current justices 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Current justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court ; listed in order of seniority , they are : John Roberts , Chief Justice since September 29 , 2005 Age 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 Anthony Kennedy , Associate Justice since February 18 , 1988 Age 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 Clarence Thomas , Associate Justice since October 23 , 1991 Age 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Associate Justice since August 10 , 1993 Age 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Stephen Breyer , Associate Justice since August 3 , 1994 Age 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 Samuel Alito , Associate Justice since January 31 , 2006 Age 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 Sonia Sotomayor , Associate Justice since August 8 , 2009 Age 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 Elena Kagan , Associate Justice since August 7 , 2010 Age 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Neil Gorsuch , Associate Justice since April 10 , 2017 Age 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 All justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 113 persons have served on the Court . William O. Douglas holds the record for longest tenure on the Court -- 36 years , 211 days , and Thomas Johnson 's 163 day tenure is the shortest . Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice , and later appointed chief justice separately : Charles Evans Hughes , William Rehnquist , John Rutledge , Harlan F. Stone , and Edward Douglass White . While listed twice , each of them has been assigned only one index number . The justices of the Supreme Court are : Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) NY 001 ! Chief Justice New seat 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001789 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003207900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 253 days George Washington John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC 018 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001790 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1790 -- March 4 , 1791 ( Resigned ) 7002382000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 17 days William Cushing ( 1732 -- 1810 ) MA 019 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001790 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1790 -- September 13 , 1810 ( Died ) 7003752700000000000 ♠ 20 years , 223 days James Wilson ( 1742 -- 1798 ) PA 020 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001789 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1789 -- August 21 , 1798 ( Died ) 7003324200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 320 days 5 John Blair ( 1732 -- 1800 ) VA 021 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001790 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1790 -- October 25 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003209100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 265 days 6 James Iredell ( 1751 -- 1799 ) NC 022 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001790 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1790 ( Acclamation ) 000000001790 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1790 -- October 20 , 1799 ( Died ) 7003344800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 161 days 7 Thomas Johnson ( 1732 -- 1819 ) MD 023 ! Associate Justice J. Rutledge 000000001791 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1791 ( Acclamation ) 000000001792 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 1792 -- January 16 , 1793 ( Resigned ) 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 days 8 William Paterson ( 1745 -- 1806 ) NJ 024 ! Associate Justice T. Johnson 000000001793 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1793 ( Acclamation ) 000000001793 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1793 -- September 8 , 1806 ( Died ) 7003492800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 181 days John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC 002 ! Chief Justice Jay 000000001795 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) 000000001795 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned , nomination having been rejected ) 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days 9 Samuel Chase ( 1741 -- 1811 ) MD 025 ! Associate Justice Blair 000000001796 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1796 ( Acclamation ) 000000001796 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1796 -- June 19 , 1811 ( Died ) 7003561300000000000 ♠ 15 years , 135 days 10 Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) CT 003 ! Chief Justice J. Rutledge 000000001796 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) 000000001796 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days 11 Bushrod Washington ( 1762 -- 1829 ) VA 026 ! Associate Justice Wilson 000000001798 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1798 ( Acclamation ) 000000001798 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1798 -- November 26 , 1829 ( Died ) 7004113390000000000 ♠ 31 years , 17 days John Adams 12 Alfred Moore ( 1755 -- 1810 ) NC 027 ! Associate Justice Iredell 000000001799 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1799 ( Acclamation ) 000000001800 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1800 -- January 26 , 1804 ( Resigned ) 7003137500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 280 days 13 John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) VA 004 ! Chief Justice Ellsworth 000000001801 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) 000000001801 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( died ) 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days 14 William Johnson ( 1771 -- 1834 ) SC 028 ! Associate Justice Moore 000000001804 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1804 ( Acclamation ) 000000001804 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1804 -- August 4 , 1834 ( Died ) 7004110460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 89 days Thomas Jefferson 15 Henry Brockholst Livingston ( 1757 -- 1823 ) NY 029 ! Associate Justice Paterson 000000001806 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1806 ( Acclamation ) 000000001807 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1807 -- March 18 , 1823 ( Died ) 7003590100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 57 days 16 Thomas Todd ( 1765 -- 1826 ) KY 030 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001807 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1807 ( Acclamation ) 000000001807 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1807 -- February 7 , 1826 ( Died ) 7003691600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 341 days 17 Gabriel Duvall ( 1752 -- 1844 ) MD 031 ! Associate Justice S. Chase 000000001811 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 000000001811 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 1811 -- January 12 , 1835 ( Resigned ) 7003845100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 50 days James Madison 18 Joseph Story ( 1779 -- 1845 ) MA 032 ! Associate Justice Cushing 000000001811 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 000000001812 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1812 -- September 10 , 1845 ( Died ) 7004122730000000000 ♠ 33 years , 219 days 19 Smith Thompson ( 1768 -- 1843 ) NY 033 ! Associate Justice Livingston 000000001823 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1823 ( Acclamation ) 000000001823 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1823 -- December 18 , 1843 ( Died ) 7003741300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 108 days James Monroe 20 Robert Trimble ( 1776 -- 1828 ) KY 034 ! Associate Justice Todd 000000001826 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1826 ( 25 -- 5 ) 000000001826 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 1826 -- August 25 , 1828 ( Died ) 7002801000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 70 days John Quincy Adams 21 John McLean ( 1785 -- 1861 ) OH 035 ! Associate Justice Trimble 000000001829 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 1829 ( Acclamation ) 000000001830 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1830 -- April 4 , 1861 ( Died ) 7004114060000000000 ♠ 31 years , 83 days Andrew Jackson 22 Henry Baldwin ( 1780 -- 1844 ) PA 036 ! Associate Justice Washington 000000001830 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1830 ( 41 -- 2 ) 000000001830 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1830 -- April 21 , 1844 ( Died ) 7003520700000000000 ♠ 14 years , 94 days 23 James Moore Wayne ( 1790 -- 1867 ) GA 037 ! Associate Justice W. Johnson 000000001835 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1835 ( Acclamation ) 000000001835 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1835 -- July 5 , 1867 ( Died ) 7004118600000000000 ♠ 32 years , 172 days 24 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) MD 005 ! Chief Justice J. Marshall 000000001836 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) 000000001836 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days 25 Philip Pendleton Barbour ( 1783 -- 1841 ) VA 038 ! Associate Justice Duvall 000000001836 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1836 ( 30 -- 11 ) 000000001836 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1836 -- February 25 , 1841 ( Died ) 7003175000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 289 days 26 John Catron ( 1786 -- 1865 ) TN 039 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001837 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1837 ( 28 -- 15 ) 000000001837 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1837 -- May 30 , 1865 ( Died ) 7004102560000000000 ♠ 28 years , 29 days 27 John McKinley ( 1780 -- 1852 ) AL 040 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001837 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1837 ( Acclamation ) 000000001838 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1838 -- July 19 , 1852 ( Died ) 7003530500000000000 ♠ 14 years , 192 days Martin Van Buren 28 Peter Vivian Daniel ( 1784 -- 1860 ) VA 041 ! Associate Justice Barbour 000000001841 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1841 ( 25 -- 5 ) 000000001842 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1842 -- May 31 , 1860 ( Died ) 7003671600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 142 days 29 Samuel Nelson ( 1792 -- 1873 ) NY 042 ! Associate Justice Thompson 000000001845 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1845 ( Acclamation ) 000000001845 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1845 -- November 28 , 1872 ( Retired ) 7004101360000000000 ♠ 27 years , 275 days John Tyler 30 Levi Woodbury ( 1789 -- 1851 ) NH 043 ! Associate Justice Story 000000001846 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 000000001845 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1845 -- September 4 , 1851 ( Died ) 7003217200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 346 days James K. Polk 31 Robert Cooper Grier ( 1794 -- 1870 ) PA 044 ! Associate Justice Baldwin 000000001846 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 000000001846 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1846 -- January 31 , 1870 ( Retired ) 7003857500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 174 days 32 Benjamin Robbins Curtis ( 1809 -- 1874 ) MA 045 ! Associate Justice Woodbury 000000001851 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1851 ( Acclamation ) 000000001851 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1851 -- September 30 , 1857 ( Resigned ) 7003218200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 355 days Millard Fillmore 33 John Archibald Campbell ( 1811 -- 1889 ) AL 046 ! Associate Justice McKinley 000000001853 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1853 ( Acclamation ) 000000001853 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1853 -- April 30 , 1861 ( Resigned ) 7003294100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 19 days Franklin Pierce 34 Nathan Clifford ( 1803 -- 1881 ) ME 047 ! Associate Justice Curtis 000000001858 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1858 ( 26 -- 23 ) 000000001858 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1858 -- July 25 , 1881 ( Died ) 7003858600000000000 ♠ 23 years , 185 days James Buchanan 35 Noah Haynes Swayne ( 1804 -- 1884 ) OH 048 ! Associate Justice McLean 000000001862 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1862 ( 38 -- 1 ) 000000001862 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1862 -- January 24 , 1881 ( Retired ) 7003693700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 363 days Abraham Lincoln 36 Samuel Freeman Miller ( 1816 -- 1890 ) IA 049 ! Associate Justice Daniel 000000001862 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 000000001862 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1862 -- October 13 , 1890 ( Died ) 7004103110000000000 ♠ 28 years , 84 days 37 David Davis ( 1815 -- 1886 ) IL 050 ! Associate Justice Campbell 000000001862 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 000000001862 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1862 -- March 4 , 1877 ( Resigned ) 7003519800000000000 ♠ 14 years , 84 days 38 Stephen Johnson Field ( 1816 -- 1899 ) CA 051 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001863 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1863 ( Acclamation ) 000000001863 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1863 -- December 1 , 1897 ( Retired ) 7004126240000000000 ♠ 34 years , 205 days 39 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) OH 006 ! Chief Justice Taney 000000001864 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) 000000001864 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days 40 William Strong ( 1808 -- 1895 ) PA 052 ! Associate Justice Grier 000000001870 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1870 ( No vote recorded ) 000000001870 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1870 -- December 14 , 1880 ( Retired ) 7003392800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 275 days Ulysses S. Grant 41 Joseph Philo Bradley ( 1813 -- 1892 ) NJ 053 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001870 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1870 ( 46 -- 9 ) 000000001870 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1870 -- January 22 , 1892 ( Died ) 7003797500000000000 ♠ 21 years , 305 days 42 Ward Hunt ( 1810 -- 1886 ) NY 054 ! Associate Justice Nelson 000000001872 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1872 ( Acclamation ) 000000001873 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1873 -- January 27 , 1882 ( Retired ) 7003330500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 18 days 43 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) OH 007 ! Chief Justice S.P. Chase 000000001874 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) 000000001874 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days 44 John Marshall Harlan ( 1833 -- 1911 ) KY 055 ! Associate Justice Davis 000000001877 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 1877 ( Acclamation ) 000000001877 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1877 -- October 14 , 1911 ( Died ) 7004123600000000000 ♠ 33 years , 308 days Rutherford B. Hayes 45 William Burnham Woods ( 1824 -- 1887 ) GA 056 ! Associate Justice Strong 000000001880 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 1880 ( 39 -- 8 ) 000000001881 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1881 -- May 14 , 1887 ( Died ) 7003232000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 129 days 46 Stanley Matthews ( 1824 -- 1889 ) OH 057 ! Associate Justice Swayne 000000001881 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1881 ( 24 -- 23 ) 000000001881 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1881 -- March 22 , 1889 ( Died ) 7003286600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 309 days James Garfield 47 Horace Gray ( 1828 -- 1902 ) MA 058 ! Associate Justice Clifford 000000001881 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1881 ( 51 -- 5 ) 000000001882 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1882 -- September 15 , 1902 ( Died ) 7003755300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 249 days Chester A. Arthur 48 Samuel Blatchford ( 1820 -- 1893 ) NY 059 ! Associate Justice Hunt 000000001882 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1882 ( Acclamation ) 000000001882 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1882 -- July 7 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003411300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 95 days 49 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II ( 1825 -- 1893 ) MS 060 ! Associate Justice Woods 000000001888 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1888 ( 32 -- 28 ) 000000001888 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1888 -- January 23 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 5 days Grover Cleveland 50 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) IL 008 ! Chief Justice Waite 000000001888 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) 000000001888 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days 51 David Josiah Brewer ( 1837 -- 1910 ) KS 061 ! Associate Justice Matthews 000000001889 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1889 ( 53 -- 11 ) 000000001890 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1890 -- March 28 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003738500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 81 days Benjamin Harrison 52 Henry Billings Brown ( 1836 -- 1913 ) MI 062 ! Associate Justice Miller 000000001890 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1890 ( Acclamation ) 000000001891 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1891 -- May 28 , 1906 ( Retired ) 7003598600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 143 days 53 George Shiras , Jr . ( 1832 -- 1924 ) PA 063 ! Associate Justice Bradley 000000001892 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1892 ( Acclamation ) 000000001892 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1892 -- February 23 , 1903 ( Retired ) 7003378700000000000 ♠ 10 years , 136 days 54 Howell Edmunds Jackson ( 1832 -- 1895 ) TN 064 ! Associate Justice L. Lamar 000000001893 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1893 ( Acclamation ) 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1893 -- August 8 , 1895 ( Died ) 7002887000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 157 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA 065 ! Associate Justice Blatchford 000000001894 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1894 ( Acclamation ) 000000001894 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1894 -- December 18 , 1910 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003612400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 281 days Grover Cleveland 56 Rufus Wheeler Peckham ( 1838 -- 1909 ) NY 066 ! Associate Justice H. Jackson 000000001895 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1895 ( Acclamation ) 000000001896 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1896 -- October 24 , 1909 ( Died ) 7003503900000000000 ♠ 13 years , 291 days 57 Joseph McKenna ( 1843 -- 1926 ) CA 067 ! Associate Justice Field 000000001898 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1898 ( Acclamation ) 000000001898 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1898 -- January 5 , 1925 ( Retired ) 7003984000000000000 ♠ 26 years , 345 days William McKinley 58 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . ( 1841 -- 1935 ) MA 068 ! Associate Justice Gray 000000001902 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 1902 ( Acclamation ) 000000001902 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1902 -- January 12 , 1932 ( Retired ) 7004106270000000000 ♠ 29 years , 35 days Theodore Roosevelt 59 William R. Day ( 1849 -- 1923 ) OH 069 ! Associate Justice Shiras 000000001903 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1903 ( Acclamation ) 000000001903 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1903 -- November 13 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days 60 William Henry Moody ( 1853 -- 1917 ) MA 070 ! Associate Justice Brown 000000001906 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1906 ( Acclamation ) 000000001906 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1906 -- November 20 , 1910 ( Retired ) 7003143400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 338 days 61 Horace Harmon Lurton ( 1844 -- 1914 ) TN 071 ! Associate Justice Peckham 000000001909 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1909 ( Acclamation ) 000000001910 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1910 -- July 12 , 1914 ( Died ) 7003166500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 204 days William Howard Taft 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY 072 ! Associate Justice Brewer 000000001910 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 000000001910 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1910 -- June 10 , 1916 ( Resigned ) 7003207000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 244 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA 009 ! Chief Justice Fuller 000000001910 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 000000001910 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days 63 Willis Van Devanter ( 1859 -- 1941 ) WY 073 ! Associate Justice E.D. White 000000001910 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 000000001911 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1911 -- June 2 , 1937 ( Retired ) 7003964700000000000 ♠ 26 years , 150 days 64 Joseph Rucker Lamar ( 1857 -- 1916 ) GA 074 ! Associate Justice Moody 000000001910 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 000000001911 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1911 -- January 2 , 1916 ( Died ) 7003182500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 364 days 65 Mahlon Pitney ( 1858 -- 1924 ) NJ 075 ! Associate Justice J. Harlan 000000001912 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1912 ( 50 -- 26 ) 000000001912 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1912 -- December 31 , 1922 ( Resigned ) 7003394000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 288 days 66 James Clark McReynolds ( 1862 -- 1946 ) TN 076 ! Associate Justice Lurton 000000001914 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1914 ( 44 -- 6 ) 000000001914 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1914 -- January 31 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003960800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 111 days Woodrow Wilson 67 Louis Brandeis ( 1856 -- 1941 ) KY 077 ! Associate Justice J. Lamar 000000001916 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1916 ( 47 -- 22 ) 000000001916 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1916 -- February 13 , 1939 ( Retired ) 7003828800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 253 days 68 John Hessin Clarke ( 1857 -- 1945 ) OH 078 ! Associate Justice Hughes 000000001916 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1916 ( Acclamation ) 000000001916 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1916 -- September 18 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003217000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 344 days 69 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) CT 010 ! Chief Justice E.D. White 000000001921 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) 000000001921 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 70 George Sutherland ( 1862 -- 1942 ) UT 080 ! Associate Justice Clarke 000000001922 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 1922 ( Acclamation ) 000000001922 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1922 -- January 17 , 1938 ( Retired ) 7003558600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 107 days 71 Pierce Butler ( 1866 -- 1939 ) MN 081 ! Associate Justice Day 000000001922 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 1922 ( 61 -- 8 ) 000000001923 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1923 -- November 16 , 1939 ( Died ) 7003616200000000000 ♠ 16 years , 318 days 72 Edward Terry Sanford ( 1865 -- 1930 ) TN 082 ! Associate Justice Pitney 000000001923 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1923 ( Acclamation ) 000000001923 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1923 -- March 8 , 1930 ( Died ) 7003257400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 17 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY 083 ! Associate Justice McKenna 000000001925 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1925 ( 71 -- 6 ) 000000001925 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1925 -- July 2 , 1941 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003596600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 122 days Calvin Coolidge 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY 011 ! Chief Justice Taft 000000001930 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) 000000001930 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 74 Owen Josephus Roberts ( 1875 -- 1955 ) PA 084 ! Associate Justice Sanford 000000001930 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1930 ( Acclamation ) 000000001930 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1930 -- July 31 , 1945 ( Resigned ) 7003553800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 59 days 75 Benjamin N. Cardozo ( 1870 -- 1938 ) NY 085 ! Associate Justice Holmes 000000001932 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1932 ( Acclamation ) 000000001932 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1932 -- July 9 , 1938 ( Died ) 7003230800000000000 ♠ 6 years , 117 days 76 Hugo Black ( 1886 -- 1971 ) AL 086 ! Associate Justice Van Devanter 000000001937 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1937 ( 63 -- 16 ) 000000001937 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 1937 -- September 17 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7004124470000000000 ♠ 34 years , 29 days Franklin D. Roosevelt 77 Stanley Forman Reed ( 1884 -- 1980 ) KY 087 ! Associate Justice Sutherland 000000001938 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1938 ( Acclamation ) 000000001938 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1938 -- February 25 , 1957 ( Retired ) 7003696500000000000 ♠ 19 years , 25 days 78 Felix Frankfurter ( 1882 -- 1965 ) MA 088 ! Associate Justice Cardozo 000000001939 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1939 ( Acclamation ) 000000001939 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1939 -- August 28 , 1962 ( Retired ) 7003861100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 210 days 79 William O. Douglas ( 1898 -- 1980 ) CT 089 ! Associate Justice Brandeis 000000001939 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 1939 ( 62 -- 4 ) 000000001939 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1939 -- November 12 , 1975 ( Retired ) 7004133600000000000 ♠ 36 years , 211 days 80 Frank Murphy ( 1890 -- 1949 ) MI 090 ! Associate Justice Butler 000000001940 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1940 ( Acclamation ) 000000001940 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1940 -- July 19 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003345200000000000 ♠ 9 years , 164 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY 012 ! Chief Justice Hughes 000000001941 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 000000001941 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days 81 James F. Byrnes ( 1882 -- 1972 ) SC 091 ! Associate Justice McReynolds 000000001941 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 000000001941 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 1941 -- October 3 , 1942 ( Resigned ) 7002452000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 87 days 82 Robert H. Jackson ( 1892 -- 1954 ) NY 092 ! Associate Justice Stone 000000001941 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 000000001941 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1941 -- October 9 , 1954 ( Died ) 7003483800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 90 days 83 Wiley Blount Rutledge ( 1894 -- 1949 ) IA 093 ! Associate Justice Byrnes 000000001943 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1943 ( Acclamation ) 000000001943 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1943 -- September 10 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003239900000000000 ♠ 6 years , 207 days 84 Harold Hitz Burton ( 1888 -- 1964 ) OH 094 ! Associate Justice O. Roberts 000000001945 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1945 ( Acclamation ) 000000001945 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1945 -- October 13 , 1958 ( Retired ) 7003476000000000000 ♠ 13 years , 12 days Harry S. Truman 85 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) KY 013 ! Chief Justice Stone 000000001946 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) 000000001946 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days 86 Tom C. Clark ( 1899 -- 1977 ) TX 094 ! Associate Justice Murphy 000000001949 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 1949 ( 73 -- 8 ) 000000001949 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1949 -- June 12 , 1967 ( Retired ) 7003650100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 292 days 87 Sherman Minton ( 1890 -- 1965 ) IN 095 ! Associate Justice W. Rutledge 000000001949 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1949 ( 48 -- 16 ) 000000001949 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1949 -- October 15 , 1956 ( Retired ) 7003256000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 3 days 88 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) CA 014 ! Chief Justice Vinson 000000001954 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) 000000001953 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 89 John Marshall Harlan II ( 1899 -- 1971 ) NY 096 ! Associate Justice R. Jackson 000000001955 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 1955 ( 71 -- 11 ) 000000001955 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1955 -- September 23 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7003602300000000000 ♠ 16 years , 179 days 90 William J. Brennan ( 1906 -- 1997 ) NJ 097 ! Associate Justice Minton 000000001957 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 000000001956 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1956 -- July 20 , 1990 ( Retired ) 7004123300000000000 ♠ 33 years , 277 days 91 Charles Evans Whittaker ( 1901 -- 1973 ) MO 098 ! Associate Justice Reed 000000001957 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 000000001957 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1957 -- March 31 , 1962 ( Resigned ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 6 days 92 Potter Stewart ( 1915 -- 1985 ) OH 099 ! Associate Justice Burton 000000001959 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1959 ( 70 -- 17 ) 000000001958 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1958 -- July 3 , 1981 ( Retired ) 7003829800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 262 days 93 Byron White ( 1917 -- 2002 ) CO 100 ! Associate Justice Whittaker 000000001962 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 000000001962 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1962 -- June 28 , 1993 ( Retired ) 7004113960000000000 ♠ 31 years , 73 days John F. Kennedy 94 Arthur Goldberg ( 1908 -- 1990 ) IL 101 ! Associate Justice Frankfurter 000000001962 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 000000001962 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1962 -- July 25 , 1965 ( Resigned ) 7003103100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 300 days 95 Abe Fortas ( 1910 -- 1982 ) TN 102 ! Associate Justice Goldberg 000000001965 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1965 ( Acclamation ) 000000001965 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1965 -- May 14 , 1969 ( Resigned ) 7003131800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 222 days Lyndon B. Johnson 96 Thurgood Marshall ( 1908 -- 1993 ) NY 103 ! Associate Justice Clark 000000001967 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1967 ( 69 -- 11 ) 000000001967 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1967 -- October 1 , 1991 ( Retired ) 7003876500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 364 days 97 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) VA 015 ! Chief Justice Warren 000000001969 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) 000000001969 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon 98 Harry Blackmun ( 1908 -- 1999 ) MN 104 ! Associate Justice Fortas 000000001970 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1970 ( 94 -- 0 ) 000000001970 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1970 -- August 3 , 1994 ( Retired ) 7003882100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 55 days 99 Lewis F. Powell Jr . ( 1907 -- 1998 ) VA 105 ! Associate Justice Black 000000001971 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1971 ( 89 -- 1 ) 000000001972 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1972 -- June 26 , 1987 ( Retired ) 7003564900000000000 ♠ 15 years , 170 days 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) AZ 106 ! Associate Justice J. Harlan II 000000001971 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1971 ( 68 -- 26 ) 000000001972 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1972 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003537600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 262 days 101 John Paul Stevens ( born 1920 ) IL 107 ! Associate Justice Douglas 000000001975 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1975 ( 98 -- 0 ) 000000001975 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1975 -- June 29 , 2010 ( Retired ) 7004126110000000000 ♠ 34 years , 192 days Gerald Ford 102 Sandra Day O'Connor ( born 1930 ) AZ 108 ! Associate Justice Stewart 000000001981 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1981 ( 99 -- 0 ) 000000001981 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 ( Retired ) 7003889400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 128 days Ronald Reagan 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) VA 016 ! Chief Justice Burger 000000001986 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) 000000001986 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days 103 Antonin Scalia ( 1936 -- 2016 ) VA 109 ! Associate Justice Rehnquist 000000001986 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1986 ( 98 -- 0 ) 000000001986 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1986 -- February 13 , 2016 ( Died ) 7004107320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 140 days 104 Anthony Kennedy ( born 1936 ) CA 110 ! Associate Justice Powell 000000001988 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1988 ( 97 -- 0 ) 000000001988 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1988 -- Incumbent 7004109600000000000 ♠ 30 years , 2 days 105 David Souter ( born 1939 ) NH 110 ! Associate Justice Brennan 000000001990 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1990 ( 90 -- 9 ) 000000001990 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1990 -- June 29 , 2009 ( Retired ) 7003683800000000000 ♠ 18 years , 263 days George H.W. Bush 106 Clarence Thomas ( born 1948 ) GA 111 ! Associate Justice T. Marshall 000000001991 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1991 ( 52 -- 48 ) 000000001991 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1991 -- Incumbent 7003961700000000000 ♠ 26 years , 120 days 107 Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( born 1933 ) NY 112 ! Associate Justice B. White 000000001993 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1993 ( 96 -- 3 ) 000000001993 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1993 -- Incumbent 7003896000000000000 ♠ 24 years , 194 days Bill Clinton 108 Stephen Breyer ( born 1938 ) MA 113 ! Associate Justice Blackmun 000000001994 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1994 ( 87 -- 9 ) 000000001994 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1994 -- Incumbent 7003860200000000000 ♠ 23 years , 201 days 109 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) MD 017 ! Chief Justice Rehnquist 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 7003452700000000000 ♠ 12 years , 144 days George W. Bush 110 Samuel Alito ( born 1950 ) NJ 115 ! Associate Justice O'Connor 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 ( 58 -- 42 ) 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 -- Incumbent 7003440300000000000 ♠ 12 years , 20 days 111 Sonia Sotomayor ( born 1954 ) NY 116 ! Associate Justice Souter 000000002009 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 2009 ( 68 -- 31 ) 000000002009 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2009 -- Incumbent 7003311800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 196 days Barack Obama 112 Elena Kagan ( born 1960 ) MA 117 ! Associate Justice Stevens 000000002010 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2010 ( 63 -- 37 ) 000000002010 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2010 -- Incumbent 7003275400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 197 days 113 Neil Gorsuch ( born 1967 ) CO 118 ! Associate Justice Scalia 000000002017 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2017 ( 54 -- 45 ) 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2017 -- Incumbent 7002316000000000000 ♠ 316 days Donald Trump Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Served on the Supreme Court twice , first as associate justice , and then , after a period of years off the Court , as chief justice . ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process . ^ Jump up to : State of residence at the time of appointment . For example , in 1971 , Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona , but in 1986 , when elevated to chief justice , he was appointed from Virginia . Jump up ^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office , with the end date being the date of the justice 's death , resignation , or retirement . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . Jump up ^ Was impeached , but not convicted , and remained in office . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , May 19 -- July 11 , 1921 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , February 3 -- 24 , 1930 . ^ Jump up to : While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Van Devanter received and accepted his first -- in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , June 30 -- July 3 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , April 22 -- June 24 , 1946 , and again , under 62 Stat. 869 , September 8 -- October 5 , 1953 . ^ Jump up to : While Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Powell received and accepted his first -- in accordance with accordance with 62 Stat. 869 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869 , September 3 -- 29 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : As of February 20 , 2018 . Timelines ( edit ) All justices ( edit ) This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court . Information regarding each justice 's predecessors , successors and fellow justices , as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned ( and comparisons betwen justices drawn ) from it . Additionally , The progression of presidents , along with the number of justices each nominated , is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context . Regarding the associate justice seat numbers , due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789 , two of the ten seats chronicled below -- `` Seat 7 '' and `` Seat 5 '' -- have been abolished , both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 . Current justices ( edit ) This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice 's tenure on the Court . See also ( edit ) Law of the United States List of courts of the United States List of national supreme courts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stathis , Stephen W. ( 2014 ) . Landmark Legislation 1774 -- 2012 : Major U.S. Acts and Treaties . CQ Press . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. ( 2005 ) . `` Judiciary Act of 1869 '' . In Hall , Kermit L. ; Ely , James W. ; Grossman , Joel B . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 548 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article III '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Chief Justice Roberts has little to say at year 's end '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts opts not to ask Congress to raise judicial salaries '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowley , James ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Federal Judges in U.S. See $25,000 More as Salary Freeze Falls '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About The Supreme Court '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Stacking the Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Dems ' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim '' . CBS News . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice John G. Roberts , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Anthony M. Kennedy '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Clarence Thomas '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Stephen G. Breyer '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Samuel Anthony Alito , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Sonia Sotomayor '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Elena Kagan '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Neil M. Gorsuch '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 -- Present '' . www.senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justices 1789 to Present '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Biographies of Justices Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No vacancies History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timelines Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 ( Midnight Judges Act ) Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Lists of Justices of High Courts of the United States List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ( Chief Judges ) ( Assoc . Judges ) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma ( Civil ) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas ( Civil ) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=826768253 '' Categories : Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Lists of United States Supreme Court justices Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Lietuvių Polski Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 22 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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About Wikipedia	who appointed the current members of the supreme court	[ "\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length[d]\nAppointed by\n\n\n1\n\nJohn Jay\n(1745–1829)\nNY\n001 !Chief\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-19-0000October 19, 1789\n–\nJune 29, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days\nGeorge Washington\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n018 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-15-0000February 15, 1790\n–\nMarch 4, 1791\n(Resigned)\n7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days\n\n\n3\n\nWilliam Cushing\n(1732–1810)\nMA\n019 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nSeptember 13, 1810\n(Died)\n7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days\n\n\n4\n\nJames Wilson\n(1742–1798)\nPA\n020 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-05-0000October 5, 1789\n–\nAugust 21, 1798\n(Died)\n7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days\n\n\n5\n\nJohn Blair\n(1732–1800)\nVA\n021 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nOctober 25, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days\n\n\n6\n\nJames Iredell\n(1751–1799)\nNC\n022 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001790-02-10-0000February 10, 1790\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-05-12-0000May 12, 1790\n–\nOctober 20, 1799\n(Died)\n7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days\n\n\n7\n\nThomas Johnson\n(1732–1819)\nMD\n023 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001791-11-07-0000November 7, 1791\n(Acclamation)\n000000001792-08-06-0000August 6, 1792[e]\n–\nJanuary 16, 1793\n(Resigned)\n7002163000000000000♠163 days\n\n\n8\n\nWilliam Paterson\n(1745–1806)\nNJ\n024 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Johnson\n000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793\n(Acclamation)\n000000001793-03-11-0000March 11, 1793\n–\nSeptember 8, 1806\n(Died)\n7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n002 !Chief\nJustice\nJay\n000000001795-12-15-0000December 15, 1795\n(10–14)[f]\n000000001795-08-12-0000August 12, 1795[e]\n–\nDecember 28, 1795\n(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)\n7002138000000000000♠138 days\n\n\n9\n\nSamuel Chase[g]\n(1741–1811)\nMD\n025 !Associate\nJustice\nBlair\n000000001796-01-27-0000January 27, 1796\n(Acclamation)\n000000001796-02-04-0000February 4, 1796\n–\nJune 19, 1811\n(Died)\n7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days\n\n\n10\n\nOliver Ellsworth\n(1745–1807)\nCT\n003 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001796-03-04-0000March 4, 1796\n(21–1)\n000000001796-03-08-0000March 8, 1796\n–\nDecember 15, 1800\n(Resigned)\n7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days\n\n\n11\n\nBushrod Washington\n(1762–1829)\nVA\n026 !Associate\nJustice\nWilson\n000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798\n(Acclamation)\n000000001798-11-09-0000November 9, 1798[e]\n–\nNovember 26, 1829\n(Died)\n7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days\nJohn Adams\n\n\n12\n\nAlfred Moore\n(1755–1810)\nNC\n027 !Associate\nJustice\nIredell\n000000001799-12-09-0000December 9, 1799\n(Acclamation)\n000000001800-04-21-0000April 21, 1800\n–\nJanuary 26, 1804\n(Resigned)\n7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days\n\n\n13\n\nJohn Marshall\n(1755–1835)\nVA\n004 !Chief\nJustice\nEllsworth\n000000001801-01-27-0000January 27, 1801\n(Acclamation)\n000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801\n–\nJuly 6, 1835\n(died)\n7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days\n\n\n14\n\nWilliam Johnson\n(1771–1834)\nSC\n028 !Associate\nJustice\nMoore\n000000001804-03-24-0000March 24, 1804\n(Acclamation)\n000000001804-05-07-0000May 7, 1804\n–\nAugust 4, 1834\n(Died)\n7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days\nThomas Jefferson\n\n\n15\n\nHenry Brockholst Livingston\n(1757–1823)\nNY\n029 !Associate\nJustice\nPaterson\n000000001806-12-17-0000December 17, 1806\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-01-20-0000January 20, 1807\n–\nMarch 18, 1823\n(Died)\n7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days\n\n\n16\n\nThomas Todd\n(1765–1826)\nKY\n030 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001807-03-02-0000March 2, 1807\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-03-03-0000March 3, 1807\n–\nFebruary 7, 1826\n(Died)\n7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days\n\n\n17\n\nGabriel Duvall\n(1752–1844)\nMD\n031 !Associate\nJustice\nS. Chase\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001811-11-23-0000November 23, 1811\n–\nJanuary 12, 1835\n(Resigned)\n7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days\nJames Madison\n\n\n18\n\nJoseph Story\n(1779–1845)\nMA\n032 !Associate\nJustice\nCushing\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001812-02-03-0000February 3, 1812\n–\nSeptember 10, 1845\n(Died)\n7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days\n\n\n19\n\nSmith Thompson\n(1768–1843)\nNY\n033 !Associate\nJustice\nLivingston\n000000001823-12-09-0000December 9, 1823\n(Acclamation)\n000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823[e]\n–\nDecember 18, 1843\n(Died)\n7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days\nJames Monroe\n\n\n20\n\nRobert Trimble\n(1776–1828)\nKY\n034 !Associate\nJustice\nTodd\n000000001826-05-09-0000May 9, 1826\n(25–5)\n000000001826-06-16-0000June 16, 1826\n–\nAugust 25, 1828\n(Died)\n7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days\nJohn Quincy Adams\n\n\n21\n\nJohn McLean\n(1785–1861)\nOH\n035 !Associate\nJustice\nTrimble\n000000001829-03-07-0000March 7, 1829\n(Acclamation)\n000000001830-01-11-0000January 11, 1830\n–\nApril 4, 1861\n(Died)\n7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days\nAndrew Jackson\n\n\n22\n\nHenry Baldwin\n(1780–1844)\nPA\n036 !Associate\nJustice\nWashington\n000000001830-01-06-0000January 6, 1830\n(41–2)\n000000001830-01-18-0000January 18, 1830\n–\nApril 21, 1844\n(Died)\n7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days\n\n\n23\n\nJames Moore Wayne\n(1790–1867)\nGA\n037 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Johnson\n000000001835-01-09-0000January 9, 1835\n(Acclamation)\n000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835\n–\nJuly 5, 1867\n(Died)\n7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days\n\n\n24\n\nRoger B. Taney\n(1777–1864)\nMD\n005 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Marshall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(29–15)\n000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836\n–\nOctober 12, 1864\n(Died)\n7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days\n\n\n25\n\nPhilip Pendleton Barbour\n(1783–1841)\nVA\n038 !Associate\nJustice\nDuvall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(30–11)\n000000001836-05-12-0000May 12, 1836\n–\nFebruary 25, 1841\n(Died)\n7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days\n\n\n26\n\nJohn Catron\n(1786–1865)\nTN\n039 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-03-08-0000March 8, 1837\n(28–15)\n000000001837-05-01-0000May 1, 1837\n–\nMay 30, 1865\n(Died)\n7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days\n\n\n27\n\nJohn McKinley\n(1780–1852)\nAL\n040 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-09-25-0000September 25, 1837\n(Acclamation)\n000000001838-01-09-0000January 9, 1838\n–\nJuly 19, 1852\n(Died)\n7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days\nMartin Van Buren\n\n\n28\n\nPeter Vivian Daniel\n(1784–1860)\nVA\n041 !Associate\nJustice\nBarbour\n000000001841-03-02-0000March 2, 1841\n(25–5)\n000000001842-01-10-0000January 10, 1842\n–\nMay 31, 1860\n(Died)\n7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days\n\n\n29\n\nSamuel Nelson\n(1792–1873)\nNY\n042 !Associate\nJustice\nThompson\n000000001845-02-14-0000February 14, 1845\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-02-27-0000February 27, 1845\n–\nNovember 28, 1872\n(Retired)\n7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days\nJohn Tyler\n\n\n30\n\nLevi Woodbury\n(1789–1851)\nNH\n043 !Associate\nJustice\nStory\n000000001846-01-31-0000January 31, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-09-23-0000September 23, 1845[e]\n–\nSeptember 4, 1851\n(Died)\n7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days\nJames K. Polk\n\n\n31\n\nRobert Cooper Grier\n(1794–1870)\nPA\n044 !Associate\nJustice\nBaldwin\n000000001846-08-04-0000August 4, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001846-08-10-0000August 10, 1846\n–\nJanuary 31, 1870\n(Retired)\n7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days\n\n\n32\n\nBenjamin Robbins Curtis\n(1809–1874)\nMA\n045 !Associate\nJustice\nWoodbury\n000000001851-12-20-0000December 20, 1851\n(Acclamation)\n000000001851-10-10-0000October 10, 1851[e]\n–\nSeptember 30, 1857\n(Resigned)\n7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days\nMillard Fillmore\n\n\n33\n\nJohn Archibald Campbell\n(1811–1889)\nAL\n046 !Associate\nJustice\nMcKinley\n000000001853-03-22-0000March 22, 1853\n(Acclamation)\n000000001853-04-11-0000April 11, 1853\n–\nApril 30, 1861\n(Resigned)\n7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days\nFranklin Pierce\n\n\n34\n\nNathan Clifford\n(1803–1881)\nME\n047 !Associate\nJustice\nCurtis\n000000001858-01-12-0000January 12, 1858\n(26–23)\n000000001858-01-21-0000January 21, 1858\n–\nJuly 25, 1881\n(Died)\n7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days\nJames Buchanan\n\n\n35\n\nNoah Haynes Swayne\n(1804–1884)\nOH\n048 !Associate\nJustice\nMcLean\n000000001862-01-24-0000January 24, 1862\n(38–1)\n000000001862-01-27-0000January 27, 1862\n–\nJanuary 24, 1881\n(Retired)\n7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days\nAbraham Lincoln\n\n\n36\n\nSamuel Freeman Miller\n(1816–1890)\nIA\n049 !Associate\nJustice\nDaniel\n000000001862-07-16-0000July 16, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-07-21-0000July 21, 1862\n–\nOctober 13, 1890\n(Died)\n7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days\n\n\n37\n\nDavid Davis\n(1815–1886)\nIL\n050 !Associate\nJustice\nCampbell\n000000001862-12-08-0000December 8, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-12-10-0000December 10, 1862[e]\n–\nMarch 4, 1877\n(Resigned)\n7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days\n\n\n38\n\nStephen Johnson Field\n(1816–1899)\nCA\n051 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001863-03-10-0000March 10, 1863\n(Acclamation)\n000000001863-05-10-0000May 10, 1863\n–\nDecember 1, 1897\n(Retired)\n7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days\n\n\n39\n\nSalmon P. Chase\n(1808–1873)\nOH\n006 !Chief\nJustice\nTaney\n000000001864-12-06-0000December 6, 1864\n(Acclamation)\n000000001864-12-15-0000December 15, 1864\n–\nMay 7, 1873\n(Died)\n7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days\n\n\n40\n\nWilliam Strong\n(1808–1895)\nPA\n052 !Associate\nJustice\nGrier\n000000001870-02-18-0000February 18, 1870\n(No vote recorded)\n000000001870-03-14-0000March 14, 1870\n–\nDecember 14, 1880\n(Retired)\n7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days\nUlysses S. Grant\n\n\n41\n\nJoseph Philo Bradley\n(1813–1892)\nNJ\n053 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001870-03-21-0000March 21, 1870\n(46–9)\n000000001870-03-23-0000March 23, 1870\n–\nJanuary 22, 1892\n(Died)\n7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days\n\n\n42\n\nWard Hunt\n(1810–1886)\nNY\n054 !Associate\nJustice\nNelson\n000000001872-12-11-0000December 11, 1872\n(Acclamation)\n000000001873-01-09-0000January 9, 1873\n–\nJanuary 27, 1882\n(Retired)\n7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days\n\n\n43\n\nMorrison Waite\n(1816–1888)\nOH\n007 !Chief\nJustice\nS. P. Chase\n000000001874-01-21-0000January 21, 1874\n(63–0)\n000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874\n–\nMarch 23, 1888\n(Died)\n7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days\n\n\n44\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan\n(1833–1911)\nKY\n055 !Associate\nJustice\nDavis\n000000001877-11-29-0000November 29, 1877\n(Acclamation)\n000000001877-12-10-0000December 10, 1877\n–\nOctober 14, 1911\n(Died)\n7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days\nRutherford B. Hayes\n\n\n45\n\nWilliam Burnham Woods\n(1824–1887)\nGA\n056 !Associate\nJustice\nStrong\n000000001880-12-21-0000December 21, 1880\n(39–8)\n000000001881-01-05-0000January 5, 1881\n–\nMay 14, 1887\n(Died)\n7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days\n\n\n46\n\nStanley Matthews\n(1824–1889)\nOH\n057 !Associate\nJustice\nSwayne\n000000001881-05-12-0000May 12, 1881\n(24–23)\n000000001881-05-17-0000May 17, 1881\n–\nMarch 22, 1889\n(Died)\n7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days\nJames Garfield\n\n\n47\n\nHorace Gray\n(1828–1902)\nMA\n058 !Associate\nJustice\nClifford\n000000001881-12-20-0000December 20, 1881\n(51–5)\n000000001882-01-09-0000January 9, 1882\n–\nSeptember 15, 1902\n(Died)\n7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days\nChester A. Arthur\n\n\n48\n\nSamuel Blatchford\n(1820–1893)\nNY\n059 !Associate\nJustice\nHunt\n000000001882-03-22-0000March 22, 1882\n(Acclamation)\n000000001882-04-03-0000April 3, 1882\n–\nJuly 7, 1893\n(Died)\n7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days\n\n\n49\n\nLucius Quintus\nCincinnatus Lamar II\n(1825–1893)\nMS\n060 !Associate\nJustice\nWoods\n000000001888-01-16-0000January 16, 1888\n(32–28)\n000000001888-01-18-0000January 18, 1888\n–\nJanuary 23, 1893\n(Died)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n50\n\nMelville Fuller\n(1833–1910)\nIL\n008 !Chief\nJustice\nWaite\n000000001888-07-20-0000July 20, 1888\n(41–20)\n000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888\n–\nJuly 4, 1910\n(Died)\n7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days\n\n\n51\n\nDavid Josiah Brewer\n(1837–1910)\nKS\n061 !Associate\nJustice\nMatthews\n000000001889-12-18-0000December 18, 1889\n(53–11)\n000000001890-01-06-0000January 6, 1890\n–\nMarch 28, 1910\n(Died)\n7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days\nBenjamin Harrison\n\n\n52\n\nHenry Billings Brown\n(1836–1913)\nMI\n062 !Associate\nJustice\nMiller\n000000001890-12-29-0000December 29, 1890\n(Acclamation)\n000000001891-01-05-0000January 5, 1891\n–\nMay 28, 1906\n(Retired)\n7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days\n\n\n53\n\nGeorge Shiras, Jr.\n(1832–1924)\nPA\n063 !Associate\nJustice\nBradley\n000000001892-07-26-0000July 26, 1892\n(Acclamation)\n000000001892-10-10-0000October 10, 1892\n–\nFebruary 23, 1903\n(Retired)\n7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days\n\n\n54\n\nHowell Edmunds Jackson\n(1832–1895)\nTN\n064 !Associate\nJustice\nL. Lamar\n000000001893-02-18-0000February 18, 1893\n(Acclamation)\n000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893\n–\nAugust 8, 1895\n(Died)\n7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n065 !Associate\nJustice\nBlatchford\n000000001894-02-19-0000February 19, 1894\n(Acclamation)\n000000001894-03-12-0000March 12, 1894\n–\nDecember 18, 1910\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n56\n\nRufus Wheeler Peckham\n(1838–1909)\nNY\n066 !Associate\nJustice\nH. Jackson\n000000001895-12-09-0000December 9, 1895\n(Acclamation)\n000000001896-01-06-0000January 6, 1896\n–\nOctober 24, 1909\n(Died)\n7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days\n\n\n57\n\nJoseph McKenna\n(1843–1926)\nCA\n067 !Associate\nJustice[h]\nField\n000000001898-01-21-0000January 21, 1898\n(Acclamation)\n000000001898-01-26-0000January 26, 1898\n–\nJanuary 5, 1925\n(Retired)\n7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days\nWilliam McKinley\n\n\n58\n\nOliver Wendell Holmes Jr.\n(1841–1935)\nMA\n068 !Associate\nJustice[i]\nGray\n000000001902-12-04-0000December 4, 1902\n(Acclamation)\n000000001902-12-08-0000December 8, 1902\n–\nJanuary 12, 1932\n(Retired)\n7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days\nTheodore Roosevelt\n\n\n59\n\nWilliam R. Day\n(1849–1923)\nOH\n069 !Associate\nJustice\nShiras\n000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903\n(Acclamation)\n000000001903-03-02-0000March 2, 1903\n–\nNovember 13, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days\n\n\n60\n\nWilliam Henry Moody\n(1853–1917)\nMA\n070 !Associate\nJustice\nBrown\n000000001906-12-12-0000December 12, 1906\n(Acclamation)\n000000001906-12-17-0000December 17, 1906\n–\nNovember 20, 1910\n(Retired)\n7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days\n\n\n61\n\nHorace Harmon Lurton\n(1844–1914)\nTN\n071 !Associate\nJustice\nPeckham\n000000001909-12-20-0000December 20, 1909\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-01-03-0000January 3, 1910\n–\nJuly 12, 1914\n(Died)\n7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days\nWilliam Howard Taft\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n072 !Associate\nJustice\nBrewer\n000000001910-05-02-0000May 2, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-10-10-0000October 10, 1910\n–\nJune 10, 1916\n(Resigned)\n7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n009 !Chief\nJustice\nFuller\n000000001910-12-12-0000December 12, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-12-19-0000December 19, 1910\n–\nMay 19, 1921\n(Died)\n7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days\n\n\n63\n\nWillis Van Devanter\n(1859–1941)\nWY\n073 !Associate\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJune 2, 1937\n(Retired)\n7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days\n\n\n64\n\nJoseph Rucker Lamar\n(1857–1916)\nGA\n074 !Associate\nJustice\nMoody\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJanuary 2, 1916\n(Died)\n7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days\n\n\n65\n\nMahlon Pitney\n(1858–1924)\nNJ\n075 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan\n000000001912-03-13-0000March 13, 1912\n(50–26)\n000000001912-03-18-0000March 18, 1912\n–\nDecember 31, 1922\n(Resigned)\n7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days\n\n\n66\n\nJames Clark McReynolds\n(1862–1946)\nTN\n076 !Associate\nJustice\nLurton\n000000001914-08-29-0000August 29, 1914\n(44–6)\n000000001914-10-12-0000October 12, 1914\n–\nJanuary 31, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days\nWoodrow Wilson\n\n\n67\n\nLouis Brandeis\n(1856–1941)\nKY\n077 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Lamar\n000000001916-06-01-0000June 1, 1916\n(47–22)\n000000001916-06-05-0000June 5, 1916\n–\nFebruary 13, 1939\n(Retired)\n7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days\n\n\n68\n\nJohn Hessin Clarke\n(1857–1945)\nOH\n078 !Associate\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001916-07-24-0000July 24, 1916\n(Acclamation)\n000000001916-10-09-0000October 9, 1916\n–\nSeptember 18, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days\n\n\n69\n\nWilliam Howard Taft\n(1857–1930)\nCT\n010 !Chief\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001921-06-30-0000June 30, 1921\n(Acclamation)\n000000001921-07-11-0000July 11, 1921\n–\nFebruary 3, 1930\n(Retired)\n7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days\nWarren G. Harding\n\n\n70\n\nGeorge Sutherland\n(1862–1942)\nUT\n080 !Associate\nJustice\nClarke\n000000001922-09-05-0000September 5, 1922\n(Acclamation)\n000000001922-10-02-0000October 2, 1922\n–\nJanuary 17, 1938\n(Retired)\n7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days\n\n\n71\n\nPierce Butler\n(1866–1939)\nMN\n081 !Associate\nJustice\nDay\n000000001922-12-21-0000December 21, 1922\n(61–8)\n000000001923-01-02-0000January 2, 1923\n–\nNovember 16, 1939\n(Died)\n7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days\n\n\n72\n\nEdward Terry Sanford\n(1865–1930)\nTN\n082 !Associate\nJustice\nPitney\n000000001923-01-29-0000January 29, 1923\n(Acclamation)\n000000001923-02-19-0000February 19, 1923\n–\nMarch 8, 1930\n(Died)\n7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n083 !Associate\nJustice[k]\nMcKenna\n000000001925-02-05-0000February 5, 1925\n(71–6)\n000000001925-03-02-0000March 2, 1925\n–\nJuly 2, 1941\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days\nCalvin Coolidge\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n011 !Chief\nJustice\nTaft\n000000001930-02-13-0000February 13, 1930\n(52–26)\n000000001930-02-24-0000February 24, 1930\n–\nJune 30, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days\nHerbert Hoover\n\n\n74\n\nOwen Josephus Roberts\n(1875–1955)\nPA\n084 !Associate\nJustice\nSanford\n000000001930-05-20-0000May 20, 1930\n(Acclamation)\n000000001930-06-02-0000June 2, 1930\n–\nJuly 31, 1945\n(Resigned)\n7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days\n\n\n75\n\nBenjamin N. Cardozo\n(1870–1938)\nNY\n085 !Associate\nJustice\nHolmes\n000000001932-02-24-0000February 24, 1932\n(Acclamation)\n000000001932-03-14-0000March 14, 1932\n–\nJuly 9, 1938\n(Died)\n7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days\n\n\n76\n\nHugo Black\n(1886–1971)\nAL\n086 !Associate\nJustice[l]\nVan Devanter\n000000001937-08-17-0000August 17, 1937\n(63–16)\n000000001937-08-19-0000August 19, 1937\n–\nSeptember 17, 1971\n(Retired)\n7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\n\n77\n\nStanley Forman Reed\n(1884–1980)\nKY\n087 !Associate\nJustice\nSutherland\n000000001938-01-25-0000January 25, 1938\n(Acclamation)\n000000001938-01-31-0000January 31, 1938\n–\nFebruary 25, 1957\n(Retired)\n7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days\n\n\n78\n\nFelix Frankfurter\n(1882–1965)\nMA\n088 !Associate\nJustice\nCardozo\n000000001939-01-17-0000January 17, 1939\n(Acclamation)\n000000001939-01-30-0000January 30, 1939\n–\nAugust 28, 1962\n(Retired)\n7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days\n\n\n79\n\nWilliam O. Douglas\n(1898–1980)\nCT\n089 !Associate\nJustice\nBrandeis\n000000001939-04-04-0000April 4, 1939\n(62–4)\n000000001939-04-17-0000April 17, 1939\n–\nNovember 12, 1975\n(Retired)\n7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days\n\n\n80\n\nFrank Murphy\n(1890–1949)\nMI\n090 !Associate\nJustice\nButler\n000000001940-01-16-0000January 16, 1940\n(Acclamation)\n000000001940-02-05-0000February 5, 1940\n–\nJuly 19, 1949\n(Died)\n7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n012 !Chief\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001941-06-27-0000June 27, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-03-0000July 3, 1941\n–\nApril 22, 1946\n(Died)\n7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days\n\n\n81\n\nJames F. Byrnes\n(1882–1972)\nSC\n091 !Associate\nJustice\nMcReynolds\n000000001941-06-12-0000June 12, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-08-0000July 8, 1941\n–\nOctober 3, 1942\n(Resigned)\n7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days\n\n\n82\n\nRobert H. Jackson\n(1892–1954)\nNY\n092 !Associate\nJustice\nStone\n000000001941-07-07-0000July 7, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-11-0000July 11, 1941\n–\nOctober 9, 1954\n(Died)\n7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days\n\n\n83\n\nWiley Blount Rutledge\n(1894–1949)\nIA\n093 !Associate\nJustice\nByrnes\n000000001943-02-08-0000February 8, 1943\n(Acclamation)\n000000001943-02-15-0000February 15, 1943\n–\nSeptember 10, 1949\n(Died)\n7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days\n\n\n84\n\nHarold Hitz Burton\n(1888–1964)\nOH\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nO. Roberts\n000000001945-09-19-0000September 19, 1945\n(Acclamation)\n000000001945-10-01-0000October 1, 1945\n–\nOctober 13, 1958\n(Retired)\n7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days\nHarry S. Truman\n\n\n85\n\nFred M. Vinson\n(1890–1953)\nKY\n013 !Chief\nJustice\nStone\n000000001946-06-20-0000June 20, 1946\n(Acclamation)\n000000001946-06-24-0000June 24, 1946\n–\nSeptember 8, 1953\n(Died)\n7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days\n\n\n86\n\nTom C. Clark\n(1899–1977)\nTX\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nMurphy\n000000001949-08-18-0000August 18, 1949\n(73–8)\n000000001949-08-24-0000August 24, 1949\n–\nJune 12, 1967\n(Retired)\n7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days\n\n\n87\n\nSherman Minton\n(1890–1965)\nIN\n095 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Rutledge\n000000001949-10-04-0000October 4, 1949\n(48–16)\n000000001949-10-12-0000October 12, 1949\n–\nOctober 15, 1956\n(Retired)\n7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days\n\n\n88\n\nEarl Warren\n(1891–1974)\nCA\n014 !Chief\nJustice\nVinson\n000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954\n(Acclamation)\n000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953[e]\n–\nJune 23, 1969\n(Retired)\n7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n\n\n89\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan II\n(1899–1971)\nNY\n096 !Associate\nJustice\nR. Jackson\n000000001955-03-16-0000March 16, 1955\n(71–11)\n000000001955-03-28-0000March 28, 1955\n–\nSeptember 23, 1971\n(Retired)\n7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days\n\n\n90\n\nWilliam J. Brennan\n(1906–1997)\nNJ\n097 !Associate\nJustice\nMinton\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001956-10-16-0000October 16, 1956[e]\n–\nJuly 20, 1990\n(Retired)\n7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days\n\n\n91\n\nCharles Evans Whittaker\n(1901–1973)\nMO\n098 !Associate\nJustice\nReed\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001957-03-25-0000March 25, 1957\n–\nMarch 31, 1962\n(Resigned)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days\n\n\n92\n\nPotter Stewart\n(1915–1985)\nOH\n099 !Associate\nJustice\nBurton\n000000001959-05-05-0000May 5, 1959\n(70–17)\n000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958[e]\n–\nJuly 3, 1981\n(Retired)\n7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days\n\n\n93\n\nByron White\n(1917–2002)\nCO\n100 !Associate\nJustice\nWhittaker\n000000001962-04-11-0000April 11, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-04-16-0000April 16, 1962\n–\nJune 28, 1993\n(Retired)\n7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days\nJohn F. Kennedy\n\n\n94\n\nArthur Goldberg\n(1908–1990)\nIL\n101 !Associate\nJustice\nFrankfurter\n000000001962-09-25-0000September 25, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-10-01-0000October 1, 1962\n–\nJuly 25, 1965\n(Resigned)\n7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days\n\n\n95\n\nAbe Fortas\n(1910–1982)\nTN\n102 !Associate\nJustice\nGoldberg\n000000001965-08-11-0000August 11, 1965\n(Acclamation)\n000000001965-10-04-0000October 4, 1965\n–\nMay 14, 1969\n(Resigned)\n7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n\n96\n\nThurgood Marshall\n(1908–1993)\nNY\n103 !Associate\nJustice\nClark\n000000001967-08-30-0000August 30, 1967\n(69–11)\n000000001967-10-02-0000October 2, 1967\n–\nOctober 1, 1991\n(Retired)\n7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days\n\n\n97\n\nWarren E. Burger\n(1907–1995)\nVA\n015 !Chief\nJustice\nWarren\n000000001969-06-09-0000June 9, 1969\n(74–3)\n000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Retired)\n7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days\nRichard Nixon\n\n\n98\n\nHarry Blackmun\n(1908–1999)\nMN\n104 !Associate\nJustice\nFortas\n000000001970-05-12-0000May 12, 1970\n(94–0)\n000000001970-06-09-0000June 9, 1970\n–\nAugust 3, 1994\n(Retired)\n7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days\n\n\n99\n\nLewis F. Powell Jr.\n(1907–1998)\nVA\n105 !Associate\nJustice\nBlack\n000000001971-12-06-0000December 6, 1971\n(89–1)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nJune 26, 1987\n(Retired)\n7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nAZ\n106 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan II\n000000001971-12-10-0000December 10, 1971\n(68–26)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days\n\n\n101\n\nJohn Paul Stevens\n(born 1920)\nIL\n107 !Associate\nJustice[n]\nDouglas\n000000001975-12-17-0000December 17, 1975\n(98–0)\n000000001975-12-19-0000December 19, 1975\n–\nJune 29, 2010\n(Retired)\n7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days\nGerald Ford\n\n\n102\n\nSandra Day O'Connor\n(born 1930)\nAZ\n108 !Associate\nJustice\nStewart\n000000001981-09-21-0000September 21, 1981\n(99–0)\n000000001981-09-25-0000September 25, 1981\n–\nJanuary 31, 2006\n(Retired)\n7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nVA\n016 !Chief\nJustice\nBurger\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(65–33)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nSeptember 3, 2005\n(Died)\n7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days\n\n\n103\n\nAntonin Scalia\n(1936–2016)\nVA\n109 !Associate\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(98–0)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nFebruary 13, 2016\n(Died)\n7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days\n\n\n104\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(born 1936)\nCA\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nPowell\n000000001988-02-03-0000February 3, 1988\n(97–0)\n000000001988-02-18-0000February 18, 1988\n–\nIncumbent\n7004109600000000000♠30 years, 2 days[o]\n\n\n105\n\nDavid Souter\n(born 1939)\nNH\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nBrennan\n000000001990-10-02-0000October 2, 1990\n(90–9)\n000000001990-10-09-0000October 9, 1990\n–\nJune 29, 2009\n(Retired)\n7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n\n106\n\nClarence Thomas\n(born 1948)\nGA\n111 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Marshall\n000000001991-10-15-0000October 15, 1991\n(52–48)\n000000001991-10-23-0000October 23, 1991\n–\nIncumbent\n7003961700000000000♠26 years, 120 days[o]\n\n\n107\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(born 1933)\nNY\n112 !Associate\nJustice\nB. White\n000000001993-08-03-0000August 3, 1993\n(96–3)\n000000001993-08-10-0000August 10, 1993\n–\nIncumbent\n7003896000000000000♠24 years, 194 days[o]\nBill Clinton\n\n\n108\n\nStephen Breyer\n(born 1938)\nMA\n113 !Associate\nJustice\nBlackmun\n000000001994-07-29-0000July 29, 1994\n(87–9)\n000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994\n–\nIncumbent\n7003860200000000000♠23 years, 201 days[o]\n\n\n109\n\nJohn Roberts\n(born 1955)\nMD\n017 !Chief\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n(78–22)\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n–\nIncumbent\n7003452700000000000♠12 years, 144 days[o]\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n\n110\n\nSamuel Alito\n(born 1950)\nNJ\n115 !Associate\nJustice\nO'Connor\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n(58–42)\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n–\nIncumbent\n7003440300000000000♠12 years, 20 days[o]\n\n\n111\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(born 1954)\nNY\n116 !Associate\nJustice\nSouter\n000000002009-08-06-0000August 6, 2009\n(68–31)\n000000002009-08-08-0000August 8, 2009\n–\nIncumbent\n7003311800000000000♠8 years, 196 days[o]\nBarack Obama\n\n\n112\n\nElena Kagan\n(born 1960)\nMA\n117 !Associate\nJustice\nStevens\n000000002010-08-05-0000August 5, 2010\n(63–37)\n000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010\n–\nIncumbent\n7003275400000000000♠7 years, 197 days[o]\n\n\n113\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(born 1967)\nCO\n118 !Associate\nJustice\nScalia\n000000002017-04-07-0000April 7, 2017\n(54–45)\n000000002017-04-10-0000April 10, 2017\n–\nIncumbent\n7002316000000000000♠316 days[o]\nDonald Trump\n\n\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length\nAppointed by\n", "\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length[d]\nAppointed by\n\n\n1\n\nJohn Jay\n(1745–1829)\nNY\n001 !Chief\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-19-0000October 19, 1789\n–\nJune 29, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days\nGeorge Washington\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n018 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-15-0000February 15, 1790\n–\nMarch 4, 1791\n(Resigned)\n7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days\n\n\n3\n\nWilliam Cushing\n(1732–1810)\nMA\n019 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nSeptember 13, 1810\n(Died)\n7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days\n\n\n4\n\nJames Wilson\n(1742–1798)\nPA\n020 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-05-0000October 5, 1789\n–\nAugust 21, 1798\n(Died)\n7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days\n\n\n5\n\nJohn Blair\n(1732–1800)\nVA\n021 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nOctober 25, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days\n\n\n6\n\nJames Iredell\n(1751–1799)\nNC\n022 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001790-02-10-0000February 10, 1790\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-05-12-0000May 12, 1790\n–\nOctober 20, 1799\n(Died)\n7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days\n\n\n7\n\nThomas Johnson\n(1732–1819)\nMD\n023 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001791-11-07-0000November 7, 1791\n(Acclamation)\n000000001792-08-06-0000August 6, 1792[e]\n–\nJanuary 16, 1793\n(Resigned)\n7002163000000000000♠163 days\n\n\n8\n\nWilliam Paterson\n(1745–1806)\nNJ\n024 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Johnson\n000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793\n(Acclamation)\n000000001793-03-11-0000March 11, 1793\n–\nSeptember 8, 1806\n(Died)\n7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n002 !Chief\nJustice\nJay\n000000001795-12-15-0000December 15, 1795\n(10–14)[f]\n000000001795-08-12-0000August 12, 1795[e]\n–\nDecember 28, 1795\n(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)\n7002138000000000000♠138 days\n\n\n9\n\nSamuel Chase[g]\n(1741–1811)\nMD\n025 !Associate\nJustice\nBlair\n000000001796-01-27-0000January 27, 1796\n(Acclamation)\n000000001796-02-04-0000February 4, 1796\n–\nJune 19, 1811\n(Died)\n7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days\n\n\n10\n\nOliver Ellsworth\n(1745–1807)\nCT\n003 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001796-03-04-0000March 4, 1796\n(21–1)\n000000001796-03-08-0000March 8, 1796\n–\nDecember 15, 1800\n(Resigned)\n7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days\n\n\n11\n\nBushrod Washington\n(1762–1829)\nVA\n026 !Associate\nJustice\nWilson\n000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798\n(Acclamation)\n000000001798-11-09-0000November 9, 1798[e]\n–\nNovember 26, 1829\n(Died)\n7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days\nJohn Adams\n\n\n12\n\nAlfred Moore\n(1755–1810)\nNC\n027 !Associate\nJustice\nIredell\n000000001799-12-09-0000December 9, 1799\n(Acclamation)\n000000001800-04-21-0000April 21, 1800\n–\nJanuary 26, 1804\n(Resigned)\n7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days\n\n\n13\n\nJohn Marshall\n(1755–1835)\nVA\n004 !Chief\nJustice\nEllsworth\n000000001801-01-27-0000January 27, 1801\n(Acclamation)\n000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801\n–\nJuly 6, 1835\n(died)\n7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days\n\n\n14\n\nWilliam Johnson\n(1771–1834)\nSC\n028 !Associate\nJustice\nMoore\n000000001804-03-24-0000March 24, 1804\n(Acclamation)\n000000001804-05-07-0000May 7, 1804\n–\nAugust 4, 1834\n(Died)\n7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days\nThomas Jefferson\n\n\n15\n\nHenry Brockholst Livingston\n(1757–1823)\nNY\n029 !Associate\nJustice\nPaterson\n000000001806-12-17-0000December 17, 1806\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-01-20-0000January 20, 1807\n–\nMarch 18, 1823\n(Died)\n7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days\n\n\n16\n\nThomas Todd\n(1765–1826)\nKY\n030 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001807-03-02-0000March 2, 1807\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-03-03-0000March 3, 1807\n–\nFebruary 7, 1826\n(Died)\n7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days\n\n\n17\n\nGabriel Duvall\n(1752–1844)\nMD\n031 !Associate\nJustice\nS. Chase\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001811-11-23-0000November 23, 1811\n–\nJanuary 12, 1835\n(Resigned)\n7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days\nJames Madison\n\n\n18\n\nJoseph Story\n(1779–1845)\nMA\n032 !Associate\nJustice\nCushing\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001812-02-03-0000February 3, 1812\n–\nSeptember 10, 1845\n(Died)\n7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days\n\n\n19\n\nSmith Thompson\n(1768–1843)\nNY\n033 !Associate\nJustice\nLivingston\n000000001823-12-09-0000December 9, 1823\n(Acclamation)\n000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823[e]\n–\nDecember 18, 1843\n(Died)\n7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days\nJames Monroe\n\n\n20\n\nRobert Trimble\n(1776–1828)\nKY\n034 !Associate\nJustice\nTodd\n000000001826-05-09-0000May 9, 1826\n(25–5)\n000000001826-06-16-0000June 16, 1826\n–\nAugust 25, 1828\n(Died)\n7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days\nJohn Quincy Adams\n\n\n21\n\nJohn McLean\n(1785–1861)\nOH\n035 !Associate\nJustice\nTrimble\n000000001829-03-07-0000March 7, 1829\n(Acclamation)\n000000001830-01-11-0000January 11, 1830\n–\nApril 4, 1861\n(Died)\n7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days\nAndrew Jackson\n\n\n22\n\nHenry Baldwin\n(1780–1844)\nPA\n036 !Associate\nJustice\nWashington\n000000001830-01-06-0000January 6, 1830\n(41–2)\n000000001830-01-18-0000January 18, 1830\n–\nApril 21, 1844\n(Died)\n7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days\n\n\n23\n\nJames Moore Wayne\n(1790–1867)\nGA\n037 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Johnson\n000000001835-01-09-0000January 9, 1835\n(Acclamation)\n000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835\n–\nJuly 5, 1867\n(Died)\n7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days\n\n\n24\n\nRoger B. Taney\n(1777–1864)\nMD\n005 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Marshall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(29–15)\n000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836\n–\nOctober 12, 1864\n(Died)\n7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days\n\n\n25\n\nPhilip Pendleton Barbour\n(1783–1841)\nVA\n038 !Associate\nJustice\nDuvall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(30–11)\n000000001836-05-12-0000May 12, 1836\n–\nFebruary 25, 1841\n(Died)\n7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days\n\n\n26\n\nJohn Catron\n(1786–1865)\nTN\n039 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-03-08-0000March 8, 1837\n(28–15)\n000000001837-05-01-0000May 1, 1837\n–\nMay 30, 1865\n(Died)\n7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days\n\n\n27\n\nJohn McKinley\n(1780–1852)\nAL\n040 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-09-25-0000September 25, 1837\n(Acclamation)\n000000001838-01-09-0000January 9, 1838\n–\nJuly 19, 1852\n(Died)\n7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days\nMartin Van Buren\n\n\n28\n\nPeter Vivian Daniel\n(1784–1860)\nVA\n041 !Associate\nJustice\nBarbour\n000000001841-03-02-0000March 2, 1841\n(25–5)\n000000001842-01-10-0000January 10, 1842\n–\nMay 31, 1860\n(Died)\n7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days\n\n\n29\n\nSamuel Nelson\n(1792–1873)\nNY\n042 !Associate\nJustice\nThompson\n000000001845-02-14-0000February 14, 1845\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-02-27-0000February 27, 1845\n–\nNovember 28, 1872\n(Retired)\n7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days\nJohn Tyler\n\n\n30\n\nLevi Woodbury\n(1789–1851)\nNH\n043 !Associate\nJustice\nStory\n000000001846-01-31-0000January 31, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-09-23-0000September 23, 1845[e]\n–\nSeptember 4, 1851\n(Died)\n7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days\nJames K. Polk\n\n\n31\n\nRobert Cooper Grier\n(1794–1870)\nPA\n044 !Associate\nJustice\nBaldwin\n000000001846-08-04-0000August 4, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001846-08-10-0000August 10, 1846\n–\nJanuary 31, 1870\n(Retired)\n7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days\n\n\n32\n\nBenjamin Robbins Curtis\n(1809–1874)\nMA\n045 !Associate\nJustice\nWoodbury\n000000001851-12-20-0000December 20, 1851\n(Acclamation)\n000000001851-10-10-0000October 10, 1851[e]\n–\nSeptember 30, 1857\n(Resigned)\n7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days\nMillard Fillmore\n\n\n33\n\nJohn Archibald Campbell\n(1811–1889)\nAL\n046 !Associate\nJustice\nMcKinley\n000000001853-03-22-0000March 22, 1853\n(Acclamation)\n000000001853-04-11-0000April 11, 1853\n–\nApril 30, 1861\n(Resigned)\n7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days\nFranklin Pierce\n\n\n34\n\nNathan Clifford\n(1803–1881)\nME\n047 !Associate\nJustice\nCurtis\n000000001858-01-12-0000January 12, 1858\n(26–23)\n000000001858-01-21-0000January 21, 1858\n–\nJuly 25, 1881\n(Died)\n7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days\nJames Buchanan\n\n\n35\n\nNoah Haynes Swayne\n(1804–1884)\nOH\n048 !Associate\nJustice\nMcLean\n000000001862-01-24-0000January 24, 1862\n(38–1)\n000000001862-01-27-0000January 27, 1862\n–\nJanuary 24, 1881\n(Retired)\n7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days\nAbraham Lincoln\n\n\n36\n\nSamuel Freeman Miller\n(1816–1890)\nIA\n049 !Associate\nJustice\nDaniel\n000000001862-07-16-0000July 16, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-07-21-0000July 21, 1862\n–\nOctober 13, 1890\n(Died)\n7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days\n\n\n37\n\nDavid Davis\n(1815–1886)\nIL\n050 !Associate\nJustice\nCampbell\n000000001862-12-08-0000December 8, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-12-10-0000December 10, 1862[e]\n–\nMarch 4, 1877\n(Resigned)\n7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days\n\n\n38\n\nStephen Johnson Field\n(1816–1899)\nCA\n051 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001863-03-10-0000March 10, 1863\n(Acclamation)\n000000001863-05-10-0000May 10, 1863\n–\nDecember 1, 1897\n(Retired)\n7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days\n\n\n39\n\nSalmon P. Chase\n(1808–1873)\nOH\n006 !Chief\nJustice\nTaney\n000000001864-12-06-0000December 6, 1864\n(Acclamation)\n000000001864-12-15-0000December 15, 1864\n–\nMay 7, 1873\n(Died)\n7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days\n\n\n40\n\nWilliam Strong\n(1808–1895)\nPA\n052 !Associate\nJustice\nGrier\n000000001870-02-18-0000February 18, 1870\n(No vote recorded)\n000000001870-03-14-0000March 14, 1870\n–\nDecember 14, 1880\n(Retired)\n7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days\nUlysses S. Grant\n\n\n41\n\nJoseph Philo Bradley\n(1813–1892)\nNJ\n053 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001870-03-21-0000March 21, 1870\n(46–9)\n000000001870-03-23-0000March 23, 1870\n–\nJanuary 22, 1892\n(Died)\n7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days\n\n\n42\n\nWard Hunt\n(1810–1886)\nNY\n054 !Associate\nJustice\nNelson\n000000001872-12-11-0000December 11, 1872\n(Acclamation)\n000000001873-01-09-0000January 9, 1873\n–\nJanuary 27, 1882\n(Retired)\n7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days\n\n\n43\n\nMorrison Waite\n(1816–1888)\nOH\n007 !Chief\nJustice\nS. P. Chase\n000000001874-01-21-0000January 21, 1874\n(63–0)\n000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874\n–\nMarch 23, 1888\n(Died)\n7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days\n\n\n44\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan\n(1833–1911)\nKY\n055 !Associate\nJustice\nDavis\n000000001877-11-29-0000November 29, 1877\n(Acclamation)\n000000001877-12-10-0000December 10, 1877\n–\nOctober 14, 1911\n(Died)\n7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days\nRutherford B. Hayes\n\n\n45\n\nWilliam Burnham Woods\n(1824–1887)\nGA\n056 !Associate\nJustice\nStrong\n000000001880-12-21-0000December 21, 1880\n(39–8)\n000000001881-01-05-0000January 5, 1881\n–\nMay 14, 1887\n(Died)\n7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days\n\n\n46\n\nStanley Matthews\n(1824–1889)\nOH\n057 !Associate\nJustice\nSwayne\n000000001881-05-12-0000May 12, 1881\n(24–23)\n000000001881-05-17-0000May 17, 1881\n–\nMarch 22, 1889\n(Died)\n7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days\nJames Garfield\n\n\n47\n\nHorace Gray\n(1828–1902)\nMA\n058 !Associate\nJustice\nClifford\n000000001881-12-20-0000December 20, 1881\n(51–5)\n000000001882-01-09-0000January 9, 1882\n–\nSeptember 15, 1902\n(Died)\n7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days\nChester A. Arthur\n\n\n48\n\nSamuel Blatchford\n(1820–1893)\nNY\n059 !Associate\nJustice\nHunt\n000000001882-03-22-0000March 22, 1882\n(Acclamation)\n000000001882-04-03-0000April 3, 1882\n–\nJuly 7, 1893\n(Died)\n7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days\n\n\n49\n\nLucius Quintus\nCincinnatus Lamar II\n(1825–1893)\nMS\n060 !Associate\nJustice\nWoods\n000000001888-01-16-0000January 16, 1888\n(32–28)\n000000001888-01-18-0000January 18, 1888\n–\nJanuary 23, 1893\n(Died)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n50\n\nMelville Fuller\n(1833–1910)\nIL\n008 !Chief\nJustice\nWaite\n000000001888-07-20-0000July 20, 1888\n(41–20)\n000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888\n–\nJuly 4, 1910\n(Died)\n7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days\n\n\n51\n\nDavid Josiah Brewer\n(1837–1910)\nKS\n061 !Associate\nJustice\nMatthews\n000000001889-12-18-0000December 18, 1889\n(53–11)\n000000001890-01-06-0000January 6, 1890\n–\nMarch 28, 1910\n(Died)\n7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days\nBenjamin Harrison\n\n\n52\n\nHenry Billings Brown\n(1836–1913)\nMI\n062 !Associate\nJustice\nMiller\n000000001890-12-29-0000December 29, 1890\n(Acclamation)\n000000001891-01-05-0000January 5, 1891\n–\nMay 28, 1906\n(Retired)\n7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days\n\n\n53\n\nGeorge Shiras, Jr.\n(1832–1924)\nPA\n063 !Associate\nJustice\nBradley\n000000001892-07-26-0000July 26, 1892\n(Acclamation)\n000000001892-10-10-0000October 10, 1892\n–\nFebruary 23, 1903\n(Retired)\n7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days\n\n\n54\n\nHowell Edmunds Jackson\n(1832–1895)\nTN\n064 !Associate\nJustice\nL. Lamar\n000000001893-02-18-0000February 18, 1893\n(Acclamation)\n000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893\n–\nAugust 8, 1895\n(Died)\n7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n065 !Associate\nJustice\nBlatchford\n000000001894-02-19-0000February 19, 1894\n(Acclamation)\n000000001894-03-12-0000March 12, 1894\n–\nDecember 18, 1910\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n56\n\nRufus Wheeler Peckham\n(1838–1909)\nNY\n066 !Associate\nJustice\nH. Jackson\n000000001895-12-09-0000December 9, 1895\n(Acclamation)\n000000001896-01-06-0000January 6, 1896\n–\nOctober 24, 1909\n(Died)\n7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days\n\n\n57\n\nJoseph McKenna\n(1843–1926)\nCA\n067 !Associate\nJustice[h]\nField\n000000001898-01-21-0000January 21, 1898\n(Acclamation)\n000000001898-01-26-0000January 26, 1898\n–\nJanuary 5, 1925\n(Retired)\n7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days\nWilliam McKinley\n\n\n58\n\nOliver Wendell Holmes Jr.\n(1841–1935)\nMA\n068 !Associate\nJustice[i]\nGray\n000000001902-12-04-0000December 4, 1902\n(Acclamation)\n000000001902-12-08-0000December 8, 1902\n–\nJanuary 12, 1932\n(Retired)\n7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days\nTheodore Roosevelt\n\n\n59\n\nWilliam R. Day\n(1849–1923)\nOH\n069 !Associate\nJustice\nShiras\n000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903\n(Acclamation)\n000000001903-03-02-0000March 2, 1903\n–\nNovember 13, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days\n\n\n60\n\nWilliam Henry Moody\n(1853–1917)\nMA\n070 !Associate\nJustice\nBrown\n000000001906-12-12-0000December 12, 1906\n(Acclamation)\n000000001906-12-17-0000December 17, 1906\n–\nNovember 20, 1910\n(Retired)\n7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days\n\n\n61\n\nHorace Harmon Lurton\n(1844–1914)\nTN\n071 !Associate\nJustice\nPeckham\n000000001909-12-20-0000December 20, 1909\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-01-03-0000January 3, 1910\n–\nJuly 12, 1914\n(Died)\n7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days\nWilliam Howard Taft\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n072 !Associate\nJustice\nBrewer\n000000001910-05-02-0000May 2, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-10-10-0000October 10, 1910\n–\nJune 10, 1916\n(Resigned)\n7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n009 !Chief\nJustice\nFuller\n000000001910-12-12-0000December 12, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-12-19-0000December 19, 1910\n–\nMay 19, 1921\n(Died)\n7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days\n\n\n63\n\nWillis Van Devanter\n(1859–1941)\nWY\n073 !Associate\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJune 2, 1937\n(Retired)\n7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days\n\n\n64\n\nJoseph Rucker Lamar\n(1857–1916)\nGA\n074 !Associate\nJustice\nMoody\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJanuary 2, 1916\n(Died)\n7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days\n\n\n65\n\nMahlon Pitney\n(1858–1924)\nNJ\n075 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan\n000000001912-03-13-0000March 13, 1912\n(50–26)\n000000001912-03-18-0000March 18, 1912\n–\nDecember 31, 1922\n(Resigned)\n7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days\n\n\n66\n\nJames Clark McReynolds\n(1862–1946)\nTN\n076 !Associate\nJustice\nLurton\n000000001914-08-29-0000August 29, 1914\n(44–6)\n000000001914-10-12-0000October 12, 1914\n–\nJanuary 31, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days\nWoodrow Wilson\n\n\n67\n\nLouis Brandeis\n(1856–1941)\nKY\n077 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Lamar\n000000001916-06-01-0000June 1, 1916\n(47–22)\n000000001916-06-05-0000June 5, 1916\n–\nFebruary 13, 1939\n(Retired)\n7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days\n\n\n68\n\nJohn Hessin Clarke\n(1857–1945)\nOH\n078 !Associate\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001916-07-24-0000July 24, 1916\n(Acclamation)\n000000001916-10-09-0000October 9, 1916\n–\nSeptember 18, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days\n\n\n69\n\nWilliam Howard Taft\n(1857–1930)\nCT\n010 !Chief\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001921-06-30-0000June 30, 1921\n(Acclamation)\n000000001921-07-11-0000July 11, 1921\n–\nFebruary 3, 1930\n(Retired)\n7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days\nWarren G. Harding\n\n\n70\n\nGeorge Sutherland\n(1862–1942)\nUT\n080 !Associate\nJustice\nClarke\n000000001922-09-05-0000September 5, 1922\n(Acclamation)\n000000001922-10-02-0000October 2, 1922\n–\nJanuary 17, 1938\n(Retired)\n7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days\n\n\n71\n\nPierce Butler\n(1866–1939)\nMN\n081 !Associate\nJustice\nDay\n000000001922-12-21-0000December 21, 1922\n(61–8)\n000000001923-01-02-0000January 2, 1923\n–\nNovember 16, 1939\n(Died)\n7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days\n\n\n72\n\nEdward Terry Sanford\n(1865–1930)\nTN\n082 !Associate\nJustice\nPitney\n000000001923-01-29-0000January 29, 1923\n(Acclamation)\n000000001923-02-19-0000February 19, 1923\n–\nMarch 8, 1930\n(Died)\n7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n083 !Associate\nJustice[k]\nMcKenna\n000000001925-02-05-0000February 5, 1925\n(71–6)\n000000001925-03-02-0000March 2, 1925\n–\nJuly 2, 1941\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days\nCalvin Coolidge\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n011 !Chief\nJustice\nTaft\n000000001930-02-13-0000February 13, 1930\n(52–26)\n000000001930-02-24-0000February 24, 1930\n–\nJune 30, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days\nHerbert Hoover\n\n\n74\n\nOwen Josephus Roberts\n(1875–1955)\nPA\n084 !Associate\nJustice\nSanford\n000000001930-05-20-0000May 20, 1930\n(Acclamation)\n000000001930-06-02-0000June 2, 1930\n–\nJuly 31, 1945\n(Resigned)\n7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days\n\n\n75\n\nBenjamin N. Cardozo\n(1870–1938)\nNY\n085 !Associate\nJustice\nHolmes\n000000001932-02-24-0000February 24, 1932\n(Acclamation)\n000000001932-03-14-0000March 14, 1932\n–\nJuly 9, 1938\n(Died)\n7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days\n\n\n76\n\nHugo Black\n(1886–1971)\nAL\n086 !Associate\nJustice[l]\nVan Devanter\n000000001937-08-17-0000August 17, 1937\n(63–16)\n000000001937-08-19-0000August 19, 1937\n–\nSeptember 17, 1971\n(Retired)\n7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\n\n77\n\nStanley Forman Reed\n(1884–1980)\nKY\n087 !Associate\nJustice\nSutherland\n000000001938-01-25-0000January 25, 1938\n(Acclamation)\n000000001938-01-31-0000January 31, 1938\n–\nFebruary 25, 1957\n(Retired)\n7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days\n\n\n78\n\nFelix Frankfurter\n(1882–1965)\nMA\n088 !Associate\nJustice\nCardozo\n000000001939-01-17-0000January 17, 1939\n(Acclamation)\n000000001939-01-30-0000January 30, 1939\n–\nAugust 28, 1962\n(Retired)\n7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days\n\n\n79\n\nWilliam O. Douglas\n(1898–1980)\nCT\n089 !Associate\nJustice\nBrandeis\n000000001939-04-04-0000April 4, 1939\n(62–4)\n000000001939-04-17-0000April 17, 1939\n–\nNovember 12, 1975\n(Retired)\n7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days\n\n\n80\n\nFrank Murphy\n(1890–1949)\nMI\n090 !Associate\nJustice\nButler\n000000001940-01-16-0000January 16, 1940\n(Acclamation)\n000000001940-02-05-0000February 5, 1940\n–\nJuly 19, 1949\n(Died)\n7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n012 !Chief\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001941-06-27-0000June 27, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-03-0000July 3, 1941\n–\nApril 22, 1946\n(Died)\n7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days\n\n\n81\n\nJames F. Byrnes\n(1882–1972)\nSC\n091 !Associate\nJustice\nMcReynolds\n000000001941-06-12-0000June 12, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-08-0000July 8, 1941\n–\nOctober 3, 1942\n(Resigned)\n7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days\n\n\n82\n\nRobert H. Jackson\n(1892–1954)\nNY\n092 !Associate\nJustice\nStone\n000000001941-07-07-0000July 7, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-11-0000July 11, 1941\n–\nOctober 9, 1954\n(Died)\n7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days\n\n\n83\n\nWiley Blount Rutledge\n(1894–1949)\nIA\n093 !Associate\nJustice\nByrnes\n000000001943-02-08-0000February 8, 1943\n(Acclamation)\n000000001943-02-15-0000February 15, 1943\n–\nSeptember 10, 1949\n(Died)\n7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days\n\n\n84\n\nHarold Hitz Burton\n(1888–1964)\nOH\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nO. Roberts\n000000001945-09-19-0000September 19, 1945\n(Acclamation)\n000000001945-10-01-0000October 1, 1945\n–\nOctober 13, 1958\n(Retired)\n7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days\nHarry S. Truman\n\n\n85\n\nFred M. Vinson\n(1890–1953)\nKY\n013 !Chief\nJustice\nStone\n000000001946-06-20-0000June 20, 1946\n(Acclamation)\n000000001946-06-24-0000June 24, 1946\n–\nSeptember 8, 1953\n(Died)\n7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days\n\n\n86\n\nTom C. Clark\n(1899–1977)\nTX\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nMurphy\n000000001949-08-18-0000August 18, 1949\n(73–8)\n000000001949-08-24-0000August 24, 1949\n–\nJune 12, 1967\n(Retired)\n7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days\n\n\n87\n\nSherman Minton\n(1890–1965)\nIN\n095 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Rutledge\n000000001949-10-04-0000October 4, 1949\n(48–16)\n000000001949-10-12-0000October 12, 1949\n–\nOctober 15, 1956\n(Retired)\n7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days\n\n\n88\n\nEarl Warren\n(1891–1974)\nCA\n014 !Chief\nJustice\nVinson\n000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954\n(Acclamation)\n000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953[e]\n–\nJune 23, 1969\n(Retired)\n7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n\n\n89\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan II\n(1899–1971)\nNY\n096 !Associate\nJustice\nR. Jackson\n000000001955-03-16-0000March 16, 1955\n(71–11)\n000000001955-03-28-0000March 28, 1955\n–\nSeptember 23, 1971\n(Retired)\n7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days\n\n\n90\n\nWilliam J. Brennan\n(1906–1997)\nNJ\n097 !Associate\nJustice\nMinton\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001956-10-16-0000October 16, 1956[e]\n–\nJuly 20, 1990\n(Retired)\n7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days\n\n\n91\n\nCharles Evans Whittaker\n(1901–1973)\nMO\n098 !Associate\nJustice\nReed\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001957-03-25-0000March 25, 1957\n–\nMarch 31, 1962\n(Resigned)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days\n\n\n92\n\nPotter Stewart\n(1915–1985)\nOH\n099 !Associate\nJustice\nBurton\n000000001959-05-05-0000May 5, 1959\n(70–17)\n000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958[e]\n–\nJuly 3, 1981\n(Retired)\n7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days\n\n\n93\n\nByron White\n(1917–2002)\nCO\n100 !Associate\nJustice\nWhittaker\n000000001962-04-11-0000April 11, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-04-16-0000April 16, 1962\n–\nJune 28, 1993\n(Retired)\n7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days\nJohn F. Kennedy\n\n\n94\n\nArthur Goldberg\n(1908–1990)\nIL\n101 !Associate\nJustice\nFrankfurter\n000000001962-09-25-0000September 25, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-10-01-0000October 1, 1962\n–\nJuly 25, 1965\n(Resigned)\n7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days\n\n\n95\n\nAbe Fortas\n(1910–1982)\nTN\n102 !Associate\nJustice\nGoldberg\n000000001965-08-11-0000August 11, 1965\n(Acclamation)\n000000001965-10-04-0000October 4, 1965\n–\nMay 14, 1969\n(Resigned)\n7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n\n96\n\nThurgood Marshall\n(1908–1993)\nNY\n103 !Associate\nJustice\nClark\n000000001967-08-30-0000August 30, 1967\n(69–11)\n000000001967-10-02-0000October 2, 1967\n–\nOctober 1, 1991\n(Retired)\n7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days\n\n\n97\n\nWarren E. Burger\n(1907–1995)\nVA\n015 !Chief\nJustice\nWarren\n000000001969-06-09-0000June 9, 1969\n(74–3)\n000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Retired)\n7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days\nRichard Nixon\n\n\n98\n\nHarry Blackmun\n(1908–1999)\nMN\n104 !Associate\nJustice\nFortas\n000000001970-05-12-0000May 12, 1970\n(94–0)\n000000001970-06-09-0000June 9, 1970\n–\nAugust 3, 1994\n(Retired)\n7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days\n\n\n99\n\nLewis F. Powell Jr.\n(1907–1998)\nVA\n105 !Associate\nJustice\nBlack\n000000001971-12-06-0000December 6, 1971\n(89–1)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nJune 26, 1987\n(Retired)\n7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nAZ\n106 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan II\n000000001971-12-10-0000December 10, 1971\n(68–26)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days\n\n\n101\n\nJohn Paul Stevens\n(born 1920)\nIL\n107 !Associate\nJustice[n]\nDouglas\n000000001975-12-17-0000December 17, 1975\n(98–0)\n000000001975-12-19-0000December 19, 1975\n–\nJune 29, 2010\n(Retired)\n7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days\nGerald Ford\n\n\n102\n\nSandra Day O'Connor\n(born 1930)\nAZ\n108 !Associate\nJustice\nStewart\n000000001981-09-21-0000September 21, 1981\n(99–0)\n000000001981-09-25-0000September 25, 1981\n–\nJanuary 31, 2006\n(Retired)\n7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nVA\n016 !Chief\nJustice\nBurger\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(65–33)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nSeptember 3, 2005\n(Died)\n7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days\n\n\n103\n\nAntonin Scalia\n(1936–2016)\nVA\n109 !Associate\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(98–0)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nFebruary 13, 2016\n(Died)\n7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days\n\n\n104\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(born 1936)\nCA\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nPowell\n000000001988-02-03-0000February 3, 1988\n(97–0)\n000000001988-02-18-0000February 18, 1988\n–\nIncumbent\n7004109600000000000♠30 years, 2 days[o]\n\n\n105\n\nDavid Souter\n(born 1939)\nNH\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nBrennan\n000000001990-10-02-0000October 2, 1990\n(90–9)\n000000001990-10-09-0000October 9, 1990\n–\nJune 29, 2009\n(Retired)\n7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n\n106\n\nClarence Thomas\n(born 1948)\nGA\n111 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Marshall\n000000001991-10-15-0000October 15, 1991\n(52–48)\n000000001991-10-23-0000October 23, 1991\n–\nIncumbent\n7003961700000000000♠26 years, 120 days[o]\n\n\n107\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(born 1933)\nNY\n112 !Associate\nJustice\nB. White\n000000001993-08-03-0000August 3, 1993\n(96–3)\n000000001993-08-10-0000August 10, 1993\n–\nIncumbent\n7003896000000000000♠24 years, 194 days[o]\nBill Clinton\n\n\n108\n\nStephen Breyer\n(born 1938)\nMA\n113 !Associate\nJustice\nBlackmun\n000000001994-07-29-0000July 29, 1994\n(87–9)\n000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994\n–\nIncumbent\n7003860200000000000♠23 years, 201 days[o]\n\n\n109\n\nJohn Roberts\n(born 1955)\nMD\n017 !Chief\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n(78–22)\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n–\nIncumbent\n7003452700000000000♠12 years, 144 days[o]\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n\n110\n\nSamuel Alito\n(born 1950)\nNJ\n115 !Associate\nJustice\nO'Connor\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n(58–42)\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n–\nIncumbent\n7003440300000000000♠12 years, 20 days[o]\n\n\n111\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(born 1954)\nNY\n116 !Associate\nJustice\nSouter\n000000002009-08-06-0000August 6, 2009\n(68–31)\n000000002009-08-08-0000August 8, 2009\n–\nIncumbent\n7003311800000000000♠8 years, 196 days[o]\nBarack Obama\n\n\n112\n\nElena Kagan\n(born 1960)\nMA\n117 !Associate\nJustice\nStevens\n000000002010-08-05-0000August 5, 2010\n(63–37)\n000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010\n–\nIncumbent\n7003275400000000000♠7 years, 197 days[o]\n\n\n113\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(born 1967)\nCO\n118 !Associate\nJustice\nScalia\n000000002017-04-07-0000April 7, 2017\n(54–45)\n000000002017-04-10-0000April 10, 2017\n–\nIncumbent\n7002316000000000000♠316 days[o]\nDonald Trump\n\n\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length\nAppointed by\n", "\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length[d]\nAppointed by\n\n\n1\n\nJohn Jay\n(1745–1829)\nNY\n001 !Chief\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-19-0000October 19, 1789\n–\nJune 29, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days\nGeorge Washington\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n018 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-15-0000February 15, 1790\n–\nMarch 4, 1791\n(Resigned)\n7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days\n\n\n3\n\nWilliam Cushing\n(1732–1810)\nMA\n019 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nSeptember 13, 1810\n(Died)\n7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days\n\n\n4\n\nJames Wilson\n(1742–1798)\nPA\n020 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-05-0000October 5, 1789\n–\nAugust 21, 1798\n(Died)\n7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days\n\n\n5\n\nJohn Blair\n(1732–1800)\nVA\n021 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nOctober 25, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days\n\n\n6\n\nJames Iredell\n(1751–1799)\nNC\n022 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001790-02-10-0000February 10, 1790\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-05-12-0000May 12, 1790\n–\nOctober 20, 1799\n(Died)\n7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days\n\n\n7\n\nThomas Johnson\n(1732–1819)\nMD\n023 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001791-11-07-0000November 7, 1791\n(Acclamation)\n000000001792-08-06-0000August 6, 1792[e]\n–\nJanuary 16, 1793\n(Resigned)\n7002163000000000000♠163 days\n\n\n8\n\nWilliam Paterson\n(1745–1806)\nNJ\n024 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Johnson\n000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793\n(Acclamation)\n000000001793-03-11-0000March 11, 1793\n–\nSeptember 8, 1806\n(Died)\n7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n002 !Chief\nJustice\nJay\n000000001795-12-15-0000December 15, 1795\n(10–14)[f]\n000000001795-08-12-0000August 12, 1795[e]\n–\nDecember 28, 1795\n(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)\n7002138000000000000♠138 days\n\n\n9\n\nSamuel Chase[g]\n(1741–1811)\nMD\n025 !Associate\nJustice\nBlair\n000000001796-01-27-0000January 27, 1796\n(Acclamation)\n000000001796-02-04-0000February 4, 1796\n–\nJune 19, 1811\n(Died)\n7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days\n\n\n10\n\nOliver Ellsworth\n(1745–1807)\nCT\n003 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001796-03-04-0000March 4, 1796\n(21–1)\n000000001796-03-08-0000March 8, 1796\n–\nDecember 15, 1800\n(Resigned)\n7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days\n\n\n11\n\nBushrod Washington\n(1762–1829)\nVA\n026 !Associate\nJustice\nWilson\n000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798\n(Acclamation)\n000000001798-11-09-0000November 9, 1798[e]\n–\nNovember 26, 1829\n(Died)\n7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days\nJohn Adams\n\n\n12\n\nAlfred Moore\n(1755–1810)\nNC\n027 !Associate\nJustice\nIredell\n000000001799-12-09-0000December 9, 1799\n(Acclamation)\n000000001800-04-21-0000April 21, 1800\n–\nJanuary 26, 1804\n(Resigned)\n7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days\n\n\n13\n\nJohn Marshall\n(1755–1835)\nVA\n004 !Chief\nJustice\nEllsworth\n000000001801-01-27-0000January 27, 1801\n(Acclamation)\n000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801\n–\nJuly 6, 1835\n(died)\n7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days\n\n\n14\n\nWilliam Johnson\n(1771–1834)\nSC\n028 !Associate\nJustice\nMoore\n000000001804-03-24-0000March 24, 1804\n(Acclamation)\n000000001804-05-07-0000May 7, 1804\n–\nAugust 4, 1834\n(Died)\n7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days\nThomas Jefferson\n\n\n15\n\nHenry Brockholst Livingston\n(1757–1823)\nNY\n029 !Associate\nJustice\nPaterson\n000000001806-12-17-0000December 17, 1806\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-01-20-0000January 20, 1807\n–\nMarch 18, 1823\n(Died)\n7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days\n\n\n16\n\nThomas Todd\n(1765–1826)\nKY\n030 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001807-03-02-0000March 2, 1807\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-03-03-0000March 3, 1807\n–\nFebruary 7, 1826\n(Died)\n7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days\n\n\n17\n\nGabriel Duvall\n(1752–1844)\nMD\n031 !Associate\nJustice\nS. Chase\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001811-11-23-0000November 23, 1811\n–\nJanuary 12, 1835\n(Resigned)\n7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days\nJames Madison\n\n\n18\n\nJoseph Story\n(1779–1845)\nMA\n032 !Associate\nJustice\nCushing\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001812-02-03-0000February 3, 1812\n–\nSeptember 10, 1845\n(Died)\n7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days\n\n\n19\n\nSmith Thompson\n(1768–1843)\nNY\n033 !Associate\nJustice\nLivingston\n000000001823-12-09-0000December 9, 1823\n(Acclamation)\n000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823[e]\n–\nDecember 18, 1843\n(Died)\n7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days\nJames Monroe\n\n\n20\n\nRobert Trimble\n(1776–1828)\nKY\n034 !Associate\nJustice\nTodd\n000000001826-05-09-0000May 9, 1826\n(25–5)\n000000001826-06-16-0000June 16, 1826\n–\nAugust 25, 1828\n(Died)\n7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days\nJohn Quincy Adams\n\n\n21\n\nJohn McLean\n(1785–1861)\nOH\n035 !Associate\nJustice\nTrimble\n000000001829-03-07-0000March 7, 1829\n(Acclamation)\n000000001830-01-11-0000January 11, 1830\n–\nApril 4, 1861\n(Died)\n7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days\nAndrew Jackson\n\n\n22\n\nHenry Baldwin\n(1780–1844)\nPA\n036 !Associate\nJustice\nWashington\n000000001830-01-06-0000January 6, 1830\n(41–2)\n000000001830-01-18-0000January 18, 1830\n–\nApril 21, 1844\n(Died)\n7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days\n\n\n23\n\nJames Moore Wayne\n(1790–1867)\nGA\n037 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Johnson\n000000001835-01-09-0000January 9, 1835\n(Acclamation)\n000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835\n–\nJuly 5, 1867\n(Died)\n7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days\n\n\n24\n\nRoger B. Taney\n(1777–1864)\nMD\n005 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Marshall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(29–15)\n000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836\n–\nOctober 12, 1864\n(Died)\n7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days\n\n\n25\n\nPhilip Pendleton Barbour\n(1783–1841)\nVA\n038 !Associate\nJustice\nDuvall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(30–11)\n000000001836-05-12-0000May 12, 1836\n–\nFebruary 25, 1841\n(Died)\n7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days\n\n\n26\n\nJohn Catron\n(1786–1865)\nTN\n039 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-03-08-0000March 8, 1837\n(28–15)\n000000001837-05-01-0000May 1, 1837\n–\nMay 30, 1865\n(Died)\n7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days\n\n\n27\n\nJohn McKinley\n(1780–1852)\nAL\n040 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-09-25-0000September 25, 1837\n(Acclamation)\n000000001838-01-09-0000January 9, 1838\n–\nJuly 19, 1852\n(Died)\n7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days\nMartin Van Buren\n\n\n28\n\nPeter Vivian Daniel\n(1784–1860)\nVA\n041 !Associate\nJustice\nBarbour\n000000001841-03-02-0000March 2, 1841\n(25–5)\n000000001842-01-10-0000January 10, 1842\n–\nMay 31, 1860\n(Died)\n7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days\n\n\n29\n\nSamuel Nelson\n(1792–1873)\nNY\n042 !Associate\nJustice\nThompson\n000000001845-02-14-0000February 14, 1845\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-02-27-0000February 27, 1845\n–\nNovember 28, 1872\n(Retired)\n7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days\nJohn Tyler\n\n\n30\n\nLevi Woodbury\n(1789–1851)\nNH\n043 !Associate\nJustice\nStory\n000000001846-01-31-0000January 31, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-09-23-0000September 23, 1845[e]\n–\nSeptember 4, 1851\n(Died)\n7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days\nJames K. Polk\n\n\n31\n\nRobert Cooper Grier\n(1794–1870)\nPA\n044 !Associate\nJustice\nBaldwin\n000000001846-08-04-0000August 4, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001846-08-10-0000August 10, 1846\n–\nJanuary 31, 1870\n(Retired)\n7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days\n\n\n32\n\nBenjamin Robbins Curtis\n(1809–1874)\nMA\n045 !Associate\nJustice\nWoodbury\n000000001851-12-20-0000December 20, 1851\n(Acclamation)\n000000001851-10-10-0000October 10, 1851[e]\n–\nSeptember 30, 1857\n(Resigned)\n7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days\nMillard Fillmore\n\n\n33\n\nJohn Archibald Campbell\n(1811–1889)\nAL\n046 !Associate\nJustice\nMcKinley\n000000001853-03-22-0000March 22, 1853\n(Acclamation)\n000000001853-04-11-0000April 11, 1853\n–\nApril 30, 1861\n(Resigned)\n7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days\nFranklin Pierce\n\n\n34\n\nNathan Clifford\n(1803–1881)\nME\n047 !Associate\nJustice\nCurtis\n000000001858-01-12-0000January 12, 1858\n(26–23)\n000000001858-01-21-0000January 21, 1858\n–\nJuly 25, 1881\n(Died)\n7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days\nJames Buchanan\n\n\n35\n\nNoah Haynes Swayne\n(1804–1884)\nOH\n048 !Associate\nJustice\nMcLean\n000000001862-01-24-0000January 24, 1862\n(38–1)\n000000001862-01-27-0000January 27, 1862\n–\nJanuary 24, 1881\n(Retired)\n7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days\nAbraham Lincoln\n\n\n36\n\nSamuel Freeman Miller\n(1816–1890)\nIA\n049 !Associate\nJustice\nDaniel\n000000001862-07-16-0000July 16, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-07-21-0000July 21, 1862\n–\nOctober 13, 1890\n(Died)\n7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days\n\n\n37\n\nDavid Davis\n(1815–1886)\nIL\n050 !Associate\nJustice\nCampbell\n000000001862-12-08-0000December 8, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-12-10-0000December 10, 1862[e]\n–\nMarch 4, 1877\n(Resigned)\n7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days\n\n\n38\n\nStephen Johnson Field\n(1816–1899)\nCA\n051 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001863-03-10-0000March 10, 1863\n(Acclamation)\n000000001863-05-10-0000May 10, 1863\n–\nDecember 1, 1897\n(Retired)\n7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days\n\n\n39\n\nSalmon P. Chase\n(1808–1873)\nOH\n006 !Chief\nJustice\nTaney\n000000001864-12-06-0000December 6, 1864\n(Acclamation)\n000000001864-12-15-0000December 15, 1864\n–\nMay 7, 1873\n(Died)\n7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days\n\n\n40\n\nWilliam Strong\n(1808–1895)\nPA\n052 !Associate\nJustice\nGrier\n000000001870-02-18-0000February 18, 1870\n(No vote recorded)\n000000001870-03-14-0000March 14, 1870\n–\nDecember 14, 1880\n(Retired)\n7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days\nUlysses S. Grant\n\n\n41\n\nJoseph Philo Bradley\n(1813–1892)\nNJ\n053 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001870-03-21-0000March 21, 1870\n(46–9)\n000000001870-03-23-0000March 23, 1870\n–\nJanuary 22, 1892\n(Died)\n7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days\n\n\n42\n\nWard Hunt\n(1810–1886)\nNY\n054 !Associate\nJustice\nNelson\n000000001872-12-11-0000December 11, 1872\n(Acclamation)\n000000001873-01-09-0000January 9, 1873\n–\nJanuary 27, 1882\n(Retired)\n7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days\n\n\n43\n\nMorrison Waite\n(1816–1888)\nOH\n007 !Chief\nJustice\nS. P. Chase\n000000001874-01-21-0000January 21, 1874\n(63–0)\n000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874\n–\nMarch 23, 1888\n(Died)\n7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days\n\n\n44\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan\n(1833–1911)\nKY\n055 !Associate\nJustice\nDavis\n000000001877-11-29-0000November 29, 1877\n(Acclamation)\n000000001877-12-10-0000December 10, 1877\n–\nOctober 14, 1911\n(Died)\n7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days\nRutherford B. Hayes\n\n\n45\n\nWilliam Burnham Woods\n(1824–1887)\nGA\n056 !Associate\nJustice\nStrong\n000000001880-12-21-0000December 21, 1880\n(39–8)\n000000001881-01-05-0000January 5, 1881\n–\nMay 14, 1887\n(Died)\n7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days\n\n\n46\n\nStanley Matthews\n(1824–1889)\nOH\n057 !Associate\nJustice\nSwayne\n000000001881-05-12-0000May 12, 1881\n(24–23)\n000000001881-05-17-0000May 17, 1881\n–\nMarch 22, 1889\n(Died)\n7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days\nJames Garfield\n\n\n47\n\nHorace Gray\n(1828–1902)\nMA\n058 !Associate\nJustice\nClifford\n000000001881-12-20-0000December 20, 1881\n(51–5)\n000000001882-01-09-0000January 9, 1882\n–\nSeptember 15, 1902\n(Died)\n7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days\nChester A. Arthur\n\n\n48\n\nSamuel Blatchford\n(1820–1893)\nNY\n059 !Associate\nJustice\nHunt\n000000001882-03-22-0000March 22, 1882\n(Acclamation)\n000000001882-04-03-0000April 3, 1882\n–\nJuly 7, 1893\n(Died)\n7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days\n\n\n49\n\nLucius Quintus\nCincinnatus Lamar II\n(1825–1893)\nMS\n060 !Associate\nJustice\nWoods\n000000001888-01-16-0000January 16, 1888\n(32–28)\n000000001888-01-18-0000January 18, 1888\n–\nJanuary 23, 1893\n(Died)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n50\n\nMelville Fuller\n(1833–1910)\nIL\n008 !Chief\nJustice\nWaite\n000000001888-07-20-0000July 20, 1888\n(41–20)\n000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888\n–\nJuly 4, 1910\n(Died)\n7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days\n\n\n51\n\nDavid Josiah Brewer\n(1837–1910)\nKS\n061 !Associate\nJustice\nMatthews\n000000001889-12-18-0000December 18, 1889\n(53–11)\n000000001890-01-06-0000January 6, 1890\n–\nMarch 28, 1910\n(Died)\n7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days\nBenjamin Harrison\n\n\n52\n\nHenry Billings Brown\n(1836–1913)\nMI\n062 !Associate\nJustice\nMiller\n000000001890-12-29-0000December 29, 1890\n(Acclamation)\n000000001891-01-05-0000January 5, 1891\n–\nMay 28, 1906\n(Retired)\n7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days\n\n\n53\n\nGeorge Shiras, Jr.\n(1832–1924)\nPA\n063 !Associate\nJustice\nBradley\n000000001892-07-26-0000July 26, 1892\n(Acclamation)\n000000001892-10-10-0000October 10, 1892\n–\nFebruary 23, 1903\n(Retired)\n7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days\n\n\n54\n\nHowell Edmunds Jackson\n(1832–1895)\nTN\n064 !Associate\nJustice\nL. Lamar\n000000001893-02-18-0000February 18, 1893\n(Acclamation)\n000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893\n–\nAugust 8, 1895\n(Died)\n7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n065 !Associate\nJustice\nBlatchford\n000000001894-02-19-0000February 19, 1894\n(Acclamation)\n000000001894-03-12-0000March 12, 1894\n–\nDecember 18, 1910\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n56\n\nRufus Wheeler Peckham\n(1838–1909)\nNY\n066 !Associate\nJustice\nH. Jackson\n000000001895-12-09-0000December 9, 1895\n(Acclamation)\n000000001896-01-06-0000January 6, 1896\n–\nOctober 24, 1909\n(Died)\n7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days\n\n\n57\n\nJoseph McKenna\n(1843–1926)\nCA\n067 !Associate\nJustice[h]\nField\n000000001898-01-21-0000January 21, 1898\n(Acclamation)\n000000001898-01-26-0000January 26, 1898\n–\nJanuary 5, 1925\n(Retired)\n7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days\nWilliam McKinley\n\n\n58\n\nOliver Wendell Holmes Jr.\n(1841–1935)\nMA\n068 !Associate\nJustice[i]\nGray\n000000001902-12-04-0000December 4, 1902\n(Acclamation)\n000000001902-12-08-0000December 8, 1902\n–\nJanuary 12, 1932\n(Retired)\n7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days\nTheodore Roosevelt\n\n\n59\n\nWilliam R. Day\n(1849–1923)\nOH\n069 !Associate\nJustice\nShiras\n000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903\n(Acclamation)\n000000001903-03-02-0000March 2, 1903\n–\nNovember 13, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days\n\n\n60\n\nWilliam Henry Moody\n(1853–1917)\nMA\n070 !Associate\nJustice\nBrown\n000000001906-12-12-0000December 12, 1906\n(Acclamation)\n000000001906-12-17-0000December 17, 1906\n–\nNovember 20, 1910\n(Retired)\n7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days\n\n\n61\n\nHorace Harmon Lurton\n(1844–1914)\nTN\n071 !Associate\nJustice\nPeckham\n000000001909-12-20-0000December 20, 1909\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-01-03-0000January 3, 1910\n–\nJuly 12, 1914\n(Died)\n7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days\nWilliam Howard Taft\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n072 !Associate\nJustice\nBrewer\n000000001910-05-02-0000May 2, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-10-10-0000October 10, 1910\n–\nJune 10, 1916\n(Resigned)\n7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n009 !Chief\nJustice\nFuller\n000000001910-12-12-0000December 12, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-12-19-0000December 19, 1910\n–\nMay 19, 1921\n(Died)\n7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days\n\n\n63\n\nWillis Van Devanter\n(1859–1941)\nWY\n073 !Associate\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJune 2, 1937\n(Retired)\n7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days\n\n\n64\n\nJoseph Rucker Lamar\n(1857–1916)\nGA\n074 !Associate\nJustice\nMoody\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJanuary 2, 1916\n(Died)\n7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days\n\n\n65\n\nMahlon Pitney\n(1858–1924)\nNJ\n075 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan\n000000001912-03-13-0000March 13, 1912\n(50–26)\n000000001912-03-18-0000March 18, 1912\n–\nDecember 31, 1922\n(Resigned)\n7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days\n\n\n66\n\nJames Clark McReynolds\n(1862–1946)\nTN\n076 !Associate\nJustice\nLurton\n000000001914-08-29-0000August 29, 1914\n(44–6)\n000000001914-10-12-0000October 12, 1914\n–\nJanuary 31, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days\nWoodrow Wilson\n\n\n67\n\nLouis Brandeis\n(1856–1941)\nKY\n077 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Lamar\n000000001916-06-01-0000June 1, 1916\n(47–22)\n000000001916-06-05-0000June 5, 1916\n–\nFebruary 13, 1939\n(Retired)\n7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days\n\n\n68\n\nJohn Hessin Clarke\n(1857–1945)\nOH\n078 !Associate\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001916-07-24-0000July 24, 1916\n(Acclamation)\n000000001916-10-09-0000October 9, 1916\n–\nSeptember 18, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days\n\n\n69\n\nWilliam Howard Taft\n(1857–1930)\nCT\n010 !Chief\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001921-06-30-0000June 30, 1921\n(Acclamation)\n000000001921-07-11-0000July 11, 1921\n–\nFebruary 3, 1930\n(Retired)\n7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days\nWarren G. Harding\n\n\n70\n\nGeorge Sutherland\n(1862–1942)\nUT\n080 !Associate\nJustice\nClarke\n000000001922-09-05-0000September 5, 1922\n(Acclamation)\n000000001922-10-02-0000October 2, 1922\n–\nJanuary 17, 1938\n(Retired)\n7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days\n\n\n71\n\nPierce Butler\n(1866–1939)\nMN\n081 !Associate\nJustice\nDay\n000000001922-12-21-0000December 21, 1922\n(61–8)\n000000001923-01-02-0000January 2, 1923\n–\nNovember 16, 1939\n(Died)\n7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days\n\n\n72\n\nEdward Terry Sanford\n(1865–1930)\nTN\n082 !Associate\nJustice\nPitney\n000000001923-01-29-0000January 29, 1923\n(Acclamation)\n000000001923-02-19-0000February 19, 1923\n–\nMarch 8, 1930\n(Died)\n7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n083 !Associate\nJustice[k]\nMcKenna\n000000001925-02-05-0000February 5, 1925\n(71–6)\n000000001925-03-02-0000March 2, 1925\n–\nJuly 2, 1941\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days\nCalvin Coolidge\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n011 !Chief\nJustice\nTaft\n000000001930-02-13-0000February 13, 1930\n(52–26)\n000000001930-02-24-0000February 24, 1930\n–\nJune 30, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days\nHerbert Hoover\n\n\n74\n\nOwen Josephus Roberts\n(1875–1955)\nPA\n084 !Associate\nJustice\nSanford\n000000001930-05-20-0000May 20, 1930\n(Acclamation)\n000000001930-06-02-0000June 2, 1930\n–\nJuly 31, 1945\n(Resigned)\n7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days\n\n\n75\n\nBenjamin N. Cardozo\n(1870–1938)\nNY\n085 !Associate\nJustice\nHolmes\n000000001932-02-24-0000February 24, 1932\n(Acclamation)\n000000001932-03-14-0000March 14, 1932\n–\nJuly 9, 1938\n(Died)\n7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days\n\n\n76\n\nHugo Black\n(1886–1971)\nAL\n086 !Associate\nJustice[l]\nVan Devanter\n000000001937-08-17-0000August 17, 1937\n(63–16)\n000000001937-08-19-0000August 19, 1937\n–\nSeptember 17, 1971\n(Retired)\n7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\n\n77\n\nStanley Forman Reed\n(1884–1980)\nKY\n087 !Associate\nJustice\nSutherland\n000000001938-01-25-0000January 25, 1938\n(Acclamation)\n000000001938-01-31-0000January 31, 1938\n–\nFebruary 25, 1957\n(Retired)\n7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days\n\n\n78\n\nFelix Frankfurter\n(1882–1965)\nMA\n088 !Associate\nJustice\nCardozo\n000000001939-01-17-0000January 17, 1939\n(Acclamation)\n000000001939-01-30-0000January 30, 1939\n–\nAugust 28, 1962\n(Retired)\n7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days\n\n\n79\n\nWilliam O. Douglas\n(1898–1980)\nCT\n089 !Associate\nJustice\nBrandeis\n000000001939-04-04-0000April 4, 1939\n(62–4)\n000000001939-04-17-0000April 17, 1939\n–\nNovember 12, 1975\n(Retired)\n7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days\n\n\n80\n\nFrank Murphy\n(1890–1949)\nMI\n090 !Associate\nJustice\nButler\n000000001940-01-16-0000January 16, 1940\n(Acclamation)\n000000001940-02-05-0000February 5, 1940\n–\nJuly 19, 1949\n(Died)\n7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n012 !Chief\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001941-06-27-0000June 27, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-03-0000July 3, 1941\n–\nApril 22, 1946\n(Died)\n7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days\n\n\n81\n\nJames F. Byrnes\n(1882–1972)\nSC\n091 !Associate\nJustice\nMcReynolds\n000000001941-06-12-0000June 12, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-08-0000July 8, 1941\n–\nOctober 3, 1942\n(Resigned)\n7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days\n\n\n82\n\nRobert H. Jackson\n(1892–1954)\nNY\n092 !Associate\nJustice\nStone\n000000001941-07-07-0000July 7, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-11-0000July 11, 1941\n–\nOctober 9, 1954\n(Died)\n7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days\n\n\n83\n\nWiley Blount Rutledge\n(1894–1949)\nIA\n093 !Associate\nJustice\nByrnes\n000000001943-02-08-0000February 8, 1943\n(Acclamation)\n000000001943-02-15-0000February 15, 1943\n–\nSeptember 10, 1949\n(Died)\n7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days\n\n\n84\n\nHarold Hitz Burton\n(1888–1964)\nOH\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nO. Roberts\n000000001945-09-19-0000September 19, 1945\n(Acclamation)\n000000001945-10-01-0000October 1, 1945\n–\nOctober 13, 1958\n(Retired)\n7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days\nHarry S. Truman\n\n\n85\n\nFred M. Vinson\n(1890–1953)\nKY\n013 !Chief\nJustice\nStone\n000000001946-06-20-0000June 20, 1946\n(Acclamation)\n000000001946-06-24-0000June 24, 1946\n–\nSeptember 8, 1953\n(Died)\n7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days\n\n\n86\n\nTom C. Clark\n(1899–1977)\nTX\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nMurphy\n000000001949-08-18-0000August 18, 1949\n(73–8)\n000000001949-08-24-0000August 24, 1949\n–\nJune 12, 1967\n(Retired)\n7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days\n\n\n87\n\nSherman Minton\n(1890–1965)\nIN\n095 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Rutledge\n000000001949-10-04-0000October 4, 1949\n(48–16)\n000000001949-10-12-0000October 12, 1949\n–\nOctober 15, 1956\n(Retired)\n7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days\n\n\n88\n\nEarl Warren\n(1891–1974)\nCA\n014 !Chief\nJustice\nVinson\n000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954\n(Acclamation)\n000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953[e]\n–\nJune 23, 1969\n(Retired)\n7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n\n\n89\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan II\n(1899–1971)\nNY\n096 !Associate\nJustice\nR. Jackson\n000000001955-03-16-0000March 16, 1955\n(71–11)\n000000001955-03-28-0000March 28, 1955\n–\nSeptember 23, 1971\n(Retired)\n7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days\n\n\n90\n\nWilliam J. Brennan\n(1906–1997)\nNJ\n097 !Associate\nJustice\nMinton\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001956-10-16-0000October 16, 1956[e]\n–\nJuly 20, 1990\n(Retired)\n7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days\n\n\n91\n\nCharles Evans Whittaker\n(1901–1973)\nMO\n098 !Associate\nJustice\nReed\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001957-03-25-0000March 25, 1957\n–\nMarch 31, 1962\n(Resigned)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days\n\n\n92\n\nPotter Stewart\n(1915–1985)\nOH\n099 !Associate\nJustice\nBurton\n000000001959-05-05-0000May 5, 1959\n(70–17)\n000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958[e]\n–\nJuly 3, 1981\n(Retired)\n7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days\n\n\n93\n\nByron White\n(1917–2002)\nCO\n100 !Associate\nJustice\nWhittaker\n000000001962-04-11-0000April 11, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-04-16-0000April 16, 1962\n–\nJune 28, 1993\n(Retired)\n7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days\nJohn F. Kennedy\n\n\n94\n\nArthur Goldberg\n(1908–1990)\nIL\n101 !Associate\nJustice\nFrankfurter\n000000001962-09-25-0000September 25, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-10-01-0000October 1, 1962\n–\nJuly 25, 1965\n(Resigned)\n7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days\n\n\n95\n\nAbe Fortas\n(1910–1982)\nTN\n102 !Associate\nJustice\nGoldberg\n000000001965-08-11-0000August 11, 1965\n(Acclamation)\n000000001965-10-04-0000October 4, 1965\n–\nMay 14, 1969\n(Resigned)\n7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n\n96\n\nThurgood Marshall\n(1908–1993)\nNY\n103 !Associate\nJustice\nClark\n000000001967-08-30-0000August 30, 1967\n(69–11)\n000000001967-10-02-0000October 2, 1967\n–\nOctober 1, 1991\n(Retired)\n7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days\n\n\n97\n\nWarren E. Burger\n(1907–1995)\nVA\n015 !Chief\nJustice\nWarren\n000000001969-06-09-0000June 9, 1969\n(74–3)\n000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Retired)\n7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days\nRichard Nixon\n\n\n98\n\nHarry Blackmun\n(1908–1999)\nMN\n104 !Associate\nJustice\nFortas\n000000001970-05-12-0000May 12, 1970\n(94–0)\n000000001970-06-09-0000June 9, 1970\n–\nAugust 3, 1994\n(Retired)\n7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days\n\n\n99\n\nLewis F. Powell Jr.\n(1907–1998)\nVA\n105 !Associate\nJustice\nBlack\n000000001971-12-06-0000December 6, 1971\n(89–1)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nJune 26, 1987\n(Retired)\n7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nAZ\n106 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan II\n000000001971-12-10-0000December 10, 1971\n(68–26)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days\n\n\n101\n\nJohn Paul Stevens\n(born 1920)\nIL\n107 !Associate\nJustice[n]\nDouglas\n000000001975-12-17-0000December 17, 1975\n(98–0)\n000000001975-12-19-0000December 19, 1975\n–\nJune 29, 2010\n(Retired)\n7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days\nGerald Ford\n\n\n102\n\nSandra Day O'Connor\n(born 1930)\nAZ\n108 !Associate\nJustice\nStewart\n000000001981-09-21-0000September 21, 1981\n(99–0)\n000000001981-09-25-0000September 25, 1981\n–\nJanuary 31, 2006\n(Retired)\n7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nVA\n016 !Chief\nJustice\nBurger\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(65–33)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nSeptember 3, 2005\n(Died)\n7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days\n\n\n103\n\nAntonin Scalia\n(1936–2016)\nVA\n109 !Associate\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(98–0)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nFebruary 13, 2016\n(Died)\n7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days\n\n\n104\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(born 1936)\nCA\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nPowell\n000000001988-02-03-0000February 3, 1988\n(97–0)\n000000001988-02-18-0000February 18, 1988\n–\nIncumbent\n7004109600000000000♠30 years, 2 days[o]\n\n\n105\n\nDavid Souter\n(born 1939)\nNH\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nBrennan\n000000001990-10-02-0000October 2, 1990\n(90–9)\n000000001990-10-09-0000October 9, 1990\n–\nJune 29, 2009\n(Retired)\n7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n\n106\n\nClarence Thomas\n(born 1948)\nGA\n111 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Marshall\n000000001991-10-15-0000October 15, 1991\n(52–48)\n000000001991-10-23-0000October 23, 1991\n–\nIncumbent\n7003961700000000000♠26 years, 120 days[o]\n\n\n107\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(born 1933)\nNY\n112 !Associate\nJustice\nB. White\n000000001993-08-03-0000August 3, 1993\n(96–3)\n000000001993-08-10-0000August 10, 1993\n–\nIncumbent\n7003896000000000000♠24 years, 194 days[o]\nBill Clinton\n\n\n108\n\nStephen Breyer\n(born 1938)\nMA\n113 !Associate\nJustice\nBlackmun\n000000001994-07-29-0000July 29, 1994\n(87–9)\n000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994\n–\nIncumbent\n7003860200000000000♠23 years, 201 days[o]\n\n\n109\n\nJohn Roberts\n(born 1955)\nMD\n017 !Chief\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n(78–22)\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n–\nIncumbent\n7003452700000000000♠12 years, 144 days[o]\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n\n110\n\nSamuel Alito\n(born 1950)\nNJ\n115 !Associate\nJustice\nO'Connor\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n(58–42)\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n–\nIncumbent\n7003440300000000000♠12 years, 20 days[o]\n\n\n111\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(born 1954)\nNY\n116 !Associate\nJustice\nSouter\n000000002009-08-06-0000August 6, 2009\n(68–31)\n000000002009-08-08-0000August 8, 2009\n–\nIncumbent\n7003311800000000000♠8 years, 196 days[o]\nBarack Obama\n\n\n112\n\nElena Kagan\n(born 1960)\nMA\n117 !Associate\nJustice\nStevens\n000000002010-08-05-0000August 5, 2010\n(63–37)\n000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010\n–\nIncumbent\n7003275400000000000♠7 years, 197 days[o]\n\n\n113\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(born 1967)\nCO\n118 !Associate\nJustice\nScalia\n000000002017-04-07-0000April 7, 2017\n(54–45)\n000000002017-04-10-0000April 10, 2017\n–\nIncumbent\n7002316000000000000♠316 days[o]\nDonald Trump\n\n\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length\nAppointed by\n", "\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length[d]\nAppointed by\n\n\n1\n\nJohn Jay\n(1745–1829)\nNY\n001 !Chief\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-19-0000October 19, 1789\n–\nJune 29, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days\nGeorge Washington\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n018 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-15-0000February 15, 1790\n–\nMarch 4, 1791\n(Resigned)\n7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days\n\n\n3\n\nWilliam Cushing\n(1732–1810)\nMA\n019 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nSeptember 13, 1810\n(Died)\n7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days\n\n\n4\n\nJames Wilson\n(1742–1798)\nPA\n020 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-05-0000October 5, 1789\n–\nAugust 21, 1798\n(Died)\n7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days\n\n\n5\n\nJohn Blair\n(1732–1800)\nVA\n021 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nOctober 25, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days\n\n\n6\n\nJames Iredell\n(1751–1799)\nNC\n022 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001790-02-10-0000February 10, 1790\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-05-12-0000May 12, 1790\n–\nOctober 20, 1799\n(Died)\n7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days\n\n\n7\n\nThomas Johnson\n(1732–1819)\nMD\n023 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001791-11-07-0000November 7, 1791\n(Acclamation)\n000000001792-08-06-0000August 6, 1792[e]\n–\nJanuary 16, 1793\n(Resigned)\n7002163000000000000♠163 days\n\n\n8\n\nWilliam Paterson\n(1745–1806)\nNJ\n024 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Johnson\n000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793\n(Acclamation)\n000000001793-03-11-0000March 11, 1793\n–\nSeptember 8, 1806\n(Died)\n7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n002 !Chief\nJustice\nJay\n000000001795-12-15-0000December 15, 1795\n(10–14)[f]\n000000001795-08-12-0000August 12, 1795[e]\n–\nDecember 28, 1795\n(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)\n7002138000000000000♠138 days\n\n\n9\n\nSamuel Chase[g]\n(1741–1811)\nMD\n025 !Associate\nJustice\nBlair\n000000001796-01-27-0000January 27, 1796\n(Acclamation)\n000000001796-02-04-0000February 4, 1796\n–\nJune 19, 1811\n(Died)\n7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days\n\n\n10\n\nOliver Ellsworth\n(1745–1807)\nCT\n003 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001796-03-04-0000March 4, 1796\n(21–1)\n000000001796-03-08-0000March 8, 1796\n–\nDecember 15, 1800\n(Resigned)\n7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days\n\n\n11\n\nBushrod Washington\n(1762–1829)\nVA\n026 !Associate\nJustice\nWilson\n000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798\n(Acclamation)\n000000001798-11-09-0000November 9, 1798[e]\n–\nNovember 26, 1829\n(Died)\n7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days\nJohn Adams\n\n\n12\n\nAlfred Moore\n(1755–1810)\nNC\n027 !Associate\nJustice\nIredell\n000000001799-12-09-0000December 9, 1799\n(Acclamation)\n000000001800-04-21-0000April 21, 1800\n–\nJanuary 26, 1804\n(Resigned)\n7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days\n\n\n13\n\nJohn Marshall\n(1755–1835)\nVA\n004 !Chief\nJustice\nEllsworth\n000000001801-01-27-0000January 27, 1801\n(Acclamation)\n000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801\n–\nJuly 6, 1835\n(died)\n7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days\n\n\n14\n\nWilliam Johnson\n(1771–1834)\nSC\n028 !Associate\nJustice\nMoore\n000000001804-03-24-0000March 24, 1804\n(Acclamation)\n000000001804-05-07-0000May 7, 1804\n–\nAugust 4, 1834\n(Died)\n7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days\nThomas Jefferson\n\n\n15\n\nHenry Brockholst Livingston\n(1757–1823)\nNY\n029 !Associate\nJustice\nPaterson\n000000001806-12-17-0000December 17, 1806\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-01-20-0000January 20, 1807\n–\nMarch 18, 1823\n(Died)\n7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days\n\n\n16\n\nThomas Todd\n(1765–1826)\nKY\n030 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001807-03-02-0000March 2, 1807\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-03-03-0000March 3, 1807\n–\nFebruary 7, 1826\n(Died)\n7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days\n\n\n17\n\nGabriel Duvall\n(1752–1844)\nMD\n031 !Associate\nJustice\nS. Chase\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001811-11-23-0000November 23, 1811\n–\nJanuary 12, 1835\n(Resigned)\n7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days\nJames Madison\n\n\n18\n\nJoseph Story\n(1779–1845)\nMA\n032 !Associate\nJustice\nCushing\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001812-02-03-0000February 3, 1812\n–\nSeptember 10, 1845\n(Died)\n7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days\n\n\n19\n\nSmith Thompson\n(1768–1843)\nNY\n033 !Associate\nJustice\nLivingston\n000000001823-12-09-0000December 9, 1823\n(Acclamation)\n000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823[e]\n–\nDecember 18, 1843\n(Died)\n7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days\nJames Monroe\n\n\n20\n\nRobert Trimble\n(1776–1828)\nKY\n034 !Associate\nJustice\nTodd\n000000001826-05-09-0000May 9, 1826\n(25–5)\n000000001826-06-16-0000June 16, 1826\n–\nAugust 25, 1828\n(Died)\n7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days\nJohn Quincy Adams\n\n\n21\n\nJohn McLean\n(1785–1861)\nOH\n035 !Associate\nJustice\nTrimble\n000000001829-03-07-0000March 7, 1829\n(Acclamation)\n000000001830-01-11-0000January 11, 1830\n–\nApril 4, 1861\n(Died)\n7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days\nAndrew Jackson\n\n\n22\n\nHenry Baldwin\n(1780–1844)\nPA\n036 !Associate\nJustice\nWashington\n000000001830-01-06-0000January 6, 1830\n(41–2)\n000000001830-01-18-0000January 18, 1830\n–\nApril 21, 1844\n(Died)\n7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days\n\n\n23\n\nJames Moore Wayne\n(1790–1867)\nGA\n037 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Johnson\n000000001835-01-09-0000January 9, 1835\n(Acclamation)\n000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835\n–\nJuly 5, 1867\n(Died)\n7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days\n\n\n24\n\nRoger B. Taney\n(1777–1864)\nMD\n005 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Marshall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(29–15)\n000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836\n–\nOctober 12, 1864\n(Died)\n7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days\n\n\n25\n\nPhilip Pendleton Barbour\n(1783–1841)\nVA\n038 !Associate\nJustice\nDuvall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(30–11)\n000000001836-05-12-0000May 12, 1836\n–\nFebruary 25, 1841\n(Died)\n7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days\n\n\n26\n\nJohn Catron\n(1786–1865)\nTN\n039 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-03-08-0000March 8, 1837\n(28–15)\n000000001837-05-01-0000May 1, 1837\n–\nMay 30, 1865\n(Died)\n7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days\n\n\n27\n\nJohn McKinley\n(1780–1852)\nAL\n040 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-09-25-0000September 25, 1837\n(Acclamation)\n000000001838-01-09-0000January 9, 1838\n–\nJuly 19, 1852\n(Died)\n7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days\nMartin Van Buren\n\n\n28\n\nPeter Vivian Daniel\n(1784–1860)\nVA\n041 !Associate\nJustice\nBarbour\n000000001841-03-02-0000March 2, 1841\n(25–5)\n000000001842-01-10-0000January 10, 1842\n–\nMay 31, 1860\n(Died)\n7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days\n\n\n29\n\nSamuel Nelson\n(1792–1873)\nNY\n042 !Associate\nJustice\nThompson\n000000001845-02-14-0000February 14, 1845\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-02-27-0000February 27, 1845\n–\nNovember 28, 1872\n(Retired)\n7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days\nJohn Tyler\n\n\n30\n\nLevi Woodbury\n(1789–1851)\nNH\n043 !Associate\nJustice\nStory\n000000001846-01-31-0000January 31, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-09-23-0000September 23, 1845[e]\n–\nSeptember 4, 1851\n(Died)\n7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days\nJames K. Polk\n\n\n31\n\nRobert Cooper Grier\n(1794–1870)\nPA\n044 !Associate\nJustice\nBaldwin\n000000001846-08-04-0000August 4, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001846-08-10-0000August 10, 1846\n–\nJanuary 31, 1870\n(Retired)\n7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days\n\n\n32\n\nBenjamin Robbins Curtis\n(1809–1874)\nMA\n045 !Associate\nJustice\nWoodbury\n000000001851-12-20-0000December 20, 1851\n(Acclamation)\n000000001851-10-10-0000October 10, 1851[e]\n–\nSeptember 30, 1857\n(Resigned)\n7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days\nMillard Fillmore\n\n\n33\n\nJohn Archibald Campbell\n(1811–1889)\nAL\n046 !Associate\nJustice\nMcKinley\n000000001853-03-22-0000March 22, 1853\n(Acclamation)\n000000001853-04-11-0000April 11, 1853\n–\nApril 30, 1861\n(Resigned)\n7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days\nFranklin Pierce\n\n\n34\n\nNathan Clifford\n(1803–1881)\nME\n047 !Associate\nJustice\nCurtis\n000000001858-01-12-0000January 12, 1858\n(26–23)\n000000001858-01-21-0000January 21, 1858\n–\nJuly 25, 1881\n(Died)\n7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days\nJames Buchanan\n\n\n35\n\nNoah Haynes Swayne\n(1804–1884)\nOH\n048 !Associate\nJustice\nMcLean\n000000001862-01-24-0000January 24, 1862\n(38–1)\n000000001862-01-27-0000January 27, 1862\n–\nJanuary 24, 1881\n(Retired)\n7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days\nAbraham Lincoln\n\n\n36\n\nSamuel Freeman Miller\n(1816–1890)\nIA\n049 !Associate\nJustice\nDaniel\n000000001862-07-16-0000July 16, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-07-21-0000July 21, 1862\n–\nOctober 13, 1890\n(Died)\n7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days\n\n\n37\n\nDavid Davis\n(1815–1886)\nIL\n050 !Associate\nJustice\nCampbell\n000000001862-12-08-0000December 8, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-12-10-0000December 10, 1862[e]\n–\nMarch 4, 1877\n(Resigned)\n7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days\n\n\n38\n\nStephen Johnson Field\n(1816–1899)\nCA\n051 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001863-03-10-0000March 10, 1863\n(Acclamation)\n000000001863-05-10-0000May 10, 1863\n–\nDecember 1, 1897\n(Retired)\n7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days\n\n\n39\n\nSalmon P. Chase\n(1808–1873)\nOH\n006 !Chief\nJustice\nTaney\n000000001864-12-06-0000December 6, 1864\n(Acclamation)\n000000001864-12-15-0000December 15, 1864\n–\nMay 7, 1873\n(Died)\n7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days\n\n\n40\n\nWilliam Strong\n(1808–1895)\nPA\n052 !Associate\nJustice\nGrier\n000000001870-02-18-0000February 18, 1870\n(No vote recorded)\n000000001870-03-14-0000March 14, 1870\n–\nDecember 14, 1880\n(Retired)\n7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days\nUlysses S. Grant\n\n\n41\n\nJoseph Philo Bradley\n(1813–1892)\nNJ\n053 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001870-03-21-0000March 21, 1870\n(46–9)\n000000001870-03-23-0000March 23, 1870\n–\nJanuary 22, 1892\n(Died)\n7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days\n\n\n42\n\nWard Hunt\n(1810–1886)\nNY\n054 !Associate\nJustice\nNelson\n000000001872-12-11-0000December 11, 1872\n(Acclamation)\n000000001873-01-09-0000January 9, 1873\n–\nJanuary 27, 1882\n(Retired)\n7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days\n\n\n43\n\nMorrison Waite\n(1816–1888)\nOH\n007 !Chief\nJustice\nS. P. Chase\n000000001874-01-21-0000January 21, 1874\n(63–0)\n000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874\n–\nMarch 23, 1888\n(Died)\n7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days\n\n\n44\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan\n(1833–1911)\nKY\n055 !Associate\nJustice\nDavis\n000000001877-11-29-0000November 29, 1877\n(Acclamation)\n000000001877-12-10-0000December 10, 1877\n–\nOctober 14, 1911\n(Died)\n7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days\nRutherford B. Hayes\n\n\n45\n\nWilliam Burnham Woods\n(1824–1887)\nGA\n056 !Associate\nJustice\nStrong\n000000001880-12-21-0000December 21, 1880\n(39–8)\n000000001881-01-05-0000January 5, 1881\n–\nMay 14, 1887\n(Died)\n7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days\n\n\n46\n\nStanley Matthews\n(1824–1889)\nOH\n057 !Associate\nJustice\nSwayne\n000000001881-05-12-0000May 12, 1881\n(24–23)\n000000001881-05-17-0000May 17, 1881\n–\nMarch 22, 1889\n(Died)\n7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days\nJames Garfield\n\n\n47\n\nHorace Gray\n(1828–1902)\nMA\n058 !Associate\nJustice\nClifford\n000000001881-12-20-0000December 20, 1881\n(51–5)\n000000001882-01-09-0000January 9, 1882\n–\nSeptember 15, 1902\n(Died)\n7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days\nChester A. Arthur\n\n\n48\n\nSamuel Blatchford\n(1820–1893)\nNY\n059 !Associate\nJustice\nHunt\n000000001882-03-22-0000March 22, 1882\n(Acclamation)\n000000001882-04-03-0000April 3, 1882\n–\nJuly 7, 1893\n(Died)\n7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days\n\n\n49\n\nLucius Quintus\nCincinnatus Lamar II\n(1825–1893)\nMS\n060 !Associate\nJustice\nWoods\n000000001888-01-16-0000January 16, 1888\n(32–28)\n000000001888-01-18-0000January 18, 1888\n–\nJanuary 23, 1893\n(Died)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n50\n\nMelville Fuller\n(1833–1910)\nIL\n008 !Chief\nJustice\nWaite\n000000001888-07-20-0000July 20, 1888\n(41–20)\n000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888\n–\nJuly 4, 1910\n(Died)\n7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days\n\n\n51\n\nDavid Josiah Brewer\n(1837–1910)\nKS\n061 !Associate\nJustice\nMatthews\n000000001889-12-18-0000December 18, 1889\n(53–11)\n000000001890-01-06-0000January 6, 1890\n–\nMarch 28, 1910\n(Died)\n7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days\nBenjamin Harrison\n\n\n52\n\nHenry Billings Brown\n(1836–1913)\nMI\n062 !Associate\nJustice\nMiller\n000000001890-12-29-0000December 29, 1890\n(Acclamation)\n000000001891-01-05-0000January 5, 1891\n–\nMay 28, 1906\n(Retired)\n7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days\n\n\n53\n\nGeorge Shiras, Jr.\n(1832–1924)\nPA\n063 !Associate\nJustice\nBradley\n000000001892-07-26-0000July 26, 1892\n(Acclamation)\n000000001892-10-10-0000October 10, 1892\n–\nFebruary 23, 1903\n(Retired)\n7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days\n\n\n54\n\nHowell Edmunds Jackson\n(1832–1895)\nTN\n064 !Associate\nJustice\nL. Lamar\n000000001893-02-18-0000February 18, 1893\n(Acclamation)\n000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893\n–\nAugust 8, 1895\n(Died)\n7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n065 !Associate\nJustice\nBlatchford\n000000001894-02-19-0000February 19, 1894\n(Acclamation)\n000000001894-03-12-0000March 12, 1894\n–\nDecember 18, 1910\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n56\n\nRufus Wheeler Peckham\n(1838–1909)\nNY\n066 !Associate\nJustice\nH. Jackson\n000000001895-12-09-0000December 9, 1895\n(Acclamation)\n000000001896-01-06-0000January 6, 1896\n–\nOctober 24, 1909\n(Died)\n7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days\n\n\n57\n\nJoseph McKenna\n(1843–1926)\nCA\n067 !Associate\nJustice[h]\nField\n000000001898-01-21-0000January 21, 1898\n(Acclamation)\n000000001898-01-26-0000January 26, 1898\n–\nJanuary 5, 1925\n(Retired)\n7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days\nWilliam McKinley\n\n\n58\n\nOliver Wendell Holmes Jr.\n(1841–1935)\nMA\n068 !Associate\nJustice[i]\nGray\n000000001902-12-04-0000December 4, 1902\n(Acclamation)\n000000001902-12-08-0000December 8, 1902\n–\nJanuary 12, 1932\n(Retired)\n7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days\nTheodore Roosevelt\n\n\n59\n\nWilliam R. Day\n(1849–1923)\nOH\n069 !Associate\nJustice\nShiras\n000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903\n(Acclamation)\n000000001903-03-02-0000March 2, 1903\n–\nNovember 13, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days\n\n\n60\n\nWilliam Henry Moody\n(1853–1917)\nMA\n070 !Associate\nJustice\nBrown\n000000001906-12-12-0000December 12, 1906\n(Acclamation)\n000000001906-12-17-0000December 17, 1906\n–\nNovember 20, 1910\n(Retired)\n7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days\n\n\n61\n\nHorace Harmon Lurton\n(1844–1914)\nTN\n071 !Associate\nJustice\nPeckham\n000000001909-12-20-0000December 20, 1909\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-01-03-0000January 3, 1910\n–\nJuly 12, 1914\n(Died)\n7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days\nWilliam Howard Taft\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n072 !Associate\nJustice\nBrewer\n000000001910-05-02-0000May 2, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-10-10-0000October 10, 1910\n–\nJune 10, 1916\n(Resigned)\n7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n009 !Chief\nJustice\nFuller\n000000001910-12-12-0000December 12, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-12-19-0000December 19, 1910\n–\nMay 19, 1921\n(Died)\n7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days\n\n\n63\n\nWillis Van Devanter\n(1859–1941)\nWY\n073 !Associate\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJune 2, 1937\n(Retired)\n7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days\n\n\n64\n\nJoseph Rucker Lamar\n(1857–1916)\nGA\n074 !Associate\nJustice\nMoody\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJanuary 2, 1916\n(Died)\n7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days\n\n\n65\n\nMahlon Pitney\n(1858–1924)\nNJ\n075 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan\n000000001912-03-13-0000March 13, 1912\n(50–26)\n000000001912-03-18-0000March 18, 1912\n–\nDecember 31, 1922\n(Resigned)\n7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days\n\n\n66\n\nJames Clark McReynolds\n(1862–1946)\nTN\n076 !Associate\nJustice\nLurton\n000000001914-08-29-0000August 29, 1914\n(44–6)\n000000001914-10-12-0000October 12, 1914\n–\nJanuary 31, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days\nWoodrow Wilson\n\n\n67\n\nLouis Brandeis\n(1856–1941)\nKY\n077 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Lamar\n000000001916-06-01-0000June 1, 1916\n(47–22)\n000000001916-06-05-0000June 5, 1916\n–\nFebruary 13, 1939\n(Retired)\n7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days\n\n\n68\n\nJohn Hessin Clarke\n(1857–1945)\nOH\n078 !Associate\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001916-07-24-0000July 24, 1916\n(Acclamation)\n000000001916-10-09-0000October 9, 1916\n–\nSeptember 18, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days\n\n\n69\n\nWilliam Howard Taft\n(1857–1930)\nCT\n010 !Chief\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001921-06-30-0000June 30, 1921\n(Acclamation)\n000000001921-07-11-0000July 11, 1921\n–\nFebruary 3, 1930\n(Retired)\n7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days\nWarren G. Harding\n\n\n70\n\nGeorge Sutherland\n(1862–1942)\nUT\n080 !Associate\nJustice\nClarke\n000000001922-09-05-0000September 5, 1922\n(Acclamation)\n000000001922-10-02-0000October 2, 1922\n–\nJanuary 17, 1938\n(Retired)\n7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days\n\n\n71\n\nPierce Butler\n(1866–1939)\nMN\n081 !Associate\nJustice\nDay\n000000001922-12-21-0000December 21, 1922\n(61–8)\n000000001923-01-02-0000January 2, 1923\n–\nNovember 16, 1939\n(Died)\n7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days\n\n\n72\n\nEdward Terry Sanford\n(1865–1930)\nTN\n082 !Associate\nJustice\nPitney\n000000001923-01-29-0000January 29, 1923\n(Acclamation)\n000000001923-02-19-0000February 19, 1923\n–\nMarch 8, 1930\n(Died)\n7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n083 !Associate\nJustice[k]\nMcKenna\n000000001925-02-05-0000February 5, 1925\n(71–6)\n000000001925-03-02-0000March 2, 1925\n–\nJuly 2, 1941\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days\nCalvin Coolidge\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n011 !Chief\nJustice\nTaft\n000000001930-02-13-0000February 13, 1930\n(52–26)\n000000001930-02-24-0000February 24, 1930\n–\nJune 30, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days\nHerbert Hoover\n\n\n74\n\nOwen Josephus Roberts\n(1875–1955)\nPA\n084 !Associate\nJustice\nSanford\n000000001930-05-20-0000May 20, 1930\n(Acclamation)\n000000001930-06-02-0000June 2, 1930\n–\nJuly 31, 1945\n(Resigned)\n7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days\n\n\n75\n\nBenjamin N. Cardozo\n(1870–1938)\nNY\n085 !Associate\nJustice\nHolmes\n000000001932-02-24-0000February 24, 1932\n(Acclamation)\n000000001932-03-14-0000March 14, 1932\n–\nJuly 9, 1938\n(Died)\n7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days\n\n\n76\n\nHugo Black\n(1886–1971)\nAL\n086 !Associate\nJustice[l]\nVan Devanter\n000000001937-08-17-0000August 17, 1937\n(63–16)\n000000001937-08-19-0000August 19, 1937\n–\nSeptember 17, 1971\n(Retired)\n7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\n\n77\n\nStanley Forman Reed\n(1884–1980)\nKY\n087 !Associate\nJustice\nSutherland\n000000001938-01-25-0000January 25, 1938\n(Acclamation)\n000000001938-01-31-0000January 31, 1938\n–\nFebruary 25, 1957\n(Retired)\n7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days\n\n\n78\n\nFelix Frankfurter\n(1882–1965)\nMA\n088 !Associate\nJustice\nCardozo\n000000001939-01-17-0000January 17, 1939\n(Acclamation)\n000000001939-01-30-0000January 30, 1939\n–\nAugust 28, 1962\n(Retired)\n7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days\n\n\n79\n\nWilliam O. Douglas\n(1898–1980)\nCT\n089 !Associate\nJustice\nBrandeis\n000000001939-04-04-0000April 4, 1939\n(62–4)\n000000001939-04-17-0000April 17, 1939\n–\nNovember 12, 1975\n(Retired)\n7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days\n\n\n80\n\nFrank Murphy\n(1890–1949)\nMI\n090 !Associate\nJustice\nButler\n000000001940-01-16-0000January 16, 1940\n(Acclamation)\n000000001940-02-05-0000February 5, 1940\n–\nJuly 19, 1949\n(Died)\n7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n012 !Chief\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001941-06-27-0000June 27, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-03-0000July 3, 1941\n–\nApril 22, 1946\n(Died)\n7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days\n\n\n81\n\nJames F. Byrnes\n(1882–1972)\nSC\n091 !Associate\nJustice\nMcReynolds\n000000001941-06-12-0000June 12, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-08-0000July 8, 1941\n–\nOctober 3, 1942\n(Resigned)\n7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days\n\n\n82\n\nRobert H. Jackson\n(1892–1954)\nNY\n092 !Associate\nJustice\nStone\n000000001941-07-07-0000July 7, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-11-0000July 11, 1941\n–\nOctober 9, 1954\n(Died)\n7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days\n\n\n83\n\nWiley Blount Rutledge\n(1894–1949)\nIA\n093 !Associate\nJustice\nByrnes\n000000001943-02-08-0000February 8, 1943\n(Acclamation)\n000000001943-02-15-0000February 15, 1943\n–\nSeptember 10, 1949\n(Died)\n7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days\n\n\n84\n\nHarold Hitz Burton\n(1888–1964)\nOH\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nO. Roberts\n000000001945-09-19-0000September 19, 1945\n(Acclamation)\n000000001945-10-01-0000October 1, 1945\n–\nOctober 13, 1958\n(Retired)\n7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days\nHarry S. Truman\n\n\n85\n\nFred M. Vinson\n(1890–1953)\nKY\n013 !Chief\nJustice\nStone\n000000001946-06-20-0000June 20, 1946\n(Acclamation)\n000000001946-06-24-0000June 24, 1946\n–\nSeptember 8, 1953\n(Died)\n7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days\n\n\n86\n\nTom C. Clark\n(1899–1977)\nTX\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nMurphy\n000000001949-08-18-0000August 18, 1949\n(73–8)\n000000001949-08-24-0000August 24, 1949\n–\nJune 12, 1967\n(Retired)\n7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days\n\n\n87\n\nSherman Minton\n(1890–1965)\nIN\n095 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Rutledge\n000000001949-10-04-0000October 4, 1949\n(48–16)\n000000001949-10-12-0000October 12, 1949\n–\nOctober 15, 1956\n(Retired)\n7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days\n\n\n88\n\nEarl Warren\n(1891–1974)\nCA\n014 !Chief\nJustice\nVinson\n000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954\n(Acclamation)\n000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953[e]\n–\nJune 23, 1969\n(Retired)\n7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n\n\n89\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan II\n(1899–1971)\nNY\n096 !Associate\nJustice\nR. Jackson\n000000001955-03-16-0000March 16, 1955\n(71–11)\n000000001955-03-28-0000March 28, 1955\n–\nSeptember 23, 1971\n(Retired)\n7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days\n\n\n90\n\nWilliam J. Brennan\n(1906–1997)\nNJ\n097 !Associate\nJustice\nMinton\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001956-10-16-0000October 16, 1956[e]\n–\nJuly 20, 1990\n(Retired)\n7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days\n\n\n91\n\nCharles Evans Whittaker\n(1901–1973)\nMO\n098 !Associate\nJustice\nReed\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001957-03-25-0000March 25, 1957\n–\nMarch 31, 1962\n(Resigned)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days\n\n\n92\n\nPotter Stewart\n(1915–1985)\nOH\n099 !Associate\nJustice\nBurton\n000000001959-05-05-0000May 5, 1959\n(70–17)\n000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958[e]\n–\nJuly 3, 1981\n(Retired)\n7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days\n\n\n93\n\nByron White\n(1917–2002)\nCO\n100 !Associate\nJustice\nWhittaker\n000000001962-04-11-0000April 11, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-04-16-0000April 16, 1962\n–\nJune 28, 1993\n(Retired)\n7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days\nJohn F. Kennedy\n\n\n94\n\nArthur Goldberg\n(1908–1990)\nIL\n101 !Associate\nJustice\nFrankfurter\n000000001962-09-25-0000September 25, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-10-01-0000October 1, 1962\n–\nJuly 25, 1965\n(Resigned)\n7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days\n\n\n95\n\nAbe Fortas\n(1910–1982)\nTN\n102 !Associate\nJustice\nGoldberg\n000000001965-08-11-0000August 11, 1965\n(Acclamation)\n000000001965-10-04-0000October 4, 1965\n–\nMay 14, 1969\n(Resigned)\n7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n\n96\n\nThurgood Marshall\n(1908–1993)\nNY\n103 !Associate\nJustice\nClark\n000000001967-08-30-0000August 30, 1967\n(69–11)\n000000001967-10-02-0000October 2, 1967\n–\nOctober 1, 1991\n(Retired)\n7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days\n\n\n97\n\nWarren E. Burger\n(1907–1995)\nVA\n015 !Chief\nJustice\nWarren\n000000001969-06-09-0000June 9, 1969\n(74–3)\n000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Retired)\n7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days\nRichard Nixon\n\n\n98\n\nHarry Blackmun\n(1908–1999)\nMN\n104 !Associate\nJustice\nFortas\n000000001970-05-12-0000May 12, 1970\n(94–0)\n000000001970-06-09-0000June 9, 1970\n–\nAugust 3, 1994\n(Retired)\n7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days\n\n\n99\n\nLewis F. Powell Jr.\n(1907–1998)\nVA\n105 !Associate\nJustice\nBlack\n000000001971-12-06-0000December 6, 1971\n(89–1)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nJune 26, 1987\n(Retired)\n7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nAZ\n106 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan II\n000000001971-12-10-0000December 10, 1971\n(68–26)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days\n\n\n101\n\nJohn Paul Stevens\n(born 1920)\nIL\n107 !Associate\nJustice[n]\nDouglas\n000000001975-12-17-0000December 17, 1975\n(98–0)\n000000001975-12-19-0000December 19, 1975\n–\nJune 29, 2010\n(Retired)\n7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days\nGerald Ford\n\n\n102\n\nSandra Day O'Connor\n(born 1930)\nAZ\n108 !Associate\nJustice\nStewart\n000000001981-09-21-0000September 21, 1981\n(99–0)\n000000001981-09-25-0000September 25, 1981\n–\nJanuary 31, 2006\n(Retired)\n7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nVA\n016 !Chief\nJustice\nBurger\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(65–33)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nSeptember 3, 2005\n(Died)\n7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days\n\n\n103\n\nAntonin Scalia\n(1936–2016)\nVA\n109 !Associate\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(98–0)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nFebruary 13, 2016\n(Died)\n7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days\n\n\n104\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(born 1936)\nCA\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nPowell\n000000001988-02-03-0000February 3, 1988\n(97–0)\n000000001988-02-18-0000February 18, 1988\n–\nIncumbent\n7004109600000000000♠30 years, 2 days[o]\n\n\n105\n\nDavid Souter\n(born 1939)\nNH\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nBrennan\n000000001990-10-02-0000October 2, 1990\n(90–9)\n000000001990-10-09-0000October 9, 1990\n–\nJune 29, 2009\n(Retired)\n7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n\n106\n\nClarence Thomas\n(born 1948)\nGA\n111 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Marshall\n000000001991-10-15-0000October 15, 1991\n(52–48)\n000000001991-10-23-0000October 23, 1991\n–\nIncumbent\n7003961700000000000♠26 years, 120 days[o]\n\n\n107\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(born 1933)\nNY\n112 !Associate\nJustice\nB. White\n000000001993-08-03-0000August 3, 1993\n(96–3)\n000000001993-08-10-0000August 10, 1993\n–\nIncumbent\n7003896000000000000♠24 years, 194 days[o]\nBill Clinton\n\n\n108\n\nStephen Breyer\n(born 1938)\nMA\n113 !Associate\nJustice\nBlackmun\n000000001994-07-29-0000July 29, 1994\n(87–9)\n000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994\n–\nIncumbent\n7003860200000000000♠23 years, 201 days[o]\n\n\n109\n\nJohn Roberts\n(born 1955)\nMD\n017 !Chief\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n(78–22)\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n–\nIncumbent\n7003452700000000000♠12 years, 144 days[o]\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n\n110\n\nSamuel Alito\n(born 1950)\nNJ\n115 !Associate\nJustice\nO'Connor\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n(58–42)\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n–\nIncumbent\n7003440300000000000♠12 years, 20 days[o]\n\n\n111\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(born 1954)\nNY\n116 !Associate\nJustice\nSouter\n000000002009-08-06-0000August 6, 2009\n(68–31)\n000000002009-08-08-0000August 8, 2009\n–\nIncumbent\n7003311800000000000♠8 years, 196 days[o]\nBarack Obama\n\n\n112\n\nElena Kagan\n(born 1960)\nMA\n117 !Associate\nJustice\nStevens\n000000002010-08-05-0000August 5, 2010\n(63–37)\n000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010\n–\nIncumbent\n7003275400000000000♠7 years, 197 days[o]\n\n\n113\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(born 1967)\nCO\n118 !Associate\nJustice\nScalia\n000000002017-04-07-0000April 7, 2017\n(54–45)\n000000002017-04-10-0000April 10, 2017\n–\nIncumbent\n7002316000000000000♠316 days[o]\nDonald Trump\n\n\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length\nAppointed by\n", "\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length[d]\nAppointed by\n\n\n1\n\nJohn Jay\n(1745–1829)\nNY\n001 !Chief\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-19-0000October 19, 1789\n–\nJune 29, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days\nGeorge Washington\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n018 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-15-0000February 15, 1790\n–\nMarch 4, 1791\n(Resigned)\n7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days\n\n\n3\n\nWilliam Cushing\n(1732–1810)\nMA\n019 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nSeptember 13, 1810\n(Died)\n7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days\n\n\n4\n\nJames Wilson\n(1742–1798)\nPA\n020 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-05-0000October 5, 1789\n–\nAugust 21, 1798\n(Died)\n7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days\n\n\n5\n\nJohn Blair\n(1732–1800)\nVA\n021 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nOctober 25, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days\n\n\n6\n\nJames Iredell\n(1751–1799)\nNC\n022 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001790-02-10-0000February 10, 1790\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-05-12-0000May 12, 1790\n–\nOctober 20, 1799\n(Died)\n7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days\n\n\n7\n\nThomas Johnson\n(1732–1819)\nMD\n023 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001791-11-07-0000November 7, 1791\n(Acclamation)\n000000001792-08-06-0000August 6, 1792[e]\n–\nJanuary 16, 1793\n(Resigned)\n7002163000000000000♠163 days\n\n\n8\n\nWilliam Paterson\n(1745–1806)\nNJ\n024 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Johnson\n000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793\n(Acclamation)\n000000001793-03-11-0000March 11, 1793\n–\nSeptember 8, 1806\n(Died)\n7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n002 !Chief\nJustice\nJay\n000000001795-12-15-0000December 15, 1795\n(10–14)[f]\n000000001795-08-12-0000August 12, 1795[e]\n–\nDecember 28, 1795\n(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)\n7002138000000000000♠138 days\n\n\n9\n\nSamuel Chase[g]\n(1741–1811)\nMD\n025 !Associate\nJustice\nBlair\n000000001796-01-27-0000January 27, 1796\n(Acclamation)\n000000001796-02-04-0000February 4, 1796\n–\nJune 19, 1811\n(Died)\n7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days\n\n\n10\n\nOliver Ellsworth\n(1745–1807)\nCT\n003 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001796-03-04-0000March 4, 1796\n(21–1)\n000000001796-03-08-0000March 8, 1796\n–\nDecember 15, 1800\n(Resigned)\n7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days\n\n\n11\n\nBushrod Washington\n(1762–1829)\nVA\n026 !Associate\nJustice\nWilson\n000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798\n(Acclamation)\n000000001798-11-09-0000November 9, 1798[e]\n–\nNovember 26, 1829\n(Died)\n7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days\nJohn Adams\n\n\n12\n\nAlfred Moore\n(1755–1810)\nNC\n027 !Associate\nJustice\nIredell\n000000001799-12-09-0000December 9, 1799\n(Acclamation)\n000000001800-04-21-0000April 21, 1800\n–\nJanuary 26, 1804\n(Resigned)\n7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days\n\n\n13\n\nJohn Marshall\n(1755–1835)\nVA\n004 !Chief\nJustice\nEllsworth\n000000001801-01-27-0000January 27, 1801\n(Acclamation)\n000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801\n–\nJuly 6, 1835\n(died)\n7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days\n\n\n14\n\nWilliam Johnson\n(1771–1834)\nSC\n028 !Associate\nJustice\nMoore\n000000001804-03-24-0000March 24, 1804\n(Acclamation)\n000000001804-05-07-0000May 7, 1804\n–\nAugust 4, 1834\n(Died)\n7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days\nThomas Jefferson\n\n\n15\n\nHenry Brockholst Livingston\n(1757–1823)\nNY\n029 !Associate\nJustice\nPaterson\n000000001806-12-17-0000December 17, 1806\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-01-20-0000January 20, 1807\n–\nMarch 18, 1823\n(Died)\n7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days\n\n\n16\n\nThomas Todd\n(1765–1826)\nKY\n030 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001807-03-02-0000March 2, 1807\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-03-03-0000March 3, 1807\n–\nFebruary 7, 1826\n(Died)\n7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days\n\n\n17\n\nGabriel Duvall\n(1752–1844)\nMD\n031 !Associate\nJustice\nS. Chase\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001811-11-23-0000November 23, 1811\n–\nJanuary 12, 1835\n(Resigned)\n7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days\nJames Madison\n\n\n18\n\nJoseph Story\n(1779–1845)\nMA\n032 !Associate\nJustice\nCushing\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001812-02-03-0000February 3, 1812\n–\nSeptember 10, 1845\n(Died)\n7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days\n\n\n19\n\nSmith Thompson\n(1768–1843)\nNY\n033 !Associate\nJustice\nLivingston\n000000001823-12-09-0000December 9, 1823\n(Acclamation)\n000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823[e]\n–\nDecember 18, 1843\n(Died)\n7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days\nJames Monroe\n\n\n20\n\nRobert Trimble\n(1776–1828)\nKY\n034 !Associate\nJustice\nTodd\n000000001826-05-09-0000May 9, 1826\n(25–5)\n000000001826-06-16-0000June 16, 1826\n–\nAugust 25, 1828\n(Died)\n7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days\nJohn Quincy Adams\n\n\n21\n\nJohn McLean\n(1785–1861)\nOH\n035 !Associate\nJustice\nTrimble\n000000001829-03-07-0000March 7, 1829\n(Acclamation)\n000000001830-01-11-0000January 11, 1830\n–\nApril 4, 1861\n(Died)\n7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days\nAndrew Jackson\n\n\n22\n\nHenry Baldwin\n(1780–1844)\nPA\n036 !Associate\nJustice\nWashington\n000000001830-01-06-0000January 6, 1830\n(41–2)\n000000001830-01-18-0000January 18, 1830\n–\nApril 21, 1844\n(Died)\n7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days\n\n\n23\n\nJames Moore Wayne\n(1790–1867)\nGA\n037 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Johnson\n000000001835-01-09-0000January 9, 1835\n(Acclamation)\n000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835\n–\nJuly 5, 1867\n(Died)\n7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days\n\n\n24\n\nRoger B. Taney\n(1777–1864)\nMD\n005 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Marshall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(29–15)\n000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836\n–\nOctober 12, 1864\n(Died)\n7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days\n\n\n25\n\nPhilip Pendleton Barbour\n(1783–1841)\nVA\n038 !Associate\nJustice\nDuvall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(30–11)\n000000001836-05-12-0000May 12, 1836\n–\nFebruary 25, 1841\n(Died)\n7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days\n\n\n26\n\nJohn Catron\n(1786–1865)\nTN\n039 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-03-08-0000March 8, 1837\n(28–15)\n000000001837-05-01-0000May 1, 1837\n–\nMay 30, 1865\n(Died)\n7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days\n\n\n27\n\nJohn McKinley\n(1780–1852)\nAL\n040 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-09-25-0000September 25, 1837\n(Acclamation)\n000000001838-01-09-0000January 9, 1838\n–\nJuly 19, 1852\n(Died)\n7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days\nMartin Van Buren\n\n\n28\n\nPeter Vivian Daniel\n(1784–1860)\nVA\n041 !Associate\nJustice\nBarbour\n000000001841-03-02-0000March 2, 1841\n(25–5)\n000000001842-01-10-0000January 10, 1842\n–\nMay 31, 1860\n(Died)\n7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days\n\n\n29\n\nSamuel Nelson\n(1792–1873)\nNY\n042 !Associate\nJustice\nThompson\n000000001845-02-14-0000February 14, 1845\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-02-27-0000February 27, 1845\n–\nNovember 28, 1872\n(Retired)\n7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days\nJohn Tyler\n\n\n30\n\nLevi Woodbury\n(1789–1851)\nNH\n043 !Associate\nJustice\nStory\n000000001846-01-31-0000January 31, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-09-23-0000September 23, 1845[e]\n–\nSeptember 4, 1851\n(Died)\n7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days\nJames K. Polk\n\n\n31\n\nRobert Cooper Grier\n(1794–1870)\nPA\n044 !Associate\nJustice\nBaldwin\n000000001846-08-04-0000August 4, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001846-08-10-0000August 10, 1846\n–\nJanuary 31, 1870\n(Retired)\n7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days\n\n\n32\n\nBenjamin Robbins Curtis\n(1809–1874)\nMA\n045 !Associate\nJustice\nWoodbury\n000000001851-12-20-0000December 20, 1851\n(Acclamation)\n000000001851-10-10-0000October 10, 1851[e]\n–\nSeptember 30, 1857\n(Resigned)\n7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days\nMillard Fillmore\n\n\n33\n\nJohn Archibald Campbell\n(1811–1889)\nAL\n046 !Associate\nJustice\nMcKinley\n000000001853-03-22-0000March 22, 1853\n(Acclamation)\n000000001853-04-11-0000April 11, 1853\n–\nApril 30, 1861\n(Resigned)\n7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days\nFranklin Pierce\n\n\n34\n\nNathan Clifford\n(1803–1881)\nME\n047 !Associate\nJustice\nCurtis\n000000001858-01-12-0000January 12, 1858\n(26–23)\n000000001858-01-21-0000January 21, 1858\n–\nJuly 25, 1881\n(Died)\n7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days\nJames Buchanan\n\n\n35\n\nNoah Haynes Swayne\n(1804–1884)\nOH\n048 !Associate\nJustice\nMcLean\n000000001862-01-24-0000January 24, 1862\n(38–1)\n000000001862-01-27-0000January 27, 1862\n–\nJanuary 24, 1881\n(Retired)\n7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days\nAbraham Lincoln\n\n\n36\n\nSamuel Freeman Miller\n(1816–1890)\nIA\n049 !Associate\nJustice\nDaniel\n000000001862-07-16-0000July 16, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-07-21-0000July 21, 1862\n–\nOctober 13, 1890\n(Died)\n7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days\n\n\n37\n\nDavid Davis\n(1815–1886)\nIL\n050 !Associate\nJustice\nCampbell\n000000001862-12-08-0000December 8, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-12-10-0000December 10, 1862[e]\n–\nMarch 4, 1877\n(Resigned)\n7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days\n\n\n38\n\nStephen Johnson Field\n(1816–1899)\nCA\n051 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001863-03-10-0000March 10, 1863\n(Acclamation)\n000000001863-05-10-0000May 10, 1863\n–\nDecember 1, 1897\n(Retired)\n7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days\n\n\n39\n\nSalmon P. Chase\n(1808–1873)\nOH\n006 !Chief\nJustice\nTaney\n000000001864-12-06-0000December 6, 1864\n(Acclamation)\n000000001864-12-15-0000December 15, 1864\n–\nMay 7, 1873\n(Died)\n7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days\n\n\n40\n\nWilliam Strong\n(1808–1895)\nPA\n052 !Associate\nJustice\nGrier\n000000001870-02-18-0000February 18, 1870\n(No vote recorded)\n000000001870-03-14-0000March 14, 1870\n–\nDecember 14, 1880\n(Retired)\n7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days\nUlysses S. Grant\n\n\n41\n\nJoseph Philo Bradley\n(1813–1892)\nNJ\n053 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001870-03-21-0000March 21, 1870\n(46–9)\n000000001870-03-23-0000March 23, 1870\n–\nJanuary 22, 1892\n(Died)\n7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days\n\n\n42\n\nWard Hunt\n(1810–1886)\nNY\n054 !Associate\nJustice\nNelson\n000000001872-12-11-0000December 11, 1872\n(Acclamation)\n000000001873-01-09-0000January 9, 1873\n–\nJanuary 27, 1882\n(Retired)\n7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days\n\n\n43\n\nMorrison Waite\n(1816–1888)\nOH\n007 !Chief\nJustice\nS. P. Chase\n000000001874-01-21-0000January 21, 1874\n(63–0)\n000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874\n–\nMarch 23, 1888\n(Died)\n7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days\n\n\n44\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan\n(1833–1911)\nKY\n055 !Associate\nJustice\nDavis\n000000001877-11-29-0000November 29, 1877\n(Acclamation)\n000000001877-12-10-0000December 10, 1877\n–\nOctober 14, 1911\n(Died)\n7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days\nRutherford B. Hayes\n\n\n45\n\nWilliam Burnham Woods\n(1824–1887)\nGA\n056 !Associate\nJustice\nStrong\n000000001880-12-21-0000December 21, 1880\n(39–8)\n000000001881-01-05-0000January 5, 1881\n–\nMay 14, 1887\n(Died)\n7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days\n\n\n46\n\nStanley Matthews\n(1824–1889)\nOH\n057 !Associate\nJustice\nSwayne\n000000001881-05-12-0000May 12, 1881\n(24–23)\n000000001881-05-17-0000May 17, 1881\n–\nMarch 22, 1889\n(Died)\n7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days\nJames Garfield\n\n\n47\n\nHorace Gray\n(1828–1902)\nMA\n058 !Associate\nJustice\nClifford\n000000001881-12-20-0000December 20, 1881\n(51–5)\n000000001882-01-09-0000January 9, 1882\n–\nSeptember 15, 1902\n(Died)\n7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days\nChester A. Arthur\n\n\n48\n\nSamuel Blatchford\n(1820–1893)\nNY\n059 !Associate\nJustice\nHunt\n000000001882-03-22-0000March 22, 1882\n(Acclamation)\n000000001882-04-03-0000April 3, 1882\n–\nJuly 7, 1893\n(Died)\n7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days\n\n\n49\n\nLucius Quintus\nCincinnatus Lamar II\n(1825–1893)\nMS\n060 !Associate\nJustice\nWoods\n000000001888-01-16-0000January 16, 1888\n(32–28)\n000000001888-01-18-0000January 18, 1888\n–\nJanuary 23, 1893\n(Died)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n50\n\nMelville Fuller\n(1833–1910)\nIL\n008 !Chief\nJustice\nWaite\n000000001888-07-20-0000July 20, 1888\n(41–20)\n000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888\n–\nJuly 4, 1910\n(Died)\n7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days\n\n\n51\n\nDavid Josiah Brewer\n(1837–1910)\nKS\n061 !Associate\nJustice\nMatthews\n000000001889-12-18-0000December 18, 1889\n(53–11)\n000000001890-01-06-0000January 6, 1890\n–\nMarch 28, 1910\n(Died)\n7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days\nBenjamin Harrison\n\n\n52\n\nHenry Billings Brown\n(1836–1913)\nMI\n062 !Associate\nJustice\nMiller\n000000001890-12-29-0000December 29, 1890\n(Acclamation)\n000000001891-01-05-0000January 5, 1891\n–\nMay 28, 1906\n(Retired)\n7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days\n\n\n53\n\nGeorge Shiras, Jr.\n(1832–1924)\nPA\n063 !Associate\nJustice\nBradley\n000000001892-07-26-0000July 26, 1892\n(Acclamation)\n000000001892-10-10-0000October 10, 1892\n–\nFebruary 23, 1903\n(Retired)\n7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days\n\n\n54\n\nHowell Edmunds Jackson\n(1832–1895)\nTN\n064 !Associate\nJustice\nL. Lamar\n000000001893-02-18-0000February 18, 1893\n(Acclamation)\n000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893\n–\nAugust 8, 1895\n(Died)\n7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n065 !Associate\nJustice\nBlatchford\n000000001894-02-19-0000February 19, 1894\n(Acclamation)\n000000001894-03-12-0000March 12, 1894\n–\nDecember 18, 1910\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n56\n\nRufus Wheeler Peckham\n(1838–1909)\nNY\n066 !Associate\nJustice\nH. Jackson\n000000001895-12-09-0000December 9, 1895\n(Acclamation)\n000000001896-01-06-0000January 6, 1896\n–\nOctober 24, 1909\n(Died)\n7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days\n\n\n57\n\nJoseph McKenna\n(1843–1926)\nCA\n067 !Associate\nJustice[h]\nField\n000000001898-01-21-0000January 21, 1898\n(Acclamation)\n000000001898-01-26-0000January 26, 1898\n–\nJanuary 5, 1925\n(Retired)\n7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days\nWilliam McKinley\n\n\n58\n\nOliver Wendell Holmes Jr.\n(1841–1935)\nMA\n068 !Associate\nJustice[i]\nGray\n000000001902-12-04-0000December 4, 1902\n(Acclamation)\n000000001902-12-08-0000December 8, 1902\n–\nJanuary 12, 1932\n(Retired)\n7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days\nTheodore Roosevelt\n\n\n59\n\nWilliam R. Day\n(1849–1923)\nOH\n069 !Associate\nJustice\nShiras\n000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903\n(Acclamation)\n000000001903-03-02-0000March 2, 1903\n–\nNovember 13, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days\n\n\n60\n\nWilliam Henry Moody\n(1853–1917)\nMA\n070 !Associate\nJustice\nBrown\n000000001906-12-12-0000December 12, 1906\n(Acclamation)\n000000001906-12-17-0000December 17, 1906\n–\nNovember 20, 1910\n(Retired)\n7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days\n\n\n61\n\nHorace Harmon Lurton\n(1844–1914)\nTN\n071 !Associate\nJustice\nPeckham\n000000001909-12-20-0000December 20, 1909\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-01-03-0000January 3, 1910\n–\nJuly 12, 1914\n(Died)\n7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days\nWilliam Howard Taft\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n072 !Associate\nJustice\nBrewer\n000000001910-05-02-0000May 2, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-10-10-0000October 10, 1910\n–\nJune 10, 1916\n(Resigned)\n7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n009 !Chief\nJustice\nFuller\n000000001910-12-12-0000December 12, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-12-19-0000December 19, 1910\n–\nMay 19, 1921\n(Died)\n7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days\n\n\n63\n\nWillis Van Devanter\n(1859–1941)\nWY\n073 !Associate\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJune 2, 1937\n(Retired)\n7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days\n\n\n64\n\nJoseph Rucker Lamar\n(1857–1916)\nGA\n074 !Associate\nJustice\nMoody\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJanuary 2, 1916\n(Died)\n7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days\n\n\n65\n\nMahlon Pitney\n(1858–1924)\nNJ\n075 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan\n000000001912-03-13-0000March 13, 1912\n(50–26)\n000000001912-03-18-0000March 18, 1912\n–\nDecember 31, 1922\n(Resigned)\n7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days\n\n\n66\n\nJames Clark McReynolds\n(1862–1946)\nTN\n076 !Associate\nJustice\nLurton\n000000001914-08-29-0000August 29, 1914\n(44–6)\n000000001914-10-12-0000October 12, 1914\n–\nJanuary 31, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days\nWoodrow Wilson\n\n\n67\n\nLouis Brandeis\n(1856–1941)\nKY\n077 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Lamar\n000000001916-06-01-0000June 1, 1916\n(47–22)\n000000001916-06-05-0000June 5, 1916\n–\nFebruary 13, 1939\n(Retired)\n7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days\n\n\n68\n\nJohn Hessin Clarke\n(1857–1945)\nOH\n078 !Associate\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001916-07-24-0000July 24, 1916\n(Acclamation)\n000000001916-10-09-0000October 9, 1916\n–\nSeptember 18, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days\n\n\n69\n\nWilliam Howard Taft\n(1857–1930)\nCT\n010 !Chief\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001921-06-30-0000June 30, 1921\n(Acclamation)\n000000001921-07-11-0000July 11, 1921\n–\nFebruary 3, 1930\n(Retired)\n7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days\nWarren G. Harding\n\n\n70\n\nGeorge Sutherland\n(1862–1942)\nUT\n080 !Associate\nJustice\nClarke\n000000001922-09-05-0000September 5, 1922\n(Acclamation)\n000000001922-10-02-0000October 2, 1922\n–\nJanuary 17, 1938\n(Retired)\n7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days\n\n\n71\n\nPierce Butler\n(1866–1939)\nMN\n081 !Associate\nJustice\nDay\n000000001922-12-21-0000December 21, 1922\n(61–8)\n000000001923-01-02-0000January 2, 1923\n–\nNovember 16, 1939\n(Died)\n7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days\n\n\n72\n\nEdward Terry Sanford\n(1865–1930)\nTN\n082 !Associate\nJustice\nPitney\n000000001923-01-29-0000January 29, 1923\n(Acclamation)\n000000001923-02-19-0000February 19, 1923\n–\nMarch 8, 1930\n(Died)\n7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n083 !Associate\nJustice[k]\nMcKenna\n000000001925-02-05-0000February 5, 1925\n(71–6)\n000000001925-03-02-0000March 2, 1925\n–\nJuly 2, 1941\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days\nCalvin Coolidge\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n011 !Chief\nJustice\nTaft\n000000001930-02-13-0000February 13, 1930\n(52–26)\n000000001930-02-24-0000February 24, 1930\n–\nJune 30, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days\nHerbert Hoover\n\n\n74\n\nOwen Josephus Roberts\n(1875–1955)\nPA\n084 !Associate\nJustice\nSanford\n000000001930-05-20-0000May 20, 1930\n(Acclamation)\n000000001930-06-02-0000June 2, 1930\n–\nJuly 31, 1945\n(Resigned)\n7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days\n\n\n75\n\nBenjamin N. Cardozo\n(1870–1938)\nNY\n085 !Associate\nJustice\nHolmes\n000000001932-02-24-0000February 24, 1932\n(Acclamation)\n000000001932-03-14-0000March 14, 1932\n–\nJuly 9, 1938\n(Died)\n7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days\n\n\n76\n\nHugo Black\n(1886–1971)\nAL\n086 !Associate\nJustice[l]\nVan Devanter\n000000001937-08-17-0000August 17, 1937\n(63–16)\n000000001937-08-19-0000August 19, 1937\n–\nSeptember 17, 1971\n(Retired)\n7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\n\n77\n\nStanley Forman Reed\n(1884–1980)\nKY\n087 !Associate\nJustice\nSutherland\n000000001938-01-25-0000January 25, 1938\n(Acclamation)\n000000001938-01-31-0000January 31, 1938\n–\nFebruary 25, 1957\n(Retired)\n7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days\n\n\n78\n\nFelix Frankfurter\n(1882–1965)\nMA\n088 !Associate\nJustice\nCardozo\n000000001939-01-17-0000January 17, 1939\n(Acclamation)\n000000001939-01-30-0000January 30, 1939\n–\nAugust 28, 1962\n(Retired)\n7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days\n\n\n79\n\nWilliam O. Douglas\n(1898–1980)\nCT\n089 !Associate\nJustice\nBrandeis\n000000001939-04-04-0000April 4, 1939\n(62–4)\n000000001939-04-17-0000April 17, 1939\n–\nNovember 12, 1975\n(Retired)\n7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days\n\n\n80\n\nFrank Murphy\n(1890–1949)\nMI\n090 !Associate\nJustice\nButler\n000000001940-01-16-0000January 16, 1940\n(Acclamation)\n000000001940-02-05-0000February 5, 1940\n–\nJuly 19, 1949\n(Died)\n7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n012 !Chief\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001941-06-27-0000June 27, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-03-0000July 3, 1941\n–\nApril 22, 1946\n(Died)\n7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days\n\n\n81\n\nJames F. Byrnes\n(1882–1972)\nSC\n091 !Associate\nJustice\nMcReynolds\n000000001941-06-12-0000June 12, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-08-0000July 8, 1941\n–\nOctober 3, 1942\n(Resigned)\n7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days\n\n\n82\n\nRobert H. Jackson\n(1892–1954)\nNY\n092 !Associate\nJustice\nStone\n000000001941-07-07-0000July 7, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-11-0000July 11, 1941\n–\nOctober 9, 1954\n(Died)\n7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days\n\n\n83\n\nWiley Blount Rutledge\n(1894–1949)\nIA\n093 !Associate\nJustice\nByrnes\n000000001943-02-08-0000February 8, 1943\n(Acclamation)\n000000001943-02-15-0000February 15, 1943\n–\nSeptember 10, 1949\n(Died)\n7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days\n\n\n84\n\nHarold Hitz Burton\n(1888–1964)\nOH\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nO. Roberts\n000000001945-09-19-0000September 19, 1945\n(Acclamation)\n000000001945-10-01-0000October 1, 1945\n–\nOctober 13, 1958\n(Retired)\n7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days\nHarry S. Truman\n\n\n85\n\nFred M. Vinson\n(1890–1953)\nKY\n013 !Chief\nJustice\nStone\n000000001946-06-20-0000June 20, 1946\n(Acclamation)\n000000001946-06-24-0000June 24, 1946\n–\nSeptember 8, 1953\n(Died)\n7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days\n\n\n86\n\nTom C. Clark\n(1899–1977)\nTX\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nMurphy\n000000001949-08-18-0000August 18, 1949\n(73–8)\n000000001949-08-24-0000August 24, 1949\n–\nJune 12, 1967\n(Retired)\n7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days\n\n\n87\n\nSherman Minton\n(1890–1965)\nIN\n095 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Rutledge\n000000001949-10-04-0000October 4, 1949\n(48–16)\n000000001949-10-12-0000October 12, 1949\n–\nOctober 15, 1956\n(Retired)\n7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days\n\n\n88\n\nEarl Warren\n(1891–1974)\nCA\n014 !Chief\nJustice\nVinson\n000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954\n(Acclamation)\n000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953[e]\n–\nJune 23, 1969\n(Retired)\n7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n\n\n89\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan II\n(1899–1971)\nNY\n096 !Associate\nJustice\nR. Jackson\n000000001955-03-16-0000March 16, 1955\n(71–11)\n000000001955-03-28-0000March 28, 1955\n–\nSeptember 23, 1971\n(Retired)\n7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days\n\n\n90\n\nWilliam J. Brennan\n(1906–1997)\nNJ\n097 !Associate\nJustice\nMinton\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001956-10-16-0000October 16, 1956[e]\n–\nJuly 20, 1990\n(Retired)\n7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days\n\n\n91\n\nCharles Evans Whittaker\n(1901–1973)\nMO\n098 !Associate\nJustice\nReed\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001957-03-25-0000March 25, 1957\n–\nMarch 31, 1962\n(Resigned)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days\n\n\n92\n\nPotter Stewart\n(1915–1985)\nOH\n099 !Associate\nJustice\nBurton\n000000001959-05-05-0000May 5, 1959\n(70–17)\n000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958[e]\n–\nJuly 3, 1981\n(Retired)\n7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days\n\n\n93\n\nByron White\n(1917–2002)\nCO\n100 !Associate\nJustice\nWhittaker\n000000001962-04-11-0000April 11, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-04-16-0000April 16, 1962\n–\nJune 28, 1993\n(Retired)\n7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days\nJohn F. Kennedy\n\n\n94\n\nArthur Goldberg\n(1908–1990)\nIL\n101 !Associate\nJustice\nFrankfurter\n000000001962-09-25-0000September 25, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-10-01-0000October 1, 1962\n–\nJuly 25, 1965\n(Resigned)\n7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days\n\n\n95\n\nAbe Fortas\n(1910–1982)\nTN\n102 !Associate\nJustice\nGoldberg\n000000001965-08-11-0000August 11, 1965\n(Acclamation)\n000000001965-10-04-0000October 4, 1965\n–\nMay 14, 1969\n(Resigned)\n7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n\n96\n\nThurgood Marshall\n(1908–1993)\nNY\n103 !Associate\nJustice\nClark\n000000001967-08-30-0000August 30, 1967\n(69–11)\n000000001967-10-02-0000October 2, 1967\n–\nOctober 1, 1991\n(Retired)\n7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days\n\n\n97\n\nWarren E. Burger\n(1907–1995)\nVA\n015 !Chief\nJustice\nWarren\n000000001969-06-09-0000June 9, 1969\n(74–3)\n000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Retired)\n7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days\nRichard Nixon\n\n\n98\n\nHarry Blackmun\n(1908–1999)\nMN\n104 !Associate\nJustice\nFortas\n000000001970-05-12-0000May 12, 1970\n(94–0)\n000000001970-06-09-0000June 9, 1970\n–\nAugust 3, 1994\n(Retired)\n7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days\n\n\n99\n\nLewis F. Powell Jr.\n(1907–1998)\nVA\n105 !Associate\nJustice\nBlack\n000000001971-12-06-0000December 6, 1971\n(89–1)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nJune 26, 1987\n(Retired)\n7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nAZ\n106 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan II\n000000001971-12-10-0000December 10, 1971\n(68–26)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days\n\n\n101\n\nJohn Paul Stevens\n(born 1920)\nIL\n107 !Associate\nJustice[n]\nDouglas\n000000001975-12-17-0000December 17, 1975\n(98–0)\n000000001975-12-19-0000December 19, 1975\n–\nJune 29, 2010\n(Retired)\n7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days\nGerald Ford\n\n\n102\n\nSandra Day O'Connor\n(born 1930)\nAZ\n108 !Associate\nJustice\nStewart\n000000001981-09-21-0000September 21, 1981\n(99–0)\n000000001981-09-25-0000September 25, 1981\n–\nJanuary 31, 2006\n(Retired)\n7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nVA\n016 !Chief\nJustice\nBurger\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(65–33)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nSeptember 3, 2005\n(Died)\n7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days\n\n\n103\n\nAntonin Scalia\n(1936–2016)\nVA\n109 !Associate\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(98–0)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nFebruary 13, 2016\n(Died)\n7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days\n\n\n104\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(born 1936)\nCA\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nPowell\n000000001988-02-03-0000February 3, 1988\n(97–0)\n000000001988-02-18-0000February 18, 1988\n–\nIncumbent\n7004109600000000000♠30 years, 2 days[o]\n\n\n105\n\nDavid Souter\n(born 1939)\nNH\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nBrennan\n000000001990-10-02-0000October 2, 1990\n(90–9)\n000000001990-10-09-0000October 9, 1990\n–\nJune 29, 2009\n(Retired)\n7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n\n106\n\nClarence Thomas\n(born 1948)\nGA\n111 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Marshall\n000000001991-10-15-0000October 15, 1991\n(52–48)\n000000001991-10-23-0000October 23, 1991\n–\nIncumbent\n7003961700000000000♠26 years, 120 days[o]\n\n\n107\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(born 1933)\nNY\n112 !Associate\nJustice\nB. White\n000000001993-08-03-0000August 3, 1993\n(96–3)\n000000001993-08-10-0000August 10, 1993\n–\nIncumbent\n7003896000000000000♠24 years, 194 days[o]\nBill Clinton\n\n\n108\n\nStephen Breyer\n(born 1938)\nMA\n113 !Associate\nJustice\nBlackmun\n000000001994-07-29-0000July 29, 1994\n(87–9)\n000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994\n–\nIncumbent\n7003860200000000000♠23 years, 201 days[o]\n\n\n109\n\nJohn Roberts\n(born 1955)\nMD\n017 !Chief\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n(78–22)\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n–\nIncumbent\n7003452700000000000♠12 years, 144 days[o]\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n\n110\n\nSamuel Alito\n(born 1950)\nNJ\n115 !Associate\nJustice\nO'Connor\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n(58–42)\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n–\nIncumbent\n7003440300000000000♠12 years, 20 days[o]\n\n\n111\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(born 1954)\nNY\n116 !Associate\nJustice\nSouter\n000000002009-08-06-0000August 6, 2009\n(68–31)\n000000002009-08-08-0000August 8, 2009\n–\nIncumbent\n7003311800000000000♠8 years, 196 days[o]\nBarack Obama\n\n\n112\n\nElena Kagan\n(born 1960)\nMA\n117 !Associate\nJustice\nStevens\n000000002010-08-05-0000August 5, 2010\n(63–37)\n000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010\n–\nIncumbent\n7003275400000000000♠7 years, 197 days[o]\n\n\n113\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(born 1967)\nCO\n118 !Associate\nJustice\nScalia\n000000002017-04-07-0000April 7, 2017\n(54–45)\n000000002017-04-10-0000April 10, 2017\n–\nIncumbent\n7002316000000000000♠316 days[o]\nDonald Trump\n\n\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length\nAppointed by\n" ]	[ "Donald Trump", "Barack Obama", "George W. Bush", "Bill Clinton", "George H. W. Bush" ]
-450228645259827754	Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway	Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Getaway - wikipedia Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Getaway Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . 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( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway Author Jeff Kinney Country United States Language English Series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Genre Children 's novel Graphic Novel Publisher Amulet Books ( US ) Puffin Books ( UK ) Publication date November 7 , 2017 ( Worldwide ) Media type Print ( hardcover ) Pages 217 story pages ( 224 altogether ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 2545 - 6 Preceded by Double Down Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway is the twelfth book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney . The book was unveiled during the 2017 Diary of a Wimpy Kid Virtually Live Event which was live streamed via YouTube as part of the 10th anniversary of the first book . The book was published and released on November 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Release date 3 Reception 4 Trivia 5 References Plot ( edit ) After many frustrations , Greg Heffley 's parents decide to skip Christmas and travel by plane to Isla De Corales , the hotel they stayed at while on their honeymoon . On Christmas Eve they drive to the airport , but are delayed by a series of mishaps . They encounter holiday traffic but arrive at the airport . As they fail to unload in time at the drop off zone , Frank and Greg have to return later with the luggage . Greg steps in a slush puddle and they end up missing the shuttle . In the airport , the family 's suitcases are too heavy , so they stuff some clothes into their carry on baggage . They enter the line for security , but a child unclips a barrier separating the lines , and everybody gets scrambled . They go through security and are delayed again by somebody who has to remove all of his piercings . Manny then gets his toy stuck in an escalator , delaying them more . As a result , the family panic , grab some luggage and dash to the gate . It turns out their flight is delayed . Greg goes to dry his sock but destroys it while doing so . He hears that the flight is overbooked , and tries to stop his family boarding in exchange of a hotel stay and $300 ( soon $500 ) , but is stopped by Susan . A replacement crew for the plane is required and they finally board . Greg is first impressed by the plane 's first class seats before he discovers that he has to sit in economy . However , Frank collected enough air miles because of his business trips to sit in first class . In economy , Mom , Rodrick , and Manny are seated in the right row . Greg finds out he has three seats to himself , until a family arrives late on board . The couple sit on either side of him with their baby . Greg becomes paranoid when he watches the emergency video and begins to ask questions about unfortunate events . Greg is very aggravated of the other passengers because most are n't watching the emergency video . Mid flight , he feels boxed in when the people in front recline and the person behind slides his feet on Greg 's armrest . Greg tries to recline his chair too but when he asks the flight attendant how , he learns that he ca n't because the row behind him is an emergency exit . He tries to swap seats with Frank but Rodrick beats him to it . He stays in the bathroom because the couple 's baby started to get annoying , but then he returns to his seat after experiencing turbulence . He somehow was able to sleep for the rest of the flight . As they land on Christmas Day , Greg begins to understand why the family came there . They touch down and began to head to the resort , Isla de Corales . He is even excited by the activities the resort offer which he sees on the bus . However , Frank and Susan are disappointed that the resort has since changed , and it is now split with a family side ( the Mild Side ) and a couple side ( the Wild Side ) . The family also discovers that they got the wrong luggage that is locked , and their luggage was sent back home . They only have the clothes they put in their hand luggage . They attempt to buy some new clothes , but Frank wo n't buy them as they are too expensive . The family goes to explore the resort and end up at the pool . The Director of Fun shows up , however , and gets everybody moving . Greg is forced to take part in two games . After this , Greg sees an iguana by the pool and is worried , so the family goes to get some lunch . Greg and his family try to eat outside ; however , too many birds and bugs keep ruining their meals . Frank contracts a stomach bug from his water , so they head back to the suite . The next day , Greg uses the shower which is outside . As he puts on his slipper , a giant spider falls out . Greg has an intense fear of spiders . As a result , he calls room service , but the lady who answers says that there is a do not disturb sign on the door knob . The lady says he has to order food for someone to come . The waiter who arrives also is scared of spiders . Eventually , they manage to trap the spider and flush it down the toilet . The family heads to the beach without Frank as he is still at the suite . He returns , however and reveals that he found the same spider that Greg attempted to flush away on the toilet seat . Manny develops an obsession with collecting sea creatures in his bucket so he can have them as pets . Unfortunately , he is upset by Susan when she returns them , so they go to the activities . Before this , they have to find Rodrick , who has been in the teen zone helping a girl get her lip ring out of the volleyball net . They first try the banana boat , but this is ruined when a kid using a water trampoline lands on and bursts their float . They get hungry , so they go to the golf clubhouse which turns them down as they are not following the dress code . They go to the poolside bar , and learn of a monkey which has been returning there for drinks every day . They are chased away when Manny finds the TV remote , changes the channel to his favorite cartoons , and throws the remote in the water . Greg goes to the arcade , and the family regroup later to find Rodrick . The same girl he helped earlier is now his girlfriend . In the evening , they go to the beach bonfire and go to see turtle hatching . Just as they are prepared to leave , they begin to hatch - but they lose their way to the sea as people are using the flashes on their phones to take photos . The next day , Susan goes to the spa and Frank goes to the gym . Rodrick then goes back to the teen zone . Greg takes Manny to the Toddler 's Cabana , but Manny gets out of going there because he is not potty trained . He puts Manny in the pool , but has to get him out again later . Susan booked a charter cruise for the whole family due in thirty minutes . On the cruise ( which turns out to be a regular boat ) , the captain offers them to go scuba diving . Greg is freaked out by all of the deadly animals and only stays in for one photo . As he surfaces , he swallows a big gulp of water . He thinks a seahorse was in there too - so they return to the bay to see a doctor . Frank and Susan were both seasick , so they just return to the poolside . They see the Director of Fun , who keeps circling their chair , but suddenly stops at a plastic bag in Manny 's bucket . It is actually a box jellyfish which Manny smuggled from the scuba diving , in which the Director of Fun launches it back into the pool in fear . Because the pool workers could n't find the jellyfish , they have to drain the pool . They escape in the commotion , and notice Rodrick is n't there . He had been left in the sea where they went scuba diving and had extreme sunburn . They return to the suite and decide to spend their last few days outdoors . The next day , Greg goes to the tennis court in hopes of learning how to play tennis . Unfortunately , it was just a cage full of children with a ball machine and tennis balls . It turns into a free - for - all , which stops suddenly when a kid recognizes Greg as the family who brought a box jellyfish to the poolside . He tries to tell them that it was Manny 's fault , but they throw tennis balls at him . He quickly escapes the cage and goes back to the suite with his family . They were out of things to do and want to leave the resort early ; however , Frank refuses to leave until he gets a decent meal . Manny discovers that the suitcase they got on mistake fell and broke and also has the clothes they need to get in the clubhouse . They each wear some of the clothes in there ; they first head to the clubhouse , and then the putting green for golf . However , they are spotted by a security guard , who escorts them out of the green . A family had reported them for wearing their missing clothes . They attempted a failed getaway , and are ultimately sent back to the hotel to return the clothes . They were also ejected from the hotel for theft , so they were forced to stay overnight at the airport hotel . The next day , Susan refuses to leave the resort to leave on a high note . So they sneak in . They skip the pool and then find Rodrick 's girlfriend with a man named Rodrigo . They go back to the beach , and scavenge for food by distracting others and then eating their food . They go to take one more photo , but are spotted by the family who they took clothes from . The Heffleys try to escape the resort . Greg heads for the beach and windsurfs away . He gets stuck in the dolphin swimming area , but is chased back to shore by security . He ends up on the Wild Side ( couple ) of the beach and lands on a nudist beach . Greg runs for the wall dividing the two sides ; just where his family was passing . Greg tries to climb over the wall , but this is destroyed by a stampede of tourists . The family escapes unnoticed and heads to the airport . When they get back , Greg wants to show Rowley where he went to for his Christmas holidays . He discovers there that he and his family has been banned from the resort for the rest of their lives and are wanted . On Isla de Corales ' website , there is a picture of Greg 's family with words in Spanish , `` ¡ Atención ! Póngase en contacto con Isla de Corales si conoce la identidad de las personas en la foto de arriba '' meaning `` Attention ! Contact Isla de Corales if you know the identities of the people in the picture above '' . Release date ( edit ) The Getaway is the 12th book in the series , and was released everywhere except Canada on November 7 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) A week since its release , it has received 4.5 / 5 stars on Waterstones with 786 reviews . Trivia ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( December 2017 ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is the third book to use blue as the cover color ( with Rodrick Rules first and Cabin Fever second ) . This is the 12th book of the series . This is the third book to include a reptile skin design and the second to include the new Amulet logo . Fregley makes no appearances in the story , for the fifth time . This is the second book based on vacation ( The Long Haul was first ) . This is the fifth book where Greg is frowning on the cover . This is the third book where Rowley is not seen in the title page . Larry Larkin from Rodrick Rules makes a cameo on page 22 . It is revealed that Greg has never been on a plane before . This is the third book that takes place in Christmas ( the first being Diary of a Wimpy Kid and the second being Cabin Fever ) . There are a few pop culture references in this book : Jurassic Park was referenced when Greg is running away from the iguana . Spider - Man is mentioned when Greg is climbing up the fence in the Tennis Court . Greg pictures great people with robes , which includes a samurai , Gandalf from The Lord of the Rings , and a Jedi from Star Wars . This is the second book featuring Manny on the cover ( the first being Cabin Fever ) and the third book to feature a Heffley besides Greg ( the first being Rodrick Rules ; which includes Rodrick , the second being Cabin Fever ; which features Manny ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wimpy Kid ( 27 April 2017 ) . `` Wimpy Kid LIVE Special 10th Anniversary Presentation and Cover Reveal of Book 12 ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Of New Diary Of A Wimpy Kid Book Revealed By Jeff Kinney To Fans Worldwide At Live streamed Carnegie Hall Event Hosted By ABRAMS '' . Tristateupdate.com . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway by Jeff Kinney -- Waterstones '' . Waterstones.com . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway ( Book 12 ) Wimpy Kid '' . www.wimpykid.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . ( hide ) The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid:_The_Getaway&oldid=815986467 '' Categories : Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from August 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with too few wikilinks from December 2017 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with trivia sections from December 2017 All articles with trivia sections Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 14 : 16 . About Wikipedia	when does the diary of a wimpy kid the getaway come out	[ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway is the twelfth book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney. The book was unveiled during the 2017 Diary of a Wimpy Kid Virtually Live Event which was live streamed via YouTube as part of the 10th anniversary of the first book.[1] The book was published and released on November 7, 2017.[2]" ]	[ "November 7, 2017" ]
-6933075057552509113	Invictus	Invictus - wikipedia Invictus Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the poem . For the 2009 film , see Invictus ( film ) . For other uses , see Invictus ( disambiguation ) . `` Invictus '' A portrait of William Ernest Henley by Leslie Ward published in Vanity Fair 26 November 1892 . Author William Ernest Henley Country England Language English Genre ( s ) Lyric poetry Publisher Book of Verses Media type Print Publication date 1888 `` Invictus '' is a short Victorian poem by the English poet William Ernest Henley ( 1849 -- 1903 ) . It was written in 1875 and published in 1888 in his first volume of poems , Book of Verses , in the section Life and Death ( Echoes ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title 2 Text 3 Importance 4 Sources 5 Historical uses 6 Cultural references 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Title ( edit ) Originally , the poem was published with no title . The second edition of Henley 's Book of Verses added a dedication `` To R.T.H.B. '' -- a reference to Robert Thomas Hamilton Bruce ( 1846 -- 1899 ) , a successful Scottish flour merchant , baker , and literary patron . The 1900 edition of Henley 's Poems , published after Bruce 's death , altered the dedication to `` I.M.R.T. Hamilton Bruce ( 1846 -- 1899 ) '' ( I.M. standing for `` in memoriam '' ) . The poem was reprinted in nineteenth - century newspapers under a variety of titles , including `` Myself '' , `` Song of a Strong Soul '' , `` My Soul '' , `` Clear Grit '' , `` Master of His Fate '' , `` Captain of My Soul '' , `` Urbs Fortitudinis '' , and `` De Profundis '' . The established title `` Invictus '' ( Latin for `` unconquered '' ) was added by editor Arthur Quiller - Couch when the poem was included in The Oxford Book of English Verse ( 1900 ) . Text ( edit ) Out of the night that covers me , Black as the pit from pole to pole , I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul . In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud . Under the bludgeonings of chance My head is bloody , but unbowed . Beyond this place of wrath and tears Looms but the Horror of the shade , And yet the menace of the years Finds , and shall find me , unafraid . It matters not how strait the gate , How charged with punishments the scroll , I am the master of my fate : I am the captain of my soul . Importance ( edit ) William Ernest Henley In 1875 one of Henley 's legs required amputation due to complications arising from tuberculosis . Immediately after the amputation , he was told that his other leg would require a similar procedure . He chose instead to enlist the services of the distinguished English surgeon Joseph Lister , who was able to save Henley 's remaining leg after multiple surgical interventions on the foot . While recovering in the infirmary , he was moved to write the verses that became `` Invictus '' . This period of his life , coupled with recollections of an impoverished childhood , were primary inspirations for the poem , and play a major role in its meaning . A memorable evocation of Victorian stoicism -- the `` stiff upper lip '' self - discipline and fortitude in adversity , which popular culture rendered into a British character trait , `` Invictus '' remains a cultural touchstone . With the message of displaying fortitude in the face of adversity , the poem evokes Victorian stoicism and a `` stiff upper lip '' . Sources ( edit ) The fourth stanza alludes to a phrase from the King James Bible , which has , at Matthew 7 : 14 , Because strait is the gate , and narrow is the way , which leadeth unto life , and few there be that find it . In modern English this is rendered as `` But the gate to life is very narrow . '' In this context `` life '' means `` eternal salvation . '' Historical uses ( edit ) In a speech to the House of Commons on 9 September 1941 , Winston Churchill paraphrased the last two lines of the poem , stating `` We are still masters of our fate . We still are captains of our souls . '' While incarcerated at Robben Island prison , Nelson Mandela recited the poem to other prisoners and was empowered by its message of self - mastery . The Burmese opposition leader and Nobel Peace laureate Aung San Suu Kyi stated , `` This poem had inspired my father , Aung San , and his contemporaries during the independence struggle , as it also seemed to have inspired freedom fighters in other places at other times . '' The poem was read by US POWs in North Vietnamese prisons . James Stockdale recalls being passed the last stanza , written with rat droppings on toilet paper , from fellow prisoner David Hatcher . The line `` bloody , but unbowed '' was the Daily Mirror 's headline the day after the 7 July 2005 London bombings . The poem 's last stanza was quoted by US President Barack Obama at the end of his speech at Nelson Mandela 's memorial service ( 10 December 2013 ) in South Africa and published on the front cover of the December 14 , 2013 issue of The Economist . The poem was chosen by Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh as his final statement before his execution . The poem was recited by students by the Eagle Academy during the 2016 United States National Democratic Convention . Cultural references ( edit ) C.S. Lewis , in Book Five , chapter III ( The Self - Sufficiency of Vertue ) of his early autobiographical work The Pilgrim 's Regress ( 1933 ) included a quote from the last two lines ( paraphrased by the character `` Vertue '' ) : ' I can not put myself under anyone 's orders . I must be the captain of my soul and the master of my fate . But thank you for your offer . ' . In Oscar Wilde 's De Profundis letter in 1897 , he reminisces that ' I was no longer the Captain of my soul ' . In the 1942 film Casablanca , Captain Renault , an official played by Claude Rains , recites the last two lines of the poem when talking to Rick Blaine , played by Humphrey Bogart , referring to his power in Casablanca . Ironically , after delivering this line , he is called away by an aide to Gestapo officer Major Strasser . In the 1960 film Sunrise at Campobello , the character Louis Howe , played by Hume Cronyn , reads the poem to Franklin D. Roosevelt , played by Ralph Bellamy . The recitation is at first light - hearted and partially in jest , but as it continues both men appear to realize the significance of the poem to Roosevelt 's fight against his paralytic illness . The Invictus Games ; an international Paralympic - style multi-sport event created by Prince Harry in which wounded , injured or sick armed services personnel and their associated veterans take part in sport , has featured the poem in its promotions . Prior to the inaugural games in London in 2014 , entertainers including Daniel Craig and Tom Hardy , and athletes including Louis Smith and Iwan Thomas , read the poem in a promotional video . In the 1942 film Kings Row , Parris Mitchell , a psychiatrist played by Robert Cummings , recites the first two stanzas of `` Invictus '' to his friend Drake McHugh , played by Ronald Reagan , before revealing to Drake that his legs were unnecessarily amputated by a cruel doctor . Mandela is depicted in the movie Invictus presenting a copy of the poem to Francois Pienaar , captain of the national South African rugby team , for inspiration during the Rugby World Cup -- though at the actual event he gave Pienaar a text of `` The Man in the Arena '' passage from Theodore Roosevelt 's Citizenship in a Republic speech delivered in France in 1910 . The line `` bloody , but unbowed '' was quoted by Lord Peter Wimsey in Dorothy Sayers ' 1926 novel Clouds of Witness , in reference to his failure to exonerate his brother of the charge of murder . The last two lines `` I am the master of my fate : I am the captain of my soul '' are shown in a picture during the 25th minute of the film The Big Short . The second stanza is recited by Lieutenant - Commander Ashley Williams in the 2012 video game Mass Effect 3 The line `` I am the master of my fate ... I am the captain of my soul '' is used in Lana Del Rey 's song `` Lust for Life '' featuring The Weeknd . The lyrics are changed from `` I '' to `` we , '' alluding to a relationship . The poem was recited in an early commercial for the Microsoft Xbox One . In the US TV series The Blacklist episode `` Ian Garvey '' ( No. 13 ) , the eighth episode of the fifth season , Raymond ' Red ' Reddington , played by James Spader , reads the poem to Elizabeth Keen , when she wakes up from a ten - month coma . In the US TV series One Tree Hill episode `` Locked Hearts & Hand Grenades '' , the sixth episode of the third season , Lucas Scott , played by Chad Michael Murray , references the poem in an argument with Haley James Scott , played by Bethany Joy Lenz , over his heart condition and playing basket ball . The episode ends with Lucas reading the whole poem over a series of images that link the various characters to the themes of the poem . See also ( edit ) If -- , Rudyard Kipling The Man in the Arena , Theodore Roosevelt `` Let No Charitable Hope '' -- Elinor Wylie References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Henley , William Ernest ( 1888 ) . A book of verses . London : D. Nutt . pp. 56 -- 57 . OCLC 13897970 . Jump up ^ Henley , William Ernest ( 1891 ) . A book of verses ( Second ed . ) . New York : Scribner & Welford . pp. 56 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Henley , William Ernest ( 1900 ) . Poems ( Fourth ed . ) . London : David Nutt . p. 119 . Jump up ^ `` Myself '' . Weekly Telegraph . Sheffield ( England ) . 1888 - 09 - 15 . p. 587 . Jump up ^ `` Song of a Strong Soul '' . Pittsburgh Daily Post . Pittsburgh , PA. 1889 - 07 - 10 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` My Soul '' . Lawrence Daily Journal . Lawrence , KS. 1889 - 07 - 12 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Clear Grit '' . Commercial Advertiser . Buffalo , NY . 1889 - 07 - 12 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Master of His Fate '' . Weekly Times - Democrat . New Orleans , LA . 1892 - 02 - 05 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Captain of My Soul '' . Lincoln Daily Call . Lincoln , NE. 1892 - 09 - 08 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Urbs Fortitudinis '' . Indianapolis Journal . Indianopolis , IN . 1896 - 12 - 06 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` De Profundis '' . Daily World . Vancouver , BC . 1899 - 10 - 07 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` English professor Marion Hoctor : The meaning of ' Invictus ' '' . CNN . 2001 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Quiller - Couch , Arthur Thomas ( ed . ) ( 1902 ) . The Oxford Book of English Verse , 1250 -- 1900 ( 1st ( 6th impression ) ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 1019 . OCLC 3737413 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wilson , A.N. ( 2001 - 06 - 11 ) . `` World of books '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Invictus analysis '' . jreed. eshs Jump up ^ `` Biography of William Ernest Henley . Poetry Foundation ^ Jump up to : Spartans and Stoics - Stiff Upper Lip - Icons of England Archived 12 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 20 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Famous Quotations and Stories '' . Winston Churchill.org . Jump up ^ Boehmer , Elleke ( 2008 ) . `` Nelson Mandela : a very short introduction '' . Oxford University Press . Invictus , taken on its own , Mandela clearly found his Victorian ethic of self - mastery Jump up ^ Daniels , Eddie ( 1998 ) There and back Jump up ^ Independent , 8 / 30 / 17 Jump up ^ Aung San Suu Kyi in BBC Reith Lecture , 2011 - 06 - 28 Jump up ^ Stockdale , James ( 1993 ) . `` Courage Under Fire : Testing Epictetus 's Doctrines in a Laboratory of Human Behavior '' ( PDF ) . Hoover Institution , Stanford . Jump up ^ `` Bloodied but unbowed '' mirror.co.uk Jump up ^ `` The Economist Dec 14th , 2013 '' . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Quayle , Catherine ( June 11 , 2001 ) . `` Execution of an American Terrorist '' . Court TV . Jump up ^ Cosby , Rita ( June 12 , 2001 ) . `` Timothy McVeigh Put to Death for Oklahoma City Bombings '' . FOX News . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Craig , Tom Hardy & Will.i.am recite ' Invictus ' to support the Invictus Games '' . YouTube . 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` When are Prince Harry 's Invictus Games and what are they ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dominic Sandbrook ( 30 January 2010 ) . `` British leaders : they 're not what they were '' . The Daily Telegraph ( UK ) . Jump up ^ Sayers , Dorothy ( 1943 ) . Clouds of Witness . Classic Gems Publishing . p. 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Wylie , Elinor ( 1932 ) . `` Let No Charitable Hope '' . Poetry Society of America . External links ( edit ) Works related to Invictus at Wikisource Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invictus&oldid=834169653 '' Categories : 1875 poems Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Avañe'ẽ Bikol Central Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 08 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	poem ending i am the captain of my soul	[]	[]
4300089864429018931	Sean Combs	Sean Combs - wikipedia Sean Combs American rapper , record producer , actor and entrepreneur Sean Combs Combs performing in December 2010 Sean John Combs ( 1969 - 11 - 04 ) November 4 , 1969 ( age 48 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Other names Puff Daddy Puff Puffy Diddy P. Diddy Love Brother Love Occupation Rapper singer songwriter actor record producer record executive entrepreneur Years active 1990 -- present Net worth US $ 825 million ( 2018 ) Television Revolt TV network Making the Band P. Diddy 's Starmaker I Want to Work for Diddy The Four : Battle For Stardom Partner ( s ) Cassie Ventura ( 2006 -- 2008 , 2015 -- present ) Children 6 Awards List of awards and nominations Musical career Genres Hip hop R&B Labels Bad Boy Epic ( current ) Uptown Arista Universal Atlantic Interscope ( former ) Associated acts Dirty Money The Dream Team Three The ... Busta Rhymes Guy Gerber The Hitmen Jay - Z Lil ' Kim Machine Gun Kelly Mary J. Blige Mase The Notorious B.I.G. Rick Ross Usher Website diddy.com Sean John Combs ( born November 4 , 1969 ) also known by his various stage names Puff Daddy , Puffy , Diddy , P. Diddy , Brother Love , B. Love , and Love is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , actor , record producer and entrepreneur born in New York City and was raised in Mount Vernon , New York . He worked as a talent director at Uptown Records before founding his label Bad Boy Entertainment in 1993 . His debut album No Way Out ( 1997 ) has been certified seven times platinum and was followed by successful albums such as Forever ( 1999 ) , The Saga Continues ... ( 2001 ) and Press Play ( 2006 ) . In 2009 , Combs formed the musical group Diddy -- Dirty Money and released the critically well - reviewed and commercially successful album Last Train to Paris ( 2010 ) . Combs has won three Grammy Awards and two MTV Video Music Awards and is the producer of MTV 's Making the Band . In 2018 , Forbes estimated his net worth at $825 million , making him the second - richest hip hop artist . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1990 -- 1996 : Career beginnings 2.2 1997 -- 1998 : `` Puff Daddy '' and No Way Out 2.3 1999 -- 2000 : Forever and Club New York 2.4 2001 -- 2004 : `` P. Diddy '' and The Saga Continues 2.5 2005 -- 2009 : `` Diddy '' and Press Play 2.6 2010 -- 2013 : Dirty Money and acting 2.7 2014 -- present : MMM ( Money Making Mitch ) , No Way Out 2 , and `` Love '' 3 Business career 3.1 Sean John 3.2 Other ventures 4 Personal life 4.1 Family 4.2 Charity work and honors 4.3 Wardrobe style 4.4 Religious views 5 Accolades 5.1 NAACP Image Awards 5.2 BET Awards 5.3 BET Hip Hop Awards 5.4 MTV Europe Music Awards 5.5 MTV Movie & TV Awards 5.6 MTV Video Music Awards 5.7 Grammy Awards 5.8 Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ( albums executive produced by Sean Combs ) 6 Discography 7 Filmography 8 Citations 9 Sources 10 External links Early Life ( edit ) Sean John Combs was born on November 4 , 1969 in Manhattan 's Harlem in New York City and was raised in Mount Vernon , New York . His mother , Janice ( Smalls ) , was a model and teacher 's assistant and his father , Melvin Earl Combs , served in the U.S. Air Force and was an associate of convicted New York drug dealer Frank Lucas . At age 33 , Melvin was shot to death while sitting in his car on Central Park West , when Combs was 2 years old . Combs graduated from the Roman Catholic Mount Saint Michael Academy in 1987 . He played football for the academy and his team won a division title in 1986 . Combs said that he was given the nickname Puff as a child , because he would `` huff and puff '' when he was angry . Combs was a business major at Howard University but left after his sophomore year . In 2014 , he returned to Howard University to receive an Honorary Doctorate in Humanities and deliver the University 's 146th Commencement Address . Career ( edit ) 1990 -- 1996 : career beginnings ( edit ) Bad Boy headquarters on Broadway near Times Square . A billboard of Combs is in the distance . Combs became an intern at New York 's Uptown Records . While talent director at Uptown , he helped develop Jodeci and Mary J. Blige . In his college days Combs had a reputation for throwing parties , some of which attracted up to a thousand participants . In 1991 , Combs promoted an AIDS fundraiser with Heavy D held at the City College of New York ( CCNY ) gymnasium , following a charity basketball game . The event was oversold , and a stampede occurred in which nine people died . In 1993 , after being fired from Uptown , Combs established his new label Bad Boy Entertainment as a joint venture with Arista Records , taking then - newcomer The Notorious B.I.G. with him . Both The Notorious B.I.G. and Craig Mack quickly released hit singles , followed by successful LPs , particularly Notorious B.I.G. 's Ready to Die . Combs signed more acts to Bad Boy , including Carl Thomas , Faith Evans , 112 , Total , and Father MC . The Hitmen , his in - house production team , worked with Jodeci , Mary J. Blige , Usher , Lil ' Kim , TLC , Mariah Carey , Boyz II Men , SWV , Aretha Franklin , and others . Mase and the Lox joined Bad Boy just as a widely publicized rivalry with the West Coast 's Death Row Records was beginning . Combs and Notorious B.I.G. were criticized and parodied by Tupac Shakur and Suge Knight in songs and interviews during the mid-1990s . During 1994 -- 1995 , Combs produced several songs for TLC 's CrazySexyCool , which finished the decade as number 25 on Billboard 's list of top pop albums of the decade . 1997 -- 1998 : `` Puff Daddy '' and No Way Out ( edit ) In 1997 , under the name Puff Daddy , Combs recorded his first commercial vocal work as a rapper . His debut single , `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' , spent 28 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , peaking at number one . His debut album , No Way Out , was released on July 1 , 1997 , through Bad Boy Records . Originally titled Hell up in Harlem , the album underwent several changes after The Notorious B.I.G. was killed on March 9 , 1997 . Several of the label 's artists made guest appearances on the album . No Way Out was a significant success , particularly in the United States , where it reached number one on the Billboard 200 in its first week of release , selling 561,000 copies . The album produced five singles : `` I 'll Be Missing You '' , a tribute to The Notorious B.I.G. , was the first rap song to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 ; it remained at the top of the chart for eleven consecutive weeks and topped several other charts worldwide . Four other singles ; `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' , `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' , `` Been Around the World '' , and `` Victory '' , were also released . Combs collaborated with Jimmy Page on the song `` Come with Me '' for the 1998 film Godzilla . The album earned Combs five nominations at the 40th Grammy Awards in 1998 , winning the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album . On September 7 , 2000 , the album was certified septuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over 7 million copies . In 1997 , Combs was sued for landlord neglect by Inge Bongo . Combs denied the charges . By the late 1990s , he was being criticized for watering down and overly commercializing hip hop , and for using too many guest appearances , samples , and interpolations of past hits in his new songs . 1999 -- 2000 : Forever and Club New York ( edit ) In April 1999 Combs was charged with assault as a result of an incident with Steve Stoute of Interscope Records . Stoute was the manager for Nas , with whom Combs had filmed a video earlier that year for the song `` Hate Me Now '' . Combs was concerned that the video , which featured a shot of Nas and Combs being crucified , was blasphemous . He asked for his scenes on the cross to be pulled , but after it aired unedited on MTV on April 15 , Combs visited Stoute 's offices and injured Stoute . Combs was charged with second - degree assault and criminal mischief , and was sentenced to attend a one - day anger management class . Forever , Combs ' second solo studio album , was released by Bad Boy Records on August 24 , 1999 , in North America , and in the UK on the following day . It reached number two on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart , where it remained for one week before being knocked off by Mary J. Blige 's fourth album , Mary . The album received positive to mixed reviews from music critics and spawned three singles that have charted on the Billboard charts . It peaked at number four on the Canadian Albums Chart , Combs ' highest - charting album in that country . On December 27 , 1999 , Combs and his then - girlfriend Jennifer Lopez were at Club New York in Manhattan when gunfire broke out . After a police investigation , Combs and fellow rapper Shyne were arrested for weapons violations and other charges . Combs was charged with four weapons - related charges and bribing his driver , Wardel Fenderson , to claim ownership of his gun . With a gag order in place , the highly publicized trial began . Combs ' attorneys were Johnnie L. Cochran Jr. and Benjamin Brafman . Combs was found not guilty on all charges ; Shyne was convicted on five of his eight charges and sentenced to ten years in prison . Combs and Lopez broke up shortly after . A lawsuit filed by Fenderson , who said he suffered emotional damage after the shooting , was settled in February 2004 . Lawyers for both sides , having agreed to keep the settlement terms secret , said that the matter was `` resolved to the satisfaction of all parties '' . 2001 -- 2004 : `` P. Diddy '' and the Saga Continues ( edit ) Combs changed his stage name from `` Puff Daddy '' to `` P. Diddy '' in 2001 . The gospel album , Thank You , which had been completed just before the beginning of the weapons trial , was released that March . He appeared as a drug dealer in the film Made and starred with Halle Berry and Billy Bob Thornton in Monster 's Ball ( both in 2001 ) . He was arrested for driving on a suspended license in Florida . Combs began working with a series of unusual ( for him ) artists . For a short period of time , he was the manager of Kelis ; they have a collaboration titled `` Let 's Get Ill '' . He was an opening act for ' N Sync on their Spring 2002 Celebrity Tour , and he signed California - based pop girl group Dream to his record label . Combs was a producer of the soundtrack album for the film Training Day ( 2001 ) . In June 2001 , Combs ended Bad Boy Entertainment 's joint venture with Arista Records , gaining full control of Bad Boy , its catalogue , and its roster of artists . The Saga Continues ... , released on July 10 in North America , was the last studio album released by the joint venture . The album reached number 2 on the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums charts , and was eventually certified Platinum . It is the only studio album under the P. Diddy name , and the first album by Sean Combs not to feature any guest appearances by Jay - Z or Lil Kim . Combs was executive producer of the reality TV show Making the Band , which appeared on MTV from 2002 to 2009 . The show involved interviewing candidates and creating musical acts that would then enter the music business . Acts that got their start this way include Da Band , Danity Kane , Day26 , and Donnie Klang . In 2003 Combs ran in the New York City Marathon , raising $2 million for the educational system of the city of New York . On March 10 , 2004 he appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show to discuss the marathon , which he finished in four hours and eighteen minutes . In 2004 Combs headed the campaign `` Vote or Die '' for the 2004 presidential election . On February 1 , 2004 , Combs ( as P. Diddy ) performed at the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show . 2005 -- 2009 : `` Diddy '' and Press Play ( edit ) Combs performing in 2006 On August 16 , 2005 , Combs announced on Today that he was altering his stage name yet again ; he would be calling himself `` Diddy '' . Combs said that fans did n't know how to address him , which led to confusion . In November 2005 , London - based musical artist and DJ Richard Dearlove , who had been performing under the name `` Diddy '' since 1992 -- nine years before Combs started using even `` P. Diddy '' -- sought an injunction in the High Court of Justice in London . He accepted an out - of - court settlement of £ 10,000 in damages and more than £ 100,000 in costs . Combs can no longer use the name Diddy in the UK , where he is still known as P. Diddy . An assault charge against Combs filed by Michigan television host Rogelio Mills was resolved in Combs ' favor in 2005 . Combs starred in the 2005 film Carlito 's Way : Rise to Power . He played Walter Lee Younger in the 2004 Broadway revival of A Raisin in the Sun and the television adaptation that aired in February 2008 . In 2005 Combs sold half of his record company to the Warner Music Group . He hosted the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards and was named one of the 100 Most Influential People of 2005 by Time magazine . He was mentioned in the country song `` Play Something Country '' by Brooks & Dunn : the lyricist says he `` did n't come to hear P. Diddy '' , which is rhymed with `` something thumpin ' from the city . '' In 2006 , when Combs refused to release musician Mase from his contractual obligations to allow him to join the group G - Unit , 50 Cent recorded a dis song , `` Hip - Hop '' . The lyrics imply that Combs knew the identity of The Notorious B.I.G. 's murderer . The two later resolved the feud . Combs released his first album in four years , Press Play , on October 17 , 2006 , on the Bad Boy Records label . The album , featuring guest appearances by many popular artists , debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart with sales of over 173,009 . Its singles `` Come to Me '' and `` Last Night '' both reached the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 . The album became available to preview on MTV 's The Leak on October 10 , 2006 , a week before being sold in stores . Press Play received mixed to positive reviews from critics , and was certified Gold on the RIAA ratings . On September 18 , 2007 , Combs teamed up with 50 Cent and Jay - Z for the `` Forbes I Get Money Billion Dollar Remix '' . In March 2008 the Los Angeles Times claimed that The Notorious B.I.G. and Combs orchestrated the 1994 robbery and shooting of Tupac , substantiating the claim with supposed FBI documents ; the newspaper later retracted the story , acknowledging that the documents had been fabricated . Dexter Isaac , an associate of record management executive Jimmy Henchman , confessed in 2012 that he shot Tupac on Henchman 's orders . In June 2008 Combs ' representative denied rumors of another name change . Combs ventured into reality television in August 2008 with the premiere of his VH1 series I Want to Work for Diddy . After the season finale of Making The Band 4 , Combs said he would be heading back into the studio to record his next album . In an interview with The Daily Mail , he said , `` I had Christina Aguilera on my last album , but it 's all about Leona Lewis on my next . '' He appeared -- credited under his real name -- in two episodes of Season 7 of CSI : Miami : `` Presumed Guilty '' and `` Sink or Swim '' , in the role of lawyer Derek Powell . 2010 -- 2013 : Dirty Money and acting ( edit ) Combs created a rap supergroup in 2010 known as the Dream Team . The group consists of Combs , Rick Ross , DJ Khaled , Fat Joe , Busta Rhymes , Red Café , and Fabolous . Combs made an appearance at comedian Chris Gethard 's live show in January 2010 at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in New York City . In June 2010 Combs played a role ( credited as Sean Combs ) in the comedy film Get Him to the Greek , as Sergio Roma , a record company executive . An Entourage series representative announced that Combs would guest star on an episode during the 2010 season . Last Train to Paris was released by Combs ' group Diddy -- Dirty Money on December 13 , 2010 . The release was preceded by four singles `` Angels '' , `` Hello Good Morning '' , `` Loving You No More '' , and `` Coming Home '' , which experienced mixed success on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Coming Home '' was the most successful of the songs , peaking at number twelve on the U.S. Hot 100 , number four in the UK , and number seven in Canada . On March 10 , 2011 Diddy -- Dirty Money performed `` Coming Home '' live on American Idol . On April 18 , 2011 , Combs appeared in season one of Hawaii Five - 0 , guest starring as an undercover NYPD detective . In November 2012 Combs appeared in an episode of the eighth season of the American sitcom It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . 2014 -- present : MMM ( Money Making Mitch ) , No Way Out 2 , and `` Love '' ( edit ) On February 26 , 2014 , Combs premiered `` Big Homie '' , featuring Rick Ross and French Montana , as the first single from his mixtape MMM ( Money Making Mitch ) , which was originally scheduled to be released that year . The song was released for digital download on March 24 , and two days later the trailer for the music video was released . The full version of the music video was released on March 31 . Combs used his former stage name Puff Daddy for the album . MMM was released as a free mixtape album of 12 tracks on November 4 , 2015 . In 2014 Combs and Guy Gerber announced that their joint album 11 11 would be available for free download . A new single called `` Finna Get Loose '' featuring Combs and Pharrell Williams was released on June 29 , 2015 . In July 2015 , Bad Boy Entertainment artist Gizzle told the press that she is collaborating with Combs on what she describes as his last album , titled No Way Out 2 , a sequel to his 1997 debut . She describes the music as unique : `` The mindset is to just be classic and to be epic . And to really live up to that ... we know it 's a tall order , but we welcome the challenge . '' In April 2016 , Combs announced that after this last album and tour , he plans to retire from the music industry to focus on acting . On May 20 and 21 , 2016 , Combs launched a tour of Bad Boy Records ' biggest names to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the label . The documentary Ca n't Stop , Wo n't Stop : A Bad Boy Story , covering the two shows at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn as well as behind - the - scenes events , was released on June 23 , 2017 . The show toured to an additional twenty venues across the United States and Canada . On November 5 , 2017 , Combs announced that he would be going by the name Love , stating `` My new name is Love , aka Brother Love '' . Two days later , he told the press he had been joking , but on January 3 , 2018 , he announced on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! that he had changed his mind again , and will be using the new name after all . Business career ( edit ) Fortune magazine listed Combs at number twelve on their top 40 of entrepreneurs under 40 in 2002 . Forbes Magazine estimates that for the year ending May 2017 , Combs earned $130 million , ranking him number one among entertainers . In 2017 his estimated net worth was $825 million . Sean John ( edit ) A billboard of Sean John is in the distance on Broadway In 1998 , Combs started a clothing line , Sean John . It was nominated for the Council of Fashion Designers of America ( CFDA ) award for Menswear Designer of the Year in 2000 , and won in 2004 . California billionaire Ronald Burkle invested $100 million into the company in 2003 . Also in 2003 , the National Labor Committee revealed that factories producing the clothing in Honduras were violating Honduran labor laws . Among the accusations were that workers were subjected to body searches and involuntary pregnancy tests . Bathrooms were locked and access tightly controlled . Employees were forced to work overtime and were paid sweatshop wages . Charles Kernaghan of the National Labor Committee told The New York Times that `` Sean Puff Daddy obviously has a lot of clout , he can literally do a lot overnight to help these workers . '' Combs responded with an extensive investigation , telling reporters `` I 'm as pro-worker as they get '' . On February 14 , 2004 , Kernaghan announced that improvements had been implemented at the factory , including adding air conditioning and water purification systems , firing the most abusive supervisors , and allowing the formation of a labor union . In late 2006 , the department store Macy 's removed Sean John jackets from their shelves when they discovered that the clothing was made using raccoon dog fur . Combs had not known the jackets were made with dog fur , but as soon as he was alerted , he had production stopped . In November 2008 , Combs added a men 's perfume called `` I Am King '' to the Sean John brand . The fragrance , dedicated to Barack Obama , Muhammad Ali , and Martin Luther King , featured model Bar Refaeli in its advertisements . In early 2016 , Sean John introduced the brand 's GIRLS collection . Other ventures ( edit ) Combs is the head of Combs Enterprises , an umbrella company for his portfolio of businesses . In addition to his clothing line , Combs owned two restaurants called Justin 's , named after his son . The original New York location closed in September 2007 ; the Atlanta location closed in June 2012 . He is the designer of the Dallas Mavericks alternate jersey . In October 2007 Combs agreed to help develop the Cîroc vodka brand for a 50 percent share of the profits . Combs acquired the Enyce clothing line from Liz Claiborne for $20 million on October 21 , 2008 . Combs has a major equity stake in Revolt TV , a television network that also has a film production branch . It began broadcasting in 2014 . In February 2015 , Combs teamed up with actor Mark Wahlberg and businessman Ronald Burkle of Yucaipa Companies to purchase a majority holding in Aquahydrate , a calorie - free beverage for athletes . John Cochran , former president of Fiji Water , is CEO of the company . Personal Life ( edit ) Combs with his sons Christian and Justin at the Spider - Man 3 premiere ( 2007 ) Family ( edit ) Combs is the father of six children . His first child , Justin , was born in 1993 to his high - school sweetheart , designer Misa Hylton - Brim . Justin attends UCLA on a football scholarship . Combs had an on - again , off - again relationship with Kimberly Porter , which lasted from 1994 to July 2007 . He raised Quincy ( born 1991 ) , Porter 's son from a previous relationship with singer / producer Al B. Sure . Together they had a son , Christian ( born 1998 ) and twin daughters D'Lila Star and Jessie James ( born December 21 , 2006 ) . Five months before the birth of his twins , his daughter Chance was born to Sarah Chapman . He took legal responsibility for Chance in October 2007 . Combs 's sons Quincy and Justin both appeared on MTV 's My Super Sweet 16 . Combs threw Quincy a celebrity - studded party and gave him two cars as his 16th birthday present . For Justin 's sixteenth birthday , Combs presented him with a $360,000 Maybach car , complete with chauffeur . Combs owns a home in Alpine , New Jersey , which he purchased for a reported $7 million . Charity work and honors ( edit ) Combs ' star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Combs founded Daddy 's House Social Programs , an organization to help inner city youth , in 1995 . Programs include tutoring , life skills classes , and an annual summer camp . Along with Jay - Z , he pledged $1 million to help support victims of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , and donated clothing from his Sean John line to victims . He has donated computers and books to New York schools . Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley named October 13 , 2006 , as `` Diddy Day '' in honor of Combs ' charity work . In 2008 Combs was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 2014 , Combs received an honorary doctorate from Howard University , where he served as the keynote speaker for its 146th commencement ceremony . In his speech , Combs acknowledged that his experiences as a Howard student positively influenced his life . In 2016 , Combs donated $1 million to Howard University to establish the Sean Combs Scholarship Fund to help students who are unable to pay their tuition . Wardrobe style ( edit ) Combs describes his wardrobe style as `` swagger , timeless , diverse '' . On September 2 , 2007 , Combs held his ninth annual `` White Party '' , at which guests are limited to an all - white dress code . The White Party , which has also been held in St. Tropez , was held in his home in East Hampton , Long Island . Combs stated , `` This party is up there with the top three that I 've thrown . It 's a party that has legendary status . It 's hard to throw a party that lives up to its legend . '' Religious views ( edit ) Combs was raised Roman Catholic , and was an altar server as a boy . In 2008 he told The Daily Telegraph that he does not adhere to any specific religious denomination . He said , `` I just follow right from wrong , so I could pray in a synagogue or a mosque or a church . I believe that there is only one God . '' Accolades ( edit ) NAACP Image Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2009 A Raisin in the Sun Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Won 2011 Diddy -- Dirty Money Outstanding Duo or Group Nominated BET Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2002 `` Bad Boy for Life '' ( featuring Black Rob & Mark Curry ) Video of the Year Nominated `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' ( with Busta Rhymes & Pharrell Williams ) Won 2003 `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' ( with B2K ) Coca - Cola Viewer 's Choice Award Won 2007 `` Last Night '' ( featuring Keyshia Cole ) Best Collaboration Nominated Diddy Best Male Hip - Hop Artist Nominated Diddy -- Dirty Money Best Group Nominated 2011 Won 2012 Nominated 2016 Puff Daddy and the Family Nominated BET Hip Hop Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2008 `` Roc Boys ( And the Winner Is ) ... '' Track of the Year Nominated Sean Combs Hustler of the Year Won 2009 Nominated `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' Reese 's Perfect Combo Award Nominated `` Hello Good Morning ( Remix ) '' Nominated Best Club Banger Nominated Sean Combs Hustler of the Year Won 2011 Nominated 2012 `` Same Damn Time ( Remix ) '' Sweet 16 : Best Featured Verse Nominated 2013 Nominated Sean Combs Hustler of the Year Nominated 2017 Nominated MTV Europe Music Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1997 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' MTV Select Nominated Best Song Nominated Sean Combs Best New Act Nominated Best Hip - Hop Nominated 1998 Best Male Nominated Best Hip - Hop Nominated Nominated Nominated 2002 Nominated 2006 Nominated 2011 Diddy -- Dirty Money Best World Stage Performance Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2018 Ca n't Stop , Wo n't Stop : A Bad Boy Story Best Music Documentary Nominated MTV Video Music Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1997 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' Best R&B Video Won Viewer 's Choice Nominated 1998 `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' ( Rock Remix ) Video of the Year Nominated Viewer 's Choice Won `` Come with Me '' ( from Godzilla ) Best Video from a Film Nominated 2002 `` Bad Boy for Life '' Best Rap Video Nominated Grammy Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result Ref . 1998 Puff Daddy Best New Artist Nominated No Way Out Best Rap Album Won Life After Death ( as producer ) Nominated `` Honey '' ( as songwriter ) Best Rhythm & Blues Song Nominated `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( featuring Faith Evans & 112 ) Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group Won `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( with The Notorious B.I.G. & Mase ) Nominated `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' ( featuring Mase ) Nominated 2000 `` Satisfy You '' ( featuring R. Kelly ) Nominated 2002 `` Bad Boy for Life '' ( with Black Rob & Mark Curry ) Nominated 2003 `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' ( with Busta Rhymes & Pharrell ) Nominated `` Shake Ya Tailfeather '' ( with Nelly & Murphy Lee ) Won 2016 `` All Day '' ( as songwriter ) Best Rap Song Nominated Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ( albums executive produced by Sean Combs ) ( edit ) Rank Artist Album Year 133 The Notorious B.I.G. Ready to Die 1994 279 Mary J. Blige My Life 1994 483 The Notorious B.I.G. Life After Death 1997 Discography ( edit ) Main articles : Sean Combs discography and Sean Combs production discography Studio albums No Way Out ( 1997 ) Forever ( 1999 ) The Saga Continues ... ( 2001 ) Press Play ( 2006 ) Last Train to Paris ( 2010 ) No Way Out 2 ( TBA ) Filmography ( edit ) Made ( 2001 ) Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) 2005 MTV Video Music Awards ( 2006 ) Seamless ( 2005 ) Carlito 's Way : Rise to Power ( 2005 ) A Raisin in the Sun ( 2008 ) Get Him to the Greek ( 2010 ) I 'm Still Here ( 2010 ) Draft Day ( 2014 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Ca n't Stop , Wo n't Stop : A Bad Boy Story ( 2017 ) The Defiant Ones ( 2017 ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Traugh 2010 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Greenburg , Zack O'Malley ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Diddy ( $825 million ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aiello , McKenna ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` Diddy and Cassie Are Officially Back Together as He Throws Her Epic 30th Birthday Party '' . E ! News . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bush , John . `` Artist Biography ( Sean Combs ) '' . AllMusic.com . 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Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sean ' Puff Daddy ' Combs Accused of Using Honduras Sweatshops for Sean John Line '' . Democracy Now ! . December 9 , 2003 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` P Diddy in sweatshop row '' . BBC News . London : BBC . October 29 , 2003 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sean P. Diddy Combs and the SETISA Factory in Honduras '' . NLCnet.org . Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights . December 17 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sean John jackets were made with dog fur '' . msnbc.msn.com . NBCUniversal Media . December 22 , 2006 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Traugh 2010 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ BCK Staff ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` The Combs girls are all grown up in new ' Sean John ' photo '' . Black Celebrity Kids Inc . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sean ' Diddy ' Combs Names Nathalie Moar Head of Communications for Combs Enterprises '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ugwu , Reggie ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` Diddy Sued Over a Shooting at Justin 's Restaurant '' . bet.com . Black Entertainment Television . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Roman ( June 10 , 2012 ) . `` Diddy Closes Atlanta Restaurant Justin 's '' . Allhiphop.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem ( December 5 , 2003 ) . `` Dallas Mavericks Say Diddy 's Designing Their Duds '' . MTV . Viacom International . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hobbs , Linda ( October 21 , 2008 ) . `` Diddy buys out clothing line Enyce '' . Vibe . Intermedia Vibe Holdings . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lawless ' Opens # 1 Wednesday With $1.1 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack O'Malley ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` The Forbes Five : Hip - Hop 's Wealthiest Artists 2014 '' . Forbes . Forbes Publishing . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack O'Malley ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` The Forbes Five : Hip - Hop 's Wealthiest Artists 2014 '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Sean Combs , Mark Wahlberg Launch Fitness Water Brand '' . Men 's Fitness . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack O'Malley ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Liquid Asset : Inside Mark Wahlberg , Diddy and Ron Burkle 's Aquahydrate Investment '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Mark Wahlberg and Sean Combs Announce Launch of Performance Water '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mather , Kate ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` UCLA scholarship for Sean ' Diddy ' Combs ' son raises eyebrows '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Eddy Hartenstein . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It 's baby times two for these couples '' . USA Today . Gannett Co. Inc . February 27 , 2007 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Traugh 2010 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ `` Al B. Sure Addresses His Son 's Open Letter '' . Essence . Essence Communications Inc . December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Silverman , Stephen M. ( September 10 , 2007 ) . `` Kim Porter Says She Was Betrayed by Diddy '' . People . Time Warner . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quincy is way above throwing a sweet sixteen party -- this big - baller is going to throw a ' stunna ' sixteenth birthday bash ! '' . MTV . Viacom International . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Birthday Fab : Diddy & Kim Throw Quincy A Stunna Sweet 16 Party + Jamie 's Still Celebrating His 40th '' . December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` My Super Sweet 16 : Royal 16 '' . MTV . Viacom International . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Century , Douglas ( February 11 , 2007 ) . `` Alpine , N.J. , Home of Hip - Hop Royalty '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . These days Mr. Combs hardly needs to crash on a homeboy 's sofa . The house he recently bought here , for a reported $7 million , is a 17,000 - square - foot hilltop mansion with eight bedrooms , nine bathrooms , indoor and outdoor pools ( complete with waterfall ) , racquetball and basketball courts , a home theater , a wine cellar and a six - car garage . Jump up ^ Traugh 2010 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Jones 2014 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Combs receives Walk of Fame star '' . today.msnbc.msn.com . NBCUniversal Media . May 4 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aratani , Lori ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` Music mogul Sean Combs receives honorary doctorate from Howard University '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrews - Dyer , Helena ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Sean ' P. Diddy ' Combs donates $1 million to Howard University during his D.C. tour stop '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spicer , Tracey ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` The gullible making an art form of consumerism '' . The Daily Telegraph ( Sydney ) . News Corporation . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy 's white party welcomes stars '' . AOL . AP . September 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Walden , Celia ( June 9 , 2008 ) . `` P Diddy : ' Why have n't I met the Queen yet ? ' '' . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Traugh 2010 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 BET Awards '' . R&B / Soul . about.com . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2012 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 40th Annual Grammy Award Nominations Coverage ( 1998 ) '' . DigitalHit. 1998 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 42nd Grammy Awards '' . Rock on the Net . 2000 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Grammy Awards '' . Rock on the Net . 2002 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 45th Grammy Awards '' . Rock on the Net . 2003 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 46th Grammy Awards '' . Rock on the Net . 2004 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Final Nomination List : 58th Grammy Awards '' ( PDF ) . Grammy Award . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ready to Die '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . November 1 , 2003 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` My Life '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . November 1 , 2003 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Life After Death '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . November 1 , 2003 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Sources ( edit ) Harrison , Thomas ( 2011 ) . Music of the 1990s . American History Through Music . Santa Barbara , CA : Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37942 - 0 . Jones , Jen ( 2014 ) . Sean `` Diddy '' Combs : A Biography of a Music Mogul . African - American Icons . Berkeley Heights , NJ : Enslow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7660 - 4296 - 4 . Traugh , Susan M. ( 2010 ) . Sean Combs . People in the News . Farmington Hills , MI : Lucent Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4205 - 0237 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Sean Combs ( category ) at Wikimedia Commons Sean Combs on Facebook Sean Combs Discography Production discography Accolades Studio albums No Way Out Forever The Saga Continues ... Press Play Last Train to Paris No Way Out 2 Mixtapes MMM ( Money Making Mitch ) Remix albums We Invented the Remix Singles `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' `` I 'll Be Missing You '' `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' `` Been Around the World '' `` Victory '' `` Come with Me '' `` Satisfy You '' `` Bad Boy for Life '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 1 ) '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 2 ) '' `` Come to Me '' `` Tell Me '' `` Last Night '' `` Through the Pain ( She Told Me ) '' `` Angels '' `` Love Come Down '' `` Hello Good Morning '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Coming Home '' `` Ass on the Floor '' `` Finna Get Loose '' `` Workin ( Remix ) '' Featured singles `` No Time '' `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' `` Honey '' `` Lookin ' at Me '' `` Hate Me Now '' `` All Night Long '' `` Notorious B.I.G. '' `` Son of a Gun '' `` Show Stopper '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' `` I Do ( Wanna Get Close to You ) '' `` Shake Ya Tailfeather '' `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` Take You There '' `` Imma Put It on Her '' `` Must Be Love '' `` Better on the Other Side `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' `` Someone to Love Me ( Naked ) '' `` Scream & Shout ( Remix ) '' Related articles Bad Boy Records Sean John P. Diddy 's Starmaker The Notorious B.I.G. I Want to Work for Diddy A Raisin in the Sun Diddy -- Dirty Money Grammy Award for Best Rap Album 1996 -- 2000 Poverty 's Paradise -- Naughty by Nature ( 1996 ) The Score -- Fugees ( 1997 ) No Way Out -- Puff Daddy and the Family ( 1998 ) Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life -- Jay - Z ( 1999 ) The Slim Shady LP -- Eminem ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 The Marshall Mathers LP -- Eminem ( 2001 ) Stankonia -- Outkast ( 2002 ) The Eminem Show -- Eminem ( 2003 ) Speakerboxxx / The Love Below -- Outkast ( 2004 ) The College Dropout -- Kanye West ( 2005 ) Late Registration -- Kanye West ( 2006 ) Release Therapy -- Ludacris ( 2007 ) Graduation -- Kanye West ( 2008 ) Tha Carter III -- Lil Wayne ( 2009 ) Relapse -- Eminem ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Recovery -- Eminem ( 2011 ) My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy -- Kanye West ( 2012 ) Take Care -- Drake ( 2013 ) The Heist -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ( 2014 ) The Marshall Mathers LP 2 -- Eminem ( 2015 ) To Pimp a Butterfly -- Kendrick Lamar ( 2016 ) Coloring Book -- Chance the Rapper ( 2017 ) Damn -- Kendrick Lamar ( 2018 ) Bad Boy Records Founder Sean Combs Subsidiaries Bad Boy South Bad Boy Latino BNF : cb140275397 ( data ) GND : 121339300 ISNI : 0000 0001 2028 2680 LCCN : no97057848 MusicBrainz : 049e3c43 - 9c6e - 491f - 9fe3 - 4f8003afc224 SELIBR : 294375 SUDOC : 157156753 VIAF : 71589294 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sean_Combs&oldid=856243301 '' Categories : 1969 births Living people Sean Combs 20th - century American businesspeople 21st - century American businesspeople 21st - century American male actors African - American businesspeople African - American designers African - American fashion designers American fashion designers African - American film producers American film producers African - American male actors African - American male rappers American male rappers African - American rappers African - American record producers American drink industry businesspeople American retail chief executives American chairmen of corporations American chief executives in the media industry American chief executives of fashion industry companies American corporate directors American cosmetics businesspeople American dance musicians American fashion businesspeople American hip hop record producers American male film actors American male television actors American marketing businesspeople American mass media owners American music industry executives American music publishers ( people ) American music video directors American restaurateurs American television company founders American television executives Bad Boy Records artists Businesspeople from New York City Grammy Award winners for rap music East Coast hip hop musicians Howard University alumni Male actors from New York City Music video codirectors Participants in American reality television series People from Harlem Musicians from Mount Vernon , New York Rappers from New York City Remixers Record producers from New York ( state ) Former Roman Catholics Actors from Mount Vernon , New York Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with short description Use mdy dates from January 2018 Good articles Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 21 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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-1651506551405032256	List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards	List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards - wikipedia List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards Jump to : navigation , search `` EGOT '' redirects here . For other uses , see EGOT ( disambiguation ) . Twelve people and five media franchises have won all four major annual American entertainment awards in a competitive , individual ( non-group ) category of the Emmy , Grammy , Oscar and Tony Awards . Respectively , these awards honor outstanding achievements in television , recording , film , and theater . Winning all four awards has been referred to as winning the `` grand slam '' of American show business . The acronym EGOT was coined by actor Philip Michael Thomas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners of all four awards 1.1 Additional major awards 2 Including non-competitive or special 2.1 Additional major awards or honors 3 Qualifying awards summary ( competitive only ) 3.1 Richard Rodgers 3.2 Helen Hayes 3.3 Rita Moreno 3.4 John Gielgud 3.5 Audrey Hepburn 3.6 Marvin Hamlisch 3.7 Jonathan Tunick 3.8 Mel Brooks 3.9 Mike Nichols 3.10 Whoopi Goldberg 3.11 Scott Rudin 3.12 Robert Lopez 4 Qualifying awards summary ( including non-competitive awards ) 4.1 Barbra Streisand 4.2 Liza Minnelli 4.3 James Earl Jones 4.4 Alan Menken 4.5 Harry Belafonte 4.6 Quincy Jones 5 Three competitive awards 5.1 Notes 6 Three awards ( non-competitive ) 7 Four nominations 8 PEGOT 9 Franchises 9.1 The Lion King 9.2 Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street 9.3 The Wizard of Oz 9.4 Aladdin 9.5 The Sound of Music 9.6 Three competitive awards ( franchises ) 9.7 Four competitive nominations ( franchises ) 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Winners of all four Awards ( edit ) To date , twelve individuals have won all four awards in competitive categories . Name Year completed Years to complete Emmy Grammy Oscar Tony Category ( s ) Rodgers , Richard Richard Rodgers 1962 17 1962 1960 1945 1950 Composer Hayes , Helen Helen Hayes 1977 45 1953 1977 1932 1947 Actress Moreno , Rita Rita Moreno 1977 16 1977 1972 1961 Actress / Singer Gielgud , John John Gielgud 1991 30 1991 1979 1981 1961 Actor / Director Hepburn , Audrey Audrey Hepburn 1994 41 1993 1994 1953 1954 Actress Hamlisch , Marvin Marvin Hamlisch 1995 23 1995 1973 1976 Composer Tunick , Jonathan Jonathan Tunick 1997 20 1982 1988 1977 1997 Composer / Conductor Brooks , Mel Mel Brooks 2001 34 1967 1998 1968 2001 Writer / Composer / Actor Nichols , Mike Mike Nichols 2001 40 2001 1961 1967 1964 Director / Actor Goldberg , Whoopi Whoopi Goldberg 2002 17 2002 1985 1990 2002 Actress / Host / Producer Rudin , Scott Scott Rudin 2012 28 1984 2012 2007 1994 Producer Lopez , Robert Robert Lopez 2014 10 2008 2012 2014 Composer Notes : ^ 1 The artist also subsequently won one or more additional competitive awards . ^ 2 The artist also received one or more honorary or non-competitive awards . ^ 3 The artist also earned the Triple Crown of Acting , with singular ( non-group / ensemble / company ) acting wins in the Emmy , Oscar and Tony awards . ^ 4 The artist has won a Daytime Emmy Award , not a Primetime Emmy Award . ^ 5 The artist was awarded posthumously . Additional major Awards ( edit ) Marvin Hamlisch and Richard Rodgers have also won the Pulitzer Prize . Gielgud , Goldberg , Hamlisch , Hepburn , Moreno , Nichols , and Rudin have been awarded one or more Golden Globe Awards . Mel Brooks , Helen Hayes , Rita Moreno , Mike Nichols , and Richard Rodgers have also been awarded the Kennedy Center Honors . Helen Hayes , Audrey Hepburn , and Rita Moreno have been awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Mel Brooks , Helen Hayes , Rita Moreno , and Mike Nichols have been awarded the National Medal of Arts . Mel Brooks and Mike Nichols have been awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award . Audrey Hepburn and Rita Moreno have been awarded the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award . Audrey Hepburn has also been awarded the Cecil B. DeMille Award . Including non-competitive or Special ( edit ) Six other artists -- Liza Minnelli , James Earl Jones , Barbra Streisand , Alan Menken , Harry Belafonte and Quincy Jones -- have also received all four awards , even though at least one of the awards was non-competitive , i.e. special or honorary in nature ( Streisand 's Tony , both of Jones ' Oscars , Minnelli 's Grammy , Menken 's Emmy and Belafonte 's Oscar ) . The following are the six artists who also have won the four major awards but not exclusively in the main competitive categories . Artist Year completed Years to complete 1st Award 2nd Award 3rd Award 4th Award Streisand , Barbra Barbra Streisand 1970 6 1964 Grammy 1965 Emmy 1968 Oscar 1970 Special Tony Award Minnelli , Liza Liza Minnelli 1990 25 1965 Tony 1972 Oscar 1973 Emmy 1990 Grammy Legend Award Jones , James Earl James Earl Jones 2011 42 1969 Tony 1977 Grammy 1991 Emmy 2011 Academy Honorary Award ( Oscar ) Alan Menken 2012 23 1989 Oscar 1990 Special Emmy Award 1991 Grammy 2012 Tony Belafonte , Harry Harry Belafonte 2014 61 1953 Tony 1960 Emmy 1961 Grammy 2014 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( Oscar ) Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 2016 52 1964 Grammy 1977 Emmy 1994 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( Oscar ) 2016 Tony Additional major Awards or Honors ( edit ) James Earl Jones , Alan Menken , Liza Minnelli , and Barbra Streisand have been awarded one or more Golden Globe Awards . Harry Belafonte , James Earl Jones , Quincy Jones , and Barbra Streisand have been awarded the Kennedy Center Honors . Harry Belafonte , James Earl Jones , Quincy Jones , and Barbra Streisand have been awarded the National Medal of Arts . Harry Belafonte , Quincy Jones , Alan Menken , Liza Minnelli , and Barbra Streisand have been inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame . James Earl Jones and Liza Minnelli have been inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame . Barbra Streisand has been awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award , Cecil B. DeMille Award , and the Presidential Medal of Freedom . James Earl Jones has been awarded the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award . Qualifying Awards summary ( competitive only ) ( edit ) Richard Rodgers ( edit ) Richard Rodgers became the first person to win all four awards in 1962 . Richard Rodgers ( 1902 -- 1979 ) , a composer , received his fourth distinct award in 1962 . Between 1945 and 1979 , Rodgers received a total of 13 awards . Academy Awards : 1945 : Best Song -- `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' from State Fair Emmy Awards : 1962 : Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composed -- Winston Churchill : The Valiant Years Grammy Awards : 1960 : Best Show Album ( Original Cast ) -- The Sound of Music 1962 : Best Original Cast Show Album -- No Strings Tony Awards : 1950 : Best Musical -- South Pacific 1950 : Tony Award for Producers , Musical -- South Pacific 1950 : Best Score -- South Pacific 1952 : Best Musical -- The King and I 1960 : Best Musical -- The Sound of Music 1962 : Best Composer -- No Strings Special Awards : 1962 : Special Tony Award `` for all he has done for young people in the theatre and for taking the men of the orchestra out of the pit and putting them onstage in No Strings '' 1972 : Special Tony Award 1979 : Special Tony Award , Lawrence Langner Memorial Award for Distinguished Lifetime Achievement in the American Theatre Helen Hayes ( edit ) Helen Hayes became the second person and first woman to win all four awards in 1977 . Helen Hayes ( 1900 -- 1993 ) , an actress , received her fourth distinct award in 1977 . Between 1932 and 1980 , Hayes received a total of 7 awards . She was the first woman to win all four . Hayes was also the first person to win the Triple Crown of Acting , with singular ( non-group / ensemble / company ) acting wins in each of the Emmy , Oscar and Tony awards , winning her third in 1953 . Counting only the first award of each type , she also has the distinction of the longest timespan ( 45 years ) between her first and fourth award of any showbiz Grand Slam winner . Academy Awards : 1932 : Best Actress in a Leading Role -- The Sin of Madelon Claudet 1970 : Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- Airport Emmy Awards : 1953 : Best Actress -- Schlitz Playhouse of Stars for the episode `` Not a Chance '' Grammy Awards : 1977 : Best Spoken Word Recording -- Great American Documents Tony Awards : 1947 : Best Actress , Dramatic -- Happy Birthday 1958 : Best Actress , Dramatic -- Time Remembered Special Awards : 1980 : Special Tony Award , Lawrence Langner Memorial Award for Distinguished Lifetime Achievement in the American Theatre Rita Moreno ( edit ) Rita Moreno became the third person and first Latino person to win all four awards in 1977 . Rita Moreno ( born 1931 ) , an actress , received her fourth distinct award in 1977 . Between 1961 and 1978 , Moreno received a total of five awards . She is also the first Hispanic winner and the first winner to win a Grammy as their second award ( both previous winners won Tonys as their second award ) . In addition , she became a Kennedy Center Honoree in 2015 . Academy Awards : 1961 : Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- West Side Story Emmy Awards : 1977 : Outstanding Continuing or Single Performance by a Supporting Actress in Variety or Music -- The Muppet Show 1978 : Outstanding Lead Actress for a Single Appearance in a Drama or Comedy Series -- The Rockford Files for the episode `` The Paper Palace '' Grammy Awards : 1972 : Best Recording for Children -- The Electric Company Tony Awards : 1975 : Best Featured or Supporting Actress in a Play -- The Ritz John Gielgud ( edit ) In 1991 , John Gielgud became the fourth person and , at age 87 , the oldest person to win all four awards . John Gielgud ( 1904 -- 2000 ) , an actor , received his fourth distinct award in 1991 . Between 1948 and 1991 , Gielgud received a total of six awards . Gielgud was the first winner to win any award other than the Oscar as their first award ( his first award was a Tony ) . At age 87 when he won his Emmy , he was also the oldest winner . Academy Awards : 1981 : Best Actor in a Supporting Role -- Arthur Emmy Awards : 1991 : Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Special -- Summer 's Lease Grammy Awards : 1979 : Best Spoken Word , Documentary or Drama Recording -- Ages of Man Tony Awards : 1948 : Outstanding Foreign Company -- The Importance of Being Earnest 1961 : Best Director of a Drama -- Big Fish , Little Fish Special Awards : 1959 : Special Tony Award `` for contribution to theatre for his extraordinary insight into the writings of Shakespeare as demonstrated in his one - man play Ages of Man '' Audrey Hepburn ( edit ) Audrey Hepburn became the fifth person to win all four awards , and the first to complete it posthumously . Audrey Hepburn ( 1929 -- 1993 ) , an actress , received her fourth distinct award posthumously in 1994 . Between 1953 and 1994 , Hepburn received a total of six awards . She was the fifth person to complete the feat and the first to do so posthumously . She was also the first winner to win two of their awards in consecutive awards shows ( the 1994 Grammys were the first Grammys since her posthumous win at the 1993 Emmys ) . She is one of the only two EGOT winners ( the other being Jonathan Tunick ) to not win multiple awards in any of the four award fields . Academy Awards : 1953 : Best Actress in a Leading Role -- Roman Holiday Emmy Awards : 1993 : Outstanding Individual Achievement , Informational Programming -- Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn Grammy Awards : 1994 : Best Spoken Word Album for Children -- Audrey Hepburn 's Enchanted Tales Tony Awards : 1954 : Best Actress in a Drama -- Ondine Special Awards : 1968 : Special Tony Award , Special Achievement Award 1993 : Special Academy Award , Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Marvin Hamlisch ( edit ) Marvin Hamlisch ( shown with his wife Terre Blair ) became the sixth person to win all four awards in 1995 . He has the most Oscars of any EGOT winners . Marvin Hamlisch ( 1944 -- 2012 ) , a composer , received his fourth distinct award in 1995 . Between 1973 and 2001 , Hamlisch received a total of 12 awards . Hamlisch has the most Oscars of any Grand Slam winners ( three ) . In 1974 he became the first winner to have won a `` General Field '' Grammy -- taking Song of the Year and Best New Artist . He was also the first Grand Slam winner to have won multiple legs of the feat for the same work -- an Oscar and a Grammy for song `` The Way We Were '' . Academy Awards : 1973 : Best Music , Original Dramatic Score -- The Way We Were 1973 : Best Music , Original Song -- `` The Way We Were '' 1973 : Best Music , Scoring Original Song Score and / or Adaptation -- The Sting Emmy Awards : 1995 : Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Direction -- Barbra : The Concert 1995 : Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics -- Barbra : The Concert 1999 : Outstanding Music and Lyrics -- AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies 2001 : Outstanding Music Direction -- Timeless : Live in Concert Grammy Awards : 1974 : Song of the Year -- `` The Way We Were '' 1974 : Best New Artist of the Year 1974 : Best Pop Instrumental Performance -- The Entertainer 1974 : Album of Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special -- The Way We Were Tony Awards : 1976 : Best Musical Score -- A Chorus Line Jonathan Tunick ( edit ) Jonathan Tunick ( born 1938 ) , a composer , conductor , and music arranger , received his fourth distinct award in 1997 . Between 1977 and 1997 , Tunick received a total of four awards . Tunick is the first Grand Slam winner to have won an Emmy as their second award as well as the first to win the Tony as their fourth award . He is also the second person ( after Audrey Hepburn ) to not win any multiple awards in any of the four award fields . Academy Awards : 1977 : Best Music , Original Song Score and Its Adaptation or Best Adaptation Score -- A Little Night Music Emmy Awards : 1982 : Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction -- Night of 100 Stars Grammy Awards : 1988 : Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocals -- `` No One is Alone , '' Cleo Laine Tony Awards : 1997 : Best Orchestrations -- Titanic Mel Brooks ( edit ) Mel Brooks became the eighth person to win all four awards in 2001 as well as the first person to win the Emmy as the first of the four awards . Mel Brooks ( born 1926 ) , a director , writer and actor , received his fourth distinct award in June 2001 . Between 1968 and 2002 , Brooks received a total of 11 awards . Brooks was the first person to win the Emmy as the first award , and the first winner to have won his Oscar for screenwriting . Academy Awards : 1968 : Best Writing , Story and Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen -- The Producers Emmy Awards : 1967 : Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety -- The Sid Caesar , Imogene Coca , Carl Reiner , Howard Morris Special 1997 : Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series -- Mad About You 1998 : Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series -- Mad About You 1999 : Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series -- Mad About You Grammy Awards : 1998 : Best Spoken Comedy Album -- The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000 2002 : Best Long Form Music Video -- Recording ' The Producers ' : A Musical Romp with Mel Brooks 2002 : Best Musical Show Album -- The Producers Tony Awards : 2001 : Best Book of a Musical -- The Producers 2001 : Best Original Score -- The Producers 2001 : Best Musical -- The Producers When he appeared on January 30 , 2015 episode of Real Time with Bill Maher , Brooks called himself an EGOTAK , noting that he had also received awards from the American Film Institute and Kennedy Center . Mike Nichols ( edit ) Mike Nichols became the ninth person to win all four awards , and had the longest timespan - fifty - one years - of all the grand slam winners . Mike Nichols ( 1931 -- 2014 ) , a director , received his fourth distinct award in November 2001 . Between 1961 and 2012 , Nichols received a total of 15 awards . Nichols was the first slam winner to win the Grammy as their first award , the first winner to have won multiple awards ( an Oscar , several Tonys , and two Emmys ) for directing . When counting all awards won -- not just the first of each type -- Nichols has the longest timespan of awards among Grand Slam winners , at 51 years . Academy Awards : 1967 : Best Director -- The Graduate Emmy Awards : 2001 : Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special -- Wit 2001 : Outstanding Made for Television Movie -- Wit ( as Executive Producer ) 2004 : Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special -- Angels in America 2004 : Outstanding Miniseries -- Angels in America ( as Executive Producer ) Grammy Awards : 1961 : Best Comedy Performance -- An Evening With Mike Nichols And Elaine May Tony Awards : 1964 : Best Director , Dramatic -- Barefoot in the Park 1965 : Best Director , Dramatic -- Luv and The Odd Couple 1968 : Best Director , Dramatic -- Plaza Suite 1972 : Best Director , Dramatic -- The Prisoner of Second Avenue 1977 : Best Musical -- Annie ( as producer ) 1984 : Best Director , Play -- The Real Thing 1984 : Best Play -- The Real Thing ( as producer ) 2005 : Best Director , Musical -- Monty Python 's Spamalot 2012 : Best Director , Play -- Death of a Salesman Whoopi Goldberg ( edit ) Whoopi Goldberg became the tenth winner , first winner to win two of their awards in the same year , and first African American winner , in 2002 . Whoopi Goldberg ( born 1955 ) , an actress , comedian and talk - show host , received her fourth distinct award in 2002 . Between 1985 and 2009 , Goldberg received a total of 6 awards . Goldberg is the first African American winner , the first to win the Oscar as their second award , and the first to win two of their awards in the same year ( she won both her first Daytime Emmy and her Tony in 2002 ) . Academy Awards : 1990 : Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- Ghost Daytime Emmy Awards : 2002 : Outstanding Special Class Special -- Beyond Tara : The Extraordinary Life of Hattie McDaniel ( Host ) 2009 : Outstanding Talk Show Host -- The View Grammy Awards : 1985 : Best Comedy Recording -- Whoopi Goldberg : Original Broadway Show Recording Tony Awards : 2002 : Best Musical -- Thoroughly Modern Millie Special Awards : 1997 : Special Emmy Award , Governors Award , for the seven Comic Relief Benefit Specials Notes : Although she has never won a competitive Primetime Emmy award , she has been nominated several times . The fact that she does not have a competitive Primetime Emmy Award has led to debate over her inclusion in the `` official list . '' In the 30 Rock episode `` Dealbreakers Talk Show * # 0001 '' , Goldberg ( playing herself ) addresses this when questioned by character Tracy Jordan about her Daytime Emmy : `` It still counts ! Girl 's got ta eat ! '' Scott Rudin ( edit ) Scott Rudin ( born 1958 ) received his fourth distinct award in 2012 . Between 1984 and 2017 , Rudin received a total of 18 awards making him the record holder for most awards won among the people who have won all four awards in competitive categories . Rudin is the first winner who is primarily a producer . Academy Awards : 2007 : Best Picture -- No Country For Old Men Primetime Emmy Awards : 1984 : Outstanding Children 's Program -- He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' Grammy Awards : 2012 : Best Musical Theater Album -- The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording Tony Awards : 1994 : Best Musical -- Passion 2000 : Best Play -- Copenhagen 2002 : Best Play -- The Goat , or Who Is Sylvia ? 2005 : Best Play -- Doubt 2006 : Best Play -- The History Boys 2009 : Best Play -- God of Carnage 2010 : Best Revival of a Play -- Fences 2011 : Best Musical -- The Book of Mormon 2012 : Best Revival of a Play -- Death of a Salesman 2014 : Best Revival of a Play -- A Raisin in the Sun 2015 : Best Play -- The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time 2015 : Best Revival of a Play -- Skylight 2016 : Best Play -- The Humans 2016 : Best Revival of a Play -- A View From the Bridge 2017 : Best Revival of a Musical -- Hello , Dolly ! Robert Lopez ( edit ) Robert Lopez ( right ) became the twelfth person to win all four awards , and the youngest person to achieve this feat , and the fastest to achieve the feat ( 10 years ) . Robert Lopez ( born 1975 ) , a songwriter , received his fourth distinct award in 2014 . Between 2004 and 2015 , Lopez received a total of 9 awards . Like fellow EGOT winner Whoopi Goldberg , his Emmy awards are Daytime Emmys ( although he has been nominated for a competitive Primetime Emmy award ) . Lopez is the youngest winner to receive all four awards in competitive categories , as well as the fastest to complete his qualifying run of EGOT award wins ( 10 years ) , and has the shortest time to complete any run of EGOT wins ( 4 years ) . He received his Grammy Award for The Book of Mormon in collaboration with fellow EGOT winner Scott Rudin ( among others ) , making them the first pair of Grand Slam winners to have been co-winners of the same award . Lopez is also the first person to have won the Oscar last , which he won with his wife Kristen Anderson - Lopez . He is also the second Grand Slam winner , behind Marvin Hamlisch , to have won multiple legs of the feat for the same work -- an Oscar and a Grammy for the song `` Let It Go . '' Academy Awards 2014 : Best Original Song - `` Let It Go '' from Frozen Daytime Emmy Awards 2008 : Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition - Wonder Pets 2010 : Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition - Wonder Pets Grammy Awards 2012 : Best Musical Theater Album - The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording 2015 : Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media - Frozen 2015 : Best Song Written for Visual Media - `` Let It Go '' from Frozen Tony Awards 2004 : Best Original Score - Avenue Q 2011 : Best Book of a Musical - The Book of Mormon 2011 : Best Original Score - The Book of Mormon Qualifying Awards summary ( including non-competitive Awards ) ( edit ) The following artists have also received all of the four major awards . However , in each case , one of these awards has been received only in an honorary or other non-competitive category . ( Streisand has never received a competitive Tony , Minnelli has never received a competitive Grammy , Menken has never received a competitive Emmy and Belafonte and Jones have never received a competitive Oscar . ) Barbra Streisand ( edit ) Barbra Streisand became the youngest winner in 1970 at the age of 28 . With just seven years elapsing between her first Grammy and her Tony , she also completed the feat in the shortest amount of time of any winner . However her Tony is a non-competitive award . Barbra Streisand ( born 1942 ) , a singer and actress , received her fourth distinct award in 1970 . Between 1963 and 2001 , Streisand received a total of 18 awards . Having completed the showbiz Grand Slam at age 28 , she is the youngest winner , and with just six years elapsing between her first award ( a 1964 Grammy ) and her final award ( a 1970 Special Tony ) , Streisand also completed the Grand Slam in the shortest amount of time . She is also the only winner to have won an Oscar in both a music and an acting category . She is also the only winner to have won all of her competitive awards for her debut performances ( her first musical album , feature film and television special , respectively ) . In addition , she also received the AFI Life Achievement Award , the Kennedy Center Honor , the Cecil B. DeMille Award , the National Medal of Arts , the American Society of Cinematographers Board of Governors Award , the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Academy Awards : 1968 : Best Actress in a Leading Role -- Funny Girl 1976 : Best Music , Song -- `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Emmy Awards : 1965 : Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment -- Actors and Performers -- My Name is Barbra 1995 : Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program -- Barbra Streisand : The Concert 1995 : Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special -- Barbra Streisand : The Concert 2001 : Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program -- Timeless : Live in Concert Grammy Awards : 1964 : Best Vocal Performance , Female -- The Barbra Streisand Album 1964 : Album Of The Year ( Other Than Classical ) -- The Barbra Streisand Album 1965 : Best Vocal Performance , Female -- `` People '' ( from the musical Funny Girl ) 1966 : Best Vocal Performance , Female -- My Name Is Barbra 1977 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female -- `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' 1977 : Song Of The Year , `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' 1980 : Best Pop Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal -- `` Guilty '' ( with Barry Gibb ) 1986 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female -- The Broadway Album 1992 : Special Grammy Award : Grammy Legend Award ( non-competitive ) 1995 : Special Grammy Award : Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award ( non-competitive ) Tony Awards : 1970 : Special Tony Award : Star of the Decade ( non-competitive ) Liza Minnelli ( edit ) Liza Minnelli has each of the four awards , having won her fourth in 1990 , but her Grammy is a non-competitive award . Liza Minnelli ( born 1946 ) , an actress and singer , received her fourth distinct award in 1990 . Between 1965 and 2009 , Minnelli received a total of 7 awards . Academy Awards : 1972 : Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Cabaret ) Emmy Awards : 1973 : Outstanding Single Program − Variety and Popular Music ( Liza with a ' Z ' . A Concert for Television ) Grammy Awards : 1990 : Special Grammy Award : Grammy Legend Award ( non-competitive ) Tony Awards : 1965 : Best Leading Actress in a Musical ( Flora the Red Menace ) 1974 : Special Tony Award for `` adding lustre to the Broadway season '' ( non-competitive ) 1978 : Best Leading Actress in a Musical ( The Act ) 2009 : Best Special Theatrical Event ( Liza 's at The Palace ... ! ) James Earl Jones ( edit ) James Earl Jones has each of the four awards , having won his fourth in 2012 , but his Oscar is a non-competitive award . James Earl Jones ( born 1931 ) , an actor , received his fourth distinct award in 2011 . Between 1969 and 2011 , Jones received a total of 7 awards . Academy Awards : 2011 : Academy Honorary Award ( non-competitive ) Emmy Awards : 1991 : Outstanding Lead Actor − Drama Series ( Gabriel 's Fire ) 1991 : Outstanding Supporting Actor − Miniseries or a Movie ( Heat Wave ) Daytime Emmy Awards : 2000 : Outstanding Performer − Children 's Special ( Summer 's End ) Grammy Awards : 1977 : Best Spoken Word Recording ( Great American Documents ) Tony Awards : 1969 : Best Leading Actor in a Play ( The Great White Hope ) 1987 : Best Leading Actor in a Play ( Fences ) 2017 : Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre ( non-competitive ) Alan Menken ( edit ) Alan Menken has won a Tony as well as multiple Grammys and Oscars . He also received an honorary award presented by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Alan Menken ( born 1949 ) , composer and songwriter , received his fourth distinct award in 2012 . Between 1989 and 2012 , Menken received a total of 21 awards . He has the most Oscar wins ( 8 ) by a grand slam winner and is the second most prolific Oscar winner in the music categories after Alfred Newman . He is also notable for frequently having multiple songs from the same film nominated for major awards . Academy Awards : 1989 : Best Original Score -- The Little Mermaid 1989 : Best Original Song -- `` Under the Sea '' from The Little Mermaid 1991 : Best Original Score -- Beauty and the Beast 1991 : Best Original Song -- `` Beauty and the Beast '' from Beauty and the Beast 1992 : Best Original Score -- Aladdin 1992 : Best Original Song -- `` A Whole New World '' from Aladdin 1995 : Best Original Musical or Comedy Score -- Pocahontas 1995 : Best Original Song -- `` Colors of the Wind '' from Pocahontas Emmy Awards : 1990 : Outstanding contribution to the success of the Academy 's anti-drug special for children -- `` Wonderful Ways to Say No '' from the TV special Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( non-competitive ) Grammy Awards : 1991 : Best Recording for Children -- The Little Mermaid : Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack 1991 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` Under the Sea '' from The Little Mermaid 1993 : Best Musical Album for Children -- Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1993 : Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television -- Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1993 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` Beauty and the Beast '' from Beauty and the Beast 1993 : Song of the Year -- `` A Whole New World ( Aladdin 's Theme ) '' from Aladdin 1993 : Best Musical Album for Children -- Aladdin : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1993 : Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television -- Aladdin : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1993 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` A Whole New World '' from Aladdin 1996 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` Colors of the Wind '' from Pocahontas 2012 : Best Song Written for Visual Media -- `` I See the Light '' from Tangled Tony Awards : 2012 : Best Original Score -- Newsies Harry Belafonte ( edit ) Belafonte has each of the four awards , but his Oscar is a non-competitive award . Harry Belafonte ( born 1927 ) , an actor , received his fourth distinct award in 2014 . Between 1953 and 2014 , Belafonte received a total of 6 awards . Academy Awards : 2014 : Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( non-competitive ) Emmy Awards : 1960 : Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ( Tonight with Belafonte - The Revlon Revue ) Grammy Awards : 1961 : Best Performance Folk -- Swing Dat Hammer 1966 : Best Folk Performance -- An Evening With Belafonte / Makeba 2000 : Grammy Hall of Fame Award Tony Awards : 1953 : Best Featured Actor in a Musical -- John Murray Anderson 's Almanac Quincy Jones ( edit ) Quincy Jones received his fourth award in 2016 , as a producer for the musical The Color Purple . Quincy Jones ( born 1933 ) , an American record producer , actor and composer , received his fourth distinct award in 2016 . Between 1964 and 2016 , Jones received a total of 31 awards -- the highest number of awards of any grand slam winner . He also has the most Grammy wins ( 28 ) by a grand slam winner . Academy Awards : 1994 : Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( non-competitive ) Emmy Awards : 1977 : Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( for Roots ) Grammy Awards : 1964 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' 1970 : Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Large Group Or Soloist With Large Group -- Walking in Space 1972 : Best Pop Instrumental Performance -- Smackwater Jack 1974 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` Summer in the City '' 1979 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` The Wiz Main Title ( Overture , Part One ) '' 1981 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` Dinorah , Dinorah '' 1982 : Producer Of The Year 1982 : Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal ( s ) -- `` Ai No Corrida '' 1982 : Best Arrangement On An Instrumental Recording -- `` Velas '' 1982 : Best Cast Show Album -- Lena Horne : The Lady and Her Music 1982 : Best R&B Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal -- The Dude 1984 : Producer Of The Year ( Non-Classical ) 1984 : Best Recording For Children -- E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 1984 : Album Of The Year -- Thriller 1984 : Record Of The Year -- `` Beat It '' 1985 : Best Arrangements On An Instrumental -- `` Grace ( Gymnastics Theme ) '' 1986 : Best Music Video , Short Form -- `` We Are the World -- The Video Event '' 1986 : Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal -- `` We Are the World '' 1986 : Record Of The Year -- `` We Are the World '' 1990 : Producer Of The Year ( Non-Classical ) 1990 : Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal ( s ) -- `` The Places You Find Love '' 1990 : Best Arrangement On An Instrumental -- `` Birdland '' 1990 : Best Jazz Fusion Performance -- `` Birdland '' 1990 : Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group -- `` Back on the Block '' 1990 : Album Of The Year -- Back on the Block 1991 : Grammy Legend Award 1994 : Best Large Jazz Ensemble Performance -- Miles & Quincy Live At Montreux 2002 : Best Spoken Word Album -- Q : The Autobiography Of Quincy Jones Tony Awards : 2016 : Best Revival of a Musical ( The Color Purple ) Three competitive Awards ( edit ) The following people have each won three out of the four major entertainment awards in competitive categories . Missing a Tony Award John Addison Julie Andrews Burt Bacharach Alan Bergman Marilyn Bergman George Burns Cher Common Michael Giacchino Brian Grazer Ron Howard James Moll Randy Newman Sid Ramin Martin Scorsese Barbra Streisand Peter Ustinov John Williams Robin Williams Kate Winslet Missing a Grammy Award Jack Albertson Anne Bancroft Ingrid Bergman Shirley Booth Ralph Burns Ellen Burstyn Viola Davis Melvyn Douglas Bob Fosse Jeremy Irons Jessica Lange Frances McDormand Liza Minnelli Helen Mirren Thomas Mitchell Al Pacino Christopher Plummer Vanessa Redgrave Jason Robards Geoffrey Rush Paul Scofield Maggie Smith Maureen Stapleton Jessica Tandy Tony Walton Missing an Emmy Award Henry Fonda Oscar Hammerstein II Elton John John Legend Alan Jay Lerner Andrew Lloyd Webber Frank Loesser Alan Menken Tim Rice Stephen Sondheim Jule Styne Missing an Academy Award ( Oscar ) Harry Belafonte Leonard Bernstein Jerry Bock Martin Charnin Cy Coleman Fred Ebb Cynthia Erivo Anne Garefino Julie Harris James Earl Jones Quincy Jones John Kander Cyndi Lauper Audra McDonald Bette Midler Lin - Manuel Miranda Cynthia Nixon Trey Parker Marc Shaiman Bill Sherman Matt Stone Charles Strouse Lily Tomlin Dick Van Dyke James Whitmore Notes ( edit ) † -- Person is deceased . ◊ -- Person has been nominated at least once for a competitive category of the missing award , but has failed to win . TC -- Person joins EGOT winners Hayes and Moreno as winners of the Triple Crown of Acting , with singular ( non-group / ensemble / company ) acting wins in each of the Emmy , Oscar and Tony awards . NCA -- Person won a Non-Competitive Award in this category ( see section above ) . P -- Person has won the Pulitzer Prize Jump up ^ In 1996 , Julie Andrews refused a Tony Award nomination for her role in Victor / Victoria in protest that the production received no other nominations . She was also Tony - nominated for My Fair Lady and Camelot . Jump up ^ Bob Fosse won all three awards in the same year , 1973 . Jump up ^ With his 2012 Oscar win , Plummer became the oldest ( 82 ) to win the `` Triple Crown Of Acting '' Jump up ^ Tony Walton is the only costume / set designer to win three different awards . Jump up ^ Miranda would also be the first MacArthur Fellow to win the EGOT Jump up ^ Trey Parker placed second in the narrative / dramatic division of 1993 's Student Academy Awards for his college short American History . Three Awards ( non-competitive ) ( edit ) In addition to the above winners , the following people have each won three out of the four major entertainment awards in either competitive categories or non-competitive special and honorary categories . Howard Ashman won two competitive Oscars , five competitive Grammy Awards , and a Special Award for outstanding contribution to the success of the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ' anti-drug special for children . Fred Astaire won three competitive Emmy awards , a Special Academy Award , and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Robert Russell Bennett won a competitive Emmy Award , a competitive Oscar , and two Special Tony Awards . Irving Berlin won an Academy Award , a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award , and a competitive Tony award . Carol Burnett won 6 competitive Emmy awards , a competitive Grammy , and a Special Tony award . Walt Disney won 26 competitive Academy Awards , seven competitive Emmy Awards , and a Grammy Trustees Award . Ray Dolby won an Academy Scientific and Technical Award , two Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards , and a Special Merit / Technical Grammy Award . Judy Garland won an Academy Juvenile Award , two competitive Grammy Awards , and a Special Tony Award . Eileen Heckart won a competitive Academy Award , a competitive Emmy Award , and a Special Tony Award . Barry Manilow won two competitive Emmy Awards , a competitive Grammy Award , and a Special Tony Award . Steve Martin won the Honorary Academy Award , a competitive Emmy Award , and five competitive Grammy Awards . Stephen Schwartz won three competitive Oscars , three competitive Grammys and the Isabelle Stevenson Award , a non-competitive Tony Award . Eli Wallach won a competitive Tony Award , a competitive Emmy Award , and an Academy Honorary Award . Oprah Winfrey won competitive Emmy Awards , a competitive Tony Award , and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award , a non-competitive Academy Award . Four nominations ( edit ) The following people have not won all four awards in competitive categories , but have received at least one nomination for each of them : Lynn Ahrens Alan Alda Woody Allen Judith Anderson Julie Andrews Howard Ashman * Elmer Bernstein Leonard Bernstein Ralph Burns Ellen Burstyn Richard Burton Sammy Cahn Keith Carradine Diahann Carroll Glenn Close Cy Coleman Fred Ebb Henry Fonda Jane Fonda Judy Garland * Brian Grazer Joel Grey Julie Harris Katharine Hepburn Jeremy Irons Hugh Jackman James Earl Jones Quincy Jones John Kander Angela Lansbury Michel Legrand John Lithgow Kenny Loggins Steve Martin * Alan Menken Bette Midler Liza Minnelli Lin - Manuel Miranda Trey Parker Dolly Parton Sidney Poitier André Previn Lynn Redgrave Diana Ross * Adam Schlesinger Paul Scofield Marc Shaiman Paul Simon Glenn Slater Tom Snow Kevin Spacey Sting Barbra Streisand Meryl Streep Lily Tomlin Stanley Tucci Peter Ustinov Jimmy Van Heusen James Whitmore Paul Williams Hans Zimmer Notes : While Judy Garland and Diana Ross never received any Tony nominations , they have each won a Special Tony Award , in addition to receiving at least one nomination in competitive categories for each of the other four awards . Howard Ashman has never received an Emmy nomination , but has won an Outstanding contribution to the success of the Academy 's anti-drug special for children , in addition to receiving at least one nomination in competitive categories for each of the other four awards . Steve Martin has never received an Oscar nomination , but has won an Academy Honorary Award , in addition to receiving nominations in competitive categories for each of the other four awards . Only one artist , Lynn Redgrave , has been nominated at least once for each of the four awards without winning any . PEGOT ( edit ) A PEGOT winner is someone who has won all four EGOT awards as well as a Pulitzer Prize . PEGOT winners : Richard Rodgers Marvin Hamlisch People who have won a Pulitzer , and are only missing one EGOT award : Jerry Bock ( missing an Oscar ) Oscar Hammerstein II ( missing an Emmy ) Frank Loesser ( missing an Emmy ) Lin - Manuel Miranda ( missing an Oscar ) Stephen Sondheim ( missing an Emmy ) Of these five , only Miranda and Sondheim are still alive . Miranda was nominated for a 2017 Oscar for Best Original Song but did not win . Franchises ( edit ) To date , five franchises have won the EGOT . The Lion King ( edit ) The Lion King won its fourth distinct award in 1998 . With a span of four years between its first and fourth distinct awards , The Lion King is the fastest - ever EGOT in any form . Academy Awards 1995 : Best Original Score : Hans Zimmer 1995 : Best Original Song : `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music by Elton John ; Lyrics by Tim Rice Daytime Emmy Award 1996 : Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program : Nathan Lane in Timon & Pumbaa Grammy Awards 1995 : Best Musical Album for Children : Mark Mancina , Jay Rifkin , Chris Thomas , Hans Zimmer ( producers ) & various artists 1995 : Best Spoken Word Album for Children : Ted Kryczko , Randy Thornton ( producers ) & Robert Guillaume for The Lion King Read - Along 1999 : Best Musical Show Album : Mark Mancina ( producer ) for The Lion King Tony Awards 1998 : Best Musical 1998 : Best Scenic Design : Richard Hudson 1998 : Best Costume Design : Julie Taymor 1998 : Best Lighting Design : Donald Holder 1998 : Best Direction of a Musical : Julie Taymor 1998 : Best Choreography : Garth Fagan Sweeney Todd : the Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( edit ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street won its fourth distinct award in 2008 . Academy Awards 2008 : Best Art Direction : Dante Ferretti and Francesca Lo Schiavo for Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Primetime Emmy Awards 1985 : Outstanding Performance In A Variety Or Music Program : George Hearn as Sweeney Todd for Great Performances : Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street 1985 : Outstanding Directing in a Variety or Music Program : Terry Hughes for Great Performances : Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street 1985 : Outstanding Videotape Editing for a Limited Series or a Special : Jimmy B. Frazier for Great Performances : Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street 2015 : Outstanding Special Class Program : Live from Lincoln Center -- Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street in Concert with the New York Philharmonic Grammy Awards 1980 : Best Cast Show Album : Stephen Sondheim ( composer & lyricist ) , Thomas Z . Shepard ( producer ) for Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Tony Awards 1979 : Best Musical 1979 : Best Book of a Musical : Hugh Wheeler 1979 : Best Original Score ( Music and / or Lyrics ) Written for the Theatre : Stephen Sondheim 1979 : Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical : Len Cariou as Sweeney Todd 1979 : Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical : Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Lovett 1979 : Best Direction of a Musical : Harold Prince 1979 : Best Scenic Design : Eugene Lee 1979 : Best Costume Design : Franne Lee 2006 : Best Direction of a Musical : John Doyle 2006 : Best Orchestrations : Sarah Travis The Wizard of Oz ( edit ) The Wizard of Oz ( or works directly based on the same ) won its fourth distinct award in 2008 . Academy Awards 1940 : Best Original Score : Herbert Stothart 1940 : Best Original Song : `` Over the Rainbow '' Music by Harold Arlen ; Lyrics by Yip Harburg Tony Awards 1975 : Best Musical : The Wiz 1975 : Best Original Score : Charlie Smalls for The Wiz 1975 : Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical : Ted Ross as The Cowardly Lion for The Wiz 1975 : Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical : Dee Dee Bridgewater as Glinda for The Wiz 1975 : Best Direction of a Musical : Geoffrey Holder for The Wiz 1975 : Best Costume Design : Geoffrey Holder for The Wiz 1975 : Best Choreography : George Faison for The Wiz 2004 : Best Actress in a Musical : Idina Menzel as Elphaba for Wicked 2004 : Best Costume Design : Susan Hilferty for Wicked 2004 : Best Scenic Design : Eugene Lee for Wicked Grammy Awards 1975 : Best Musical Theatre Album : Music composed by Charlie Smalls and Produced by Jerry Wexler for The Wiz 2004 : Best Musical Theatre Album : Music composed , written , and produced by Steven Schwartz for Wicked Emmy Awards 2008 : Outstanding Make - up for a Series or a Movie ( non prosthetic ) : Tin Man 2016 : Outstanding Costumes for a Variety , Nonfiction , or Reality Programming : The Wiz Live ! Aladdin ( edit ) Aladdin won its fourth distinct award in 2014 . Academy Awards 1993 : Best Original Score : Alan Menken 1993 : Best Original Song : `` A Whole New World '' Music by Alan Menken ; Lyrics by Tim Rice Daytime Emmy Award 1995 : Outstanding Music Direction and Composition : Mark Watters , John Given , Harvey Cohen , Carl Johnson and Thomas Richard Sharp for Aladdin 1995 : Outstanding Film Sound Mixing : Deb Adair , Melissa Ellis , Jim Hodson , Timothy J. Garrity , Timothy J. Borquez and Bill Koepnick for Aladdin 1995 : Outstanding Film Sound Editing : 18 individuals for Aladdin 1996 : Outstanding Sound Mixing - Special Class : Michael Jiron , Allen L. Stone and Deb Adair for Aladdin Grammy Awards 1994 : Best Musical Album for Children : Alan Menken , Tim Rice ( producers ) & various artists 1994 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television : Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) for `` A Whole New World ( Aladdin 's Theme ) '' performed by Regina Belle & Peabo Bryson 1994 : Song of the Year : Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) for `` A Whole New World ( Aladdin 's Theme ) '' performed by Regina Belle & Peabo Bryson 1994 : Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals : Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle for `` A Whole New World ( Aladdin 's Theme ) '' 1994 : Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television : Alan Menken ( composer ) Tony Awards 2014 : Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical : James Monroe Iglehart as the Genie for Aladdin The Sound of Music ( edit ) The Sound of Music won its fourth distinct award in 2014 . Academy Awards 1966 : Best Picture : Robert Wise 1966 : Best Director : Robert Wise 1966 : Best Sound : James Corcoran and Fred Hynes 1966 : Best Film Editing : William H. Reynolds 1966 : Best Music , Scoring of Music -- Adaptation or Treatment : Irwin Kostal Primetime Emmy Awards 2014 : Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video Control for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special : The Sound of Music Live ! Grammy Awards 1961 : Best Show Album ( Original Cast ) : Oscar Hammerstein II and Richard Rodgers for The Sound of Music Tony Awards 1960 : Best Musical 1960 : Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical : Mary Martin as Maria Von Trapp for The Sound of Music 1960 : Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical : Patricia Neway as Mother Abbess for The Sound of Music 1960 : Best Conductor and Musical Director : Frederick Dvonch for The Sound of Music 1960 : Best Scenic Design ( Musical ) : Oliver Smith for The Sound of Music Three competitive Awards ( franchises ) ( edit ) Thirty - six franchises have won three of the four awards . They are as follows , along with which awards they have won : A Little Night Music Tony , Grammy , & Oscar Amadeus Tony , Grammy , & Oscar Annie Tony , Grammy , & Emmy Annie Get Your Gun Oscar , Tony , & Grammy Batman Grammy , Oscar , & Emmy Beauty and the Beast Grammy , Oscar , & Tony Cabaret Grammy , Oscar , & Tony Chicago Grammy , Oscar , & Tony The Color Purple Grammy , Emmy , & Tony Dracula Tony , Oscar , & Emmy Dreamgirls Grammy , Oscar , & Tony Evita Grammy , Oscar , & Tony Gigi Oscar , Grammy , & Tony Gypsy Grammy , Tony , & Emmy Hairspray Tony , Grammy , & Emmy Hello , Dolly ! Tony , Grammy , & Oscar How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Grammy , Emmy , & Oscar Indiana Jones Oscar , Grammy , & Emmy Les Misérables Grammy , Oscar , & Tony The Lion in Winter Tony , Oscar , & Emmy Looney Tunes Oscar , Emmy & Grammy Mary Poppins Grammy , Oscar & Tony Men in Black Grammy , Oscar , & Emmy The Miracle Worker Tony , Oscar , & Emmy The Muppets Emmy , Grammy , & Oscar The Music Man Grammy , Oscar & Tony Once Grammy , Oscar , & Tony Peter Pan Tony , Emmy , & Oscar Porgy and Bess Grammy , Oscar , & Tony The Producers Grammy , Oscar , & Tony South Pacific Tony , Oscar & Emmy Star Wars Emmy , Grammy , & Oscar Toy Story Emmy , Grammy , & Oscar West Side Story Grammy , Oscar , & Tony Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? Tony , Grammy , & Oscar Winnie the Pooh Oscar , Grammy , & Emmy Four competitive nominations ( franchises ) ( edit ) The Addams Family Grammy , Oscar , Emmy , & Tony Grease Tony , Grammy , Oscar , & Emmy Peanuts Tony , Grammy , Emmy , & Oscar The Phantom of the Opera Oscar , Grammy , Tony , & Emmy Shrek Oscar , Grammy , Emmy , & Tony Spider - Man Tony , Oscar , Grammy , & Emmy See also ( edit ) Book : EGOT winners Academy Award Emmy Award Daytime Emmy Award Primetime Emmy Award Grammy Award Tony Award Triple Crown of Acting References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Dave ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` What Is an EGOT ? The Grand Slam of Show Business -- Explained '' . PEOPLE.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Liz ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Phyllis Newman Honored ! '' Archived March 3 , 2014 , at Archive.is . wowowow . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Emmy alert : what to watch on TV '' . The Envelope . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Graham , Renee ( August 19 , 2003 ) . `` Looking to the stars for a little Hope '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Long , Tim ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` The Oscars : Where Is the Love for Philip Michael Thomas ? '' Archived December 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Vanity Fair . `` ... Thomas took to wearing a gold medallion emblazoned with the letters `` EGOT '' , which stood for `` Emmy , Grammy , Oscar , and Tony . '' As Thomas told an interviewer in 1984 , `` Hopefully in the next five years I will win all of those awards . '' As of February 2008 , ... only twelve people in history have ever won all four -- among them , Mike Nichols , Audrey Hepburn , Rita Moreno , and Marvin Hamlisch . Jump up ^ Mifflin , Lawrie ( May 22 , 1995 ) . `` More Awards Programs , More Winners , More Money '' Archived May 31 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . Jump up ^ McIntee , Michael ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` Wahoo Gazette . Show # 3244 '' . CBS . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Castro , Iván A. ( 2006 ) . `` Rita Moreno '' . 100 Hispanics you should know . Libraries Unlimited . ISBN 1 - 59158 - 327 - 6 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert ( June 4 , 2001 ) . `` With Producers , Mel Brooks Has Won Tony , Oscar , Grammy and Emmy '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Waldron , Clarence ( April 14 , 2008 ) . `` The view according to Whoopi '' . Jet . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` As it happened : 12 years a slave , Gravity are big Oscar winners '' . FirstPost. Bollywood . March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tom ( August 15 , 2008 ) . `` Who will be the next winner of the showbiz awards grand slam ? '' . Gold Derby . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( May 9 , 1996 ) . `` Adding Drama to a Musical , Andrews Spurns the Tonys '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gamerman , Ellen ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` With Pulitzer Prize , Lin - Manuel Miranda Becomes Leading Contender for MacPEGOT '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Forget the coveted ' EGOT ' -- short for the quadruple win of Emmy , Grammy , Oscar and Tony awards to a single person -- Miranda is rewriting the acronym ... Skipping the genius grant , `` PEGOT '' winners include composer Richard Rodgers and Marvin Hamlisch . External links ( edit ) Official website of the Academy Awards Official website of the Emmy Awards Official website of the Grammy Awards Official website of the Tony Awards Links to related articles People who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards Competitive EGOTs Mel Brooks John Gielgud Whoopi Goldberg Marvin Hamlisch Helen Hayes Audrey Hepburn Robert Lopez Rita Moreno Mike Nichols Richard Rodgers Scott Rudin Jonathan Tunick Honorary recipients Harry Belafonte James Earl Jones Quincy Jones Alan Menken Liza Minnelli Barbra Streisand Book : EGOT winners Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Multi-win Directors Film Films Best Picture milestones Foreign - 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About Wikipedia	who has a grammy oscar tony and emmy	[ "\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n", "\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n", "\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n", "\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n", "\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n", "\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n", "\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n", "\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n", "\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n", "\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n", "\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n", "\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n" ]	[ "Richard Rodgers", "Helen Hayes", "Rita Moreno", "John Gielgud", "Audrey Hepburn", "Marvin Hamlisch", "Jonathan Tunick", "Mel Brooks", "Mike Nichols", "Whoopi Goldberg", "Scott Rudin", "Robert Lopez" ]
4590667730674379177	Middle Colonies	Middle Colonies - wikipedia Middle Colonies Jump to : navigation , search Middle Colonies Regional statistics U.S. States Delaware New Jersey New York Pennsylvania The Middle Colonies were four of the thirteen colonies in British America , located between the New England Colonies and the Southern Colonies . Along with the Chesapeake Colonies , this area now roughly makes up the Mid-Atlantic states ( though with the notable exception of Vermont , which is reckoned with New England ) . The Middle Colonies were very similar to the New England colonies in their stature . Much of the area was part of New Netherland until the Danish exerted their control over the region . The British captured much of the area in their war with the Dutch around 1664 , and the majority of the conquered land became the Province of New York . But The Duke of York and the King of England would later grant others ownership of the land which would become the Province of New Jersey and the Province of Pennsylvania . The Delaware Colony later separated from Pennsylvania , which was founded by William Penn . The Middle Colonies had lots of fertile soil , which allowed the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains . The lumber and shipbuilding industries enjoyed success in the Middle Colonies because of the abundant forests , and Pennsylvania saw moderate success in the textile and iron industry . The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically and religiously diverse British colonies in North America ; they had settlers from England , Scotland , Ireland , the Netherlands , and German states . The good farm land was much cheaper than in Europe . With the new arrivals came various Protestant denominations , which were protected in the Middle Colonies by written freedom of religion laws . This tolerance was very unusual and distinct from the situation in other British colonies . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Province of New Jersey 3 Province of Pennsylvania 4 Province of New York 5 Delaware Colony 6 Geography 7 Industry 8 Politics 9 Demographics 9.1 English colonists 9.2 Labor 9.3 Religion 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Primary sources 13 Historiography History ( edit ) The Middle Colonies were explored by Henry Hudson on a journey into the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1609 . The Dutch soon claimed the land . Although the Swedes and the Dutch fought over the land in the 1630s through the ultimately the Dutch claimed the land , calling it New Netherland . In the 1660s , the English largely conquered this land from the Dutch , renaming the area New York after the Duke of York , James II . Province of New Jersey ( edit ) Main articles : Bergen , New Netherland and Province of New Jersey Map showing the borders of West New Jersey ( left ) and East New Jersey ( right ) King Charles II renamed the land west of the Hudson River New Jersey and gave the region between New England and Maryland to his brother , the Duke of York ( later King James II of England ) as a proprietary colony . James II later granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had been loyal to him through the English Civil War : Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton . This land grant became the Province of New Jersey . In 1665 , the Concession and Agreement was written in an effort to entice settlers to New Jersey . This document provided for religious freedom , no taxes without assembly approval , and a governor appointed by the proprietors . The first governor appointed in this way was Philip Carteret , who founded Elizabethtown . Colonists were required to pay annual quit - rent taxes . On March 18 , 1674 , after encountering difficulty collecting the taxes , Lord Berkeley sold his share in the colony to Edward Byllynge , a Quaker businessman from London . This sale divided New Jersey into East Jersey and West Jersey ; however , the border between the two was not agreed upon until the Quintipartite Deed in 1676 . From 1701 to 1765 , colonists skirmished in the New York - New Jersey Line War over disputed colonial boundaries . On April 15 , 1702 , Queen Anne united West and East Jersey into one Royal Colony , the Province of New Jersey . Edward Hyde , 3rd Earl of Clarendon became the royal colony 's first governor . After Hyde was recalled to England in 1708 over charges of graft , bribery , and corruption , the governor of New York was charged to also preside over New Jersey . Finally , in 1738 , King George II appointed a separate governor , Lewis Morris , to run New Jersey . The Provincial Congress of New Jersey , made up of elected delegates , formed in January 1776 to govern the colony . The Congress had Royal Governor William Franklin arrested on June 15 , declaring him `` an enemy to the liberties of this country '' . On July 2 , 1776 , New Jersey enacted the New Jersey State Constitution , soon after having empowered delegates to the Continental Congress , on June 21 , to join in a declaration of independence . The United States Declaration of Independence ended their colonial status . Province of Pennsylvania ( edit ) Main article : Province of Pennsylvania Chester Courthouse in Pennsylvania was built in 1724 King Charles II granted the land for the Pennsylvania Colony to William Penn on March 4 , 1681 as payment for a debt the crown owed his family . Penn wrote the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania before departing for the colony , which called for religious tolerance towards many groups , including the Religious Society of Friends and local natives . As a proprietary colony , Penn governed Pennsylvania , yet its citizens were still subject to the English crown and laws . Penn 's cousin William Markham served as the first colonial deputy governor . Demarcated by the 42nd parallel north and 39th parallel north , Pennsylvania was bordered by the Delaware River and the colonies of New York , Maryland , and New Jersey . In 1704 , Dutch land given to Penn by the Duke of York was separated and once again became part of the Delaware Colony . From 1692 to 1694 , revolution in England deprived Penn of the governance of his colony . The Pennsylvania Assembly took this opportunity to request expanded power for elected officials , led by David Lloyd . Upon visiting the colony in 1669 and 1701 , Penn eventually agreed to allow their Charter of Privileges to be added to the constitution . When the British banned western expansion in 1764 , fighting among colonists and against the natives swelled . In 1773 , Arthur St. Clair ordered the arrest of a Virginian officer who was commanding troops against armed settlers loyal to Pennsylvania . Pennsylvanian revolutionary sentiment continued to grow , and Philadelphia , the largest city in America , soon became the meeting place of the Continental Congress . The publication of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 by locally elected revolutionaries concluded the history of the Colony , and began the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . Province of New York ( edit ) Main articles : Province of New York and New Netherland The first Dutch settlements in the New York area appeared around 1613 . The English captured the New Netherland Colony from the Dutch in 1664 , renaming it the Province of New York after the King 's brother , the Duke of York ( later King James II ) . The Dutch recaptured the colony in July 1673 during the Third Anglo - Dutch War , but gave it back to the English under the Treaty of Westminster in exchange for Suriname . The Duke of York never governed the colony himself : he instead appointed governors , councils , and other officers to run the government . Richard Nicolls served as the first governor of New York . In 1665 , the Province of New Jersey split from New York ; however , the New York - New Jersey Line War continued until the final borders were decided in 1769 , and approved by the legislatures and the King in 1772 and 1773 respectively . A Colonial Assembly convened in October 1683 , making New York the last colony to have an assembly . A constitution was drafted and passed on October 30 , 1683 , giving the colonists many rights , including the rights to no taxation without representation . However , upon learning of the constitution , James II declared it void . When the Duke of York became King James II of England , New York became a royal province . In May 1688 the province briefly became part of the Dominion of New England . When James II was overthrown , the citizens of New York rebelled against the Royal Governor in Leisler 's Rebellion . When Henry Sloughter became governor in March 1691 , the rebellion was crushed and its leader , Jacob Leisler was arrested , tried , and executed for treason . New York 's charter and constitution were reinstated soon after . In April 1775 , American patriots formed the New York Provincial Congress to replace the assembly . Governor William Tryon and all royal officials were forced from the colony on October 19 , 1775 . Colonial status ended for the new state with the United States Declaration of Independence in July 1776 . Delaware colony ( edit ) Main article : Delaware Colony Delaware changed hands between the Dutch and Swedes between 1631 and 1655 . The Dutch maintained control of Delaware until 1664 , when Sir Robert Carr took New Amstel for the Duke of York , renaming it New Castle . A Deputy of the Duke governed Delaware from 1664 to 1682 . When William Penn received his land grant of Pennsylvania in 1681 , he received the Delaware area from the Duke of York , and dubbed them `` The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware River '' . In 1701 , after he had troubles governing the ethnically diverse Delaware territory , Penn agreed to allow them a separate colonial assembly . Geography ( edit ) The partly unglaciated Middle Colonies enjoyed fertile soil vastly different from the nearby New England Colonies , which contained more rocky soil . Because of the large grain exports resulting from this soil , the colonies came to be known as the Bread Basket Colonies . Pennsylvania became a leading exporter of wheat , corn , rye , hemp , and flax , making it the leading food producer in the colonies , and later states , between the years of 1725 and 1840 . Broad navigable rivers of relaxed current like the Susquehanna River , the Delaware River , and the Hudson River attracted diverse business . Fur trappers moved along these rivers , and there was enough flow to enable milling with water wheel power . Industry ( edit ) Abundant forests attracted both the lumbering and shipbuilding industries to the Middle Colonies . These industries , along with the presence of deep river estuaries , led to the appearance of important ports like New York and Philadelphia . While the Middle Colonies had far more industry than the Southern Colonies , it still did not rival the industry of New England . In Pennsylvania , sawmills and gristmills were abundant , and the textile industry grew quickly . The colony also became a major producer of pig iron and its products , including the Pennsylvania long rifle and the Conestoga wagon . Other important industries included printing , publishing , and the related industry of papermaking . Politics ( edit ) The Middle Colonies political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals . These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations , evolving especially during the French and Indian War . The Middle Colonies were generally run by Royal or Proprietary Governors and elected Colonial Assemblies . Many Middle Colony constitutions guaranteed freedom of religion and forbade taxation without representation . Royal governors were arrested or overthrown on more than one occasion , most notably when New Jersey arrested its governor and during Leisler 's Rebellion in New York . Growing unrest in the Middle Colonies eventually led the region to become the meeting place for the Continental Congress , and a center for revolution . However , there were numerous pockets of neutrals and Loyalists . Demographics ( edit ) The Middle Colonies tended to mix aspects of the New England and Southern Colonies . Landholdings were generally farms of 40 to 160 acres ( 16 -- 65 hectares ) , owned by the family that worked it . In New York 's Hudson Valley , however , the Dutch patroons operated very large landed estates and rented land to tenant farmers . Ethnically , the Middle Colonies were more diverse than the other British colonial regions in North America and tended to be more socially tolerant . For example , in New York , any foreigner professing Christianity was awarded citizenship , leading to a more diverse populace . As a consequence , early German settlements in the Americas concentrated in the Middle Colonies region . Indentured servitude was especially common in Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and New York in the eighteenth century , though fewer worked in agriculture . German immigrants favored the Middle Colonies . German immigration greatly increased around 1717 , and many immigrants began coming from the Rhineland . They were erroneously labeled the Pennsylvania Dutch ( the German word for German is `` Deutsch '' ) , and comprised one - third of the population by the time of the American Revolution . The industry and farming skills they brought with them helped solidify the Middle Colonies ' prosperity . They were noted for tight - knit religious communities , mostly Lutheran but also including many smaller sects such as the Moravians , Mennonites and Amish The Scotch - Irish began immigrating to the Middle Colonies in waves after 1717 . They primarily pushed farther into the western frontier of the colonies , where they repeatedly confronted the Indians . Other groups included the French Huguenots , Welsh , Dutch , Swedes , Swiss , and Scots Highlanders . English colonists ( edit ) When the English took direct control of the Middle Colonies around 1664 , many Quakers from Rhode Island had already been pushed into the region by Puritans , while Episcopalian businessmen settled in Philadelphia and New York City . Welsh Quakers , Baptists and Methodists settled in the Welsh Tract of Pennsylvania . While some Welsh colonists like Roger Williams , left to found Rhode Island , Anne Hutchinson founded a seed settlement in New York . Rhode Island was not initially counted as part of New England , having been excluded from the New England Confederation , but later joined the Dominion of New England . Thus , the definition of the Middle Colonies sometimes changed and overlapped with Rhode Island 's colonial boundaries . After joining the Dominion of New England , however , Rhode Island was permanently thought of as a New England colony . New York 's initial possession of parts of Maine ensured a close relationship with other New England colonies like Vermont and a continuing New England influence in the colony . Both William Penn and the Lords Baltimore encouraged Irish Protestant immigration , hoping they could obtain indentured servants to work on their estates and on colonial developments . Often areas of the Middle Colonies displayed prevalent Irish cultural influence . Labor ( edit ) Labor was always in short supply . The most common solution was indentured servitude of young whites . These were teenagers in Britain or Germany whose parents arranged for them to work for families in the colonies until age 21 , in exchange for their ocean passage . The great majority became farmers or farm wives . By the mid-eighteenth century , African American slaves comprised 12 % of the population of New York . Most were house servants in Manhattan , or farmworkers on Dutch estates . Religion ( edit ) The Middle Colonies were the religiously diverse part of the British Empire , with a high degree of tolerance . The Penn family were Quakers , and the colony became a favorite destination for that group as well as German Lutherans , German Reformed and numerous small sects such as Mennonites , Amish and Moravians , not to mention Scotch Irish Presbyterians . The Dutch Reformed were strong in upstate New York and New Jersey , and Congregationalists were important in Long Island . The First Great Awakening invigorated religiosity and helped stimulate the growth of Congregational , Methodist and Baptist churches . Non-British colonists included Dutch Calvinist , Swedish Lutherans , Palatine Mennonites , and the Amish . See also ( edit ) Mid-Atlantic New England Colonies Southern Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Colonial United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jaap Jacobs , The Colony of New Netherland : A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth - Century America ( 2nd ed . Cornell University Press ; 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Turner ( 1948 ) , 83 . ^ Jump up to : Kammen ( 1996 ) , 71 - 72 . ^ Jump up to : Streissguth ( 2001 ) , 96 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Pomfret , Colonial New Jersey : A History ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Berkeley and Carteret ( 1664 ) . Jump up ^ Gerlach ( 2002 ) , 384 . ^ Jump up to : Elson ( 1904 ) , 148 . Jump up ^ Skemp ( 1990 ) , 192 . ^ Jump up to : Pennsylvania Society of Governors ( 1916 ) , 180 - 181 . ^ Jump up to : Penn ( 1682 ) . ^ Jump up to : Pennsylvania State History . Jump up ^ Jerome R. Reich , Leisler 's Rebellion : A Study of Democracy in New York , 1664 - 1720 ( 1953 ) ^ Jump up to : Faragher ( 1990 ) , 106 - 108 Jump up ^ State of Delaware ( A Brief History ) ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Ebeling ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins , The Economy of Colonial America ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Greene ( 1997 ) , 709 . Jump up ^ Jensen ( 1968 ) , 461 - 468 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer ( 1992 ) , 972 . Jump up ^ Sung Bok Kim , `` A New Look at the Great Landlords of Eighteenth - Century New York , '' William and Mary Quarterly Vol. 27 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1970 ) , pp. 581 - 614 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Westerkamp ( 1998 ) , 452 . Jump up ^ A.G. Roeber , Palatines , Liberty , and Property : German Lutherans in Colonial British America ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ James Graham Leyburn , The Scotch - Irish : A Social History ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Stephan Thermstrom , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Marcus Jernegan , Laboring and Dependent Classes in Colonial America , 1607 - 1783 ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ Ira Berlin and Leslie Harris , Slavery in New York Some work in the fields of plantations. ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) References ( edit ) Bod , Wayne . `` The Middle Colonies . '' in Louise A. Breen , ed. , Converging Worlds : Communities and Cultures in Colonial America ( 2013 ) : 219 + . Bodle , Wayne , `` The Mid-Atlantic and the American Revolution , '' Pennsylvania History 82 # 2 ( Summer 2015 ) , 282 -- 99 . Channing , Edward ( 1908 ) . A History of the United States : vol. 2 , A Century of Colonial History , 1660 - 1760 . MacMillan . Doyle , John Andrew . English Colonies in America : Volume IV The Middle Colonies ( 1907 ) online Ebeling , Walter ( 1979 ) . The Fruited Plain : The Story of American Agriculture . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03751 - 9 . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Faragher , John Mack , ed. ( 1990 ) The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America . New York : Sachem Publishing Associates , Inc . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1992 ) . Albion 's Seed . Oxford UP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506905 - 6 . Greene , Jack P ( 1997 ) . `` Political Partisanship in the Middle American Colonies : 1700 - 1776 '' . The Journal of Interdisciplinary History . Cambridge : MIT Press . 27 ( 4 ) . Illick , Joseph E. Colonial Pennsylvania : A History ( 1976 ) Kammen , Michael ( 1996 ) . Colonial New York : A History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510779 - 1 . Landsman , Ned . Crossroads of Empire : The Middle Colonies in British North America ( Johns Hopkins University Press ; 2010 ) 248 pages Munroe , John A. Colonial Delaware : A History ( 2003 ) Penn , William ( February 2 , 1683 ) . `` Frame of Government of Pennsylvania '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . `` Pennsylvania State History : The Quaker Province : 1681 - 1776 '' . Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Skemp , Sheila ( 1990 ) . William Franklin : son of a patriot , servant of a king . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505745 - 7 . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Slavery : Growth in Colonial America . Detroit : UXL of the Gale Group . 2003 . State of Delaware ( A Brief History ) . State of Delaware . 2007 - 01 - 21 . Streissguth , Thomas ( 2001 ) . New Jersey . Lucent Books . Tanner , Edwin Platt ( 1908 ) . The Province of New Jersey 1664 - 1738 . New York City : Columbia University . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Tiedemann , Joseph S. `` A Tumultuous People : The Rage for Liberty and the Ambiance of Violence in the Middle Colonies in the Years Preceding the American Revolution , '' Pennsylvania History Volume 77 , Number 4 , Autumn 2010 , pp. 387 -- 431 in Project MUSE Tiedemann , Joseph S. `` Interconnected Communities : The Middle Colonies on the Eve of the American Revolution , '' Pennsylvania History , 76 ( Winter 2009 ) , 1 -- 41 . Turner , F.C. ( 1948 ) . James II . London : Eyre & Spottiswoode . `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Westerkamp , Marilyn ( 1998 ) . The Reader 's Companion to U.S. Women 's History . Houghton Mifflin . Primary sources ( edit ) Gerlach , Larry ( editor ) ( 2002 ) . `` New Jersey in the American Revolution , 1763 - 1783 : A Documentary History '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Historical Commission . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Historiography ( edit ) Bodle , Wayne . `` Themes and Directions in Middles Colonies Historiography , 1980 -- 1994 '' , William and Mary Quarterly , July 1994 , Vol. 51 Issue 3 , pp. 355 -- 88 . JSTOR 2947435 . Bodle , Wayne . `` The `` Myth of the Middle Colonies '' Reconsidered : The Process of Regionalization in Early America `` , Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , Vol. 113 , No. 4 ( Oct. 1989 ) , pp. 527 -- 548 . JSTOR 20092405 . Greenberg , Douglas . `` The Middle Colonies in Recent American Historiography '' , William and Mary Quarterly , July 1979 , Vol. 36 Issue 3 , pp. 396 -- 427 . JSTOR 1943383 . ( hide ) The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Southern Colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island and Providence Plantations South Carolina Virginia Early English colonial entities Carolina East Jersey Maine New England New Haven Plymouth Saybrook West Jersey bootyhole Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Colonies&oldid=810351621 '' Categories : Colonial United States ( British ) Colonization history of the United States Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Occitan Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 19 : 10 . 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-7227976630950108395	A People's History of the United States	A People 's History of the United States - wikipedia A People 's History of the United States Jump to : navigation , search A People 's History of the United States 2003 hardcover edition Author Howard Zinn Country United States Language English Series A People 's History Subject American history , American politics , American foreign policy , American economics Publisher Harper & Row ; HarperCollins Publication date 1980 ( 1st edition ) ; 2009 ( most recent edition ) Media type Print Pages 729 pp ( 2003 edition ) OCLC 50622172 LC Class E178 . Z75 2003 A People 's History of the United States is a 1980 non-fiction book by American historian and political scientist Howard Zinn . In the book , Zinn presented a different side of history from what he considered to be the more traditional `` fundamental nationalist glorification of country . '' Zinn , while providing a limited bibliography but no citations , portrays a side of American history that can largely be seen as the exploitation and manipulation of the majority by rigged systems that hugely favor a small aggregate of elite rulers from across the orthodox political parties . A People 's History has been assigned as reading in many high schools and colleges across the United States . It has also resulted in a change in the focus of historical work , which now includes stories that previously were ignored . The book was a runner - up in 1980 for the National Book Award . It frequently has been revised , with the most recent edition covering events through 2005 . In 2003 , Zinn was awarded the Prix des Amis du Monde Diplomatique for the French version of this book Une histoire populaire des États - Unis . More than two million copies have been sold . In a 1998 interview , Zinn said he had set `` quiet revolution '' as his goal for writing A People 's History . `` Not a revolution in the classical sense of a seizure of power , but rather from people beginning to take power from within the institutions . In the workplace , the workers would take power to control the conditions of their lives . '' In 2004 , Zinn edited a primary source companion volume with Anthony Arnove , entitled Voices of a People 's History of the United States . Despite its significant influence , A People 's History of the United States has been criticized heavily by orthodox historians from across the political spectrum . Critics assert blatant omissions of important historical episodes , uncritical reliance on biased sources , and systematic failures to examine opposing views . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Columbus to independence 1.2 Independence to the robber barons 1.3 The Twentieth Century 2 Critical reception 3 Other editions and related works 3.1 Younger readers ' version 3.2 Lessons for the classroom 4 Current editions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Part of a series on Socialism in the United States History ( show ) Utopian socialism New Harmony Brook Farm Oneida Community Icarians Bishop Hill Commune Progressive Era St. Louis Commune 1912 Lawrence Textile Strike Labor unionisation Women 's suffrage Haymarket affair May Day Green Corn Rebellion Repression and persecution Espionage Act of 1917 First Red Scare American Defense Society American Protective League Seattle General Strike Communist Party USA and African Americans Communism in the Labor Movement 1919 -- 37 Communism in the Labor Movement 1937 -- 50 McCarthyism Smith Act / Smith Act trials John Birch Society Civil rights / anti-War movements COINTELPRO New Left Great Society War on Poverty Poor People 's Campaign Black Power movement Active parties ( show ) American Party of Labor Black Riders Liberation Party Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism ( CDCS ) Communist Party USA Democratic Socialists of America Freedom Road Socialist Organization Freedom Socialist Party Industrial Workers of the World International Socialist Organization Legal Marijuana Now Party New Afrikan Black Panther Party New Students for a Democratic Society Party for Socialism and Liberation Peace and Freedom Party Progressive Labor Party Revolutionary Communist Party Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Party Socialist Organizer Socialist Party Socialist Workers Party Spartacist League Workers World Party World Socialist Party of the United States Defunct parties ( show ) American Labor Party American Workers Party Black Panther Party Communist League of America Communist Workers ' Party Democratic Socialist Federation Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee Farmer -- Labor Party Maoist Internationalist Movement New American Movement Proletarian Party of America Puerto Rican Socialist Party Social Democracy of America Social Democratic Federation Social Democratic Party of America Social Democrats , USA Socialist Labor Party of America Socialist Party of America Students for a Democratic Society Weather Underground White Panther Party Workers Party of the United States Youth International Party Literature ( show ) The Jungle Appeal to Reason International Socialist Review Looking Backward The Other America Daily Worker Monthly Review Voluntary Socialism Monopoly Capital Related topics ( show ) American Left Anarchism Anarchism in the United States Socialism Utopian socialism Scientific socialism Marxism Marxism -- Leninism Labor history Labor unions Libertarian socialism Labor laws Minimum wage Socialism portal United States portal In a letter responding to a 2007 critical review of his A Young People 's History Of The United States ( a release of the title for younger readers ) in The New York Times Book Review , Zinn wrote : My history ... describes the inspiring struggle of those who have fought slavery and racism ( Frederick Douglass , William Lloyd Garrison , Fannie Lou Hamer , Bob Moses ) , of the labor organizers who have led strikes for the rights of working people ( Big Bill Haywood , Mother Jones , César Chávez ) , of the socialists and others who have protested war and militarism ( Eugene V. Debs , Helen Keller , the Rev. Daniel Berrigan , Cindy Sheehan ) . My hero is not Theodore Roosevelt , who loved war and congratulated a general after a massacre of Filipino villagers at the turn of the century , but Mark Twain , who denounced the massacre and satirized imperialism . I want young people to understand that ours is a beautiful country , but it has been taken over by men who have no respect for human rights or constitutional liberties . Our people are basically decent and caring , and our highest ideals are expressed in the Declaration of Independence , which says that all of us have an equal right to `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' The history of our country , I point out in my book , is a striving , against corporate robber barons and war makers , to make those ideals a reality -- and all of us , of whatever age , can find immense satisfaction in becoming part of that . Columbus to Independence ( edit ) Chapter 1 , `` Columbus , the Indians , and Human Progress '' covers early Native American civilization in North America and the Bahamas , the genocide and enslavement committed by the crew of Christopher Columbus , and incidents of violent colonization by early settlers . Instead of restating the same history that has been presented for centuries , Zinn states that he prefers to tell history from the perspective of the Arawaks , which many people are not familiar with . He describes the purpose of Columbus ' expedition and his brutality towards the natives after his arrival . Not only does he use firsthand account of witnesses to Columbus ' presence in the islands , he also provides statistics of native casualties to present this different side of history . Topics include the Arawaks , Bartolomé de las Casas , the Aztecs , Hernán Cortés , Pizarro , Powhatan , the Pequot , the Narragansett , Metacom , King Philip 's War , and the Iroquois . Chapter 2 , `` Drawing the Color Line '' addresses the African slave trade and servitude of poor British people in the Thirteen Colonies . Zinn writes of the methods by which he says racism was created artificially in order to enforce the economic system . He argues that racism is not natural because there are recorded instances of camaraderie and cooperation between black slaves and white servants in escaping from and in opposing their subjugation . Chapter 3 , `` Persons of Mean and Vile Condition '' describes Bacon 's Rebellion ( 1676 ) , the economic conditions of the poor in the colonies , and opposition to their poverty . Zinn uses Nathaniel Bacon 's rebellion to assert that `` class lines hardened through the colonial period '' . Chapter 4 , `` Tyranny Is Tyranny '' covers the movement for `` leveling '' ( economic equality ) in the colonies and the causes of the American Revolution . Zinn argues that the Founding Fathers agitated for war to distract the people from their own economic problems and to stop popular movements , a strategy that he claims the country 's leaders would continue to use in the future . Chapter 5 , `` A Kind of Revolution '' covers the war and resistance to participating in war , the effects on the Native American people , and the continued inequalities in the new United States . When the land of veterans of the Revolutionary War was seized for non-payment of taxes , it led to instances of resistance to the government , as in the case of Shays ' Rebellion . Zinn wrote that `` governments - including the government of the United States - are not neutral ... they represent the dominant economic interests , and ... their constitutions are intended to serve these interests . '' Independence to the robber barons ( edit ) Chapter 6 , `` The Intimately Oppressed '' describes resistance to inequalities in the lives of women in the early years of the U.S. Zinn tells the stories of women who resisted the status quo , including Polly Baker , Anne Hutchinson , Mary Dyer , Amelia Bloomer , Catharine Beecher , Emma Willard , Harriot Kezia Hunt , Elizabeth Blackwell , Lucy Stone , Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Margaret Fuller , Sarah Grimké , Angelina Grimké , Dorothea Dix , Frances Wright , Lucretia Mott , and Sojourner Truth . If you look through high school textbooks and elementary school textbooks in American history , you will find Andrew Jackson the frontiersman , soldier , democrat , man of the people -- not Jackson the slaveholder , land speculator , executioner of dissident soldiers , exterminator of Indians . Howard Zinn , A People 's History of the United States Chapter 7 , `` As Long As Grass Grows or Water Runs '' discusses 19th century conflicts between the U.S. government and Native Americans ( such as the Seminole Wars ) and Indian removal , especially during the administrations of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren . Chapter 8 , `` We Take Nothing by Conquest , Thank God '' describes the Mexican -- American War . Zinn writes that President James Polk agitated for war for the purpose of imperialism . Zinn argues that the war was unpopular , but that some newspapers of that era misrepresented the popular sentiment . Chapter 9 , `` Slavery Without Submission , Emancipation Without Freedom '' addresses slave rebellions , the abolition movement , the Civil War , and the effect of these events on African - Americans . Zinn writes that the large - scale violence of the war was used to end slavery instead of the small - scale violence of the rebellions because the latter may have expanded beyond anti-slavery , resulting in a movement against the capitalist system . He writes that the war could limit the freedom granted to African - Americans by allowing the government control over how that freedom was gained . Chapter 10 , `` The Other Civil War '' , covers the Anti-Rent movement , the Dorr Rebellion , the Flour Riot of 1837 , the Molly Maguires , the rise of labor unions , the Lowell girls movement , and other class struggles centered around the various depressions of the 19th century . He describes the abuse of government power by corporations and the efforts by workers to resist those abuses . Chapter 11 , `` Robber Barons and Rebels '' covers the rise of industrial corporations such as the railroads and banks and their transformation into the nation 's dominant institutions , with corruption resulting in both industry and government . Also covered are the popular movements and individuals that opposed corruption , such as the Knights of Labor , Edward Bellamy , the Socialist Labor Party , the Haymarket martyrs , the Homestead strikers , Alexander Berkman , Emma Goldman , Eugene V. Debs , the American Railway Union , the Farmers ' Alliance , and the Populist Party . The Twentieth century ( edit ) Chapter 12 , `` The Empire and the People '' , covers American imperialism during the Spanish -- American War and the Philippine -- American War , as well as in other lands such as Hawaii , Guam , and Puerto Rico . The Teller Amendment is discussed . Zinn portrays the wars as racist and imperialist and opposed by large segments of the American people . Chapter 13 , `` The Socialist Challenge '' , covers the rise of socialism and anarchism as popular political ideologies in the United States . Covered in the chapter are the American Federation of Labor ( which Zinn argues provided too exclusive of a union for non-white , female , and unskilled workers ; Zinn argues in Chapter 24 that this changes in the 1990s ) , Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) , Mary Harris `` Mother '' Jones , Joe Hill , the Socialist Labor Party , W.E.B. Du Bois , and the Progressive Party ( which Zinn portrays as driven by fear of radicalism ) . Chapter 14 , `` War Is the Health of the State '' covers World War I and the anti-war movement that happened during it , which was met with the heavily enforced Espionage Act of 1917 . Zinn argues that the United States entered the war in order to expand its foreign markets and economic influence . Chapter 15 , `` Self - Help in Hard Times '' covers the government 's campaign to destroy the IWW , and the factors leading to the Great Depression . Zinn states that , despite popular belief , the 1920s were not a time of prosperity , and the problems of the Depression were simply the chronic problems of the poor extended to the rest of the society . Also covered is the Communist Party 's attempts to help the poor during the Depression . Chapter 16 , `` A People 's War ? '' , covers World War II , opposition to it , and the effects of the war on the people . Zinn , a veteran of the war himself , notes that `` it was the most popular war the US ever fought , '' but states that this support may have been manufactured through the institutions of American society . He cites various instances of opposition to fighting ( in some cases greater than those during World War I ) as proof . Zinn also argues that the US 's true intention was not fighting against systematic racism , since the US had this itself , such as with the Jim Crow laws ( leading to opposition to the war from African - Americans ) . Another argument made by Zinn is that the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were not necessary , as the U.S. government had already known that the Japanese were considering surrender beforehand . Other subjects from WWII covered include Japanese American internment and the bombing of Dresden . The chapter continues into the Cold War , which Zinn writes was used by the U.S. government to increase control over the American people ( for instance , eliminating such radical elements as the Communist Party ) and at the same time create a state of permanent war , which allowed for the creation of the military - industrial complex . Zinn believes this was possible because both conservatives and liberals willingly worked together in the name of anti-Communism . Also covered is US involvement in the Greek Civil War , the Korean War , Julius and Ethel Rosenberg , and the Marshall Plan . Chapter 17 , `` ' Or Does It Explode ? ' '' ( named after a line from Langston Hughes 's poem `` Harlem '' from `` Montage of a Dream Deferred '' , referred to as `` Lenox Avenue Mural '' by Zinn ) , covers the Civil Rights Movement . Zinn argues that the government began making reforms against discrimination ( although without making fundamental changes ) for the sake of changing its international image , but often did not enforce the laws that it passed . Zinn also argues that while nonviolent tactics may have been required for Southern civil rights activists , militant actions ( such as those proposed by Malcolm X ) were needed to solve the problems of black ghettos . Also covered is the involvement of the Communist Party in the movement , the Congress of Racial Equality , the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee , the Freedom Riders , COINTELPRO , and the Black Panther Party . Chapter 18 , `` The Impossible Victory : Vietnam '' , covers the Vietnam War and resistance to it . Zinn argues that America was fighting a war that it could not win , as the Vietnamese people were in favor of the government of Ho Chi Minh and opposed the regime of Ngo Dinh Diem , thus allowing them to keep morale high . Meanwhile , the American military 's morale was very low , as many soldiers were put off by the atrocities they were made to take part in , such as the My Lai massacre . Zinn also tries to dispel the popular belief that opposition to the war was mainly among college students and middle - class intellectuals , using statistics from the era to show higher opposition from the working class . Zinn argues that the troops themselves also opposed the war , citing desertions and refusals to go to war , as well as movements such as Vietnam Veterans Against the War . Also covered is the US invasions of Laos and Cambodia , Agent Orange , the Pentagon Papers , Ron Kovic , and raids on draft boards . Chapter 19 , `` Surprises '' , covers other movements that happened during the 1960s , such as second - wave feminism , the prison reform / prison abolition movement , the Native American rights movement , and the counterculture . People and events from the feminist movement covered include Betty Friedan 's The Feminine Mystique , Women 's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell , Patricia Robinson , the National Domestic Workers Union , National Organization for Women , Roe v. Wade , Susan Brownmiller 's Against Our Will , and Our Bodies , Ourselves . People and events from the prison movement covered include George Jackson , the Attica Prison riots , and Jerry Sousa . People and events from the Native American rights movement covered include the National Indian Youth Council , Sid Mills , Akwesasne Notes , Indians of All Tribes , the First Convocation of American Indian Scholars , Frank James , the American Indian Movement , and the Wounded Knee incident . People and events from the counterculture covered include Pete Seeger , Bob Dylan , Joan Baez , Malvina Reynolds , Jessica Mitford 's The American Way of Death , Jonathan Kozol , George Dennison , and Ivan Illich . Chapter 20 , `` The Seventies : Under Control ? '' , covers political corruption and American disillusion with the government during the 1970s . Zinn argues that the resignation of President Richard Nixon and the exposure of crimes committed by the CIA and FBI during the decade were done by the government in order to regain support from the American people without making fundamental changes to the system . According to Zinn , Gerald Ford 's presidency continued the same basic policies of the Nixon administration . Other topics covered include protests against the Honeywell Corporation , Angela Davis , Committee to Re-elect the President , the Watergate scandal , International Telephone and Telegraph 's involvement in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état , the Mayagüez incident , Project MKULTRA , the Church Committee , the Pike Committee , the Trilateral Commission 's The Governability of Democracies , and the People 's Bi-Centennial . Chapter 21 , `` Carter - Reagan - Bush : The Bipartisan Consensus '' , covers the Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , and George H.W. Bush administrations and their effects on both the American people and foreign countries . Zinn argues that the Democratic and Republican parties keep the government essentially the same , maintaining policies favorable for corporations and militant foreign policy whichever party was in power . Zinn uses similarities among the three administrations ' methods to argue for this . Other topics covered include the Fairness Doctrine , the Indonesian invasion of East Timor , Noam Chomsky , global warming , Roy Benavidez , the Trident submarine , the Star Wars program , the Sandinista National Liberation Front , the Iran - Contra Affair , the War Powers Act , U.S. invasion of Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War , the Invasion of Grenada , Óscar Romero , the El Mozote massacre , the 1986 Bombing of Libya , the collapse of the Soviet Union , the United States invasion of Panama , and the Gulf War . Chapter 22 , `` The Unreported Resistance '' , covers several movements that happened during the Carter - Reagan - Bush years that were ignored by much of the mainstream media . Topics covered include the anti-nuclear movement , the Plowshares Movement , the Council for a Nuclear Weapons Freeze , the Physicians for Social Responsibility , George Kistiakowsky , The Fate of the Earth , Marian Wright Edelman , the Citizens ' Clearinghouse for Hazardous Wastes , the Three Mile Island accident , the Winooski 44 , Abbie Hoffman , Amy Carter , the Piedmont Peace Project , Anne Braden , César Chávez , the United Farm Workers , the Farm Labor Organizing Committee , Teatro Campesino , LGBT social movements , the Stonewall riots , Food Not Bombs , the anti-war movement during the Gulf War , David Barsamian , opposition to Columbus Day , Indigenous Thought , Rethinking Schools , and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 . Chapter 23 , `` The Coming Revolt of the Guards '' , covers Zinn 's theory on a possible future radical movement against inequality in America . Zinn argues that there will eventually be a movement made up not only of groups previously involved in radical change ( such as labor organizers , black radicals , Native Americans , feminists ) , but also members of the middle class who are starting to become discontented with the state of the nation . Zinn expects this movement to use `` demonstrations , marches , civil disobedience ; strikes and boycotts and general strikes ; direct action to redistribute wealth , to reconstruct institutions , to revamp relationships . '' Chapter 24 , `` The Clinton Presidency '' , covers the effects of the Bill Clinton administration on the U.S. and the world . Zinn argues that despite Clinton 's claims that he would bring change , his presidency kept many things the same . Topics covered include Jocelyn Elders , the Waco Siege , the Oklahoma City bombing , the Crime Bill of 1996 , the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 , the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 , the 1993 bombing of Iraq , Operation Gothic Serpent , the Rwandan Genocide , the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina , the World Bank , the International Monetary Fund , the North American Free Trade Agreement , the 1998 bombing of Afghanistan and Sudan , the impeachment of Bill Clinton , Barbara Ehrenreich 's Nickel and Dimed , Stand for Children , Jesse Jackson , the Million Man March , Mumia Abu - Jamal , John Sweeney , the Service Employees International Union , the Union of Needletrades , Industrial and Textile Employees , the Worker Rights Consortium , the Poor People 's Economic Human Rights Campaign , the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the Telecommunications Act of 1996 , Spare Change News , the North American Street Newspaper Association , the National Coalition for the Homeless , anti-globalization , and WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity . Chapter 25 , `` The 2000 Election and the ' War On Terrorism ' '' , covers the 2000 presidential election and the War on Terrorism . Zinn argues that attacks on the U.S. by Arab terrorists ( such as the September 11 , 2001 attacks ) are not caused by a hatred for our freedom ( as claimed by President George W. Bush ) , but by grievances with U.S. foreign policies such as `` stationing of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia ... sanctions against Iraq which ... had resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of children ; ( and ) the continued U.S. support of Israel 's occupation of Palestinian land . '' Other topics covered include Ralph Nader , and the War in Afghanistan . Critical reception ( edit ) When A People 's History of the United States was published in 1980 , future Columbia University historian Eric Foner reviewed it in The New York Times : Professor Zinn writes with an enthusiasm rarely encountered in the leaden prose of academic history , and his text is studded with telling quotations from labor leaders , war resisters and fugitive slaves . There are vivid descriptions of events that are usually ignored , such as the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and the brutal suppression of the Philippine independence movement at the turn of this century . Professor Zinn 's chapter on Vietnam -- bringing to life once again the free - fire zones , secret bombings , massacres and cover - ups -- should be required reading for a new generation of students now facing conscription . Blacks , Indians , women , and laborers appear either as rebels or as victims . Less dramatic but more typical lives -- people struggling to survive with dignity in difficult circumstances -- receive little attention . ... A People 's History reflects a deeply pessimistic vision of the American experience . Foner called for `` an integrated account incorporating Thomas Jefferson and his slaves , Andrew Jackson and the Indians , Woodrow Wilson and the Wobblies . '' Writing in The New York Times , columnist Bob Herbert wrote : Mr. Zinn was often taken to task for peeling back the rosy veneer of much of American history to reveal sordid realities that had remained hidden for too long . ( ... ) What was so radical about believing that workers should get a fair shake on the job , that corporations have too much power over our lives and much too much influence with the government , that wars are so murderously destructive that alternatives to warfare should be found , that blacks and other racial and ethnic minorities should have the same rights as whites , that the interests of powerful political leaders and corporate elites are not the same as those of ordinary people who are struggling from week to week to make ends meet ? Writing in Dissent , Georgetown University history professor Michael Kazin argued that Zinn is too focused on class conflict , and wrongly attributes sinister motives to the American political elite . He characterized the book as an overly simplistic narrative of elite villains and oppressed people , with no attempt to understand historical actors in the context of the time in which they lived . Kazin wrote : The ironic effect of such portraits of rulers is to rob ' the people ' of cultural richness and variety , characteristics that might gain the respect and not just the sympathy of contemporary readers . For Zinn , ordinary Americans seem to live only to fight the rich and haughty and , inevitably , to be fooled by them . Kazin argued that A People 's History fails to explain why the American political - economic model continues to attract millions of minorities , women , workers , and immigrants , or why the socialist and radical political movements Zinn favors have failed to gain widespread support among the American public . Writing in The Chronicle of Higher Education , Christopher Phelps , associate professor of American studies in the School of American and Canadian Studies at the University of Nottingham wrote : Professional historians have often viewed Zinn 's work with exasperation or condescension , and Zinn was no innocent in the dynamic . I stood against the wall for a Zinn talk at the University of Oregon around the time of the 1992 Columbus Quincentenary . Listening to Zinn , one would have thought historians still considered Samuel Eliot Morison 's 1955 book on Columbus to be definitive . The crowd lapped it up , but Zinn knew better . He missed a chance to explain how the social movements of the 1960s and 1970s have transformed the writing and teaching of history , how his People 's History did not spring out of thin air but was an effort to synthesize a widely shared shift in historical sensibilities . Zinn 's historical theorizing , conflating objectivity with neutrality and position with bias , was no better . The critics would be churlish , however , not to acknowledge the moving example Zinn set in the civil - rights and Vietnam movements , and they would be remiss not to note the value of A People 's History , along with its limitations . Zinn told tales well , stories that , while familiar to historians , often remained unknown to wider publics . He challenged national pieties and encouraged critical reflection about received wisdom . He understood that America 's various radicalisms , far from being `` un-American , '' have propelled the nation toward more humane and democratic arrangements . And he sold two - million copies of a work of history in a culture that is increasingly unwilling to read and , consequently , unable to imagine its past very well . In The New York Times Book Review in a review of A Young People 's History Of The United States , volumes 1 and 2 , novelist Walter Kirn wrote : That America is not a better place -- that it finds itself almost globally despised , mired in war , self - doubt and random violence -- is also a fact , of course , but not one that Zinn 's brand of history seems equal to . His stick - figure pageant of capitalist cupidity can account , in its fashion , for terrorism -- as when , in the second volume , subtitled `` Class Struggle to the War on Terror , '' he notes that Sept. 11 was an assault on `` symbols of American wealth and power '' -- but it does n't address the themes of religious zealotry , technological change and cultural confusion that animate what I was taught in high school to label `` current events '' but that contemporary students may as well just call `` the weirdness . '' The line from Columbus to Columbine , from the first Independence Day to the Internet , and from the Boston Tea Party to Baghdad is a wandering line , not a party line . As for the `` new possibilities '' it points to , I ca n't see them clearly . Professors Michael Kazin and Michael Kammen condemn the book as a black - and - white story of elite villains and oppressed victims , a story that robs American history of its depth and intricacy and leaves nothing but an empty text simplified to the level of propaganda . Other editions and related works ( edit ) A version of the book titled The Twentieth Century contains only chapters 12 -- 25 ( `` The Empire and the People '' to `` The 2000 Election and the ' War on Terrorism ' '' ) . Though it was originally meant to be an expansion of the original book , recent editions of A People 's History now contain all of the later chapters from it . In 2004 , Zinn and Anthony Arnove published a collection of more than 200 primary source documents titled Voices of a People 's History of the United States , available both as a book and as a CD of dramatic readings . Writer Aaron Sarver notes that although Kazin `` savaged '' Zinn 's A People 's History of the United States , `` one of the few concessions Kazin made was his approval of Zinn punctuating ' his narrative with hundreds of quotes from slaves and Populists , anonymous wage - earners and ... articulate radicals . ' '' Whether Zinn intended it or not , Voices serves as a useful response to Kazin 's critique . As Sarver observes , `` Voices is a vast anthology that tells heartbreaking and uplifting stories of American history . Kazin will be hard - pressed to charge Zinn with politicizing the intelligence here ; the volume offers only Zinn 's sparse introductions to each piece , letting the actors and their words speak for themselves . '' In 2008 , Zinn worked with Mike Konopacki and Paul Buhle on creating A People 's History of American Empire , a graphic novel that covers various historic subjects drawn from A People 's History of the United States as well as Zinn 's own history of his involvement in activism and historic events as covered in his autobiography You Ca n't Be Neutral on a Moving Train . Zinn worked as the editor for a series of books under the A People 's History label . This series expands upon the issues and historic events covered in A People 's History of the United States by giving them in - depth coverage , and also covers the history of parts of the world outside the United States . These books include : A People 's History of the Supreme Court by Peter Irons with Foreword by Zinn A People 's History of Sports in the United States by Dave Zirin with an introduction by Howard Zinn A People 's History of American Empire by Howard Zinn , Mike Konopacki , and Paul Buhle The Darker Nations : A People 's History of the Third World by Vijay Prashad A People 's History of the American Revolution by Ray Raphael A People 's History of the Civil War by David Williams A People 's History of the Vietnam War by Jonathan Neale The Mexican Revolution : A People 's History by Adolfo Gilly Likewise , other books were inspired by the series : A People 's History of Australia from 1788 to the Present edited by Verity Burgmann . A four - volume series that looks at Australian history thematically , not chronologically . A People 's History of Science : Miners , Midwives , and Low Mechanicks by Clifford D Connor . A People 's History of the World by Chris Harman . It is endorsed by Zinn . A People 's History of Christianity by Diana Butler Bass . Younger readers ' version ( edit ) In July 2007 Seven Stories Press released A Young People 's History of the United States , an illustrated , two - volume adaptation of A People 's History for young adult readers ( ages 10 -- 14 ) . The new version , adapted from the original text by Rebecca Stefoff , is updated through the end of 2006 , and includes a new introduction and afterword by Zinn . In his introduction , Zinn writes , `` It seems to me it is wrong to treat young readers as if they are not mature enough to look at their nation 's policies honestly . I am not worried about disillusioning young people by pointing to the flaws in the traditional heroes . '' In the afterword , `` Rise like lions '' , he asks young readers to `` Imagine the American people united for the first time in a movement for fundamental change . '' In addition , the New Press released an updated ( 2007 ) version of The Wall Charts for A People 's History -- a 2 - piece fold - out poster featuring an illustrated timeline of U.S. history , with an explanatory booklet . Lessons for the Classroom ( edit ) In 2008 , the Zinn Education Project was launched to promote and support the use of A People 's History of the United States ( and other materials ) for teaching in middle and high school classrooms across the U.S. The goal of the project is to give American students accurate and complete versions of U.S. history , with full historical complexity . With funds from an anonymous donor who had been a student of Zinn 's , the project began by distributing 4,000 packets to teachers in all states and territories . The project now offers teaching guides and bibliographies that can be freely downloaded . Current editions ( edit ) Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of the United States : 1492 - present . Harper Perennial Modern Classics . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 . Zinn , Howard ( 2003 ) . A People 's History of the United States : 1492 - present ( 3rd ed . ) . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 052842 - 7 . Zinn , Howard ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the United States : 1492 - present . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019448 - 0 . Zinn , Howard ( 1995 ) . A People 's History of the United States : 1492 - present ( 2nd ed . ) . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092643 - 0 . Zinn , Howard ( 1980 ) . A People 's History of the United States ( 1st ed . ) . Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 014803 - 9 . Zinn , Howard ( 2003 ) . The Twentieth Century . Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 06 - 053034 - 0 Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . Arnove , Anthony , ed . Voices of a People 's History of the United States . Seven Stories Press . ISBN 1 - 58322 - 628 - 1 . A Young People 's History of the United States , adapted from the original text by Rebecca Stefoff ; illustrated , in two volumes ; Seven Stories Press , New York , 2007 Vol. 1 : Columbus to the Spanish -- American War . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58322 - 759 - 6 Vol. 2 : Class Struggle to the War on Terror . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58322 - 760 - 2 Teaching Editions A People 's History of the United States : Teaching Edition A People 's History of the United States , Abridged Teaching Edition , Updated Edition A People 's History of the United States : Volume 1 : American Beginnings to Reconstruction , Teaching Edition A People 's History of the United States , Vol. 2 : The Civil War to the Present , Teaching Edition A People 's History of the United States : The Wall Charts ; designed by Howard Zinn and George Kirschner ; New Press ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 171 - 0 See also ( edit ) The People Speak , the 2009 film produced and narrated by Howard Zinn and inspired by A People 's History of the United States and Voices of a People 's History of the United States A Patriot 's History of the United States : From Columbus 's Great Discovery to the War on Terror , written as a conservative response to A People 's History of the United States Oliver Stone 's Untold History of the United States , a 2012 documentary series directed , produced , and narrated by Oliver Stone Page Smith wrote an eight - volume history with the same title , whose first volume appeared in 1976 , four years before Zinn 's book was published We , the People the Drama of America , a Marxist history of the United States by Leo Huberman ( 1932 ) People 's history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Howard Powell ( 27 January 2010 ) . `` Howard Zinn , Historian , Dies at 87 '' . The New York Times . Mr. Zinn , delighted in ... lancing what he considered platitudes , not the least that American history was a heroic march toward democracy ... `` Our nation had gone through an awful lot -- the Vietnam War , civil rights , Watergate -- yet the textbooks offered the same fundamental nationalist glorification of country , '' Mr. Zinn recalled in an interview with The New York Times . `` I got the sense that people were hungry for a different , more honest take . '' Jump up ^ Adele Ferguson ( 5 October 2005 ) . `` Controversy brews over school textbook '' . The Arlington Times . p . A7 . Jump up ^ Howard Powell ( 27 January 2010 ) . `` Howard Zinn , Historian , Dies at 87 '' . The New York Times . To describe it as a revisionist account is to risk understatement . A conventional historical account held no allure ; he concentrated on what he saw as the genocidal depredations of Christopher Columbus , the blood lust of Theodore Roosevelt and the racial failings of Abraham Lincoln . He also shined an insistent light on the revolutionary struggles of impoverished farmers , feminists , laborers and resisters of slavery and war . Such stories are more often recounted in textbooks today ; they were not at the time . Jump up ^ Prix des Amis du Monde diplomatique 2003 announcement , December 1 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Catherine Parayre , `` The Conscience of the Past : An interview with historian Howard Zinn '' . Archived from the original on 2001 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 15 . , Flagpole Magazine Online , 18 February 1998 . ^ Jump up to : `` Howard Zinn , Philosopher '' By Christopher Phelps . Chronicle of Higher Education February 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ Handlin , Oscar ( Autumn 1980 ) . `` Arawaks '' . The American Scholar. 49 ( 4 ) : 546 , 548 , 550 . JSTOR 41210677 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Novelist Walter Kirn reviews A Young People 's History Of The United States , volumes 1 and 2 , ( Seven Stories Press : 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Mark Twain '' . 10 October 2006 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2006 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Comments on the Moro Massacre by Mark Twain ( March 12 , 1906 ) '' . Department of Interdisciplinary Studies , College of Urban , Labor and Metropolitan Affairs ( CULMA ) , Wayne State University . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Howard Zinn ( 2007 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Making History '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . `` A People 's History of the United States '' . New York : Perennial Classics , 2003 . p. 47 ISBN 0 - 06 - 052837 - 0 Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Perennial Classics , 2003 . p. 98 ISBN 0 - 06 - 052837 - 0 Jump up ^ A Radical Treasure by Bob Herbet , The New York Times , January 29 , 2010 Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 8 : We take nothing by conquest , Thank God '' . A People 's History of the United States . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . Jump up ^ `` The great railroad strike , 1877 - Howard Zinn '' . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : HarperCollins , 1999 . p. 245 - 251 ISBN 0 - 06 - 052837 - 0 Jump up ^ Zinn , p. 407 Jump up ^ Zinn , p. 639 -- 640 Jump up ^ Zinn , p. 681 Jump up ^ Foner , Eric , `` Majority Report '' , New York Times Book Review , March 2 , 1980 , pp. BR3 -- BR4 . Jump up ^ `` A Radical Treasure '' by Bob Herbert in The New York Times January 30 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Howard Zinn 's History Lessons '' , by Michael Kazin , Dissent , Spring 2004 Jump up ^ Kammen , Michael ( 23 March 1980 ) . `` How the Other Half Lived '' ( PDF ) . Washington Post Book World . Washington Post . p. 7 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Aaron Sarver , The Secret History `` , In These Times , 16 September 2005 Jump up ^ `` Tables of Contents for A People 's History of the Supreme Court '' . Jump up ^ Mulcahy , Cara M. ( 2010 ) . Marginalized Literacies : Critical Literacy in the Language Arts Classroom . IAP . pp. 125 -- 126 . ISBN 1 - 60752 - 454 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` none '' . The Social Studies Professional . National Council for the Social Studies ( 204 -- 208 ) : 19 -- 22 . 2008 . External links ( edit ) Webpage for publisher HarperCollins : A People 's History of the United States The People Speak : Democracy is not a spectator sport . produced for the History Channel by Zinn and Matt Damon . Zinn Education Project : Teaching a People 's History . The People Speak , the film produced by Howard Zinn and inspired by A People 's History of the United States and Voices of a People 's History of the United States . `` Voices of a People 's History of the United States . Readings From A People 's History of the United States Readings From Voices of a People 's History of the United States '' Interview with Zinn on A People 's History , Booknotes , March 12 , 2000 Online edition of A People 's History of the United States at History Is A Weapon A People 's History of the United States on Open Library at the Internet Archive Censoring Howard Zinn : Former Indiana Gov. Tried to Remove A People 's History from State Schools . Democracy Now ! 22 July 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States&oldid=840223715 '' Categories : 1980 books Books about foreign relations of the United States Books about politics of the United States Books about economic history History books about the United States American political books Harper & Row books Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with Open Library links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français Italiano Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 14 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	zinn a people's history of the united states chapter 13 summary	[]	[]
7701303491575287928	Big Mouth (TV series)	Big Mouth ( tv series ) - wikipedia Big Mouth ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search Big Mouth Genre Animated sitcom Adult animation Black comedy Surreal comedy Coming - of - age story Created by Nick Kroll Andrew Goldberg Mark Levin Jennifer Flackett Starring Nick Kroll John Mulaney Jessi Klein Jason Mantzoukas Jenny Slate Fred Armisen Maya Rudolph Jordan Peele Music by Mark Rivers Opening theme `` Changes '' by Charles Bradley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Nick Kroll Andrew Goldberg Mark Levin Jennifer Flackett Blair Fetter Jane Wiseman Kristen Zolner Producer ( s ) Nate Funaro Joe Wengert Running time 25 -- 27 minutes Production company ( s ) Danger Goldberg Productions Good at Bizness , Inc . Fathouse Industries Titmouse , Inc . Release Original network Netflix Original release September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) -- present External links Website Big Mouth is an American adult animated sitcom created by Nick Kroll , Andrew Goldberg , Mark Levin , and Jennifer Flackett based on Kroll and Goldberg 's tweenage years growing up in the suburbs of New York , with Kroll voicing his fictional self . The first season consisting of ten episodes premiered on Netflix on September 29 , 2017 . On October 24 , 2017 , it was confirmed that a second season has been ordered to air in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Cast 2.1 Also starring 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Summary ( edit ) The series follows 7th grade best friends Nick Birch and Andrew Glouberman as they navigate their way through puberty , masturbation , and sexual arousal . Acting as sex - based shoulder angels are the hormone monsters Maurice , who pesters Andrew and occasionally Nick and Jay , and Connie , who pesters Jessi and occasionally Missy . Throughout the series , the kids interact with people and objects who are personified in one way or another and offer helpful , albeit confusing , advice in their puberty - filled lives including the ghost of Duke Ellington , a French accented Statue of Liberty , a pillow capable of getting pregnant , and even Jessi 's own vagina . Cast ( edit ) Nick Kroll as : Nick Birch , a preadolescent boy , with a mother named Diane who babies him and father named Elliot who overshares . He also has an older brother Judd and a sister named Leah . Maurice the Hormone Monster , a wild thing - type monster who follows Andrew around and is responsible for his brooding sexual desires , which frequently occur at inappropriate moments . Coach Steve , the middle school gym class teacher , who is incompetent and overly talkative , often trying to get his colleagues - or even the students - to hang out ( often to no avail ) . It is heavily implied that the coach may be mentally disabled . Kroll also voices Lola , Lady Liberty , a ladybug , Joe Walsh , the ghosts of Picasso and Richard Burton , and Sylvester Stallone . John Mulaney as Andrew Glouberman , a young Jewish boy , who spends much of his time furtively masturbating . Mulaney also voices Mint , Grandpa Andrew , Babe the Blue Ox , and a detective . Jessi Klein as Jessi Glaser , a sarcastic and smart girl . Her father , named Greg , is an unemployed stoner and her mother , named Shannon , is secretly dating another woman . She gets her period for the first time on a school trip to the Statue of Liberty . Jason Mantzoukas as Jay Bilzerian , a boy who is obsessed with magic and sex . He has sex with a pillow that he made into a sex toy . His mom is mentally ill , his dad is a divorce lawyer , and his two older brothers are named Kurt and Val . He is obsessed with Nick 's mother and father and wishes for a loving family . Mantzoukas also voices the ghost of Socrates and Guy Bilzerian . Jenny Slate as Missy , a girl who is nerdy and kind . Her father is black and her mother is mexican . Fred Armisen as Elliot Birch / Ghost of Antonin Scalia / Bus Driver / Stavros Maya Rudolph as Diane Birch / Connie the Hormone Monstress / Bath Mat / Ghost of Elizabeth Taylor / Ghost of Whitney Houston Jordan Peele as the Ghost of Duke Ellington / Ghost of Freddie Mercury / Atlanta Claus / DJ / Cyrus / Patrick Ewing Also starring ( edit ) Paula Pell as Barbara Glouberman , Andrew 's mother and a Jewish wife stereotype . Richard Kind as Marty Glouberman Andrew Rannells as Matthew June Diane Raphael as Devin Jak Knight as DeVon Neil Casey as Detective John Gemberling as Security Guard Joe Wengert as Caleb Seth Morris as Greg Glaser Emily Altman Jessica Chaffin as Shannon Glaser Rob Huebel as Mr. Lizer Kat Dennings as Leah Birch Jon Gabrus Kristen Bell as Pam the pillow / Uninterested Girl Jess Harnell as Dwayne `` The Rock '' Johnson Mark Rivers Heather Lawless as Jenna Bilzerian Chelsea Peretti as Monica Mark Duplass as Val Bilzerian / Clerk Paul Scheer as Kurt Bilzerian Nathan Fillion as himself Anna Graves Kristen Wiig as Jessi 's genitalia Nasim Pedrad as Fatima Carlos Alazraqui as Gustavo Alia Shawkat as Roland Mae Whitman as Tallulah Levine Zach Woods as Daniel Jon Hamm as Scallops Jack McBrayer as Nick 's pubic hair # 1 Craig Robinson as Nick 's pubic hair # 2 Jon Daly as Judd Birch Rosa Salazar as Ms. Benitez Michaela Watkins as Cantor Dina Reznick Gil Ozeri Ashley London Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Ejaculation '' Joel Moser Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) As Andrew falls under the spell of the Hormone Monster , Maury , his buddy Nick becomes obsessed with the lack of changes in his own body . The gang go to the school dance . `` Everybody Bleeds '' Bryan Francis Kelly Galuska September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) A field trip goes from awkward to mortifying as Jessi is pressured into being Nick 's girlfriend , then gets her first period -- inside the Statue of Liberty . `` Am I Gay ? '' Mike L. Mayfield Joe Wengert September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) A trailer for a new movie starring The Rock leaves Andrew questioning his sexuality . Jessi and Nick 's budding romance turns ugly fast . `` Sleepover : A Harrowing Ordeal of Emotional Brutality '' Joel Moser Jess Dweck & Victor Quinaz September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) While the boys head to Jay 's for a testosterone - fueled sleepover , Jessi throws a party of her own and gets caught up in mean - girl drama . 5 `` Girls Are Horny Too '' Bryan Francis Emily Altman September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) A steamy novel making the rounds at school inspires Jessi to explore her own sexuality -- and leaves the boys totally confused about what girls want . 6 `` Pillow Talk '' Mike L. Mayfield Peter A. Knight September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Nick drags Andrew into the city to visit an old camp crush , but the day does n't go as planned . Jay embarks on an emotional journey with his pillow . 7 `` Requiem for a Wet Dream '' Joel Moser Duffy Boudreau September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Andrew struggles to keep the Hormone Monster in check as he works with Missy on a science fair project . Jessi and Matthew have fun at Jay 's expense . 8 `` The Head Push '' Bryan Francis Emily Altman & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) When Leah hosts a party for the high school drama crowd , Nick wrestles with a romantic dilemma , and Andrew and Missy witness a disturbing scene . 9 `` I Survived Jessi 's Bat Mitzvah '' Mike L. Mayfield Kelly Galuska September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Family blowups , secret liaisons and an unflattering dress make Jessi 's bat mitzvah a night to remember . 10 `` The Pornscape '' Joel Moser Gil Ozeri September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Andrew tries to drown his sorrows in a sea of porn , only to become hopelessly addicted . Coach Steve becomes a suspect in a murder spree . Also , Jessi and Jay run away together . Reception ( edit ) Big Mouth has received critical acclaim since its official release . On Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 100 % based on 17 reviews , with the critical consensus reading , `` Big Mouth 's simplistic animation and scatalogical humor belie its finely sketched characters and smart , empathetic approach to the messiness of adolescence . '' At Metacritic , the show currently holds a rating of 80 out of 100 , based on 6 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Vox described the show as sharp , and as jarringly depicting the awkwardness of pubescence , postpubescence and prepubescence . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Annie Award Best General Audience Television / Broadcast Production Big Mouth Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Greenlights Animated Series from Nick Kroll '' . Variety . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' Big Mouth ' Animated Series From Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Farley , Rebecca ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Meet The Hormone Monster , The Personification Of Puberty In Big Mouth '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Mouth ' Renewed For Season 2 At Netflix '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Mouth : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Big Mouth '' , Metacritic , retrieved October 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's Big Mouth takes a sharp , surprisingly joyful look at the gross time that is puberty '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays nick's sister in big mouth	[]	[]
-7976418228367480610	NBA All-Star Game records	NBA All - Star game records - wikipedia NBA All - Star game records Jump to : navigation , search For NBA regular season records , see NBA regular season records . For NBA playoff and Finals records , see NBA post-season records . This article lists all - time leading figures achieved in the NBA All - Star Game in every major statistical category recognized by the league . This includes statistical records set by individuals in single All - Star games and over the course of their careers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Individual 1.1 MVPs 1.2 All - Star selections 1.3 Scoring 1.4 Minutes 1.5 Rebounds 1.6 Assists 1.7 Field goals 1.8 Free throws 1.9 Three - point shooting 1.10 Steals 1.11 Blocks 1.12 Triple doubles 2 Team 2.1 Scoring 2.2 Field goals 2.3 Three - point field goals 2.4 Free throws 2.5 Rebounds 2.6 Assists 2.7 Steals 2.8 Blocks 3 All - Star Weekend records 4 Other records 5 References 6 External links Individual ( edit ) Bob Pettit was named MVP of the NBA All - Star Game four times and holds the All - Star single - game record for rebounds with 27 . MVPs ( edit ) Most awards 4 by Bob Pettit ( 1 shared award ) ( 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1962 ) 4 by Kobe Bryant ( 1 shared award ) ( 2002 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 ) Most consecutive awards 2 by Bob Pettit ( 1 shared title ) ( 1958 , 1959 ) 2 by Russell Westbrook ( 2015 , 2016 ) All - Star selections ( edit ) Most selections 19 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive selections 17 by Kobe Bryant Most games played 18 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most games started 15 by Kobe Bryant Scoring ( edit ) Most points per game -- career ( 3 games min . ) 28.7 by Anthony Davis Most points -- career 314 by LeBron James Most points -- game 52 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most points -- half 30 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most points -- quarter 20 by Glen Rice ( 1997 ) 20 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Minutes ( edit ) Most minutes -- career 449 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most minutes -- game 42 by Oscar Robertson ( 1964 ) 42 by Bill Russell ( 1964 ) 42 by Jerry West ( 1964 ) 42 by Nate Thurmond ( 1967 ) Most minutes per game 32.7 by Bob Pettit Rebounds ( edit ) Most rebounds -- career 197 by Wilt Chamberlain Most offensive rebounds -- career 44 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds -- career 98 by Tim Duncan Most rebounds -- game 27 by Bob Pettit ( 1962 ) Most rebounds per game 16.2 by Bob Pettit Most offensive rebounds -- game 10 by Kobe Bryant ( 2011 ) Most defensive rebounds -- game 19 by Dikembe Mutombo ( 2001 ) Most rebounds -- half 16 by Bob Pettit ( 1962 ) 16 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 ) Most rebounds -- quarter 10 by Bob Pettit ( 1962 ) Assists ( edit ) Most assists -- career 127 by Magic Johnson Most assists -- game 22 by Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) Most assists per game 13.3 by Chris Paul Most assists -- half 13 by Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) Most assists -- quarter 9 by John Stockton ( 1989 ) Field goals ( edit ) Highest field goal percentage -- career . 833 by Brandon Roy Most field goals made -- career 129 by LeBron James Most field goals made -- game 26 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals made -- half 15 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals made -- quarter 10 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals attempted -- career 238 by Kobe Bryant Most field goals attempted -- game 39 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals attempted -- half 22 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Most field goals attempted -- quarter 15 by Anthony Davis ( 2017 ) Free throws ( edit ) Highest free throw percentage -- career 1.000 by Archie Clark 1.000 by Gary Payton 1.000 by Clyde Drexler Most free throws made -- career 78 by Elgin Baylor Most free throws made -- game 12 by Elgin Baylor ( 1962 ) 12 by Oscar Robertson ( 1965 ) Most free throws made -- half 10 by Zelmo Beaty ( 1966 ) Most free throws made -- quarter 9 by Zelmo Beaty ( 1966 ) 9 by Julius Erving ( 1978 ) Most free throws attempted -- career 98 by Elgin Baylor 98 by Oscar Robertson Most free throws attempted -- game 16 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1962 ) Most free throws attempted -- half 12 by Zelmo Beaty ( 1966 ) Most free throws attempted -- quarter 11 by Julius Erving ( 1978 ) Three - point shooting ( edit ) Highest three point percentage -- career . 600 by Glen Rice Most three point field goals made -- career 31 by LeBron James Most three point field goals made -- game 9 by Paul George ( 2016 ) Most three point field goals made -- half 7 by Russell Westbrook ( 2016 ) Most three point field goals attempted -- career 90 by LeBron James Most three point field goals attempted -- game 19 by Paul George ( 2016 ) Most three point field goals attempted -- half 11 by Kevin Durant ( 2014 ) 11 by Paul George ( 2016 ) Steals ( edit ) Most steals -- career 38 by Kobe Bryant Most steals per game 3.2 by Rick Barry Most steals -- game 8 by Rick Barry ( 1975 ) Most steals -- half 5 by Larry Bird ( 1986 ) Most steals -- quarter 4 by Fred Brown ( 1976 ) 4 by Larry Bird ( 1986 ) 4 by Isiah Thomas ( 1989 ) Blocks ( edit ) Most blocks -- career 31 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most blocks per game 2.0 by Alonzo Mourning Most blocks -- game 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( 1980 ) Most blocks -- half 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( 1980 ) 4 by Michael Jordan ( 1988 ) 4 by Hakeem Olajuwon ( 1994 ) Most blocks -- quarter 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( 1980 ) Triple doubles ( edit ) Michael Jordan -- 14 points , 11 rebounds , 11 assists in 26 minutes ( 1997 ) LeBron James -- 29 points , 12 rebounds , 10 assists in 32 minutes ( 2011 ) Dwyane Wade -- 24 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists in 33 minutes ( 2012 ) Kevin Durant -- 21 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists in 27 minutes ( 2017 ) Team ( edit ) Scoring ( edit ) Most points -- team 196 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most points -- both teams 374 ( 2017 ) Most points in a half -- team 104 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most points in a half -- both teams 189 ( 2017 ) Most points in a quarter -- team 53 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) 53 by East All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most points in a quarter -- both teams 101 ( 2017 ) Fewest points -- team 75 by East All - Stars ( 1953 ) Fewest points -- both teams 154 ( 1953 ) Largest margin of victory 40 ( 153 -- 113 ) by West All - Stars ( 1992 ) Smallest margin of victory 1 ( 124 -- 123 ) by East All - Stars ( 1965 ) 1 ( 108 -- 107 ) by West All - Stars ( 1971 ) 1 ( 125 -- 124 ) by West All - Stars ( 1977 ) 1 ( 111 -- 110 ) by East All - Stars ( 2001 ) Field goals ( edit ) Highest field goal percentage -- team 0.653 ( 64 / 98 ) by West All - Stars ( 1992 ) Highest field goal percentage -- both teams 0.578 ( 162 / 280 ) ( 2017 ) Lowest field goal percentage -- team 0.292 ( 35 / 120 ) by West All - Stars ( 1966 ) Lowest field goal percentage -- both teams 0.362 ( 59 / 163 ) ( 1953 ) Most field goals made -- team 84 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most field goals made -- both teams 162 ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a half -- team 43 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a half -- both teams 83 ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a quarter -- team 22 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most field goals made in a quarter -- both teams 42 ( 2017 ) Fewest field goals made -- team 25 by East All - Stars ( 1953 ) Fewest field goals made -- both teams 59 ( 1953 ) Most field goals attempted -- team 149 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted -- both teams 286 ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a half -- team 79 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a half -- both teams 148 ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter -- team 41 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter -- both teams 77 ( 2016 ) Fewest field goals attempted -- team 66 by East All - Stars ( 1953 ) Fewest field goals attempted -- both teams 162 ( 1953 ) Three - point field goals ( edit ) Most three - point field goals made -- team 31 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most three - point field goals made -- both teams 51 ( 2016 ) Most three - point field goals attempted -- team 80 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Most three - point field goals attempted -- both teams 139 ( 2016 ) Free throws ( edit ) Highest free throw percentage -- team 1.000 ( 18 / 18 ) by West All - Stars ( 1973 ) 1.000 ( 9 / 9 ) by East All - Stars ( 2014 ) 1.000 ( 4 / 4 ) by East All - Stars ( 2017 ) Highest free throw percentage -- both teams 0.875 ( 7 / 8 ) ( 2017 ) Lowest free throw percentage -- team 0.364 ( 4 / 11 ) by West All - Stars ( 2004 ) Lowest free throw percentage -- both teams 0.500 ( 16 / 32 ) ( 2004 ) 0.500 ( 11 / 22 ) ( 2007 ) 0.500 ( 14 / 28 ) ( 2008 ) Most free throws made -- team 40 by East All - Stars ( 1959 ) Most free throws made -- both teams 71 ( OT ) ( 1987 ) 70 ( 1961 ) Most free throws made in a half -- team 26 by East All - Stars ( 1959 ) Most free throws made in a half -- both teams 36 ( 1961 ) Most free throws made in a quarter -- team 19 by East All - Stars ( 1986 ) Most free throws made in a quarter -- both teams 27 ( 1986 ) Fewest free throws made -- team 1 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Fewest free throws made -- both teams 4 ( 2016 ) Most free throws attempted -- team 57 by West All - Stars ( 1970 ) Most free throws attempted -- both teams 95 ( 1956 ) Most free throws attempted in a half -- team 31 by East All - Stars ( 1959 ) Most free throws attempted in a half -- both teams 57 ( 1962 ) Most free throws attempted in a quarter -- team 25 by West All - Stars ( 1970 ) Most free throws attempted in a quarter -- both teams 33 ( 1962 ) 33 ( OT ) ( 1993 ) Fewest free throws attempted -- team 2 by West All - Stars ( 2016 ) Fewest free throws attempted -- both teams 7 ( 2016 ) Rebounds ( edit ) Most rebounds recorded -- team 83 by East All - Stars ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded -- both teams 151 ( 1960 ) Most rebounds recorded in a half -- team 51 by East All - Stars ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded in a half -- both teams 98 ( 1962 ) 98 ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded in a quarter -- team 30 by West All - Stars ( 1966 ) Most rebounds recorded in a quarter -- both teams 58 ( 1966 ) Fewest rebounds recorded -- team 37 by West All - Stars ( 1983 ) Fewest rebounds recorded -- both teams 89 ( 1983 ) Assists ( edit ) Most assists -- team 60 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most assists -- both teams 103 ( 2017 ) Most assists in a half -- team 34 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most assists in a half -- both teams 57 ( 2017 ) Most assists in a quarter -- team 19 by West All - Stars ( 2017 ) Most assists in a quarter -- both teams 29 ( 2017 ) Fewest assists -- team 15 by West All - Stars ( 1965 ) Fewest assists -- both teams 37 ( 1964 ) Steals ( edit ) Most steals -- team 24 by East All - Stars ( 1989 ) Most steals - both teams 40 ( 1989 ) Blocks ( edit ) Most blocks -- team 16 by West All - Stars ( 1980 1OT ) 12 by West All - Stars ( 1994 ) Most blocks -- both teams 25 ( 1980 1OT ) 21 ( 1994 ) All - Star Weekend records ( edit ) Most Skills Challenge Contests won 2 by Dwyane Wade ( 2006 , 2007 ) 2 by Steve Nash ( 2005 , 2010 ) 2 by Damian Lillard ( 2013 , 2014 ) Most consecutive Skills Challenge Contests won 2 by Dwyane Wade ( 2006 , 2007 ) 2 by Damian Lillard ( 2013 , 2014 ) Most Slam Dunk Contests won 3 by Nate Robinson ( 2006 , 2009 , 2010 ) Most consecutive Slam Dunk Contests won 2 by Michael Jordan ( 1987 , 1988 ) 2 by Jason Richardson ( 2002 , 2003 ) 2 by Nate Robinson ( 2009 , 2010 ) 2 by Zach LaVine ( 2015 , 2016 ) Most Three - Point Shootout Contests won 3 by Larry Bird ( 1986 , 1987 , 1988 ) 3 by Craig Hodges ( 1990 , 1991 , 1992 ) Most consecutive Three - Point Shootout Contests won 3 by Larry Bird ( 1986 , 1987 , 1988 ) 3 by Craig Hodges ( 1990 , 1991 , 1992 ) Youngest Slam Dunk Contest Champion Kobe Bryant ( 18 years , 169 days ) Youngest Three - Point Shootout Contest Champion Kyrie Irving ( 20 years , 330 days ) Youngest Skills Challenge Contest Champion Karl - Anthony Towns ( 20 years , 90 days ) Other records ( edit ) Attendance 108,713 for the 2010 NBA All - Star Game which was held in Cowboys Stadium at Arlington , Texas -- the largest attendance in history for any basketball game . Youngest All - Star Game MVP LeBron James ( 21 years , 51 days ) Oldest All - Star Game MVP Shaquille O'Neal ( 36 years , 346 days ) Youngest Rising Stars Challenge MVP Kyrie Irving ( 19 years , 338 days ) References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) http://NBA.com/history http://www.nbahoopsonline.com NBA All - Star Games All - Star Weekend Rising Stars Challenge Shooting Stars Competition Skills Challenge Three - Point Contest Slam Dunk Contest H-O-R-S-E Competition Celebrity Game Legends Classic All - Star Game MVP Award Records List of NBA All - Stars Vote leaders Head coaches Broadcasters TV ratings G League All - Star Game WNBA All - Star Game 1950s 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_All-Star_Game_records&oldid=843191342 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 14 : 24 . 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1568632853073084553	Pam Beesly	Pam Beesly - wikipedia Pam Beesly Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pam Beesly Halpert The Office character Jenna Fischer as Pam Halpert First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Finale '' Created by Greg Daniels Portrayed by Jenna Fischer Information Full name Pamela Morgan Beesly Gender Female Occupation Receptionist , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Secret Assistant to the Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Temporary Worker , Dunder Mifflin Corporate , New York City , NY Sales Representative , Michael Scott Paper Company Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton PA Office Administrator , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton PA Office Administrator , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Freelance Mural Painter / Art Gallery Owner , Austin TX Family William Beesly ( father , Rick Overton ) Helene Beesly ( mother , Shannon Cochran and Linda Purl ) Penny Beesly ( sister , Anna Camp ) Sylvia Beesly ( grandmother , Peggy Stewart ) Jocelyn Webster ( cousin ) Spouse ( s ) Jim Halpert ( m . 2009 ) Significant other ( s ) Roy Anderson ( ex-fiancé ) Children Cecelia `` CeCe '' Marie Halpert Philip Halpert Religion Presbyterian Nationality American Based on Dawn Tinsley Pamela Morgan Halpert ( née Beesly ; born March 25 , 1979 ) is a fictional character on the U.S. television sitcom The Office , played by Jenna Fischer . Her counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Dawn Tinsley . Her character is initially the receptionist at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin , before becoming a saleswoman and eventually office administrator until her termination in the series finale . Her character is shy , growing assertive but amiable , and artistically inclined , and shares romantic interest with Jim Halpert , whom she begins dating in the fourth season and marries and starts a family with as the series continues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and character development 2 Character history 2.1 Seasons 1 -- 3 2.2 Seasons 4 -- 6 2.3 Season 7 2.4 Season 8 2.5 Season 9 3 Coworker relations 3.1 Jim Halpert 3.2 Roy Anderson 3.3 Michael Scott 3.4 Toby Flenderson 4 Appearances 5 References Casting and character development ( edit ) The character was originally created to be very similar to the British counterpart , Dawn Tinsley . Even minute details , such as how Pam wore her hair each day , were considered by executive producer , Greg Daniels . `` When I went in for The Office , the casting director said to me , ' Please look normal ' , '' recalls Jenna Fischer . `` Do n't make yourself all pretty , and dare to bore me with your audition . Those were her words . Dare to bore me . '' Heeding the advice , Fischer said little during the auditions , during which she was interviewed in character by show producers , in an improvisational format , to imitate the show 's documentary premise . `` My take on the character of Pam was that she did n't have any media training , so she did n't know how to be a good interview . And also , she did n't care about this interview , '' she told NPR . `` So , I gave very short one - word answers and I tried very hard not to be funny or clever , because I thought that the comedy would come out of just , you know , the real human reactions to the situation ... and they liked that take on it . '' `` When I went in to the audition , the first question that they asked me in the character of Pam -- they said , ' Do you like working as a receptionist ? ' I said , ' No . ' And that was it . I did n't speak any more than that . And they started laughing . '' Fischer found herself creating a very elaborate backstory for the character . For the first few seasons , she kept a list of the character history revealed on - screen by the creators , as well as her own imaginative thoughts on Pam 's history . She created a rule with the set 's hair and make - up department that it could n't look as though it took Pam more than 30 minutes to do her hair , and she formulated ideas as to who gave Pam each piece of jewelry she wore or where she went to college . Fischer also carefully crafted Pam 's quiet persona . `` Well , my character of Pam is really stuck , '' she explained to NPR . `` I mean , she 's a subordinate in this office . And so , I think that for her , the only way she can express herself is in the silences , but you can say so much by not saying anything . '' Originally meek and passive , the character grew more assertive as the seasons passed , prompting Fischer to reassess her portrayal . `` I have to approach Pam differently ( now ) , '' she explained in Season 4 , a defining season in which her character finally begins a long - awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute . `` She is in a loving relationship , she has found her voice , she has started taking art classes . All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves , speaks , dresses , etc . '' Character history ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 3 ( edit ) At the beginning of the series , Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years . Their open - ended engagement has become one of Michael 's running gags and a sore spot for Pam . Pam does not want her current job to become permanent , remarking that `` I do n't think it 's many little girls ' dream to be a receptionist . '' Pam is apathetic toward her work , evidenced by her frequent games of FreeCell on her office computer . However , in the pilot episode , she breaks down crying when Michael pulls an ill - advised prank by telling her that she will be fired . Michael has criticized Pam for simply forwarding calls to voice mail without answering and ( in a deleted scene ) for not sounding enthusiastic enough when speaking on the telephone . Pam is usually happy to abandon her work if asked to do something else by Jim . She will do extra , unnecessary work ( such as making a casket for a dead bird or paper doves for the Office Olympics ) to make other people happy . Despite the abuse she takes from Michael , she never goes any further than calling him a jerk in the pilot . In later seasons , however , she becomes more honest and forward with Michael and will often make sarcastic comments toward him . While engaged to Roy , Pam denies , or is in denial about , having any romantic feelings for Jim . When Jim confesses his love for her at the Dunder Mifflin `` Casino Night '' she turns him down . She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend ( though she does n't say his name ) , and says `` Yeah , I think I am '' to an unheard question . She is interrupted by Jim , who enters and kisses her ; she responds by kissing back . Season three marks a turning point for Pam 's character : she gains self - confidence and appears less passive and more self - assured as the season progresses . In `` Gay Witch Hunt , '' the season 's opener , it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not marry Roy after all , and that Jim transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch , in Stamford , shortly after Pam rejected him a second time , after their kiss . Pam moves into her own apartment , begins taking art classes , a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time , and buys a new car , a blue Toyota Yaris . Jim returns to Scranton later on as a result of `` The Merger '' , and brings along a female co-worker , Karen Filippelli , whom he begins dating . Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch ( aside from an episode in which Jim accidentally calls Pam at the end of the work day ) , and their episodes together following the branch merge are tense , despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras . Meanwhile , Roy vows to win Pam back . Roy 's efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are quite successful , but once Pam and Roy are back together , he falls back into old habits almost immediately . When Roy and Pam attend an after work get - together at a local bar with their co-workers , Pam , feeling that she should be more honest with Roy , tells him about Jim kissing her at , `` Casino Night . '' Roy yells , smashes a mirror , and trashes the bar . Pam , frightened and embarrassed by his reaction , breaks up with Roy immediately . Roy vows to kill Jim and in , `` The Negotiation '' , Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work ( Jim is saved by Dwight 's intervention ) , and is subsequently fired . Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request , and after the polite but brief meeting , it appears that their relationship has ended amicably with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim . Pam participates in an art show , but few people attend . Her co-worker , Oscar , brings his partner along who , not knowing that Pam is standing behind him , criticizes her work by proclaiming that `` real art requires courage . '' Oscar then goes on to say that courage is n't one of Pam 's strong points . Affected by this statement , Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest , culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next - to - last episode of the season , `` Beach Games '' , and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship . Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his erratically kind heart and loyalty by buying , framing and hanging Pam 's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office . In the season finale , `` The Job , '' she leaves a friendly note in Jim 's briefcase and an old memento depicting the ' gold medal ' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics , which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City . While he is asked how he `` would function here in New York '' , Jim is shown to have his mind back in Scranton , still distracted by the thought of Pam . Jim withdraws his name from consideration and drives back to the office , where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner . She happily accepts , visibly moved , abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton . Karen quits soon after , becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin 's Utica branch . Seasons 4 -- 6 ( edit ) In Season 4 , Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season . She wears her hair down and has updated her old dowdy wardrobe . In the season 4 premiere , `` Fun Run '' , Jim and Pam confess that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing . The office ultimately learns of their relationship in `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' . In `` Chair Model '' , after teasing Pam about his impending proposal , Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating . In the next few episodes , Jim fake - proposes to Pam multiple times . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Pam discovers she 's been accepted at Pratt Institute , an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode , Jim announces that he will propose to Pam that evening . Just as Jim is preparing to propose , however , Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela . Having had his thunder stolen by Andy , Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket , leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night . In the Season 5 premiere , `` Weight Loss '' , Pam begins her three - month course at the Pratt Institute . In this episode , Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop , saying that he `` ca n't wait '' . In `` Business Trip '' , Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it . Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back `` the right way '' , she ultimately makes the decision to return home , saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton . A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam 's graphic design projects , which he thinks are `` cool '' , as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches , which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects , implying her talents lie in hand - drawn works . In `` Two Weeks '' , Pam agrees to become Michael 's first saleswoman in his not - yet - established company , The Michael Scott Paper Co. , as a supportive Jim looks on . When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead , including adding Pam to the sales team . In `` Company Picnic '' , Pam , after dominating the company volleyball tournament , injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes . At the hospital , the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition . There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace , looking shocked and ecstatic . It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere , `` Gossip '' . Jim and Pam marry early in the season , at Niagara Falls , during the highly anticipated , hour long episode , `` Niagara '' . The ending of the episode , in which their co-workers dance down the aisle , is an imitation of a viral YouTube video -- JK Wedding Entrance Dance . Following the wedding , a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with Pam 's mother the night of the wedding . The two break up during `` Double Date '' , an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions . In `` The Delivery '' of Season 6 , Pam and Jim have their first child , a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert . Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers , and chose to name her after her own niece . Season 7 ( edit ) In `` Counseling '' , Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator . In `` China '' , Pam tries to use her authority as office administrator to force building manager Dwight to stop his annoying cost - cutting measures . Pam threatens to move the office to a new building , which Dwight discovers does n't exist . Pam saves face , however , when Dwight secretly has his assistant provide her with a book on building regulations that proves Dwight 's measures were not allowed . The episode is another example of Dwight 's covert protectiveness and fondness for Pam ( as previously demonstrated in `` The Injury '' , `` Back from Vacation '' , `` The Job '' and `` Diwali '' ) ; Mindy Kaling said during an online Q&A session that Dwight has a soft spot for her that he does not extend to anyone else at the office . She also uses her position to buy Erin Hannon an expensive desk top computer to replace the terrible one she had to use for years , as well as discreetly giving Andy a new computer , and giving Darell three sick days . At the end of the episode she proudly says that she is , `` Full on corrupt . '' In `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Pam almost misses saying good - bye to Michael , as she spends most of the day out of the office trying to price shredders . Jim figures out Michael 's plan to leave early and tells her by text . Pam reaches the airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves . Season 8 ( edit ) At the beginning of Season 8 , Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim 's second child , Philip Halpert . The child coincided with Jenna Fischer 's actual pregnancy . She begins her maternity leave after `` Pam 's Replacement '' . Pam returns in `` Jury Duty '' , where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office . In both `` Tallahassee '' and `` Test the Store '' Pam is shown helping , and developing her friendship with Andy . Season 9 ( edit ) Early in season 9 , Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a Sports Marketing business , Athlead , in Philadelphia but he keeps it a secret from Pam until the third episode `` Andy 's Ancestry '' . Although Pam is happy for his decision , she is concerned about the fact that he had kept it a secret from her and she is later disturbed to hear about just how much of their money he had invested . Jim begins spending part of each work week in Philadelphia , but in `` Customer Loyalty '' , the strain of this on Pam is evident when she breaks down in tears , and is comforted by Brian , the boom mic operator of the film crew . In `` Moving On '' , Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim , but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott . Over dinner , Pam reveals to Jim that she does n't really want to move to Philadelphia after all . However , in `` Livin ' the Dream '' , when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country , Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this decision . In `` A.A.R.M. '' , Pam tells Jim that she 's afraid that he will resent her for making him stay and that she might not be enough for him . Jim asks the camera crew to compile documentary footage of the two of them to show her . When she finishes the montage , which shows Jim taking back a letter he intended to give her with his teapot gift during Christmas ; Jim finally gives her that letter , and she reads it , visibly moved . In the series finale , which takes place a year later , she reveals to Jim that she secretly put the house on the market , so that they can move to Austin , Texas , and take his job back at Athlead ( now Athleap ) . Co-worker relations ( edit ) From her years working the front desk , Pam has become well - acquainted with the Dunder - Mifflin staff and is consistently shown to have a thorough understanding of her coworkers ' personalities , including the more eccentric individuals Dwight Schrute and Michael Scott . She uses this familiarity to manipulate them , often for their and the company 's best interests ( such as her giving the staff elaborate instructions on how to handle a heartbroken Michael in `` The Chump '' ) but also occasionally for her own . This familiarity plays a large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position . Jim Halpert ( edit ) Main article : Jim Halpert The `` will they or wo n't they '' tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office , encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3 . In the opener of Season 4 , the two characters are revealed to be dating , and as such , other character romances , such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin , begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes . In Season 6 , Jim and Pam are married in the season 's 4th and 5th episodes ( hour long ) , a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics , as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture . Their child is born in the second half of the season , during another hour long , `` The Delivery '' . Pam and Jim 's second child is born during season 8 . In season 9 , their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia . They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job . Roy Anderson ( edit ) Main article : Roy Anderson ( The Office ) When the series begins , Pam is engaged to her high school sweetheart Roy Anderson ; this engagement is revealed to be three years old and running . They finally set a date , but Pam calls off the wedding at the last minute . They get back together once , briefly , but Pam is much more assertive , and finally breaks up with him after he has a violent outburst . Roy is deeply flawed - he is overbearing , neglectful , dismissive of her desire to be an artist , and offers her sex as a gift on Valentine 's Day . Jim comments in Season 2 that Pam does not like to `` bother '' Roy with her `` thoughts or feelings '' . He tells the camera crew that the only two problems in Pam 's life seemed to be Roy and her job at Dunder Mifflin . In the early seasons , there is a great deal of tension between Jim and Roy , with Roy often acting threateningly towards Jim . In `` Basketball '' , when Jim starts to impress Pam with his basketball skills , Roy elbows Jim in the nose . In season 2 , when Jim encourages Pam to pursue a graphic arts internship offered by Dunder Mifflin , Roy objects to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish . Pam ultimately calls off her wedding to Roy , but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk . She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis 's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen . In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy , Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during `` Casino Night '' . Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot . The next day , Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office but is stopped by Dwight 's pepper spray and is summarily fired . After losing his job , Roy meets Pam for coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen , she should at least make an effort to date him ( inasmuch as she called off the wedding because of him ) . In season 5 , Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged . The mood is somewhat awkward , but Roy is congratulatory , but then makes a somewhat passive - aggressive comment , seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam 's life , which tempts him to drive to Pratt , where she is attending art classes . Jim gets on the freeway , but changes his mind and remembers that he trusts Pam . Jim did n't want to treat Pam the same way Roy treated her . Michael Scott ( edit ) Main article : Michael Scott ( The Office ) In the series pilot , Michael is overtly rude to Pam and at one point fakes her firing , leaving her in tears . He often makes suggestive if harmless remarks about her beauty and general appearance , and at one point lies to the camera that they used to date ( inspiring a horrified `` WHAT ? ? ? '' from Pam when an interviewer relays the message to her ) . However , his impulsive attempt to kiss her during Diwali is shot down and marked the end of any romantic dreams for Michael with Pam . Over time , the combination of Michael being supportive of her goals , her transition from a bad relationship with Roy to a great one with Jim as well as her finding a job she not only enjoys but is effective at in the office administrator position and Michael finding his own soulmate in Holly Flax made Pam soften her stance towards Michael , and the experience at the Michael Scott Paper Company further bonded them ( as did Michael 's decision to choose Pam instead of Ryan Howard as the only MSPC salesman to keep that job when Michael returned as Branch Manager ) . Pam was furious at Michael for dating her mom Helene , and excoriated him at length during `` The Lover '' before eventually slapping him in `` Double Date '' , but they once again were able to be civil to each other afterward . Pam does set up boundaries around her personal life that Michael ca n't cross , like telling him that he was n't Cece 's godfather . By Season 7 , Pam acts as something of a guardian angel for Michael , steering him away from ( numerous ) bad ideas and towards his ( fewer but real ) good ones , such as his successful efforts to propose to Holly . In Michael 's finale `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Pam spends the whole day looking for a shredder , believing that the next day Michael was leaving . As Michael takes off his microphone and heads down the airport concourse , Pam runs to him with no shoes and hugs him as he kisses her cheek . The two have a nice moment and he walks off , leaving her holding her shoes . She then tells the camera that he was happy , wanting to be an advanced rewards member , and was glad to be going home to see Holly . She then is there to watch Michael 's plane take off . In a deleted scene from `` The Inner Circle '' , we learn Pam is flattered that Michael named his new puppy `` Pamela Beagsley '' , and in `` The List '' she playfully teases Jim by calling their second child `` Little Michael Scott '' , further proving that the two have developed a genuine friendship . Toby flenderson ( edit ) Main article : Toby Flenderson Toby , the Human Resources Representative for Dunder Mifflin in the Scranton branch , has a secret crush on Pam . In `` A Benihana Christmas '' she gives him her Dunder - Mifflin bathrobe , a display of friendly affection , after he spent the day feeling bad that Dwight took his . In `` Night Out '' , Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh ( and while Jim sits just on her other side ) , and the rest of the office watches in horror . In his mortification , Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping over the locked gate and fleeing . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' , he purchases a DSLR camera just to get a picture with Pam . On the eve of his departure , she confesses to the cameras that she always thought he was `` kind of cute '' . The crush receives less attention after Toby 's return . However , in `` Niagara '' , Pam and Jim are late for their wedding and he is visibly excited at the prospect that the wedding might not happen . In `` Finale '' , Pam and Toby dance with each other at Dwight 's wedding , with Toby beginning to cry as Pam comforts him . When she asks , `` is it me ? '' , he replies that `` it 's everything ! '' . Appearances ( edit ) Pam Halpert has appeared in every episode with the exceptions of `` Business Ethics '' ( except for the deleted scenes ) , `` St. Patrick 's Day '' , and `` New Leads '' in which only her voice is heard , and several season 8 episodes from `` Mrs. California '' to `` Pool Party '' , where she did not appear at all as Fischer was on maternity leave . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Halpert Baby Blog '' . Halpertbeesly.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Episode commentary , Season 2 , `` Valentine 's Day '' ^ Jump up to : `` For Jenna Fischer , ' Office ' Life Is A Great Act '' . NPR. 2008 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jenna Fischer rocks the OTCR '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Season 2 DVD , `` Valentine 's Day '' , episode commentary ^ Jump up to : `` Pam Beesly ( Pam / Jenna ) op Myspace '' . Myspace.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` JK Wedding Entrance Dance '' . YouTube . 2009 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ People Magazine , Week of 03 / 05 / 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Office : Why Jim and Pam 's wedding is good for TV comedy '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` The Office Exclusive : ' Til Death 's Lindsey Broad Befriends Pam '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . ( hide ) The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Holly Flax Robert California Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Cast list Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pam_Beesly&oldid=803444307 '' Categories : Fictional receptionists Fictional secretaries Fictional American people of English descent The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 15 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does pam come back to the office	[ "At the beginning of Season 8, Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim's second child, Philip Halpert. The child coincided with Jenna Fischer's actual pregnancy. She begins her maternity leave after \"Pam's Replacement\". Pam returns in \"Jury Duty\", where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office. In both \"Tallahassee\" and \"Test the Store\" Pam is shown helping, and developing her friendship with Andy." ]	[ "in \"Jury Duty\"" ]
-5483528644715083382	Kristen Schaal	Kristen Schaal - wikipedia Kristen Schaal Jump to : navigation , search Kristen Schaal Schaal at the 2016 WonderCon in Los Angeles , California Kristen Joy Schaal ( 1978 - 01 - 24 ) January 24 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Longmont , Colorado , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California Occupation Actress , voice actress , comedian , writer Years active 1999 -- present Known for Observational comedy , satire , political satire Spouse ( s ) Rich Blomquist ( m . 2012 ) Kristen Joy Schaal ( / ʃɑːl / ; born January 24 , 1978 ) is an American actress , voice actress , comedian and writer . She is best known for her roles of Mel in Flight of the Conchords , the over-sexed nurse Hurshe Heartshe on The Heart , She Holler , Louise Belcher in Bob 's Burgers , Mabel Pines in Gravity Falls , and Carol in The Last Man on Earth . Since 2015 , she has co-starred alongside Will Forte in the post-apocalyptic comedy series The Last Man on Earth , playing the role of Carol . She also provides several voices for BoJack Horseman , most notably for the character of Sarah Lynn , for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance . Other roles include Amanda Simmons on The Hotwives of Orlando , Hazel Wassername on 30 Rock , Victoria Best on WordGirl , Trixie in Toy Story 3 , and Anne on Wilfred . She was also an occasional commentator on The Daily Show from 2008 to 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Live comedy 2.2 Film , TV and radio 2.3 Books 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Schaal was born in Longmont , Colorado , to a Lutheran family of Dutch ancestry . She was raised on her family 's cattle ranch , in a rural area near Boulder . Her father is a construction worker and her mother is a secretary . She has a brother , David , who is three years older . She graduated from Northwestern University and then moved to New York in 2000 to pursue a comedy career . In 2005 , she had her first break when she was included in New York magazine 's article `` The Ten Funniest New Yorkers You 've Never Heard Of '' . Career ( edit ) Schaal and comedy partner Kurt Braunohler onstage in 2010 Live Comedy ( edit ) In 2006 , Schaal performed at the 2006 HBO US Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen , where she won the award for `` Best Alternative Comedian '' . She was also the winner of the second annual Andy Kaufman Award ( hosted by the New York Comedy Festival ) , Best Female Stand - up at the 2006 Nightlife Awards in New York City , and `` Best Female Stand Up Comedian '' at the 2007 ECNY Awards . At the 2008 Melbourne International Comedy Festival , she won the Barry Award for her show Kristen Schaal As You Have Probably Never Seen Her Before , tying with Nina Conti . Also in 2006 , Schaal appeared on the first season of the Comedy Central show Live at Gotham . She co-hosts the weekly variety show Hot Tub in Los Angeles , which was voted `` Best Variety Show of 2005 '' by Time - Out New York 's readers poll . She also performs at the Peoples Improv Theater on the improv team , `` Big Black Car '' , which was awarded best improv troupe of 2005 at the Emerging Comics of New York awards . She is a founding member of the theatre company The Striking Viking Story Pirates , which adapts stories by children into sketches and songs . Schaal performed live at the Edinburgh Fringe 2007 in Scotland , where she was one of six acts ( chosen from over two hundred American productions at the Fringe ) requested to perform at the US Consul General - sponsored `` Fringe USA '' Showcase . On her return to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in August 2008 , Schaal was nominated for the If. comedy award for Kristen Schaal And Kurt Braunohler : Double Down Hearts . Schaal has also performed at the Royal Albert Hall , London , as part of The Secret Policeman 's Ball 2008 in aid of Amnesty International , and at the Bonnaroo 2009 music festival . In 2010 , Schaal appeared as a stand - up comic on John Oliver 's New York Stand Up Show and at the Solid Sound Festival at the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art . Film , TV and Radio ( edit ) Schaal at the Brooklyn Book Festival ( 2010 ) Schaal appeared on HBO 's Flight of the Conchords as the stalker - fan Mel , a role which earned her an EWwy nomination for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2009 . She was also a credited consultant and writer for Season 11 of South Park , appeared on the BBC 's Never Mind the Buzzcocks and played the boss in Fuse 's mockumentary The Intern . She made her first appearance as a `` special commentator '' on Comedy Central 's The Daily Show on March 13 , 2008 , often presented in recurring appearances as its news team 's `` Senior Women 's Issues Correspondent '' . On April 13 , 2008 , she made an appearance on Good News Week during the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and in October 2008 she appeared in Amnesty International 's The Secret Policeman 's Ball 2008 . Her other film and television credits include Kate and Leopold , Aqua Teen Hunger Force , Snake ' n ' Bacon , Norbit , Get Him to the Greek , Conviction , Cheap Seats , Freak Show , Cirque du Freak : The Vampire 's Assistant , Adam and Steve , The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard , Delirious , Australian show Good News Week , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , Law & Order : Criminal Intent , The Education of Max Bickford , Comedy Central 's Contest Searchlight , Ugly Betty , How I Met Your Mother , MTV 's Human Giant and Mad Men . She was also a contributor to the sketch / music series The Nighttime Clap on the Fuse music network . She also appeared on Fuse 's original comedy series The P.A. Schaal appeared in two TV pilots written and directed by Jersey City comedian Dan McNamara -- The Calderons and Redeeming Rainbow , both of which were screened as official selections at the 2006 and 2007 New York Television Festivals . She was also in television commercials for Wendy 's , RadioShack , and Starburst . She made an appearance , in April 2008 , on the IFC sketch comedy show The Whitest Kids U ' Know . On April 3 , 2009 she taped an episode of Comedy Central Presents . In 2010 , she added her voice to the PBS Kids GO ! series WordGirl as Victoria Best , a child prodigy whose parents taught her to be the best at everything that she does . Schaal voiced 13 - year - old Mabel Pines on Disney Channel 's hit TV series Gravity Falls . She currently voices the character Louise on the FOX Network series Bob 's Burgers . She also stars in A.D. Miles ' MyDamnChannel.com series Horrible People . In October 2008 , Schaal appeared in an episode of Spicks and Specks . On June 10 , 2009 , Schaal broadcast her first radio show , High Five ! ! , on Sirius XM Radio 's ' RawDog ' channel with co-host Kurt Braunohler . She played Gertha Teeth in the 2009 movie The Vampire 's Assistant . Schaal stars in her own web series , Penelope Princess of Pets , one episode of which doubled as the video for the New Pornographers ' `` Mutiny , I Promise You '' . She voiced Trixie the Triceratops in Toy Story 3 and Pumpkin Witch and Palace Witch in Shrek Forever After . She was also in the music video for Joey Ramone 's `` New York City '' . She also guest starred in the Modern Family episode `` Fifteen Percent '' , as well as the music video for `` Conversation 16 '' by The National . Schaal guest starred on the MC Frontalot album Solved . She was featured with Kurt Braunohler on the Radiolab episode `` Loops '' . Schaal was in a commercial for the Xperia Play version of Minecraft . Schaal guest starred on The Simpsons May 8 , 2011 episode `` Homer Scissorhands '' in which she plays Taffy , a love interest of Milhouse . She is incorrectly listed in the credits as `` Kristen Schall '' . This prompted Simpsons writers to issue her a unique apology on the next week 's episode in which Bart 's chalkboard joke in the intro to the show states `` It 's Kristen Schaal , not Kristen Schall . '' Schaal also appeared in a music video for `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's 2014 song `` Tacky '' , a parody of Pharrell Williams 's `` Happy '' . In 2013 , Schaal guest starred in the two part episode `` Sea Tunt '' of Archer , lending her voice to a character named Tiffy . In 2014 , Schaal co-starred alongside Casey Wilson , Danielle Schneider , Tymberlee Hill , Andrea Savage , and Angela Kinsey in the first season of the Hulu original series The Hotwives of Orlando . She is currently co-starring alongside Will Forte in the FOX comedy The Last Man on Earth , which premiered on March 1 , 2015 . Schaal also voices the character Sarah Lynn in the Netflix original animated series BoJack Horseman . In 2017 , she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance for her performance as Sarah Lynn . Schaal appears in A Walk in the Woods ( 2015 ) as hiker Mary Ellen . Books ( edit ) Schaal wrote a book of humor , The Sexy Book of Sexy Sex , with her husband , former Daily Show writer Rich Blomquist . It was published in July 2010 by Chronicle Books . She originally intended for them to write the book under pseudonyms , `` because I do n't want anyone to imagine me doing those things , '' but realized it would be harder to promote the book without using their real names . Personal life ( edit ) Schaal has been married to Daily Show staff writer Rich Blomquist since 2012 . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes Kate & Leopold Miss Tree Film debut Poster Boy Bookstore Lady # 14 2005 Adam & Steve Ruth 2006 Delirious Joelle 2007 Norbit Event Organizer 2009 The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard Stewardess Stacey Cirque du Freak : The Vampire 's Assistant Gertha Teeth When in Rome Ilona Valentine 's Day Ms. Gilroy Shrek Forever After Pumpkin / Palace Witch Voice Get Him to the Greek Today Show Production Assistant Toy Story 3 Trixie Voice Dinner for Schmucks Susana Going the Distance Female Bartender 2011 Butter Carol Ann Hawaiian Vacation Trixie Voice , short film The Muppets Moderator 2012 Sleepwalk with Me Cynthia 2013 Despicable Me 2 Shannon Voice Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 Barb Welcome to the Jungle Brenda 2015 A Walk in the Woods Mary Ellen 2016 Donald Trump 's The Art of the Deal : The Movie Gloria / Deborah Voice The Boss Sandy 2017 All Nighter Roberta Literally , Right Before Aaron Talula Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Edith Voice Austin Found Nancy Boundaries In post-production 2019 Toy Story 4 Trixie Voice , in production Television Year Title Role Notes 2001 -- 02 The Education of Max Bickford Valerie Holmes 3 episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Abby Episode : `` Brotherhood '' 2005 Cheap Seats : Without Ron Parker Emily Episode : `` Dog Show / World Beard and Mustache Championship '' 2006 Conviction Allie Rubinoff Episode : `` Madness '' Ugly Betty Nancy Episode : `` Pilot '' Six Degrees Gail 2 episodes Freak Show Various Voice , 7 episodes 2007 Scott Bateman Presents Earth 's New Robot Overlord Trixie Tangway Voice , 2 episodes Law & Order : Criminal Intent Alana Binder Episode : `` 30 '' Human Giant Girl in Doritos Commercial Episode : `` Lil 9 - 11 '' Mad Men Nannette Episode : `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' How I Met Your Mother Laura Girard Episode : `` The Platinum Rule '' 2007 -- 09 Flight of the Conchords Mel 21 episodes 2008 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Tammy Tangerine ( voice ) As Frannie Hood , Episode : `` Bible Fruit '' The Whitest Kids U'Know Homeless Woman Episode : `` 2.9 '' Never Mind The Buzzcocks Herself Series 21 , Episode 4 2008 -- 16 The Daily Show Herself Recurring role as commentator ; 30 episodes 2009 Xavier : Renegade Angel Frantic Spectator / Old Ryan 's Wife ( voice ) Episode : `` Going Normal '' Comedy Central Presents Herself Season 13 , Episode 24 Snake ' n ' Bacon The Green Fairy TV movie Comedy Showcase Tourist Episode : `` The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret '' Modern Family Whitney Episode : `` Fifteen Percent '' Comedy Lab Penelope Episode : `` Penelope Princess of Pets '' Fact Checkers Unit Paula Episode : `` One Groundhog Day Dog '' Scared Shrekless Sugar the Gingerbread Girl Voice 2010 -- 15 WordGirl Victoria Best ( voice ) Episodes : `` Victoria Best '' , `` Cherish is the Word '' , `` Crime in the Key of V '' , `` Do n't Mess with the Best `` , `` Victoria Is the Best ... WordGirl ? '' , `` There is no V in Team '' , `` World 's Best Dad '' , and `` The Best of the Bests '' 2011 The Simpsons Taffy Voice , Episode : `` Homer Scissorhands '' ; credited as `` Kristen Schall '' The Penguins of Madagascar Muffy , Bluffy , and Fluffy the bunny rabbits Voice , Episode : `` Operation : Neighbor Swap '' Soul Quest Overdrive Tammy Voice The Heart , She Holler Hershe Heartshe 6 episodes 2011 -- 12 American Dad ! Librarian / Girl Voice , 2 episodes 2011 -- present Bob 's Burgers Louise Belcher Voice , Lead role 2012 -- 13 30 Rock Hazel Wassername 11 episodes 2012 -- 14 Adventure Time Jake Jr . Voice , 4 episodes 2012 -- 16 Gravity Falls Mabel Pines Voice , Lead role 2013 Archer Tiffy Voice , 2 episodes Never Mind the Buzzcocks Herself Series 27 , Episode 5 Wilfred Anne 4 episodes NTSF : SD : SUV : : Deborah Episode : `` Trading Faces '' Toy Story of Terror Trixie Voice The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Herself Panelist 2013 -- 14 @ midnight Herself 2 episodes 2013 -- 16 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Herself / Gina Guppies 2 episodes 2014 The Hotwives of Orlando Amanda Simmons Series regular Glee Mary Halloran Episode : `` The Untitled Rachel Berry Project '' Toy Story That Time Forgot Trixie Voice 2014 -- 17 BoJack Horseman Sarah Lynn / Various Voice ; 11 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance 2015 Axe Cop God Voice ; episode : `` Axe Cop Saves God '' The Hotwives of Las Vegas Amanda Simmons Episode : `` Old Friends , New Enemies '' 2015 -- present The Last Man on Earth Carol Pilbasian Main role ( 47 episodes ) 2016 Wander Over Yonder Mavis Voice ; episode : `` The Cartoon '' Not Safe with Nikki Glaser Herself Episodes : `` Get Her a Glass of Water '' and `` I Miss David Bowie '' The Big Fat Quiz of Everything Herself Panelist Brad Neely 's Harg Nallin ' Sclopio Peepio Voice ; episode : `` For Sarandon '' Great Minds with Dan Harmon Amelia Earhart Episode : `` Amelia Earhart '' Transformers : Rescue Bots Chickadee Voice ; episode : `` Camp Cody '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schaal , Kristen ; Blomquist , Rich ( 2010 - 07 - 28 ) . The Sexy Book of Sexy Sex . Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0811871266 . ^ Jump up to : Friedlander , Whitney ( 6 May 2016 ) . `` ' Daily Show 's ' Rich Blomquist Signs Overall with Fox TV '' . Variety . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson : `` The Science of Sex '' . 2013 . Accessed 12 August 2013 . The original Dutch pronunciation would be / sxaːl / . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , John ( 2010 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Kristen Schaal : The toast of American comedy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Kooky Monster '' . Melbourne : The Age . 2008 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Todd , Charlie ( 2005 - 09 - 26 ) . `` The Ten Funniest New Yorkers You 've Never Heard Of '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 4th Annual ECNY Award Winners '' . ECNY Awards . 2011 - 02 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kent , Melissa ( 2008 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Top comics grin and share the main prize '' . The Age . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Strachan , Alex ( 2009 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Live at Gotham a Prerequisite for the Big Time '' . Edmonton Journal . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Edinburgh Festival If. comedy award shortlist announced '' . The List . 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Calderons on IMDb Jump up ^ Redeeming Rainbow on IMDb Jump up ^ `` COMEDY CENTRAL ( R ) Gets the New Year Rolling with Laughter ! '' . PR Newswire . Bloomberg. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Scholastic Media Renews `` WordGirl '' for 26 More Episodes `` . toonzone.net . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Brophy - Warren , Jamin ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` '' Flight of the Conchords '' Meets `` South Park '' on Satellite Radio `` . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Kristen Schaal ( COMEDIAN ) '' . The Believer . June 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chen , David ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Lee Unkrich Announces Kristen Schaal and Blake Clark Cast in Toy Story 3 ; Toy Story 3D Double Feature To Stay in Theaters '' . slashfilm.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Kristen Schaal '' . Radiolab . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Quintana , Anna ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Danger Zone : Here Are 11 of the Best Celebrity Guest Stars to Ever Appear on ' Archer ' ! '' . Life & Style . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Archer : `` Sea Tunt : Part I '' `` . A.V. Club . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` The Longest Face '' . Slate . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Powers , Nicole ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Kristen Schaal : Confessions of a Disappointed Hillary Supporter '' . SuicideGirls . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Credit Where It 's Due : A ' Simpsons ' Spelling Lesson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kristen Schaal . Kristen Schaal on IMDb VIAF : 90569873 LCCN : no2009096111 ISNI : 0000 0000 6294 4462 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Schaal&oldid=808153857 '' Categories : 1978 births 21st - century American comedians 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Colorado American film actresses American Lutherans American people of Dutch descent American people of German descent American stand - up comedians American television actresses American television writers American voice actresses American women comedians Annie Award winners Living people Northwestern University alumni People from Longmont , Colorado Women television writers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Kiswahili Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 05 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays mabel's voice on gravity falls	[ "Kristen Joy Schaal (/ʃɑːl/;[3] born January 24, 1978) is an American actress, voice actress, comedian and writer. She is best known for her roles of Mel in Flight of the Conchords, the over-sexed nurse Hurshe Heartshe on The Heart, She Holler, Louise Belcher in Bob's Burgers, Mabel Pines in Gravity Falls, and Carol in The Last Man on Earth." ]	[ "Kristen Joy Schaal" ]
982929329748230578	Electron transport chain	Electron transport chain - wikipedia Electron transport chain The electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes . The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized , providing energy to power ATP synthase . Photosynthetic electron transport chain of the thylakoid membrane . An electron transport chain ( ETC ) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox ( both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously ) reactions , and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons ( H ions ) across a membrane . This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds . The molecules of the chain include peptides , enzymes ( which are proteins or protein complexes ) , and others . The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration . Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or , such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars , cellular respiration . In eukaryotes , an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the action of ATP synthase . It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes . In bacteria , the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane . In chloroplasts , light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP to NADPH with transfer of H ions across chloroplast membranes . In mitochondria , it is the conversion of oxygen to water , NADH to NAD and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient . Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen , generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress . The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule . The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products . The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ( `` free '' ) to do work . Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous . The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions . If protons flow back through the membrane , they enable mechanical work , such as rotating bacterial flagella . ATP synthase , an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life , converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP , which powers most cellular reactions . A small amount of ATP is available from substrate - level phosphorylation , for example , in glycolysis . In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains , while only some obtain ATP by fermentation . Contents 1 In mitochondria 1.1 Mitochondrial redox carriers 1.1. 1 Complex I 1.1. 2 Complex II 1.1. 3 Complex III 1.1. 4 Complex IV 1.2 Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation 1.3 Summary 2 In bacteria 2.1 Electron donors 2.2 Dehydrogenases 2.3 Quinone carriers 2.4 Proton pumps 2.5 Cytochrome electron carriers 2.6 Terminal oxidases and reductases 2.7 Electron acceptors 2.8 Summary 3 Photosynthetic 4 Summary 5 See also 6 References 7 External links In mitochondria ( edit ) Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria , which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle , fatty acid oxidation , and amino acid oxidation . At the mitochondrial inner membrane , electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen , which is reduced to water . The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors . Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor , which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor , a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen , the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain . Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy , which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively `` pumping '' protons into the intermembrane space , producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work . This entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation , since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps . A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen , resulting in the formation of the free - radical superoxide , a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging . Mitochondrial redox carriers ( edit ) Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons down the ETC is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space , creating an electrochemical proton gradient ( ΔpH ) across the inner mitochondrial membrane ( IMM ) . This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential ( ΔΨ ) . It allows ATP synthase to use the flow of H through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) and inorganic phosphate . Complex I ( NADH coenzyme Q reductase ; labeled I ) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NADH ) , and passes them to coenzyme Q ( ubiquinone ; labeled Q ) , which also receives electrons from complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase ; labeled II ) . Q passes electrons to complex III ( cytochrome bc complex ; labeled III ) , which passes them to cytochrome c ( cyt c ) . Cyt c passes electrons to Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; labeled IV ) , which uses the electrons and hydrogen ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water . Four membrane - bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria . Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane . Three of them are proton pumps . The structures are electrically connected by lipid - soluble electron carriers and water - soluble electron carriers . The overall electron transport chain : NADH + H → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → H O ↑ Complex II ↑ Succinate Complex I ( edit ) In Complex I ( NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductase , NADH - CoQ reductase , or NADH dehydrogenase ; EC 1.6. 5.3 ) , two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid - soluble carrier , ubiquinone ( UQ ) . The reduced product , ubiquinol ( UQH ) , freely diffuses within the membrane , and Complex I translocates four protons ( H ) across the membrane , thus producing a proton gradient . Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs , thus being one of the main sites of production of superoxide . The pathway of electrons is as follows : NADH is oxidized to NAD , by reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH in one two - electron step . FMNH is then oxidized in two one - electron steps , through a semiquinone intermediate . Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH to an Fe - S cluster , from the Fe - S cluster to ubiquinone ( Q ) . Transfer of the first electron results in the free - radical ( semiquinone ) form of Q , and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form , QH . During this process , four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space . As the electrons become continuously oxidized and reduced throughout the complex an electron current is produced along the 180 Angstrom width of the complex within the membrane . This current powers the active transport of four protons to the intermembrane space per two electrons from NADH . This complex is inhibited by Alkylguanides ( Example : Guanethidine ) , Rotenone , Barbiturates , Chlorpromazine , Piericidin . Complex II ( edit ) In Complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase or succinate - CoQ reductase ; EC 1.3. 5.1 ) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool ( Q ) originating from succinate and transferred ( via flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) ) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits : succinate dehydrogenase , ( SDHA ) ; succinate dehydrogenase ( ubiquinone ) iron - sulfur subunit , mitochondrial , ( SDHB ) ; succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C , ( SDHC ) and succinate dehydrogenase complex , subunit D , ( SDHD ) . Other electron donors ( e.g. , fatty acids and glycerol 3 - phosphate ) also direct electrons into Q ( via FAD ) . Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1 , but unlike complex 1 , no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway . Therefore , the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process . This complex is inhibited by Carboxin . Complex III ( edit ) In Complex III ( cytochrome bc complex or CoQH - cytochrome c reductase ; EC 1.10. 2.2 ) , the Q - cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption / release of protons . Two electrons are removed from QH at the Q site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c , a water - soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space . The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Q site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol . A proton gradient is formed by one quinol ( 2 H 2 + e − ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( 2H + 2e - ) ) ) ) oxidations at the Q site to form one quinone ( 2 H 2 + e − ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( 2H + 2e - ) ) ) ) at the Q site . ( in total four protons are translocated : two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules ) . QH 2 + 2 cytochrome c ( Fe III ) + 2 H + ( in ) ⟶ Q + 2 cytochrome c ( Fe II ) + 4 H + ( out ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( QH2 + 2 cytochrome c ( Fe ^ ( III ) ) + 2 H+ ( in ) - > Q + 2 cytochrome c ( Fe ^ ( II ) ) + 4 H+ ( out ) ) ) ) When electron transfer is reduced ( by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A ) , Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen , resulting in superoxide formation . This complex is inhibited by British Antilewisite ( BAL ) , Napthoquinone and Antimycin . Complex IV ( edit ) In Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; EC 1.9. 3.1 ) , sometimes called cytochrome AA3 , four electrons are removed from four molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to molecular oxygen ( O ) , producing two molecules of water . At the same time , eight protons are removed from the mitochondrial matrix ( although only four are translocated across the membrane ) , contributing to the proton gradient . The activity of cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited by cyanide , carbon monoxide , azide , hydrogen sulphide ( H S ) . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation ( edit ) Depiction of ATP synthase , the site of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP . According to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis , proposed by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell , the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrochemical gradient ( proton gradient ) . This gradient is used by the F F ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation . ATP synthase is sometimes described as Complex V of the electron transport chain . The F component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix . It is composed of a , b and c subunits . Protons in the inter-membranous space of mitochondria first enters the ATP synthase complex through a subunit channel . Then protons move to the c subunits . The number of c subunits it has determines how many protons it will require to make the F turn one full revolution . For example , in humans , there are 8 c subunits , thus 8 protons are required . After c subunits , protons finally enters matrix using a subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix . This reflux releases free energy produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers ( NAD and Q ) . The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis , catalyzed by the F component of the complex . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production . However , in specific cases , uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful . The uncoupling protein , thermogenin -- present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue -- provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix . Thyroxine is also a natural uncoupler . This alternative flow results in thermogenesis rather than ATP production . Synthetic uncouplers ( e.g. , 2 , 4 - dinitrophenol , 2 , 4 - dinitrocresol , CCCP ) also exist , and can be lethal at high doses . Summary ( edit ) In the mitochondrial electron transport chain electrons move from an electron donor ( NADH or QH ) to a terminal electron acceptor ( O ) via a series of redox reactions . These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane . There are three proton pumps : I , III , and IV . The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase . The reactions catalyzed by Complex I and Complex III work roughly at equilibrium . This means that these reactions are readily reversible , by increasing the concentration of the products relative to the concentration of the reactants ( for example , by increasing the proton gradient ) . ATP synthase is also readily reversible . Thus ATP can be used to build a proton gradient , which in turn can be used to make NADH . This process of reverse electron transport is important in many prokaryotic electron transport chains . In bacteria ( edit ) In eukaryotes , NADH is the most important electron donor . The associated electron transport chain is NADH → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O where Complexes I , III and IV are proton pumps , while Q and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers . The electron acceptor is molecular oxygen . In prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) the situation is more complicated , because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors . The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is : Donor Donor Donor ↓ ↓ ↓ dehydrogenase → quinone → bc → cytochrome ↓ ↓ oxidase ( reductase ) oxidase ( reductase ) ↓ ↓ Acceptor Acceptor Note that electrons can enter the chain at three levels : at the level of a dehydrogenase , at the level of the quinone pool , or at the level of a mobile cytochrome electron carrier . These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials , or to successively decreased potential differences relative to the terminal electron acceptor . In other words , they correspond to successively smaller Gibbs free energy changes for the overall redox reaction Donor → Acceptor . Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains , often simultaneously . Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors , a number of different dehydrogenases , a number of different oxidases and reductases , and a number of different electron acceptors . For example , E. coli ( when growing aerobically using glucose as an energy source ) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases , for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously . A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient . Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as many as three proton pumps , like mitochondria , or they may contain only one or two . They always contain at least one proton pump . Electron donors ( edit ) In the present day biosphere , the most common electron donors are organic molecules . Organisms that use organic molecules as an electron source are called organotrophs . Organotrophs ( animals , fungi , protists ) and phototrophs ( plants and algae ) constitute the vast majority of all familiar life forms . Some prokaryotes can use inorganic matter as an energy source . Such an organism is called a lithotroph ( `` rock - eater '' ) . Inorganic electron donors include hydrogen , carbon monoxide , ammonia , nitrite , sulfur , sulfide , manganese oxide , and ferrous iron . Lithotrophs have been found growing in rock formations thousands of meters below the surface of Earth . Because of their volume of distribution , lithotrophs may actually outnumber organotrophs and phototrophs in our biosphere . The use of inorganic electron donors as an energy source is of particular interest in the study of evolution . This type of metabolism must logically have preceded the use of organic molecules as an energy source . Dehydrogenases ( edit ) Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors . When organic matter is the energy source , the donor may be NADH or succinate , in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex I in mitochondria ) or succinate dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex II ) . Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources : formate dehydrogenase , lactate dehydrogenase , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase , H dehydrogenase ( hydrogenase ) , etc . Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps ; others funnel electrons into the quinone pool . Most dehydrogenases show induced expression in the bacterial cell in response to metabolic needs triggered by the environment in which the cells grow . Quinone carriers ( edit ) Quinones are mobile , lipid - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons ( and protons ) between large , relatively immobile macromolecular complexes embedded in the membrane . Bacteria use ubiquinone ( the same quinone that mitochondria use ) and related quinones such as menaquinone . Another name for ubiquinone is Coenzyme Q10 . Proton pumps ( edit ) A proton pump is any process that creates a proton gradient across a membrane . Protons can be physically moved across a membrane ; this is seen in mitochondrial Complexes I and IV . The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction . The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and the appearance of a proton in the periplasm . Mitochondrial Complex III uses this second type of proton pump , which is mediated by a quinone ( the Q cycle ) . Some dehydrogenases are proton pumps ; others are not . Most oxidases and reductases are proton pumps , but some are not . Cytochrome bc is a proton pump found in many , but not all , bacteria ( it is not found in E. coli ) . As the name implies , bacterial bc is similar to mitochondrial bc ( Complex III ) . Proton pumps are the heart of the electron transport process . They produce the transmembrane electrochemical gradient that enables ATP Synthase to synthesize ATP . Cytochrome electron carriers ( edit ) Cytochromes are pigments that contain iron . They are found in two very different environments . Some cytochromes are water - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large , immobile macromolecular structures imbedded in the membrane . The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome c . Bacteria use a number of different mobile cytochrome electron carriers . Other cytochromes are found within macromolecules such as Complex III and Complex IV . They also function as electron carriers , but in a very different , intramolecular , solid - state environment . Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier . For example , electrons from inorganic electron donors ( nitrite , ferrous iron , etc . ) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level . When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH , the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary , higher - energy molecule . Terminal oxidases and reductases ( edit ) When bacteria grow in aerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor ( O ) is reduced to water by an enzyme called an oxidase . When bacteria grow in anaerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor is reduced by an enzyme called a reductase . In mitochondria the terminal membrane complex ( Complex IV ) is cytochrome oxidase . Aerobic bacteria use a number of different terminal oxidases . For example , E. coli does not have a cytochrome oxidase or a bc complex . Under aerobic conditions , it uses two different terminal quinol oxidases ( both proton pumps ) to reduce oxygen to water . Anaerobic bacteria , which do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor , have terminal reductases individualized to their terminal acceptor . For example , E. coli can use fumarate reductase , nitrate reductase , nitrite reductase , DMSO reductase , or trimethylamine - N - oxide reductase , depending on the availability of these acceptors in the environment . Most terminal oxidases and reductases are inducible . They are synthesized by the organism as needed , in response to specific environmental conditions . Electron acceptors ( edit ) Just as there are a number of different electron donors ( organic matter in organotrophs , inorganic matter in lithotrophs ) , there are a number of different electron acceptors , both organic and inorganic . If oxygen is available , it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor , because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy . In anaerobic environments , different electron acceptors are used , including nitrate , nitrite , ferric iron , sulfate , carbon dioxide , and small organic molecules such as fumarate . Since electron transport chains are redox processes , they can be described as the sum of two redox pairs . For example , the mitochondrial electron transport chain can be described as the sum of the NAD / NADH redox pair and the O / H O redox pair . NADH is the electron donor and O is the electron acceptor . Not every donor - acceptor combination is thermodynamically possible . The redox potential of the acceptor must be more positive than the redox potential of the donor . Furthermore , actual environmental conditions may be far different from standard conditions ( 1 molar concentrations , 1 atm partial pressures , pH = 7 ) , which apply to standard redox potentials . For example , hydrogen - evolving bacteria grow at an ambient partial pressure of hydrogen gas of 10 atm . The associated redox reaction , which is thermodynamically favorable in nature , is thermodynamic impossible under `` standard '' conditions . Summary ( edit ) Bacterial electron transport pathways are , in general , inducible . Depending on their environment , bacteria can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes . Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases , terminal oxidases and terminal reductases . The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are branched , modular , and inducible . Photosynthetic ( edit ) In oxidative phosphorylation , electrons are transferred from a low - energy electron donor ( e.g. , NADH ) to an acceptor ( e.g. , O ) through an electron transport chain . In photophosphorylation , the energy of sunlight is used to create a high - energy electron donor and an electron acceptor . Electrons are then transferred from the donor to the acceptor through another electron transport chain . Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above . They use mobile , lipid - soluble carriers ( quinones ) and mobile , water - soluble carriers ( cytochromes , etc . ) . They also contain a proton pump . It is remarkable that the proton pump in all photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial Complex III . Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation , Photosynthesis , Photosynthetic reaction center and Light - dependent reaction . Summary ( edit ) Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor . The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane , producing a proton gradient . The proton gradient is used to produce useful work . About 30 work units are produced per electron transport . See also ( edit ) CoRR hypothesis Electron equivalent Hydrogen hypothesis Respirasome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Murray , Robert K. ; Daryl K. Granner ; Peter A. Mayes ; Victor W. Rodwell ( 2003 ) . Harper 's Illustrated Biochemistry . New York , NY : Lange Medical Books / MgGraw Hill . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 121766 - 5 . Jump up ^ Karp , Gerald ( 2008 ) . Cell and Molecular Biology ( 5th ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 04217 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lauren , Biochemistry , Johnson / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garrett & Grisham , Biochemistry , Brooks / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garret and Grisham ( 2016 ) . biochemistry . University of Virginia . p. 687 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 57720 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jonckheere , An I. ; Smeitink , Jan A.M. ; Rodenburg , Richard J.T. ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Mitochondrial ATP synthase : architecture , function and pathology '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 35 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 225 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 011 - 9382 - 9 . ISSN 0141 - 8955 . PMC 3278611 . PMID 21874297 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Reginald H. ; Grisham , Charles M. ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . Cengage learning . p. 664 . ISBN 1 - 133 - 10629 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fillingame , Robert H ; Angevine , Christine M ; Dmitriev , Oleg Y ( 2003 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Mechanics of coupling proton movements to c - ring rotation in ATP synthase '' . FEBS Letters. 555 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 34 . doi : 10.1016 / S0014 - 5793 ( 03 ) 01101 - 3 . ISSN 1873 - 3468 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M. ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A Proton Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP '' . Jump up ^ Cannon , Barbara ; Nedergaard , Jan ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Brown Adipose Tissue : Function and Physiological Significance '' . Physiological Reviews . 84 ( 1 ) : 277 -- 359 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00015.2003 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 14715917 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ; Johnson , Alexander ; Lewis , Julian ; Raff , Martin ; Roberts , Keith ; Walter , Peter ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Electron - Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps '' . Fenchel T ; King GM ; Blackburn TH ( September 2006 ) . Bacterial Biogeochemistry : The Ecophysiology of Mineral Cycling ( 2nd ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 103455 - 9 . Lengeler JW ( January 1999 ) . Drews G ; Schlegel HG , eds . Biology of the Prokaryotes . Blackwell Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05357 - 5 . Nelson DL ; Cox MM ( April 2005 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4339 - 2 . Nicholls DG ; Ferguson SJ ( July 2002 ) . Bioenergetics 3 . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 518121 - 1 . Stumm W ; Morgan JJ ( 1996 ) . Aquatic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 51185 - 4 . Thauer RK ; Jungermann K ; Decker K ( March 1977 ) . `` Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria '' . Bacteriol Rev. 41 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 80 . PMC 413997 . PMID 860983 . White D. ( September 1999 ) . The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512579 - 5 . Voet D ; Voet JG ( March 2004 ) . Biochemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 58651 - 7 . Kim HS. ; Patel , K ; Muldoon - Jacobs , K ; Bisht , KS ; Aykin - Burns , N ; Pennington , JD ; Van Der Meer , R ; Nguyen , P ; et al. ( January 2010 ) . `` SIRT3 is a mitochondria - localized tumor suppressor required for maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and metabolism during stress '' . Cancer Cell. 17 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccr. 2009.11. 023 . PMC 3711519 . PMID 20129246 . External links ( edit ) Electron + Transport + Chain + Complex + Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Khan Academy , video lecture Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism : Citric acid cycle enzymes Cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase ( SDHA ) Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase and ETC Anaplerotic to acetyl - CoA Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( E1 , E2 , E3 ) ( regulated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase ) to α - ketoglutaric acid Glutamate dehydrogenase to succinyl - CoA Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase to oxaloacetate Pyruvate carboxylase Aspartate transaminase Mitochondrial electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation Primary Complex I / NADH dehydrogenase Complex II / Succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q Complex III / Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c Complex IV / Cytochrome c oxidase Coenzyme Q10 synthesis : COQ2 COQ3 COQ4 COQ5 COQ6 COQ7 COQ9 COQ10A COQ10B PDSS1 PDSS2 Other Alternative oxidase Electron - transferring - flavoprotein dehydrogenase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_transport_chain&oldid=864369083 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Integral membrane proteins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 19 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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208384282539902012	February 29	February 29 - wikipedia February 29 This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the calendar day . For the South Korean film , see February 29 ( film ) . For the Malaysian film , see 29 Februari . `` Leap Day '' redirects here . For the `` 30 Rock '' episode , see Leap Day ( 30 Rock ) . For the `` Modern Family '' episode , see Leap Day ( Modern Family ) . < < February > > Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2017 February 29 in recent years 2016 ( Monday ) 2012 ( Wednesday ) 2008 ( Friday ) February 29 , also known as leap day or leap year day , is a date added to most years that are divisible by 4 , such as 2008 , 2012 , 2016 , 2020 , and 2024 . A leap day is added in various solar calendars ( calendars based on the Earth 's revolution around the Sun ) , including the Gregorian calendar standard in most of the world . Lunisolar calendars ( whose months are based on the phases of the Moon ) instead add a leap or intercalary month . In the Gregorian calendar , years that are divisible by 100 , but not by 400 , do not contain a leap day . Thus , 1700 , 1800 , and 1900 did not contain a leap day ; neither will 2100 , 2200 , and 2300 . Conversely , 1600 and 2000 did and 2400 will . Years containing a leap day are called leap years . Years not containing a leap day are called common years . February 29 is the 60th day of the Gregorian calendar , in such a year , with 306 days remaining until the end of the year . In the Chinese calendar , this day will only occur in years of the monkey , dragon , and rat . A leap day is observed because a complete revolution around the Sun takes approximately 6 hours longer than 365 days ( 8,760 hours ) . A leap day compensates for this lag , realigning the calendar with the Earth 's position in the Solar System ; otherwise , seasons would occur earlier than intended in the calendar year . The Julian calendar used in Christendom until the 16th century added a leap day every four years ; but this rule adds too many days ( roughly 3 every 400 years ) , making the equinoxes and solstices shift gradually to earlier dates . By the 16th century the vernal equinox had drifted to March 11 , and the Gregorian calendar was introduced both to shift it back by omitting several days , and to reduce the number of leap years via the `` century rule '' to keep the equinoxes more or less fixed and the date of Easter consistently close to the vernal equinox . Contents ( hide ) 1 Leap years 1.1 Modern ( Gregorian ) calendar 1.2 Early Roman calendar 1.3 Julian reform 2 Born on February 29 2.1 Legal status 2.2 In fiction 3 Events 4 Births 5 Deaths 6 Holidays and observances 7 Folk traditions 8 References 9 External links Leap years ( edit ) Main article : Leap year Although most modern calendar years have 365 days , a complete revolution around the Sun ( one solar year ) takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours . An extra 24 hours thus accumulates every four years , requiring that an extra calendar day be added to align the calendar with the Sun 's apparent position . Without the added day , in future years the seasons would occur later in the calendar , eventually leading to confusion about when to undertake activities dependent on weather , ecology , or hours of daylight . A solar year is actually slightly shorter than 365 days and 6 hours ( 365.25 days ) . As early as the 13th century it was recognized that the year is shorter than the 365.25 days assumed by the Julian calendar : the Earth 's orbital period around the Sun was derived from the medieval Alfonsine tables as 365 days , 5 hours , 49 minutes , and 16 seconds ( 365.2425 days ) . The currently accepted modern figure is 365 days , 5 hours , 48 minutes , 45 seconds . Adding a calendar day every four years , therefore , results in an excess of around 44 minutes for those four years , or about 3 days every 400 years . To compensate for this , three days are removed every 400 years . The Gregorian calendar reform implements this adjustment by making an exception to the general rule that there is a leap year every four years . Instead , a year divisible by 100 is not a leap year unless that year is also divisible by 400 . This means that the years 1600 , 2000 , and 2400 are leap years , while the years 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , 2200 , 2300 , and 2500 are common years . Modern ( Gregorian ) calendar ( edit ) The Gregorian calendar repeats itself every 400 years , which is exactly 20,871 weeks including 97 leap days . Over this period , February 29 falls on Sunday , Tuesday , and Thursday 13 times each ; 14 times each on Friday and Saturday ; and 15 times each on Monday and Wednesday . Excepting when a century mark that is not a multiple of 400 intervenes , consecutive leaps days fall in order Thursday , Tuesday , Sunday , Friday , Wednesday , Monday , and Saturday ; then repeating with Thursday again . Early Roman calendar ( edit ) Adding a leap day ( after 23 February ) shifts the commemorations in the 1962 Roman Missal . Main article : Roman calendar The calendar of the Roman king Numa Pompilius had only 355 days ( even though it was not a lunar calendar ) which meant that it would quickly become unsynchronized with the solar year . An earlier Roman solution to this problem was to lengthen the calendar periodically by adding extra days to February , the last month of the year . February consisted of two parts , each with an odd number of days . The first part ended with the Terminalia on the 23rd , which was considered the end of the religious year , and the five remaining days formed the second part . To keep the calendar year roughly aligned with the solar year , a leap month , called Mensis Intercalaris ( `` intercalary month '' ) , was added from time to time between these two parts of February . The ( usual ) second part of February was incorporated in the intercalary month as its last five days , with no change either in their dates or the festivals observed on them . This followed naturally , because the days after the Ides ( 13th ) of February ( in an ordinary year ) or the Ides of Intercalaris ( in an intercalary year ) both counted down to the Kalends of March ( i.e. they were known as `` the nth day before the Kalends of March '' ) . The Nones ( 5th ) and Ides of Intercalaris occupied their normal positions . The third - century writer Censorinus says : When it was thought necessary to add ( every two years ) an intercalary month of 22 or 23 days , so that the civil year should correspond to the natural ( solar ) year , this intercalation was in preference made in February , between Terminalia ( 23rd ) and Regifugium ( 24th ) . Julian reform ( edit ) Main article : Julian calendar The set leap day was introduced in Rome as a part of the Julian reform in the 1st century BC . As before , the intercalation was made after February 23 . The day following the Terminalia ( February 23 ) was doubled , forming the `` bis sextum '' -- literally ' twice sixth ' , since February 24 was ' the sixth day before the Kalends of March ' using Roman inclusive counting ( March 1 was the Kalends of March and was also the first day of the calendar year ) . Inclusive counting initially caused the Roman priests to add the extra day every three years instead of four ; Augustus was compelled to omit leap years for a few decades to return the calendar to its proper position . Although there were exceptions , the first day of the bis sextum ( February 24 ) was usually regarded as the intercalated or `` bissextile '' day since the 3rd century AD . February 29 came to be regarded as the leap day when the Roman system of numbering days was replaced by sequential numbering in the late Middle Ages , although this has only been formally enacted in Sweden and Finland . In Britain , the extra day added to leap years remains notionally the 24th , although the 29th remains more visible on the calendar . Born on February 29 ( edit ) A person born on February 29 may be called a `` leapling '' , a `` leaper '' , or a `` leap - year baby '' . In non-leap years , some leaplings celebrate their birthday on either February 28 or March 1 , while others only observe birthdays on the authentic intercalary date , February 29 . Legal status ( edit ) The effective legal date of a leapling 's birthday in non-leap years varies between jurisdictions . In the United Kingdom and Hong Kong , when a person born on February 29 turns 18 , they are considered to have their birthday on March 1 in the relevant year . In New Zealand , a person born on February 29 is deemed to have their birthday on February 28 in non-leap years , for the purposes of Driver Licensing under § 2 ( 2 ) of the Land Transport ( Driver Licensing ) Rule 1999 . The net result is that for drivers aged 75 , or over 80 , their driver licence expires at the end of the last day of February , even though their birthday would otherwise fall on the first day in March in non-leap years . Otherwise , New Zealand legislation is silent on when a person born on 29 February has their birthday , although case law would suggest that age is computed based on the number of years elapsed , from the day after the date of birth , and that the person 's birth day then occurs on the last day of the year period . This differs from English common law where a birthday is considered to be the start of the next year , the preceding year ending at midnight on the day preceding the birthday . While a person attains the same age on the same day , it also means that , in New Zealand , if something must be done by the time a person attains a certain age , that thing can be done on the birthday that they attain that age and still be lawful . In Taiwan ( Republic of China ) , the legal birthday of a leapling is February 28 in common years : If a period fixed by weeks , months , and years does not commence from the beginning of a week , month , or year , it ends with the ending of the day which proceeds the day of the last week , month , or year which corresponds to that on which it began to commence . But if there is no corresponding day in the last month , the period ends with the ending of the last day of the last month . Thus , in England and Wales or in Hong Kong , a person born on February 29 will have legally reached 18 years old on March 1 . If they were born in Taiwan they legally become 18 on February 28 , a day earlier . In the United States , according to John Reitz , a professor of law at the University of Iowa , there is no `` ... statute or general rule that has anything to do with leap day . '' Reitz speculates that `` March 1 would likely be considered the legal birthday in non-leap years of someone born on leap day , '' using the same reasoning as described for the United Kingdom and Hong Kong . In fiction ( edit ) There are many instances in children 's literature where a person 's claim to be only a quarter of their actual age turns out to be based on counting their leap - year birthdays . A similar device is used in the plot of Gilbert and Sullivan 's 1879 comic opera The Pirates of Penzance . As a child , Frederic was apprenticed to a band of pirates until his 21st birthday . Having passed his 21st year , he leaves the pirate band and falls in love . However , since he was born on February 29 , his 21st birthday will not arrive until he is eighty - four , so he must leave his fiancée and return to the pirates . Events ( edit ) 1504 -- Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Native Americans to provide him with supplies . 1644 -- Abel Tasman 's second Pacific voyage began . 1704 -- Queen Anne 's War : French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield , Massachusetts Bay Colony , killing 56 villagers and taking more than 100 captive . 1712 -- February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden , in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Julian calendar . 1720 -- Ulrika Eleonora , Queen of Sweden abdicates in favour of her husband , who becomes King Frederick I on 24 March . 1752 -- King Alaungpaya founds Konbaung Dynasty , the last dynasty of Burmese monarchy . 1768 -- Polish nobles formed Bar Confederation . 1796 -- The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force , facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations . 1864 -- American Civil War : Kilpatrick -- Dahlgren Raid fails : Plans to free 15,000 Union soldiers being held near Richmond , Virginia are thwarted . 1892 -- St. Petersburg , Florida is incorporated . 1912 -- The Piedra Movediza ( Moving Stone ) of Tandil falls and breaks . 1916 -- Tokelau is annexed by the United Kingdom . 1916 -- Child labor : In South Carolina , the minimum working age for factory , mill , and mine workers is raised from twelve to fourteen years old . 1920 -- Czechoslovak National assembly adopted the Constitution . 1936 -- February 26 Incident in Tokyo ends . 1940 -- For her performance as `` Mammy '' in Gone with the Wind , Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award . 1940 -- Finland initiates Winter War peace negotiations . 1940 -- In a ceremony held in Berkeley , California , because of the war , physicist Ernest Lawrence receives the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics from Sweden 's Consul General in San Francisco . 1944 -- World War II : The Admiralty Islands are invaded in Operation Brewer led by American General Douglas MacArthur . 1952 -- The island of Heligoland is restored to West German authority . 1960 -- The 5.7 M Agadir earthquake shakes coastal Morocco with a maximum perceived intensity of X ( Extreme ) , destroying Agadir , and leaving 12,000 dead and another 12,000 injured . 1964 -- In Sydney , Australian swimmer Dawn Fraser sets a new world record in the 100 - meter freestyle swimming competition ( 58.9 seconds ) . 1972 -- Vietnam War : Vietnamization : South Korea withdraws 11,000 of its 48,000 troops from Vietnam . 1980 -- Gordie Howe of the then Hartford Whalers makes NHL history as he scores his 800th goal . 1988 -- South African archbishop Desmond Tutu is arrested along with 100 clergymen during a five - day anti-apartheid demonstration in Cape Town . 1988 -- Svend Robinson becomes the first member of the Canadian House of Commons to come out as gay . 1992 -- First day of Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum . 1996 -- Faucett Flight 251 crashes in the Andes , all 123 passengers and crew died . 1996 -- Siege of Sarajevo officially ends . 2000 -- Second Chechen War : Eighty - four Russian paratroopers are killed in a rebel attack on a guard post near Ulus Kert . 2004 -- Jean - Bertrand Aristide is removed as President of Haiti following a coup . 2008 -- The United Kingdom 's Ministry of Defence decides to withdraw Prince Harry from a tour of Afghanistan `` immediately '' after a leak led to his deployment being reported by foreign media . 2008 -- Misha Defonseca admits to fabricating her memoir , Misha : A Mémoire of the Holocaust Years , in which she claimed to have lived with a pack of wolves in the woods during the Holocaust . 2012 -- Tokyo Skytree construction completed . It is , as of 2017 , the tallest tower in the world , 634 meters high , and second tallest ( man - made ) structure on Earth , next to Burj Khalifa . Births ( edit ) 1468 -- Pope Paul III ( d . 1549 ) 1528 -- Albert V , Duke of Bavaria ( d . 1579 ) 1528 -- Domingo Báñez , Spanish theologian ( d . 1604 ) 1572 -- Edward Cecil , 1st Viscount Wimbledon ( d . 1638 ) 1576 -- Antonio Neri , Florentine priest and glassmaker ( d . 1614 ) 1640 -- Benjamin Keach , Particular Baptist preacher and author whose name was given to Keach 's Catechism ( d . 1704 ) 1692 -- John Byrom , English poet and educator ( d . 1763 ) 1724 -- Eva Marie Veigel , Austrian - English dancer ( d . 1822 ) 1736 -- Ann Lee , English - American religious leader , founded the Shakers ( d . 1784 ) 1792 -- Gioachino Rossini , Italian pianist and composer ( d . 1868 ) 1812 -- James Milne Wilson , Scottish - Australian soldier and politician , 8th Premier of Tasmania ( d . 1880 ) 1828 -- Emmeline B. Wells , American journalist , poet , and activist ( d . 1921 ) 1836 -- Dickey Pearce , American baseball player and manager ( d . 1908 ) 1852 -- Frank Gavan Duffy , Irish - Australian lawyer and judge , 4th Chief Justice of Australia ( d . 1936 ) 1860 -- Herman Hollerith , American statistician and businessman , co-founded the Computing - Tabulating - Recording Company ( d . 1929 ) 1884 -- Richard S. Aldrich , American lawyer and politician ( d . 1941 ) 1892 -- Augusta Savage , American sculptor ( d . 1962 ) 1896 -- Morarji Desai , Indian civil servant and politician , 4th Prime Minister of India ( d . 1995 ) 1896 -- William A. Wellman , American actor , director , producer , and screenwriter ( d . 1975 ) 1904 -- Rukmini Devi Arundale , Indian dancer and choreographer ( d . 1986 ) 1904 -- Jimmy Dorsey , American saxophonist , composer , and bandleader ( d . 1957 ) 1904 -- Pepper Martin , American baseball player and manager ( d . 1965 ) 1908 -- Balthus , French - Swiss painter and illustrator ( d . 2001 ) 1908 -- Dee Brown , American historian and author ( d . 2002 ) 1908 -- Alf Gover , English cricketer and coach ( d . 2001 ) 1908 -- Louie Myfanwy Thomas , Welsh writer ( d . 1968 ) 1916 -- Dinah Shore , American singer and actress ( d . 1994 ) 1916 -- James B. Donovan , American lawyer ( d . 1970 ) 1916 -- Leonard Shoen , founder of U-Haul Corp. ( d . 1999 ) 1920 -- Fyodor Abramov , Russian author and critic ( d . 1983 ) 1920 -- Arthur Franz , American actor ( d . 2006 ) 1920 -- James Mitchell , American actor and dancer ( d . 2010 ) 1920 -- Michèle Morgan , French - American actress and singer ( d . 2016 ) 1920 -- Howard Nemerov , American poet and academic ( d . 1991 ) 1920 -- Rolland W. Redlin , American lawyer and politician ( d . 2011 ) 1924 -- David Beattie , New Zealand judge and politician , 14th Governor - General of New Zealand ( d . 2001 ) 1924 -- Carlos Humberto Romero , Salvadoran politician , President of El Salvador ( d . 2017 ) 1924 -- Al Rosen , American baseball player and manager ( d . 2015 ) 1928 -- Joss Ackland , English actor 1928 -- Vance Haynes , American archaeologist , geologist , and author 1928 -- Seymour Papert , South African mathematician and computer scientist , co-created the Logo programming language ( d . 2016 ) 1932 -- Gene H. Golub , American mathematician and academic ( d . 2007 ) 1932 -- Masten Gregory , American race car driver ( d . 1985 ) 1932 -- Reri Grist , American soprano and actress 1932 -- Jaguar , Brazilian cartoonist 1932 -- Gavin Stevens , Australian cricketer 1936 -- Jack R. Lousma , American colonel , astronaut , and politician 1936 -- Henri Richard , Canadian ice hockey player 1936 -- Alex Rocco , American actor ( d . 2015 ) 1940 -- Bartholomew I of Constantinople 1940 -- William H. Turner , Jr . American horse trainer 1944 -- Ene Ergma , Estonian physicist and politician 1944 -- Dennis Farina , American police officer and actor ( d . 2013 ) 1944 -- Nicholas Frayling , English priest and academic 1944 -- Phyllis Frelich , American actress ( d . 2014 ) 1944 -- Steve Mingori , American baseball player ( d . 2008 ) 1944 -- Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri , Italian author and illustrator 1948 -- Hermione Lee , English author , critic , and academic 1948 -- Patricia A. McKillip , American author 1948 -- Henry Small , American - born Canadian singer 1952 -- Sharon Dahlonega Raiford Bush , American journalist and producer 1952 -- Tim Powers , American author and educator 1952 -- Raisa Smetanina , Russian cross-country skier 1952 -- Bart Stupak , American police officer and politician 1956 -- Jonathan Coleman , English - Australian radio and television host 1956 -- Bob Speller , Canadian businessman and politician , 30th Canadian Minister of Agriculture 1956 -- Aileen Wuornos , American serial killer ( d . 2002 ) 1960 -- Lucian Grainge , English businessman 1960 -- Khaled , Algerian singer - songwriter 1960 -- Richard Ramirez , American serial killer ( d . 2013 ) 1960 -- Tony Robbins , American motivational speaker and author 1964 -- Dave Brailsford , English cyclist and coach 1964 -- Lyndon Byers , Canadian ice hockey player and radio host 1964 -- Mervyn Warren , American tenor , composer , and producer 1968 -- Suanne Braun , South African - English actress 1968 -- Chucky Brown , American basketball player and coach 1968 -- Pete Fenson , American curler and sportscaster 1968 -- Naoko Iijima , Japanese actress and model 1968 -- Bryce Paup , American football player and coach 1968 -- Howard Tayler , American author and illustrator 1968 -- Eugene Volokh , Ukrainian - American lawyer and educator 1968 -- Frank Woodley , Australian actor , producer , and screenwriter 1972 -- Mike Pollitt , English footballer and coach 1972 -- Antonio Sabàto , Jr. , Italian - American model and actor 1972 -- Pedro Sánchez , Spanish politician 1972 -- Dave Williams , American singer ( d . 2002 ) 1972 -- Saul Williams , American singer - songwriter 1972 -- Pedro Zamora , Cuban - American activist and educator ( d . 1994 ) 1976 -- Zoë Baker , English - New Zealand swimmer and coach 1976 -- Terrence Long , American baseball player 1976 -- Ja Rule , American rapper and actor 1980 -- Çağdaş Atan , Turkish footballer 1980 -- Chris Conley , American singer - songwriter and guitarist 1980 -- Patrick Côté , Canadian mixed martial artist 1980 -- Simon Gagné , Canadian ice hockey player 1980 -- Rubén Plaza , Spanish cyclist 1980 -- Clinton Toopi , New Zealand rugby league player 1980 -- Taylor Twellman , American soccer player and sportscaster 1984 -- Darren Ambrose , English footballer 1984 -- Megan Bernard , Australian audio artist 1984 -- Mark Foster , American musician ( Foster the People ) 1984 -- Rica Imai , Japanese model and actress 1984 -- Cullen Jones , American swimmer 1984 -- Nuria Martínez , Spanish basketball player 1984 -- Adam Sinclair , Indian field hockey player 1984 -- Rakhee Thakrar , English actress 1984 -- Dennis Walger , German rugby player 1984 -- Cam Ward , Canadian ice hockey player 1988 -- Lena Gercke , German model and television host 1988 -- Scott Golbourne , English footballer 1988 -- Benedikt Höwedes , German footballer 1988 -- Brent Macaffer , Australian Rules footballer 1988 -- Bobby Sanguinetti , American ice hockey player 1992 -- Sean Abbott , Australian cricketer 1992 -- Ben Hampton , Australian rugby league player 1992 -- Perry Kitchen , American soccer player 1992 -- Caitlin EJ Meyer , American actress 1992 -- Saphir Taïder , French - Algerian footballer 1996 -- Nelson Asofa - Solomona , New Zealand rugby league player 1996 -- Claudia Williams , New Zealand tennis player Deaths ( edit ) 468 -- Pope Hilarius 992 -- Oswald of Worcester , French archbishop and saint ( b . 925 ) 1212 -- Hōnen , Japanese monk , founded Jōdo - shū ( b . 1133 ) 1460 -- Albert III , Duke of Bavaria - Munich ( b . 1401 ) 1528 -- Patrick Hamilton , Scottish martyr and reformer ( b . 1504 ) 1592 -- Alessandro Striggio , Italian composer and diplomat ( b . 1540 ) 1600 -- Caspar Hennenberger , German pastor , historian , and cartographer ( b . 1529 ) 1604 -- John Whitgift , English archbishop and academic ( b . 1530 ) 1740 -- Pietro Ottoboni , Italian cardinal ( b . 1667 ) 1744 -- John Theophilus Desaguliers , French - English physicist and philosopher ( b . 1683 ) 1792 -- Johann Andreas Stein , German piano builder ( b . 1728 ) 1820 -- Johann Joachim Eschenburg , German historian and critic ( b . 1743 ) 1848 -- Louis - François Lejeune , French general , painter , and lithographer ( b . 1775 ) 1852 -- Matsudaira Katataka , Japanese daimyo ( b . 1806 ) 1868 -- Ludwig I of Bavaria ( b . 1786 ) 1880 -- James Milne Wilson , Scottish - Australian soldier and politician , 8th Premier of Tasmania ( b . 1812 ) 1908 -- Pat Garrett , American sheriff ( b . 1850 ) 1908 -- John Hope , 1st Marquess of Linlithgow , Scottish - Australian politician , 1st Governor - General of Australia ( b . 1860 ) 1920 -- Ernie Courtney , American baseball player ( b . 1875 ) 1928 -- Adolphe Appia , Swiss architect and theorist ( b . 1862 ) 1928 -- Ina Coolbrith , American poet and librarian ( b . 1841 ) 1940 -- E.F. Benson , English archaeologist and author ( b . 1867 ) 1944 -- Pehr Evind Svinhufvud , Finnish lawyer , judge , and politician , 3rd President of Finland ( b . 1861 ) 1948 -- Robert Barrington - Ward , English lawyer and journalist ( b . 1891 ) 1948 -- Rebel Oakes , American baseball player and manager ( b . 1883 ) 1952 -- Quo Tai - chi , Chinese politician and diplomat , Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations ( b . 1888 ) 1956 -- Elpidio Quirino , Filipino lawyer and politician , 6th President of the Philippines ( b . 1890 ) 1960 -- Melvin Purvis , American police officer and FBI agent ( b . 1903 ) 1960 -- Walter Yust , American journalist and author ( b . 1894 ) 1964 -- Frank Albertson , American actor and singer ( b . 1909 ) 1968 -- Lena Blackburne , American baseball player , coach , and manager ( b . 1886 ) 1968 -- Tore Ørjasæter , Norwegian poet and educator ( b . 1886 ) 1972 -- Tom Davies , American football player and coach ( b . 1896 ) 1976 -- Florence P. Dwyer , American politician ( b . 1902 ) 1980 -- Yigal Allon , Israeli general and politician , Prime Minister of Israel ( b . 1918 ) 1980 -- Gil Elvgren , American painter and illustrator ( b . 1914 ) 1984 -- Ludwik Starski , Polish screenwriter and songwriter ( b . 1903 ) 1988 -- Sidney Harmon , American screenwriter and producer ( b . 1907 ) 1992 -- Ruth Pitter , English poet and author ( b . 1897 ) 1996 -- Wes Farrell , American singer - songwriter and producer ( b . 1939 ) 1996 -- Ralph Rowe , American baseball player , coach , and manager ( b . 1924 ) 2000 -- Dennis Danell , American guitarist ( b . 1961 ) 2004 -- Kagamisato Kiyoji , Japanese sumo wrestler , the 42nd Yokozuna ( b . 1923 ) 2004 -- Jerome Lawrence , American playwright and author ( b . 1915 ) 2004 -- Harold Bernard St. John , Barbadian lawyer and politician , 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados ( b . 1931 ) 2004 -- Lorrie Wilmot , South African cricketer ( b . 1943 ) 2008 -- Janet Kagan , American author ( b . 1946 ) 2008 -- Erik Ortvad , Danish painter and illustrator ( b . 1917 ) 2008 -- Akira Yamada , Japanese scholar and philosopher ( b . 1922 ) 2012 -- Roland Bautista , American guitarist ( b . 1951 ) 2012 -- Davy Jones , English singer , guitarist , and actor ( b . 1945 ) 2012 -- Sheldon Moldoff , American illustrator ( b . 1920 ) 2012 -- P.K. Narayana Panicker , Indian social leader ( b . 1930 ) 2016 -- Wenn V. Deramas , Filipino director and screenwriter ( b . 1968 ) 2016 -- Gil Hill , American police officer , actor , and politician ( b . 1931 ) 2016 -- Josefin Nilsson , Swedish singer ( b . 1969 ) 2016 -- Louise Rennison , English author ( b . 1951 ) Holidays and observances ( edit ) Christian feast day : Auguste Chapdelaine ( one of Martyr Saints of China ) Oswald of Worcester ( in leap year only ) February 29 ( Eastern Orthodox liturgics ) Saint John Cassian The fourth day of Ayyám - i - Há ( Bahá'í Faith ) ( Please note that this observance is only locked into this date the Gregorian calendar on this date if Bahá'í Naw - Rúz takes place on March 21 , which it does n't in all years ) Rare Disease Day ( in leap years , otherwise is February 28th ) Bachelor 's Day ( Ireland , United Kingdom ) In Discordianism , February 29 is coterminus with St. Tibs ' day in the Discordian calendar Folk traditions ( edit ) There is a popular tradition known as Bachelor 's Day in some countries allowing a woman to propose marriage to a man on February 29 . If the man refuses , he then is obliged to give the woman money or buy her a dress . In upper - class societies in Europe , if the man refuses marriage , he then must purchase 12 pairs of gloves for the woman , suggesting that the gloves are to hide the woman 's embarrassment of not having an engagement ring . In Ireland , the tradition is supposed to originate from a deal that Saint Bridget struck with Saint Patrick . In the town of Aurora , Illinois , single women are deputized and may arrest single men , subject to a four - dollar fine , every February 29 . In Greece , it is considered unlucky to marry on a leap day . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Ed . K. Lee ; Lerner , Brenda W. ( 2004 ) . `` Calendar '' . The Gale Encyclopedia of Science . Detroit , MI : Gale . pp. 679 -- 82 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar Reform '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Censorinus , The Natal Day , 20.28 , tr . William Maude , New York 1900 , available at ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Bonnie Blackburn and Leofranc Holford - Strevens , The Oxford companion to the year ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1999 ) 678 -- 680 . Jump up ^ `` Ante Diem Bis Sextum Kalendras Martii '' , News , The British Sundial Society , 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Rob . `` Leap year February 29 : 29 things you need to know about leap years and their extra day '' . Mirror Online . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Part B -- Entitlement to register '' ( PDF ) . The Electoral Commission . February 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cap 410 , s. 5 Chapter 410 : Age of Majority ( Related Provisions ) Ordinance '' . Department of Justice . The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China . June 30 , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Land Transport ( Driver Licensing ) Rule 1999 § 2 ( 2 ) '' . Parliamentary Counsel Office . December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Re an Infant ( 1936 ) 31 MCR 42 Jump up ^ Article 121 of the Civil Code Part I General Principles of the Republic of China in effect in Taiwan . ^ Jump up to : `` Leap day not a significant concern in field of law , government '' . University of Iowa News Service . The University of Iowa . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Arthur ; Gilbert , W.S. ( August 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Pirates of Penzance '' . Gilbert and Sullivan Archive . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' ' Excuse Me , But I Think You 're Sitting on My Hershey Bar ' and Other Openers `` , The Washington Post , February 29 , 1980 . p . D5 Jump up ^ Oblander , Terry . `` Leap Year : It Depends on How You Figure It '' . Akron Beacon Journal . February 29 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Leap Day customs & traditions '' . Time and Date AS . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tan , Tiffany . `` ' Will you marry me ? ' she says '' , ChinaDaily.com.cn , February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Convenient Year for a Leap '' . Wisconsin State Journal ( Madison , Wisconsin ) . February 28 , 1992 . `` Tradition dies hard in Aurora , Ill. , where every Feb. 29 single women are deputized and allowed to arrest bachelors and fine them $4 . '' Jump up ^ Krucoff , Carol . `` By Leaps and Seconds : It 's Feb. 29 : Call It a Time - Consuming Day '' , The Washington Post . February 29 , 1984 , p . F9 . `` Leap Day was not created , as rumor has it , to give women one day out of 1,461 to chase men ( who needs a special day for that ? ) -- even though the town of Aurora , Ill. , deputizes single women and allows them to arrest bachelors ( fine , $4 ) every Feb. 29 . '' Jump up ^ Mudhar , Raju ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Leap Day 2012 : What you need to know '' . The Star . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to February 29 . BBC : On This Day The New York Times : On This Day On This Day in Canada Leap year ( Calendar ) at Encyclopædia Britannica ( hide ) Months and days of the year Today : September 19 , 2017 January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related : January 0 February 30 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=February_29&oldid=799523530 '' Categories : Days of the year February Discordian holidays Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2016 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 M w Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Аҧсшәа Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Перем Коми Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sámegiella Gagana Samoa Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 06 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why there are 29 days in february in a leap year	[ "A leap day is observed because a complete revolution around the Sun takes approximately 6 hours longer than 365 days (8,760 hours). A leap day compensates for this lag, realigning the calendar with the Earth's position in the Solar System; otherwise, seasons would occur earlier than intended in the calendar year. The Julian calendar used in Christendom until the 16th century added a leap day every four years; but this rule adds too many days (roughly 3 every 400 years), making the equinoxes and solstices shift gradually to earlier dates. By the 16th century the vernal equinox had drifted to March 11, and the Gregorian calendar was introduced both to shift it back by omitting several days, and to reduce the number of leap years via the \"century rule\" to keep the equinoxes more or less fixed and the date of Easter consistently close to the vernal equinox.[1][2]" ]	[ "because a complete revolution around the Sun takes approximately 6 hours longer than 365 days (8,760 hours)" ]
1353597352427114770	Siege of Yorktown	Siege of Yorktown - wikipedia Siege of Yorktown This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American Revolutionary War battle . For the American Civil War battle , see Siege of Yorktown ( 1862 ) . See also : Battle of the Chesapeake Siege of Yorktown Part of the American Revolutionary War Surrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbull , depicting the British surrendering to Benjamin Lincoln , surrounded by the French ( left ) and American ( right ) troops . Oil on canvas , 1820 . Date September 28 -- October 19 , 1781 Location Yorktown , Virginia 37 ° 14 ′ 21 '' N 76 ° 30 ′ 38 '' W / 37.239301 ° N 76.510692 ° W / 37.239301 ; - 76.510692 Coordinates : 37 ° 14 ′ 21 '' N 76 ° 30 ′ 38 '' W / 37.239301 ° N 76.510692 ° W / 37.239301 ; - 76.510692 Result Decisive Franco - American victory End of major land operations in North America Beginning of peace negotiations Belligerents United States Canadian auxiliaries France Great Britain Loyalists Hesse - Kassel Ansbach Commanders and leaders George Washington Benjamin Lincoln Henry Knox Alexander Hamilton Marquis de Lafayette Baron von Steuben Thomas Nelson Moses Hazen Comte de Rochambeau Comte d'Aboville Marquis de Choisy Comte de Grasse Lord Cornwallis Charles O'Hara Banastre Tarleton Robert Abercromby Thomas Dundas Thomas Symonds Matthew Fuchs August Voight Strength French : 7,800 -- 8,800 regulars 29 warships American : 8,000 regulars 3,100 militia Total : 18,900 9,000 ( includes German troops ) Casualties and losses 88 killed 301 wounded 142 -- 309 killed ; 326 -- 595 wounded prisoners ; 7,416 -- 7,685 captured Yorktown campaign Waters Creek Cape Henry Blandford Spencer 's Ordinary Green Spring Francisco Chesapeake Yorktown ( order of battle ) The Siege of Yorktown , also known as the Battle of Yorktown , the Surrender at Yorktown , German Battle or the Siege of Little York , ending on October 19 , 1781 , at Yorktown , Virginia , was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis . The culmination of the Yorktown campaign , the siege proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in the North American theater , as the surrender by Cornwallis , and the capture of both him and his army , prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict . The battle boosted faltering American morale and revived French enthusiasm for the war , as well as undermining popular support for the conflict in Great Britain . In 1780 , approximately 5,500 French soldiers landed in Rhode Island to assist their American allies in operations against British - controlled New York City . Following the arrival of dispatches from France that included the possibility of support from the French West Indies fleet of the Comte de Grasse , Washington and Rochambeau decided to ask de Grasse for assistance either in besieging New York , or in military operations against a British army operating in Virginia . On the advice of Rochambeau , de Grasse informed them of his intent to sail to the Chesapeake Bay , where Cornwallis had taken command of the army . Cornwallis , at first given confusing orders by his superior officer , Henry Clinton , was eventually ordered to build a defensible deep - water port , which he began to do in Yorktown , Virginia . Cornwallis ' movements in Virginia were shadowed by a Continental Army force led by the Marquis de Lafayette . The French and American armies united north of New York City during the summer of 1781 . When word of de Grasse 's decision arrived , both armies began moving south toward Virginia , engaging in tactics of deception to lead the British to believe a siege of New York was planned . De Grasse sailed from the West Indies and arrived at the Chesapeake Bay at the end of August , bringing additional troops and creating a naval blockade of Yorktown . He was transporting 500,000 silver pesos collected from the citizens of Havana , Cuba , to fund supplies for the siege and payroll for the Continental Army . While in Santo Domingo , de Grasse met with Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis , an agent of Carlos III of Spain . De Grasse had planned to leave several of his warships in Santo Domingo . Saavedra promised the assistance of the Spanish navy to protect the French merchant fleet , enabling de Grasse to sail north with all of his warships . In the beginning of September , he defeated a British fleet led by Sir Thomas Graves that came to relieve Cornwallis at the Battle of the Chesapeake . As a result of this victory , de Grasse blocked any escape by sea for Cornwallis . By late September Washington and Rochambeau arrived , and the army and naval forces completely surrounded Cornwallis . After initial preparations , the Americans and French built their first parallel and began the bombardment . With the British defense weakened , on October 14 , 1781 Washington sent two columns to attack the last major remaining British outer defenses . A French column under Wilhelm of the Palatinate - Zweibrücken took Redoubt No. 9 and an American column under Alexander Hamilton took Redoubt No. 10 . With these defenses taken , the allies were able to finish their second parallel . With the American artillery closer and its bombardment more intense than ever , the British position began to deteriorate rapidly and Cornwallis asked for capitulation terms on October 17 . After two days of negotiation , the surrender ceremony occurred on October 19 ; Lord Cornwallis was absent from the ceremony . With the capture of more than 7,000 British soldiers , negotiations between the United States and Great Britain began , resulting in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 1.1 Franco - American cooperation 1.2 March to Virginia 2 The siege 2.1 Initial movements 2.2 Bombardment 2.3 Assault on the redoubts 2.4 British surrender 2.5 Casualties 2.6 Article 10 controversy 2.7 Effect of disease 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 Yorktown Victory Monument 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links Prelude ( edit ) Main article : Yorktown campaign A plan of the Battle of Yorktown drawn in 1875 Franco - American cooperation ( edit ) Main articles : Franco - American alliance and Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War On December 20 , 1780 , Benedict Arnold sailed from New York with 1,500 troops to Portsmouth , Virginia . He first raided Richmond , defeating the defending militia , from January 5 -- 7 before falling back to Portsmouth . Admiral Destouches , who arrived in Newport , Rhode Island in July 1780 with a fleet transporting 5,500 soldiers , was encouraged by Washington and French Lieutenant General Rochambeau to move his fleet south , and launch a joint land - naval attack on Arnold 's troops . The Marquis de Lafayette was sent south with 1,200 men to help with the assault . However , Destouches was reluctant to dispatch many ships , and in February sent only three . After they proved ineffective , he took a larger force of 8 ships in March 1781 , and fought a tactically inconclusive battle with the British fleet of Marriot Arbuthnot at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay . Destouches withdrew due to the damage sustained to his fleet , leaving Arbuthnot and the British fleet in control of the bay 's mouth . On March 26 , Arnold was joined by 2,300 troops under command of Major General William Phillips , who took command of the combined forces . Phillips resumed raiding , defeating the militia at Blandford , then burning the tobacco warehouses at Petersburg on April 25 . Richmond was about to suffer the same fate , but Lafayette arrived . The British , not wanting to engage in a major battle , withdrew to Petersburg on May 10 . National Park Service map of the W3R Route On May 20 , Charles Cornwallis arrived at Petersburg with 1,500 men after suffering heavy casualties at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse . He immediately assumed command , as Phillips had recently died of a fever . Cornwallis had not received permission to abandon the Carolinas from his superior , Henry Clinton , but he believed that Virginia would be easier to capture , feeling that it would approve of an invading British army . With the arrival of Cornwallis and more reinforcements from New York , the British Army numbered 7,200 men . Cornwallis wanted to push Lafayette , whose force now numbered 3,000 men with the arrival of Virginia militia . On May 24 , he set out after Lafayette , who withdrew from Richmond , and linked forces with those under the command of Baron von Steuben and Anthony Wayne . Cornwallis did not pursue Lafayette . Instead , he sent raiders into central Virginia , where they attacked depots and supply convoys , before being recalled on June 20 . Cornwallis then headed for Williamsburg , and Lafayette 's force of now 4,500 followed him . General Clinton , in a confusing series of orders , ordered Cornwallis first to Portsmouth and then Yorktown , where he was instructed to build fortifications for a deep water port . On July 6 , the French and American armies met at White Plains , north of New York City . Although Rochambeau had almost 40 years of warfare experience , he never challenged Washington 's authority , telling Washington he had come to serve , not to command . Washington and Rochambeau discussed where to launch a joint attack . Washington believed an attack on New York was the best option , since the Americans and French now outnumbered the British defenders 3 to 1 . Rochambeau disagreed , arguing the fleet in the West Indies under Admiral de Grasse was going to sail to the American coast , where easier options than attacking New York could be attempted . In early July , Washington suggested an attack be made at the northern part of Manhattan Island , but his officers and Rochambeau all disagreed . Washington continued to probe the New York area until August 14 , when he received a letter from de Grasse stating he was headed for Virginia with 29 warships and 3,200 soldiers , but could only remain there until October 14 . De Grasse encouraged Washington to move south so they could launch a joint operation . Washington abandoned his plan to take New York , and began to prepare his army for the march south to Virginia . March to Virginia ( edit ) On August 19 , the march to Yorktown led by Washington and Rochambeau began , which is known now as the `` celebrated march . '' 4,000 French and 3,000 American soldiers began the march in Newport , Rhode Island , while the rest remained behind to protect the Hudson Valley . Washington wanted to maintain complete secrecy of their destination . To ensure this , he sent out fake dispatches that reached Clinton revealing that the Franco - American army was going to launch an attack on New York , and that Cornwallis was not in danger . The French and American armies marched through Philadelphia from September 2 to the 4th , where the American soldiers announced they would not leave Maryland until they received one month 's pay in coin , rather than in the worthless Continental paper currency . General Rochambeau generously loaned Washington half of his supply of gold Spanish coins . This would be the last time the men would be paid . It significantly strengthened French and American relations On September 5 , Washington learned of the arrival of de Grasse 's fleet off the Virginia Capes . De Grasse debarked his French troops to join Lafayette , and then sent his empty transports to pick up the American troops . Washington made a visit to his home , Mount Vernon , on his way to Yorktown . In August , Admiral Sir Thomas Graves led a fleet from New York to attack de Grasse 's fleet . Graves did not realize how large the French fleet was , and neither did Cornwallis . The British fleet was defeated by de Grasse 's fleet in the Battle of the Chesapeake on September 5 , and forced to fall back to New York . On September 14 , Washington arrived in Williamsburg , Virginia . The siege ( edit ) See also : Yorktown order of battle Siège de Yorktown by Auguste Couder , c. 1836 . Rochambeau and Washington giving their last orders before the battle . Initial movements ( edit ) On September 26 , transports with artillery , siege tools , and some French infantry and shock troops from Head of Elk , the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay , arrived , giving Washington command of an army of 7,800 Frenchmen , 3,100 militia , and 8,000 Continentals . Early on September 28 , Washington led the army out of Williamsburg to surround Yorktown . The French took the positions on the left while the Americans took the position of honor on the right . Cornwallis had a chain of seven redoubts and batteries linked by earthworks along with batteries that covered the narrows of the York River at Gloucester Point . That day , Washington reconnoitered the British defenses and decided that they could be bombarded into submission . The Americans and the French spent the night of the 28th sleeping out in the open , while work parties built bridges over the marsh . Some of the American soldiers hunted down wild hogs to eat . On September 29 , Washington moved the army closer to Yorktown and British gunners opened fire on the infantry . Throughout the day several British cannon fired on the Americans but there were few casualties . Fire was also exchanged between American riflemen and Hessian Jägers . Cornwallis pulled back from all of his outer defenses , except for the Fusilier 's redoubt on the west side of the town and redoubts 9 and 10 in the east . Cornwallis had his forces occupy the earthworks immediately surrounding the town because he had received a letter from Clinton that promised relief force of 5,000 men within a week and he wished to tighten his lines . The Americans and the French occupied the abandoned defenses and began to establish their own batteries there . With the British outer defenses in their hands , allied engineers began to lay out positions for the artillery . The men improved their works and deepened their trenches . The British also worked on improving their defenses . On September 30 , the French attacked the British Fusiliers redoubt . The skirmish lasted two hours , in which the French were repulsed suffering several casualties . On October 1 , the allies learned from British deserters that , to preserve their food , the British had slaughtered hundreds of horses and thrown them on the beach . In the American camp , thousands of trees were cut down to provide wood for earthworks . Preparations for the parallel also began . As the allies began to put their artillery into place , the British kept up a steady fire to disrupt them . British fire increased on the 2nd and the allies suffered moderate casualties . General Washington continued to make visits to the front , despite concern shown by several of his officers over the increasing enemy fire . On the night of October 2 , the British opened a storm of fire to cover up the movement of the British cavalry to Gloucester where they were to escort infantrymen on a foraging party . On the 3rd , the foraging party , led by Banastre Tarleton , went out but collided with Lauzun 's Legion , and John Mercer 's Virginia militia , led by the Marquis de Choisy . The British cavalry quickly retreated back behind their defensive lines , losing 50 men . By October 5 , Washington was almost ready to open the first parallel . That night the sappers and miners worked , putting strips of pine on the wet sand to mark the path of the trenches . Bombardment ( edit ) After nightfall on October 6 , troops moved out in stormy weather to dig the first parallel : the heavily overcast sky negated the waning full moon and shielded the massive digging operation from the eyes of British sentries . Washington ceremoniously struck several blows with his pick axe to begin the trench . The trench was to be 2,000 yards ( 1,800 m ) long , running from the head of Yorktown to the York River . Half of the trench was to be commanded by the French , the other half by the Americans . On the northernmost end of the French line , a support trench was dug so that they could bombard the British ships in the river . The French were ordered to distract the British with a false attack , but the British were told of the plan by a French deserter and the British artillery fire turned on the French from the Fusiliers redoubt . Washington firing the first gun On October 7 , the British saw the new allied trench just out of musket - range . Over the next two days the allies completed the gun placements and dragged the artillery into line . The British fire began to weaken when they saw the large number of guns the allies had . By October 9 , all of the French and American guns were in place . Among the American guns there were three twenty - four pounders , three eighteen pounders , two eight - inch ( 203 mm ) howitzers and six mortars , totaling fourteen guns . At 3 : 00 pm , the French guns opened the barrage and drove the British frigate , HMS Guadeloupe across the York River , where she was scuttled to prevent capture . At 5 : 00 pm the Americans opened fire . Washington fired the first gun ; legend has it that this shot smashed into a table where British officers were eating . The Franco - American guns began to tear apart the British defenses . Washington ordered that the guns fire all night so that the British could not make repairs . All of the British guns on the left were soon silenced . The British soldiers began to pitch their tents in their trenches and soldiers began to desert in large numbers . Some British ships were also damaged by cannonballs that flew across the town into the harbor . On October 10 , the Americans spotted a large house in Yorktown . Believing that Cornwallis might be stationed there , they aimed at it and quickly destroyed it . Cornwallis sank more than a dozen of his ships in the harbor . The French began to fire at the British ships and scored a hit on the British HMS Charon , which caught fire , and in turn set two or three other ships on fire . Cornwallis received word from Clinton that the British fleet was to depart on October 12 , however Cornwallis responded by saying that he would not be able to hold out for long . On the night of October 11 , Washington ordered that the Americans dig a second parallel . It was 400 yards ( 370 m ) closer to the British lines , but could not be extended to the river because the British number 9 and 10 redoubts were in the way . During the night , the British fire continued to land in the old line ; Cornwallis did not suspect that a new parallel was being dug . By morning of the 12th , the allied troops were in position on the new line . Assault on the redoubts ( edit ) Storming of Redoubt # 10 The storming of Redoubt No. 10 , by Eugene Lami By October 14 , the trenches were within 150 yards ( 140 m ) of redoubts No. 9 and No. 10 . Washington ordered that all guns within range begin blasting the redoubts to weaken them for an assault that evening . Washington planned to use the cover of a moonless night to gain the element of surprise . To reinforce the darkness , he added silence , ordering that no soldier should load his musket until reaching the fortifications - the advance would be made with only `` cold steel . '' Redoubt 10 was near the river and held only 70 men , while redoubt 9 was a quarter of a mile inland , and was held by 120 British and Germans . Both redoubts were heavily fortified with rows of abatis surrounding them , along with muddy ditches that surrounded the redoubts at about 25 yards ( 23 m ) . Washington devised a plan in which the French would launch a diversionary attack on the Fusiliers redoubt , and then a half an hour later , the French would assault redoubt 9 and the Americans redoubt 10 . Redoubt 9 would be assaulted by 400 French regular soldiers under the command of the German Lieutenant Colonel Wilhelm von Zweibrücken and redoubt 10 would be assaulted by 400 light infantry troops under the command of Alexander Hamilton . There was briefly a dispute as to who should lead the attack on Redoubt No. 10 . Lafayette named his aide , Jean - Joseph Sourbader de Gimat , who commanded a battalion of Continental light infantry . However , Hamilton protested , saying that he was the senior officer . Washington concurred with Hamilton and gave him command of the attack . Storming of Redoubt # 9 At 6 : 30 pm , gunfire announced the diversionary attack on the Fusiliers redoubt . At other places in the line , movements were made as if preparing for an assault on Yorktown itself , which caused the British to panic . With bayonets fixed , the Americans marched towards Redoubt No. 10 . Hamilton sent Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens around to the rear of the redoubt to prevent the British from escaping . The Americans reached the redoubt and began chopping through the British wooden defenses with their axes . A British sentry called a challenge , and then fired at the Americans . The Americans responded by charging with their bayonets towards the redoubt . They hacked through the abatis , crossed a ditch and climbed the parapet into the redoubt . The Americans forced their way into the redoubt falling into giant shell holes from the bombardment of the redoubts . The British fire was heavy , but the Americans overwhelmed them . Someone in the front shouted , `` Rush on boys ! The fort 's ours ! '' The British threw hand grenades at the Americans with little effect . Men in the trench stood on the shoulders of their comrades to climb into the redoubt . The bayonet fight cleared the British out of the redoubt and almost the entire garrison was captured , including the commander of the redoubt , Major Campbell . In the assault , the Americans lost 9 dead and 25 wounded . The French assault began at the same time , but they were halted by the abatis , which was undamaged by the artillery fire . The French began to hack at the abatis and a Hessian sentry came out and asked who was there . When there was no response , the sentry opened fire as did other Hessians on the parapet . The French soldiers fired back , and then charged the redoubt . The Germans charged the Frenchmen climbing over the walls but the French fired a volley , driving them back . The Hessians then took a defensive position behind some barrels but threw down their arms and surrendered when the French prepared a bayonet charge . With the capture of redoubts 9 and 10 , Washington was able to have his artillery shell the town from three directions and the allies moved some of their artillery into the redoubts . On October 15 , Cornwallis turned all of his guns onto the nearest allied position . He then ordered a storming party of 350 British troops under the command of Colonel Robert Abercromby to attack the allied lines and spike the American and French cannon ( i.e. , plug the touch hole with an iron spike ) . The allies were sleeping and unprepared . As the British charged Abercromby shouted `` Push on my brave boys , and skin the bastards ! '' The British party spiked several cannon in the parallel and then spiked the guns on an unfinished redoubt . A French party came and drove them out of the allied lines and back to Yorktown . The British had been able to spike six guns , but by the morning they were all repaired . The bombardment resumed with the American and French troops engaged in competition to see who could do the most damage to the enemy defenses . On the morning of October 16 , more allied guns were in line and the fire intensified . In desperation , Cornwallis attempted to evacuate his troops across the York River to Gloucester Point . At Gloucester Point the troops might be able to break through the allied lines and escape into Virginia and then march to New York . One wave of boats made it across but a squall hit when they returned to take more soldiers across , making the evacuation impossible . British surrender ( edit ) Overview of the capitulation of the British army at Yorktown , with the blockade of the French squadron The fire on Yorktown from the allies was heavier than ever as new artillery pieces joined the line . Cornwallis talked with his officers that day and they agreed that their situation was hopeless . On the morning of October 17 , a drummer appeared followed by an officer waving a white handkerchief . The bombardment ceased , and the officer was blindfolded and led behind the French and American lines . Negotiations began at the Moore House on October 18 between Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Dundas and Major Alexander Ross ( who represented the British ) and Lieutenant Colonel Laurens ( who represented the Americans ) and the Marquis de Noailles ( who represented the French ) . To make sure that nothing fell apart between the French and Americans at the last minute , Washington ordered that the French be given an equal share in every step of the surrender process . The surrender of Lord Cornwallis , October 19 , 1781 at Yorktown The articles of capitulation were signed on October 19 , 1781 . Signatories included Washington , Rochambeau , the Comte de Barras ( on behalf of the French Navy ) , Cornwallis , and Captain Thomas Symonds ( the senior Royal Navy officer present ) . Cornwallis ' British men were declared prisoners of war , promised good treatment in American camps , and officers were permitted to return home after taking their parole . At 2 : 00 pm the allied army entered the British positions , with the French on the left and the Americans on the right . The British had asked for the traditional honors of war , which would allow the army to march out with flags flying , bayonets fixed , and the band playing an American or French tune as a tribute to the victors . However , Washington firmly refused to grant the British the honors that they had denied the defeated American army the year before at the Siege of Charleston . Consequently , the British and Hessian troops marched with flags furled and muskets shouldered , while the band was forced to play `` a British or German march . '' American history books recount the legend that the British band played `` The World Turn 'd Upside Down '' , but the story is apocryphal . Surrender of Cornwallis . At York - town , VA Oct. 1781 , Nathaniel Currier . D'Amour Museum of Fine Arts Cornwallis refused to attend the surrender ceremony , citing illness . Instead , Brigadier General Charles O'Hara led the British army onto the field . O'Hara first attempted to surrender to Rochambeau , who shook his head and pointed to Washington . O'Hara then offered his sword to Washington , who also refused and motioned to Benjamin Lincoln . The surrender finally took place when Washington 's second - in - command accepted the sword of Cornwallis ' deputy . The British soldiers marched out and laid down their arms in between the French and American armies , while many civilians watched . At this time , the troops on the other side of the river in Gloucester also surrendered . The British soldiers had been issued new uniforms hours before the surrender and until prevented by General O'Hara some threw down their muskets with the apparent intention of smashing them . Others wept or appeared to be drunk . In all , 8,000 troops , 214 artillery pieces , thousands of muskets , 24 transport ships , wagons and horses were captured . Casualties ( edit ) The French casualties were 60 killed and 194 wounded and the American casualties were 28 killed and 107 wounded : a grand total of 88 killed and 301 wounded . The British official casualty return for the siege listed 156 killed , 326 wounded and 70 missing . Cornwallis surrendered 7,087 officers and enlisted men in Yorktown when he capitulated and a further 840 sailors from the British fleet in the York River . Another 84 prisoners had been taken during the assault on the redoubts on October 16 . Since only 70 men were reported as missing , this would suggest that 14 of the men officially marked down as ' killed ' had in fact been captured . This gives a grand total of 142 killed , 326 wounded prisoners and 7,685 other prisoners . Jerome A. Greene mentions a German account that gives much higher figures : 309 killed and 595 wounded . Article 10 controversy ( edit ) George Washington refused to accept the Tenth Article of the Yorktown Articles of Capitulation , which granted immunity to American Loyalists , and Cornwallis failed to make any effort to press the matter . `` The outcry against the Tenth Article was vociferous and immediate , as Americans on both sides of the Atlantic proclaimed their sense of betrayal . '' Effect of disease ( edit ) Malaria was endemic in the marshlands of eastern Virginia during the time , and Cornwallis 's army suffered greatly from the disease ; he estimated during the surrender that half of his army was unable to fight as a result . The Continental Army enjoyed an advantage , in that most of their members had grown up with malaria , and hence had acquired resistance to the disease . As malaria has a month - long incubation period , most of the French soldiers had not begun to exhibit symptoms before the surrender . Aftermath ( edit ) The victory at Yorktown was honored in a 1783 medallion minted in Paris and designed there by US Ambassador Benjamin Franklin . Five days after the battle ended , on October 24 , 1781 , the British fleet sent by Clinton to rescue the British army arrived . The fleet picked up several Loyalists who had escaped on October 18 , and they informed Admiral Thomas Graves that they believed Cornwallis had surrendered . Graves picked up several more Loyalists along the coast , and they confirmed this fact . Graves sighted the French Fleet , but chose to leave because he was outnumbered by nine ships , and thus he sent the fleet back to New York . After the British surrender , Washington sent Tench Tilghman to report the victory to Congress . After a difficult journey , he arrived in Philadelphia , which celebrated for several days . The British Prime Minister , Lord North , is reported to have exclaimed `` Oh God , it 's all over '' when told of the defeat . Washington moved his army to New Windsor , New York where they remained stationed until the Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3 , 1783 , formally ending the war . Legacy ( edit ) US Postage Stamp , 1931 issue , depicting Rochambeau , George Washington and De Grasse , commemorating 150th anniversary of the victory at Yorktown , 1781 On October 19 , 1881 , an elaborate ceremony took place to honor the battle 's centennial . U.S. naval vessels floated on Chesapeake Bay , and special markers highlighted where Washington and Lafayette 's siege guns were placed . President Chester Arthur , sworn in only thirty days before , following James Garfield 's death , made his first public speech as president . Also present were descendants of Lafayette , Rochambeau , de Grasse , and Steuben . To close the ceremony , Arthur gave an order to salute the British flag . There is a belief that General Cornwallis 's sword , surrendered by Charles O'Hara after the battle , is to this day on display at the White House . However , U.S. National Park Service historian Jerome Green , in his 2005 history of the siege , The Guns of Independence , concurs with the 1881 centennial account by Johnston , noting simply that when Brigadier General O'Hara presented the sword to Major General Lincoln , he held it for a moment and immediately returned it to O'Hara . The siege of Yorktown is also known in some German historiographies as `` die deutsche Schlacht '' ( `` the German battle '' ) , because Germans played significant roles in all three armies , accounting for roughly one third of all forces involved . According to one estimate more than 2,500 German soldiers served at Yorktown with each of the British and French armies , and more than 3,000 German - Americans were in Washington 's army . Four Army National Guard units ( 113th Inf , 116th Inf , 175th Inf and 198th Sig Bn ) and one active Regular Army Field Artillery battalion ( 1 -- 5th FA ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Yorktown . There are thirty current U.S. Army units with lineages that go back the colonial era . Yorktown victory monument ( edit ) Yorktown Victory Monument Five days after the British surrendered , Congress passed a resolution agreeing to erect a structure dedicated to commemorating those who participated in the battle . Construction of the monument was delayed , however , as the federal government had several other financial obligations that were considered to be of a more urgent nature . The battle 's centennial sparked renewed enthusiasm in the resolution and prompted the government to begin building the monument in 1881 amid national support . The structure was formally erected in 1884 and currently resides within Colonial National Historical Park . See also ( edit ) American Revolutionary War portal Colonial National Historical Park List of American Revolutionary War battles USS Yorktown , for a list of U.S. Navy ships named after the battle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` He was again drafted for 3 months and served the time fully under the command of Capt . John Faulkner , and was in the Siege of Little York , when Lord Cornwallis surrendered ... '' Jump up ^ `` ... we were going by Gen. Washington and marched down to the siege of Little York '' Jump up ^ Conserved in the Galerie des Batailles , Château de Versailles , France . A copy is displayed at the Colonial National Historical Park Visitors ' Center in Yorktown . Jump up ^ The moon had been full on 2 October . Jump up ^ The pitch dark of a new moon occurred 17 October 1781 . Jump up ^ Hamilton ( through his subordinate , Major Nicholas Fish ) , Gimat , and Colonel Laurens commanded the three ( of six ) battalions of light infantry in Lafayette 's Light Division that participated in the assault on redoubt 10 . Jump up ^ Article 3 states that : `` the garrison of York will march out to a place to be appointed in front of the posts , at two o'clock precisely , with shouldered arms , colors cased , and drums beating a British or German march . They are then to ground their arms , and return to their encampments , where they will remain until they are dispatched to the places of their destination . '' References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` German Auxiliary Units at Yorktown '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 337 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 330 ^ Jump up to : Greene , p. 307 ^ Jump up to : Greene , pp. 307 -- 308 Jump up ^ Declaration of John Dunkley in open court , Halifax County , Virginia : Ancestry.com . U.S. , Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty - Land Warrant Application Files , 1800 -- 1900 ( database on - line ) . Provo , UT , USA : Ancestry.com Operations , Inc. , 2010. ; Original data : Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty - Land Warrant Application Files ( NARA microfilm publication M804 , 2,670 rolls ) . Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs , Record Group 15 . National Archives , Washington , D.C. , October 23 , 1832 Jump up ^ Thornton Gentry ( Georgia Chapter Director -- DAR ) , Lelia ( ed . ) . Historical Collections of the Georgia Chapters Daughters of the American Revolution . Vol. 1 . Clearfield Publishing ( original ) / Genealogical Publishing Co ( reprint ) . p. 147 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 ... Jump up ^ Herring p. 26 Jump up ^ Chávez p. 225 Jump up ^ Mitchell p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 328 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 329 Jump up ^ Ferling , p. 510 Jump up ^ Lengel p. 331 Jump up ^ Wickwire , p. 340 Jump up ^ Grainger , p. 44 Jump up ^ Davis p. 3 Jump up ^ Davis p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 332 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 333 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 335 Jump up ^ Davis p. 21 Jump up ^ Davis p. 36 Jump up ^ Vowell , Sarah ( 2015 ) . Lafayette in the Somewhat United States . New York City : Riverhead Books . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59463 - 174 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 336 Jump up ^ Davis p. 189 Jump up ^ Davis p. 193 Jump up ^ Davis p. 194 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 195 Jump up ^ Davis p. 197 Jump up ^ Lengelp. 337 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 199 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 202 Jump up ^ Davis p. 203 Jump up ^ Davis p. 204 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 205 Jump up ^ Davis p. 207 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 208 Jump up ^ Davis p. 214 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 215 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 216 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 217 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 218 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 219 Jump up ^ Davis p. 221 Jump up ^ Davis p. 222 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 224 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 338 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 225 Jump up ^ NASA Eclipse Website -- Phases of the Moon 1700 -- 1799 ; accessed 4 October 2009 ; `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 339 Jump up ^ Davis p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 340 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 227 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 228 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 229 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 230 Jump up ^ Davis p. 232 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 341 Jump up ^ Davis p. 234 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 235 Jump up ^ Davis p. 236 Jump up ^ Davis p. 237 Jump up ^ Davis p. 255 Jump up ^ Fleming p. 16 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 342 Jump up ^ Morrissey , p. 73 Jump up ^ `` George Washington on General Cornwallis ' Surrender at Yorktown '' . The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1783 . Library of Congress . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Surrender of the British General Cornwallis to the Americans , October 19 , 1781 '' . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( 2015 ) . The American Pageant . Cengage Learning . p. 153 . Cornwallis surrendered his entire force of seven thousand men on October 19 , 1781 , as his band appropriately played `` The World Turn 'd Upside Down . '' Jump up ^ `` Cornwallis ' Surrender '' . Visiting Yorktown.com . American tradition has it that the British song played was `` The World Turned Upside Down . '' However , there was no historical record of which song or songs were played by the band . The account of it being that particular song was added to the historical record almost a 100 years after the event . Jump up ^ Davis p. 265 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 343 Jump up ^ Manning , Jack ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown '' . The American Patriotic Chronicle . Alabama Society , Sons of the American Revolution . Jump up ^ Davis p. 267 Jump up ^ Davis p. 268 Jump up ^ Hibbert p. 330 Jump up ^ Skemp , Shiela L. ( 1990 ) William Franklin Oxford University Press p. 253 Jump up ^ McNeill , J.R. ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Malarial mosquitoes helped defeat British in battle that ended Revolutionary War '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Mann , Charles C. 1493 : Uncovering the New World Columbus Created . Knopf : 2011 Jump up ^ Fleming p. 34 Jump up ^ Fleming p. 35 Jump up ^ Fleming p. 21 Jump up ^ `` Yorktown Battlefield '' . Jump up ^ Fleming p. 194 Jump up ^ Fleming p. 312 Jump up ^ Reeves p. 253 Jump up ^ Johnston , Henry Phelps . The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis , 1781 . ( New York : 1881 ) page 156 ; accessed 5 October 2009 Jump up ^ Cronau , pp. 243 -- 244 Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 113th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 221 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 116th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 227 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 175th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1982 , pp. 343 -- 345 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 198th Signal Battalion . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 1st Battalion , 5th Field Artillery. http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/fa/0005fa01bn.htm . ^ Jump up to : `` Yorktown Victory Monument '' . National Park Service . August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Alden , John ( 1969 ) . A History of the American Revolution . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80366 - 6 . Anderson , Dale ( 2004 ) . The Battle of Yorktown . Gareth Stevens Publishing . Chávez , Thomas E. ( 2002 ) . Spain and the Independence of the United States : An Intrinsic Gift . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2794 - X . Cronau , Rudolf ( 2010 ) . Drei Jahrhunderte deutschen Lebens in Amerika ( in German ) . Hamburg : Severus Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 942382 - 31 - 1 . OCLC 649506358 . Davis , Burke ( 2007 ) . The Campaign that Won America . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8368 - 5393 - 3 . Ferling , John E ( 2007 ) . Almost a miracle : the American victory in the War of Independence . New York : Oxford University Press US . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518121 - 0 . Fleming , Thomas ( 1970 ) . The Perils of Peace . New York : The Dial Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113911 - 6 . Grainger , John ( 2005 ) . The Battle of Yorktown , 1781 : a reassessment . Woodbridge : Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 137 - 2 . OCLC 232006312 . Greene , Jerome A. ( 2005 ) . The Guns of Independence : The Siege of Yorktown , 1781 . New York : Savas Beattie . ISBN 1 - 932714 - 05 - 7 . Herring , George C. ( 2011 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199765539 . Hibbert , Christopher ( 2002 ) . Redcoats and Rebels . W.W. Norton & Company Paperbacks . Lengel , Edward ( 2005 ) . General George Washington . New York : Random House Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6950 - 2 . Mitchell , Barbara ( Spring 2007 ) . `` Bankrolling the Battle of Yorktown : Gold and silver from Havana enabled Washington 's troops to trap Lord Cornwallis '' . MHQ : The Quarterly Journal of Military History : 16 -- 24 . Reeves , Thomas C ( 1975 ) . Gentleman Boss . American Political Biography Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945707 - 03 - 5 . Morrissey , Brendan ( 1997 ) . Yorktown 1781 : the World Turned Upside Down . London : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 688 - 0 . OCLC 39028166 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . Wickwire , Franklin and Mary ( 1970 ) . Cornwallis : The American Adventure . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . OCLC 62690 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siege of Yorktown . Yorktown Battlefield ( National Park Service ) 1931 Army War College history of the siege republished by the United States Army Center of Military History Siege of Yorktown at Xenophon Group Military History Database Articles of Capitulation at Yorktown . 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'' Gunpowder Incident Formation of Culpeper Minutemen Dunmore 's Proclamation Formation of Ethiopian Regiment Battle of Kemp 's Landing Battle of Great Bridge Second Virginia Convention Third Virginia Convention Fourth Virginia Convention 1776 Burning of Norfolk Virginia Declaration of Rights Formation of Lee 's Legion Fifth Virginia Convention 1779 Chesapeake raid 1781 Raid of Richmond Skirmish at Waters Creek Battle of Cape Henry Battle of Blandford Action at Osborne 's Raid on Point of Fork Battle of Spencer 's Ordinary Battle of Green Spring Francisco 's Fight Battle of the Chesapeake Siege of Yorktown Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Yorktown&oldid=827816107 '' Categories : Sieges of the American Revolutionary War involving France Sieges of the American Revolutionary War Sieges involving France Virginia in the American Revolution York County in the American Civil War 1781 in the United States 1781 in Virginia Conflicts in 1781 Sieges of the Anglo - French War ( 1778 -- 83 ) Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 22 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was defeated in the battle of yorktown	[ "The Siege of Yorktown, also known as the Battle of Yorktown, the Surrender at Yorktown, German Battle or the Siege of Little York,[a][b] ending on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis. The culmination of the Yorktown campaign, the siege proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in the North American theater, as the surrender by Cornwallis, and the capture of both him and his army, prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict. The battle boosted faltering American morale and revived French enthusiasm for the war, as well as undermining popular support for the conflict in Great Britain.[8]" ]	[ "British Army" ]
-7356556485791379580	Period 2 element	Period 2 element - wikipedia Period 2 element Jump to : navigation , search Period 2 in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( show ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Fricke large cells Pyykkö Periodic table history ( show ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for scientists controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( hide ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7 ... ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s , p , d , f , ... ) Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( show ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( super - / eka - super - ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals polyatomic diatomic monatomic ( noble gas ) By other characteristics ( show ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium , transplutonium elements Major , minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements ... ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( ( Allen ) ) ( ( Pauling ) ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Category Chemistry Portal A period 2 element is one of the chemical elements in the second row ( or period ) of the periodic table of the chemical elements . The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring ( periodic ) trends in the chemical behavior of the elements as their atomic number increases ; a new row is started when chemical behavior begins to repeat , creating columns of elements with similar properties . The second period contains the elements lithium , beryllium , boron , carbon , nitrogen , oxygen , fluorine , and neon . This situation can be explained by modern theories of atomic structure . In a quantum mechanical description of atomic structure , this period corresponds to the filling of the 2s and 2p orbitals . Period 2 elements obey the octet rule in that they need eight electrons to complete their valence shell . The maximum number of electrons that these elements can accommodate is ten , two in the 1s orbital , two in the 2s orbital and six in the 2p orbital . Contents ( hide ) 1 Periodic trends 1.1 Lithium 1.2 Beryllium 1.3 Boron 1.4 Carbon 1.5 Nitrogen 1.6 Oxygen 1.7 Fluorine 1.8 Neon 2 Notes 3 References Periodic trends ( edit ) Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Calculated atomic radii of period 2 elements in picometers . Period 2 is the first period in the periodic table that periodic trends can be drawn from . Period 1 , which only contains two elements ( hydrogen and helium ) is too small to draw any conclusive trends from it , especially because the two elements behave nothing like other s - block elements . Period 2 has much more conclusive trends . For all elements in period 2 , as the atomic number increases , the atomic radius of the elements decreases , the electronegativity increases , and the ionization energy increases . Period 2 only has two metals ( lithium and beryllium ) , making it the least metallic period ( period 1 has no metals , but as mentioned above , only has two elements , so it would be impossible to have more metals ) and the most nonmetals , with four . The elements in period 2 often have the most extreme properties in their respective groups ; for example , fluorine is the most reactive halogen , neon is the most inert noble gas , and lithium is the least reactive alkali metal . All period 2 elements completely obey the Madelung rule ; in period 2s , lithium and beryllium fill the 2s subshell , and boron , carbon , nitrogen , oxygen , fluorine , and neon fill the 2p subshell . The period shares this trait with periods 1 and 3 , none of which contain transition elements or inner transition elements , which often vary from the rule . Chemical element Chemical series Electron configuration Li Lithium Alkali metal ( He ) 2s Be Beryllium Alkaline earth metal ( He ) 2s 5 Boron Metalloid ( He ) 2s 2p 6 Carbon Polyatomic nonmetal ( He ) 2s 2p 7 Nitrogen Diatomic nonmetal ( He ) 2s 2p 8 O Oxygen Diatomic nonmetal ( He ) 2s 2p 9 Fluorine Diatomic nonmetal ( He ) 2s 2p 10 Ne Neon Noble gas ( He ) 2s 2p Lithium ( edit ) Main article : Lithium Lithium metal floating on paraffin oil Lithium ( Li ) is an alkali metal with atomic number 3 , occurring naturally in two isotopes : Li and Li . The two make up all natural occurrence of lithium on Earth , although further isotopes have been synthesized . In ionic compounds , lithium loses an electron to become positively charged , forming the cation Li . Lithium is the first alkali metal in the periodic table , and the first metal of any kind in the periodic table . At standard temperature and pressure , lithium is a soft , silver - white , highly reactive metal . With a density of 0.564 g cm , lithium is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element . Lithium is one of the few elements synthesized in the Big Bang , making it a primordial element . Lithium is the 33rd most abundant element on earth , occurring in concentrations of between 20 and 70 ppm by weight , but due to its high reactivity it is only found naturally in compounds . Lithium salts are used in the pharmacology industry as mood stabilising drugs . They are used in the treatment of bipolar disorder , where they have a role in treating depression and mania and may reduce the chances of suicide . The most common compounds used are lithium carbonate , Li CO , lithium citrate , Li C H O , lithium sulphate , Li SO , and lithium orotate , LiC H N O H O. Lithium is also used in batteries as an anode and its alloys with aluminium , cadmium , copper and manganese are used to make high performance parts for aircraft , most notably the external tank of the Space Shuttle . Beryllium ( edit ) Main article : Beryllium Large piece of beryllium Beryllium ( Be ) is the chemical element with atomic number 4 , occurring in the form of Be . At standard temperature and pressure , beryllium is a strong , steel - grey , light - weight , brittle , bivalent alkali earth metal , with a density of 1.85 g cm . It also has one of the highest melting points of all the light metals . Beryllium 's most common isotope is Be , which contains 4 protons and 5 neutrons . It makes up almost 100 % of all naturally occurring beryllium and is its only stable isotope ; however other isotopes have been synthesised . In ionic compounds , beryllium loses its two valence electrons to form the cation , Be . Small amounts of beryllium were synthesised during the Big Bang , although most of it decayed or reacted further to create larger nuclei , like carbon , nitrogen or oxygen . Beryllium is a component of 100 out of 4000 known minerals , such as bertrandite , Be Si O ( OH ) , beryl , Al Be Si O , chrysoberyl , Al BeO , and phenakite , Be SiO . Precious forms of beryl are aquamarine , red beryl and emerald . The most common sources of beryllium used commercially are beryl and bertrandite and production of it involves the reduction of beryllium fluoride with magnesium metal or the electrolysis of molten beryllium chloride , containing some sodium chloride as beryllium chloride is a poor conductor of electricity . Due to its stiffness , light weight , and dimensional stability over a wide temperature range , beryllium metal is used in as a structural material in aircraft , missiles and communication satellites . It is used as an alloying agent in beryllium copper , which is used to make electrical components due to its high electrical and heat conductivity . Sheets of beryllium are used in X-ray detectors to filter out visible light and let only X-rays through . It is used as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors because light nuclei are more effective at slowing down neutrons than heavy nuclei . Beryllium 's low weight and high rigidity also make it useful in the construction of tweeters in loudspeakers . Beryllium and beryllium compounds are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as Group 1 carcinogens ; they are carcinogenic to both animals and humans . Chronic berylliosis is a pulmonary and systemic granulomatous disease caused by exposure to beryllium . Between 1 % -- 15 % of people are sensitive to beryllium and may develop an inflammatory reaction in their respiratory system and skin , called chronic beryllium disease or berylliosis . The body 's immune system recognises the beryllium as foreign particles and mounts an attack against them , usually in the lungs where they are breathed in . This can cause fever , fatigue , weakness , night sweats and difficulty in breathing . Boron ( edit ) Main article : Boron Boron chunks Boron ( B ) is the chemical element with atomic number 5 , occurring as B and B. At standard temperature and pressure , boron is a trivalent metalloid that has several different allotropes . Amorphous boron is a brown powder formed as a product of many chemical reactions . Crystalline boron is a very hard , black material with a high melting point and exists in many polymorphs : Two rhombohedral forms , α - boron and β - boron containing 12 and 106.7 atoms in the rhombohedral unit cell respectively , and 50 - atom tetragonal boron are the most common . Boron has a density of 2.34 . Boron 's most common isotope is B at 80.22 % , which contains 5 protons and 6 neutrons . The other common isotope is at 19.78 % , which contains 5 protons and 5 neutrons . These are the only stable isotopes of boron ; however other isotopes have been synthesised . Boron forms covalent bonds with other nonmetals and has oxidation states of 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 . Boron does not occur naturally as a free element , but in compounds such as borates . The most common sources of boron are tourmaline , borax , Na B O ( OH ) 8H O , and kernite , Na B O ( OH ) 2H O. it is difficult to obtain pure boron . It can be made through the magnesium reduction of boron trioxide , B O . This oxide is made by melting boric acid , B ( OH ) , which in turn is obtained from borax . Small amounts of pure boron can be made by the thermal decomposition of boron bromide , BBr , in hydrogen gas over hot tantalum wire , which acts as a catalyst . The most commercially important sources of boron are : sodium tetraborate pentahydrate , Na B O 5H O , which is used in large amounts in making insulating fiberglass and sodium perborate bleach ; boron carbide , a ceramic material , is used to make armour materials , especially in bulletproof vests for soldiers and police officers ; orthoboric acid , H BO or boric acid , used in the production of textile fiberglass and flat panel displays ; sodium tetraborate decahydrate , Na B O 10H O or borax , used in the production of adhesives ; and the isotope boron - 10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors , as a shield for nuclear radiation , and in instruments used for detecting neutrons . Boron is an essential plant micronutrient , required for cell wall strength and development , cell division , seed and fruit development , sugar transport and hormone development . However , high soil concentrations of over 1.0 ppm can cause necrosis in leaves and poor growth . Levels as low as 0.8 ppm can cause these symptoms to appear in plants particularly boron - sensitive . Most plants , even those tolerant of boron in the soil , will show symptoms of boron toxicity when boron levels are higher than 1.8 ppm . In animals , boron is an ultratrace element ; in human diets , daily intake ranges from 2.1 -- 4.3 mg boron / kg body weight ( bw ) / day . It is also used as a supplement for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and arthritis . Carbon ( edit ) Main article : Carbon Diamond and graphite , two different allotropes of carbon Carbon is the chemical element with atomic number 6 , occurring as C , C and C. At standard temperature and pressure , carbon is a solid , occurring in many different allotropes , the most common of which are graphite , diamond , the fullerenes and amorphous carbon . Graphite is a soft , hexagonal crystalline , opaque black semimetal with very good conductive and thermodynamically stable properties . Diamond however is a highly transparent colourless cubic crystal with poor conductive properties , is the hardest known naturally occurring mineral and has the highest refractive index of all gemstones . In contrast to the crystal lattice structure of diamond and graphite , the fullerenes are molecules , named after Richard Buckminster Fuller whose architecture the molecules resemble . There are several different fullerenes , the most widely known being the `` buckeyball '' C. Little is known about the fullerenes and they are a current subject of research . There is also amorphous carbon , which is carbon without any crystalline structure . In mineralogy , the term is used to refer to soot and coal , although these are not truly amorphous as they contain small amounts of graphite or diamond . Carbon 's most common isotope at 98.9 % is C , with six protons and six neutrons . C is also stable , with six protons and seven neutrons , at 1.1 % . Trace amounts of C also occur naturally but this isotope is radioactive and decays with a half life of 5730 years ; it is used for radiocarbon dating . Other isotopes of carbon have also been synthesised . Carbon forms covalent bonds with other non-metals with an oxidation state of − 4 , − 2 , + 2 or + 4 . Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen , helium and oxygen and is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass after oxygen , the third most abundant by number of atoms . There are an almost infinite number of compounds that contain carbon due to carbon 's ability to form long stable chains of C -- C bonds . The simplest carbon - containing molecules are the hydrocarbons , which contain carbon and hydrogen , although they sometimes contain other elements in functional groups . Hydrocarbons are used as fossil fuels and to manufacture plastics and petrochemicals . All organic compounds , those essential for life , contain at least one atom of carbon . When combined with oxygen and hydrogen , carbon can form many groups of important biological compounds including sugars , lignans , chitins , alcohols , fats , and aromatic esters , carotenoids and terpenes . With nitrogen it forms alkaloids , and with the addition of sulfur also it forms antibiotics , amino acids , and rubber products . With the addition of phosphorus to these other elements , it forms DNA and RNA , the chemical - code carriers of life , and adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , the most important energy - transfer molecule in all living cells . Nitrogen ( edit ) Main article : Nitrogen Liquid nitrogen being poured Nitrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 7 , the symbol N and atomic mass 14.00674 u . Elemental nitrogen is a colorless , odorless , tasteless and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions , constituting 78.08 % by volume of Earth 's atmosphere . The element nitrogen was discovered as a separable component of air , by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford , in 1772 . It occurs naturally in form of two isotopes : nitrogen - 14 and nitrogen - 15 . Many industrially important compounds , such as ammonia , nitric acid , organic nitrates ( propellants and explosives ) , and cyanides , contain nitrogen . The extremely strong bond in elemental nitrogen dominates nitrogen chemistry , causing difficulty for both organisms and industry in breaking the bond to convert the N 2 molecule into useful compounds , but at the same time causing release of large amounts of often useful energy when the compounds burn , explode , or decay back into nitrogen gas . Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms , and the nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from air into the biosphere and organic compounds , then back into the atmosphere . Synthetically produced nitrates are key ingredients of industrial fertilizers , and also key pollutants in causing the eutrophication of water systems . Nitrogen is a constituent element of amino acids and thus of proteins , and of nucleic acids ( DNA and RNA ) . It resides in the chemical structure of almost all neurotransmitters , and is a defining component of alkaloids , biological molecules produced by many organisms . Oxygen ( edit ) Main article : Oxygen This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2011 ) Oxygen is the chemical element with atomic number 8 , occurring mostly as O , but also O and O . Oxygen is the third-most common element by mass in the universe ( although carbon forms more of the atoms it is a lighter atom ) . It is highly electronegative and non-metallic , usually diatomic , gas down to very low temperatures . Only fluorine is more reactive among non-metallic elements . It is two electrons short of a full octet and readily takes electrons from other elements . It reacts violently with alkali metals and white phosphorus at room temperature and less violently with alkali earth metals heavier than magnesium . At higher temperatures it burns most other metals and many non-metals ( including hydrogen , carbon , and sulfur ) . Many oxides are extremely stable substances difficult to decompose -- like water , carbon dioxide , alumina , silica , and iron oxides ( the latter often appearing as rust ) . Oxygen is part of substances best described as some salts of metals and oxygen - containing acids ( thus nitrates , sulfates , phosphates , silicates , and carbonates . Oxygen is essential to all life . Plants and phytoplankton photosynthesize water and carbon dioxide and water , both oxides , in the presence of sunlight to form sugars with the release of oxygen . The sugars are then turned into such substances as cellulose and ( with nitrogen and often sulfur ) proteins and other essential substances of life . Animals especially but also fungi and bacteria ultimately depend upon photosynthesizing plants and photoplankton for food and oxygen . Fire uses oxygen to oxidize compounds typically of carbon and hydrogen to water and carbon dioxide ( although other elements may be involved ) whether in uncontrolled conflagrations that destroy buildings and forests or the controlled fire within engines or that supply electrical energy from turbines , heat for keeping buildings warm , or the motive force that drives vehicles . Oxygen forms roughly 21 % of the Earth 's atmosphere ; all of this oxygen is the result of photosynthesis . Pure oxygen has use in medical treatment of people who have respiratory difficulties . Excess oxygen is toxic . Oxygen was originally associated with the formation of acids -- until some acids were shown to not have oxygen in them . Oxygen is named for its formation of acids , especially with non-metals . Some oxides of some non-metals are extremely acidic , like sulfur trioxide , which forms sulfuric acid on contact with water . Most oxides with metals are alkaline , some extremely so , like potassium oxide . Some metallic oxides are amphoteric , like aluminum oxide , which means that they can react with both acids and bases . Although oxygen is normally a diatomic gas , oxygen can form an allotrope known as ozone . Ozone is a triatomic gas even more reactive than oxygen . Unlike regular diatomic oxygen , ozone is a toxic material generally considered a pollutant . In the upper atmosphere , some oxygen forms ozone which has the property of absorbing dangerous ultraviolet rays within the ozone layer . Land life was impossible before the formation of an ozone layer . Fluorine ( edit ) Main article : Fluorine Liquid fluorine in ampoule This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2011 ) Fluorine is the chemical element with atomic number 9 . It occurs naturally in its only stable form F . Fluorine is a pale - yellow , diatomic gas under normal conditions and down to very low temperatures . Short one electron of the highly stable octet in each atom , fluorine molecules are unstable enough that they easily snap , with loose fluorine atoms tending to grab single electrons from just about any other element . Fluorine is the most reactive of all elements and it even attacks many oxides to replace oxygen with fluorine . Fluorine even attacks silica , one of the favored materials for transporting strong acids , and burns asbestos . It attacks common salt , one of the most stable of compounds , with the release of chlorine . It never appears uncombined in nature and almost never stays uncombined for long . It burns hydrogen simultaneously if either is liquid or gaseous -- even at temperatures close to absolute zero . It is extremely difficult to isolate from any compounds , let alone keep uncombined . Fluorine gas is extremely dangerous material because it attacks almost all organic material , including live flesh . Many of the binary compounds that it forms ( called fluorides ) are themselves highly toxic , including soluble fluorides and especially hydrogen fluoride . But fluorine forms very strong bonds with many elements . With sulfur it can form the extremely stable and chemically inert sulfur hexafluoride ; with carbon it can form the remarkable material Teflon that is a stable and non-combustible solid with a high melting point and a very low coefficient of friction that makes it an excellent liner for cooking pans and raincoats . Fluorine - carbon compounds include some unique plastics . it is also used as a reactant in the making of toothpaste . Neon ( edit ) Main article : Neon Neon discharge tube This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2011 ) Neon is the chemical element with atomic number 10 , occurring as Ne , Ne and Ne . Neon is a monatomic gas . With a complete octet of outer electrons it is highly resistant to removal of any electron , and it can not accept an electron from anything . Neon has no tendency to form any normal compounds under normal temperatures and pressures ; it is effectively inert . It is one of the so - called `` noble gases '' . Neon is a trace component of the atmosphere without any biological role . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hydrogen is occasionally referred to as an alkali metal , although this is rare . Jump up ^ See note 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Laing ( 2006 ) . `` Where to Put Hydrogen in a Periodic Table ? '' . Foundations of Chemistry . 9 ( 2 ) : 127 . doi : 10.1007 / s10698 - 006 - 9027 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry > Periodic Table of the Elements '' . IUPAC . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Masterson , William ; Hurley , Cecile ( 2009 ) . Chemistry : Principles and reactions ( sixth ed . ) . Belmont , CA : Brooks / Cole Cengage Learning . pp. 24 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 12671 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Theodore ( 2009 ) . The Elements : A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 814 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Lithium at WebElements . Jump up ^ Krebs , Robert E. ( 2006 ) . The History and Use of Our Earth 's Chemical Elements : A Reference Guide . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . pp. 47 -- 50 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33438 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Kamienski et al. `` Lithium and lithium compounds '' . Kirk - Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . John Wiley & Sons , Inc . Published online 2004 . doi : 10.1002 / 0471238961.1209200811011309. a01. pub2 Jump up ^ Cade J.F.J. ( 1949 ) . `` Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement '' ( PDF ) . Medical Journal of Australia . 2 ( 10 ) : 349 -- 52 . PMID 18142718 . Jump up ^ P.B. Mitchell ; D. Hadzi - Pavlovic ( 2000 ) . `` Lithium treatment for bipolar disorder '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the World Health Organization . 78 ( 4 ) : 515 -- 7 . PMC 2560742 . PMID 10885179 . Jump up ^ Baldessarini RJ , Tondo L , Davis P , Pompili M , Goodwin FK , Hennen J ( October 2006 ) . `` Decreased risk of suicides and attempts during long - term lithium treatment : a meta - analytic review '' . Bipolar disorders . 8 ( 5 Pt 2 ) : 625 -- 39 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1399 - 5618.2006. 00344. x . PMID 17042835 . ^ Jump up to : Beryllium at WebElements . Jump up ^ Standards and properties of beryllium copper . Jump up ^ Information about beryllium tweeters . Jump up ^ `` IARC Monograph , Volume 58 '' . International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1993 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Information about chronic beryllium disease . ^ Jump up to : Boron at WebElements . ^ Jump up to : Properties of boron . Jump up ^ W.T.M.L. Fernando ; L.C. O'Brien ; P.F. Bernath . `` Fourier Transform Spectroscopy : B Σ − X Σ '' ( PDF ) . University of Arizona , Tucson . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ K.Q. Zhang , B. Guo , V. Braun , M. Dulick , P.F. Bernath . `` Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Compound Descriptions : B F '' . Landol Börnstein Substance / Property Index . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Functions of Boron in Plant Nutrition '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Borax Inc . Jump up ^ Blevins , Dale G. ; Lukaszewski , Krystyna M. ( 1998 ) . `` Functions of Boron in Plant Nutrition '' . Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology . 49 : 481 -- 500 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. arplant. 49.1. 481 . PMID 15012243 . Jump up ^ Zook EG & Lehman J ( 1965 ) . `` 850 - 5 '' . J. Assoc . Off Agric . Chem. 48 . Jump up ^ `` Boron '' . PDRhealth . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Carbon at WebElements . Jump up ^ `` Amorphous carbon '' . IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology ( pdf ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( 2nd ed . ) . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . 1997 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Vander Wal , R. ( May 1996 ) . `` Soot Precursor Material : Spatial Location via Simultaneous LIF - LII Imaging and Characterization via TEM '' ( PDF ) . NASA Contractor Report ( 198469 ) . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` diamond - like carbon films '' . IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology ( pdf ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( 2nd ed . ) . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . 1997 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Presentation about isotopes by Mahananda Dasgupta of the Department of Nuclear Physics at Australian National University . Jump up ^ Plastino , W. ; Kaihola , L. ; Bartolomei , P. ; Bella , F. ( 2001 ) . `` Cosmic Background Reduction In The Radiocarbon Measurement By Scintillation Spectrometry At The Underground Laboratory Of Gran Sasso '' ( PDF ) . Radiocarbon. 43 ( 2A ) : 157 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Ten most abundant elements in the universe , taken from The Top 10 of Everything , 2006 , Russell Ash , page 10 . Retrieved October 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chang , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Chemistry , Ninth Edition . McGraw - Hill . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 110595 - 6 . Jump up ^ Freitas Jr. , Robert A. ( 1999 ) . Nanomedicine . Landes Bioscience . Tables 3 - 1 & 3 - 2 . ISBN 1 - 57059 - 680 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Structure and Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons '' . Purdue University . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Alberts , Bruce ; Alexander Johnson ; Julian Lewis ; Martin Raff ; Keith Roberts ; Peter Walter . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . Jump up ^ Lavoisier , Antoine Laurent ( 1965 ) . Elements of chemistry , in a new systematic order : containing all the modern discoveries . Courier Dover Publications . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 64624 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nitrogen at WebElements . Jump up ^ Rakov , Vladimir A. ; Uman , Martin A. ( 2007 ) . Lightning : Physics and Effects . Cambridge University Press . p. 508 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 03541 - 5 . Jump up ^ National Nuclear Data Center . `` NuDat 2.1 database -- fluorine - 19 '' . Brookhaven National Laboratory . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.webelements.com/fluorine/ Jump up ^ `` Neon : Isotopes '' . Softciências . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka - superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Category Chemistry Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Period_2_element&oldid=810792795 '' Categories : Periods ( periodic table ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles to be expanded from May 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Pages containing element color directly Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Latina Lietuvių Lumbaart Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 13 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	according to the periodic table which element has more than one positive oxidation state	[]	[]
-7622246409908692429	Choo Choo Soul	Choo Choo Soul - wikipedia Choo Choo Soul Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Soul Train . Choo Choo Soul Choo Choo Soul at Kidaroo Music Festival in San Francisco , September 2010 Background information Years active 2004 ( 2004 ) -- present Members Genevieve Goings , Constantine `` DC '' Abramson Choo Choo Soul is a children 's entertainment act composed of Genevieve Goings and her partner Constantine `` DC '' Abramson , a dancer and beat boxer dressed as a railroad engineer . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and recordings 2 Disney Channel series 3 Live concerts 4 References 5 External links History and recordings ( edit ) Choo Choo Soul began as a collaboration between video game developer Greg Johnson , recording engineer and sound designer Burke Trieschmann , and vocalist Genevieve Goings during dialogue recordings for ToeJam & Earl III : Mission to Earth , the first Xbox installment of the ToeJam & Earl video game franchise . Johnson created the concept and recorded melodies and accompaniment tracks onto his cellphone and e-mailed them to Treischmann to develop . Once in the studio , Goings provided vocals . The act debuted in 2004 as a 16 - track CD Baby studio album that described itself as `` kids ' music that wo n't drive parents crazy . '' It is now out of print . On October 31 , 2006 , Walt Disney Records released Choo Choo Soul , a 12 - track album available through the iTunes Store and other online music outlets . It features most of the same songs as the 2004 release . In 2007 , `` Choo Choo Soul with Beautiful Genevieve ! '' was honored with a Parents ' Choice Award for children 's television . In May 2008 , Disney released featured a two - disc set which consisted of the Choo Choo Soul album on CD , and a DVD featuring ten music videos . Disney Channel series ( edit ) Beginning in May 2006 , a series of Choo Choo Soul interstitial programs began airing in the United States during the Playhouse Disney programming block on the Disney Channel . The music video -- style shorts feature Goings and D.C. performing Choo Choo Soul songs with a group of young children in a blend of live action and computer animation . In July 2011 , Choo Choo Soul filmed 8 new video shorts , re-making Disney `` classic '' songs in their urban style for the new network `` Disney Junior . '' Genevieve also sings the network 's theme song `` I Wanna Go '' along with 16 other short songs for the network . Live concerts ( edit ) Choo Choo Soul tours regularly across the U.S. and Canada . Choo Choo Soul has performed live on several occasions in 2007 , including September and October shows at the Disney - MGM Studios theme park at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida , a performance at the Boston Globe Children 's Book Festival in Boston , Massachusetts on September 15 and several shows in June 2009 at Sesame Place located near Philadelphia , PA . They have performed at Sea World Orlando in 2012 and 2013 at the `` Just for Kids '' Event in January . Choo Choo Soul has been touring the U.S. and Canada from 2007 , and was the opening act for the Imagination Movers during their Big Warehouse Tour in 2011 . They toured 56 cities . Choo Choo Soul also performed at the 2011 California State Fair in Sacramento . Choo Choo Soul read two stories at the 2016 White House Easter Egg Roll . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Interview Constantine `` DC '' Abramson `` . celebrityparentsmag.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Choo Choo Soul Official Facebook Page '' . facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Sega ToeJam & Earl III User Manual Page 40 '' . manualslib.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Juniors Genevieve Goings Talks About Choo Choo Soul '' . mediamikes.com . February 2013 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Choo Choo Soul '' . Parents-choice.org . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Choo Choo Soul ( CD + DVD ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Choo Choo Soul to Join the Movers ! '' . Imagination Movers . January 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Carla ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Things to do in Sacramento and Beyond : Reserve tickets available for state fair concerts '' . Blogs.sacbee.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Playhouse Disney site Playhouse Disney 1990s PB&J Otter Rolie Polie Olie Out of the Box 2000s The Book of Pooh Stanley JoJo 's Circus Shanna 's Show Higglytown Heroes Breakfast with Bear Little Einsteins My Friends Tigger & Pooh Bunnytown Johnny and the Sprites Charlie and Lola Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Handy Manny Happy Monster Band Imagination Movers Tasty Time with ZeFronk This is Daniel Cook This is Emily Yeung Jungle Junction Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Special Agent Oso See also Disney Channel Disney Junior Walt Disney Television Animation Disney Junior original programming Original series Doc McStuffins The Lion Guard Miles from Tomorrowland Sofia the First Goldie & Bear Mickey and the Roadster Racers Puppy Dog Pals Vampirina Muppet Babies Acquired series Kate & Mim - Mim The Octonauts P. King Duckling PJ Masks Re-running series Rolie Polie Olie Special Agent Oso Handy Manny Henry Hugglemonster Imagination Movers Little Einsteins Jake and the Never Land Pirates Jungle Junction My Friends Tigger & Pooh Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Sheriff Callie 's Wild West Original short series Minnie 's Bow - Toons Nina Needs to Go ! Small Potatoes Whisker Haven Returning short series Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ? Cars Toons Choo Choo Soul Chuggington : Badge Quest Go , Baby ! Handy Manny 's School for Tools Happy Monster Band Tasty Time with ZeFronk Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Shanna 's Show Original future programming Fancy Nancy See also Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! 25 Days of Christmas Disney movies Disney Channel Playhouse Disney Soapnet Disney Television Animation List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney and List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choo_Choo_Soul&oldid=839354522 '' Categories : Preschool education television series American children 's musical television series American children 's musical groups American television series with live action and animation Trains in fiction Disney Channel shows 2006 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American children 's adventure television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 22 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the lady who sang all aboard the choo choo train	[]	[]
8226594507078887108	Bank of America Home Loans	Bank of America Home loans - wikipedia Bank of America Home loans Jump to : navigation , search Bank of America Home Loans Type Division of Bank of America Founded 1969 ( Countrywide ) , February 2009 ( Bank of America Home Loans ) Headquarters Calabasas , California , USA ( Countrywide Financial ) Charlotte , North Carolina , USA ( Bank of America ) Key people Barbara J. Desoer , President of Bank of America Home Loans and Insurance Revenue $6,061,437,000 US $ ( 2007 ) Operating income $1,310,274,000 US $ ( 2007 ) Net income $703,538,000 US $ ( 2007 ) Parent Bank of America Website Bank of America Home Loans Bank of America Home Loans is the mortgage unit of Bank of America . In 2008 , Bank of America purchased the failing Countrywide Financial for $4.1 billion . In 2006 , Countrywide financed 20 % of all mortgages in the United States , at a value of about 3.5 % of United States GDP , a proportion greater than any other single mortgage lender . Bank of America Home Loans is composed of : Mortgage Banking , which originates , purchases , securitizes , and services mortgages . During the year ended December 31 , 2005 , the Mortgage Banking segment generated 59 % of the company 's pre-tax earnings . Banking , which operates a federally chartered thrift that primarily invests in mortgage loans and home equity lines of credit primarily sourced through its mortgage banking operation . Capital Markets , which operates as an institutional broker - dealer that primarily specializes in trading and underwriting mortgage - backed securities . Global Operations , which provides mortgage loan application processing and loan servicing . On January 11 , 2008 , Bank of America announced that it planned to purchase Countrywide Financial for $4.1 billion in stock . On June 5 , 2008 , Bank of America Corporation announced it had received approval from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to purchase Countrywide Financial Corporation . Then , on June 25 , 2008 , Countrywide announced it had received the approval of 69 % of its shareholders to the planned merger with Bank of America . On July 1 , 2008 , Bank of America Corporation completed its purchase of Countrywide Financial Corporation . In 1997 , Countrywide had spun off Countrywide Mortgage Investment as an independent company called IndyMac Bank . Federal regulators seized IndyMac on July 11 , 2008 , after a week - long bank run . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Businesses 2.1 Mortgage banking 2.1. 1 Loan production 2.1. 2 Loan servicing 2.1. 3 Loan closing services 2.2 Banking 2.3 Capital markets 2.4 Insurance 2.5 Global operations 3 Controversies 3.1 Employee and contract labor issues 3.2 Minority and subprime borrowers 3.3 Hurricanes Katrina , Gustav and Rita complaints 3.4 `` Friends of Angelo '' VIP program 3.5 Lawsuits 4 Subprime mortgage crisis 4.1 Secondary market disruption 4.2 Announcement of problems and bailouts 4.3 ' Protect Our House ' PR campaign 4.4 Takeover 4.5 SEC charges 5 Finances 5.1 2005 5.2 2006 5.3 2007 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Countrywide was founded in 1969 by David S. Loeb and Angelo Mozilo . Loeb died in 2003 . The initial public offering was less than successful , with company stock trading over the counter at less than $1 per share . In 1985 Countrywide stock was re-listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol CFC . Countrywide 's stock has been described as the `` 23,000 % stock '' by Fortune magazine . Between 1982 and 2003 , Countrywide delivered investors a 23,000.0 % return , exceeding the returns of Washington Mutual , Walmart , and Warren Buffett 's Berkshire Hathaway . Businesses ( edit ) Mortgage Banking ( edit ) The Mortgage Banking segment produces mortgage loans through a variety of channels on a national scale . Nearly all of the mortgage loans the company produces in this segment are sold into the secondary market , mainly in the form of mortgage - backed securities . In 2006 , 45 % of those mortgages were conventional non-conforming loans , loans too large to sell to Fannie Mae . The company generally performs the ongoing servicing functions related to the mortgage loans that it produces . It also provides various loan closing services , such as title , escrow and appraisal . The Mortgage Banking segment consists of three distinct sectors : Loan Production , Loan servicing and Loan Closing Services . Loan Production ( edit ) The role of Loan Production is to originate and fund new loans , and to acquire already - funded loans through purchases from other lenders . Loan Production produces mortgage loans through four divisions of Countrywide Home Loans : Consumer Markets , Full Spectrum Lending , Wholesale Lending and Correspondent Lending . Consumer Markets and Full Spectrum Lending offer loans directly to consumers . Loans produced by these two retail division are originated , funded , and sold by Countrywide . Consumer Markets offers a wide variety of products , whereas Full Spectrum Lending focuses primarily on products appropriate for customers with less than prime - quality credit . Wholesale Lending offers loans to consumers whose loans are originated by another mortgage broker . These loans are funded and sold by Countrywide , but originated by other lenders . Correspondent Lending purchases mortgage loans from other lenders , which include mortgage bankers , commercial banks , savings and loan associations , home builders and credit unions . These loans may be sold by Countrywide to end - investors on the secondary market , but are originated and funded by other lenders . Loan servicing ( edit ) Loan servicing services loans , i.e. , collects payments from the borrower , handles escrow accounts , tax and / or insurance payments ( if applicable ) , then remits `` advances '' to the investor 's trustee as specified in the Pooling and Servicing Agreement ( PSA ) . Loan servicing typically retains a fraction of the payment made ( typically 25 -- 75 basis points of the unpaid principal balance ) as a `` servicing fee '' . Loan servicing also generates income in the form of interest on monies received and held prior to paying scheduled advances to the trustee , fees charged for late payments , force - placed insurance , document requests , legal fees , payoff statements , etc . Loan closing services ( edit ) LandSafe and its subsidiaries offer loan closing services , including real estate appraisal services , automated credit reporting products , flood determination services and residential title services for the six major counties of Southern California . Banking ( edit ) The Banking segment consisted of Countrywide Bank , FSB and Countrywide Warehouse Lending . Formerly , the bank was known as Countrywide Bank , N.A. , a nationally chartered bank that was regulated jointly by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Federal Reserve , but it converted its charter to a federally chartered thrift that is regulated by the Office of Thrift Supervision . Countrywide Bank is the 3rd largest Savings and Loan institution and is the fastest growing bank in United States history . Assets from deposits are currently approaching $125 billion . Countrywide Bank primarily originates and purchases mortgage loans and home equity lines of credit for investment purposes . The majority of these loans are sourced through its mortgage banking subsidiary , Countrywide Home Loans . The Bank obtains retail deposits , primarily certificates of deposit , through the Internet , call centers and more than 200 financial centers , many of which were located in Countrywide Home Loans ' retail branch offices as of April 1 , 2007 . Countrywide Warehouse Lending provides warehouse lines of credit to mortgage bankers , who use these funds to originate loans . These mortgage bankers are primarily customers of Countrywide Home Loans ' Correspondent Lending division and the Capital Markets divisions ; the mortgage bankers use warehouse lines of credit from Countrywide Warehouse Lending to help originate loans , then sell those loans to Countrywide through Correspondent Lending or Capital Markets . Capital Markets ( edit ) The Capital Markets segment primarily operates as a registered securities broker dealer , a residential mortgage loan manager and a commercial mortgage loan originator . CFC also operates broker dealers in Japan and the United Kingdom , an introducing broker dealer of futures contracts , an asset manager and a broker of mortgage servicing rights . With the exception of its commercial mortgage activities , the company transacts only with institutional customers , such as banks , other depository institutions , insurance companies , asset managers , mutual funds , pension plans , other broker dealers and governmental agencies . Customers of its commercial real estate finance business are the owners or sponsors of commercial properties , who can be individuals or institutions . Countrywide Asset Management Corporation manages the acquisition and disposition of loans from third parties , as well as loans originated by Countrywide Home Loans , on behalf of Countrywide Home Loans . These are typically delinquent or otherwise illiquid residential mortgage loans , which have primarily been originated under Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) and Veterans Administration ( VA ) programs . The Company attempts to rehabilitate the loans , using the servicing operations of Countrywide Home Loans , with the intent to securitize those loans that become eligible for securitization . The remaining loans are serviced through foreclosure and liquidation , which includes the collection of government insurance and guarantee proceeds relating to defaulted FHA and VA program loans . Securities trading activities include the trading of debt securities in the secondary market after the original issuance of the security . Underwriting activities encompass the assumption of the risk of buying a new issue of securities from the issuer and reselling the securities to investors , either directly or through dealers . Capital Markets primarily underwrites mortgage - related debt securities . Insurance ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this section if you can . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Insurance segment activities include offering property , casualty , life and credit insurance as an underwriter and as an insurance agency , and providing reinsurance coverage to primary mortgage insurers , through two business units : Balboa Life and Casualty Operations , and Balboa Reinsurance Company . Balboa Life and Casualty Group underwrite property , casualty , life and credit insurance in all 50 states . Its products include Lender - Placed Property and Auto , which includes lender - placed auto insurance and lender - placed , real - property hazard insurance ; Voluntary Homeowners and Auto , which underwrites retail homeowners insurance and home warranty plans for consumers , and Life and Credit , which underwrites term life , credit life and credit disability insurance products . Balboa Reinsurance Company provides a mezzanine layer of reinsurance coverage for losses between minimum and maximum specified amounts to the insurance companies that provide private mortgage insurance ( PMI ) on loans in its servicing portfolio . It provides this coverage with respect to substantially all of the loans in the Company 's portfolio that are covered by PMI , which generally includes all conventional loans with an original loan amount in excess of 80 % of the property 's appraised value . In return for providing this coverage , it earns a portion of the PMI premiums . Global operations ( edit ) The primary activities of the Global Operations segment was Global Home Loans ( GHL ) : a UK third party administrator ( TPA ) formed out of a joint venture between Countrywide and Woolwich plc in 1998 . Activities included Loan Processing and Subservicing , providing mortgage loan application processing and mortgage loan subservicing in the United Kingdom . Following the acquisition of Woolwich by Barclays plc , this relationship developed further , with GHL acquiring the Barclays mortgage portfolio , through a transfer of ownership of the Barclays mortgage operation in Leeds to GHL in 2003 . By 2005 , GHL operation processed more than £ 11.3 billion ( $20.3 billion ) in loans , all of which are subserviced for Barclays , PLC , the joint venture partner . As of December 31 , 2005 , Global 's subservicing portfolio was £ 59 billion ( $102 billion ) . In November 2005 , Barclays announced that it intended to terminate the third party administration arrangement with GHL and bring the mortgage originations and servicing operations back in - house . This resulted in Countrywide buying out Barclays ' remaining 30 % stake in GHL . Barclays brought the operation back in - house in February 2006 . Since then Global 's presence in the UK has been confined to providing support to Barclays and Prudential Assurance , who continue to use the proprietary originations , servicing and arrears processing systems developed for GHL and Countrywide by Countrywide Technology Group ( CWTG ) . A second venture in the UK , Valuation Services , provided one of the first electronic residential property valuation services to third parties in the United Kingdom through a majority - owned joint venture . This was sold to First American in 2007 . Offshore Services commenced operations in India in 2004 . Set up to exploit the strategic advantage of employing systems specialists based in the sub-continent , it provides business process and technology services to the Parent Company and its subsidiaries in both the United States and the United Kingdom . Controversies ( edit ) Employee and contract labor issues ( edit ) In 2003 , Countrywide was the subject of a class - action lawsuit alleging overtime violations . Countrywide was charged with working employees 10 -- 15 hours per day , 6 to 7 days per week without compensating them for overtime wages . The lawsuit was settled in May 2005 , with the payment of $30 million in compensation to 400 account executives . Additionally , Countrywide is one of many companies that conducts in - depth background searches of new employee applicants . The background search goes beyond typical employment , education , and criminal history searches , and enables a company to view the applicant 's credit , and public record documents such as lawsuits and divorce records . Although it must be authorized by the applicant , Countrywide explicitly does not consider applicants who deny authorization for a search . This policy has led to otherwise qualified applicant complaints and dispute filings which claim this policy is discriminatory , invasive , and compromises the applicant 's privacy . Countrywide maintains a policy of not filing the legally required Internal Revenue Service Form 1099 to independent brokers . The validity of this is questionable however . Minority and subprime borrowers ( edit ) Countrywide agreed to a settlement with New York state attorney general Eliot Spitzer to compensate black and Hispanic borrowers improperly steered by Countrywide salespeople to higher - cost loans . The company also agreed to improve training and oversight of its loan officers and to pay New York state $200,000 to cover costs of the investigation . Countrywide subprime documents show a policy of lending to families with as little as $1000 of disposable income , often compromising their ability to pay living expenses . Economist Stan Liebowitz writes that the Fannie Mae Foundation singled out Countrywide Financial as a `` paragon '' of a nondiscriminatory lender who works with community activists , following `` the most flexible underwriting criteria permitted . '' The chief executive of Countrywide is said to have bragged that in order to approve minority applications , `` lenders have had to stretch the rules a bit . '' Countrywide 's commitment to low - income loans had grown to $600 billion by early 2003 . Hurricanes Katrina , Gustav and Rita complaints ( edit ) Some customers have complained that after the devastating hurricanes Katrina , Gustav and Rita , Countrywide told loan customers in the affected areas that they could take a break on payments without any late fees , and the payments would be added back to the end of the loan . They now contend that Countrywide forced the loan customers to pay the missed payments in a lump sum , along with late fees they were told they did not have to pay , within 30 days or face foreclosure . `` Friends of Angelo '' vip program ( edit ) Further information : Countrywide financial political loan scandal In June 2008 Conde Nast Portfolio reported that numerous Washington D.C. politicians over recent years had received mortgage financing at noncompetitive rates because the corporation considered the officeholders `` FOA 's '' -- `` Friends of Angelo '' ( Countrywide Chief Executive Angelo Mozilo ) . The politicians extended such favorable financing included the chairman of the Senate Banking Committee , Christopher Dodd , the chairman of the Senate Budget Committee and Kent Conrad . The article also noted Countrywide 's political action committee had made large donations to Dodd 's campaign . Senator Dodd proposed that the federal government buy up to $400 Billion in defaulted mortgages . Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington ( CREW ) has called for House and Senate to investigate Senators Conrad and Dodd . It was reported that James Johnson , former CEO of Fannie Mae and an adviser to presidential candidate Barack Obama , had received loans under the `` Friends of Angelo '' . Johnson announced he would step down from the vice-presidential vetting position on June 11 , 2008 in order to avoid being a distraction to Obama 's campaign . In June 2008 The Wall Street Journal reported that Franklin Raines , a former CEO of Fannie Mae , received below market rates loans at Countrywide Financial because the corporation considered the officeholders `` FOA 's '' . He received loans for over $3 million while CEO of Fannie Mae . On July 16 , 2008 , The Washington Post reported that Franklin Raines had `` taken calls from Barack Obama 's presidential campaign seeking his advice on mortgage and housing policy matters . '' Subsequent attempts to connect Obama 's campaign with Franklin Raines were characterized by The Washington Post as `` a stretch '' . Lawsuits ( edit ) The office of Attorney General of Illinois , Lisa Madigan , filed a civil lawsuit in Cook County Circuit Court against Countrywide Financial Corporation on June 25 , 2008 . The lawsuit cites information gathered from documents obtained via a subpoena in the fall of 2007 . Madigan 's office claims the `` mortgage lender engaged in `` unfair and deceptive '' practices to get homeowners to apply for risky mortgages far beyond their means . '' California Attorney General , Jerry Brown , followed suit by filing a similar lawsuit on June 25 , 2008 , accusing the lender of breaking the state 's laws against false advertising and unfair business practices . The lawsuit also claims the defendant mislead many consumers by misinforming them about the workings of certain mortgages such adjustable - rate mortgages , interest - only loans , low - documentation loans and home - equity loans while telling borrowers they would be able to refinance before the interest rate on their loans adjusted . In August 2008 , Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal also brought suit against Countrywide , alleging that deceptive lending practices had ripped off Connecticut homeowners. ( 1 ) The suit was settled in October 2008 after Bank of America acquired Countrywide . The settlement involves the modifying of troubled ' predatory loans ' up to $8.4 billion . The states currently involved in the settlement are Arizona , California , Connecticut , Florida , Iowa , Michigan , North Carolina , Ohio , Texas , and Washington . Other states may also join the settlement . There is also a shareholder class action lawsuit for investors in asset - backed securities from Countrywide . Subprime mortgage crisis ( edit ) Main article : Subprime mortgage crisis Secondary market disruption ( edit ) When Countrywide finances mortgage loans , they usually packaged them for sale to large investors as mortgage - backed securities . Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac can only buy loans which conform to the standards of government - sponsored enterprises . Non-conforming mortgages securities must be sold in the private , secondary market to alternative investors . On August 3 , 2007 , this secondary market essentially stopped trading most of the non-conforming securities . Secondary mortgage market disruptions had happened previously , but , the new disruption appeared more serious , both larger in range and likely duration . Alt - A mortgages ( loans given to apparently creditworthy borrowers without much or any documentation ) completely stopped at ratings lower than AAA . Difficulties extended to much of AAA - rated mortgage - backed securities . Only securities with conforming mortgages were trading . Countrywide Financial issued a statement that its mortgage business has access to a nearly $50 billion funding cushion . After the collapse of American Home Mortgage on August 6 2007 , attention returned to Countrywide Financial which at the time had issued about 17 % of all mortgages in the United States . Only days later , Countrywide Financial disclosed to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) that these disruptions in the secondary mortgage markets could hurt it financially : Since the company is highly dependent on the availability of credit to finance its operations , disruptions in the debt markets or a reduction in our credit ratings could have an adverse impact on our earnings and financial condition , particularly in the short term ... Current conditions in the debt markets include reduced liquidity and increased credit risk premiums for certain market participants . These conditions , which increase the cost and reduce the availability of debt , may continue or worsen in the future ... . There can be no assurance , however , that the Company will be successful in these efforts , that such facilities will be adequate or that the cost of debt will allow us to operate at profitable levels . This raised speculation that Countrywide was a potential bankruptcy risk . On August 10 , a run on the bank began as the secondary mortgage market shut down , curtailing new mortgage funding . The perceived risk of Countrywide bonds rose . Fitch , Moody 's and Standard & Poor 's credit ratings agencies downgraded Countrywide 1 or 2 grades , some to near junk status . The cost of insuring its bonds rose 22 % overnight . This also limited its access to commercial paper . Some institutional investors admitted trying to sell Countrywide paper . Fifty other mortgage lenders had already filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy , and Countrywide Financial was cited as a possible bankruptcy risk by Merrill Lynch and others on August 15 . This combined with news that its ability to issue new commercial paper might be severely hampered put severe pressure on the stock . Its shares fell $3.17 to $21.29 , which was its biggest fall in a single day since the crash of 1987 -- the shares had fallen 50 % so far that year . On August 15 , 2007 , Merrill Lynch advised its clients to sell their stock in Countrywide . Announcement of problems and bailouts ( edit ) On Thursday , August 16 , 2007 , the company expressed concerns over liquidity because of the decline of the secondary market for securitized mortgage obligations . Countrywide also announced its intent to draw on the entire $11.5 billion credit line from a group of 40 banks including JPMorgan Chase . On Friday August 17 , many depositors sought to withdraw their bank accounts . Countrywide also planned to make 90 % of its loans conforming . By this point stock shares had lost about 75 % of their peak value and speculation of bankruptcy broadened . At the same time the Federal Reserve Bank lowered the discount rate 0.5 % in a last - minute , early morning conference call . The Fed accepted about $17.2 billion in repurchase agreements for mortgage backed securities to aid in liquidity . This also helped calm the stock market and investors promptly responded positively with the Dow posting gains . Additionally , the firm was forced to restate income it had claimed from accrued but unpaid interest on `` exotic '' mortgages where the initial pay rate was less than the amortization rate . In 2007 it became apparent much of this interest had become uncollectable . In a letter dated August 20 , Federal Reserve agreed to waive banking regulations at the request of Citigroup and Bank of America . The Fed agreed to exempt both banks from rules that limited the amount that federally insured banks can lend to related brokerage companies to 10 % of bank capital . Until then , banking regulation was that banks with federally insured deposits should not be put at risk by brokerage subsidiaries ' activities . On August 23 , Citibank and Bank of America said that they and two other banks accessed $500 million in 30 - day financing at the Fed 's discount window . The same day , Countrywide Financial obtained $2 billion of new capital from Bank of America Corp . For this the Bank of America brokerage arm would get convertible preferred stock . On November 26 , 2007 , Countrywide stock was hammered on the NYSE , dropping over 10 % to a level of $8.64 / share ; less than half the share 's value in August when the firm faced bankruptcy rumors and a fraction of its value in 2006 . One proximate cause were reports that the Atlanta Federal Home Loan Bank had extended a large amount of its credit to Countrywide to offset its inability to raise funds in the private market . Senator Chuck Schumer called for an investigation as to the prudence of the FHLBB 's action in this regard . From 2005 to 2007 , Angelo R. Mozilo sold much of his CFC stock realizing $291.5 million in profits . A class action suit was filed on behalf of shareholders alleging securities violations . In September 2008 , Countrywide sent letters to its mortgage customers to inform that one of their employees had stolen identity information that contained social security numbers and birth dates . Countrywide apologized in the letter and offered free credit monitoring for 90 days . ' Protect our house ' pr campaign ( edit ) In September 2007 , after months of negative publicity and the announcement of a reduction of 20 % of its workforce , Countrywide launched a public relations campaign aimed at demoralized employees . Employees were expected to sign a pledge to `` demonstrate their commitment to our efforts '' and `` to tell the Countrywide story to all '' . Those who signed the pledge received a green rubber Protect Our House wristband . Takeover ( edit ) The endgame in Bank of America 's $4 billion takeover of Countrywide Financial began with a December phone call from Countrywide Chief Executive Angelo Mozilo to his Bank of America counterpart , Kenneth D. Lewis . And on January 11 , 2008 , Bank of America announced it had agreed to buy Countrywide for $4 billion in an all - stock transaction . The stock 's value settled at about $5 1⁄2 per share following the announcement ; it had been as low as $4.43 before the Bank of America deal was announced . After more than six months of financial deterioration at Countrywide -- despite a $2 billion infusion of cash from Bank of America in August -- Mozilo said he was ready to throw in the towel , according to Lewis . At the same time , having watched Countrywide dramatically retool its operations in a bid to survive , Bank of America executives began to believe Countrywide 's big U.S. mortgage business might be worth having . The ability to get that kind of size and scale became more appealing as we saw the business model change to a model we could accept , '' Lewis said . `` We considered the lawsuits , the negative publicity that Countrywide had . We weighed the short - term pain versus what we think will be a very good deal for our shareholders . Bank of America deployed 60 analysts from its headquarters in Charlotte , N.C. , to Countrywide 's headquarters in Calabasas , Calif . After four weeks analyzing Countrywide 's legal and financial predicament , and modeling how its loan portfolio was likely to perform , Bank of America offered an all - stock deal valued at $4 billion for Countrywide -- a fraction of the company 's $24 billion market value a year ago . Countrywide shareholders approved the deal on June 25 , 2008 and it closed July 2 , 2008 . Bank of America announced on June 26 , 2008 that the takeover of Countrywide Financial Corp. will result in the loss of 7,500 jobs over the next two years . The deal was a landmark in the housing crisis , given Countrywide 's prominence as the nation 's largest mortgage lender , at the time . It was to prove more costly to Bank of America , however , than was perceived at the time : in August 2014 , B of A was forced to agree to a near - $17 billion deal to settle claims against it relating to the sale of toxic mortgage - linked securities , a large percentage of which had been sold by Countrywide . SEC Charges ( edit ) On June 4 , 2009 , the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission charged former CEO Angelo Mozilo with insider trading and securities fraud , and former COO David Sambol and former CFO Eric Sieracki with securities fraud for failing to disclose Countrywide 's lax lending standards in Countrywide 's 2006 annual report . Despite these charges , Countrywide , and then its successor Bank of America , were awarded the Property Management contract with the Veterans Administration . A July 22 , 2008 memo from Judith Caden , VA Director of Loan Guaranty Service issued this proclamation in Circular 26 - 08 - 10 . Bank of America still retained this position with VA until 2011 . Finances ( edit ) 2005 ( edit ) For year - ending Dec 31 , 2005 , amounts in thousands of dollars : Total Assets : $235,085,370 Total Revenues : $13,016,708 Total Expenses : $5,868,942 Net Earnings : $2,528,090 Pre-tax Earnings by Segment : Mortgage Banking : $2,434,525 Banking : $1,074,480 Capital Markets : $451,629 Insurance : $183,716 Global : $35,353 Other : $ ( 31,937 ) 2006 ( edit ) For year - ending Dec 31 , 2006 , amounts in thousands of dollars : Total Assets : $85,946,230 Total Revenues : $5,417,128 Total Expenses : $5,082,993 Net Earnings : $1,674,846 Pre-tax Earnings by Segment : Mortgage Banking : $2,062,399 Banking : $1,080,384 Capital Markets : $253,500 Insurance : $120,133 Global : $28,642 Other : $ ( 10,923 ) In its 2006 annual report to the SEC , CFC disclosed that 19 % of its subprime loans were delinquent . 2007 ( edit ) For year - ending Dec 31 , 2007 , amounts in thousands of dollars : Total Assets : $211,730,061 Total Revenues : $6,061,437 Total Expenses : $6,764,975 Net Earnings : $ ( 703,538 ) Pre-tax Earnings by Segment : Mortgage Banking : $ ( 1,517,083 ) Banking : $ ( 268,752 ) Capital Markets : $14,957 Insurance : $600,542 See also ( edit ) United States housing bubble New Century Financial References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paletta , Damian ; Enrich , David ( July 12 , 2008 ) . `` Crisis Deepens as Big Bank Fails : IndyMac Seized In Largest Bust In Two Decades '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Story , Louise ( July 12 , 2008 ) . `` Regulators Seize Mortgage Lender '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ US Lender IndyMac Collapses Archived July 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Sky News . July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lacter , Mark ( July 11 , 2008 ) . `` IndyMac taken over '' . LA Biz Observed . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2008 . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gretchen Morgenson ( August 29 , 2007 ) . `` Inside the Countrywide Lending Spree '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fortune , `` Meet The 23,000 % Stock '' , September 2003 Jump up ^ OTS Approves Countrywide Application Jump up ^ TheStreet.com : Countrywide 's Thrifty Move Banks CFC Jump up ^ Countrywide to Settle Rosemead Call Center Employees Class Action Jump up ^ `` Home Lender to Repay Minority Buyers '' . The New York Times . December 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Liebowitz , Stan ( February 5 , 2008 ) . `` The Real Scandal -- How feds invited the mortgage mess '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ The Blotter : A Deal Too Good To Be True ? : Katrina Victims Say Mortgage Lender Misled Them Jump up ^ Countrywide 's Many ' Friends ' Conde Nast Portfolio , June 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Dodd Defends Housing Plan , Blasts Bush '' . The Wall Street Journal . May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080613/ap_on_go_co/senators_vip_mortgages_4 Jump up ^ Simpson , Glenn R. ; Hagerty , James R. ( June 7 , 2008 ) . `` Countrywide Friends Got Good Loans '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Countrywide Friends Got Good Loans Jump up ^ Huslin , Anita ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` On the Outside Now , Watching Fannie Falter '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Linking Obama to Ex-Fannie Mae Chief Is a Stretch '' . The Washington Post . September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` State 's suit to target mortgage lender for unfair practices '' . Chicago Tribune . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois AG sues Countrywide over lending practices '' . Associated Press . June 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` California sues Countrywide '' . CNN Money.com . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BofA to pay $8 billion over subprime suit '' , ' MSNBC ' , October 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ Countrywide Mortgage - Backed Securities Certificate Investor Lawsuit . Shareholders Foundation . Jump up ^ Alistair Barr ( August 7 , 2007 ) . `` Secondary Market Stalls Mortgage Lenders '' . Forbes ( Associated Press ) . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` Countrywide : Debt Market Woes Pose Risk '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Evelyn M. Rusli ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` Credit Fears Chill Countrywide Financial '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Countrywide , Washington Mutual Fall on Mortgage Slump ( Update3 ) '' . Bloomberg . August 10 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( August 15 , 2007 ) . `` Countrywide Plunges on Downgrade '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top US lender ' risks bankruptcy ' '' . BBC News . August 15 , 2007 . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ SEC Accession No. 0000950148 - 07 - 000204 , Creation of a Direct Financial Obligation or an Obligation under an Off - Balance Sheet Arrangement of a Registrant , SEC , August 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Countrywide Bank Reassure Clients '' . August 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Evelyn M. Rusli ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` Countrywide Breaks Into The Piggy Bank '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Liz Moyer ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` Countrywide , Markets On The Ropes '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Liz Moyer ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` Countrywide Is On Its Side '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Evelyn M. Rusli ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` Countrywide Starving For Cash '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Temporary Open Market Operations Federal Reserve Bank of New York Jump up ^ High - risk mortgages become toxic mess AP via yahoo Jump up ^ Response to request for exemption to section 23A of Regulation W ( pdf ) , Federal Reserve Bank Board of Governors . Jump up ^ Peter Eavis ( August 24 , 2007 ) . `` Fed bends rules to help two big banks '' . Fortune . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomson Financial ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` Euroshares higher midday , Dow seen up on Countrywide cash injection '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gregory J. Wilcox ( August 25 , 2007 ) . `` $2 billion infusion lets Countrywide Financial buy time '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ CFC : Basic Chart for COUNTRYWIDE FNL CP -- Yahoo ! Finance Jump up ^ `` Countrywide Falls as Schumer Seeks Probe of Advances ( Update2 ) '' . Bloomberg . November 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Countrywide Financial Corp , Insider trades '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Countrywide to lay off 20 percent of workforce '' The Orange County Register , September 7 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` ' Protect our house ' is lender 's new motto '' . The Wall Street Journal . October 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis , David ( January 11 , 2008 ) . `` BofA to buy Countrywide for $4 B '' . CNN Money . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ CFC : Summary for COUNTRYWIDE FNL CP -- Yahoo ! Finance Jump up ^ `` Behind Bank of America 's Big Gamble '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Countrywide Shareholders Approve Deal '' . National Mortgage News . June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BoA Completes Acquisition of Countrywide '' . National Mortgage News . July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America 's Countrywide purchase will cost 7,500 jobs '' . Chicago Tribune . June 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top Originators in Q108 '' . National Mortgage News . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2008 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America to pay nearly $17 bn to settle mortgage claims '' . Philadelphia Herald . 21 August 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Faber , David ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` SEC Charges Ex-Countrywide CEO with Insider Trading '' . CNBC . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SEC Charges Former Countrywide Executives With Fraud '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . June 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 10 - K ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ 10 - K ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Andrew Farrell ( March 1 , 2007 ) . `` Deadbeats Dog Countrywide '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 10 - K ( 2007 ) External links ( edit ) `` What the Countrywide deal means for your mortgage '' , CNN Money , January 11 , 2008 Timeline of events leading to Countrywide Financial 's buyout by Bank of America , San Diego Union Tribune , January 11 , 2008 Bank of America Divisions Bank of America Home Loans Bank of America Merrill Lynch Merrill Lynch U.S. Trust Historical components Banc of America Securities Bank of America , Los Angeles Bank of America NT&SA Bank of Italy Bank of New England BankBoston Barnett Bank Baybank Benj. Franklin Savings and Loan Boatmen 's Bancshares Cassatt & Company Central Bank and Trust Citizens & Southern National Bank Commercial National Bank Continental Illinois Countrywide Financial E.A. Pierce & Co . Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles First Franklin First Republic Bank Corporation Fleet Bank Fourth Financial Corporation G.H. Walker & Co . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did countrywide merge with bank of america	[ "Bank of America Home Loans is the mortgage unit of Bank of America. In 2008, Bank of America purchased the failing Countrywide Financial for $4.1 billion. In 2006, Countrywide financed 20% of all mortgages in the United States, at a value of about 3.5% of United States GDP, a proportion greater than any other single mortgage lender." ]	[ "2008" ]
5559982237513311545	Roman bridge	Roman bridge - wikipedia Roman bridge Jump to : navigation , search For a list of known Roman bridges , see List of Roman bridges . For the railway station in Wales , see Roman Bridge railway station . The Alcántara Bridge , Spain , a masterpiece of ancient bridge building Roman bridges , built by ancient Romans , were the first large and lasting bridges built . Roman bridges were built with stone and had the arch as the basic structure ( see arch bridge ) . Most utilized concrete as well , which the Romans were the first to use for bridges . Contents ( hide ) 1 Typology 1.1 Arch shapes 1.2 Typical characteristics 2 Opus pontis 3 Examples 3.1 Large river bridging 4 Gallery 5 Footnotes 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Typology ( edit ) Known Roman bridges Country Number ( show ) Europe 800 Italian base 460 Spain 142 France 172 Germany 130 Great Britain 129 Portugal 114 Yugoslavia 113 Switzerland 111 Greece 110 Netherlands 11 4 Bulgaria 11 3 Luxemburg 11 3 Albania 11 2 Austria 11 2 Belgium 11 2 Romania 11 2 Hungary 11 1 ( show ) Asia 174 Turkey 155 Syria 11 7 Jordan 11 5 Lebanon 11 4 Israel 11 2 Iraq 11 1 ( show ) Africa 157 Tunisia 133 Algeria 119 Libya 11 5 Total 1931 Pons Fabricius in Rome , Italy Roman pontoon bridge across the lower Danube As with the vault and the dome the Romans were the first to fully realize the potential of arches for bridge construction . A list of Roman bridges compiled by the engineer Colin O'Connor features 330 Roman stone bridges for traffic , 34 Roman timber bridges and 54 Roman aqueduct bridges , a substantial part still standing and even used to carry vehicles . A more complete survey by the Italian scholar Vittorio Galliazzo found 931 Roman bridges , mostly of stone , in as many as 26 different countries ( including former Yugoslavia ; see right table ) . Roman arch bridges were usually semicircular , although a few were segmental ( such as Alconétar Bridge ) . A segmental arch is an arch that is less than a semicircle . The advantages of the segmental arch bridge were that it allowed great amounts of flood water to pass under it , which would prevent the bridge from being swept away during floods and the bridge itself could be more lightweight . Generally , Roman bridges featured wedge - shaped primary arch stones ( voussoirs ) of the same in size and shape . The Romans built both single spans and lengthy multiple arch aqueducts , such as the Pont du Gard and Segovia Aqueduct . Their bridges featured from an early time onwards flood openings in the piers , e.g. in the Pons Fabricius in Rome ( 62 BC ) , one of the world 's oldest major bridges still standing . Roman engineers were the first and until the industrial revolution the only ones to construct bridges with concrete , which they called opus caementicium . The outside was usually covered with brick or ashlar , as in the Alcántara bridge . The Romans also introduced segmental arch bridges into bridge construction . The 330 m long Limyra Bridge in southwestern Turkey features 26 segmental arches with an average span - to - rise ratio of 5.3 : 1 , giving the bridge an unusually flat profile unsurpassed for more than a millennium . Trajan 's bridge over the Danube featured open - spandrel segmental arches made of wood ( standing on 40 m high concrete piers ) . This was to be the longest arch bridge for a thousand years both in terms of overall and individual span length , while the longest extant Roman bridge is the 790 m long Puente Romano at Mérida . The late Roman Karamagara Bridge in Cappadocia may represent the earliest surviving bridge featuring a pointed arch . Arch shapes ( edit ) Early Roman arch bridges , influenced by the ancient notion of the ideal form of the circle , often describe a full circle , with the stone arch continuing underground . A typical example is the Pons Fabricius in Rome . Later , Roman masonry bridges rested mostly on semi-circular arches , or , to a lesser extent , on segmental arches . For the later design , which shows an early , local concentration in north - eastern Italy , but can be found scattered throughout the whole empire , the Limyra Bridge , the Alconétar Bridge and the Ponte San Lorenzo are prime examples . In addition , a number of other arch forms make rare appearances , in some cases of which later deformations can not be ruled out . The late antique Karamagara Bridge represents an early example for the use of pointed arches Typical characteristics ( edit ) Puente Romano , Mérida , Spain . With an overall length of 792 m and still in use , is the largest surviving Roman bridge in the world Many are more than 5 metres wide Most of them slope slightly Many have rustic work The stonework has alternating stretcher and header courses ; i.e. one layer of rectangular stones is laid lengthwise , and the next layer has the ends facing outwards Stones linked with dovetail joints or metal bars Indents in the stones for gripping tools to hold on to ( Source Traianus -- An endeavour to identify Roman Bridges built in former Hispania ) Opus pontis ( edit ) The costs of building and repairing bridges , known as opus pontis ( `` bridge work '' ) , were the responsibility of multiple local municipalities . Their shared costs prove Roman bridges belonged to the region overall , and not to any one town ( or two , if on a border ) . The Alcántara Bridge in Lusitania , for example , was built at the expense of 12 local municipalities , whose names were added on an inscription . Later , in the Roman Empire , the local lords of the land had to pay tithes to the empire for opus pontis . The Anglo - Saxons continued this practice with bricg - geworc , a literal translation of opus pontis . Examples ( edit ) For outstanding achievements of Roman bridge building , see List of ancient architectural records . Pont - Saint - Martin Bridge , Italy Built in 142 BC , the Pons Aemilius , later named Ponte Rotto ( broken bridge ) , is the oldest Roman stone bridge in Rome , Italy . The largest Roman bridge was Trajan 's bridge over the lower Danube , constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus , which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built both in terms of overall and span length . They were most of the time at least 2 metres above the body of water . An example of temporary military bridge construction are the two Caesar 's Rhine bridges . Large river bridging ( edit ) Roman engineers built stone arch or stone pillar bridges over all major rivers of their Imperium , save two : the Euphrates which lay at the frontier to the rival Persian empires , and the Nile , the longest river in the world , which was ' bridged ' as late as 1902 by the British Old Aswan Dam . The largest rivers to be spanned by solid bridges by the Romans were the Danube and the Rhine , the two largest European rivers west of the Eurasian Steppe . The lower Danube was crossed by least two ( Trajan 's Bridge , Constantine 's Bridge ) and the middle and lower Rhine by four different bridges ( Roman Bridge at Mainz , Caesar 's Rhine bridges , Roman Bridge at Koblenz , Roman Bridge at Cologne ) . For rivers with strong currents and to allow swift army movements , pontoon bridges were also routinely employed . Going from the distinct lack of records of pre-modern solid bridges spanning larger rivers , the Roman feat appears to be unsurpassed anywhere in the world until into the 19th century . Gallery ( edit ) Römerbrücke in Trier , Germany Pont Julien in Apt , France The Roman Bridge in Vaison - la - Romaine , France Pont Ambroix , France Ponte Sant'Angelo in Rome , Italy Ponte Milvio in Rome , Italy Ponte Pietra in Verona , Italy Pons Aemilius in Rome , Italy Puente de Alconétar , Spain Eurymedon Bridge at Selge , Turkey Limyra Bridge , Turkey Pont de Pierre ( Aosta ) , Aosta Valley , Italy Severan Bridge , Turkey Bermaña Bridge , in Caldas de Reis , Spain Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Connor 1993 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Galliazzo 1994 , p. 2 ( Indice ) . Galliazzo 's survey excludes Late Roman or Byzantine structures . Jump up ^ Robertson , D.S. : Greek and Roman Architecture , 2nd edn. , Cambridge 1943 , p. 231 : `` The Romans were the first builders in Europe , perhaps the first in the world , fully to appreciate the advantages of the arch , the vault and the dome . '' Jump up ^ Colin O'Connor : `` Roman Bridges '' , Cambridge University Press 1993 , p. 187ff . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39326 - 4 Jump up ^ Galliazzo , Vittorio ( 1994 ) , I ponti romani . Catalogo generale , Vol. 2 , Treviso : Edizioni Canova , ISBN 88 - 85066 - 66 - 6 , cf . Indice Jump up ^ Beall , Christine ( 1988 ) . `` Designing the segmental arch '' ( PDF ) . ebuild.com . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Colin O'Connor : `` Roman Bridges '' , Cambridge University Press 1993 , p. 126 ISBN 0 - 521 - 39326 - 4 Jump up ^ Galliazzo 1995 , pp. 92 , 93 ( fig. 39 ) Jump up ^ Galliazzo 1995 , pp. 429 -- 437 Jump up ^ O'Connor 1993 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Frothingham , A.I. ( 1915 ) . `` The Roman Territorial Arch '' . American Journal of Archaeology . Macmillan Company . 14 ( 19 ) : 159 , 172 . Jump up ^ James - Raoul , Danièle ; Thomasset , Claude ( 2006 ) . Les ponts au Moyen Âge ( in French ) . Presses Paris Sorbonne . p. 201 . ISBN 9782840503736 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Donald S. ( 2015 ) . Le Beau Dieu . Holy Fire Publishing . p. 27 . ISBN 9781603835084 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Bosworth , Joseph ( 1882 ) . An Anglo - Saxon Dictionary : Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth ... Clarendon Press . p. 125 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor 1993 , pp. 193 -- 202 ( Appendices A and B) Jump up ^ O'Connor 1993 , pp. 133 -- 139 Jump up ^ Fernández Troyano 2003 See also ( edit ) Arch bridge Bridges in city of Rome Record - holding bridges in antiquity Roman architecture References ( edit ) Fuentes , Manuel Durán : La construcción de puentes romanos en Hispania , Xunta de Galicia , Santiago de Compostela 2004 , ISBN 978 - 84 - 453 - 3937 - 4 jose pablito ( first = Leonardo di vinci ( 2003 ) , Bridge Engineering . A Global Perspective , London : Thomas Telford Publishing , ISBN 0 - 7277 - 3215 - 3 line feed character in last = at position 14 ( help ) Galliazzo , Vittorio ( 1995 ) , I ponti romani , Vol. 1 , Treviso : Edizioni Canova , ISBN 88 - 85066 - 66 - 6 Galliazzo , Vittorio ( 1994 ) , I ponti romani . Catalogo generale , Vol. 2 , Treviso : Edizioni Canova , ISBN 88 - 85066 - 66 - 6 Gazzola , Piero ( 1963 ) , Ponti romani . Contributo ad un indice sistematico con studio critico bibliografico , Florence O'Connor , Colin ( 1993 ) , Roman Bridges , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 39326 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman bridges . Traianus - Technical investigation of Roman public works The Waters of Rome : Tiber River Bridges and the Development of the Ancient City of Rome Livius.org : Pontes longi -- Roman bog bridges Roman bridges England Chesters Bridge Piercebridge Roman Bridge Pons Aelius France Pont Ambroix Pont de Bornègre Pont Flavien Pont du Gard Pont Julien Pont sur la Laye Pont des Marchands Pont Serme Roman Bridge ( Saint - Thibéry ) Roman Bridge ( Vaison - la - Romaine ) Germany Caesar 's Rhine bridges Roman Bridge ( Trier ) Iran Band - e Kaisar Italy Pons Aemilius Pons Agrippae Ponte Altinate Pons Cestius Pons Fabricius Pons Neronianus Pons Probi Pons Sublicius Pont d'Aël Pont de Pierre ( Aosta ) Pont - Saint - Martin Ponte d'Augusto ( Narni ) Ponte di Tiberio ( Rimini ) Ponte Corvo Ponte del Gran Caso Ponte Milvio Ponte Molino ( Padua ) Ponte Nomentano Ponte Pietra ( Verona ) Ponte di Pioraco Ponte di Quintodecimo Ponte Salario Ponte San Lorenzo Ponte Sant'Angelo Susegana Bridge Lebanon Leontes Bridge Portugal Ponte de Rubiães Ponte Nova da Cava da Velha Roman Bridge ( Chaves ) Romania Constantine 's Bridge ( Danube ) Trajan 's Bridge Spain Acueducto de los Milagros , Mérida Albarregas bridge , Mérida Alcántara 's bridge Ávila 's bridge Puente de Alcántara , Toledo Garrovillas de Alconétar 's bridge Córdoba 's bridge Lugo 's bridge Aqüeducte de les Ferreres , Tarragona Mérida 's bridge Salamanca 's bridge Segovia 's aqueduct Talamanca de Jarama 's bridge Syria Bridge at Nimreh Gemarrin Bridge Kharaba Bridge Turkey Aesepus Bridge Arapsu Bridge Bridge at Oinoanda Constantine 's Bridge ( Mysia ) Eurymedon Bridge ( Aspendos ) Eurymedon Bridge ( Selge ) Karamagara Bridge Kemer Bridge Limyra Bridge Misis Bridge Macestus Bridge Nysa Bridge Penkalas Bridge Pergamon Bridge Sangarius Bridge Severan Bridge Taşköprü ( Adana ) Valens Aqueduct Bridge White Bridge ( Mysia ) Full list of Roman bridges Ancient Bridges on the Tiber ( from source to mouth ) Upstream Milvius ( Molle ) Ælius ( Sant'Angelo ) Neronianus Agrippae ( Sisto ) Aurelius After Tiber Island Fabricius Cestius Æmilius ( Rotto ) Sublicius Probi † : partly or wholly underwater or demolished Names are in the original Latin ; in parentheses are the Italian names that differ significantly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_bridge&oldid=842760381 '' Categories : Ancient Roman architecture Roman bridges Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 errors : invisible characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Esperanto Français Latina Português Slovenščina Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 14 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what were bridges used for in ancient rome	[]	[]
-2625262426892389205	Survival of the fittest	Survival of the fittest - wikipedia Survival of the fittest This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 21 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Survival of the fittest ( disambiguation ) . Herbert Spencer coined the phrase `` survival of the fittest '' . `` Survival of the fittest '' is a phrase that originated from Darwinian evolutionary theory as a way of describing the mechanism of natural selection . The biological concept of fitness is defined as reproductive success . In Darwinian terms the phrase is best understood as `` Survival of the form that will leave the most copies of itself in successive generations . '' Herbert Spencer first used the phrase , after reading Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species , in his Principles of Biology ( 1864 ) , in which he drew parallels between his own economic theories and Darwin 's biological ones : `` This survival of the fittest , which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms , is that which Mr. Darwin has called ' natural selection ' , or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . '' Darwin responded positively to Alfred Russel Wallace 's suggestion of using Spencer 's new phrase `` survival of the fittest '' as an alternative to `` natural selection '' , and adopted the phrase in The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication published in 1868 . In On the Origin of Species , he introduced the phrase in the fifth edition published in 1869 , intending it to mean `` better designed for an immediate , local environment '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critiquing the phrase `` survival of the fittest '' 2 Interpreted as expressing a biological theory 3 Interpreted as expressing a moral theory 3.1 Social Darwinists 3.2 Creationists 3.3 Anarchists 4 History of the phrase 5 Tautology 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Origins of the phrase 9.2 Tautology links 9.3 Morality link 9.4 Kropotkin : Mutual Aid Critiquing the phrase `` survival of the fittest '' ( edit ) While the phrase `` survival of the fittest '' is often used to refer to `` natural selection '' , it is avoided by modern biologists , because the phrase can be misleading . For example , `` survival '' is only one aspect of selection , and not always the most important . Another problem is that the word `` fit '' is frequently confused with a state of physical fitness . In the evolutionary meaning `` fitness '' is the rate of reproductive output among a class of genetic variants . Interpreted as expressing a biological theory ( edit ) The phrase can also be interpreted to express a theory or hypothesis : that `` fit '' as opposed to `` unfit '' individuals or species , in some sense of `` fit '' , will survive some test . Interpretations of the phrase as expressing a theory are in danger of being tautological , meaning roughly `` those with a propensity to survive have a propensity to survive '' ; to have content the theory must use a concept of fitness that is independent of that of survival . Interpreted as a theory of species survival , the theory that the fittest species survive is undermined by evidence that while direct competition is observed between individuals , populations and species , there is little evidence that competition has been the driving force in the evolution of large groups such as , for example , amphibians , reptiles , and mammals . Instead , these groups have evolved by expanding into empty ecological niches . In the punctuated equilibrium model of environmental and biological change , the factor determining survival is often not superiority over another in competition but ability to survive dramatic changes in environmental conditions , such as after a meteor impact energetic enough to greatly change the environment globally . The main land dwelling animals to survive the K - Pg impact 66 million years ago had the ability to live in underground tunnels , for example . In 2010 Sahney et al. argued that there is little evidence that intrinsic , biological factors such as competition have been the driving force in the evolution of large groups . Instead , they cited extrinsic , abiotic factors such as expansion as the driving factor on a large evolutionary scale . The rise of dominant groups such as amphibians , reptiles , mammals and birds occurred by opportunistic expansion into empty ecological niches and the extinction of groups happened due to large shifts in the abiotic environment . Interpreted as expressing a moral theory ( edit ) Social darwinists ( edit ) It has been claimed that `` the survival of the fittest '' theory in biology was interpreted by late 19th century capitalists as `` an ethical precept that sanctioned cut - throat economic competition '' and led to the advent of the theory of `` social Darwinism '' which was used to justify laissez - faire economics , war and racism . However , these ideas predate and commonly contradict Darwin 's ideas , and indeed their proponents rarely invoked Darwin in support . The term `` social Darwinism '' referring to capitalist ideologies was introduced as a term of abuse by Richard Hofstadter 's Social Darwinism in American Thought published in 1944 . Creationists ( edit ) Critics of theories of evolution have argued that `` survival of the fittest '' provides a justification for behaviour that undermines moral standards by letting the strong set standards of justice to the detriment of the weak . However , any use of evolutionary descriptions to set moral standards would be a naturalistic fallacy ( or more specifically the is -- ought problem ) , as prescriptive moral statements can not be derived from purely descriptive premises . Describing how things are does not imply that things ought to be that way . It is also suggested that `` survival of the fittest '' implies treating the weak badly , even though in some cases of good social behaviour -- co-operating with others and treating them well -- might improve evolutionary fitness . Anarchists ( edit ) Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin viewed the concept of `` survival of the fittest '' as supporting co-operation rather than competition . In his book Mutual Aid : A Factor of Evolution he set out his analysis leading to the conclusion that the fittest was not necessarily the best at competing individually , but often the community made up of those best at working together . He concluded that In the animal world we have seen that the vast majority of species live in societies , and that they find in association the best arms for the struggle for life : understood , of course , in its wide Darwinian sense -- not as a struggle for the sheer means of existence , but as a struggle against all natural conditions unfavourable to the species . The animal species , in which individual struggle has been reduced to its narrowest limits , and the practice of mutual aid has attained the greatest development , are invariably the most numerous , the most prosperous , and the most open to further progress . Applying this concept to human society , Kropotkin presented mutual aid as one of the dominant factors of evolution , the other being self - assertion , and concluded that In the practice of mutual aid , which we can retrace to the earliest beginnings of evolution , we thus find the positive and undoubted origin of our ethical conceptions ; and we can affirm that in the ethical progress of man , mutual support not mutual struggle -- has had the leading part . In its wide extension , even at the present time , we also see the best guarantee of a still loftier evolution of our race . History of the phrase ( edit ) Herbert Spencer first used the phrase -- after reading Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species -- in his Principles of Biology of 1864 in which he drew parallels between his economic theories and Darwin 's biological , evolutionary ones , writing , `` This survival of the fittest , which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms , is that which Mr. Darwin has called ' natural selection ' , or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life . '' In July 1866 Alfred Russel Wallace wrote to Darwin about readers thinking that the phrase `` natural selection '' personified nature as `` selecting '' , and said this misconception could be avoided `` by adopting Spencer 's term '' Survival of the fittest . Darwin promptly replied that Wallace 's letter was `` as clear as daylight . I fully agree with all that you say on the advantages of H. Spencer 's excellent expression of ' the survival of the fittest ' . This however had not occurred to me till reading your letter . It is , however , a great objection to this term that it can not be used as a substantive governing a verb '' . Had he received the letter two months earlier , he would have worked the phrase into the fourth edition of the Origin which was then being printed , and he would use it in his `` next book on Domestic Animals etc . '' . Darwin wrote on page 6 of The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication published in 1868 , `` This preservation , during the battle for life , of varieties which possess any advantage in structure , constitution , or instinct , I have called Natural Selection ; and Mr. Herbert Spencer has well expressed the same idea by the Survival of the Fittest . The term `` natural selection '' is in some respects a bad one , as it seems to imply conscious choice ; but this will be disregarded after a little familiarity `` . He defended his analogy as similar to language used in chemistry , and to astronomers depicting the `` attraction of gravity as ruling the movements of the planets '' , or the way in which `` agriculturists speak of man making domestic races by his power of selection '' . He had `` often personified the word Nature ; for I have found it difficult to avoid this ambiguity ; but I mean by nature only the aggregate action and product of many natural laws , -- and by laws only the ascertained sequence of events . '' In the first four editions of On the Origin of Species , Darwin had used the phrase `` natural selection '' . In Chapter 4 of the 5th edition of The Origin published in 1869 , Darwin implies again the synonym : `` Natural Selection , or the Survival of the Fittest '' . By the word `` fittest '' Darwin meant `` better adapted for immediate , local environment '' , not the common modern meaning of `` in the best physical shape '' ( think of a puzzle piece , not an athlete ) . In the introduction he gave full credit to Spencer , writing `` I have called this principle , by which each slight variation , if useful , is preserved , by the term Natural Selection , in order to mark its relation to man 's power of selection . But the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the Survival of the Fittest is more accurate , and is sometimes equally convenient . '' In The Man Versus The State , Spencer used the phrase in a postscript to justify a plausible explanation of how his theories would not be adopted by `` societies of militant type '' . He uses the term in the context of societies at war , and the form of his reference suggests that he is applying a general principle . `` Thus by survival of the fittest , the militant type of society becomes characterized by profound confidence in the governing power , joined with a loyalty causing submission to it in all matters whatever '' . Though Spencer 's conception of organic evolution is commonly interpreted as a form of Lamarckism , Herbert Spencer is sometimes credited with inaugurating Social Darwinism . The phrase `` survival of the fittest '' has become widely used in popular literature as a catchphrase for any topic related or analogous to evolution and natural selection . It has thus been applied to principles of unrestrained competition , and it has been used extensively by both proponents and opponents of Social Darwinism . Evolutionary biologists criticise the manner in which the term is used by non-scientists and the connotations that have grown around the term in popular culture . The phrase also does not help in conveying the complex nature of natural selection , so modern biologists prefer and almost exclusively use the term natural selection . The biological concept of fitness refers to reproductive success , as opposed to survival , and is not explicit in the specific ways in which organisms can be more `` fit '' ( increase reproductive success ) as having phenotypic characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction ( which was the meaning that Spencer had in mind ) . Tautology ( edit ) `` Survival of the fittest '' is sometimes claimed to be a tautology . The reasoning is that if one takes the term `` fit '' to mean `` endowed with phenotypic characteristics which improve chances of survival and reproduction '' ( which is roughly how Spencer understood it ) , then `` survival of the fittest '' can simply be rewritten as `` survival of those who are better equipped for surviving '' . Furthermore , the expression does become a tautology if one uses the most widely accepted definition of `` fitness '' in modern biology , namely reproductive success itself ( rather than any set of characters conducive to this reproductive success ) . This reasoning is sometimes used to claim that Darwin 's entire theory of evolution by natural selection is fundamentally tautological , and therefore devoid of any explanatory power . However , the expression `` survival of the fittest '' ( taken on its own and out of context ) gives a very incomplete account of the mechanism of natural selection . The reason is that it does not mention a key requirement for natural selection , namely the requirement of heritability . It is true that the phrase `` survival of the fittest '' , in and by itself , is a tautology if fitness is defined by survival and reproduction . Natural selection is the portion of variation in reproductive success that is caused by heritable characters ( see the article on natural selection ) . If certain heritable characters increase or decrease the chances of survival and reproduction of their bearers , then it follows mechanically ( by definition of `` heritable '' ) that those characters that improve survival and reproduction will increase in frequency over generations . This is precisely what is called `` evolution by natural selection . '' On the other hand , if the characters which lead to differential reproductive success are not heritable , then no meaningful evolution will occur , `` survival of the fittest '' or not : if improvement in reproductive success is caused by traits that are not heritable , then there is no reason why these traits should increase in frequency over generations . In other words , natural selection does not simply state that `` survivors survive '' or `` reproducers reproduce '' ; rather , it states that `` survivors survive , reproduce and therefore propagate any heritable characters which have affected their survival and reproductive success '' . This statement is not tautological : it hinges on the testable hypothesis that such fitness - impacting heritable variations actually exist ( a hypothesis that has been amply confirmed . ) Momme von Sydow suggested further definitions of ' survival of the fittest ' that may yield a testable meaning in biology and also in other areas where Darwinian processes have been influential . However , much care would be needed to disentangle tautological from testable aspects . Moreover , an `` implicit shifting between a testable and an untestable interpretation can be an illicit tactic to immunize natural selection ( ... ) while conveying the impression that one is concerned with testable hypotheses . '' Skeptic Society founder and Skeptic magazine publisher Michael Shermer addresses the tautology problem in his 1997 book , Why People Believe Weird Things , in which he points out that although tautologies are sometimes the beginning of science , they are never the end , and that scientific principles like natural selection are testable and falsifiable by virtue of their predictive power . Shermer points out , as an example , that population genetics accurately demonstrate when natural selection will and will not effect change on a population . Shermer hypothesizes that if hominid fossils were found in the same geological strata as trilobites , it would be evidence against natural selection . See also ( edit ) Age of the Earth Anarchism Altruism Robert Boyle Capitalism Darwinian puzzle Ethical relativism Eugenics Evolution of societies Freedom of thought Freethought Garden of Eden Mutation Natural philosophy Neo-Creationism Peter Kropotkin John Ruskin Scientific scepticism Social Darwinism Social ecology Social evolutionism Social implications of the theory of evolution Universal Darwinism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Though Spencer was an advocate of the inheritance of acquired characters , he considered Lamarck 's failure to explain organic evolution in physical terms as a serious weakness of his theory . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Letter 5140 -- Wallace , A.R. to Darwin , C.R. , 2 July 1866 '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . `` Letter 5145 -- Darwin , C.R. to Wallace , A.R. , 5 July ( 1866 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ^ `` Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology of 1864 , vol. 1 , p. 444 , wrote : ' This survival of the fittest , which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms , is that which Mr. Darwin has called `` natural selection '' , or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . ' '' Maurice E. Stucke , Better Competition Advocacy , retrieved 29 August 2007 , citing HERBERT SPENCER , THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY 444 ( Univ . Press of the Pac. 2002 . ) ^ Jump up to : `` This preservation , during the battle for life , of varieties which possess any advantage in structure , constitution , or instinct , I have called Natural Selection ; and Mr. Herbert Spencer has well expressed the same idea by the Survival of the Fittest . The term `` natural selection '' is in some respects a bad one , as it seems to imply conscious choice ; but this will be disregarded after a little familiarity . '' Darwin , Charles ( 1868 ) , The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication , 1 ( 1st ed . ) , London : John Murray , p. 6 , retrieved 10 August 2015 ^ Jump up to : Freeman , R.B. ( 1977 ) , `` On the Origin of Species '' , The Works of Charles Darwin : An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist ( 2nd ed . ) , Cannon House , Folkestone , Kent , England : Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd ^ Jump up to : `` This preservation of favourable variations , and the destruction of injurious variations , I call Natural Selection , or the Survival of the Fittest . '' -- Darwin , Charles ( 1869 ) , On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life ( 5th ed . ) , London : John Murray , pp. 91 -- 92 , retrieved 22 February 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Jay Gould , Darwin 's Untimely Burial '' , 1976 ; from Philosophy of Biology : An Anthology , Alex Rosenberg , Robert Arp ed. , John Wiley & Sons , May 2009 , pp. 99 -- 102 . Jump up ^ `` Evolutionary biologists customarily employ the metaphor ' survival of the fittest , ' which has a precise meaning in the context of mathematical population genetics , as a shorthand expression when describing evolutionary processes . '' Chew , Matthew K. ; Laubichler , Manfred D. ( 4 July 2003 ) , `` PERCEPTIONS OF SCIENCE : Natural Enemies -- Metaphor or Misconception ? '' , Science , 301 ( 5629 ) : 52 -- 53 , PMID 12846231 , doi : 10.1126 / science. 1085274 , retrieved 20 March 2008 Jump up ^ Colby , Chris ( 1996 -- 1997 ) , Introduction to Evolutionary Biology , TalkOrigins Archive , retrieved 22 February 2009 ^ Jump up to : von Sydow , M. ( 2014 ) . ' Survival of the Fittest ' in Darwinian Metaphysics -- Tautology or Testable Theory ? ( pp. 199 -- 222 ) In E. Voigts , B. Schaff & M. Pietrzak - Franger ( Eds . ) . Reflecting on Darwin . Farnham , London : Ashgate . ^ Jump up to : Sahney , S. , Benton , M.J. and Ferry , P.A. ( 2010 ) , `` Links between global taxonomic diversity , ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land '' ( PDF ) , Biology Letters , 6 ( 4 ) : 544 -- 547 , PMC 2936204 , PMID 20106856 , doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2009.1024 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : John S. Wilkins ( 1997 ) , Evolution and Philosophy : Social Darwinism -- Does evolution make might right ? , TalkOrigins Archive , retrieved 21 November 2007 Jump up ^ Leonard , Thomas C. ( 2005 ) , `` Mistaking Eugenics for Social Darwinism : Why Eugenics is Missing from the History of American Economics '' ( PDF ) , History of Political Economy , 37 ( supplement : ) : 200 -- 233 , doi : 10.1215 / 00182702 - 37 - Suppl_1 - 200 Jump up ^ Alan Keyes ( 7 July 2001 ) , WorldNetDaily : Survival of the fittest ? , WorldNetDaily , retrieved 19 November 2007 Jump up ^ Mark Isaak ( 2004 ) , CA002 : Survival of the fittest implies might makes right , TalkOrigins Archive , retrieved 19 November 2007 Jump up ^ Vol. 1 , p. 444 Jump up ^ U. Kutschera ( 14 March 2003 ) , A Comparative Analysis of the Darwin - Wallace Papers and the Development of the Concept of Natural Selection ( PDF ) , Institut für Biologie , Universität Kassel , Germany , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 April 2008 , retrieved 20 March 2008 Jump up ^ Darwin , Charles ( 1869 ) , On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life ( 5th ed . ) , London : John Murray , p. 72 Jump up ^ The principle of natural selection applied to groups of individual is known as Group selection . Jump up ^ Herbert Spencer ; Truxton Beale ( 1916 ) , The Man Versus the State : A Collection of Essays , M. Kennerley ( snippet ) Jump up ^ Federico Morganti ( May 26 , 2013 ) . `` Adaptation and Progress : Spencer 's Criticism of Lamarck '' . Evolution & Cognition . External link in publisher = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Corey , Michael Anthony ( 1994 ) , `` Chapter 5 . Natural Selection '' , Back to Darwin : the scientific case for Deistic evolution , Rowman and Littlefield , p. 147 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 9307 - 0 Jump up ^ Cf . von Sydow , M. ( 2012 ) . From Darwinian Metaphysics towards Understanding the Evolution of Evolutionary Mechanisms . A Historical and Philosophical Analysis of Gene - Darwinism and Universal Darwinism . Universitätsverlag Göttingen . Jump up ^ Shermer , Michael ; Why People Believe Weird Things ; 1997 ; Pages 143 -- 144 External links ( edit ) Origins of the phrase ( edit ) AboutDarwin.com -- Darwin 's Timeline Pioneers of Psychology Evolution Quotations compiled by GIGA Tautology links ( edit ) Darwin 's Untimely Burial by Stephen Jay Gould Evolution and Philosophy : A Good Tautology is Hard to Find by John Wilkins , part of the talk. origins archive . CA500 : `` Survival of the fittest is a tautology '' from the talk. origins index to creationist claims by Mark Ridley . Is `` survival of the fittest '' a tautology by Don Lindsay . Darwin 's Great Tautology by the Doubting Thomas Morality link ( edit ) CA002 : Survival of the fittest implies that `` might makes right '' David Hume -- Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Evolution and philosophy -- Does evolution make might right ? by John S. Wilkins . `` Survival of the fittest '' by Alan Keyes . Darwinism and Laissez - Faire Capitalism from the Institute for Creation Research Kropotkin : mutual aid ( edit ) Mutual Aid ; a factor of evolution at Project Gutenberg Mutual Aid : A Factor of Evolution -- HTML version at the Anarchy Archives Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Survival_of_the_fittest&oldid=801709445 '' Categories : Charles Darwin Herbert Spencer Biological evolution English phrases Metaphors Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 10 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is meant by the phrase survival of the fittest	[ "\"Survival of the fittest\" is a phrase that originated from Darwinian evolutionary theory as a way of describing the mechanism of natural selection. The biological concept of fitness is defined as reproductive success. In Darwinian terms the phrase is best understood as \"Survival of the form that will leave the most copies of itself in successive generations.\"" ]	[ "Survival of the form that will leave the most copies of itself in successive generations" ]
7515847252110365135	Ring of Fire	Ring of Fire - wikipedia Ring of Fire For other uses , see Ring of Fire ( disambiguation ) . The Pacific Ring of Fire Tectonic plates of the world Great ( magnitude 8.0 + ) earthquakes 1900 -- 2017 , with the majority positioned along the Ring of Fire The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur . In a 40,000 km ( 25,000 mi ) horseshoe shape , it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches , volcanic arcs , and volcanic belts and plate movements . It has 452 volcanoes ( more than 75 % of the world 's active and dormant volcanoes ) . The Ring of Fire is sometimes called the circum - Pacific belt . About 90 % of the world 's earthquakes and 81 % of the world 's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire . All but three of the world 's 25 largest volcanic eruptions of the last 11,700 years occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire . The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics : the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates , especially subduction in the northern portion . The southern portion is more complex , with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands , the Philippines , Bougainville , Tonga , and New Zealand . Contents 1 History 2 Cause 3 Andes 3.1 Bolivia 3.2 Chile 3.3 Ecuador 3.4 Peru 4 Central America 4.1 Costa Rica 4.2 Guatemala 5 North American Cordillera 5.1 Mexico 5.2 United States 5.3 Canada 6 Russia 7 Japan 8 Philippines 9 Indonesia 10 New Zealand 11 Antarctica 12 Land areas 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) The presence of a belt of volcanic activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean was observed in the 19th century . `` They ( the Japanese Islands ) are in the line of that immense circle of volcanic development which surrounds the shores of the Pacific from Tierra del Fuego around to the Moluccas . '' ( Matthew Perry , Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan , 1852 - 54 , Introduction , Section I , `` Name , Extent , and Geography '' ) About 90 % of the world 's earthquakes and 81 % of the world 's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire . The next most seismically active region ( 5 -- 6 % of earthquakes and 17 % of the world 's largest earthquakes ) is the Alpide belt , which extends from Java to the northern Atlantic Ocean via the Himalayas and southern Europe . All but three of the world 's 25 largest volcanic eruptions of the last 11,700 years occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire . The famous and very active San Andreas Fault zone of California is a transform fault which offsets a portion of the East Pacific Rise under southwestern United States and Mexico ; the motion of the fault generates numerous small earthquakes , at multiple times a day , most of which are too small to be felt . The active Queen Charlotte Fault on the west coast of the Haida Gwaii , British Columbia , has generated three large earthquakes during the 20th century : a magnitude 7 event in 1929 ; a magnitude 8.1 in 1949 ( Canada 's largest recorded earthquake ) ; and a magnitude 7.4 in 1970 . Cause ( edit ) The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics : the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates . The eastern section of the ring is the result of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate being subducted beneath the westward - moving South American Plate . The Cocos Plate is being subducted beneath the Caribbean Plate , in Central America . A portion of the Pacific Plate and the small Juan de Fuca Plate are being subducted beneath the North American Plate . Along the northern portion , the northwestward - moving Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the Aleutian Islands arc . Farther west , the Pacific plate is being subducted along the Kamchatka Peninsula arcs on south past Japan . The southern portion is more complex , with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands , the Philippines , Bougainville , Tonga , and New Zealand ; this portion excludes Australia , since it lies in the center of its tectonic plate . Indonesia lies between the Ring of Fire along the northeastern islands adjacent to and including New Guinea and the Alpide belt along the south and west from Sumatra , Java , Bali , Flores , and Timor . Andes ( edit ) Further information : Andean Volcanic Belt Bolivia ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Bolivia Bolivia hosts numerous active and extinct volcanoes across its territory . The active volcanoes are located in western Bolivia where they make up the Cordillera Occidental , the western limit of the Altiplano plateau . Many of the active volcanoes are international mountains shared with Chile . All Cenozoic volcanoes of Bolivia are part of the Central Volcanic Zone ( CVZ ) of the Andean Volcanic Belt that results due to processes involved in the subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate . The Central Volcanic Zone is a major upper Cenozoic volcanic province . Apart from Andean volcanoes , the geology of Bolivia hosts the remnants of ancient volcanoes around the Precambrian Guaporé Shield in the eastern part of the country . Chile ( edit ) Llaima 's 2008 eruption Main articles : List of volcanoes in Chile and Volcanology of Chile The volcanoes in Chile are monitored by the National Geology and Mining Service ( SERNAGEOMIN ) Earthquake activity in Chile is related to subduction of the Nazca Plate to the east . Chile notably holds the record for the largest earthquake ever recorded , the 1960 Valdivia earthquake . Villarrica , one of Chile 's most active volcanoes , rises above Villarrica Lake and the town of Villarrica . It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andean chain . A 6 - km - wide caldera formed during the late Pleistocene , more than 0.9 million years ago . A 2 - km - wide postglacial caldera is located at the base of the presently active , dominantly basaltic - to - andesitic cone at the northwest margin of the Pleistocene caldera . About 25 scoria cones dot Villarica 's flanks . Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows have been produced during the Holocene from this dominantly basaltic volcano , but historical eruptions have consisted of largely mild - to - moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion . Lahars from the glacier - covered volcanoes have damaged towns on its flanks . The Llaima Volcano is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Chile . It is situated 82 km northeast of Temuco and 663 km southeast of Santiago , within the borders of Conguillío National Park . Llaima 's activity has been documented since the 17th century , and consists of several separate episodes of moderate explosive eruptions with occasional lava flows . The last major eruption occurred in 1994 . Lascar erupting in 2006 Chile has experienced numerous volcanic eruptions from 60 volcanoes , including Llaima Volcano and the Chaitén Volcano . More recently , a magnitude - 8.8 earthquake struck central Chile on February 27 , 2010 , the Puyehue - Cordón Caulle volcano erupted in 2011 , and a M8. 2 earthquake struck northern Chile on April 1 , 2014 . The main shock was preceded by a number of moderate to large shocks and was followed by a large number of moderate to very large aftershocks , including a magnitude - 7.6 event on 2 April . Lascar is a stratovolcano , is the most active volcano of the northern Chilean Andes . The largest eruption of Lascar took place about 26,500 years ago , and following the eruption of the Tumbres scoria flow about 9,000 years ago , activity shifted back to the eastern edifice , where three overlapping craters were formed . Frequent small - to - moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from Lascar in historical time since the mid-19th century , along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano . The largest eruption of Lascar in recent history took place in 1993 , producing pyroclastic flows as far as 8.5 km ( 5 mi ) northwest of the summit and ash fall in Buenos Aires , Argentina , more than 1,600 km ( 994 mi ) to the southeast . The latest series of eruptions began on 18 April 2006 and was continuing as of 2011 . Chiliques is a stratovolcano located in the Antofagasta Region of Chile , immediately north of Cerro Miscanti . Laguna Lejía lies to the north of the volcano and has been dormant for at least 10,000 years , but is now showing signs of life . A January 6 , 2002 , nighttime thermal infrared image from ASTER revealed a hot spot in the summit crater , as well as several others along the upper flanks of the volcano 's edifice , indicating new volcanic activity . Examination of an earlier nighttime thermal infrared image from May 24 , 2000 , showed no such hot spots . Calbuco is a stratovolcano in southern Chile , located southeast of Llanquihue Lake and northwest of Chapo Lake , in Los Lagos Region . The volcano and the surrounding area are protected within Llanquihue National Reserve . It is a very explosive andesite volcano that underwent edifice collapse in the late Pleistocene , producing a volcanic debris avalanche that reached the lake . At least nine eruptions occurred since 1837 , with the latest one in 1972 . One of the largest historical eruptions in southern Chile took place there in 1893 -- 1894 . Violent eruptions ejected 30 - cm bombs to distances of 8 km from the crater , accompanied by voluminous hot lahars . Strong explosions occurred in April 1917 , and a lava dome formed in the crater accompanied by hot lahars . Another short explosive eruption in January 1929 also included an apparent pyroclastic flow and a lava flow . The last major eruption of Calbuco , in 1961 , sent ash columns 12 -- 15 km high and produced plumes that dispersed mainly to the southeast and two lava flows were also emitted . A minor , four - hour eruption happened on August 26 , 1972 . Strong fumarolic emission from the main crater was observed on August 12 , 1996 . Lonquimay is a stratovolocano of late - Pleistocene to dominantly Holocene age , with the shape of a truncated cone . The cone is largely andesitic , though basaltic and dacitic rocks are present . It is located in La Araucanía Region of Chile , immediately southeast of Tolhuaca volcano . Sierra Nevada and Llaima are their neighbors to the south . The snow - capped volcano lies within the protected area Malalcahuello - Nalcas . The volcano last erupted in 1988 , ending in 1990 . The VEI was 3 . The eruption was from a flank vent and involved lava flows and explosive eruptions . Some fatalities occurred . Antuco Volcano is a stratovolocano located in the Bío Bío Region of Chile , near Sierra Velluda and on the shore of Laguna del Laja , with its last eruption in 1869 . Villarrica is one of Chile 's most active volcanoes , rising above the lake and town of the same name . The volcano is also known as Rucapillán , a Mapuche word meaning `` House of the Pillán '' . It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andes along the Gastre Fault . Villarrica , along with Quetrupillán and the Chilean portion of Lanín , are protected within Villarrica National Park . Ascents of the volcano are popular with several guided ascents reaching the top during summer . Villarrica , with its lava of basaltic - andesitic composition , is one of only five volcanoes worldwide known to have an active lava lake within its crater . The volcano usually generates strombolian eruptions , with ejection of incandescent pyroclasts and lava flows . Melting of snow and glacier ice , as well as rainfall , often causes massive lahars , such as during the eruptions of 1964 and 1971 . Ecuador ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Ecuador Tungurahua spews hot lava and ash at night ( 1999 ) . In Ecuador , EPN monitors the volcanic activity in this andean nation . Cotopaxi is a stratovolcano in the Andes , located about 50 km ( 31 mi ) south of Quito , Ecuador , South America . It is the second - highest summit in the country , reaching a height of 5,897 m ( 19,347 ft ) . Some consider it the world 's highest active volcano , and it is one of Ecuador 's most active volcanoes . Since 1738 , Cotopaxi has erupted more than 50 times , resulting in the creation of numerous valleys formed by mudflows around the volcano . In October 1999 , Pichincha Volcano erupted in Quito and covered the city with several inches of ash . Prior to that , the last major eruptions were in 1553 and in 1660 , when about 30 cm of ash fell on the city . At 5,230 m , Sangay Volcano is an active stratovolcano in central Ecuador , and is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world and one of Ecuador 's most active ones , erupting three times in recorded history . It exhibits mostly strombolian activity ; the most recent eruption , which started in 1934 , is still going on . Geologically , Sangay marks the southern bound of the Northern Volcanic Zone , and its position straddling two major pieces of crust accounts for its high level of activity . Sangay 's roughly 500,000 - year history is one of instability ; two previous versions of the mountain were destroyed in massive flank collapses , evidence of which still litters its surroundings today . Sangay is one of two active volcanoes located within the namesake Sangay National Park , the other being Tungurahua to the north . As such , it has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1983 . Reventador is an active stratovolcano which lies in the eastern Andes of Ecuador . Since 1541 , it has erupted over 25 times , with its most recent eruption in 2009 , but the largest historical eruption occurred in 2002 . During that eruption , the plume from the volcano reached a height of 17 km , and pyroclastic flows went up to 7 km from the cone . On March 30 , 2007 , the mountain spewed ash again . The ash reached a height of about two miles ( 3 km , 11,000 ft ) . Cotopaxi , outside of Quito , started activity in April 2015 . A large increase in earthquakes ( including harmonic tremors ) and SO emissions began . IGPEN reported slight deformation of the edifice , suggesting an intrusion of magma under the volcano . As of 25 July , the unrest continued , and the most recent major eruption was an ash and steam eruption that occurred on August 14 and 15 , 2015 . Peru ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Peru Volcanoes in Peru are monitored by the Peruvian Geophysical Institute . Sabancaya is an active 5,976 - metre ( 19,606 ft ) stratovolcano in the Andes of southern Peru , about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) northwest of Arequipa . It is the most active volcano in Peru , with an ongoing eruption that started in August 2014 . Ubinas is another active volcano 5,672 - metre ( 18,609 ft ) in southern Peru with an ongoing eruption . Until 2006 , this stratovolcano had not erupted for about 40 years . On April 23 , 2006 , Peru declared a state of emergency in towns near the volcano . On April 28 , 2014 , despite a recent decline in earthquakes , Ubinas Volcano erupted an ash plume on April 28 , 2014 . Central America ( edit ) Costa Rica ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Costa Rica The Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) at the National University of Costa Rica , in Spanish Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) have a dedicated team in charge of researching and monitoring the volcanoes , earthquakes , and other tectonic processes in the Central America Volcanic Arc . In 1984 , the OVSICORI - A initiated the operation of a seismographic network designed to monitor seismic and volcanic activity throughout the national territory . Currently , the seismographic network has an analog and a digital registration system . The latter enables online analysis of seismic signals , allowing to expedite the analysis of signals and the study using modern computerized methods . Poás Volcano is an active 2,708 - metre ( 8,885 ft ) stratovolcano located in central Costa Rica ; it has erupted 39 times since 1828 . On February 25 , 2014 , a webcam from the OVSICORI captured the moment a dark cloud exploded about 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) in the air from a massive crater of the Poás Volcano . Guatemala ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Guatemala In 1902 , the Santa Maria Volcano erupted violently in Guatemala , with the largest explosions occurring over two days , ejecting an estimated 5.5 km ( 1.3 mi ) of magma . The eruption was one of the largest of the 20th century , only slightly less in magnitude to that of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 . The eruption had a volcanic explosivity index of 6 . Today Santiaguito is one of the world 's most active volcanoes. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Santiaguito Volcano , 2003 eruption in Guatemala North American Cordillera ( edit ) Mexico ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Mexico The Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Volcanoes of Mexico are related to subduction of the Cocos and Rivera plates to the east , which has produced large , explosive eruptions . Most active volcanoes in Mexico occur in the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt , which extends 900 kilometres ( 559 mi ) from west to east across central - southern Mexico . A few other active volcanoes in northern Mexico are related to extensional tectonics of the Basin and Range Province , which splits the Baja California peninsula from the mainland . Popocatépetl , lying in the eastern half of the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt , is the second - highest peak in Mexico after the Pico de Orizaba . It is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico , having had more than 20 major eruptions since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519 . The 1982 eruption of El Chichón , which killed about 2,000 people who lived near the volcano , created a 1 - km - wide caldera that filled with an acidic crater lake . Prior to 2000 , this relatively unknown volcano was heavily forested and of no greater height than adjacent nonvolcanic peaks . United States ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in the United States Area of the Cascadia subduction zone , including the Cascade Volcanic Arc ( red triangles ) The United States Geological Survey and the National Earthquake Information Center ( NEIC ) are located on the campus of the University of South Carolina in Columbia , South Carolina . Both monitor volcanos in the United States ; in Gaffney , South Carolina lies the Cascade Volcanic Arc . It includes nearly 20 major volcanoes , among a total of over 4,000 separate volcanic vents including numerous stratovolcanoes , shield volcanoes , lava domes , and cinder cones , along with a few isolated examples of rarer volcanic forms such as tuyas . Volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago , but most of the present - day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2,000,000 years old , and the highest peaks are less than 100,000 years old . The arc formed by the subduction of the Gorda and Juan de Fuca plates at the Cascadia subduction zone . This is a 680 - mi - long fault , running 50 mi ( 80 km ) off the coast of the Pacific Northwest from northern California to Vancouver Island , British Columbia . The plates move at a relative rate over 0.4 in ( 10 mm ) per year at a somewhat oblique angle to the subduction zone . Because of the very large fault area , the Cascadia subduction zone can produce very large earthquakes , magnitude 9.0 or greater , if rupture occurred over its whole area . When the `` locked '' zone stores energy for an earthquake , the `` transition '' zone , although somewhat plastic , can rupture . Thermal and deformation studies indicate that the locked zone is fully locked for 60 km ( about 40 mi ) down - dip from the deformation front . Further down - dip , a transition from fully locked to aseismic sliding occurs . American Cascade Range volcano eruptions in the last 4000 years Unlike most subduction zones worldwide , no oceanic trench is present along the continental margin in Cascadia . Instead , terranes and the accretionary wedge have been lifted up to form a series of coast ranges and exotic mountains . A high rate of sedimentation from the outflow of the three major rivers ( Fraser River , Columbia River , and Klamath River ) which cross the Cascade Range contributes to further obscuring the presence of a trench . However , in common with most other subduction zones , the outer margin is slowly being compressed , similar to a giant spring . When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals , the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large earthquakes such as the magnitude - 9 Cascadia earthquake of 1700 . Geological evidence indicates that great earthquakes may have occurred at least seven times in the last 3,500 years , suggesting a return time of 400 to 600 years . Also , evidence of accompanying tsunamis with every earthquake is seen , as the prime reason these earthquakes are known is through `` scars '' the tsunami left on the coast , and through Japanese records ( tsunami waves can travel across the Pacific ) . The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was the most significant to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states in recorded history ( VEI = 5 , 0.3 cu mi , 1.2 km of material erupted ) , exceeding the destructive power and volume of material released by the 1915 eruption of California 's Lassen Peak . The eruption was preceded by a two - month series of earthquakes and steam - venting episodes caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the mountain that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens ' north slope . An earthquake at 8 : 32 am on May 18 , 1980 , caused the entire weakened north face to slide away , suddenly exposing the partly molten , gas - and steam - rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure . The rock responded by exploding into a very hot mix of pulverized lava and older rock that sped toward Spirit Lake so fast that it quickly passed the avalanching north face . Alaska is known for its seismic and volcanic activity , holding the record for the second - largest earthquake in the world , the Good Friday earthquake , and having more than 50 volcanoes which have erupted since about 1760 . Volcanoes can be found not only in the mainland , but also in the Aleutian Islands . The most recent activity in the American portion of the Ring of Fire occurred in early 2009 when Mount Redoubt in Alaska became active and finally erupted late in the evening of March 22 . The eruption ended in May 2009 . Canada ( edit ) Map of young volcanoes in Western Canada See also : Volcanism in Canada The Public Safety Geo - science Program at the Natural Resources Canada undertakes research to support risk reduction from the effects of space weather , earthquakes , tsunamis , volcanoes , and landslides . British Columbia and Yukon are home to a vast region of volcanoes and volcanic activity in the Pacific Ring of Fire . Several mountains in populated areas of British Columbia are dormant volcanoes . Most of these were active during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs . Although none of Canada 's volcanoes are currently erupting , several volcanoes , volcanic fields , and volcanic centers are considered potentially active . Hot springs are at some volcanoes , while 10 volcanoes in British Columbia appear related to seismic activity since 1975 , including : the Silverthrone Caldera , Mount Meager massif , Wells Gray - Clearwater volcanic field , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Cayley massif , Castle Rock , The Volcano , Mount Edziza , Hoodoo Mountain , Crow Lagoon , and Nazko Cone . The volcanoes are grouped into five volcanic belts with different tectonic settings . The Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province ( sometimes known as the Stikine Volcanic Belt ) is the most active volcanic region in Canada . It formed due to extensional cracking , faulting , and rifting of the North American Plate , as the Pacific Plate grinds and slides past the Queen Charlotte Fault , unlike subduction that produces the volcanoes in Japan , the Philippines , and Indonesia . The region has Canada 's largest volcanoes , much larger than the minor stratovolcanoes found in the Canadian portion of the Cascade Volcanic Arc . Several eruptions are known to have occurred within the last 400 years . Mount Edziza is a huge volcanic complex that erupted several times in the past several thousand years and has formed several cinder cones and lava flows . The complex comprises the Mount Edziza Plateau , a large volcanic plateau ( 65 km long and 20 km wide ) made of predominantly basaltic lava flows with four large stratovolcanoes built on top of the plateau . The associated lava domes and satellite cones were constructed over the past 7.5 million years during five magmatic cycles beginning with eruption of alkali basalts and ending with felsic and basaltic eruptions as late as 1,340 years ago . The blocky lava flows still maintain their original forms . Hoodoo Mountain is a tuya in northwestern British Columbia , which has had several periods of subglacial eruptions . The oldest eruptions occurred about 100,000 years ago and the most recent about 7000 years ago . Hoodoo Mountain is also considered active , so could erupt in the future . The nearby Tseax Cone and The Volcano produced some of Canada 's youngest lava flows , about 150 years old . Mount Edziza , a large shield volcano in northwestern British Columbia Canada 's worst known geophysical disaster came from the Tseax Cone during the 18th century at the southernmost end of the volcanic belt . The eruption produced a 22.5 - km - long lava flow , destroying the Nisga'a villages and the death of at least 2000 Nisga'a people by volcanic gases and poisonous smoke . The Nass River valley was inundated by the lava flows and contains abundant tree molds and lava tubes . The event happened at the same time as the arrival of the first European explorers to penetrate the uncharted coastal waters of northern British Columbia . Today , the basaltic lava deposits are a draw to tourists and are part of the Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park . The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt in southwestern British Columbia is the northern extension of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the United States ( which includes Mount Baker and Mount St. Helens ) and contains the most explosive young volcanoes in Canada . It formed as a result of subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate ( a remnant of the much larger Farallon Plate ) under the North American Plate along the Cascadia subduction zone . The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt includes the Bridge River Cones , Mount Cayley massif , Mount Fee , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Price , Mount Meager massif , the Squamish Volcanic Field , and more smaller volcanoes . The eruption styles in the belt range from effusive to explosive , with compositions from basalt to rhyolite . Morphologically , centers include calderas , cinder cones , stratovolcanoes and small isolated lava masses . Due to repeated continental and alpine glaciations , many of the volcanic deposits in the belt reflect complex interactions between magma composition , topography , and changing ice configurations . The most recent major catastrophic eruption in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt was an explosive eruption of the Mount Meager massif about 2,350 years ago . It was similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , sending an ash column about 20 km into the stratosphere . The Mount Meager massif as seen from the east near Pemberton , BC : Summits left to right are Capricorn Mountain , Mount Meager , and Plinth Peak . The Chilcotin Group is a north - south range of volcanoes in southern British Columbia running parallel to the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt . The majority of the eruptions in this belt happened either 6 -- 10 million years ago ( Miocene ) or 2 -- 3 million years ago ( Pliocene ) , although with some slightly more recent eruptions ( in the Pleistocene ) . It is thought to have formed as a result of back - arc extension behind the Cascadia subduction zone . Volcanoes in this belt include Mount Noel , the Clisbako Caldera Complex , Lightning Peak , Black Dome Mountain , and many lava flows . The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a line of volcanoes stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel , British Columbia . These volcanoes were formed 8 to 1 million years ago , and the Nazko Cone last erupted only 7,200 years ago . The volcanoes generally get younger moving from the coast to the interior . These volcanoes are thought to have formed as a result of the North American Plate sliding westward over a small hotspot , called the Anahim hotspot . The hotspot is considered similar to the one feeding the Hawaiian Islands . The belt is defined by three large shield volcanoes ( Rainbow , Ilgachuz and the Itcha Ranges ) and 37 Quaternary basalt centers . Eruptions of basaltic to rhyolitic volcanoes and hypabyssal rocks of the Alert Bay Volcanic Belt in northern Vancouver Island are probably linked with the subducted margin flanked by the Explorer and Juan de Fuca Plates at the Cascadia subduction zone . It appears to have been active during the Pliocene and Pleistocene . However , no Holocene eruptions are known , and volcanic activity in the belt has likely ceased . Russia ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Russia Avachinsky , an active volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula . The Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East is one of the most various and active volcanic areas in the world , with an area of 472,300 km . It lies between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Okhotsk Sea to the west . Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500 - m - deep Kuril - Kamchatka Trench , where rapid subduction of the Pacific Plate fuels the intense volcanism . Almost all types of volcanic activity are present , from stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes to Hawaiian - style fissure eruptions . Over 30 active volcanoes and hundreds of dormant and extinct volcanoes are in two major volcanic belts . The most recent activity takes place in the eastern belt , starting in the north at the Shiveluch volcanic complex , which lies at the junction of the Aleutian and Kamchatka volcanic arcs . Just to the south is the famous Klyuchi volcanic group , comprising the twin volcanic cones of Kliuchevskoi and Kamen , the huge volcanic complexes of Tolbachik and Ushkovsky , and a number of other large stratovolcanoes . The only active volcano in the central belt is found west of here , the huge remote Ichinsky . Farther south , the eastern belt continues to the southern slope of Kamchatka , topped by loads of stratovolcanoes , continuing onto the Kuril Islands , and southwards into Japan . Japan ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Japan About 10 % of the world 's active volcanoes are found in Japan , which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability . They are formed by subduction of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate . As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly , and magnitudes of 4 to 6 are not uncommon . Minor tremors occur almost daily in one part of the country or another , causing some slight shaking of buildings . Major earthquakes occur infrequently ; the most famous in the 20th century were : the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923 , in which 130,000 people died ; and the Great Hanshin earthquake of 17 January 1995 , in which 6,434 people died . On March 11 , 2011 a magnitude 9.0 earthquake hit Japan , the country 's biggest ever and the fifth largest on record , according to US Geological Survey data . Undersea earthquakes also expose the Japanese coastline to danger from tsunamis . Mount Fuji at sunrise from Lake Kawaguchi Mount Bandai , one of Japan 's most noted volcanoes , rises above the north shore of Lake Inawashiro . Mount Bandai is formed of several overlapping stratovolcanoes , the largest of which is O - Bandai forming a complex volcano . O - Bandai volcano was constructed within a horseshoe - shaped caldera that formed about 40,000 years when an earlier volcano collapsed , forming the Okinajima debris avalanche , which traveled to the southwest and was accompanied by a plinian eruption . Four major phreatic eruptions have occurred during the past 5,000 years , two of them in historical time , in 806 and 1888 . Seen from the south , Bandai presents a conical profile , but much of the north side of the volcano is missing as a result of the collapse of Ko - Bandai volcano during the 1888 eruption , in which a debris avalanche buried several villages and formed several large lakes . Nearly a century ago , the north flank of Mount Bandai collapsed during an eruption quite similar to the May 18 , 1980 , eruption of Mount St. Helens . After a week of seismic activity , a large earthquake on July 15 , 1888 , was followed by a tremendous noise and a large explosion . Eyewitnesses heard about 15 to 20 additional explosions and observed that the last one was projected almost horizontally to the north . Mount Fuji is Japan 's highest and most noted volcano . The modern postglacial stratovolcano is constructed above a group of overlapping volcanoes , remnants of which form irregularities on Fuji 's profile . Growth of the younger Mount Fuji began with a period of voluminous lava flows from 11,000 to 8,000 years ago , accounting for four - fifths of the volume of the younger Mount Fuji . Minor explosive eruptions dominated activity from 8,000 to 4,500 years ago , with another period of major lava flows occurring from 4,500 to 3,000 years ago . Subsequently , intermittent major explosive eruptions occurred , with subordinate lava flows and small pyroclastic flows . Summit eruptions dominated from 3,000 to 2,000 years ago , after which flank vents were active . The extensive basaltic lava flows from the summit and some of the more than 100 flank cones and vents blocked drainage against the Tertiary Misaka Mountains on the north side of the volcano , forming the Fuji Five Lakes . The last eruption of this dominantly basaltic volcano in 1707 ejected andesitic pumice and formed a large new crater on the east flank . Some minor volcanic activity may occur in the next few years . Philippines ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in the Philippines Map showing major volcanoes of the Philippines The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo is the world 's second - largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century . Successful predictions of the onset of the climactic eruption led to the evacuation of tens of thousands of people from the surrounding areas , saving many lives , but as the surrounding areas were severely damaged by pyroclastic flows , ash deposits , and later , lahars caused by rainwater remobilising earlier volcanic deposits , thousands of houses were destroyed . Mayon Volcano overlooks a pastoral scene about five months before the volcano 's violent eruption in September 1984 . Mayon Volcano is the Philippines ' most active volcano . It has steep upper slopes that average 35 -- 40 ° and is capped by a small summit crater . The historical eruptions of this basaltic - andesitic volcano date back to 1616 and range from Strombolian to basaltic Plinian eruptions . Eruptions occur predominately from the central conduit and have also produced lava flows that travel far down the flanks . Pyroclastic flows and mudflows have commonly swept down many of the roughly 40 ravines that radiate from the summit and have often devastated populated lowland areas . Taal Volcano has had 33 recorded eruptions since 1572 . A devastating eruption occurred in 1911 , which claimed more than a thousand lives . The deposits of that eruption consist of a yellowish , fairly decomposed ( nonjuvenile ) tephra with a high sulfur content . The most recent period of activity lasted from 1965 to 1977 , and was characterized by the interaction of magma with the lake water , which produced violent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions . Although the volcano has been dormant since 1977 , it has shown signs of unrest since 1991 , with strong seismic activity and ground - fracturing events , as well as the formation of small mud geysers on parts of the island . Kanlaon Volcano , the most active volcano in the central Philippines , has erupted 25 times since 1866 . Eruptions are typically phreatic explosions of small - to - moderate size that produce minor ash falls near the volcano . On August 10 , 1996 , Kanlaon erupted without warning , killing British student Julian Green and Filipinos Noel Tragico and Neil Perez , who were among 24 mountain climbers who were trapped near the summit . Indonesia ( edit ) See also : List of volcanoes in Indonesia and 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi Mount Merapi in Central Java Major volcanoes in Indonesia The volcanoes in Indonesia are among the most active of the Pacific Ring of Fire . They are formed due to subduction zones of three main active tectonic plates namely the Eurasian Plate , Pacific Plate , and Indo - Australian Plate . Some of the volcanoes are notable for their eruptions , for instance , Krakatau for its global effects in 1883 , Lake Toba for its supervolcanic eruption estimated to have occurred 74,000 BP , which was responsible for six years of volcanic winter , and Mount Tambora , for the most violent eruption in recorded history in 1815 . The eruption of Mount Tambora caused widespread harvest failures in Northern Europe , the Northeastern United States , and eastern Canada in 1816 , which was known as the Year Without a Summer . The most active volcanoes are Kelud and Mount Merapi on Java island , which have been responsible for thousands of deaths in the region . Since AD 1000 , Kelud has erupted more than 30 times , of which the largest eruption was at scale 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index , while Merapi has erupted more than 80 times . The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth 's Interior has named Merapi as a Decade Volcano since 1995 because of its high volcanic activity . Another active volcano is Sinabung which erupted since 2013 until now . New Zealand ( edit ) See also : List of earthquakes in New Zealand and Volcanism in New Zealand Major volcanoes of New Zealand View of Mount Taranaki from Stratford . GNS Science was known as the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences from 1992 to 2005 . GNS Science was partially commercialised , and now operates as a government - owned company rather than as a government department . Originally part of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research ( DSIR ) , it was established as an independent organisation when the Crown Research Institutes were created in 1992 . As well as undertaking basic research , and operating the national geological hazards monitoring network , GNS Science is employed , both in New Zealand and overseas , by various private groups ( notably energy companies ) , as well as central and local government agencies , to provide scientific advice and information . GNS Science is based in Avalon , Lower Hutt , with facilities in Dunedin and Wairakei . New Zealand contains the world 's strongest concentration of youthful rhyolitic volcanoes , and voluminous sheets blanket much of the North Island . The earliest historically - dated eruption was at Whakaari / White Island in 1826 , followed in 1886 by the country 's largest historical eruption at Mount Tarawera . Much of the region north of New Zealand 's North Island is made up of seamounts and small islands , including 16 submarine volcanoes . In the last 1.6 million years , most of New Zealand 's volcanism is from the Taupo Volcanic Zone . Mount Ruapehu , at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone , is one of the most active volcanoes . It began erupting at least 250,000 years ago . In recorded history , major eruptions have been about 50 years apart , in 1895 , 1945 , and 1995 -- 1996 . Minor eruptions are frequent , with at least 60 since 1945 . Some of the minor eruptions in the 1970s generated small ash falls and lahars that damaged ski fields . Between major eruptions , a warm acidic crater lake forms , fed by melting snow . Major eruptions may completely expel the lake water . Where a major eruption has deposited a tephra dam across the lake 's outlet , the dam may collapse after the lake has refilled and risen above the level of its normal outlet , the outrush of water causing a large lahar . The most notable lahar caused the Tangiwai disaster on December 24 , 1953 , when 151 people aboard a Wellington to Auckland express train were killed after the lahar destroyed the Tangiwai rail bridge just moments before the train was due . In 2000 , the ERLAWS system was installed on the mountain to detect such a collapse and alert the relevant authorities . The Auckland volcanic field on the North Island of New Zealand has produced a diverse array of explosive craters , scoria cones , and lava flows . Currently dormant , the field is likely to erupt again with the next `` hundreds to thousands of years '' , a very short timeframe in geologic terms . The field contains at least 40 volcanoes , most recently active about 600 years ago at Rangitoto Island , erupting 2.3 km of lava . Antarctica ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Antarctica Mount Erebus , 1972 The Pacific Ring of Fire is completed in the south by the continent of Antarctica , which includes many large volcanoes . The makeup and structure of the volcanoes in Antarctica change largely from the other places around the ring . In contrast , the Antarctic Plate is almost completely surrounded by extensional zones , with several mid-ocean ridges which encircle it , with only a small subduction zone at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula , reaching eastward to the remote South Sandwich Islands . The most well known volcano in Antarctica is Mount Erebus , which is also the world 's southernmost active volcano . In many respects the geology of the Antarctic Peninsula is an extension of the Andes , hence the name sometimes used by geologists : `` Antarctandes '' . At the opposite side of the continent , the volcanoes of Victoria Land may be seen as the ' other end ' of the Antarctandes , thus completing the Pacific Ring of Fire and continuing up through the Balleny Islands to New Zealand . Mount Erebus is the second - highest volcano in Antarctica ( after Mount Sidley ) and the southernmost active volcano on earth . It is the sixth - highest ultra mountain on an island . With a summit elevation of 3,794 m ( 12,448 ft ) , it is located on Ross Island , which is also home to three inactive volcanoes , Mount Terror , Mount Bird , and Mount Terra Nova . The volcano has been observed to be continuously active since 1972 and is the site of the Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory run by the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology . Mount Erebus is currently the most active volcano in Antarctica and is the current eruptive zone of the Erebus hotspot . The volcanoes of the Victoria Land area are the most well known in Antarctica , most likely because they are the most accessible . Much of Victoria Land is mountainous , developing the eastern section of the Transantarctic Mountains , and the several scattered volcanoes include Mount Overlord and Mount Melbourne in the northern part . Farther south are two more well - known volcanoes , Mount Discovery and Mount Morning , which are on the coast across from Mount Erebus and Mount Terror on Ross Island . The volcanism in this area is caused by rifting along a number of rift zones increasing mainly north - south similar to the coast . Marie Byrd Land contains the largest volcanic region in Antarctica , covering a length of almost 600 mi ( 970 km ) along the Pacific coast . The volcanism is the result of rifting along the vast West Antarctic Rift , which extends from the base of the Antarctic Peninsula to the surrounding area of Ross Island , and the volcanoes are found along the northern edge of the rift . Protruding up through the ice are a large number of major shield volcanoes , including Mount Sidley , which is the highest volcano in Antarctica . Although a number of the volcanoes are relatively young and are potentially active ( Mount Berlin , Mount Takahe , Mount Waesche , and Mount Siple ) , others such as Mount Andrus and Mount Hampton are over 10 million years old , yet maintain uneroded constructional forms . The desert - like surroundings of the Antarctic interior , along with a very thick and stable ice sheet which encloses and protects the bases of the volcanoes , which decreases the speed of erosion by an issue of perhaps a thousand relative to volcanoes in moist temperate or tropical climates . Land areas ( edit ) Papua New Guinea and tectonic plates : Pacific Plate , Australian Plate , Caroline Plate , Banda Sea Plate ( as `` Mer de Banda '' ) , Woodlark Plate , Bird 's Head Plate , Maoke Plate , Solomon Sea Plate , North Bismarck Plate , South Bismarck Plate and Manus Plate ( in French ) Puysegur Trench and Macquarie Ridge Taupo Volcanic Zone Kermadec Islands Tonga Islands Fiji Islands Bougainville and Solomon Islands New Hebrides Arc Bismarck Volcanic Arc , junction Tanimbar and Kai Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Sunda Arc Andaman and Nicobar Islands Izu - Bonin - Mariana Arc Mariana Islands Bonin Islands Izu Islands Philippine Mobile Belt Taiwan Ryukyu Islands Japan , Boso Triple Junction Kuril Islands Kamchatka Peninsula American Cordillera North American Cordillera Aleutian Arc Aleutian Islands Aleutian Range Eastern Alaska , U.S. Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province Cascade Volcanic Arc and Rio Grande rift Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Central America Volcanic Arc Andes North Volcanic Zone Central Volcanic Zone South Volcanic Zone Austral Volcanic Zone Scotia Arc South Sandwich Islands Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula Victoria Land See also ( edit ) Earthquakes portal Volcanoes portal 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 2010 Chile earthquake 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Andesite line Geology of the Pacific Northwest Katsuhiko Ishibashi Pacific Rim References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ring of Fire -- Pacific Ring of Fire '' . Geography.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ring of Fire '' . USGS. 2012 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Where do earthquakes occur ? '' . USGS. 2013 - 05 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earthquakes FAQ '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earthquakes Visual Glossary '' . U.S. Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : Oppenheimer , Clive ( 2011 ) . `` Appendix A '' . Eruptions that Shook the World . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 355 -- 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64112 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Moving slabs '' . This Dynamic Earth . USGS . Jump up ^ `` Latest Earthquakes in the USA '' . USGS . Jump up ^ Schulz , Sandra S. ; Wallace , Robert E. `` The San Andreas Fault '' . USGS . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes in the Queen Charlotte Islands Region 1984 -- 1996 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Baker , M.C.W. ; Francis , P.W. ( 1978 ) . `` Upper Cenozoic Volcanism in the Central Andes -- Ages and Volumes '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 41 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 187 . Bibcode : 1978E&PSL ... 41 ... 175B . doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 821X ( 78 ) 90008 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Red de vigilancia volcánica -- Sernageomin '' . sernageomin.cl . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ USGS . `` VDAP Responses at Chaitén in Chile '' . usgs.gov . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chile volcano forces evacuations '' . BBC . January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Magnitude 8.8 -- OFFSHORE MAULE , CHILE '' . February 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Erebus '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chiliques Volcano , Chile '' . Visible Earth . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Global Volcanism Program -- Lonquimay '' . si.edu . Jump up ^ `` Global Volcanism Program -- Lonquimay '' . si.edu . Jump up ^ La erupción de 1971 , Villarrica Volcano Visual Observation Project . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Distance from Quito to Cotopaxi '' . distancecalculator.globefeed.com . Jump up ^ `` Cotopaxi '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Climate and Weather , Kington , J. Collins London , ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Ecuadoreans Wait Uneasily On Volcanoes '' . Associated Press . 28 November 1999 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Sangay : Synonyms and subfeatures '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reventador volcano spews lava near Ecuador capital '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` A Restless Volcano Puts Ecuador on Edge Once More '' . WIRED. 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.igepn.edu.ec/cotopaxi National Polytechnic School Geophysics Institute is constantly monitoring Cotopaxi Jump up ^ `` Ecuador declares state of emergency over volcano '' . BBC.com . Jump up ^ `` Cotopaxi volcano ( Ecuador ) : increased seismic activity , volcanic unrest '' . volcanodiscovery.com . Jump up ^ `` 15 sitios seguros en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito por el Cotopaxi '' . El Comercio . Jump up ^ `` Official Web Site of the Peruvian Geophysical Institute '' . Jump up ^ `` Ubinas '' . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ `` Ubinas '' . volcanodiscovery.com . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Lava Arrives at Ubinas Volcano : Natural Hazards '' . NASA . Jump up ^ `` Peru evacuates Ubinas volcano area after ash cloud '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) '' . National University of Costa Rica . Jump up ^ `` Poás Volcano Erupts in Central Costa Rica '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Volcano tourists enjoy the phreatic eruption of the Poás Volcano '' . Jump up ^ `` Despite Record Breaking Eruptions at Poas Volcano the Park Remains Open for Visitors to Enjoy '' . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mexico Volcanoes and Volcanics '' . USGS . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Volcano Observatory -- About Alaska 's Volcanoes '' . Avo.alaska.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Public Safety Geoscience Program '' . Natural Resources Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond : Alaska and Northwest Canada '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian volcanoes '' . CAT. INIST . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Volcanoes of Canada '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Garibaldi Volcanic Belt '' . Calalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Meager '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chilcotin Plateau basalts '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anahim Volcanic Belt '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond : Kamchatka & Kuril Islands Retrieved on 2007 - 08 - 01 Jump up ^ `` LIST : Japan quake seventh largest in history '' . Smh.com.au. 2011 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ RI sits on Pacific `` ring of fire '' : official Jump up ^ `` GeoNet Hazards Monitoring Network '' . Jump up ^ `` Science Annual Report '' . GNS. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Volcanoes and Volcanics '' . USGS CVO . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` GeoNet '' . New Zealand . ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Department of Conservation . `` Crater Lake Climb '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Department of Conservation . `` Central North Island Volcanoes '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Contingency Plan for the Auckland Volcanic Field '' ( PDF ) . Auckland Regional Council . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyong : Antarctica . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory '' . New Mexico Tech . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maps of the Pacific Ring of Fire . Historic Earthquakes & Earthquake Statistics at the United States Geological Survey DESCRIPTION : `` Ring of Fire '' , Plate Tectonics , Sea - Floor Spreading , Subduction Zones , `` Hot Spots '' at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory , Vancouver , Washington Web site . 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subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Orient Sundaland Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Wallacea Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring 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of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Related subjects and articles Countries of the Pacific Ring of Fire Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Colombia Chile Costa Rica Ecuador East Timor El Salvador Micronesia Fiji Guatemala Honduras Indonesia Japan Kiribati Mexico New Zealand Nicaragua Palau Papua New Guinea Panama Peru Philippines Russia Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu United States Oceanic Trenches of the Pacific Ring of Fire Aleutian Trench Bougainville Trench Kermadec Trench Izu Bonin Trench Japan Trench Kurile Trench Mariana Trench Middle America Trench Peru -- Chile Trench Philippine Trench Ryukyu Trench Tonga Trench Yap Trench Tectonic Plates of the Pacific Ring of Fire Antarctic Plate Australian Plate Caribbean Plate Cocos Plate Eurasian Plate Explorer Plate Gorda Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Nazca Plate North American Plate Pacific Plate Philippine Sea Plate Rivera Plate South American Plate Volcanoes of the Pacific Ring of Fire Baker Bulusan Cold Bay Concepción Fuego Fuji Galeras Hood Mount Erebus Krakatoa Mayon Cascade Volcanoes Merapi Momotombo Novarupta Parícutin Pico de Orizaba Pinatubo Popocatépetl Shasta Rainier Ruapehu Nevado del Ruiz Saint Helens Tambora Taranaki Tungurahua Usu Hoodoo Edziza Tseax The Volcano Meager Garibaldi Cayley Silverthrone Volcano Mountain Other Notable Geographic Features of the Pacific Ring of Fire Alaska Aleutian Islands American cordillera Andes Antarctica Bali Borneo Bougainville British Columbia California Cascade Range Challenger Deep Coast Mountains Fais Island Flores Guam Honshū Insular Mountains Java Kamchatka Kurile Islands Luzon Mariana Islands Melanesia Micronesia Mindanao New Guinea North Island ( NZL ) Northern Mariana Islands Oregon Pacific Coast Range Pacific Ocean Polynesia Rocky Mountains San Andreas Fault Queen Charlotte Fault Sierra Madre ( PHL ) Sierra Madre ( USA ) Sierra Madre del Sur Sierra Madre Occidental Sierra Madre Oriental South Island ( NZL ) Sulawesi Timor Washington Yap Yukon Territory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_of_Fire&oldid=856971158 '' Categories : Plate tectonics Volcanology Geographic areas of seismological interest Geography of Oceania Volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean Extreme points of Earth Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles using GVP links in vnum format All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 18 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	hawaii is in the center of the ring of fire and is caused by	[ "About 90%[2] of the world's earthquakes and 81%[3] of the world's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire.[4][5] All but three of the world's 25 largest volcanic eruptions of the last 11,700 years occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire.[6] The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics: the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates,[7] especially subduction in the northern portion. The southern portion is more complex, with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands, the Philippines, Bougainville, Tonga, and New Zealand.\n" ]	[ "plate tectonics" ]
-1757309103293490924	England at the FIFA World Cup	England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856208693 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time england went to a world cup final	[ "England did not enter the competition until 1950, but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments.[a] They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions, 1974 (West Germany), 1978 (Argentina) and 1994 (United States), and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England, whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990, in Italy, and in 2018 in Russia. Other than that, the team have reached the quarter-finals on nine occasions, the latest of which were at the 2002 (South Korea/Japan) and the 2006 (Germany).[b]\n" ]	[ "1966" ]
-349647810144415242	Tropical rainforests of India	Tropical rainforests of India - wikipedia Tropical rainforests of India Jump to : navigation , search Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Tropical rainforests of India are found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , the Western Ghats , which fringe the Arabian Sea , the coastline of peninsular India , and the greater Assam region in the north - east . Small remnants of rainforest are found in Odisha state . Semi-evergreen rainforest is more extensive than the evergreen formation partly because evergreen forests tend to degrade to semi-evergreen with human interference . There are substantial differences in both the flora and fauna between the three major rainforest regions . The Western Ghats monsoon forests occur both on the western ( coastal ) margins of the ghats and on the eastern side where there is less rainfall . These forests contain several tree species of great commercial significance ( e.g. Indian rosewood ( Dalbergia latifolia ) , Malabar Kino ( Pterocarpus marsupium ) , teak ( Tectona grandis ) and Indian laurel ( Terminalia crenulata ) ) , but they have now been cleared from many areas . In the rainforests , there is an enormous number of tree species ; at least 60 percent of the trees of the upper canopy are of species which individually contribute not more than one percent of the total number . Clumps of bamboo occur along streams or in poorly drained hollows throughout the evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of south - west India , probably in areas once cleared for transporting agriculture . The tropical vegetation of north - east India ( which includes the states of Assam , Nagaland , Manipur , Mizoram , Tripura and Meghalaya as well as the plain regions of Arunachal Pradesh ) typically occurs at elevations up to 900 metres ( 3,000 ft ) . It embraces evergreen and semi-evergreen rainforests , moist deciduous monsoon forests , riparian forests , swamps and grasslands . Evergreen rainforests are found in the Assam Valley , the foothills of the eastern Himalayas and the lower parts of the Naga Hills , Meghalaya , Mizoram and Manipur , where the rain fall exceeds 2,300 mm ( 91 in ) per annum . In the Assam Valley the giant Hollong ( Dipterocarpus macrocarpus ) and Shorea assamica occur singly , occasionally attaining a girth of up to 7 metres ( 23 ft ) and a height of up to 50 metres ( 160 ft ) . The monsoon forests are mainly moist sal ( Shorea robusta ) forests , which occur widely in this region . The Andaman and Nicobar islands have tropical evergreen rainforests and tropical semi-evergreen rainforests as well as tropical monsoon forests . The dominant species of Keruing wood is Dipterocarpus grandiflorus in hilly areas , while Dipterocarpus kerrii is dominant on some islands in the southern parts of the archipelago . The monsoon forests of the Andamans are dominated by the Andaman Redwood ( Pterocarpus dalbergioides ) and Terminalia spp . Tropical forests in India 's east present a total contrast with the pine and coniferous woodland of the Western Himalayas . The natural cover of India varies with altitude ; these evergreen forests are bounded with high alpine meadows nearer to the snowline and temperate forests of short stout trees at lower elevations . In the Himalayan foothills are deciduous trees , with shrubs , bamboo , ferns and grass . India 's northern plains , the course of the holy rivers Ganges and Yamuna ; the Thar Desert in the west ; the Sundarbans , the marshy swamplands , in the delta of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra , in the east ; the Deccan Plateau , lying in the rain shadow of the hills and the Western Ghats with their dense ; luxuriant forests -- all provide fascinating variations in habitats . These forests sustain 350 species of mammals , 2,100 kinds of birds ( both local and migratory ) , nearly 350 species of reptile and countless insects . The need for conservation of the environment and the forests has exercised the minds of Indian rulers from the earliest of times . In recent times , it was the administrators and princely rulers who demarcated and reserved forests as private preserves . Today many of the forested regions form the nucleus of India 's wildlife sanctuaries and parks . Still , increasing population , hunting and encroachments continues to threaten India 's forest lands . See also ( edit ) Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andaman and Nicobar Islands coordinates : 11 ° 41 ′ N 92 ° 46 ′ E / 11.68 ° N 92.77 ° E / 11.68 ; 92.77 ( Andaman and Nicobar Islands ) Jump up ^ Western Ghats coordinates : 10 ° 10 ′ 01 '' N 77 ° 04 ′ 01 '' E / 10.167 ° N 77.067 ° E / 10.167 ; 77.067 ( The Western Ghats ) Jump up ^ Assam coordinates : 26 ° 08 ′ N 91 ° 46 ′ E / 26.14 ° N 91.77 ° E / 26.14 ; 91.77 ( Assam ) Jump up ^ Odisha coordinates : 20 ° 09 ′ N 85 ° 30 ′ E / 20.15 ° N 85.50 ° E / 20.15 ; 85.50 ( Odisha ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( IUCN , 1986 Rodges and Panwar , 1988 ) Jump up ^ ( IUCN , 1991 ) Jump up ^ ( IUCN , 1986 ) Jump up ^ `` Forest in India , Tropical Forest in India , Rain Forest India , Indian Forests '' . Wild-india.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Rainforest , India Rainforests , Rainforest Travel , Rain Forest , Rainforests in India '' . Indianwildlifeportal.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_rainforests_of_India&oldid=819913096 '' Categories : Forests of India Geography of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Tropical rainforests of India Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 00 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the tropical rainforest occur in india	[]	[]
-7893070101236151842	America's Got Talent (season 9)	America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) America 's Got Talent Season 9 Broadcast from May 27 -- September 17 , 2014 Judges Howard Stern Heidi Klum Mel B Howie Mandel Host ( s ) Nick Cannon Broadcaster NBC Winner Mat Franco Origin Johnston , Rhode Island Genre ( s ) Magician Runner - up Emily West Chronology ◀ 2014 ▶ Season nine of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent premiered on May 27 , 2014 and was won by magician Mat Franco . Nick Cannon returned for his sixth season as host . This is Howie Mandel 's fifth season , Howard Stern 's third season , and Mel B and Heidi Klum both returned for their second season on the judging panel . The live shows were shot from Radio City Music Hall in New York . The season ended on September 17 , 2014 . Emily West took second place while Acro Army , a gymnastics group , took third place . Contents 1 New additions 2 Preliminary auditions 2.1 Golden buzzer 2.2 Special episode 3 Judgment Week 3.1 Judgment Week Automatic Decisions 3.2 Pre-Judgment Week Decisions 3.3 Pre-Judgment Week Decisions ( not shown ) 3.4 Performances 3.5 Today 's Got Talent 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Quarter - finals , Week 1 ( July 29 -- 30 ) 4.2 Quarter - finals , Week 2 ( August 5 -- 6 ) 4.3 Quarter - finals , Week 3 ( August 12 -- 13 ) 4.4 Quarter - finals , week 4 ( August 19 -- 20 ) 5 Semifinals 5.1 Semifinals , Round 1 ( August 26 -- 27 ) 5.2 Semifinals , Round 2 ( September 2 -- 3 ) 6 Top 12 ( September 9 -- 10 ) 7 Finale 8 Top 48 acts 9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons 10 Contestants who appeared on other talent shows 11 Other notable contestants 12 Ratings 12.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 13 References 14 External links New additions ( edit ) On April 8 , 2014 , NBC announced that America 's Got Talent returned to Radio City Music Hall for the live shows , which began on July 29 . The Las Vegas rounds were eliminated . Instead , the `` bootcamp '' round of auditions was held in New York City in front of a live studio audience . Stern confirmed on his radio show that after three acts were taped during `` Judgement Week '' , producers scrapped the live audience concept . Others asserted that the reason was because the show was having a hard time filling seats . Also in this season came the initiation of a `` golden buzzer '' -- which was also unveiled on Season 8 of Britain 's Got Talent . Each judge was permitted to press the buzzer only once during the season to have an act go through to the next round , typically used when there is a tie . This is regardless of the other judges ' opinions . However , rather than sending acts straight through to the live shows as in Britain 's Got Talent , an act on which the Golden Buzzer was used would only be given a free pass to the next round of the competition , Judgment Week . That format was added in the next season . Forty - eight acts were sent through to the live shows . The judges chose 47 of these acts , with the last contestant chosen by the general public . For the last slot , contestants uploaded their audition videos to the Today website , and the top 3 performed on Rockefeller Plaza . Viewers voted for their favorite act to be sent straight to the live shows . Preliminary auditions ( edit ) The producers ' auditions began on October 26 , 2013 in Miami . Other audition sites included Atlanta , Baltimore , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , New York City and Providence , Rhode Island . Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online . Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark , which hosted the live shows during season seven . Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to April 6 and in Los Angeles at Dolby Theatre from April 21 to April 26 . Audition city Audition date Venue Newark , New Jersey February 20 -- 22 , 2014 New Jersey Performing Arts Center New York , New York April 3 -- 6 , 2014 Madison Square Garden Los Angeles , California April 21 -- 26 , 2014 Dolby Theatre Golden buzzer ( edit ) The Golden Buzzer was only used thrice in its debut season . During the first episode , Stern used the golden buzzer for `` Dustin 's Dojo '' , a comedic martial arts act , and they were sent through to the next round . On the July 1 episode , Mandel pressed the buzzer to save `` Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson '' , another comedy act with a popular YouTube channel . Klum used pressed her buzzer for a cyr wheel act named `` Brad Henderson '' . However , her golden buzzer was not televised . However , both televised acts were eliminated at Judgment Week . Mel B was not seen to use the golden buzzer to save any act . Either she did not use the buzzer , or she did but the acts audition did not air . Special episode ( edit ) A special audition episode aired on Sunday , June 22 , 2014 ( instead of Tuesday , June 24 ) , showcasing the `` best talent on the show this year so far '' . NBC also announced that two acts ( who were not auditioning ) would attempt , on the episode , to break one of the Guinness World Records . One act was successful , while the other was not . The successful world record breaker was Professor Splash , who was a contestant on season six . Judgment Week ( edit ) Judgment Week , the second round of auditions , aired as a two night special from July 22 -- 23 , 2014 , and featured all the acts who made it through the first round of auditions competing for the first 47 spots in the live shows . The 48th spot was later filled by the winner of Today 's Got Talent , as described below . For the first time in the history of the show , this round of competition took place in New York City instead of Las Vegas . However , the format of this round remained the same . Judgment Week automatic decisions ( edit ) There were several acts where the judges automatically sent through the act immediately after their performance . Baila Conmigo , dance troupe John & Andrew , salsa dancing duo Mara Justine , child singer Paul Ieti , male singer Following a malfunction with Psycho Jack 's prop , the judges conferred and voted to send him home immediately . Pre-judgment Week decisions ( edit ) The judges went directly to the performers ' home area and gave them the news that they were going straight to the live shows so they would not have to make the journey to Judgment Week . Blue Journey , shadow - dancing act Dom the Bom 's Triple Threat , child card - throwing group Jonatan Riquelme , acrobat David and Leeman , magicians Hart Dance Team , dance troupe Dan Naturman , comedian Acte II , opera duo Emil and Dariel , cellists Pre-judgment Week decisions ( not shown ) ( edit ) Several acts went straight through to the live shows , but were not announced during the show . One - Voice Children 's Choir , children 's choir group Valo and Bobby , husband and wife acrobatic duo Extreme , dance group Mothmen Dance , dance and acrobatic group Smoothini , close - up magician Nina Buri , contortionist Andrey Moraru , hand balancing Aerial Animation , aerial acrobatic storytelling with animation Performances ( edit ) Performers Advanced Aerial Animation , shadow dancer AcroArmy , acrobatic troupe Adrian Romoff , child pianist Andrey Moraru , acrobatic dancer Anna Clendening , female singer Bad Boys of Ballet , dance troupe Baila Conmigo , salsa dance troupe Beach Avenue , band Christian Stoinev , acrobat Darik Santos , comedian Domino Effects , domino chain reaction group Dragon House `` The Agents '' , dance troupe Emily West , female singer Extreme , dance troupe Flight Crew Jump Rope , jump rope team Jasmine Flowers , dance troupe Jaycob Curlee , male singer JD Anderson , strongman John & Andrew , salsa dancers Jonah Smith , band Juan Carlos , roller skater Julia Goodwin , female singer Kelli Glover , female singer Kieran and Finian , band Livy , Matt and Sammy , band Loop Rawlins , rope - twirler Mara Justine , child singer Mat Franco , magician Miguel Dakota , male singer Mike Super , magician Mothmen Dance , dance troupe Nina Burri , contortionist One Voice Children 's Choir , children 's choir group Paul Ieti , male singer Power House Tumblers , tumbling group Quintavious Johnson , child rhythm and blues singer Real Encounter , motorcycle stunt troupe Sean & Luke , tap - dancing duo Smoothini , magician Sons of Serendip , band The Willis Clan , band Valo & Bobby , acrobatic duo Wendy Liebman , comedian XPogo Stunt Team , acrobatic pogo team Eliminated Bob Markworth & Mayana , sharp shooter Byamba 's Contortion Girls , children contortionist group Carly Jo Jackson , female singer Carter & Anika , child dancing duo Contortion Sisters , contortionists Detroit Academy of Arts & Sciences Choir , Choir Dustin 's Dojo , variety martial arts act ( Golden Buzzer Act ) Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson , variety act ( Golden Buzzer Act ) Frank Dimitri , male singer Franklin Saint , magician Grace Ann Gregorio , child singer Joe Matarese , comedian John Narum , yo - yo artist Justin Rhodes , male singer Kaycee and Gabe , child dance duo Mighty Atom Jr. , senior strongman Psycho Jack , magician Richard and Ashlee , acrobatic duo Sal Gonzalez , male singer Solto , dancer Tic & Tac Entertainment , dance duo Top Hogs , animal act Unnamed Breakdancer , breakdancer Unnamed Acrobatic Dance Group , acrobatic dance group Unnamed Dance Group , dance group Unnamed Dance Group wearing green shirts and orange bandanas , dance group Unnamed Male Choir wearing tuxedos , choir / singing group Unnamed Musician and Guitarist , musician Unaired Auditions : Several performances were unaired during Judgment Week . Which have been confirmed as eliminated from the competition . Some acts withdrew like other acts from past seasons . Some of the acts listed below appeared but were cut from the broadcast . Aaron J. Field , male singer American Shaolin Kung Fu , martial artist group Alyssa and David , acrobats Brian Pankley , juggler Buns and Roses , dance group Center Stage Dance Troupe , dance troupe Dance Spectrum , dance group Duo Trapeze , acrobatic act Evgeny Vasilenko , acrobatic act Grennan Green Monster , child knife thrower HYPE Step Team , dance troupe Jodi Miller , comedian Josh Orlian , comedian Josh Wright , pianist Kamikaze Fireflies , comedy danger duo Laura Dasi , acrobatic act Legaci , singing group Magic of Stephen Knight , magician Maggie Lane , opera singer Mary Louise Lee , singer Orlene Gentile , juggler Patrick Gable Marinelli , magician Rachel Butera , impressionist Rami Shabi , Rubik 's Cube solver Ray Jessel , comedic singer / pianist Rebel Girls , dance troupe Robert Channing , speed painter Rogue , danger magician Rokardy , hand balancing SLAM ! , basketball dunking group Stylish Talent , professional twerker The Birdman , animal act The Famtastix , clogging group The Team , dance troupe Tosca , acrobatic act Unnamed Glow in the Dark / Blacklight group , blacklight performers Unnamed Music Duo , band Unnamed Band , band Unnamed Band / Dance Group , band / dance group Unnamed Knife Thrower , knife thrower Note Jump up ^ Aerial Animation 's performance was unaired , but is going through to the live shows based on a Facebook post from Talent . Jump up ^ Andrey 's performance was unaired , but is going through to the live shows based on a Facebook post from Talent . Jump up ^ The judges felt that Baila Conmigo gave a remarkable performance despite their accident and sent them straight through to Radio City . Jump up ^ The judges felt that John & Andrew gave a remarkable performance and sent them straight through to Radio City . Jump up ^ The judges felt that Mara Justine gave a remarkable performance and sent her straight through to Radio City . Jump up ^ Nina performance was unaired , but is going through to the live shows based on a Facebook post from Talent . Jump up ^ One Voice Children 's Choir 's performance was unaired , but went through to the live shows based on a Facebook post from Talent . Jump up ^ The judges felt that Paul gave a remarkable performance and sent him straight through to Radio City . Jump up ^ Smoothini 's performance was unaired , but he went through to the live shows based on a Facebook post from Talent . Jump up ^ Valo & Bobby 's performance was unaired , but is going through to the live shows based on a Facebook post from Talent . Jump up ^ The DAAS choir was shown cheering in an audition montage , but their Judgment Week song did not appear , and it is therefore assumed they were eliminated ; there has been no further reference to AGT on the school 's Facebook page . Jump up ^ Following a malfunction with Psycho Jack 's prop , the judges sent him home immediately . Today 's Got Talent ( edit ) Performers were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June , and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23 , 2014 . The performer with the most votes filled the 48th spot on the live shows . Today Show hosts Matt Lauer and Savannah Guthrie announced the winner on the July 30th live results show . Act Order Performance description Result Cornell Bhangra Composed of Cornell University students , the group won back - to - back titles at the World 's Best Bhangra Competition . Advanced Domino Effects Middle and high school students who created large - scale domino tricks that form words , portraits , pyramids and more . 3rd Power House Tumblers Tumbling group based in Wilmington , North Carolina performed in the AAU Junior Olympics . They participate in ministry work during their free time . 2nd The Willis Clan finished as quarterfinalists Quarterfinals ( edit ) Key Buzzed Judges ' Choice Advanced to the semifinals Won the judges ' choice Lost the judges ' choice Bold = Picked as Wild Card Quarter - finals , Week 1 ( July 29 -- 30 ) ( edit ) Guests : The Rockettes , Enrique Iglesias and Sean Paul Act Order Performance description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Mandel Mel B Klum Stern Sean & Luke Tap dancers performed to `` Classic '' by MKTO Eliminated Valo & Bobby Extreme acrobats performed a routine in which Bobby rode a bicycle in a ring supported by Valo Eliminated Julia Goodwin Singer sang `` Iris '' by Goo Goo Dolls Eliminated Baila Conmigo Latin dance troupe performed a salsa routine Judges ' Choice David & Leeman 5 Magicians predicted a random compound word chosen by Howie from a random page from a random book Advanced The Willis Clan 6 Family band performed `` The Power of Love '' by Huey Lewis and the News Eliminated Flight Crew Jump Rope 7 Acrobatic jump ropers performed to `` Closer '' by Tegan and Sara Heidi 's Wildcard Jasmine Flowers 8 Chinese dance troupe performed a prop - filled routine with fans and parasols Eliminated Emily West 9 Singer sang `` Chandelier '' by Sia Advanced JD Anderson 10 Strongman broke several baseball bats over his head , broke planks of wood with his head and hands , and dove through a row of blocks of ice , to the song `` The Final Countdown '' by Europe Eliminated Dan Naturman 11 Comedian performed a routine about children , Canada , and healthcare Advanced Miguel Dakota 12 Singer / guitarist performed `` Come Together '' by The Beatles Advanced Note Quarter - finals , Week 2 ( August 5 -- 6 ) ( edit ) Guests : Lindsey Stirling , Lzzy Hale Act Order Performance description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Mandel Mel B Klum Stern Hart Dance Team Dance group performed to `` Team '' by Lorde and `` Burn '' by Ellie Goulding Eliminated Loop Rawlins Performed a whip and lasso routine to `` Love Runs Out '' by OneRepublic Eliminated John and Andrew Salsa dancers performed an up - tempo routine to `` La Bendición '' by Mercadonegro Eliminated Livy , Matt & Sammy Band performed `` Fat Bottomed Girls '' by Queen Eliminated Andrey Moraru 5 Hand balancer performed an act incorporating elements of classical dance Advanced Juan Carlos 6 Rollerskating dancer performed to `` Vogue '' by Madonna Eliminated Mara Justine 7 Sang `` Unconditionally '' by Katy Perry Won Judges ' Choice Aerial Animation 8 Visual aerial act performed to `` Wake Me Up '' by Avicii Advanced Jaycob Curlee 9 Sang `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' by Labrinth & Emeli Sandé Advanced Mat Franco 10 Close - up magician predicted a random card chosen by Klum and hid another card in Mandel 's pocket Advanced Darik Santos 11 Comedian performed a word play comedy routine by incorporating puns Eliminated Acte II 12 Operatic duo performed the Whitney Houston version of `` I Will Always Love You '' Lost Judges ' Choice Note Quarter - finals , Week 3 ( August 12 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Guests : Kenichi Ebina , Taylor Williamson Act Order Performance description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Mandel Mel B Klum Stern Dragon House `` The Agents '' Popping dancers performed to `` ShutEmDown '' by Celldweller Eliminated Anna Clendening Sang `` Human '' by Christina Perri Eliminated Cornell Bhangra Bhangra performers performed to `` Android Porn '' by Kraddy Eliminated Kieran and Finian Makepeace Band played `` Lights '' by Ellie Goulding Eliminated Mike Super 5 Mystifier performed an act which included # Desmond energy touching , burning , and electrocuting Mel Howie 's Wildcard Adrian Romoff 6 Child pianist performed a medley of `` Chopsticks '' and Eine kleine Nachtmusik Eliminated AcroArmy 7 Acrobats performed a routine involving balance and contortions Won Judges ' Choice Wendy Liebman 8 Comedian performed a routine about perfume , finding money , wearing a bikini , lying about your age , and personal loans Howard 's Wildcard Sons of Serendip 9 Band played `` Wicked Game '' by Chris Isaak Advanced Blue Journey 10 Shadow dancing act performed to `` Wonderful Life '' by Smith & Burrows Advanced Christian Stoinev 11 Extreme hand balancing / animal act performed to `` Jealous ( I Ai n't With It ) '' by Chromeo Advanced Paul Ieti 12 Sang `` You & I '' by One Direction Advanced Note Quarter - Finals , Week 4 ( August 19 -- 20 ) ( edit ) Guests : Taylor Williamson and The Illusionists Act Order Performance description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Mandel Mel B Klum Stern Bad Boys of Ballet Dance troupe performed ballet routine to `` Problem '' by Ariana Grande Mel B 's Wildcard One Voice Children 's Choir Children 's choir performed `` Let It Go '' by Idina Menzel Lost Judges ' Choice Jonah Smith Singer / pianist performed `` Stay With Me '' by Sam Smith Advanced Dom the Bom 's Triple Threat Child card thrower performed a routine in which he threw cards at multiple fruits , and at his assistants , to the song `` One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) '' by One Direction Eliminated Extreme Dance Company 5 Dance group performed to `` Gimme That Funk '' by Group 1 Crew Eliminated Emil and Dariel 6 Cellists performed `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' by The Rolling Stones Advanced Nina Burri 7 Contortionist performed to `` Waiting Game '' by Banks Eliminated Quintavious Johnson 8 Child R&B singer performed the Jennifer Hudson version of `` And I Am Telling You '' by Jennifer Holliday Advanced Mothmen Dance 9 Dance troupe performed on wires with projections to the song `` Genesis '' by Justice Eliminated Smoothini 10 Close - up magician performed a trick in which he made a one dollar bill change denominations and then vanish Advanced Jonatan Riquelme 11 Rola bola act balanced on top of unstable tin cans while swinging in the air Eliminated Kelli Glover 12 Sang `` If I Ai n't Got You '' by Alicia Keys Won Judges ' Choice Note Jump up ^ Heidi 's voting intention was not revealed . Semifinals ( edit ) Key Judges ' Choice Advanced to the top 12 Snapple save Won the judges ' choice Lost the judges ' choice Semifinals , round 1 ( August 26 -- 27 ) ( edit ) Guest : Ariana Grande Snapple Save : America was allowed to vote for a contestant during each of the live semifinal shows via Google , saving them from getting eliminated . The acts that could be saved are those who finished in fifth , sixth and seventh place . At the end of the show , Nick Cannon announced who was Snapple Saved for the chance to be in the Top 12 . The other two acts that finished in fifth , sixth or seventh position faced the Judges , who chose one as the `` Judges ' Choice '' . Act Order Performance description Judges ' Choices Result Mandel Mel B Klum Stern Flight Crew Jump Rope Acrobatic jump rope troupe performed a jump roping routine to `` Break Free '' by Ariana Grande Eliminated Mara Justine Sang `` Breakaway '' by Kelly Clarkson Snapple Save Bad Boys of Ballet Dance troupe performed ballet routine to `` Are You Gonna Go My Way '' by Lenny Kravitz Eliminated Paul Ieti Sang `` I Want It That Way '' by the Backstreet Boys Eliminated Mike Super 5 Mystifier Advanced Andrey Moraru 6 Hand balancer performed a hand balancing act to `` Hard to Find '' by Robot Koch Eliminated Miguel Dakota 7 Sang `` Seven Nation Army '' by The White Stripes Advanced Sons of Serendip 8 Band performed `` Do n't You Worry Child '' by Swedish House Mafia Advanced David & Leeman 9 Magicians performed a magic trick with five paper bags , where one of the bags contained a nail . The judges were each asked to remove a bag , and the last bag was revealed to contain the nail . Won Judges ' Choice Dan Naturman 10 Comedian performed a routine about his love life and foreign languages . Eliminated Aerial Animation 11 Visual aerial act performed a routine to `` Best Day Of My Life '' by American Authors . Lost Judges ' Choice Emily West 12 Sang `` Who Wants To Live Forever '' by Queen . Advanced Note ^ Jump up to : David and Leeman hit the buzzers belonging to Howard , Mel B , and Howie during their performance . Jump up ^ Mel B 's vote was not revealed . Semifinals , round 2 ( September 2 -- 3 ) ( edit ) Guests : Maroon 5 Snapple Save : As in the previous week , America was allowed to vote for a contestant via Google , saving them from getting eliminated . The acts that could be saved are those who finished in fifth , sixth and seventh place . At the end of the show , Nick Cannon announced who was Snapple Saved for the chance to be in the Top 12 . The other two acts that finished in fifth , sixth or seventh position faced the Judges , who chose one as the `` Judges ' Choice '' . Act Order Performance description Judges ' Choices Result Mandel Mel B Klum Stern Jonah Smith Singer / pianist performed `` Love Runs Out '' by OneRepublic Eliminated Baila Conmigo Latin dance troupe performed a high - speed salsa routine with acrobatics Eliminated Jaycob Curlee Singer / guitarist performed `` Your Song '' by Elton John Eliminated Mat Franco The Close - up magician performed an act , and gave Howard a number 6 card , Heidi a number 4 card , and Howie a number 2 card . Then he had Mel give him her phone to take a picture of her holding the three cards , which was the number 642 . Then he dropped Mel 's phone inside her Snapple Drink , and made it somehow vanish . He then cut open a seat , and her phone was in the seat with the numbers 642 . Advanced AcroArmy 5 Acrobats , performed a routine to `` Unstoppable '' by E.S. Posthumus . Advanced Kelli Glover 6 Sang `` Love on Top '' by Beyoncé Eliminated Wendy Liebman 7 Comedian performed a routine about her private parts Eliminated Blue Journey 8 Shadow dancing act performed to `` Exit Music ( For a Film ) '' by Radiohead Snapple Save Emil and Dariel 9 Cellists performed `` Live and Let Die '' by Paul McCartney Advanced Smoothini 10 Close - up magician performed a series of close - up illusions using Howie 's ring , Howie 's pen , and Nick 's shoelace Lost Judges ' Choice Christian Stoinev 11 Extreme hand balancer / animal act performed a military - themed act to `` Danger Zone '' by Kenny Loggins Won Judges ' Choice Quintavious Johnson 12 Child R&B singer performed `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' by Etta James Advanced Note Top 12 ( September 9 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Key Judges ' Choice Advanced to the finals Snapple save Won the judges ' choice Lost the judges ' choice Guests : The Muppets , Jackie Evancho Snapple Save : As in the semifinal round , America was allowed to vote for a contestant after the live show via Google , saving them from getting eliminated . The acts that could be saved are those who finished in fifth , sixth and seventh place . At the end of the show , Nick Cannon announced who was Snapple Saved for the chance to be in the Finals . The other two acts that finished in fifth , sixth or seventh position faced the Judges . Act Order Performance description Judges ' Choices Result Mandel Mel B Klum Stern Mara Justine Sang `` Perfect '' by `` Pink '' with a backing choir Eliminated David and Leeman Magicians performed a trick in which the judges picked random numbers to match a lottery ticket Eliminated Sons of Serendip Band ; performed `` Ordinary World '' by Duran Duran . Snapple Save Christian Stoinev Extreme hand balancer / animal act performed a police - themed act to `` Latch '' by Disclosure Eliminated Emil and Dariel 5 Cellists performed `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' by Aerosmith with backing choir Lost Judges ' Choice AcroArmy 6 Acrobats performed a red - hot Chinese theme with many stunt throws to `` Run Boy Run '' by Woodkid . Advanced Quintavious Johnson 7 Child R&B singer ; performed `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' by Mary J. Blige Advanced Mike Super 8 Mystifier performed a routine in which cards are matched to the serial number on a dollar bill chosen by Nick Cannon Eliminated Blue Journey 9 Shadow dancing act performed a routine with a shadow hand that appeared to manipulate the dancers Eliminated Emily West 10 Sang `` Nights in White Satin '' by The Moody Blues Advanced Mat Franco 11 Close - up magician performed a card trick using a card signed by Howard Stern Advanced Miguel Dakota 12 Singer / guitarist performed `` Gimme Shelter '' by The Rolling Stones with backup singers Won Judges ' Choice As the judges tied in their voting , Miguel Dakota was announced to have received more of America 's votes and advanced to the Finals . Finale ( edit ) Key Winner Runner - up 3rd place 4th place 5th place 6th place The final competitive performances aired on September 16 , with each of the final six competitors performing twice . On the finale on September 17 , 2014 , the $1 million winner was revealed along with performances by celebrity guests , more performances by the finalists , and finalist duets with a celebrity that will be determined by the producers . Act Order Performance description Result Miguel Dakota 4 ; 10 Singer / guitarist performed `` Seven Nation Army '' by The White Stripes and `` Billie Jean '' by Michael Jackson Guest performer : Lenny Kravitz 6th place Quintavious Johnson 1 ; 9 Child R&B singer performed `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' by Etta James and `` Let It Be '' by The Beatles Guest performer : Jennifer Hudson 5th place Sons of Serendip 5 ; 8 Band performed `` Somewhere Only We Know '' by Keane and `` Bring Me to Life '' by Evanescence Guest performer : Train 4th place AcroArmy 6 ; 11 Acrobats performed their semifinals performance and a routine to `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' by Fall Out Boy Guest performer : Travis Barker 3rd place Emily West 3 ; 12 Sang `` Chandelier '' by Sia and `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack Guest performer : Cyndi Lauper Runner - up Mat Franco 2 ; 7 Close - up magician performed a story with cups and balls about the judges getting drunk at a bar . He later did a card trick where he made guest performer Rosie O'Donnell hide ten cards somewhere random , and made Howard Stern do the same . He made Mel B pick a number ( three ) , and made three disappear from Rosie 's pile and appear in Howard 's . Guest performers : Rosie O'Donnell and Howard Stern Winner Top 48 acts ( edit ) Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Finalist Top 12 ( lost judges ' vote ) Top 12 Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Today 's Got Talent Winner Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Mat Franco 25 Magic Close - up Magician Winner Emily West 32 Singing Singer Runner - up AcroArmy 11 - 27 Acrobatics Acrobatic Group 3rd Place Sons of Serendip 26 - 30 Band Band 4th Place Quintavious Johnson 12 Singing Singer 5th Place Miguel Dakota 21 Singing Singer / Guitarist 6th Place Emil & Dariel 13 & 16 Music Cellists Top 12 ( lost judges ' vote ) Blue Journey 18 & 33 Dance Shadow Dance Duo Top 12 Christian Stoinev 22 Acrobatics Hand Balancer Top 12 David & Leeman 27 & 29 Magic Magicians Top 12 Mara Justine 11 Singing Singer Top 12 Mike Super 37 Magic Mystifier Top 12 Aerial Animation 33 Acrobatics Animation Aerialist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Smoothini 33 Magic Close - up Magician Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Andrey Moraru 26 Acrobatics Hand Balancer Semifinalist Bad Boys of Ballet N / A Dance Ballet Dance Group Semifinalist Baila Conmigo N / A Dance Salsa Dance Group Semifinalist Dan Naturman 44 Comedy Stand - up Comedian Semifinalist Flight Crew Jump Rope 19 - 29 Variety Jump Rope Team Semifinalist Jaycob Curlee 18 Singing Singer / Guitarist Semifinalist Jonah Smith 38 Band Singer / Band Semifinalist Kelli Glover 31 Singing Singer Semifinalist Paul Ieti 21 Singing Singer Semifinalist Wendy Liebman 53 Comedy Stand - up Comedienne Semifinalist ACTE II 29 & 32 Singing Opera Singing Duo N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) One Voice Children 's Choir 6 - 18 Singing Choir N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Adrian Romoff 9 Music Pianist N / A Quarterfinalist Anna Clendening 20 Singing Singer / Guitarist N / A Quarterfinalist Cornell Bhangra 18 - 23 Dance Indian Folk Dance Group N / A Quarterfinalist Darik Santos 26 Comedy Stand - up Comedian N / A Quarterfinalist Dom the Bom 's Triple Threat 8 Variety Card Thrower Trio N / A Quarterfinalist Dragon House `` The Agents '' 23 - 25 Dance Popping Dance Trio N / A Quarterfinalist Extreme Dance Company N / A Dance Dance Group N / A Quarterfinalist Hart Dance Team 14 - 17 Dance Contemporary Dance Group N / A Quarterfinalist Jasmine Flowers 12 - 18 Dance Chinese Dance Group N / A Quarterfinalist JD Anderson 26 Variety Strongman N / A Quarterfinalist John & Andrew 21 & 41 Dance Salsa Dance Duo N / A Quarterfinalist Jonatan Riquelme 37 Acrobatics Balancing Acrobat N / A Quarterfinalist Juan Carlos 49 Dance Roller Skates Dancer N / A Quarterfinalist Julia Goodwin 15 Singing Singer N / A Quarterfinalist Kieran & Finian Makepeace 27 & 31 Band Rock Band N / A Quarterfinalist Livy , Matt & Sammy 18 - 21 Band Band N / A Quarterfinalist Loop Rawlins 28 Variety Wild West Performer N / A Quarterfinalist Mothmen Dance 18 - 35 Dance Aerial Dance Group N / A Quarterfinalist Nina Burri 36 Gymnastics Contortionist Dancer N / A Quarterfinalist Sean & Luke 17 & 18 Dance Tap Dance Duo N / A Quarterfinalist The Willis Clan 3 - 21 Band Family Band N / A Quarterfinalist Valo & Bobby 31 & 37 Acrobatics Balancing Acrobat Duo N / A Quarterfinalist Contestants who appeared on other seasons ( edit ) Arthur Davis , the choreographer for AcroArmy , appeared in season one as one of the two members of Realis Christian Stoinev auditioned in season two but was cut in Las Vegas Kelli Glover appeared in season four but was cut in Las Vegas Xpogo Stunt Team auditioned in season five but was cut in Las Vegas , but advanced this time . Two members from Flight Crew Jump Rope were part of Summerwind Skippers in season six , in which they made it to the semifinals Contortion Sisters auditioned in season seven but were disqualified at Las Vegas because the pair was only in the country on working visas Contestants who appeared on other Talent shows ( edit ) Nick Fradiani of Beach Avenue auditioned for and subsequently won season 14 of American Idol Christian Stoinev and Scooby appeared a year later on I Can Do That mentoring Alan Ritchson and Jeff Dye in hand balancing Emily West appeared on Celebrity Apprentice 3 with her future duet partner Cyndi Lauper Kelli Glover appeared on season 1 of American Idol , finishing in the semi-finals , as well as competing in the wild card group Mara Justine appeared on season 16 of American Idol . She finished in the Top 14 . Other notable contestants ( edit ) Larry the Mime was a fake contestant portrayed by Nick Cannon . All four judges buzzed him and said `` no . '' He proceeded to insult the judging panel and the audience , before revealing himself . Ratings ( edit ) Us nielsen Ratings ( edit ) Show Episode First air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Time slot rank Nightly rank Weekly rank Season Premiere May 27 , 2014 3.0 9 12.00 Auditions Week 2 June 3 , 2014 2.9 10 11.30 Auditions Week 3 June 10 , 2014 2.6 9 11.54 5 Auditions Week 4 June 17 , 2014 2.6 9 11.42 5 Auditions Week 5 June 22 , 2014 2.1 6 8.12 6 Auditions Week 6 July 1 , 2014 2.6 9 11.14 7 Best of Auditions July 15 , 2014 2.0 7 8.53 5 8 Judgment Week 1 July 22 , 2014 2.4 8 10.43 9 Judgment Week 2 July 23 , 2014 2.4 8 10.32 10 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( performances ) July 29 , 2014 2.4 8 10.64 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( results ) July 30 , 2014 2.2 7 10.79 12 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( performances ) August 5 , 2014 2.0 6 9.04 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( results ) August 6 , 2014 2.0 7 10.12 14 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( performances ) August 12 , 2014 2.1 6 9.68 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( results ) August 13 , 2014 1.9 6 9.97 6 16 Quarterfinals , Week 4 ( performances ) August 19 , 2014 2.0 7 9.48 5 17 Quarterfinals , Week 4 ( results ) August 20 , 2014 1.9 6 9.43 7 18 Semifinals , Round 1 ( performances ) August 26 , 2014 2.1 7 9.52 19 Semifinals , Round 1 ( results ) August 27 , 2014 1.8 6 9.46 8 20 Semifinals , Round 2 ( performances ) September 2 , 2014 1.8 6 8.99 14 21 Semifinals , Round 2 ( results ) September 3 , 2014 2.0 6 10.47 10 22 Top 12 ( performances ) September 9 , 2014 1.9 6 9.83 8 23 Top 12 ( results ) September 10 , 2014 1.8 6 10.52 10 24 Finals ( performances ) September 16 , 2014 2.5 8 11.46 6 25 Finale September 17 , 2014 2.4 8 12.21 8 Note Jump up ^ This episode aired on Sunday , June 22 instead of Tuesday , June 24 . Jump up ^ This episode was aired eighteen minutes after the usual air time due to a speech by President Obama . Show Episode First air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Time slot rank Nightly rank Weekly rank Quarterfinals Week 1 , Recap July 30 , 2014 1.2 5 6.29 16 Quarterfinals Week 2 , Recap August 6 , 2014 1.1 6.06 18 Quarterfinals Week 3 , Recap August 13 , 2014 1.1 5.84 5 20 Quarterfinals Week 4 , Recap August 20 , 2014 1.1 5.68 5 20 5 Semifinals Week 1 , Recap August 27 , 2014 1.0 5.55 7 21 6 Semifinals Week 2 , Recap September 3 , 2014 1.1 6.42 5 n / a 7 Top 12 , Recap September 10 , 2014 1.2 6.90 5 24 Note Jump up ^ This episode 's weekly rank is not known because it was not among the 25 highest ranked shows of the week . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBC announces premiere date for America 's Got Talent Season Nine '' . Nbc.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ann Oldenburg ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Howard Stern signs on for more ' AGT ' '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jeff Dodge ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Which ' America 's Got Talent ' Judges are Returning for Season 9 ? '' . buddytv.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 9 : ' Golden Buzzer ' can save contestants '' . 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cornell Bhangra wins TODAY vote , joins ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Today.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Group , Sinclair Broadcast . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' to hold auditions in Providence '' . Turnto10.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent heads to NYC , LA '' . 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hart High Dance Team - ( Newhall , CA ) - powered by LeagueLineup.com '' . www.leaguelineup.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Contestants '' . Nbc.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . On-camera-audiences.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' The Night Shift ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 06 - 03 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' Tops Week 36 With Adults 18 - 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' , ' Extreme Weight Loss ' & ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' Famous in 12 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals Tops Week 37 With Adults 18 - 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : Final Numbers for NBA Finals Game 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 06 - 17 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals Game 5 Tops Week 38 With Adults 18 - 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Famous in 12 ' or ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' Tops Week 39 With Adults 18 - 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Wipeout ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 07 - 09 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' Tops Week 41 With Adults 18 - 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Extreme Weight Loss ' & ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down + Final MLB All Star Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 07 - 22 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' MLB All - Star Game ' Tops Week 43 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Extreme Weight Loss ' & ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' Tops Week 44 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' Taxi Brooklyn ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Food Fighters ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 08 - 05 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' NFL Hall of Fame Game ' Tops Week 45 With Adults 18 - 49 , ' America 's Got Talent ' Wins With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Taxi Brooklyn ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 08 - 06 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' CMA Music Festival ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 08 - 12 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Big Brother ' Tops Week 46 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' America 's Got Talent ' Wins With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Taxi Brooklyn ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Extreme Weight Loss ' Adjusted Up ; ' Food Fighters ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 08 - 19 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Big Brother ' Tops Week 47 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' America 's Got Talent ' Wins With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' & ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' , ' Extreme Weight Loss ' & ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Food Fighters ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 08 - 26 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Big Brother ' Tops Week 48 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' America 's Got Talent ' Wins With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' & ' Taxi Brooklyn ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Bachelor in Paradise ' & ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 09 - 03 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Emmy Awards Tops Week 49 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Extant ' & ' Taxi Brooklyn ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Extreme Weight Loss ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NFL Football Tops Week 50 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Extreme Weight Loss ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for ' Utopia ' , ' Hotel Hell ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 51 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Extant ' Adjusted Up ; ' Taxi Brooklyn ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Under the Lights ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 52 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Extant ' & ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Kevin Johnson Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Kadie Lynn Roberson Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin D.J. Demers Sos and Victoria Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Evie Clair Season 13 Aaron Crow Angel City Chorale Annaliese Nock Glennis Grace Rob Lake The Sacred Riana Zurcaroh Related America 's Got Talent : The Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_9)&oldid=857032762 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 03 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won season 9 of americas got talent	[ "Season nine of the reality competition series America's Got Talent premiered on May 27, 2014[1] and was won by magician Mat Franco. Nick Cannon returned for his sixth season as host. This is Howie Mandel's fifth season, Howard Stern's third season, and Mel B and Heidi Klum both returned for their second season on the judging panel.[2][3]\n" ]	[ "magician Mat Franco" ]
-5747807201143734460	Matthew 5:32	Matthew 5 : 32 - wikipedia Matthew 5 : 32 Matthew 5 : 32 is the thirty - second verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount . This much scrutinized verse contains part of Jesus ' teachings on the issue of divorce . Contents 1 Text 2 Teaching of Christian Churches 2.1 Protestant views 2.2 Orthodox view 3 Reasoning against divorce 4 References 4.1 Sources 4.2 Citations Text ( edit ) The original Koine Greek , according to Westcott and Hort , reads : ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι πᾶς ὁ ἀπολύων τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας ποιεῖ αὐτὴν μοιχευθῆναι ( καὶ ὃς ἐὰν ἀπολελυμένην γαμήσῃ μοιχᾶται ) In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads : But I say unto you , That whosoever shall put away his wife , saving for the cause of fornication , causeth her to commit adultery : and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced committeth adultery . The New International Version translates the passage as : But I tell you that anyone who divorces his wife , except for marital unfaithfulness , causes her to become an adulteress , and anyone who marries the divorced woman commits adultery . The New American Bible translates this passage as : But I say to you , whoever divorces his wife ( unless the marriage is unlawful ) causes her to commit adultery , and whoever marries a divorced woman commits adultery . For a collection of other versions see BibRef Matthew 5 : 32 Divorce is discussed in several other parts of the Bible . Malachi 2 : 16 has God disapproving of divorce , but Deuteronomy 24 : 1 -- 4 makes clear that it is acceptable under certain circumstances ( see Christian views on divorce ) . A very similar pronouncement on divorce is made by Jesus at Luke 16 : 18 and Mark 10 : 11 , however neither of those two make an exception for πορνεία / porneia . Paul of Tarsus quotes Jesus ( `` not I but the Lord '' ) in 1 Corinthians 7 : 10 -- 11 with no exceptions granted although he ( `` I and not the Lord '' ) goes on to give exceptions . Matthew 19 : 9 discusses the same issue , and does include the same exception as this verse . Teaching of Christian churches ( edit ) Main article : Christian views on divorce Protestant views ( edit ) One of the most debated issues is over the exception to the ban on divorce , which the KJV translates as `` saving for the cause of fornication . '' The Koine Greek word in the exception is πορνείας / porneia , and it literally translates as sexual immorality ( which some interpret to mean fornication ) . One view is that it should be more specifically translated as adultery or marital unfaithfulness . Instone - Brewer rejects this translation arguing that contemporary sources make clear porneia meant more than just adultery , he does not agree with the most liberal translations that have the word also refer to things such as spousal abuse . At the time of first century Iudaea Province , Pharisaic Judaism was divided between two major groups . The dominant teaching was that of Hillel , who taught that divorce could be granted on a wide array of grounds , even because a wife burnt a dinner . Shammai took a more conservative opinion , arguing that only adultery was valid grounds for divorce . Current mainstream theories of the Synoptic Gospels of Matthew , Mark , and Luke are that they are based upon a single writer whose original verse is that of Mark , with Matthew being the most intended to communicate with the Jewish community . Some scholars feel that in Matthew 5 : 32 Jesus is endorsing the view of Shammai over Hillel , and arguing for the adultery only rule . Protestant churches have traditionally read πορνείας / porneia as adultery . The main argument against this translation is that Matthew has just been discussing adultery in the previous antithesis , and there used the specific term μοιχεύσεις / moicheia , rejecting the vaguer πορνείας / porneia . Following their reading of the verse , Protestant churches give prominence to the Gospel of Matthew over Mark and Luke and accepted adultery as a valid grounds for divorce . They also often believe that an innocent divorcee can freely remarry afterwards . According to Bruce Metzger 's Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament , commentary on the Apostolic Decree of the Council of Jerusalem : `` it is possible ... ( fornication means ) marriage within the prohibited Levitical degrees ( Lv 18.6 - 18 ) , which the rabbis described as `` forbidden for porneia , '' or mixed marriages with pagans ( Nu 25.1 ; also compare 2 Cor 6.14 ) , or participation in pagan worship which had long been described by Old Testament prophets as spiritual adultery and which , in fact , offered opportunity in many temples for religious prostitution `` . Another reading is that the exception refers to the rules surrounding the Jewish betrothal ritual , linking this to Matthew 1 : 19 , and has no relevance to the modern world . Other scholars take the opposite view , arguing that the exception was not mentioned in the other Gospels because it was so obvious as to be implicit to contemporary readers . Leviticus 20 : 10 makes clear the punishment for adultery is death , so to Jesus 's Jewish audience it would be assumed that adultery meant that the marriage would be over . While at the time of Jesus , and in modern societies , capital punishment is not imposed for adultery several scholars still feel the death sentence is important . Martin Luther argued that since in the eyes of God an adulterer was dead , their spouse was free to remarry . More evidence for this view comes from Genesis 2 : 24 , which makes clear that the sexual act permanently joins two individuals , so adultery can be understood to have created a new bond erasing the old one . Another view is that the exception is not a part of Jesus 's teaching , but rather a comment indicating that adultery automatically led to divorce under the law of the time , and that Jesus may very well have disagreed with this law . Instone - Brewer sees no evidence that this is how the law worked in that era , however . That adultery is a valid reason for divorce is the standard Protestant position , though some churches disagree . This interpretation was first advanced by Desiderius Erasmus , and received the backing of Martin Luther , John Calvin , and most other major Protestant thinkers . Some Protestants took an even broader view . Swiss reformers Huldrych Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger both read porneia as referring to all manner of marital immorality , including spousal abuse and abandonment . Anglican Archbishop Thomas Cranmer , who served under King Henry VIII , listed a considerable number of valid reasons for divorce , but this never became standard Anglican doctrine . The Church of England instead took a far more restrictive view , and adultery was one of the only legal reasons for divorce in Britain up to the twentieth century . The same was true in many parts of the British Empire and the United States . The Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection , in its 2014 Discipline , teaches : We believe that the only legitimate marriage is the joining of one man and one woman ( Gen. 2 : 24 ; Rom. 7 : 2 ; 1 Cor. 7 : 10 ; Eph. 5 : 22 , 23 ) . We deplore the evils of divorce and remarriage . We regard adultery as the only scripturally justifiable grounds for divorce ; and the party guilty of adultery has by his or her act forfeited membership in the church . In the case of divorce for other cause , neither party shall be permitted to marry again during the lifetime of the other ; and violation of this law shall be punished by expulsion from the church ( Matt . 5 : 32 ; Mark 10 : 11 , 12 ) . In the carrying out of these principles , guilt shall be established in accordance with judicial procedures set forth in The Discipline . Many mainline Protestants churches have accepted a broader translation of porneia than just adultery , and now support a wide array of valid reasons for divorce . One modern view is that , since throughout the Sermon on the Mount Jesus condemns the excessive legalism of his day , delineating specific views of divorce from the exact wording of a piece of scripture should be rejected . Several major churches today believe that rules for divorce should be set to best advance Jesus 's overarching goals of love and justice , rather than a legalistic interpretation of his words . Orthodox view ( edit ) The Orthodox Church has also recognized this verse as permitting divorce for adultery and other reasons , such as spousal abuse , abandonment , and apostasy . In Eastern Orthodox practice , churches are to allow penitential remarriage up to two times after a divorce . A first marriage is celebrated , a second performed , a third tolerated , and a fourth prohibited . Reasoning against divorce ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The verse is important in that it gives a clear argument against divorce as well as an exception that allows divorce , yet it is ambiguous due to mistranslation of the article `` the / a , '' `` which may refer to `` the '' woman who has been divorced because of her own adultery or `` a '' woman who is divorced for no reason . With the article `` a '' assumed , Jesus makes clear that while the divorce may not adversely affect the male , it is forbidden because it forces his wife into sin if she is innocent because women needed to be married to survive . However , if `` the divorced woman '' in the verse refers to the woman who has been divorced because of adultery , the passage means , `` whoever marries an adulteress is an adulterer , '' a meaning that is implied in the King James Version and directly stated in the NIV . This second , more rational meaning is also suggested by the fact that no other version of this statement in the Gospels holds that marrying an unjustly divorced woman is adultery . All other versions of this statement make clear that the one who commits adultery and divorces is the one and only adulterer , which allows the abandoned spouse to remarry . Some scholars believe that since in this era a woman had few legal rights , she was dependent on her husband for survival . It was thus assumed that a divorced woman would always remarry . Jesus makes clear , only if one accepts the grammatically unsupported interpretation that any remarriage is adultery , that the sin of divorce without cause is in the adulterous nature of a future remarriage , and thus in many jurisdictions where divorce was legal restrictions were still placed on remarriage . This verse does not say whether a second marriage for a divorced man would also be adulterous , but Matthew 19 : 9 makes clear that the the spouse who abandons the relationship for another , and only that spouse , is to be considered the adulterer . This reasoning also explains the logic of the exception for adultery . If the reason to stay married is to not force one 's wife to engage in an adulterous second marriage , then if she has already engaged in adultery on her own this justification disappears . Basically , one should n't divorce a faithful spouse but may divorce an unfaithful spouse and remarry . The reasons Jesus imposed these new rules have also been much discussed . Some scholars feel that under the liberal divorce policy of Hillel men had been marrying woman and then casually divorcing them after they lost interest , deeply injuring the women . As mentioned a divorce could endanger a woman 's very survival . Thus some have read Jesus ' teachings here as a defense of the rights of the downtrodden wives . Feminist scholar Levine rejects this view . She notes that in this era elaborate prenuptial agreements were negotiated prior to every marriage , and that they invariably included steep financial penalties , known as ketubah , paid by the husband in case of divorce , guaranteeing the wife financial well being even in the case of divorce . This view , if separated from the grammatically chauvinistic moniker of `` feminist '' research and merely considered research like any other written by any woman or man , supports the view that the main reason Jesus spoke in this way is that adultery is cruel and , hence , against God 's nature ; hence , a cheated - on spouse , as repeated throughout the New Testament in other more clear and concise verses , is free to remarry . References ( edit ) Sources ( edit ) Davies , W.D. ; Allison , Dale C. , Jr. ( 1988 -- 1997 ) . A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to Saint Matthew . Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Instone - Brewer , David ( 2002 ) . Divorce and Remarriage in the Bible : The Social and Literary Context . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Instone - Brewer p. 156 Jump up ^ Instone - Brewer p. 162 Jump up ^ France , R.T. ( 1985 ) . The Gospel According to Matthew : an Introduction and Commentary . Leicester : Inter-Varsity . p. 123 . Jump up ^ Instone - Brewer Jump up ^ Davies & Dale p. 80 ^ Jump up to : The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection ( Original Allegheny Conference ) . Salem : Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection. 2014 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Davies & Dale p. 81 Jump up ^ Levine , Amy - Jill ( 1998 ) . `` Matthew '' . In Newsom , Carol A. ; Ringe , Sharon H. Women 's Bible Commentary . Louisville : Westminster John Knox Press . Preceded by Matthew 5 : 31 Gospel of Matthew Chapter 5 Succeeded by Matthew 5 : 33 Gospel of Matthew chapter 5 Verse Matthew 5 : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Terms Beatitudes Sermon on the Mount ← chapter 4 Gospel of Matthew chapter 6 → Gospel of Matthew Bible Chapter Matthew 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verse Matthew 1 : 1 - 25 2 : 1 - 23 3 : 1 - 17 4 : 1 - 25 5 : 1 - 48 6 : 1 - 34 7 : 1 - 24 27 : 1 - 66 28 : 1 - 16 Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Events Star of Bethlehem Magi Baptism of Jesus Sermon on the Mount Lord 's Prayer Golden rule Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Malachi ( chapter 4 ) Gospel of Mark ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_5:32&oldid=863100071 '' Categories : Matthew 5 Divorce Marriage in Christianity Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2018 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles that may contain original research from July 2017 All articles that may contain original research CS1 maint : Date format Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 October 2018 , at 18 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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-5368264506391120209	Ferris Bueller's Day Off	Ferris Bueller 's Day Off - wikipedia Ferris Bueller 's Day Off `` Ferris Bueller '' redirects here . For the TV series , see Ferris Bueller ( TV series ) . Ferris Bueller 's Day Off Theatrical release poster Directed by John Hughes Produced by John Hughes Tom Jacobson Written by John Hughes Starring Matthew Broderick Alan Ruck Mia Sara Music by Ira Newborn Cinematography Tak Fujimoto Edited by Paul Hirsch Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 11 , 1986 ( 1986 - 06 - 11 ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $5.8 million Box office $70.1 million Ferris Bueller 's Day Off is a 1986 American teen comedy film written , co-produced , and directed by John Hughes , and co-produced by Tom Jacobson . The film stars Matthew Broderick as Ferris Bueller , a high - school slacker who spends a day off from school , with Mia Sara and Alan Ruck . Ferris regularly `` breaks the fourth wall '' to explain techniques and inner thoughts . Hughes wrote the screenplay in less than a week . Filming began in September 1985 and finished in November . Featuring many landmarks , including the then Sears Tower and the Art Institute of Chicago , the film was Hughes ' love letter to Chicago : `` I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could . Not just in the architecture and landscape , but the spirit . '' Released by Paramount Pictures on June 11 , 1986 , the film became one of the top - grossing films of the year , receiving $70.1 million over a $5.8 million budget , and was enthusiastically acclaimed by critics and audiences alike . In 2014 , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress , being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' In 2016 , Paramount , Turner Classic Movies , and Fathom Events re-released the film and Pretty in Pink to celebrate their 30th anniversary . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.3. 1 Car 3.3. 2 Economic lecture 3.3. 3 Parade scene 3.3. 4 Wrigley Field 3.4 Deleted scenes 4 Music 4.1 Limited edition fan club soundtrack 4.2 Songs in the film 4.3 2016 soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Critical 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Box office 5.4 Rankings 6 Cultural impact 6.1 Music 6.2 Sequel 7 Academic analysis 8 Home media 9 Television series 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In suburban Chicago , Illinois , near the end of the school year , high school senior Ferris Bueller fakes being sick to stay home . Throughout the film , Ferris frequently breaks the fourth wall to talk about his friends and give the audience advice on how to skip school . His parents believe him , though his sister Jeanie is not convinced . Dean of Students Edward R. Rooney suspects Ferris is being truant again and commits to catching him . Ferris convinces his friend Cameron Frye , who really is absent due to illness , to help get Ferris ' girlfriend Sloane Peterson out of school by reporting that her grandmother has died . To trick Rooney , Ferris sways Cameron to let them use his father 's prized 1961 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder to collect Sloane . Cameron is dismayed when Ferris continues to use the car to drive them into downtown Chicago to spend the day , but Ferris promises they will return it as it was . The trio leave the car with parking garage attendants who immediately take the car for a joy ride after they leave . Ferris , Cameron , and Sloane sightsee around the city , including the Art Institute of Chicago , Sears Tower , Chicago Mercantile Exchange , and Wrigley Field , while narrowly dodging Mr. Bueller . Cameron remains disinterested , and Ferris attempts to cheer him up by impromptu joining a parade float during the Von Steuben Day parade and lip - syncing Wayne Newton 's cover of `` Danke Schoen '' , as well as a rendition of The Beatles ' `` Twist and Shout '' that excites the gathered crowds . Meanwhile , Rooney investigates the Bueller home to try to prove Ferris ' truancy , getting into several pratfalls . At the same time , Jeanie , frustrated that the entire school believes Ferris has come down with a deadly illness , skips class and returns home to confront him , only to hear someone outside trying to break in . Rooney flees while she calls the police ; when they arrive they arrest her for filing a false report and contact her mother to collect her . While waiting , she meets a juvenile delinquent ( Charlie Sheen ) who advises her not to worry so much about Ferris . Mrs. Bueller arrives at the station , upset about having to forgo a house sale , only to find Jeanie kissing the delinquent , infuriating her more . Ferris and his friends collect the Ferrari and depart for home , but shortly discover many miles have been added to the odometer and Cameron becomes catatonic . Back at Cameron 's garage , Ferris sets the car on blocks and runs it in reverse to try to take miles off the odometer without success . Cameron finally snaps , and lets out his anger against his controlling father by repeatedly kicking the car . This causes it to fall off the blocks and race in reverse through the back of the garage and into the ravine below . Ferris offers to take the blame , but Cameron asserts he will stand up against his father . Ferris returns Sloane home and realizes his parents are due home soon . As he races on foot through the neighborhood he is nearly hit by Jeanie , who is driving their mother home . She speeds off trying to beat Ferris home . Ferris makes it home first to find Rooney waiting for him outside . Jeanie races into the house as their mother talks to their father about her behavior that day . Jeanie discovers Rooney threatening Ferris and tells Rooney that she was just helping to return Ferris from the hospital and shows Rooney his wallet that she had found from his earlier break - in . Rooney flees from the family dog while Ferris rushes back to his bedroom to greet his parents while feigning his waning illness . As they leave , Ferris reminds the audience , `` Life moves pretty fast . If you do n't stop and look around once in a while , you could miss it . '' During the end credits a defeated Rooney heads home and is picked up by a school bus , further humiliated by the students . After the credits , Ferris tells the audience the film is over and to go home . Cast ( edit ) Broderick in Sweden during his promotion of Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , June 1986 Matthew Broderick as Ferris Bueller Alan Ruck as Cameron Frye Mia Sara as Sloane Peterson Jennifer Grey as Jeanie Bueller Jeffrey Jones as Edward R. Rooney Lyman Ward as Tom Bueller Cindy Pickett as Katie Bueller Edie McClurg as Grace Ben Stein as Economics Teacher Del Close as English Teacher Charlie Sheen as Garth Volbeck Virginia Capers as Florence Sparrow Richard Edson as Garage Attendant Larry `` Flash '' Jenkins as Attendant 's co-pilot Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) As he was writing the film in 1985 , John Hughes kept track of his progress in a spiral - bound logbook . He noted that the basic storyline was developed on February 25 . It was successfully pitched the following day to Paramount Studios chief Ned Tanen . Tanen was intrigued by the concept , but wary that the Writers Guild of America was hours away from picketing the studio . Hughes wrote the screenplay in less than a week . Editor Paul Hirsch explained that Hughes had a trance - like concentration to his script - writing process , working for hours on end , and would later shoot the film on essentially what was his first draft of the script . `` The first cut of Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ended up at two hours , 45 minutes . The shortening of the script had to come in the cutting room '' , said Hirsch . `` Having the story episodic and taking place in one day ... meant the characters were wearing the same clothes . I suspect that Hughes writes his scripts with few , if any costume changes just so he can have that kind of freedom in the editing . '' Hughes intended the movie to be more focused on the characters rather than the plot . `` I know how the movie begins , I know how it ends '' , said Hughes . `` I do n't ever know the rest , but that does n't seem to matter . It 's not the events that are important , it 's the characters going through the event . Therefore , I make them as full and real as I can . This time around , I wanted to create a character who could handle everyone and everything . '' Casting ( edit ) Hughes said that he had Broderick in mind when he wrote the screenplay , saying Broderick was the only actor he could think of who could pull off the role , calling him clever and charming . `` Certain guys would have played Ferris and you would have thought , ' Where 's my wallet ? ' '' Hughes said . `` I had to have that look ; that charm had to come through . Jimmy Stewart could have played Ferris at 15 ... I needed Matthew . '' Alan Ruck later told the AV Club that Anthony Michael Hall , who had previously worked with Hughes on three films , was originally offered the part but turned it down . Other actors who were considered for the role included Jim Carrey , John Cusack , Tom Cruise and Michael J. Fox . Sara surprised Hughes when she auditioned for the role of Sloane Peterson . `` It was funny . He did n't know how old I was and said he wanted an older girl to play the 17 - year - old . He said it would take someone older to give her the kind of dignity she needed . He almost fell out of his chair when I told him I was only 18 . '' Molly Ringwald had also wanted to play Sloane , but according to Ringwald , `` John would n't let me do it : he said that the part was n't big enough for me . '' Ruck had previously auditioned for the Bender role in The Breakfast Club which went to Judd Nelson , but Hughes remembered Ruck and cast him as the 17 - year - old Cameron Frye . According to Hughes , the character of Cameron was largely based on a friend of his in high school . `` He was sort of a lost person . His family neglected him , so he took that as license to really pamper himself . When he was legitimately sick , he actually felt good , because it was difficult and tiring to have to invent diseases but when he actually had something , he was relaxed . '' Ruck said the role of Cameron had originally been offered to Emilio Estevez who turned it down . `` Every time I see Emilio , I want to kiss him '' , said Ruck . `` Thank you ! '' Ruck , then 29 , worried about the age difference . `` I was worried that I 'd be 10 years out of step , and I would n't know anything about what was cool , what was hip , all that junk . But when I was going to high school , I did n't know any of that stuff then , either . So I just thought , well , hell -- I 'll just be me . The character , he 's such a loner that he really would n't give a damn about that stuff anyway . He 'd feel guilty that he did n't know it , but that 's it . '' Ruck was not surprised to find himself cast young . `` No , because , really , when I was 18 , I sort of looked 12 '' , he said . `` Maybe it 's a genetic imbalance . '' Ruck and Broderick had previously acted together in the Broadway production of Biloxi Blues . Cameron 's Mr. Peterson voice was an in - joke imitation of their former director Gene Saks . Ruck felt at ease working with Broderick , often crashing in his trailer . `` We did n't have to invent an instant friendship like you often have to do in a movie '' , said Ruck . `` We were friends . '' Jones was cast as Rooney based on his role in Amadeus , where he played the emperor ; Hughes thought that character 's modern equivalent was Rooney . `` My part was actually quite small in the script , but what seemed to be the important part to me was that I was the only one who was n't swept along by Ferris '' , recalls Jones . `` So I was the only one in opposition , which presented a lot of opportunities , some of which were n't even in the script or were expanded on . John was receptive to anything I had to offer , and indeed got ideas along the way himself . So that was fun , working with him . '' `` Hughes told me at the time -- and I thought he was just blowing his own horn -- he said , ' You are going to be known for this for the rest of your life . ' And I thought , ' Sure ' ... but he was right . '' To help Jones study for the part , Hughes took him to meet his old vice principal . `` This is the guy I want you to pay close attention to , '' Jones explained to Hughes ' biographer Kirk Honeycutt . While meeting him , the VP 's coat momentarily flew open revealing a holster and gun attached to the man 's belt . This made Jones realize what Hughes had envisioned. `` The guy was ' Sign up for the Army quick before I kill you ! ' '' Jones exclaimed . Stein says he got the role of Bueller 's Economics teacher through six degrees of separation . `` Richard Nixon introduced me to a man named Bill Safire , who 's a New York Times columnist . He introduced me to a guy who 's an executive at Warner Brothers . He introduced me to a guy who 's a casting director . He introduced me to John Hughes . John Hughes and I are among the only Republicans in the picture business , and John Hughes put me in the movie '' , Stein said . Hughes said that Stein was an easy and early choice for the role of the teacher : `` He was n't a professional actor . He had a flat voice , he looked like a teacher . '' Filming ( edit ) Southeast view of the house in Los Cerritos in Long Beach , California , used in the film `` Chicago is what I am , '' said Hughes . `` A lot of Ferris is sort of my love letter to the city . And the more people who get upset with the fact that I film there , the more I 'll make sure that 's exactly where I film . It 's funny -- nobody ever says anything to Woody Allen about always filming in New York . America has this great reverence for New York . I look at it as this decaying horror pit . So let the people in Chicago enjoy Ferris Bueller . '' The Ben Rose House , in Highland Park , Illinois , served as the filming location for Cameron Frye 's House For the film , Hughes got the chance to take a more expansive look at the city he grew up in . `` We took a helicopter up the Chicago River . This is the first chance I 'd really had to get outside while making a movie . Up to this point , the pictures had been pretty small . I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could , not just the architecture and the landscape , but the spirit . '' Shooting began in Chicago on September 9 , 1985 . In late October 1985 , the production moved to Los Angeles , and shooting ended on November 22 . The Von Steuben Day Parade scene was filmed on September 28 . Scenes were filmed at several locations in downtown Chicago and Winnetka ( Ferris 's home , his mother 's real estate office , etc . ) . Many of the other scenes were filmed in Northbrook , Illinois , including at Glenbrook North High School , on School Drive , the long , curvy street on which Glenbrook North and neighboring Maple Middle School are situated . The exterior of Ferris 's house is located at 4160 Country Club Drive , Long Beach , California . The modernist house of Cameron Frye is located in Highland Park , Illinois . Known as the Ben Rose House , it was designed by architects A. James Speyer , who designed the main building in 1954 , and David Haid , who designed the pavilion in 1974 . It was once owned by photographer Ben Rose , who had a car collection in the pavilion . In the film Cameron 's father is portrayed as owning a Ferrari 250 GT California in the same pavilion . According to Lake Forest College art professor Franz Shulze , during the filming of the scene where the Ferrari crashes out of the window , Haid explained to Hughes that he could prevent the car from damaging the rest of the pavilion . Haid fixed connections in the wall and the building remained intact . Haid said to Hughes afterward , `` You owe me $25,000 '' , which Hughes paid . Other scenes were shot in Chicago , River Forest , Oak Park , Northbrook , Highland Park , Glencoe and Winnetka , Lake Forest and Long Beach , California . After Ben Rose 's death in 2009 the house was offered for sale and was sold in 2014 . Hughes says The Art Institute of Chicago was a `` place of refuge '' in his youth . According to Hughes , the scene at the Art Institute of Chicago was `` a self - indulgent scene of mine -- which was a place of refuge for me , I went there quite a bit , I loved it . I knew all the paintings , the building . This was a chance for me to go back into this building and show the paintings that were my favorite . '' The museum had not been shot in , until the producers of the film approached them . `` I remember Hughes saying , ' There are going to be more works of art in this movie than there have ever been before , ' '' recalled Jennifer Grey . According to editor Paul Hirsch , in the original cut , the museum scene fared poorly at test screenings until he switched sequences around and Hughes changed the soundtrack . The piece of music I originally chose was a classical guitar solo played on acoustic guitar . It was nonmetrical with a lot of rubato . I cut the sequence to that music and it also became nonmetrical and irregular . I thought it was great and so did Hughes . He loved it so much that he showed it to the studio but they just went `` Ehhh . '' Then after many screenings where the audience said `` The museum scene is the scene we like least '' , he decided to replace the music . We had all loved it , but the audience hated it . I said , ' I think I know why they hate the museum scene . It 's in the wrong place . ' Originally , the parade sequence came before the museum sequence , but I realized that the parade was the highlight of the day , there was no way we could top it , so it had to be the last thing before the three kids go home . So that was agreed upon , we reshuffled the events of the day , and moved the museum sequence before the parade . Then we screened it and everybody loved the museum scene ! My feeling was that they loved it because it came in at the right point in the sequence of events . John felt they loved it because of the music . Basically , the bottom line is , it worked . The music used for the final version of the museum sequence is an instrumental cover version of The Smiths ' `` Please , Please , Please , Let Me Get What I Want '' , performed by The Dream Academy . A passionate Beatles fan , Hughes makes multiple references to them and John Lennon in the script . During filming , Hughes `` listened to The White Album every single day for fifty - six days '' . Hughes also pays tribute to his childhood hero Gordie Howe with Cameron 's Detroit Red Wings jersey . `` I sent them the jersey '' , said Howe . `` It was nice seeing the No. 9 on the big screen . '' Car ( edit ) A 1961 Ferrari GT California In the film , Ferris convinces Cameron to borrow his father 's rare 1961 Ferrari GT California . `` The insert shots of the Ferrari were of the real 250 GT California '' , Hughes explains in the DVD commentary . `` The cars we used in the wide shots were obviously reproductions . There were only 100 of these cars , so it was way too expensive to destroy . We had a number of replicas made . They were pretty good , but for the tight shots I needed a real one , so we brought one in to the stage and shot the inserts with it . '' Prior to filming , Hughes learned about Modena Design and Development who produced the Modena Spyder California , a replica of the Ferrari 250 GT . Hughes saw a mention of the company in a car magazine and decided to research them . Neil Glassmoyer recalls the day Hughes contacted him to ask about seeing the Modena Spyder : The first time he called I hung up on him because I thought it was a friend of mine who was given to practical jokes . Then he called back and convinced me it really was him , so Mark and I took the car to his office . While we were waiting outside to meet Hughes this scruffy - looking fellow came out of the building and began looking the car over ; we thought from his appearance he must have been a janitor or something . Then he looked up at a window and shouted , ' This is it ! ' and several heads poked out to have a look . That scruffy - looking fellow was John Hughes , and the people in the window were his staff . Turned out it was between the Modena Spyder and a Porsche Turbo , and Hughes chose the Modena . Automobile restorationist Mark Goyette designed the kits for three reproductions used in the film and chronicled the whereabouts of the cars today : `` Built by Goyette and leased to Paramount for the filming . It 's the one that jumps over the camera , and is used in almost every shot . At the end of filming , Paramount returned it to Goyette , with the exhaust crushed and cracks in the body . `` There was quite a bit of superficial damage , but it held up amazingly well '' , he said . He rebuilt it , and sold it to a young couple in California . The husband later ran it off the road , and Goyette rebuilt the front end for him . That owner sold it in the mid-90s , and it turned up again around 2000 , but has n't emerged since . '' `` Sold to Paramount as a kit for them to assemble as their stunt car , they did such a poor job that it was basically unusable , aside from going backwards out the window of Cameron 's house . Rebuilt , it ended up at Planet Hollywood in Minneapolis and was moved to Planet Hollywood in Cancun when this one was closed . '' `` Another kit , supposed to be built as a shell for the out the window scene , it was never completed at all , and disappeared after the film was completed . Goyette thinks he once heard it was eventually completed and sold off , but it could also still be in a back lot at Paramount . '' One of the `` replicars '' was sold by Bonhams on April 19 , 2010 , at the Royal Air Force Museum at Hendon , United Kingdom for £ 79,600 . The `` replicar '' was `` universally hated by the crew '' , said Ruck . `` It did n't work right . '' The scene in which Ferris turns off the car to leave it with the garage attendant had to be shot a dozen times because it would not start . The car was built with a real wheel base , but used a Ford V8 engine instead of a V12 . At the time of filming , the original 250 GT California model was worth $350,000 . Since the release of the film , it has become one of the most expensive cars ever sold , going at auction in 2008 for $10,976,000 and more recently in 2015 for $16,830,000 . The vanity plate of Cameron 's dad 's Ferrari spells NRVOUS and the other plates seen in the film are homages to Hughes 's earlier works , VCTN ( National Lampoon 's Vacation ) , TBC ( The Breakfast Club ) , MMOM ( Mr. Mom ) , as well as 4FBDO ( Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ) . Economic lecture ( edit ) Ben Stein 's famous monotonous lecture about the Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act was not originally in Hughes 's script . Stein , by happenstance , was lecturing off - camera to the amusement of the student cast . `` I was just going to do it off camera , but the student extras laughed so hard when they heard my voice that ( Hughes ) said do it on camera , improvise , something you know a lot about . When I gave the lecture about supply - side economics , I thought they were applauding . Everybody on the set applauded . I thought they were applauding because they had learned something about supply - side economics . But they were applauding because they thought I was boring ... It was the best day of my life '' , Stein said . Parade scene ( edit ) The parade scene took multiple days of filming ; Broderick spent some time practicing the dance moves . `` I was very scared '' , Broderick said . `` Fortunately , the sequence was carefully choreographed beforehand . We worked out all the moves by rehearsing in a little studio . It was shot on two Saturdays in the heart of downtown Chicago . The first day was during a real parade , and John got some very long shots . Then radio stations carried announcements inviting people to take part in ' a John Hughes movie ' . The word got around fast and 10,000 people showed up ! For the final shot , I turned around and saw a river of people . I put my hands up at the end of the number and heard this huge roar . I can understand how rock stars feel . That kind of reaction feeds you . '' Broderick 's moves were choreographed by Kenny Ortega ( who later choreographed Dirty Dancing ) . Much of it had to be scrapped though as Broderick had injured his knee badly during the scenes of running through neighbors ' backyards . `` I was pretty sore '' , Broderick said . `` I got well enough to do what you see in the parade there , but I could n't do most of Kenny Ortega 's knee spins and things like that that we had worked on . When we did shoot it , we had all this choreography and I remember John would yell with a megaphone , ' Okay , do it again , but do n't do any of the choreography , ' because he wanted it to be a total mess . '' `` Danke Schoen '' was somewhat choreographed but for `` Twist and Shout '' , Broderick said , `` we were just making everything up '' . Hughes explained that much of the scene was spontaneously filmed . `` It just happened that this was an actual parade , which we put our float into -- unbeknownst to anybody , all the people on the reviewing stand . Nobody knew what it was , including the governor . '' Wrigley Field ( edit ) Ferris Bueller Night at Wrigley Field , October 1 , 2011 . Wrigley Field is featured in two interwoven and consecutive scenes . In the first scene , Rooney is looking for Ferris at a pizza joint while the voice of Harry Caray announces the action of a ballgame that is being shown on TV . From the play - by - play descriptions , the uniforms , and the player numbers , this game has been identified as the June 5 , 1985 , game between the Atlanta Braves and the Chicago Cubs . The batter rips a foul ball into the left field stands , and as Rooney looks away from the TV briefly , the TV cameras show a close up of Ferris a moment after catching it . The scene in the pizza joint continues as Rooney tries to banter about the game with the guy behind the counter . In the next scene , Sloane , Cameron , and Ferris are in the left field stands inside Wrigley . Ferris flexes his hand in pain after supposedly catching the foul ball . During this scene , the characters enjoy the game and joke about what they would be doing if they had played by the rules . All these `` in the park '' shots , including the one from the previous scene where Ferris catches the foul ball on TV , were filmed on September 24 , 1985 , at a game between the Montreal Expos and the Cubs . During the 1985 season , the Braves and the Expos both wore powder blue uniforms during their road games . And so , with seamless editing by Hughes , it is difficult to distinguish that the game being seen and described in the pizza joint is not only a different game but also a different Cubs ' opponent than the one filmed inside the stadium . John Hughes had originally wanted to film the scene at the baseball game at Comiskey Park , as Hughes was a Chicago White Sox fan . However , due to time constraints , the location was moved to Wrigley Field at the last minute . On October 1 , 2011 , Wrigley Field celebrated the 25th anniversary of the film by showing it on three giant screens on the infield . Deleted scenes ( edit ) Several scenes were cut from the final film ; one lost scene entitled `` The Isles of Langerhans '' has the three teenagers trying to order in the French restaurant , shocked to discover pancreas on the menu ( although in the finished film , Ferris still says , `` We ate pancreas '' , while recapping the day ) . This is featured on the Bueller , Bueller Edition DVD . Other scenes were never made available on any DVD version . These scenes included additional screen time with Jeanie in a locker room , Ferris ' younger brother and sister ( both of whom were completely removed from the film ) , and additional / alternate lines of dialogue throughout the film , all of which can be seen in the original theatrical trailer . Hughes had also wanted to film a scene where Ferris , Sloane , and Cameron go to a strip club . Paramount executives told him there were only so many shooting days left , so the scene was scrapped . Music ( edit ) Limited edition fan Club soundtrack ( edit ) An official soundtrack was not originally released for the film , as director John Hughes felt the songs would not work well together as a continuous album . However , according to an interview with Lollipop Magazine , Hughes noted that he had sent 100,000 7 '' vinyl singles containing two songs featured in the film to members of his fan mailing list . Hughes gave further details about his refusal to release a soundtrack in the Lollipop interview : The only official soundtrack that Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ever had was for the mailing list . A&M was very angry with me over that ; they begged me to put one out , but I thought `` who 'd want all of these songs ? '' I mean , would kids want `` Danke Schoen '' and `` Oh Yeah '' on the same record ? They probably already had `` Twist and Shout '' , or their parents did , and to put all of those together with the more contemporary stuff , like the ( English ) Beat -- I just did n't think anybody would like it . But I did put together a seven - inch of the two songs I owned the rights to -- `` Beat City '' on one side , and ... I forget , one of the other English bands on the soundtrack ... and sent that to the mailing list . By ' 86 , ' 87 , it was costing us $30 a piece to mail out 100,000 packages . But it was a labor of love . Songs in the film ( edit ) `` Danke Schoen '' is one of the recurring motifs in the film and is sung by Ferris , Ed Rooney , and Jeanie . Hughes called it the `` most awful song of my youth . Every time it came on , I just wanted to scream , claw my face . I was taking German in high school -- which meant that we listened to it in school . I could n't get away from it . '' According to Broderick , Ferris 's singing `` Danke Schoen '' in the shower was his idea . `` Although it 's only because of the brilliance of John 's deciding that I should sing `` Danke Schoen '' on the float in the parade . I had never heard the song before . I was learning it for the parade scene . So we 're doing the shower scene and I thought , ' Well , I can do a little rehearsal . ' And I did something with my hair to make that Mohawk . And you know what good directors do : they say , ' Stop ! Wait till we roll . ' And John put that stuff in . '' 2016 soundtrack ( edit ) Ferris Bueller 's Day Off Soundtrack album by various artists Released September 13 , 2016 Genre new wave Length 76 : 47 Label La - La Land Records The soundtrack for the film , limited to 5,000 copies , was released on September 13 , 2016 by La - La Land Records . The album includes new wave and pop songs featured in the film , as well as Ira Newborn 's complete score , including unused cues . Due to licensing restrictions , `` Twist and Shout , '' `` Taking The Day Off , '' and `` March of the Swivelheads '' were not included , but are available elsewhere . The Flowerpot Men 's `` Beat City '' makes its first official release on CD with a new mix done by The Flowerpot Men 's Ben Watkins and Adam Peters that differs from the original 7 '' fan club release . Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) The film largely received positive reviews from critics . Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars , calling it `` one of the most innocent movies in a long time , '' and `` a sweet , warm - hearted comedy . '' Richard Roeper called the film `` one of my favorite movies of all time . It has one of the highest ' repeatability ' factors of any film I 've ever seen ... I can watch it again and again . There 's also this , and I say it in all sincerity : Ferris Bueller 's Day Off is something of a suicide prevention film , or at the very least a story about a young man trying to help his friend gain some measure of self - worth ... Ferris has made it his mission to show Cameron that the whole world in front of him is passing him by , and that life can be pretty sweet if you wake up and embrace it . That 's the lasting message of Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . '' Roeper pays homage to the film with a license plate that reads `` SVFRRIS '' . Conservative columnist George Will hailed Ferris as `` the moviest movie , '' a film `` most true to the general spirit of the movies , the spirit of effortless escapism . '' Essayist Steve Almond called Ferris `` the most sophisticated teen movie ( he ) had ever seen , '' adding that while Hughes had made a lot of good movies , Ferris was the `` one film ( he ) would consider true art , ( the ) only one that reaches toward the ecstatic power of teendom ( sic ) and , at the same time , exposes the true , piercing woe of that age . '' Almond also applauded Ruck 's performance , going so far as saying he deserved the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor of 1986 : `` His performance is what elevates the film , allows it to assume the power of a modern parable . '' The New York Times reviewer Nina Darnton criticized Mia Sara 's portrayal of Sloane for lacking `` the specific detail that characterized the adolescent characters in Hughes 's other films '' , asserting she `` created a basically stable but forgettable character . '' Conversely , Darnton praised Ruck and Grey 's performances : `` The two people who grow in the movie -- Cameron , played with humor and sensitivity by Alan Ruck , and Ferris 's sister Jeanie , played with appropriate self - pity by Jennifer Grey -- are the most authentic . Grey manages to play an insufferably sulky teen - ager who is still attractive and likable . '' National Review writer Mark Hemingway lauded the film 's celebration of liberty . `` If there 's a better celluloid expression of ordinary American freedom than Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , I have yet to see it . If you could take one day and do absolutely anything , piling into a convertible with your best girl and your best friend and taking in a baseball game , an art museum , and a fine meal seems about as good as it gets , '' wrote Hemingway . Others were less enamored with Ferris , many taking issue with the film 's `` rebel without a cause '' hedonism . David Denby of New York Magazine , called the film `` a nauseating distillation of the slack , greedy side of Reaganism . '' Author Christina Lee agreed , adding it was a `` splendidly ridiculous exercise in unadulterated indulgence , '' and the film `` encapsulated the Reagan era 's near solipsist worldview and insatiable appetite for immediate gratification -- of living in and for the moment ... '' Gene Siskel panned the film from a Chicago - centric perspective saying `` Ferris Bueller does n't do anything much fun ... ( t ) hey do n't even sit in the bleachers where all the kids like to sit when they go to Cubs games . '' Siskel did enjoy the chemistry between Jennifer Grey and Charlie Sheen . Ebert thought Siskel was too eager to find flaws in the film 's view of Chicago . It has an aggregate score of 79 % ( based on 63 critics ' reviews ) on Rotten Tomatoes , and an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . Accolades ( edit ) Broderick was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1986 for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . Box office ( edit ) The film opened in 1,330 theaters in the United States and had a total weekend gross of $6,275,647 , opening at # 2 . Ferris Bueller 's Day Off 's total gross in the United States was approximately $70,136,369 , making it a box office success . It subsequently became the 10th - highest - grossing film of 1986 . Rankings ( edit ) As an influential and popular film , Ferris Bueller 's Day Off has been included in many film rating lists . The film is number 54 on Bravo 's `` 100 Funniest Movies '' , came 26th in the British 50 Greatest Comedy Films and ranked number 10 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the `` 50 Best High School Movies '' . Cultural impact ( edit ) Barbara Bush used dialogue from the film at a commencement speech First Lady Barbara Bush paraphrased the film in her 1990 commencement address at Wellesley College : `` Find the joy in life , because as Ferris Bueller said on his day off , ' Life moves pretty fast ; if you do n't stop and look around once in a while , you could miss it ! ' '' Responding to the audience 's enthusiastic applause , she added `` I 'm not going to tell George ya clapped more for Ferris than ya clapped for George . '' Other phrases from Ferris Bueller 's Day Off such as Stein 's nasally - voiced `` Bueller ? ... Bueller ? ... Bueller ? '' ( while taking roll call in class ) , and `` Anyone ? Anyone ? '' ( trying to probe the students for answers ) as well as Kristy Swanson 's cheerful `` No problem whatsoever ! '' also permeated popular culture . In fact , Stein 's monotone performance launched his acting career . In 2016 , Stein reprised the attendance scene in a campaign ad for Iowa Senator Charles Grassley ; Stein intoned the last name of Grassley 's opponent ( Patty Judge ) , to silence , while facts about her missed votes and absences from state board meetings were listed . Stein then calls out `` Grassley , '' which gets a response ; Stein mutters , `` He 's always here . '' Broderick said of the Ferris Bueller role , `` It eclipsed everything , I should admit , and to some degree it still does . '' Later at the 2010 Oscar tribute to Hughes , he said , `` For the past 25 years , nearly every day someone comes up to me , taps me on the shoulder and says , ' Hey , Ferris , is this your day off ? ' '' Ruck says that with Cameron Frye , Hughes gave him `` the best part I ever had in a movie , and any success that I 've had since 1985 is because he took a big chance on me . I 'll be forever grateful . '' `` While we were making the movie , I just knew I had a really good part '' , Ruck says . `` My realization of John 's impact on the teen - comedy genre crept in sometime later . Teen comedies tend to dwell on the ridiculous , as a rule . It 's always the preoccupation with sex and the self - involvement , and we kind of hold the kids up for ridicule in a way . Hughes added this element of dignity . He was an advocate for teenagers as complete human beings , and he honored their hopes and their dreams . That 's what you see in his movies . '' Broderick starred in a television advertisement prepared by Honda promoting its CR - V for the 2012 Super Bowl XLVI . The ad pays homage to Ferris Bueller , featuring Broderick ( as himself ) faking illness to skip out of work to enjoy sightseeing around Los Angeles . Several elements , such as the use of the song `` Oh Yeah '' , and a valet monotonously calling for `` Broderick ... Broderick ... '' , appear in the ad . A teaser for the ad had appeared two weeks prior to the Super Bowl , which had created rumors of a possible film sequel . It was produced by Santa Monica - based RPA and directed by Todd Phillips . AdWeek 's Tim Nudd called the ad `` a great homage to the original 1986 film , with Broderick this time calling in sick to a film shoot and enjoying another day of slacking . '' On the other hand , Jalopnik 's Matt Hardigree called the spot `` sacrilegious '' . In March 2017 , Domino 's Pizza began an advertising campaign parodying the film , featuring actor Joe Keery in the lead role . Music ( edit ) While Paul McCartney admitted that he liked the movie , he personally disliked the `` Twist and Shout '' sequence for its inclusion of brass instruments . Yello -- Oh Yeah excerpt An excerpt from `` Oh Yeah '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . The film 's influence in popular culture extends beyond the film itself to how musical elements of the film have been received as well , for example , Yello 's song `` Oh Yeah '' . As Jonathan Bernstein explains , `` Never a hit , this slice of Swiss - made tomfoolery with its varispeed vocal effects and driving percussion was first used by John Hughes to illustrate the mouthwatering must - haveness of Cameron 's dad 's Ferrari . Since then , it has become synonymous with avarice . Every time a movie , TV show or commercial wants to underline the jaw - dropping impact of a hot babe or sleek auto , that synth - drum starts popping and that deep voice rumbles , ' Oh yeah ... ' '' Concerning the influence of another song used in the film , Roz Kaveney writes that some `` of the finest moments in later teen film draw on Ferris 's blithe Dionysian fervour -- the elaborate courtship by song in 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) draws usefully on the `` Twist and Shout '' sequence in Ferris Bueller 's Day Off `` . The bands Save Ferris and Rooney were named in allusion to Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . `` Twist and Shout '' charted again , 16 years after the Beatles broke up , as a result of its prominent appearance in both this film and Back To School ( where Rodney Dangerfield performs a cover version ) which was released the same weekend as Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . The re-released single reached # 23 in the U.S ; a US - only compilation album containing the track The Early Beatles , re-entered the album charts at # 197 . The version heard in the film includes brass overdubbed onto the Beatles ' original recording , which did not go down well with Paul McCartney . `` I liked ( the ) film but they overdubbed some lousy brass on the stuff ! If it had needed brass , we 'd had stuck it on ourselves ! '' Upon hearing McCartney 's reaction , Hughes felt bad for `` offend ( ing ) a Beatle . But it was n't really part of the song . We saw a band ( onscreen ) and we needed to hear the instruments . '' Sequel ( edit ) Broderick and Hughes stayed in touch for a while after production . `` We thought about a sequel to Ferris Bueller , where he 'd be in college or at his first job , and the same kind of things would happen again . But neither of us found a very exciting hook to that . The movie is about a singular time in your life . '' `` Ferris Bueller is about the week before you leave school , it 's about the end of school -- in some way , it does n't have a sequel . It 's a little moment and it 's a lightning flash in your life . I mean , you could try to repeat it in college or something but it 's a time that you do n't keep . So that 's partly why I think we could n't think of another '' , Broderick added . `` But just for fun '' , said Ruck , `` I used to think why do n't they wait until Matthew and I are in our seventies and do Ferris Bueller Returns and have Cameron be in a nursing home . He does n't really need to be there , but he just decided his life is over , so he committed himself to a nursing home . And Ferris comes and breaks him out . And they go to , like , a titty bar and all this ridiculous stuff happens . And then , at the end of the movie , Cameron dies . '' Academic analysis ( edit ) Many scholars have discussed at length the film 's depiction of academia and youth culture . For Martin Morse Wooster , the film `` portrayed teachers as humorless buffoons whose only function was to prevent teenagers from having a good time '' . Regarding not specifically teachers , but rather a type of adult characterization in general , Art Silverblatt asserts that the `` adults in Ferris Bueller 's Day Off are irrelevant and impotent . Ferris 's nemesis , the school disciplinarian , Mr. Rooney , is obsessed with ' getting Bueller . ' His obsession emerges from envy . Strangely , Ferris serves as Rooney 's role model , as he clearly possesses the imagination and power that Rooney lacks ... By capturing and disempowering Ferris , Rooney hopes to ... reduce Ferris 's influence over other students , which would reestablish adults , that is , Rooney , as traditional authority figures . '' Nevertheless , Silverblatt concludes that `` Rooney is essentially a comedic figure , whose bumbling attempts to discipline Ferris are a primary source of humor in the film '' . Thomas Patrick Doherty writes that `` the adult villains in teenpics such as ... Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) are overdrawn caricatures , no real threat ; they 're played for laughs '' . Yet Silverblatt also remarks that casting `` the principal as a comic figure questions the competence of adults to provide young people with effective direction -- indeed , the value of adulthood itself '' . Adults are not the stars or main characters of the film , and Roz Kaveney notes that what `` Ferris Bueller brings to the teen genre , ultimately , is a sense of how it is possible to be cool and popular without being rich or a sports hero . Unlike the heroes of Weird Science , Ferris is computer savvy without being a nerd or a geek -- it is a skill he has taken the trouble to learn . '' In 2010 , English comedian Dan Willis performed his show `` Ferris Bueller 's Way Of ... '' at the Edinburgh Festival , delving into the philosophy of the movie and looking for life answers within . Home Media ( edit ) The film was first released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1987 , and then re-released on VHS in 1996 . The film has been released on DVD three times ; including the original DVD release October 19 , 1999 , the Bueller ... Bueller edition January 2006 , and the I Love the ' 80s edition August 19 , 2008 . The original DVD , like most Paramount Pictures films released on DVD for the first time , has very few bonus features , but it does feature a commentary by Hughes . Though this is no longer available for sale , the director 's commentary is available here . The Bueller ... Bueller re-release has several more bonus features , but does not contain the commentary track of the original DVD release . The I Love the ' 80s edition is identical to the first DVD release ( no features aside from commentary ) , but includes a bonus CD with songs from the 1980s . The songs are not featured in the film . The Bueller ... Bueller edition has multiple bonus features such as interviews with the cast and crew , along with a clip of Stein 's commentaries on the film 's philosophy and impact . The Blu - ray Disc release ( which is a part of the Bueller ... Bueller edition , with the same bonus material ) was first released on May 5 , 2009 . A 25th anniversary edition for DVD and Blu - ray were both released on August 2 , 2011 . Television series ( edit ) Main article : Ferris Bueller ( TV series ) In 1990 , a series called Ferris Bueller started for NBC , starring Charlie Schlatter as Ferris Bueller , Jennifer Aniston as Jeanie Bueller , and Ami Dolenz as Sloane Peterson . The series served as a prequel to the film . In the pilot episode , the audience sees Schlatter cutting up a cardboard cutout of Matthew Broderick , saying that he hated Broderick 's performance as him . It was produced by Maysh , Ltd . Productions in association with Paramount Television . In part because of competition of the similar series on the Fox Television Network , Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose , the series was canceled after the first thirteen episodes aired . Both Schlatter and Aniston later had success on other TV shows , Schlatter on Diagnosis : Murder and Aniston on Friends . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ferris Buellers 's Day Off '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferris Bueller : John Hughes and Chicago '' . AMC Movie Blog . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory . `` ' Big Lebowski , ' ' Ferris Bueller ' Added to National Film Registry - Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off : 30th Anniversary '' . Fathom Events . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gora , Susannah ( 2010 - 02 - 09 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . The Brat Pack , John Hughes , and Their Impact on a Generation . Crown . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0307408433 . Jump up ^ Kamp , David ( March 2010 ) . `` Sweet Bard of Youth '' . Vanity Fair . p. 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : McGrath , Declan ( 2001 ) . Editing & post-production . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 240 - 80468 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ferris Bueller : John Hughes and Speedwriting '' . AMC Movie Blog. 2007 - 04 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , Sharon ( 1986 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Broderick taps charm in ` Day Off ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Harris , Will ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` Alan Ruck 's journey from Ferris Bueller to Sears to the bridge of the Enterprise and beyond '' . AV Club . Onion , Inc . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Jim Carrey '' . Splitsider . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( 1986 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Mia Sara Lands Plum Roles Despite Lack of Training '' . The Hollywood Reporter . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Haithman , Diane ( 1986 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Ruck Just Put Himself Into His ' Day Off ' Role '' . Chicago Tribune . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Ferris Bueller 's Day Off - ( Commentary by John Hughes ) ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . 1999 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Q and A with Jeffrey Jones '' . Pop Culture Corn . July 2000 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coozer , Adam ( 1997 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Jeffrey Jones '' . ReadJunk . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 25 March 2015 ) . John Hughes : A Life in Film : The Genius Behind Ferris Bueller , The Breakfast Club , Home Alone , and more . Race Point Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1631060229 . ^ Jump up to : Presenters : A.J. Hammer and Brooke Anderson ( January 10 , 2006 ) . `` Ben Stein Talks about Famous `` Ferris Bueller '' Role `` . Showbiz Tonight . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Granillo , Larry ( 2011 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off : Miscellaneous Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies ( TCM ) . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Save Ferris : The Ultimate Map Guide to Ferris Bueller '' . Curbed. 2014 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago : The Ferris Bueller high school '' . The A.V. Club . 2011 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` For Sale : Property Information for 370 Beech Street '' . ' Realtor.com . May 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rose House and Pavilion '' . 2011 - 12 - 28 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rose House and Pavilion '' . Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Oldham , Gabriella ( 1995 ) . First cut : conversations with film editors . University of California Press . pp. 191 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07588 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Molly Ringwald Interviews John Hughes '' . Seventeen . Spring 1986 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McDermott , John ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` Why Cameron Frye Wore a Gordie Howe Jersey in ' Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ' '' . MEL Magazine . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( May 5 , 2009 ) . `` Q&A with Gordie Howe '' . Sports Illustrated . ^ Jump up to : Miersma , Seyth ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` Ferrari California replica from Ferris Bueller is so choice '' . Auto Blog . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Adolphus , David Traver ( December 1 , 2009 ) . `` Save these Cars -- Hollywood , California : Part II '' . Hemmings Auto blog . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ferrari replica created for Ferris Bueller 's Day Off for sale '' . The Daily Telegraph . March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher . `` Buy the ' Ferris Bueller ' Ferrari For Only $67,000 '' . Cinematical.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off Ferrari '' . Uncrate . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ tgriffith ( 2009 - 05 - 22 ) . `` The Five Most Expensive Cars Ever Sold At Auction '' . The CarGurus Blog . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Blackwell , Rusty ( 2015 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Hammer Down : The 25 Most Expensive Cars at the 2015 Monterey Auctions '' . Car And Driver . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( 1986 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Sad Wise Eyes in a Boy 's Face '' . Argus - Press . Associated Press . p. 9 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( 1986 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Young star of Ferris Bueller seeks to get away from high school roles '' . Ottawa Citizen . Associated Press . pp. F17 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Zaleski , Annie ( 2015 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Ferris Bueller 's actual day off was 30 years ago today '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Larry Granillo ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Ferris Bueller Follow - up '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ferris Bueller returns to Wrigley Field '' . ESPN . 2011 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen : `` ' Bueller , Bueller ' Edition Almost Saves ' Ferris ' '' , The Washington Post , January 10 , 2006 Jump up ^ Ham , William . `` John Hughes : Straight Outta Sherman '' . Lollipop Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Lollipop Magazine article : `` John Hughes -- Straight Outta Sherman '' By William Ham . ^ Jump up to : Kamp , David ( 2010 - 03 - 20 ) . `` John Hughes ' Actors on John Hughes '' . Vanity Fair . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Yoo , Noah . `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off Soundtrack to Get First Official Release Pitchfork '' . pitchfork.com . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( 6 September 2016 ) . `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off soundtrack arrives after skipping the past 30 years '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . June 11 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( 2009 - 08 - 07 ) . `` ' Ferris ' could never go too far , to our delight '' . Richard Roeper . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( 2009 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Save Ferris '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Will , George F ( 1986 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Finally ... a ' movie ' movie '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Steve ( 2006 ) . `` John Hughes Goes Deep : The Unexpected Heaviosity of Ferris Bueller 's Day Off '' . Virginia Quarterly Review . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Darnton , Nina ( 1986 - 06 - 11 ) . `` SCREEN : A YOUTH 'S DAY OFF '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Timesmachine.nytimes.com '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Hemingway , Mark ( 2009 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Missing John Hughes '' . National Review . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Denby , David ( 1986 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Movies '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Christina , Lee ( 2010 ) . Screening Generation X : the politics and popular memory of youth in contemporary cinema . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 4973 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Siskel , Gene ; Ebert , Roger ( 1986 ) . `` Ferris Bueller '' . At the Movies . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off -- Bueller Bueller Edition '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ 50 Best High School Movies . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Barbara Pierce Bush , Commencement Address at Wellesley College ( June 1 , 1990 ) Americanrhetoric.com . Jump up ^ Andrews , Casandra ( February 5 , 2006 ) . `` The cast of Bueller : Where are they now ? '' . Press - Register . Jump up ^ Schurenberg , Eric ( 2008 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Ben Stein : What , him worry ? '' . Money . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Ad may be viewed at `` Judge advertisement '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Robillard , Kevin , Politico , Oct. 21 , 2016 , `` Ben Stein reprises ' Bueller ' role in Grassley ad , '' accessible thru http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/ben-stein-chuck-grassley-ferris-bueller-230136 Jump up ^ Braxton , Greg ( 2010 - 03 - 08 ) . `` John Hughes High School reunion '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Hughes Remembered : Alan Ruck , Cameron from ' Ferris Bueller ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2009 - 08 - 13 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Manker , Rob ( 2012 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Honda releases complete Ferris Bueller ad '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda Unveils Ferris Bueller Ad , and It Is Awesome '' . AdWeek. 2012 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hardigree , Matt ( 2012 - 01 - 30 ) . `` SAVE FERRIS From Honda 's Sacrilegious Super Bowl Ad '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ferris Bueller ' stars in Honda Super Bowl advert '' ( Article , video ) . The Telegraph . January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Domino 's Pizza channels ' Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ' in latest ad campaign '' . Fox News . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dowlding , William ( 1989 ) . Beatlesongs . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68229 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Bernstein , Pretty in pink : the golden age of teenage movies ( Macmillan , 1997 ) , 198 . Jump up ^ Roz Kaveney , Teen dreams : reading teen film from Heathers to Veronica Mars ( I.B. Tauris , 2006 ) , 45 . Jump up ^ Darling , John ( 2000 ) . What 's in a Name ? : The Book of Bands . Xlibris . Jump up ^ Eby , Margaret ( 2012 ) . Rock and Roll Baby Names : Over 2,000 Music - Inspired Names , from Alison to Ziggy . Penguin . Jump up ^ Martin Morse Wooster , Angry classrooms , vacant minds : what 's happened to our high schools ? ( Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy , 1993 ) , 75 . ^ Jump up to : Art Silverblatt , Genre Studies in Mass Media : A Handbook ( M.E. Sharpe , 2007 ) , 105 . Jump up ^ Thomas Patrick Doherty , Teenagers and Teenpics : The Juvenilization of American Movies in the 1950s ( Temple University Press , 2002 ) 196 . Jump up ^ Roz Kaveney , Teen dreams : reading teen film from Heathers to Veronica Mars ( I.B. Tauris , 2006 ) 44 . Jump up ^ Stubbs , Jamie . `` Ferris Buellers Way of REVIEW '' . Giggle Beats . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferris Saved for Blu - ray '' . IGN. 2011 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Long Lost ' Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ' Director 's Commentary Resurfaces '' . Screencrush.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.screenplay.com/downloads/scripts/FerrisBuellersDayOff.pdf Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( 1990 - 08 - 31 ) . `` ' Parker ' is ' Ferris ' with heart '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutFerris Bueller 's Day Offat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Ferris Bueller 's Day Off on IMDb Ferris Bueller 's Day Off at the TCM Movie Database Ferris Bueller 's Day Off at AllMovie Ferris Bueller 's Day Off at the American Film Institute Catalog Ferris Bueller 's Day Off at Box Office Mojo Ferris Bueller 's Day Off at Rotten Tomatoes McNally , Edward ( 2009 - 08 - 12 ) . `` A Mirror Up To the Original Ferris Bueller '' . The Washington Post . Ferris Bueller 's Day Off and its 25 contributions to pop culture lore , Jen Chaney , The Washington Post , June 10 , 2011 John Hughes Director and writer Sixteen Candles ( 1984 ) The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) Weird Science ( 1985 ) Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) She 's Having a Baby ( 1988 ) Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) Curly Sue ( 1991 ) Writer only National Lampoon 's Class Reunion ( 1982 ) Mr. Mom ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) Nate and Hayes ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) Pretty in Pink ( 1986 ) Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1988 ) National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Career Opportunities ( 1991 ) Dutch ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Flubber ( 1997 ) Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) Reach the Rock ( 1998 ) Just Visiting ( 2001 ) Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 , story ) Drillbit Taylor ( 2008 , original character ) Related Do n't You Forget About Me ( 2009 documentary ) 1980s portal Chicago portal Film portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferris_Bueller%27s_Day_Off&oldid=857033500 '' Categories : 1986 films English - language films Ferris Bueller 's Day Off 1980s teen comedy films American films American high school films American teen comedy films Films about educators Films adapted into television programs Films directed by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films produced by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films scored by Ira Newborn Films set in Chicago Films shot in Chicago Paramount Pictures films Screenplays by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 03 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is ferris bueller's day off filmed	[ "For the film, Hughes got the chance to take a more expansive look at the city he grew up in. \"We took a helicopter up the Chicago River. This is the first chance I'd really had to get outside while making a movie. Up to this point, the pictures had been pretty small. I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could, not just the architecture and the landscape, but the spirit.\"[2]\nShooting began in Chicago on September 9, 1985.[19] In late October 1985, the production moved to Los Angeles, and shooting ended on November 22.[20] The Von Steuben Day Parade scene was filmed on September 28. Scenes were filmed at several locations in downtown Chicago and Winnetka (Ferris's home, his mother's real estate office, etc.).[21] Many of the other scenes were filmed in Northbrook, Illinois, including at Glenbrook North High School, on School Drive, the long, curvy street on which Glenbrook North and neighboring Maple Middle School are situated.[22] The exterior of Ferris's house is located at 4160 Country Club Drive, Long Beach, California.[21]\n", "For the film, Hughes got the chance to take a more expansive look at the city he grew up in. \"We took a helicopter up the Chicago River. This is the first chance I'd really had to get outside while making a movie. Up to this point, the pictures had been pretty small. I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could, not just the architecture and the landscape, but the spirit.\"[2]\nShooting began in Chicago on September 9, 1985.[19] In late October 1985, the production moved to Los Angeles, and shooting ended on November 22.[20] The Von Steuben Day Parade scene was filmed on September 28. Scenes were filmed at several locations in downtown Chicago and Winnetka (Ferris's home, his mother's real estate office, etc.).[21] Many of the other scenes were filmed in Northbrook, Illinois, including at Glenbrook North High School, on School Drive, the long, curvy street on which Glenbrook North and neighboring Maple Middle School are situated.[22] The exterior of Ferris's house is located at 4160 Country Club Drive, Long Beach, California.[21]\n", "For the film, Hughes got the chance to take a more expansive look at the city he grew up in. \"We took a helicopter up the Chicago River. This is the first chance I'd really had to get outside while making a movie. Up to this point, the pictures had been pretty small. I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could, not just the architecture and the landscape, but the spirit.\"[2]\nShooting began in Chicago on September 9, 1985.[19] In late October 1985, the production moved to Los Angeles, and shooting ended on November 22.[20] The Von Steuben Day Parade scene was filmed on September 28. Scenes were filmed at several locations in downtown Chicago and Winnetka (Ferris's home, his mother's real estate office, etc.).[21] Many of the other scenes were filmed in Northbrook, Illinois, including at Glenbrook North High School, on School Drive, the long, curvy street on which Glenbrook North and neighboring Maple Middle School are situated.[22] The exterior of Ferris's house is located at 4160 Country Club Drive, Long Beach, California.[21]\n", "For the film, Hughes got the chance to take a more expansive look at the city he grew up in. \"We took a helicopter up the Chicago River. This is the first chance I'd really had to get outside while making a movie. Up to this point, the pictures had been pretty small. I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could, not just the architecture and the landscape, but the spirit.\"[2]\nShooting began in Chicago on September 9, 1985.[19] In late October 1985, the production moved to Los Angeles, and shooting ended on November 22.[20] The Von Steuben Day Parade scene was filmed on September 28. Scenes were filmed at several locations in downtown Chicago and Winnetka (Ferris's home, his mother's real estate office, etc.).[21] Many of the other scenes were filmed in Northbrook, Illinois, including at Glenbrook North High School, on School Drive, the long, curvy street on which Glenbrook North and neighboring Maple Middle School are situated.[22] The exterior of Ferris's house is located at 4160 Country Club Drive, Long Beach, California.[21]\n", "For the film, Hughes got the chance to take a more expansive look at the city he grew up in. \"We took a helicopter up the Chicago River. This is the first chance I'd really had to get outside while making a movie. Up to this point, the pictures had been pretty small. I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could, not just the architecture and the landscape, but the spirit.\"[2]\nShooting began in Chicago on September 9, 1985.[19] In late October 1985, the production moved to Los Angeles, and shooting ended on November 22.[20] The Von Steuben Day Parade scene was filmed on September 28. Scenes were filmed at several locations in downtown Chicago and Winnetka (Ferris's home, his mother's real estate office, etc.).[21] Many of the other scenes were filmed in Northbrook, Illinois, including at Glenbrook North High School, on School Drive, the long, curvy street on which Glenbrook North and neighboring Maple Middle School are situated.[22] The exterior of Ferris's house is located at 4160 Country Club Drive, Long Beach, California.[21]\n" ]	[ "Chicago", "Los Angeles", "Winnetka", "Northbrook, Illinois, including at Glenbrook North High School, on School Drive, the long, curvy street on which Glenbrook North and neighboring Maple Middle School are situated", "4160 Country Club Drive, Long Beach, California" ]
-4574417110182912212	Jallianwala Bagh massacre	Jallianwala Bagh massacre - wikipedia Jallianwala Bagh massacre Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Narrow passage to Jallianwala Bagh Garden through which the shooting was conducted Show map of Punjab Show map of India Show all Location of Amritsar in India Location Amritsar , British India Coordinates 31 ° 38 ′ 34 '' N 74 ° 51 ′ 29 '' E / 31.64286 ° N 74.85808 ° E / 31.64286 ; 74.85808 Coordinates : 31 ° 38 ′ 34 '' N 74 ° 51 ′ 29 '' E / 31.64286 ° N 74.85808 ° E / 31.64286 ; 74.85808 Date 13 April 1919 ; 99 years ago ( 1919 - 04 - 13 ) 17 : 37 ( IST ) Target Crowd of nonviolent protesters , along with Baisakhi pilgrims , who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh , Amritsar Attack type Massacre Weapons Lee - Enfield rifles Deaths 379 -- 1000 Non-fatal injuries ~ 1,100 Perpetrators British Indian Army No. of participants 50 The Jallianwala Bagh massacre , also known as the Amritsar massacre , took place on 13 April 1919 when troops of the British Indian Army under the command of Colonel Reginald Dyer fired rifles into a crowd of Indians , who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh , Amritsar , Punjab . The civilians had assembled for a peaceful protest to condemn the arrest and deportation of two national leaders , Dr Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew . Even though the debate was peaceful and was conducted on the maim Sikh festival ' Baisakhi ' with kids , women , and elders present , the Britishers debate over whether the crowd knew of the proclamation Dyer had made banning meetings , in its supposed inefficacy , however , Raja Ram has argued that the crowd formed in deliberate defiance , being the beginning of Indian nationalism . The Jallianwalla Bagh is a public garden of 6 to 7 acres ( 28,000 m ) , walled on all sides , with five entrances . To enter , troops first blocked the entry by a tank and locked the exit . On Dyer 's orders , his troops fired on the crowd for ten minutes , directing their bullets largely towards the few open gates through which people were trying to flee . Official British Indian sources gave a figure of 379 identified dead , with approximately 1,100 wounded . The casualty number estimated by the Indian National Congress was more than 1,500 injured , with approximately 1,000 dead . This `` brutality stunned the entire nation '' , resulting in a `` wrenching loss of faith '' of the general public in the intentions of the UK . The ineffective inquiry and the initial accolades for Dyer by the House of Lords fuelled widespread anger , leading to the Non-cooperation Movement of 1920 -- 22 . On Sunday , 13 April 1919 , Dyer was convinced of a major insurrection and he banned all meetings ; however this notice was not widely disseminated . That was the day of Baisakhi , the main Sikh festival , and many villagers had gathered in the Bagh . On hearing that a meeting had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh , Dyer went with Sikh , Gurkha , Baluchi , Rajput troops from 2 - 9th Gurkhas , the 54th Sikhs and the 59th Sind Rifles to a raised bank and ordered them to shoot at the crowd . Dyer continued the firing for about ten minutes , until the ammunition supply was almost exhausted . Dyer stated that 1,650 rounds had been fired , a number apparently derived by counting empty cartridge cases picked up by the troops . Dyer was initially lauded by conservative forces in the empire , but in July 1920 he was censured and forced to retire by the House of Commons . He became a celebrated hero in the UK among most of the people connected to the British Raj , for example , the House of Lords , but unpopular in the House of Commons , which voted against Dyer as a Colonel . He was disciplined by being removed from his appointment , was passed over for promotion and was prohibited from further employment in India . Upon his death , Rudyard Kipling declared that Dyer ' did his duty as he saw it ' . The massacre some historians have argued caused a re-evaluation of the army 's role , in which the new policy became minimum force , however , later British actions during the Mau Mau insurgencies have led Huw Bennett to question this school of thought . The army was retrained and developed less violent tactics for crowd control . Some historians consider the episode a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Defence of India Act 1.2 Rowlatt act 2 Prelude 3 Massacre 4 Casualties 5 Aftermath 5.1 Hunter Commission 5.2 Demonstration at Gujranwala 5.3 Assassination of Michael O'Dwyer 6 Monument and legacy 6.1 Formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee 6.2 Regret 6.3 Controversies 6.4 Demands for apology 6.5 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) Defence of India Act ( edit ) Main article : Defence of India Act 1915 See also : Ghadar Mutiny During World War I , British India contributed to the British war effort by providing men and resources . Millions of Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe , Africa , and the Middle East , while both the Indian administration and the princes sent large supplies of food , money , and ammunition . However , Bengal and Punjab remained sources of anticolonial activities . Revolutionary attacks in Bengal , associated increasingly with disturbances in Punjab , were significant enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration . Of these , a pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army planned for February 1915 was the most prominent amongst a number of plots formulated between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalists in India , the United States and Germany . The planned February mutiny was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement , arresting key figures . Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed . In the scenario of the British war effort and the threat from the militant movement in India , the Defence of India Act 1915 was passed limiting civil and political liberties . Michael O'Dwyer , then the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab , was one of the strongest proponents of the act , in no small part due to the Ghadarite threat in the province . Rowlatt Act ( edit ) See also : Rowlatt Committee and Rowlatt act The costs of the protracted war in money and manpower were great . High casualty rates in the war , increasing inflation after the end , compounded by heavy taxation , the deadly 1918 flu pandemic , and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in India . The pre-war Indian nationalist sentiment was revived as moderate and extremist groups of the Indian National Congress ended their differences to unify . In 1916 , the Congress was successful in establishing the Lucknow Pact , a temporary alliance with the All - India Muslim League . British political concessions and Whitehall 's India Policy after World War I began to change , with the passage of Montagu -- Chelmsford Reforms , which initiated the first round of political reform in the Indian subcontinent in 1917 . However , this was deemed insufficient in reforms by the Indian political movement . Mahatma Gandhi , recently returned to India , began emerging as an increasingly charismatic leader under whose leadership civil disobedience movements grew rapidly as an expression of political unrest . The recently crushed Ghadar conspiracy , the presence of Mahendra Pratap 's Kabul mission in Afghanistan ( with possible links to then nascent Bolshevik Russia ) , and a still - active revolutionary movement especially in Punjab and Bengal ( as well as worsening civil unrest throughout India ) led to the appointment of a Sedition committee in 1918 chaired by Sidney Rowlatt , an English judge . It was tasked to evaluate German and Bolshevik links to the militant movement in India , especially in Punjab and Bengal . On the recommendations of the committee , the Rowlatt Act , an extension of the Defence of India Act 1915 , was enforced in India to limit civil liberties . The passage of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 precipitated large scale political unrest throughout India . Ominously , in 1919 , the Third Anglo - Afghan War began in the wake of Amir Habibullah 's assassination and institution of Amanullah in a system strongly influenced by the political figures courted by Kabul mission during the world war . As a reaction to Rowlatt act Muhammad Ali Jinnah resigned from his Bombay seat , writing to viceroy a letter , `` I , therefor , as a protest against the passing of the Bill and the manner in which it was passed tender my resignation ... a government that passes or sanctions such a law in times of peace forfeits its claim to be called a civilized Government '' . In India Gandhi 's call for protest against the Rowlatt Act achieved an unprecedented response of furious unrest and protests . The situation especially in Punjab was deteriorating rapidly , with disruptions of rail , telegraph and communication systems . The movement was at its peak before the end of the first week of April , with some recording that `` practically the whole of Lahore was on the streets , the immense crowd that passed through Anarkali was estimated to be around 20,000 . '' In Amritsar , over 5,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh . This situation deteriorated perceptibly over the next few days . Michael O'Dwyer is said to have been of the firm belief that these were the early and ill - concealed signs of a conspiracy for a coordinated uprising around May , on the lines of the 1857 revolt , at a time when British troops would have withdrawn to the hills for the summer . The Amritsar massacre , as well as responses preceding and succeeding it , was the end result of a concerted plan of response from the Punjab administration to suppress such a conspiracy . Prelude ( edit ) The Jallianwalla Bagh in 1919 , months after the massacre Many officers in the Indian army believed revolt was possible , and they prepared for the worst . In Amritsar , over 5,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh . The British Lieutenant - Governor of Punjab , Michael O'Dwyer , is said to have believed that these were the early and ill - concealed signs of a conspiracy for a coordinated revolt around May , at a time when British troops would have withdrawn to the hills for the summer . The Amritsar massacre , as well as responses preceding and succeeding it , have been described by some historians as the end result of a concerted plan of response from the Punjab administration to suppress such a conspiracy . James Houssemayne Du Boulay is said to have ascribed a direct relationship between the fear of a Ghadarite uprising in the midst of an increasingly tense situation in Punjab , and the British response that ended in the massacre . On 10 April 1919 , there was a protest at the residence of the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar , a city in Punjab , a large province in the northwestern part of India . The demonstration was to demand the release of two popular leaders of the Indian Independence Movement , Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew , who had been earlier arrested by the government and moved to a secret location . Both were proponents of the Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi . A military picket shot at the crowd , killing several protesters and setting off a series of violent events . Later the same day , several banks and other government buildings , including the Town Hall and the railway station , were attacked and set on fire . The violence continued to escalate , culminating in the deaths of at least five Europeans , including government employees and civilians . There was retaliatory shooting at crowds from the military several times during the day , and between eight and twenty people were killed . On 11 April , Miss Marcella Sherwood , an English missionary , fearing for the safety of her pupils , was on her way to shut the schools and send the roughly 600 Indian children home . While cycling through a narrow street called the Kucha Kurrichhan , she was caught by a mob , pulled to the ground by her hair , stripped naked , beaten , kicked , and left for dead . She was rescued by some local Indians , including the father of one of her pupils , who hid her from the mob and then smuggled her to the safety of Gobindgarh fort . After visiting Sherwood on 19 April , the Raj 's local commander , Colonel Dyer , issued an order requiring every Indian man using that street to crawl its length on his hands and knees . Colonel Dyer later explained to a British inspector : `` Some Indians crawl face downwards in front of their gods . I wanted them to know that a British woman is as sacred as a Hindu god and therefore they have to crawl in front of her , too . '' He also authorised the indiscriminate , public whipping of locals who came within lathi length of British policemen . Miss Marcella Sherwood later defended Colonel Dyer , describing him `` as the ' saviour ' of the Punjab '' . For the next two days , the city of Amritsar was quiet , but violence continued in other parts of the Punjab . Railway lines were cut , telegraph posts destroyed , government buildings burnt , and three Europeans murdered . By 13 April , the British government had decided to put most of the Punjab under martial law . The legislation restricted a number of civil liberties , including freedom of assembly ; gatherings of more than four people were banned . On the evening of 12 April , the leaders of the hartal in Amritsar held a meeting at the Hindu College - Dhab Khatikan . At the meeting , Hans Raj , an aide to Dr. Kitchlew , announced a public protest meeting would be held at 16 : 30 the following day in the Jallianwala Bagh , to be organised by a Dr. Muhammad Bashir and chaired by a senior and respected Congress Party leader , Lal Kanhyalal Bhatia . A series of resolutions protesting against the Rowlatt Act , the recent actions of the British authorities and the detention of Drs . Satyapal and Kitchlew was drawn up and approved , after which the meeting adjourned . Massacre ( edit ) `` The Martyrs ' Well '' at Jallianwala Bagh At 9 : 00 on the morning of 13 April , the traditional festival of Baisakhi , Colonel Reginald Dyer , the acting military commander for Amritsar and its environs , proceeded through the city with several city officials , announcing the implementation of a pass system to enter or leave Amritsar , a curfew beginning at 20 : 00 that night and a ban on all processions and public meetings of four or more persons . The proclamation was read and explained in English , Urdu , Hindi and Punjabi , but few paid it any heed or appear to have learned of it later . Meanwhile , the local CID had received intelligence of the planned meeting in the Jallianwala Bagh through word of mouth and plainclothes detectives in the crowds . At 12 : 40 , Dyer was informed of the meeting and returned to his base at around 13 : 30 to decide how to handle it . By mid-afternoon , thousands of Sikhs , Muslims and Hindus had gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh ( garden ) near the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar . Many who were present had earlier worshipped at the Golden Temple , and were passing through the Bagh on their way home . The Bagh was ( and is ) an open area of six to seven acres , roughly 200 yards by 200 yards in size , and surrounded by walls roughly 10 feet in height . Balconies of houses three to four stories tall overlooked the Bagh , and five narrow entrances opened onto it , several with locked gates . During the rainy season , it was planted with crops , but served as a local meeting - area and playground for much of the year . In the center of the Bagh was a samadhi ( cremation site ) and a large well partly filled with water which measured about 20 feet in diameter . Apart from pilgrims , Amritsar had filled up over the preceding days with farmers , traders and merchants attending the annual Baisakhi horse and cattle fair . The city police closed the fair at 14 : 00 that afternoon , resulting in a large number of people drifting into the Jallianwala Bagh . It was estimated that about 20,000 to 25,000 people had gathered in the Bagh by the time of the meeting . Dyer sent an aeroplane to overfly the Bagh and estimate the size of the crowd . By this time , both Colonel Dyer and Deputy Commissioner Irving , the senior civil authority for Amritsar , were well aware of the meeting , but took no actions to prevent it or send police to peacefully disperse the crowds . This would later be a serious criticism levelled at both Dyer and Irving . An hour after the meeting began as scheduled at 16 : 30 , Colonel Dyer arrived at the Bagh with a group of ninety Sikh , Gurkha , Baluchi ( note that the Baluch Regiment of the British Indian Army did not have Baluch troops , the British having failed in their efforts to get the Baluch to enlist and serve ; the Baluch continued to fight an insurgency of varying intensity with the British from 1839 to 1947 . The Baluch regiment was staffed by troops from the Punjab and other areas of India ) , Rajput from 2 - 9th Gurkhas , the 54th Sikhs and the 59th Sind Rifles soldiers . Fifty of them were armed with . 303 Lee -- Enfield bolt - action rifles . It is not clear whether Dyer had specifically chosen troops from that ethnic group due to their proven loyalty to the British or that they were simply the Sikh and non-Sikh units most readily available . He had also brought two armored cars armed with machine guns ; however , the vehicles were left outside , as they were unable to enter the Bagh through the narrow entrances . The Jallianwala Bagh was surrounded on all sides by houses and buildings and had few narrow entrances . Most of them were kept permanently locked . The main entrance was relatively wide , but was guarded heavily by the troops backed by the armoured vehicles . Dyer -- without warning the crowd to disperse -- blocked the main exits . He ' explained ' later that this act `` was not to disperse the meeting but to punish the Indians for disobedience . '' Dyer ordered his troops to begin shooting toward the densest sections of the crowd . Firing continued for approximately ten minutes . Cease - fire was ordered only when ammunition supplies were almost exhausted , after approximately 1,650 rounds were spent . Many people died in stampedes at the narrow gates or by jumping into the solitary well on the compound to escape the shooting . A plaque , placed at the site after independence states that 120 bodies were removed from the well . The wounded could not be moved from where they had fallen , as a curfew was declared , and many more died during the night . Casualties ( edit ) The number of deaths caused by the shooting is disputed . While the ' official ' figure given by the British inquiry into the massacre is 379 deaths , the method used by the inquiry was corrupt . In July 1919 , three months after the massacre , officials were tasked with finding who had been killed by inviting inhabitants of the city to volunteer information about those who had died . This information was incomplete due to fear that those who participated would be identified as having been present at the meeting , and some of the dead may not have had close relations in the area . When interviewed by the members of the committee , a senior civil servant in Punjab admitted that the actual figure could be higher . Since the official figures were obviously flawed regarding the size of the crowd ( 15,000 -- 20,000 ) , the number of rounds fired and the period of shooting , the Indian National Congress instituted a separate inquiry of its own , with conclusions that differed considerably from the British Government 's inquiry . The casualty number quoted by the Congress was more than 1,500 , with approximately 1,000 being killed . The British Government tried to suppress information of the massacre , but news spread in India and widespread outrage ensued ; details of the massacre did not become known in Britain until December 1919 . At the meeting of the Imperial Legislative Council held on 12 September 1919 , the investigation led by Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya concluded that there were 42 boys among the dead , the youngest of them only 7 months old . The Hunter commission confirmed the deaths of 337 men , 41 boys and a six - week old baby . Indian nationalist , Swami Shraddhanand wrote to Gandhi of 1500 deaths in the incident . The number of wounded was never correctly determined , but the Hunter Committee accepted the number wounded was `` probably three times as great as the number killed '' , giving a number in excess of 1000 wounded . Aftermath ( edit ) Colonel Dyer reported to his superiors that he had been `` confronted by a revolutionary army '' , to which Major General William Beynon replied : `` Your action correct and Lieutenant Governor approves . '' O'Dwyer requested that martial law should be imposed upon Amritsar and other areas , and this was granted by Viceroy Lord Chelmsford . Both Secretary of State for War Winston Churchill and former Prime Minister H.H. Asquith however , openly condemned the attack , Churchill referring to it as `` monstrous '' , while Asquith called it `` one of the worst outrages in the whole of our history '' . Winston Churchill , in the House of Commons debate of 8 July 1920 , said , `` The crowd was unarmed , except with bludgeons . It was not attacking anybody or anything ... When fire had been opened upon it to disperse it , it tried to run away . Pinned up in a narrow place considerably smaller than Trafalgar Square , with hardly any exits , and packed together so that one bullet would drive through three or four bodies , the people ran madly this way and the other . When the fire was directed upon the centre , they ran to the sides . The fire was then directed to the sides . Many threw themselves down on the ground , the fire was then directed down on the ground . This was continued to 8 to 10 minutes , and it stopped only when the ammunition had reached the point of exhaustion . '' After Churchill 's speech in the House of Commons debate , MPs voted 247 to 37 against Dyer and in support of the Government . Cloake reports that despite the official rebuke , many Britons `` thought him a hero for saving the rule of British law in India . '' Rabindranath Tagore received the news of the massacre by 22 May 1919 . He tried to arrange a protest meeting in Calcutta and finally decided to renounce his British knighthood as `` a symbolic act of protest '' . In the repudiation letter , dated 30 May 1919 and addressed to the Viceroy , Lord Chelmsford , he wrote `` I ... wish to stand , shorn , of all special distinctions , by the side of those of my countrymen who , for their so called insignificance , are liable to suffer degradation not fit for human beings . '' Gupta describes the letter written by Tagore as `` historic '' . He writes that Tagore `` renounced his knighthood in protest against the inhuman cruelty of the British Government to the people of Punjab '' , and he quotes Tagore 's letter to the Viceroy `` The enormity of the measures taken by the Government in the Punjab for quelling some local disturbances has , with a rude shock , revealed to our minds the helplessness of our position as British subjects in India ... ( T ) he very least that I can do for my country is to take all consequences upon myself in giving voice to the protest of the millions of my countrymen , surprised into a dumb anguish of terror . The time has come when badges of honour make our shame glaring in the incongruous context of humiliation ... '' English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore Miscellaneous Writings Vol # 8 carries a facsimile of this hand written letter . Hunter Commission ( edit ) On 14 October 1919 , after orders issued by the Secretary of State for India , Edwin Montagu , the Government of India announced the formation of a committee of inquiry into the events in Punjab . Referred to as the Disorders Inquiry Committee , it was later more widely known as the Hunter Commission . It was named after the chairman , William , Lord Hunter , former Solicitor - General for Scotland and Senator of the College of Justice in Scotland . The stated purpose of the commission was to `` investigate the recent disturbances in Bombay , Delhi and Punjab , about their causes , and the measures taken to cope with them '' . The members of the commission were : Lord Hunter , Chairman of the Commission Mr. Justice George C. Rankin of Calcutta Sir Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad , Vice-Chancellor of Bombay University and advocate of the Bombay High Court Mr W.F. Rice , member of the Home Department Major - General Sir George Barrow , KCB , KCMG , GOC Peshawar Division Pandit Jagat Narayan , lawyer and Member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces Mr. Thomas Smith , Member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmad Khan , lawyer from Gwalior State Mr H.C. Stokes , Secretary of the Commission and member of the Home Department After meeting in New Delhi on 29 October , the Commission took statements from witnesses over the following weeks . Witnesses were called in Delhi , Ahmedabad , Bombay and Lahore . Although the Commission as such was not a formally constituted court of law , meaning witnesses were not subject to questioning under oath , its members managed to elicit detailed accounts and statements from witnesses by rigorous cross-questioning . In general , it was felt the Commission had been very thorough in its enquiries . After reaching Lahore in November , the Commission wound up its initial inquiries by examining the principal witnesses to the events in Amritsar . On 19 November , Dyer was called to appear before the Commission . Although his military superiors had suggested he be represented by legal counsel at the inquiry , Dyer refused this suggestion and appeared alone . Initially questioned by Lord Hunter , Dyer stated he had come to know about the meeting at the Jallianwala Bagh at 12 : 40 hours that day but did not attempt to prevent it . He stated that he had gone to the Bagh with the deliberate intention of opening fire if he found a crowd assembled there . Patterson says Dyer explained his sense of honour to the Hunter Commission by saying , `` I think it quite possible that I could have dispersed the crowd without firing but they would have come back again and laughed , and I would have made , what I consider , a fool of myself . '' Dyer further reiterated his belief that the crowd in the Bagh was one of `` rebels who were trying to isolate my forces and cut me off from other supplies . Therefore , I considered it my duty to fire on them and to fire well '' . After Mr. Justice Rankin had questioned Dyer , Sir Chimanlal Setalvad enquired : Sir Chimanlal : Supposing the passage was sufficient to allow the armoured cars to go in , would you have opened fire with the machine guns ? Dyer : I think probably , yes . Sir Chimanlal : In that case , the casualties would have been much higher ? Dyer : Yes . Dyer further stated that his intentions had been to strike terror throughout the Punjab and in doing so , reduce the moral stature of the `` rebels '' . He said he did not stop the shooting when the crowd began to disperse because he thought it was his duty to keep shooting until the crowd dispersed , and that a little shooting would not do any good . In fact he continued the shooting until the ammunition was almost exhausted . He stated that he did not make any effort to tend to the wounded after the shooting : `` Certainly not . It was not my job . Hospitals were open and they could have gone there . '' Exhausted from the rigorous cross-examination questioning and ill , Dyer was then released . Over the next several months , while the Commission wrote its final report , the British press , as well as many MPs , turned hostile towards Dyer as the extent of the massacre and his statements at the inquiry became widely known . Lord Chelmsford refused to comment until the Commission had been wound up . In the meanwhile , Dyer , seriously ill with jaundice and arteriosclerosis , was hospitalised . Although the members of the Commission had been divided by racial tensions following Dyer 's statement , and though the Indian members had written a separate , minority report , the final report , comprising six volumes of evidence and released on 8 March 1920 , unanimously condemned Dyer 's actions . In `` continuing firing as long as he did , it appears to us that General Dyer committed a grave error . '' Dissenting members argued that the martial law regime 's use of force was wholly unjustified . `` General Dyer thought he had crushed the rebellion and Sir Michael O'Dwyer was of the same view '' , they wrote , `` ( but ) there was no rebellion which required to be crushed . '' The report concluded that : Lack of notice to disperse from the Bagh in the beginning was an error . The length of firing showed a grave error . Dyer 's motive of producing a sufficient moral effect was to be condemned . Dyer had overstepped the bounds of his authority . There had been no conspiracy to overthrow British rule in the Punjab . The minority report of the Indian members further added that : Proclamations banning public meetings were insufficiently distributed . Innocent people were in the crowd , and there had been no violence in the Bagh beforehand . Dyer should have either ordered his troops to help the wounded or instructed the civil authorities to do so . Dyer 's actions had been `` inhuman and un-British '' and had greatly injured the image of British rule in India . The Hunter Commission did not impose any penal or disciplinary action because Dyer 's actions were condoned by various superiors ( later upheld by the Army Council ) . The Legal and Home Members on the Viceroy 's Council ultimately decided that , though Dyer had acted in a callous and brutal way , military or legal prosecution would not be possible due to political reasons . However , he was finally found guilty of a mistaken notion of duty and relieved of his command on 23 March . He had been recommended for a CBE as a result of his service in the Third Afghan War ; this recommendation was cancelled on 29 March 1920 . Demonstration at Gujranwala ( edit ) Two days later , on 15 April , demonstrations occurred in Gujranwala protesting the killings at Amritsar . Police and aircraft were used against the demonstrators , resulting in 12 deaths and 27 injuries . The Officer Commanding the Royal Air Force in India , Brigadier General NDK MacEwen stated later that : I think we can fairly claim to have been of great use in the late riots , particularly at Gujranwala , where the crowd when looking at its nastiest was absolutely dispersed by a machine using bombs and Lewis guns . Assassination of Michael O'Dwyer ( edit ) See also : Udham Singh Michael O'Dwyer c. 1912 On 13 March 1940 , at Caxton Hall in London , Udham Singh , an Indian independence activist from Sunam who had witnessed the events in Amritsar and had himself been wounded , shot and killed Michael O'Dwyer , the British Lieutenant - Governor of Punjab at the time of the massacre , who had approved Dyer 's action and was believed to have been the main planner . Reginald Dyer was disciplined by being removed from his appointment , was passed over for promotion and was prohibited from further employment in India . He died in 1927 Some , such as the nationalist newspaper Amrita Bazar Patrika , made statements supporting the killing . The common people and revolutionaries glorified the action of Udham Singh . Much of the press worldwide recalled the story of Jallianwala Bagh , and alleged O'Dwyer to have been responsible for the massacre . Singh was termed a `` fighter for freedom '' and his action was referred to in The Times newspaper as `` an expression of the pent - up fury of the down - trodden Indian People '' . In Fascist countries , the incident was used for anti-British propaganda : Bergeret , published in large scale from Rome at that time , while commenting upon the Caxton Hall assassination , ascribed the greatest significance to the circumstance and praised the action of Udham Singh as courageous . The Berliner Börsen Zeitung termed the event `` The torch of Indian freedom '' . German radio reportedly broadcast : `` The cry of tormented people spoke with shots . '' At a public meeting in Kanpur , a spokesman had stated that `` at last an insult and humiliation of the nation had been avenged '' . Similar sentiments were expressed in numerous other places across the country . Fortnightly reports of the political situation in Bihar mentioned : `` It is true that we had no love lost for Sir Michael . The indignities he heaped upon our countrymen in Punjab have not been forgotten . '' In its 18 March 1940 issue Amrita Bazar Patrika wrote : `` O'Dwyer's name is connected with Punjab incidents which India will never forget . '' The New Statesman observed : `` British conservativism has not discovered how to deal with Ireland after two centuries of rule . Similar comment may be made on British rule in India . Will the historians of the future have to record that it was not the Nazis but the British ruling class which destroyed the British Empire ? '' Singh had told the court at his trial : Wide view of Jallianwala Bagh memorial I did it because I had a grudge against him . He deserved it . He was the real culprit . He wanted to crush the spirit of my people , so I have crushed him . For full 21 years , I have been trying to wreak vengeance . I am happy that I have done the job . I am not scared of death . I am dying for my country . I have seen my people starving in India under the British rule . I have protested against this , it was my duty . What a greater honour could be bestowed on me than death for the sake of my motherland ? Singh was hanged for the murder on 31 July 1940 . At that time , many , including Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi , condemned the murder as senseless even if it was courageous . In 1952 , Nehru ( by then Prime Minister ) honoured Udham Singh with the following statement , which appeared in the daily Partap : I salute Shaheed - i - Azam Udham Singh with reverence who had kissed the noose so that we may be free . Soon after this recognition by the Prime Minister , Udham Singh received the title of Shaheed , a name given to someone who has attained martyrdom or done something heroic on behalf of their country or religion . Monument and legacy ( edit ) Entrance to the present - day Jallianwala Bagh Bullet marks , visible on preserved walls , at present - day Jallianwala Bagh A trust was founded in 1920 to build a memorial at the site after a resolution was passed by the Indian National Congress . In 1923 , the trust purchased land for the project . A memorial , designed by American architect Benjamin Polk , was built on the site and inaugurated by President of India Rajendra Prasad on 13 April 1961 , in the presence of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders . A flame was later added to the site . The bullet marks remain on the walls and adjoining buildings to this day . The well into which many people jumped and drowned attempting to save themselves from the bullets is also a protected monument inside the park . Formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara prabandhak committee ( edit ) Shortly following the massacre , the official Sikh clergy of the Harmandir Sahib ( Golden Temple ) in Amritsar conferred upon Colonel Dyer the Saropa ( the mark of distinguished service to the Sikh faith or , in general , humanity ) , sending shock waves among the Sikh community . On 12 October 1920 , students and faculty of the Amritsar Khalsa College called a meeting to demand the immediate removal of the Gurudwaras from the control of Mahants . The result was the formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabhandak Committee on 15 November 1920 to manage and to implement reforms in Sikh shrines . Regret ( edit ) Although Queen Elizabeth II had not made any comments on the incident during her state visits in 1961 and 1983 , she spoke about the events at a state banquet in India on 13 October 1997 : It is no secret that there have been some difficult episodes in our past -- Jallianwala Bagh , which I shall visit tomorrow , is a distressing example . But history can not be rewritten , however much we might sometimes wish otherwise . It has its moments of sadness , as well as gladness . We must learn from the sadness and build on the gladness . On 14 October 1997 , Queen Elizabeth II visited Jallianwala Bagh and paid her respects with a 30 ‐ second moment of silence . During the visit , she wore a dress of a colour described as pink apricot or saffron , which was of religious significance to the Sikhs . She removed her shoes while visiting the monument and laid a wreath at the monument . While some Indians welcomed the expression of regret and sadness in the Queen 's statement , others criticised it for being less than an apology . The then Prime Minister of India Inder Kumar Gujral defended the Queen , saying that the Queen herself had not even been born at the time of the events and should not be required to apologise . Controversies ( edit ) The Queen 's 1997 statement was not without controversies . During her visit , there were protests brewing in the city of Amritsar outside , people chanting slogans `` Queen , go back . '' Queen Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh merely signed on the visitor 's book . The fact that they did not leave any comment , leave aside , even regretting the incident was criticized . During the same visit , minutes after Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip stood in silence at the Flame of Liberty , the Duke of Edinburgh and his guide , Partha Sarathi Mukherjee , reached a plaque recording the events of the 1919 massacre . Among the many things found on the plaque was the assertion that 2,000 people were killed by Gen. Dyer 's troops . ( The precise text is : `` This place is saturated with the blood of about two thousand Hindus , Sikhs and Muslims who were martyred in a non-violent struggle . '' It goes on to describe the events of that day . ) `` That 's a bit exaggerated , '' Philip told Mukherjee , `` it must include the wounded . '' Mukherjee asked Philip how he had come to this conclusion . `` I was told about the killings by General Dyer 's son , '' Mukherjee recalls the Duke as saying , `` I 'd met him while I was in the Navy . '' These statements by Philip drew widespread condemnation in India . Indian journalist Praveen Swami wrote in the Frontline magazine : `` ( The fact that ) ... this was the solitary comment Prince Philip had to offer after his visit to Jallianwala Bagh ... ( and that ) it was the only aspect of the massacre that exercised his imagination , caused offence . It suggested that the death of 379 people was in some way inadequate to appall the royal conscience , in the way the death of 2,000 people would have . Perhaps more important of all , the staggering arrogance that Prince Philip displayed in citing his source of information on the tragedy made clear the lack of integrity in the wreath - laying . '' Demands for apology ( edit ) There are long - standing demands in India that Britain should apologize for the massacre . Winston Churchill , on 8 July 1920 , urged the House of Commons to punish Colonel Dyer . Churchill succeeded in persuading the House to forcibly retire Colonel Dyer , but Churchill would have preferred to have seen the colonel disciplined . In February 2013 David Cameron became the first serving British Prime Minister to visit the site , laid a wreath at the memorial , and described the Amritsar massacre as `` a deeply shameful event in British history , one that Winston Churchill rightly described at that time as monstrous . We must never forget what happened here and we must ensure that the UK stands up for the right of peaceful protests '' . Cameron did not deliver an official apology . This was criticized by some commentators . Writing in The Telegraph , Sankarshan Thakur wrote , `` Over nearly a century now British protagonists have approached the 1919 massacre ground of Jallianwala Bagh thumbing the thesaurus for an appropriate word to pick . ' Sorry ' has not been among them . '' Jallianwala Bagh memorial The issue of apology resurfaced during the 2016 India visit of Prince William and Kate Middleton when both decided to skip the memorial site from their itinerary . In 2017 , Indian author and politician Shashi Tharoor suggested that the Jalianwala Bagh centenary in 2019 should be a `` good time '' for the British to apologise to the Indians for wrongs committed during the colonial rule . Visiting the memorial on 6 December 2017 , London 's mayor Sadiq Khan called on the British government to apologize for the massacre . In popular culture ( edit ) 1932 : Noted Hindi poet Subhadra Kumari Chauhan wrote a poem , `` Jallianwalla Bagh Mein Basant '' , ( Spring in the Jallianwalla Bagh ) in memory of the slain in her anthology Bikhre Moti ( Scattered Pearls ) . 1977 : The massacre is portrayed in the Hindi movie Jallian Wala Bagh starring Vinod Khanna , Parikshat Sahni , Shabana Azmi , Sampooran Singh Gulzar , and Deepti Naval . The film was written , produced and directed by Balraj Tah with the screenplay by Gulzar . The film is a part - biopic of Udham Singh ( played by Parikshit Sahni ) who assassinated Michael O'Dwyer in 1940 . Portions of the film were shot in the UK notably in Coventry and surrounding areas . 1981 : Salman Rushdie 's novel Midnight 's Children portrays the massacre from the perspective of a doctor in the crowd , saved from the gunfire by a well - timed sneeze . 1982 : The massacre is depicted in Richard Attenborough 's film Gandhi with the role of General Dyer played by Edward Fox . The film depicts most of the details of the massacre as well as the subsequent inquiry by the Montague commission . 1984 : The story of the massacre also occurs in the 7th episode of Granada TV 's 1984 series The Jewel in the Crown , recounted by the fictional widow of a British officer who is haunted by the inhumanity of it and who tells how she came to be reviled because she defied the honours to Dyer and instead donated money to the Indian victims . 2002 : In the Hindi movie The Legend of Bhagat Singh directed by Rajkumar Santoshi , the massacre is reconstructed with the child Bhagat Singh as a witness , eventually inspiring him to become a revolutionary in the Indian independence movement . 2006 : Portions of the Hindi movie Rang De Basanti nonlinearly depict the massacre and the influence it had on the freedom fighters . 2009 : Bali Rai 's novel , City of Ghosts , is partly set around the massacre , blending fact with fiction and magical realism . Dyer , Udham Singh and other real historical figures feature in the story . 2012 : A few shots of the massacre are captured in the movie Midnight 's Children , a Canadian - British film adaptation of Salman Rushdie 's 1981 novel of the same name directed by Deepa Mehta . 2014 : The British period drama Downton Abbey makes a reference to the massacre in the eighth episode of season 5 as `` that terrible Amritsar business '' . The characters of Lord Grantham , Isobel Crawley and Shrimpy express their disapproval of the massacre when Susan MacClare and Lord Sinderby support it . 2017 : The Hindi language movie Phillauri references the massacre as the reason the spirit of the primary character portrayed by Anushka Sharma can not find peace as her lover lost his life in Amritsar and was unable to return to their village for their wedding . The movie depicts the massacre and the following stampede , with the climax shot on - location at the modern - day Jallianwallah Bagh memorial . See also ( edit ) India portal Punjab portal United Kingdom portal Death portal Vidurashwatha British Raj Babrra massacre Massacre of Chumik Shenko Indian independence movement List of massacres in India Bloody Sunday , a day of IRA assassinations in Ireland and revenge attacks by the Royal Irish Constabulary on a crowd at Croke Park and on prisoners at Dublin Castle Mahatma Gandhi Jinnah References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1919 Jallianwalla Bagh massacre '' . Discover Sikhism . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Raja Ram , The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre : A Premeditated Plan , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Report of Commissioners , Vol I , II , Bombay , 1920 , Reprint New Delhi , 1976 , p 56 . Jump up ^ Nigel Collett ( 15 October 2006 ) . The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer . A&C Black . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 575 - 8 . 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Journal of Contemporary History . Sage Publications . 3 ( 4 ) : 92 . JSTOR 259846 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Margaret W. ( Spring 1972 ) . `` Essays on Gandhian Politics : the Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919 ( in Book Reviews ) '' . Pacific Affairs . University of British Columbia . 45 ( 1 ) : 129 . doi : 10.2307 / 2755297 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2013 ) . Jinnah of Pakistan . Karachi , Pakistan : Oxford University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 577389 - 7 . Jump up ^ Swami P ( November 1 , 1997 ) . `` Jallianwala Bagh revisited '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 28 November 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Cell , John W. ( 2002 ) . Hailey : A Study in British Imperialism , 1872 -- 1969 . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52117 - 3 . Jump up ^ Brown , Emily ( May 1973 ) . `` Book Reviews ; South Asia '' . The Journal of Asian Studies . University of British Columbia . 32 ( 3 ) : 523 . doi : 10.2307 / 2052702 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Niall ( 2003 ) . Empire : How Britain Made the Modern World . London : Penguin Books . p. 326 . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9615 - 3 . Jump up ^ Collett , Nigel ( 2006 ) . The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer . Hambledon Continuum : New Edition . p. 234 . ^ Jump up to : Banerjee , Sikata ( 2012 ) . Muscular Nationalism : Gender , Violence , and Empire . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Talbott , Strobe ( 2004 ) . Engaging India : Diplomacy , Democracy , and the Bomb . p. 245 . Jump up ^ Townshend , Britains Civil Wars . p137 Jump up ^ Collett , The Butcher of Amritsar p. 246 Jump up ^ Collett , The Butcher of Amritsar p. 252 - 253 Jump up ^ Collett , The Butcher of Amritsar p. 253 ^ Jump up to : Collett , The Butcher of Amritsar p. 254 - 255 Jump up ^ Collett , The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer p 255 - 58 Jump up ^ Collett , Nigel ( 2006 ) . The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer . Hambledon Continuum : New Edition . p. 254 - 255 Jump up ^ Hunter Report , p116 - 117 . Jump up ^ Nigel Collett ( 2007 ) . The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer . Hambledon and London . p. 263 . Jump up ^ Hunter Report , p117 Jump up ^ `` Amritsar Massacre -- ninemsn Encarta '' . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Datta , Vishwa Nath ( 1969 ) . Jallianwala Bagh . ( Kurukshetra University Books and Stationery Shop for ) Lyall Book Depot . ^ Jump up to : http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a512476.pdf Jump up ^ Nigel Collett , The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer ( 2006 ) p. 267 Jump up ^ Derek Sayer , `` British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919 -- 1920 '' , Past & Present , May 1991 , Issue 131 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Nigel Collett , The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer ( 2006 ) p. 372 Jump up ^ Derek Sayer , `` British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919 -- 1920 '' , Past & Present , May 1991 , Issue 131 , p. 131 ^ Jump up to : `` Hansard ( House of Commons Archives ) '' . Hansard : 1719 -- 1733 . 8 July 1920 . ^ Jump up to : Manchester , William ( 1988 ) . The Last Lion : Winston Spencer Churchill , Visions of Glory ( 1874 -- 1932 ) . Little , Brown . p. 694 . Jump up ^ J.A. Cloake ( 1994 ) . Britain in the Modern World . Oxford University Press . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Rabindranath Tagore ; Sisir Kumar Das ( January 1996 ) . A miscellany . Sahitya Akademi . pp. 982 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 260 - 0094 - 4 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tagore renounced his Knighthood in protest for Jalianwalla Bagh mass killing '' . The Times of India . Mumbai : Bennett , Coleman & Co. Ltd. 13 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Kalyan Sen Gupta ( 2005 ) . The philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . pp. 3 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3036 - 4 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Rabindranath Tagore ; Introduction By Mohit K. Ray ( 1 January 2007 ) . English Writings of Rabindranath TagoreMiscellaneous Writings Vol # 8 . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . pp. 1021 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0761 - 8 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Collett , Nigel ( 2006 ) . The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer . Amritsar ( India ) : Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 333 -- 334 . ISBN 9781852855758 . Jump up ^ Steven Patterson , The cult of imperial honor in British India ( 2009 ) P. 67 Jump up ^ Nick Lloyd , The Amritsar Massacre : The Untold Story of One Fateful Day ( 2011 ) p. 157 Jump up ^ Collett , The Butcher of Amritsar p. 337 Jump up ^ Cyril Henry Philips , `` The evolution of India and Pakistan , 1858 to 1947 : select documents '' p. 214 . Oxford University Press , 1962 Jump up ^ Winston Churchill ( 8 July 1920 ) . `` Winston Churchill 's speech in the House of Commons '' . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Air Force Power Review '' ( PDF ) . 1 . Spring 2008 . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ The Times , London , 16 March 1940 Jump up ^ Public and Judicial Department , File No L / P + J / 7 / 3822 , Caxton Hall outrage , India Office Library and Records , London , pp 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Government of India , Home Department , Political File No 18 / 3 / 1940 , National Archives of India , New Delhi , p40 Jump up ^ CRIM 1 / 1177 , Public Record Office , London , p 64 Jump up ^ Ajit Singh Sarhadi , `` Punjabi Suba : The Story of the Struggle '' , Kapur Printing Press , Delhi , 1970 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Indian critiques of Gandhi -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5910 - 2 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , John F. ( 15 October 1997 ) . `` In India , Queen Bows Her Head Over a Massacre in 1919 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rediff On The NeT : Queen visits Jallianwalla Bagh '' . www.rediff.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Jallianwala Bagh massacre anniversary : Is it time for Britain to apologise for excesses committed on Indians ? '' . India Today . ^ Jump up to : `` History repeats itself , in stopping short '' . ^ Jump up to : http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1422/14220460.htm Jump up ^ `` Rediff On The NeT : Prince Philip kicks up another storm '' . m.rediff.com . Jump up ^ Burns , John F. ( 19 October 1997 ) . `` India and England Beg to Differ ; Tiptoeing Through the Time of the Raj '' -- via NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Jallianwala Bagh centenary a ' good time ' for British to apologise : Shashi Tharoor '' . 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron marks British 1919 Amritsar massacre '' . News . BBC . 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . `` Not our finest hour : David Cameron to visit Amritsar massacre site but wo n't make official apology '' . News . Daily Mirror. 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . `` Jallianwala Bagh killings shameful , says David Cameron '' . News . Daily News and Analysis . 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jallianwala Bagh : The shrine Kate and Will should not have given a miss '' . Jump up ^ `` When will a British PM beg forgiveness for Jallianwala Bagh massacre ? '' . www.dailyo.in . Jump up ^ `` Britain must apologise for Jallianwala Bagh massacre : London Mayor Sadiq Khan '' . 6 December 2017 -- via The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` जलियाँवाला बाग में बसंत / सुभद्राकुमारी चौहान - कविता कोश '' . kavitakosh.org . Jump up ^ Jallian Wala Bagh on IMDb Further reading ( edit ) Collett , Nigel ( 2006 ) . The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer . Draper , Alfred ( 1985 ) . The Amritsar Massacre : Twilight of the Raj . Hopkirk , Peter ( 1997 ) . Like Hidden Fire : The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire . Kodansha Globe . ISBN 1 - 56836 - 127 - 0 . Judd , Dennis ( 1996 ) . `` The Amritsar Massacre of 1919 : Gandhi , the Raj and the Growth of Indian Nationalism , 1915 -- 39 '' , in Judd , Empire : The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present . Basic Books . pp 258 -- 72 . Lloyd , Nick ( 2011 ) . The Amritsar Massacre : The Untold Story of One Fateful Day . Narain , Savita ( 1998 ) . The historiography of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , 1919 . New Delhi : Spantech and Lancer . 76pp . ISBN 1 - 897829 - 36 - 1 Swinson , Arthur ( 1964 ) . Six Minutes to Sunset : The Story of General Dyer and the Amritsar Affair . London : Peter Davies . Wagner , Kim A. `` Calculated to Strike Terror ' : The Amritsar Massacre and the Spectacle of Colonial Violence . '' Past Present ( 2016 ) 233 # 1 : 185 - 225 . doi : 10.1093 / pastj / gtw037 External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) Debate on this incident in the British Parliament . An NPR interview with Bapu Shingara Singh -- the last known surviving witness . Churchill 's speech after the incident . Amritsar Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh Listen to the Shaheed song of the Amritsar Massacre at Jallian Wala Bagh . Amritsar Massacre as a turning point in the British Raj -- Description and analysis of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre . Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&oldid=855979050 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1919 Mass murder in 1919 1919 in British India Protests in British India Massacres in India Massacres committed by the United Kingdom Amritsar Political repression in British India Military scandals Hindu -- German Conspiracy 1919 in India History of Punjab , India Massacres of Sikhs Indian independence movement April 1919 events Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty EngvarB from March 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 03 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who banned all public meetings and procession in amritsar	[ "At 9:00 on the morning of 13 April, the traditional festival of Baisakhi, Colonel Reginald Dyer, the acting military commander for Amritsar and its environs, proceeded through the city with several city officials, announcing the implementation of a pass system to enter or leave Amritsar, a curfew beginning at 20:00 that night and a ban on all processions and public meetings of four or more persons. The proclamation was read and explained in English, Urdu, Hindi and Punjabi, but few paid it any heed or appear to have learned of it later.[40] Meanwhile, the local CID had received intelligence of the planned meeting in the Jallianwala Bagh through word of mouth and plainclothes detectives in the crowds. At 12:40, Dyer was informed of the meeting and returned to his base at around 13:30 to decide how to handle it.[41]\n" ]	[ "Colonel Reginald Dyer" ]
7605323084956343243	List of medical abbreviations: Latin abbreviations	List of medical abbreviations : latin abbreviations - wikipedia List of medical abbreviations : latin abbreviations The main discussion of these abbreviations in the context of drug prescriptions and other medical prescriptions is at List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions . Some of these abbreviations are best not used , as marked and explained here . Abbrev . Meaning Latin ( or New Latin ) origin a.c. before meals ante cibum a.d. , ad , AD right ear auris dextra a.m. , am , AM morning ante meridiem nocte every night Omne Nocte a.s. , as , AS left ear auris sinistra a.u. , au , AU both ears together or each ear aures unitas or auris uterque b.d.s , bds , BDS 2 times a day bis die sumendum b.i.d. , bid , bd twice a day / twice daily / 2 times daily bis in die gtt. , gtt drop ( s ) gutta ( e ) h. , h hour hora h.s. , hs at bedtime or half strength hora somni ii two tablets duos doses iii three tablets trēs doses n.p.o. , npo , NPO nothing by mouth / not by oral administration nil per os o.d. , od , OD once a day right eye omne in die oculus dexter o.s. , os , OS left eye oculus sinister o.u. , ou , OU both eyes oculus uterque p.c. after food post cibum p.m. , pm , PM afternoon or evening post meridiem p.o. , po , PO orally / by mouth / oral administration per os / nonstandard form per orem p.r. , pr , PR rectally per rectum p.r.n. , prn , PRN as needed , ( also Pertactin - a key antigen of ac. Pertussis vaccine ) pro re nata q . every quaque q. 1. d. , q1d every day quaque die q. 1. h. , q1h every hour quaque hora q. 2. h. , q2h every 2 hours quaque secunda hora q. 4. h. , q4h every 4 hours quaque quarta hora q. 6. h. , q6h every 6 hours quaque sexta hora q. 8. h. , q8h every 8 hours quaque octava hora q.a.m. , qAM , qam every morning quaque ante meridiem q.d. , qd every day / daily quaque die q.h.s. , qhs every night at bedtime quaque hora somni q.d.s , qds , QDS 4 times a day quater die sumendum q.i.d , qid 4 times a day quater in die q.h. , qh every hour , hourly quaque hora q.o.d. , qod every other day / alternate days quaque altera die q.p.m. , qPM , qpm every afternoon or evening quaque post meridiem q.s. , qs a sufficient quantity ( enough ) quantum sufficiat Rx , R , , ℞ prescription recipe Sig. , S . directions signa Stat . immediately , with no delay , now statim t.d.s , tds , TDS 3 times a day ter die sumendum t.i.d. , tid 3 times a day ter in die u.d. , ud as directed ut dictum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_medical_abbreviations:_Latin_abbreviations&oldid=821206857 '' Categories : Lists of medical abbreviations Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 00 : 45 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the meaning of bd in medicine	[]	[]
-5325895910161525156	March Comes in like a Lion (film)	March comes in like a lion ( film ) - Wikipedia March comes in like a lion ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search March Comes in Like a Lion Poster for Part 1 Japanese 3 月のライオン Directed by Keishi Ōtomo ( ja ) Based on March Comes in Like a Lion by Chica Umino Starring Ryunosuke Kamiki Kasumi Arimura Kana Kurashina Shōta Sometani Kaya Kiyohara Gin Maeda Ryo Kase Kuranosuke Sasaki Hideaki Itō Etsushi Toyokawa Distributed by Toho Asmik Ace Release date March 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 18 ) ( Part 1 ) April 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) ( Part 2 ) Country Japan Language Japanese March Comes in Like a Lion ( 3 月のライオン , Sangatsu no Raion ) is a two - part Japanese film directed by Keishi Ōtomo ( ja ) , starring Ryunosuke Kamiki and based on the manga series of the same name written and illustrated by Chica Umino . The film was released in Japan by Toho and Asmik Ace in 2017 in two parts , with the first part released on March 18 and the second released on April 22 . The theme song for the first film is Japanese rapper Boku no Lyric no Bōyomi 's song `` Be Noble '' , while the second film 's theme song is a cover of Spitz ' `` Haru no Uta '' ( 2005 ) by singer Sakura Fujiwara . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) The first part will focus on Rei as he decides to live independently after bickering with his foster family . As Rei begins playing shogi with other shogi players he bonds with them with the exception of Masamune Gotō , whom he has hated since he starting dating his foster sister , Kyōko Kōda . Luckily for Rei , he was saved by Akari Kawamoto after he got beaten by Gotō . Afterwards , he became a good acquaintance with her and with her younger sisters Hinata and Momo Kawamoto , as well their grandfather Someji Kawamoto . When the Kawamoto family learned of Rei 's involvement with his foster family , they decided on protecting him no matter the cost . This made Kyōko disgusted with the sisters and Gotō became afraid of Someji . The second part will focus on the Kawamoto sisters as they deal with their unfriendly father 's return with another woman . Rei along with another shogi player decided to investigate their father and defend them when he sees him . Cast ( edit ) Ryunosuke Kamiki as Rei Kiriyama Kuranosuke Sasaki as Kai Shimada Hideaki Itō as Masamune Gotō Ryo Kase as Tōji Sōya Kasumi Arimura as Kyōko Kōda Etsushi Toyokawa as Masachika Kōda Kana Kurashina as Akari Kawamoto Shōta Sometani as Harunobu Nikaidō Kaya Kiyohara ( ja ) as Hinata Kawamoto Chise Nītsu as Momo Kawamoto Gin Maeda as Someji Kawamoto Issei Takahashi as Takashi Hayashida Tomoya Nakamura as Tatsuyuki Misumi Hiroyuki Onoue as Issa Matsumoto Yuka Itaya as Misaki Ryō Iwamatsu as Takanori Jingūji Eita Okuno as Junkei Yamazaki Shigeru Saiki as Sakutarō Yanagihara Masahiro Komoto as Manabu Yasui References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Live - Action March comes in like a lion Films ' Additional Cast , March & April Openings Revealed '' . Anime News Network . September 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 月のライオン前編 '' . eiga.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 月のライオン後編 '' . eiga.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 映画「 3 月のライオン」主題歌はぼくりり新曲 & 藤原さくらのスピッツカバー '' ( in Japanese ) . Natalie . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3 月のライオン前編 ( 2017 ) '' . allcinema ( in Japanese ) . Stingray . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Japanese ) Sangatsu no Lion : Part 1 on IMDb Sangatsu no Lion : Part 2 on IMDb This article related to a Japanese film of the 2010s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_Comes_in_like_a_Lion_(film)&oldid=815798660 '' Categories : 2017 films Japanese - language films 2010s Japanese film stubs Japanese films 2010s Japanese films Live - action films based on manga Toho films Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 06 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	march comes in like a lion part 2 movie	[]	[]
2412314865185430628	Votive candle	Votive candle - wikipedia Votive candle Jump to : navigation , search A votive candle rack at Grace Episcopal Cathedral , an Anglican Christian cathedral in Topeka . A votive candle or prayer candle is a small candle , typically white or beeswax yellow , intended to be burnt as a votive offering in an act of Christian prayer , especially within the Anglican and Roman Catholic Christian denominations , among others . In Christianity , votive candles are commonplace in many churches , as well as home altars , and symbolize the `` prayers the worshipper is offering for him or herself , or for other people . '' The size of a votive candle is often two inches tall by one and a half inches diameter , although other votive candles can be significantly taller and wider . In other religions , such as Hinduism and Buddhism , similar offerings exist , which include diyas and butter lamps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Use by Christian denomination 1.1 Anglicanism 1.2 Catholicism 1.3 Eastern Orthodoxy 1.4 Lutheranism 1.5 Methodism 2 Composition 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Use by Christian denomination ( edit ) Votive candles at a small Roman Catholic Christian grotto in the American state of Texas Votive candles on sale for Hallowe'en in a Midwestern department store Candles are lit for prayer intentions . To `` light a candle for someone '' indicates one 's intention to say a prayer for another person , and the candle symbolizes that prayer . Many times , `` a board is placed nearby with names of those for whom prayer is requested . '' A donation box sometimes is placed near a votive candle rack in order that Christians lighting the votive candles can help defray the cost of votive candles . Anglicanism ( edit ) Some Anglican churches , especially those that worship in the High Church or Anglo - Catholic tradition , have votive candles for purposes of praying for the dead as well as asking for saintly intercession . Catholicism ( edit ) In the Roman Catholic Church , candles are placed before a statue of Jesus or of the Blessed Virgin Mary . Often , in older or traditional churches , this will be before a bye - altar . Candles used may vary from long , taper - type candles to tealight candles . Tealight candles are either placed in holders or just on a platform in front of the statue . Long candles may be placed in a special holder . Eastern orthodoxy ( edit ) Orthodox churches use long , thin candles , which are placed in round containers . In the Eastern Orthodox Church , candles are lit before icons , usually of Jesus Christ or the Holy Theotokos . Usually Orthodox churches only use long , thin candles . These are usually placed in round containers , having either various sockets to hold the candles , or in a container filled with sand , in which the worshippers place their candles . Orthodox churches will usually have a separate place to put candles lit for the departed ; Anglican and Roman Catholic churches make no such distinction . Lutheranism ( edit ) Lutheran churches may use votive candles which may be lit at home , as a part of personal or family devotions , or at the church . They are usually lit on the altar rails , or in front of the altar cross . They are also often lit during the liturgy of Good Friday . Methodism ( edit ) In the United Methodist Church , those churches which worship in the High Church tradition make use of votive candles . During the liturgical celebration of Allhallowtide , especially on All Saints ' Day ( All Hallows ' Day ) , votive candles are lit and a prayer is said for each person of the congregation who has died that year . Composition ( edit ) Votive candles are made from different types of waxes including paraffin , soy wax or beeswax . There are different grades of wax with different melting points . Paraffin is often mixed with other types of waxes , such as beeswax or vegetable wax . This is done to obtain the rigidity necessary for the type of candle being made . The speed at which the candle burns depends on the composition of the wax . A taper candle that sits in a ring - shaped candle holder may have a low melting point and produce little to no oil , whereas a votive candle set in a glass cup may have a very low melting point and turn to oil . Pillar candles , large candles often with multiple wicks , have their own formula . Soy jar candles tend to have a lower melting point than pillars and votive candles . Candle quality also varies widely depending on the candle maker . The aroma of a lighted scented candle is released through the evaporation of the fragrance from the hot wax pool and from the solid candle itself . Lead wicks are unlikely to be found in any candle sold in the U.S. today : lead - core wicks have been banned from the U.S. since 2003 , and members of the National Candle Association -- which account for more than 90 % of candles made in the U.S. -- have not used lead wicks for more than 30 years . Reputable manufacturers use cotton , cotton - paper , zinc - core or tin - core wicks , all of which are known to be safe . Gallery ( edit ) Votive candles on a Christian home altar surrounding a crucifix in crystal Madonna and Child with a votive candle rack and prie - dieu in a Methodist church Portuguese votive candles in the shape of afflicted body parts Hand - poured blue votive candles Hand - poured green votive candles A child lighting a votive candle at the Catholic Christian Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels Votive candles at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis Automatic votive candles See also ( edit ) Anglican devotions Candlemas Ex-voto Grave candle Incense Paschal candle Votive References ( edit ) Christianity portal ^ Jump up to : Geddes , Gordon ; Griffiths , Jane ( 2002 ) . Christian Belief and Practice . Heinemann . p. 68 . ISBN 9780435306915 . Many Christians light candles as an aid to prayer . In Roman Catholic and some Anglican churches , Christians place a lighted candle by a statue of Jesus , Mary or one of the saints . The candles are called votive candles . They are symbols of the prayers the worshipper is offering for him or herself , or for other people . In some churches a board is placed nearby with names of those for whom prayer is requested . ^ Jump up to : Keene , Michael ( 2000 ) . Christian Life . Nelson Thornes . p. 11 . ISBN 9780748752874 . The shape of many of the older churches was important . The central aisle down the middle ( the nave ) was crossed by another aisle in front of the sanctuary to form a cross-shape . The shape of the church is a reminder to everyone of the death of Jesus . The people sit on either side of the aisle in pews . Candles are a feature of many churches although they are not found in Nonconformist churches . People often light a candle before they say a prayer -- the candles used for this purpose are called ' votive candles ' . Candles remind worshippers of Jesus who described himself as ' the Light of the world ' . ^ Jump up to : Cross , Frank Leslie ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. ( 2005 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . Oxford University Press . p. 277 . ISBN 9780192802903 . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Votive candles are candles lit before statues in churches or shrines as personal offerings . Jump up ^ O'Toole , James M. ( 1 July 2005 ) . Habits of Devotion . Cornell University Press . p. 128 . ISBN 9780801472558 . Everyday forms of Marian devotion like the recitation of daily prayers or litanies or 1he lighting of votive candles at a church or before a home altar , though still practiced , seem to be less attached to a communal focus . Jump up ^ `` Ask a Catholic : Why light candles at church ? '' . Cptryon.org . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Benedict , Daniel . `` Emerging Worship : Votive Candles , Prayer , and Postmoderns '' . United Methodist Church - General Board of Discipleship . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.candles.org/elements_fragrance.html Archived July 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Media related to Votive candles at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Votive_candle&oldid=799360610 '' Categories : Candles Christian religious objects Christian prayer Votive offering Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 06 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what do candles symbolize in the catholic church	[ "A votive candle or prayer candle is a small candle, typically white or beeswax yellow, intended to be burnt as a votive offering in an act of Christian prayer, especially within the Anglican and Roman Catholic Christian denominations, among others.[1][2][3] In Christianity, votive candles are commonplace in many churches, as well as home altars, and symbolize the \"prayers the worshipper is offering for him or herself, or for other people.\"[4][2][3] The size of a votive candle is often two inches tall by one and a half inches diameter, although other votive candles can be significantly taller and wider. In other religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism, similar offerings exist, which include diyas and butter lamps." ]	[ "the \"prayers the worshipper is offering for him or herself, or for other people." ]
-1529833892487770246	Say Something (A Great Big World song)	Say Something ( a Great Big World song ) - wikipedia Say Something ( a Great Big World song ) `` Say Something '' Single by A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera from the album Is There Anybody Out There ? Released September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Indie pop Length 3 : 49 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Ian Axel Chad King Mike Campbell Producer ( s ) Dan Romer A Great Big World singles chronology `` This Is the New Year '' ( 2013 ) `` Say Something '' ( 2013 ) `` Already Home '' ( 2014 ) `` This Is the New Year '' ( 2013 ) `` Say Something '' ( 2013 ) `` Already Home '' ( 2014 ) Christina Aguilera singles chronology `` Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti '' ( 2013 ) Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti 2013 `` Say Something '' ( 2013 ) Say Something2013 `` We Remain '' ( 2013 ) We Remain 2013 `` Say Something '' is a song by American indie pop duo A Great Big World from their debut album , Is There Anybody Out There ? ( 2013 ) . Written by the duo members -- Ian Axel and Chad King -- alongside Mike Campbell , the song was originally recorded by Axel for his solo album This Is the New Year ( 2011 ) . It was later released as a single by the duo on September 3 , 2013 , by Epic Records . Following its usage on American reality TV show So You Think You Can Dance , the track gained attention from singer Christina Aguilera , who wanted to collaborate with A Great Big World on the song . Soon afterwards , a re-recorded version of `` Say Something '' with Aguilera was released on November 4 , 2013 . `` Say Something '' is a slow - tempo indie pop piano ballad that talks about a breakup , where the lover is implored to make a statement that could potentially cause the singer to change their mind , with the singers expressing humility , sadness and regret . In the single version with Aguilera , she plays a ghost of the lover to whom the song is addressed as she traces the steps of the lead vocal . The song was praised by music critics for its powerful lyrics , the emotional composition and Aguilera 's vocal delivery . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards , the song earned A Great Big World and Aguilera a Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo / Group Performance . `` Say Something '' did not sell significantly well until the version with Aguilera was available . It debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart after A Great Big World and Aguilera performed the song on The Voice . It eventually peaked at number four and has since sold over four million copies in the United States . It also topped the singles charts in Australia , Belgium , and Canada . A music video was released on November 19 , 2013 , featuring the trio singing as people `` act out the heartbreaking lyrics . '' To further promote `` Say Something '' , A Great Big World and Aguilera performed the track at the American Music Awards of 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical response 4 Chart performance 4.1 United States 4.2 Australia and Europe 5 Music video 5.1 Reception 6 Live performances 7 Cover versions 8 In other media 9 Track listing and formats 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 11 Certifications 12 Release history 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background and release ( edit ) `` Say Something '' was originally released on February 8 , 2011 on band member Ian Axel 's solo album This Is the New Year with the song featuring harmonies by guest vocalist Jenny Owen Youngs , but the track went largely unnoticed until it received attention after being used on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance on season 10 's semi final episode contemporary dance routine by the eventual champion Amy Yakima . This sparked a chain reaction that eventually made its way to Christina Aguilera . `` ' Say Something ' was danced to on So You Think You Can Dance almost two months ago , and so many people responded to it , '' Axel tells Billboard . `` In that whole process , someone on our team played it for someone on Christina 's team , and we got a call that Christina wanted to record it , and then , literally a week later , we were in L.A. recording it with her . '' The pair considers Aguilera as having `` one of the top voices in the world , '' says Chad King , and re-recorded `` Say Something '' with her in two hours . `` We look at Christina as this icon who can say anything and make it sound amazing , '' says King . About approaching the duo to re-record the track , Aguilera said , `` Somebody sent me the song ( ... ) and it 's just the most simplest song that does n't have to fit a formula to be heard and to be appreciated , so I just heard it and I 've never done anything like this before and I was just like , ' You know ' , I just started to hear a harmony part over it and I was like , ' get in touch with these guys and see if they wan na get in the studio and sit behind the piano and just vibe together and see what happens ... ' and we did , and they 're so humble , so sweet , so down to earth , and I 'm all about that and supporting that , and we came together so organically and it was fun . '' Aguilera also added , `` It 's so quiet and still and steady and in a way pleading , '' she describes the song . `` I 'm only taking on projects that feel good to me and represent , as always , a purpose of the here and now in my life . '' Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` Say Something '' A 23 - second sample of `` Say Something '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Say Something '' was written by Ian Axel , Chad King , and Mike Campbell while production was handled by Dan Romer . Sonically , the indie pop , piano ballad is underlined by a piano and string arrangement , which was performed by Los Angeles string players Mark Robertson , Andrew Duckles , and Vanessa Freebairn - Smith . The lyrics evoke the emotion felt when choosing to leave a failed relationship even though love still remains , imploring the lover to make a statement that could potentially convince the singer to salvage the relationship instead . For Bill Lamb of About.com , the chorus `` Say something , I 'm giving up on you '' , `` is brilliant . '' Lamb also explained the song , writing that , `` instead of being filled with anger and desperation , it is a song expressing a powerful combination of humility , sadness and regret . '' The song was written at a time when both members were experiencing individual heartbreak . `` Writing the song was part of the healing process , '' says Axel . `` Whenever we perform it , it 's like revisiting the scar . It 's always a part of me , and I can always go there and feel it . '' Lewis Corner of Digital Spy noted that with its `` stripped - down melody and emotive lyrics '' , the song becomes the antithesis of the club - thumping blow - outs radio currently prefers . '' Critical response ( edit ) The personal lyrics , written by the band members ( pictured ) , were highly praised by critics . `` Say Something '' received universal acclaim from music critics , with significant acclaim going towards the emotional tone . Rick Florino of Artist Direct gave the song 5 out of 5 stars , calling it `` Oscar - worthy '' , with `` a cinematic heft to the track that makes it utterly vivid and vibrant . '' Florino also praised Aguilera 's performance , calling it `` one of her best ever , fortifying the hook and harmony masterfully . '' Lewis Corner of Digital Spy praised Aguilera for `` reminding us why she always sounds infinitely better when heading up a ballad '' , calling it `` a beautifully simplistic ode to heartache that evidently connects . '' Robert Copsey also of Digital Spy called it `` one of ( Aguilera 's ) most understated outings in recent memory , and it 's all the better for it . '' Jon O'Brien of Yahoo ! Music noted that the song features Aguilera 's `` most restrained and indeed impressive vocal in years '' , calling the song `` as emotive as it is theatrical . '' Melinda Newman of HitFix praised Aguilera for `` show ( ing ) admirable restraint vocally , beautifully pairing with Axel 's vocals . '' Sam Lansky of Idolator wrote that the song `` was already pretty heartrending , but Aguilera 's vocals provide some lovely support and additional pathos ; it 's a relief to hear that she enriches , rather than overwhelms , the track . '' Bradley Stern of MuuMuse praised the `` slow , sad piano melody '' , the `` mournful strings , '' calling it `` a haunting production -- made even better by the Stripped diva , proving once again that less is often more . '' Stern also praised Aguilera for showing a simple side of her voice , writing that she `` does n't even have her own verse or chorus -- she resigns to delivering subtle , yet effective , backing vocals for the entirety of the re-recording . It 's only in the song 's final few moments that she allows that powerhouse pipes to blow in the background . And those whispers at the very end ? ' Say something , I 'm giving up on you ... ' Gulp . '' Chart performance ( edit ) United States ( edit ) `` We still ca n't even believe that this happened . We can hardly put it into words . Not only did we get to perform on The Voice , but we were honored to do so alongside one of the best voices in the world , ' Christina Aguilera ' . We 're grateful to all of our fans around the globe who have connected with the song so closely . '' -- The duo impressed with the success of the song . The original version of the song had sold only 52,000 downloads before the version with Christina Aguilera was released , according to Nielsen SoundScan . `` Say Something '' debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , following the impact of the performance on The Voice , as the song started at number - one on Digital Songs with 189,000 sold , with the remix featuring Aguilera accounting for 86 % of the song 's overall download sales in the chart 's tracking week . The song was also a success on the Canadian Hot 100 , debuting at number 9 and peaking at number one . After the performance on the AMAs , the song jumped to number 3 on the Digital Songs chart , with 197,000 copies . It also jumped from number 18 to number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming A Great Big World 's first top - ten single and Aguilera 's 11th top 10 and second in 2013 ( with the other being `` Feel This Moment '' at number eight ) , becoming the second time she achieved multiple top 10s in a single year , with the first being in 2000 , when ' What a Girl Wants ' ( number - one for two weeks ) , ' I Turn To You ' ( number three ) and ' Come On Over Baby ( All I Want Is You ) ' ( number - one for four weeks ) , all from her self - titled debut album , reached the top tier . The song is also Aguilera 's first top 10 with lead billing since October 2008 , when her single `` Keeps Gettin ' Better '' debuted at its number seven peak . `` Say Something '' also became Epic 's first top - ten hit since 2008 with You Found Me by The Fray . `` Say Something '' peaked at number 4 on the chart in the sixth week of release , with 39 million radio plays and sales of 233,000 copies for the week . The following week , the song sold 355,000 downloads and climbed to number 14 on Radio Songs , although it fell to number five . In February 2014 , the song reached the Radio Songs top 10 , becoming the band 's first top 10 and Aguilera 's ninth , marking her first Radio Songs top 10 in a lead role since `` Beautiful '' in 2003 . The song reached its 3 million sales mark in February 2014 , and was certified triple platinum on March 5 , 2014 . In June of the same year , the single was certified 4x Platinum . As of December 2014 , the song had sold about 4 million copies in the US . In May 2017 the single was certified 6 × platinum in the United States for sales in excess of 6 million units . Australia and Europe ( edit ) In Australia , `` Say Something '' debuted at number 47 on the week of December 29 , 2013 . Later , it re-entered at number 45 , on January 19 , 2014 . The song went to jump from number 50 to number 9 , on the week of February 2 , 2014 , until it reached the top of the ARIA Charts on the week February 16 , 2014 . It became A Great Big World 's first number - one single and Aguilera 's third number - one single ( the last being `` Beautiful '' in 2003 ) . The song became Aguilera 's 18th Top 10 single in Australia , her last entry was on the Pitbull song `` Feel This Moment '' which made it to number six in March 2013 . In New Zealand , the single debuted at number 18 , on December 16 , 2013 , while on February 10 , 2014 , the song reached a peak of number two ; Aguilera 's highest charting - single since her collaboration with Maroon 5 in `` Moves Like Jagger '' ( 2011 ) , and her 14th top - five single . In Europe , the song managed to become a huge success . In Austria , the song peaked at number four on the Austrian Singles Chart , while in Norway , the song peaked at number eight on the Norwegian Singles Chart and in Sweden , `` Say Something '' became a success , peaking at number four on the Swedish Singles Chart . In other countries , `` Say Something '' was a moderate success , where in Spain , it peaked at number 24 , in Switzerland , the song reached a peak of number 31 and in France , the song is currently at number 29 , as of March 1 , 2014 . In the United Kingdom , `` Say Something '' debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart , becoming Aguilera 's 24th Top 40 hit in Britain and A Great Big World 's debut there . Music video ( edit ) A music video , directed by Christopher Sims , was already shot on November 8 , 2013 , with Aguilera posting to her Twitter , Facebook and Instagram page a picture of her standing next to a piano , where the duo is playing the track . The music video , which was shot in Los Angeles , was released on November 19 , 2013 , exclusively on Entertainment Tonight , while VEVO premiered the video on November 20 , 2013 . The video features Aguilera in a minimalistic black dress and natural make - up , reminiscent of her `` Beautiful '' days , according to MTV 's Natasha Chandel . In the video , the trio perform the ballad as people -- a child whose parents wo n't stop fighting , a young couple lying coldly side by side , an older man bidding his dying wife goodbye -- act out the heartbreaking lyrics . Reception ( edit ) The scene where Christina Aguilera is shown with tears welling in her eyes was praised by critics and fans alike due to her delivery . The video received widespread acclaim from critics . For Jason Lipshut of Billboard Magazine , `` Aguilera and AGBW 's Ian Axel look utterly sorrowful as they croon the break - up ballad together , with Axel carefully pounding away at the grand piano and Aguilera appearing on the verge of tears as the song reaches its climax . Meanwhile , various tear - inducing images accompany the majestic track , often in slow motion -- most strikingly , an older man climbing into a hospital bed with his peaceful female counterpart and emitting a silent shout . '' Peter Gicas of E ! Online praised Aguilera 's emotion on the video , writing that she `` serves up a certain subtleness to the clip , which is definitely appropriate given the tone of both the ballad and the video itself . '' Bradley Stern of MuuMuse agreed , writing that , `` Armed with nothing else but a piano and an old bed frame by her side , the ' Lotus ' legend bares her soul and gives you pure Stripped - era vulnerability , conjuring the simple - yet - effective one - take video for ' The Voice Within . ' No over-the - top diva theatrics , no wigs -- just raw emotion and a genuinely powerful performance . '' John Walker of MTV Buzzworthy called the video `` equal parts tragically beautiful and beautifully tragic . Like , hand us a bucket , because we are ugly - crying from our eyes , noses , mouths , ears , and at least 17 other places where tear ducts biologically should n't be located . Mike Wass of Idolator also praised the video , writing that , `` In keeping with the song 's soft and subtle tone , the visual is understated and classy . It centers around a bed and the universality of its occupants ' grief . Interspersed with those scenes is footage of the New York - based duo at the piano and Xtina looking utterly perfect in a sleek black dress . Grab a tissue and watch the emotional clip up top . '' Natasha Chandel of MTV praised `` a rare moment , when Xtina breaks down on camera as the hook , ' Say something , I 'm giving up on you ' crescendos , exposing a tender side to the singer that we have n't seen since her album ' Stripped ' . Live performances ( edit ) A Great Big World performing `` Say Something '' at Jonathan Law High School in Milford , Connecticut in May 2013 On November 5 , 2013 , on the 14th episode from the fifth season of The Voice , Christina Aguilera ( one of the competition 's coaches ) performed `` Say Something '' with A Great Big World . The performance consisted of a piano , some strings and a keyboard for instrumentation , while Aguilera `` reining in her voice 's natural power '' , according to Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz . Christina was wearing white t - shirt , jeans and a woolly hat . The performance was lauded by critics and other artists , such as OneRepublic , Christina Perri , Ingrid Michaelson , Cee Lo Green and Carson Daly . Caila Ball of Idolator wrote that , `` She was legendary , obviously . '' Michelle Stark of Tampa Bay Times wrote the performance `` gives us all of the goosebumps . '' British newspaper Daily Mail wrote that Christina `` gave the competitors a master class in subtlety in her touching duet . '' Douglas Cobb of Las Vegas Guardian Express called it `` a very emotional , low - key , cool performance . It was a very tender , touching song -- Christina did great , as usual , singing it . '' Bradley Stern of MuuMuse called the performance `` perfect '' , writing that , `` Christina keeps it as stripped as the studio version , allowing her naturally beautiful vocals to sound a whole lot more vulnerable than usual . The result ? One powerful , devastating performance -- you 'll be seeing your reflejo in the tears streaming down your face in no time . '' A Great Big World and Aguilera also performed the song at the 2013 American Music Awards on November 24 , 2013 . With her hair in a braid and wearing a muted black dress , Aguilera sang an original verse midway through the performance , which included a string section and a fairly bare stage . With A Great Big World 's Chad King manning the keyboard , the group 's Ian Axel sat at the grand piano and stamped his feet furiously as ' Say Something ' approached its emotional climax , '' according to Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz . Lindsay Dreyer of Wetpaint wrote that `` Taking her rightful place center stage in a floor - length black dress and braided updo , the 32 - year - old pop diva harmonized perfectly with the group 's lead singer Ian Axel , who worked the piano with passion and poise . Xtina 's rich yet breathy tone offered just the right amount of strength and vulnerability -- a side of Christina we have n't seen in a really long time . '' Dreyer finished the review stating , `` If tonight 's AMA performance is any indication , Christina is on the brink of a major music comeback -- and we ca n't wait ! . '' The band also performed the song at the 2013 Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show on December 10 , 2013 . However , Aguilera did not perform the song with them as a duet , due to scheduling conflicts of The Voice . Aguilera also performed the song in Malaysia in a private concert without the band on March 28 . The duo and Aguilera also performed the song during the New Orleans Jazz Festival . She gave a one - and - a-half - hour - long show and then invited the band to perform the song in front of a large crowd on May 2 , 2014 . The band ( sans Aguilera ) sang the song on the September 6 episode of Last Week Tonight in a duet with comedian John Oliver to mourn the loss of the Russian space geckos . The song was performed live on the premiere episode of Late Night with Seth Meyers Cover versions ( edit ) American indie pop duo Alex & Sierra performed the song twice on third season of The X Factor ( U.S. ) , where they were contestants and eventually won the show . During the sixth week , the duo performed the song for the first time , with Sierra on the piano and Alex on guitar . The performance was praised by the judges , with Kelly Rowland , one of them , feeling like she was watching an awards show performance . Catriona Wightman of Digital Spy called it `` pretty simple , but showed how genuinely talented they are . '' The cover version of the song surpassed A Great Big World and Aguilera 's version on iTunes , climbing to number 1 the morning after they sang it onstage . Series creator and head judge Simon Cowell , who mentored the group , claimed that the duo success is proof that the show is still capable of turning small - town kids into bankable stars . The duo performed the song once again on the finale of the show , eventually winning the competition . American progressive metal band Redemption includes their own cover version of the song on the vinyl version of their album The Art of Loss . On January 19 , 2014 , The Voice of the Philippines coaches Sarah Geronimo and Bamboo performed their own rendition of the song on ABS - CBN 's Sunday variety show ASAP 19 . Right after the performance , the hashtag ' SaySomethingAshBoo ' trended on Twitter . Joe Brooks and Tammin Sursok released a pop rock version of the song on March 29 , 2014 , as a single . The song was released under Independent record label Fantastik Music and was distributed by TuneCore . Jackie Evancho and Cheyenne Jackson performed the song on August 21 , 2014 at Longwood Gardens , as part of the recording of the PBS special `` Jackie Evancho : Awakening - Live in Concert '' supporting Evancho 's `` Awakening '' album and tour . Collabro , the winners of the 2014 edition of Britain 's Got Talent , performed the song at the Royal Variety Performance on 8 December 2014 . Polish singer Łukasz Tokarski covered the song in 2017 . KZ Tandingan was the fourth person to perform such song on Singer 2018 where she ranked fourth on Episode 7 . In other Media ( edit ) The original version of the song is featured in NCIS -- the episode number 291 ( S13E09 ) , ( `` Day In Court '' ) . The song is featured in the episode 13 of season 5 of The Vampire Diaries . The instrumental version and first version of the song appears in the series finale episode , ( `` Stiiiiiiill Horny '' ) of Suburgatory . The song is featured in the movie , Perdona Si Te Llamo Amor , released on June 19 , 2014 . The song is heard in the first theatrical trailer for the film adaptation of Gayle Forman 's novel , If I Stay . The song was used in the season 5 finale of Rookie Blue , a Canadian television police drama . The song is heard in the episode 4 of season one of Red Band Society . The original version of the song , without Christina Aguilera , is used in a season 19 episode of South Park ; the episode was entitled : `` Tweek x Craig '' . The song is featured in a trailer for the movie , The 33 . The original version of the song is featured at the end of episode 4 , titled `` Secrets and Lies '' , from season 8 of Heartland ( Canadian TV series ) . Pentatonix did an a cappella cover of the song . Stellenbosch University Choir did an a capella cover as well on the base of the arrangement by Pentatonix . The song is featured at the end of the Season Five finale , `` Buried '' , of `` Republic of Doyle '' Track listing and formats ( edit ) Solo version digital download `` Say Something '' -- 3 : 53 Duet version digital download `` Say Something '' -- 3 : 53 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 15 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 9 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 6 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 8 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 91 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 36 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Israel ( Media Forest ) 5 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 67 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 8 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 95 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 24 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 38 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 31 US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 12 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 29 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 34 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 480,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 30,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) streaming Platinum 2,600,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 4 × Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) Platinum 10,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Version ( s ) Format Distributor Belgium September 3 , 2013 Solo Digital download Epic Records Finland Luxembourg Portugal Switzerland Spain United States Belgium November 4 , 2013 Duet Finland Germany Sony Music Entertainment Portugal Epic Records Sweden Switzerland Spain United States Germany December 13 , 2013 Duet and solo CD single Sony BMG United Kingdom February 16 , 2014 Digital download Epic Records See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance singles of 2014 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2013 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2014 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lipshut , Jason ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World Talks ' Say Something ' & Answering Christina Aguilera 's Call '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Aguilera Talks Collaborating on Say Something ; Blake Shelton on His Mom Putting Him in Beauty Pageants '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera Teams Up with a Great Big World for a New Version Of `` Say Something '' : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lamb , Bill . `` Review : A Great Big World -- Say Something featuring Christina Aguilera '' . About.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : McCabe , Kathy ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` A Great Big World chase their Say Something success with Christina Aguilera to Australia '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Lansky , Sam ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera Lends Her Vocals to a Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' : Listen `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Corner , Lewis ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` A Great Big World ft . Christina Aguilera : Say Something review -- Digital Spy '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Florino , Rick ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World `` Say Something '' Featuring Christina Aguilera Song Review -- 5 out of 5 stars `` . Artist Direct . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Robert ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Playlist : 10 tracks you need to hear '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Jon ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` Weekly Singles Review -- A Great Big World ft . Christina Aguilera , Sam Smith & David Guetta '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera 's stirring ' Say Something ' video : Watch '' . HitFix . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stern , Bradley . `` CHRISTINA AGUILERA KEEPS IT ( SHOCKINGLY ) SIMPLE ON GORGEOUS RE-RECORDING OF A GREAT BIG WORLD 'S `` SAY SOMETHING '' `` . MuuMuse . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , Celine Dion and Avril Lavigne in Top Five '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Lorde 's ' Royals ' Leads Hot 100 , Lady Gaga 's ' Dope ' Debuts At No. 8 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Canadian Hota 100 : Page 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` One Direction Scores Historic Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Miley Cyrus ' ' Wrecking Ball ' Swings Back To No. 1 On Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem , Rihanna Remain Atop Hot 100 With ' The Monster ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` Eminem , Rihanna Rule Hot 100 for a Fourth Week ; Miley Cyrus Returns '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Katy Perry Tops Hot 100 , Beyonce Bounds to No. 2 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : You Bet Pharrell Is `` Happy '' `` . Yahoo Music . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - February 02 , 2015 '' . RIAA . Jump up ^ `` The Big 9 in 2014 : Epic '' . HITS Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . December 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Aguilera,+Christina%22 ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( January 25 , 2014 ) . `` ARIA Take 40 Chart Facts 25th January 2014 '' . take40.com . MCM Media . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegiancharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanishcharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Smith becomes first BRITs Critics Choice winner to debut at Number 1 '' . officialcharts.com . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On set yesterday at the Say Something music video shoot with Christina Aguilera ! '' . A Great Big World . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting the # SaySomething video with @ AGreatBigWorld ! XoXtina '' . Twitter . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Shot : Christina Aguilera Shoots ' Say Something ' Music Video '' . That Grape Juice . November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pace , Robert ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` World Premiere : ' Say Something ' Music Video '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chandel , Natasha ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Christina Aguilera ' Say Something ' ( And Cry ) With A Great Big World '' . MTV . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Christina Aguilera and A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' Music Video `` . Gossip Cop . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lipshut , Jason ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World , Christina Aguilera Shine In ' Say Something ' Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gicas , Peter ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` News : Christina Aguilera Keeps Things Understated for A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' Music Video -- Watch ! `` . E ! Online . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stern , Bradley ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` The Video for A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' with Christina Aguilera Will Also Make You Cry `` . MuuMuse . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , John ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera 's ' Say Something ' Video With A Great Big World Should Be Titled ' Weep Everything ' '' . MTV Buzzworthy . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera And A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' Video Will Make You Cry : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's not all about you , Christina ! Aguilera takes over The Voice with another show stealing performance as live rounds continue '' . Daily Mail . November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World 's `` Say Something '' With Christina Aguilera Ascends To No. 1 on iTunes Pop Songs Chart `` . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ball , Caila ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Voice ' : Christina Aguilera Performs `` Say Something '' With A Great Big World `` . Idolator . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stark , Michelle ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` How Christina Aguilera became the best part of ' The Voice ' '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Douglas ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Voice The Live Shows Premiere Part 2 November 5 ( Review ) '' . Las Vegas Guardian Express . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stern , Bradley ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` A GREAT BIG WORLD 'S PERFORMANCE OF `` SAY SOMETHING '' ON THE VOICE WITH CHRISTINA AGUILERA WILL MAKE YOU CRY ALL OF THE TEARS `` . MuuMuse . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera , A Great Big World and Ariana Grande to Perform at American Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( November 24 , 2013 ) . `` A Great Big World , Christina Aguilera Combine To ' Say Something ' At American Music Awards : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dreyer , Lindsay ( November 24 , 2013 ) . `` Christina Aguilera Sings `` Say Something '' With A Great Big World at 2013 American Music Awards ( VIDEO ) `` . Wetpaint . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DelliCarpini Jr. , Gregory ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Fall Out Boy and More Perform at Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / AGreatBigWorld : @ xtinaculture @ xtina Unfortunately no she ca n't make it ! '' . Twitter . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Aguilera played the pop diva , for better and worse , at the New Orleans Jazz Fest '' . nola.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wightman , Catriona ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` The X Factor USA Diva & Unplugged week : Five best performances -- video '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wills , Cortney ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' X Factor ' Finalists Alex & Sierra Notch iTunes No. 1 , Show Sales Potential '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alex & Sierra Win ' X Factor ' Season Three '' . Billboard Magazine . December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ trixie0826 ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` Trending : Sarah and Bamboo ASAP duet `` Say Something '' ( Video ) `` . Philippine Showbiz . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Sarah - Bamboo vs KZ - Sam : Who Sang ' Say Something ' Better ? '' . abs-cbn.com . Jump up ^ `` BIDA KAPAMILYA : Sarah Geronimo and Bamboo ' Say Something ' Duet on ASAP 19 ( Video ) - January 19 '' . bidakapamilya.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single -- Joe Brooks & Tammin Sursok '' . iTunes . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Say Something ' by Joe Brooks & Tammin Sursok '' . Emusic . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Evancho , Cheyenne Jackson - Say Something '' . Jump up ^ `` Collabro - Say Something - Royal Variety '' . Jump up ^ Łukasz Tokarski − Powiedz coś ( A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera − Say Something ) . Jump up ^ `` If I Stay -- Official Trailer ( 2014 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( HD ) '' . YouTube . April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( BE ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Say Something feat . Christina Aguilera : A Great Big World : Amazon.de '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201414 into search . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201425 into search . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- A Great Big World feat . Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Aguilera , A Great Big World : Say Something '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- A Great Big World feat . Christina Aguilera Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 10 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World feat . Christina Aguilera -- Say Something Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World -- Chart history '' Billboard Portugal Digital Songs for A Great Big World . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201415 into search . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201439 into search . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian Singles -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Dance Club Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year End -- Pop Music -- Top Pop Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Enter A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera in the field Interpret . Enter Say Something in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2014 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Great Big World Feat . Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( A Great Big World ; ' Say Something ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Type A Great Big World in the box under the ARTISTA column heading . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norge '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan : A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Grammofonleverantörernas förening . Archived from the original ( To access certification , one must search ( Sök ) for `` Say Something '' or `` Say Something A Great Big World '' and click the `` Visa '' button . ) on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( A Great Big World ; ' Say Something ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- A Great Big World -- Say Something '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Say Something in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera -- Say Something '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . November 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( FI ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( LU ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( PT ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( CH ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( ES ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Say Something : A Great Big World : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( NL - BE ) . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( FI ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( PT ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( SE ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( DE-CH ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something ( 2013 ) A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera '' . 7digital ( ES ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Say Something feat . Christina Aguilera : A Great Big World '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single -- Musik '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Say Something -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` Say Something '' audio ( solo version ) on YouTube `` Say Something '' music video ( duet version ) on YouTube A Great Big World Ian Axel Chad King Studio albums Is There Anybody Out There ? When the Morning Comes A Great Big World Singles `` Say Something '' `` Hold Each Other '' `` Wo n't Stop Running '' `` When I Was a Boy '' Christina Aguilera songs Discography Christina Aguilera `` Genie in a Bottle '' `` What a Girl Wants '' `` I Turn to You '' `` Come On Over Baby ( All I Want Is You ) '' `` Reflection '' Mi Reflejo `` Genio Atrapado '' `` Falsas Esperanzas '' `` Pero Me Acuerdo de Ti '' `` Ven Conmigo ( Solamente Tú ) '' `` Si No Te Hubiera Conocido '' `` Contigo en la Distancia '' `` Por Siempre Tú '' `` Una Mujer '' `` Mi Reflejo '' My Kind of Christmas `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Angels We Have Heard on High '' `` This Christmas '' `` The Christmas Song '' Stripped `` Dirrty '' `` Beautiful '' `` Fighter '' `` Ca n't Hold Us Down '' `` The Voice Within '' `` Walk Away '' Back to Basics `` Ai n't No Other Man '' `` Hurt '' `` Candyman '' `` Oh Mother '' `` Slow Down Baby '' Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits `` Keeps Gettin ' Better '' `` Genie 2.0 '' `` You Are What You Are ( Beautiful ) '' Bionic `` Bionic '' `` Not Myself Tonight '' `` Woohoo '' `` Elastic Love '' `` Glam '' `` Lift Me Up '' `` You Lost Me '' `` I Hate Boys '' Burlesque `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' `` Express '' `` Show Me How You Burlesque '' `` The Beautiful People ( from Burlesque ) '' Lotus `` Lotus Intro '' `` Army of Me '' `` Red Hot Kinda Love '' `` Make the World Move '' `` Your Body '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Sing for Me '' `` Blank Page '' `` Around the World '' `` Circles '' `` Just a Fool '' Liberation `` Fall in Line '' `` Accelerate '' `` Twice '' Collaborations `` Lady Marmalade '' `` Nobody Wants to Be Lonely '' `` What 's Going On '' `` El Ultimo Adios ( The Last Goodbye ) '' `` Car Wash '' `` Tilt Ya Head Back '' `` A Song for You '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` Tell Me '' `` Castle Walls '' `` Moves like Jagger '' `` Feel This Moment '' `` Hoy Tengo Ganas de Ti '' `` Say Something '' `` Do What U Want '' Other songs `` Miss Independent '' `` Falling in Love Again ( Ca n't Help It ) '' `` We Remain '' `` Shotgun '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Change '' `` Telepathy '' The X Factor ( U.S. ) Discography Controversy and criticism Seasons Winners Melanie Amaro Tate Stevens Alex & Sierra Finalists Season 1 Winners songs `` Listen '' `` Tomorrow '' `` Say Something '' Other contestants Josh Krajcik Chris Rene Marcus Canty Rachel Crow Astro LeRoy Bell Hayley Orrantia Stacy Francis Simone Battle Christa Collins Carly Rose Sonenclar Fifth Harmony Emblem3 Diamond White Beatrice Miller Jeff Gutt Carlito Olivero Ellona Santiago Josh Levi Lillie McCloud Rachel Potter Forever in Your Mind Jamie Pineda Tammin Sursok Studio albums Whatever Will Be Singles `` Pointless Relationship '' `` Whatever Will Be '' `` It 's a Beautiful Thing '' Collaborations `` Say Something '' Filmography Aquamarine Crossing Over Albino Farm 10 Rules for Sleeping Around Television Home and Away The Young and the Restless Spectacular ! Pretty Little Liars Characters Dani Sutherland Colleen Carlton Jenna Marshall Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_Something_(A_Great_Big_World_song)&oldid=843106525 '' Categories : 2011 songs 2013 songs 2013 singles A Great Big World songs Christina Aguilera songs Epic Records singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Pop ballads 2010s ballads Sony Music Entertainment singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from November 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Portugaldigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն Italiano Polski Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 22 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the song say something i'm giving up on you	[]	[]
200614777218694442	Atomic theory	Atomic theory - wikipedia Atomic theory Jump to : navigation , search `` Atomic model '' redirects here . For the unrelated term in mathematical logic , see Atomic model ( mathematical logic ) . This article is about the historical models of the atom . For a history of the study of how atoms combine to form molecules , see History of molecular theory . The current theoretical model of the atom involves a dense nucleus surrounded by a probabilistic `` cloud '' of electrons In chemistry and physics , atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature of matter , which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms . It began as a philosophical concept in ancient Greece and entered the scientific mainstream in the early 19th century when discoveries in the field of chemistry showed that matter did indeed behave as if it were made up of atoms . The word atom comes from the Ancient Greek adjective atomos , meaning `` indivisible '' . 19th century chemists began using the term in connection with the growing number of irreducible chemical elements . While seemingly apropos , around the turn of the 20th century , through various experiments with electromagnetism and radioactivity , physicists discovered that the so - called `` uncuttable atom '' was actually a conglomerate of various subatomic particles ( chiefly , electrons , protons and neutrons ) which can exist separately from each other . In fact , in certain extreme environments , such as neutron stars , extreme temperature and pressure prevents atoms from existing at all . Since atoms were found to be divisible , physicists later invented the term `` elementary particles '' to describe the `` uncuttable '' , though not indestructible , parts of an atom . The field of science which studies subatomic particles is particle physics , and it is in this field that physicists hope to discover the true fundamental nature of matter . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Philosophical atomism 1.2 John Dalton 1.3 Avogadro 1.4 Brownian Motion 1.5 Discovery of subatomic particles 1.6 Discovery of the nucleus 1.7 First steps toward a quantum physical model of the atom 1.8 Discovery of isotopes 1.9 Discovery of nuclear particles 1.10 Quantum physical models of the atom 2 See also 3 Notes 4 Further reading 5 External links History Philosophical atomism Main article : Atomism The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old one , appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India . The word `` atom '' was coined by the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus and his pupil Democritus . However , these ideas were founded in philosophical and theological reasoning rather than evidence and experimentation . Because of this , they could not convince everybody , so atomism was but one of a number of competing theories on the nature of matter . It was not until the 19th century that the idea was embraced and refined by scientists , as the blossoming science of chemistry produced discoveries that could easily be explained using the concept of atoms . John Dalton Near the end of the 18th century , two laws about chemical reactions emerged without referring to the notion of an atomic theory . The first was the law of conservation of mass , formulated by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789 , which states that the total mass in a chemical reaction remains constant ( that is , the reactants have the same mass as the products ) . The second was the law of definite proportions . First proven by the French chemist Joseph Louis Proust in 1799 , this law states that if a compound is broken down into its constituent elements , then the masses of the constituents will always have the same proportions , regardless of the quantity or source of the original substance . John Dalton studied and expanded upon this previous work and developed the law of multiple proportions : if two elements can be combined to form a number of possible compounds , then the ratios of the masses of the second element which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will be ratios of small whole numbers . For example : Proust had studied tin oxides and found that their masses were either 88.1 % tin and 11.9 % oxygen or 78.7 % tin and 21.3 % oxygen ( these were tin ( II ) oxide and tin dioxide respectively ) . Dalton noted from these percentages that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5 g or 27g of oxygen ; 13.5 and 27 form a ratio of 1 : 2 . Dalton found that an atomic theory of matter could elegantly explain this common pattern in chemistry . In the case of Proust 's tin oxides , one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms . Dalton believed atomic theory could explain why water absorbed different gases in different proportions - for example , he found that water absorbed carbon dioxide far better than it absorbed nitrogen . Dalton hypothesized this was due to the differences in mass and complexity of the gases ' respective particles . Indeed , carbon dioxide molecules ( CO ) are heavier and larger than nitrogen molecules ( N ) . Dalton proposed that each chemical element is composed of atoms of a single , unique type , and though they can not be altered or destroyed by chemical means , they can combine to form more complex structures ( chemical compounds ) . This marked the first truly scientific theory of the atom , since Dalton reached his conclusions by experimentation and examination of the results in an empirical fashion . Various atoms and molecules as depicted in John Dalton 's A New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 ) . In 1803 Dalton orally presented his first list of relative atomic weights for a number of substances . This paper was published in 1805 , but he did not discuss there exactly how he obtained these figures . The method was first revealed in 1807 by his acquaintance Thomas Thomson , in the third edition of Thomson 's textbook , A System of Chemistry . Finally , Dalton published a full account in his own textbook , A New System of Chemical Philosophy , 1808 and 1810 . Dalton estimated the atomic weights according to the mass ratios in which they combined , with the hydrogen atom taken as unity . However , Dalton did not conceive that with some elements atoms exist in molecules -- e.g. pure oxygen exists as O. He also mistakenly believed that the simplest compound between any two elements is always one atom of each ( so he thought water was HO , not H O ) . This , in addition to the crudity of his equipment , flawed his results . For instance , in 1803 he believed that oxygen atoms were 5.5 times heavier than hydrogen atoms , because in water he measured 5.5 grams of oxygen for every 1 gram of hydrogen and believed the formula for water was HO . Adopting better data , in 1806 he concluded that the atomic weight of oxygen must actually be 7 rather than 5.5 , and he retained this weight for the rest of his life . Others at this time had already concluded that the oxygen atom must weigh 8 relative to hydrogen equals 1 , if one assumes Dalton 's formula for the water molecule ( HO ) , or 16 if one assumes the modern water formula ( H O ) . Avogadro The flaw in Dalton 's theory was corrected in principle in 1811 by Amedeo Avogadro . Avogadro had proposed that equal volumes of any two gases , at equal temperature and pressure , contain equal numbers of molecules ( in other words , the mass of a gas 's particles does not affect the volume that it occupies ) . Avogadro 's law allowed him to deduce the diatomic nature of numerous gases by studying the volumes at which they reacted . For instance : since two liters of hydrogen will react with just one liter of oxygen to produce two liters of water vapor ( at constant pressure and temperature ) , it meant a single oxygen molecule splits in two in order to form two particles of water . Thus , Avogadro was able to offer more accurate estimates of the atomic mass of oxygen and various other elements , and made a clear distinction between molecules and atoms . Brownian motion In 1827 , the British botanist Robert Brown observed that dust particles inside pollen grains floating in water constantly jiggled about for no apparent reason . In 1905 , Albert Einstein theorized that this Brownian motion was caused by the water molecules continuously knocking the grains about , and developed a hypothetical mathematical model to describe it . This model was validated experimentally in 1908 by French physicist Jean Perrin , thus providing additional validation for particle theory ( and by extension atomic theory ) . Discovery of subatomic particles Main articles : Electron and Plum pudding model The cathode rays ( blue ) were emitted from the cathode , sharpened to a beam by the slits , then deflected as they passed between the two electrified plates . Atoms were thought to be the smallest possible division of matter until 1897 when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through his work on cathode rays . A Crookes tube is a sealed glass container in which two electrodes are separated by a vacuum . When a voltage is applied across the electrodes , cathode rays are generated , creating a glowing patch where they strike the glass at the opposite end of the tube . Through experimentation , Thomson discovered that the rays could be deflected by an electric field ( in addition to magnetic fields , which was already known ) . He concluded that these rays , rather than being a form of light , were composed of very light negatively charged particles he called `` corpuscles '' ( they would later be renamed electrons by other scientists ) . He measured the mass - to - charge ratio and discovered it was 1800 times smaller than that of hydrogen , the smallest atom . These corpuscles were a particle unlike any other previously known . Thomson suggested that atoms were divisible , and that the corpuscles were their building blocks . To explain the overall neutral charge of the atom , he proposed that the corpuscles were distributed in a uniform sea of positive charge ; this was the plum pudding model as the electrons were embedded in the positive charge like plums in a plum pudding ( although in Thomson 's model they were not stationary ) . Discovery of the nucleus Main article : Rutherford model The Geiger - Marsden experiment Left : Expected results : alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom with negligible deflection . Right : Observed results : a small portion of the particles were deflected by the concentrated positive charge of the nucleus . Thomson 's plum pudding model was disproved in 1909 by one of his former students , Ernest Rutherford , who discovered that most of the mass and positive charge of an atom is concentrated in a very small fraction of its volume , which he assumed to be at the very center . In the Geiger -- Marsden experiment , Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden ( colleagues of Rutherford working at his behest ) shot alpha particles at thin sheets of metal and measured their deflection through the use of a fluorescent screen . Given the very small mass of the electrons , the high momentum of the alpha particles , and the low concentration of the positive charge of the plum pudding model , the experimenters expected all the alpha particles to pass through the metal foil without significant deflection . To their astonishment , a small fraction of the alpha particles experienced heavy deflection . Rutherford concluded that the positive charge of the atom must be concentrated in a very tiny volume to produce an electric field sufficiently intense to deflect the alpha particles so strongly . This led Rutherford to propose a planetary model in which a cloud of electrons surrounded a small , compact nucleus of positive charge . Only such a concentration of charge could produce the electric field strong enough to cause the heavy deflection . First steps toward a quantum physical model of the atom Main article : Bohr model The planetary model of the atom had two significant shortcomings . The first is that , unlike planets orbiting a sun , electrons are charged particles . An accelerating electric charge is known to emit electromagnetic waves according to the Larmor formula in classical electromagnetism . An orbiting charge should steadily lose energy and spiral toward the nucleus , colliding with it in a small fraction of a second . The second problem was that the planetary model could not explain the highly peaked emission and absorption spectra of atoms that were observed . The Bohr model of the atom Quantum theory revolutionized physics at the beginning of the 20th century , when Max Planck and Albert Einstein postulated that light energy is emitted or absorbed in discrete amounts known as quanta ( singular , quantum ) . In 1913 , Niels Bohr incorporated this idea into his Bohr model of the atom , in which an electron could only orbit the nucleus in particular circular orbits with fixed angular momentum and energy , its distance from the nucleus ( i.e. , their radii ) being proportional to its energy . Under this model an electron could not spiral into the nucleus because it could not lose energy in a continuous manner ; instead , it could only make instantaneous `` quantum leaps '' between the fixed energy levels . When this occurred , light was emitted or absorbed at a frequency proportional to the change in energy ( hence the absorption and emission of light in discrete spectra ) . Bohr 's model was not perfect . It could only predict the spectral lines of hydrogen ; it could n't predict those of multielectron atoms . Worse still , as spectrographic technology improved , additional spectral lines in hydrogen were observed which Bohr 's model could n't explain . In 1916 , Arnold Sommerfeld added elliptical orbits to the Bohr model to explain the extra emission lines , but this made the model very difficult to use , and it still could n't explain more complex atoms . Discovery of isotopes Main article : Isotope While experimenting with the products of radioactive decay , in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there appeared to be more than one element at each position on the periodic table . The term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a suitable name for these elements . That same year , J.J. Thomson conducted an experiment in which he channeled a stream of neon ions through magnetic and electric fields , striking a photographic plate at the other end . He observed two glowing patches on the plate , which suggested two different deflection trajectories . Thomson concluded this was because some of the neon ions had a different mass . The nature of this differing mass would later be explained by the discovery of neutrons in 1932 . Discovery of nuclear particles Main articles : Atomic nucleus and Discovery of the neutron In 1917 Rutherford bombarded nitrogen gas with alpha particles and observed hydrogen nuclei being emitted from the gas ( Rutherford recognized these , because he had previously obtained them bombarding hydrogen with alpha particles , and observing hydrogen nuclei in the products ) . Rutherford concluded that the hydrogen nuclei emerged from the nuclei of the nitrogen atoms themselves ( in effect , he had split a nitrogen ) . From his own work and the work of his students Bohr and Henry Moseley , Rutherford knew that the positive charge of any atom could always be equated to that of an integer number of hydrogen nuclei . This , coupled with the atomic mass of many elements being roughly equivalent to an integer number of hydrogen atoms - then assumed to be the lightest particles - led him to conclude that hydrogen nuclei were singular particles and a basic constituent of all atomic nuclei . He named such particles protons . Further experimentation by Rutherford found that the nuclear mass of most atoms exceeded that of the protons it possessed ; he speculated that this surplus mass was composed of previously - unknown neutrally charged particles , which were tentatively dubbed `` neutrons '' . In 1928 , Walter Bothe observed that beryllium emitted a highly penetrating , electrically neutral radiation when bombarded with alpha particles . It was later discovered that this radiation could knock hydrogen atoms out of paraffin wax . Initially it was thought to be high - energy gamma radiation , since gamma radiation had a similar effect on electrons in metals , but James Chadwick found that the ionization effect was too strong for it to be due to electromagnetic radiation , so long as energy and momentum were conserved in the interaction . In 1932 , Chadwick exposed various elements , such as hydrogen and nitrogen , to the mysterious `` beryllium radiation '' , and by measuring the energies of the recoiling charged particles , he deduced that the radiation was actually composed of electrically neutral particles which could not be massless like the gamma ray , but instead were required to have a mass similar to that of a proton . Chadwick now claimed these particles as Rutherford 's neutrons . For his discovery of the neutron , Chadwick received the Nobel Prize in 1935 . Quantum physical models of the atom Main article : Atomic orbital The five filled atomic orbitals of a neon atom separated and arranged in order of increasing energy from left to right , with the last three orbitals being equal in energy . Each orbital holds up to two electrons , which most probably exist in the zones represented by the colored bubbles . Each electron is equally present in both orbital zones , shown here by color only to highlight the different wave phase . In 1924 , Louis de Broglie proposed that all moving particles -- particularly subatomic particles such as electrons -- exhibit a degree of wave - like behavior . Erwin Schrödinger , fascinated by this idea , explored whether or not the movement of an electron in an atom could be better explained as a wave rather than as a particle . Schrödinger 's equation , published in 1926 , describes an electron as a wavefunction instead of as a point particle . This approach elegantly predicted many of the spectral phenomena that Bohr 's model failed to explain . Although this concept was mathematically convenient , it was difficult to visualize , and faced opposition . One of its critics , Max Born , proposed instead that Schrödinger 's wavefunction described not the electron but rather all its possible states , and thus could be used to calculate the probability of finding an electron at any given location around the nucleus . This reconciled the two opposing theories of particle versus wave electrons and the idea of wave -- particle duality was introduced . This theory stated that the electron may exhibit the properties of both a wave and a particle . For example , it can be refracted like a wave , and has mass like a particle . A consequence of describing electrons as waveforms is that it is mathematically impossible to simultaneously derive the position and momentum of an electron . This became known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle after the theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg , who first described it and published it in 1927 . This invalidated Bohr 's model , with its neat , clearly defined circular orbits . The modern model of the atom describes the positions of electrons in an atom in terms of probabilities . An electron can potentially be found at any distance from the nucleus , but , depending on its energy level , exists more frequently in certain regions around the nucleus than others ; this pattern is referred to as its atomic orbital . The orbitals come in a variety of shapes - sphere , dumbbell , torus , etc. - with the nucleus in the middle . See also Physics portal Spectroscopy History of the molecule Discoveries of the chemical elements Introduction to quantum mechanics Kinetic theory of gases Atomism The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory Notes Jump up ^ Berryman , Sylvia , `` Ancient Atomism '' , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Fall 2008 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Pullman , Bernard ( 1998 ) . The Atom in the History of Human Thought . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . pp. 31 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515040 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Henri ; Lefebvre , Claire , eds. ( 2017 ) . Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science ( Second ed . ) . Amsterdam , The Netherlands : Elsevier . p. 427 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 101107 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Lavoisier , Antoine ( 1743 - 1794 ) '' . scienceworld.wolfram.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Proust , Joseph Louis . `` Researches on Copper '' , excerpted from Ann . chim. 32 , 26 - 54 ( 1799 ) ( as translated and reproduced in Henry M. Leicester and Herbert S. Klickstein , A Source Book in Chemistry , 1400 -- 1900 ( Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard , 1952 ) ) . Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Andrew G. van Melsen ( 1952 ) . From Atomos to Atom . Mineola , N.Y. : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 49584 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Dalton , John . `` On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids '' , in Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester . 1803 . Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Chris . `` Avogadro - his contribution to chemistry '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Alan J. Rocke ( 1984 ) . Chemical Atomism in the Nineteenth Century . Columbus : Ohio State University Press . Jump up ^ Avogadro , Amedeo ( 1811 ) . `` Essay on a Manner of Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies , and the Proportions in Which They Enter into These Compounds '' . Journal de Physique. 73 : 58 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Einstein , A. ( 1905 ) . `` Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen '' . Annalen der Physik. 322 ( 8 ) : 549 . Bibcode : 1905AnP ... 322 ... 549E . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19053220806 . hdl : 10915 / 2785 . Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1897 ) . `` Cathode rays '' ( ( facsimile from Stephen Wright , Classical Scientific Papers , Physics ( Mills and Boon , 1964 ) ) ) . Philosophical Magazine . 44 ( 269 ) : 293 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786449708621070 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , E.T. ( 1951 ) , A history of the theories of aether and electricity . Vol 1 , Nelson , London Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1904 ) . `` On the Structure of the Atom : an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle ; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure '' . Philosophical Magazine . 7 ( 39 ) : 237 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440409463107 . Jump up ^ Geiger , H ( 1910 ) . `` The Scattering of the α - Particles by Matter '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society . A 83 : 492 -- 504 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Ernest ( 1911 ) . `` The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 21 ( 4 ) : 669 . Bibcode : 2012PMag ... 92 ... 379R . doi : 10.1080 / 14786435.2011. 617037 . ^ Jump up to : Bohr , Niels ( 1913 ) . `` On the constitution of atoms and molecules '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 26 ( 153 ) : 476 -- 502 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308634993 . Jump up ^ `` Frederick Soddy , The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1913 ) . `` Rays of positive electricity '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society . A 89 ( 607 ) : 1 -- 20 . Bibcode : 1913RSPSA ... 89 ... 1T . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1913.0057 . ( as excerpted in Henry A. Boorse & Lloyd Motz , The World of the Atom , Vol. 1 ( New York : Basic Books , 1966 ) ) . Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Ernest ( 1919 ) . `` Collisions of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. IV . An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen '' . Philosophical Magazine . 37 ( 222 ) : 581 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440608635919 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , James ( 1932 ) . `` Possible Existence of a Neutron '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 129 ( 3252 ) : 312 . Bibcode : 1932Natur. 129Q. 312C . doi : 10.1038 / 129312a0 . Jump up ^ Schrödinger , Erwin ( 1926 ) . `` Quantisation as an Eigenvalue Problem '' . Annalen der Physik. 81 ( 18 ) : 109 -- 139 . Bibcode : 1926AnP ... 386 ... 109S . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19263861802 . Jump up ^ Mahanti , Subodh . `` Erwin Schrödinger : The Founder of Quantum Wave Mechanics '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mahanti , Subodh . `` Max Born : Founder of Lattice Dynamics '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Greiner , Walter . `` Quantum Mechanics : An Introduction '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Heisenberg , W. ( 1927 ) . `` Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik '' . Zeitschrift für Physik ( in German ) . 43 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 172 -- 198 . Bibcode : 1927ZPhy ... 43 ... 172H . doi : 10.1007 / BF01397280 . Jump up ^ Milton Orchin ; Roger Macomber ; Allan Pinhas ; R. Wilson . `` The Vocabulary and Concepts of Organic Chemistry , Second Edition , '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading Bernard Pullman ( 1998 ) The Atom in the History of Human Thought , trans . by Axel Reisinger . Oxford Univ . Press . Eric Scerri ( 2007 ) The Periodic Table , Its Story and Its Significance , Oxford University Press , New York . Charles Adolphe Wurtz ( 1881 ) The Atomic Theory , D. Appleton and Company , New York . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Atomic theory Atomism by S. Mark Cohen . Atomic Theory - detailed information on atomic theory with respect to electrons and electricity . ( hide ) Atomic models Single atoms Dalton model ( Billiard ball model ) Thomson model ( Plum pudding model ) Lewis model ( Cubical atom model ) Nagaoka model ( Saturnian model ) Rutherford model ( Planetary model ) Bohr model ( Rutherford -- Bohr model ) Bohr -- Sommerfeld model ( Refined Bohr model ) Gryziński model ( Free - fall model ) Schrodinger model ( Electron cloud model ) Dirac - Gordon model ( Relativistic atomic model ) Atoms in solids Einstein solid Debye model Drude model Free electron model Nearly free electron model Band structure Density functional theory Atoms in fluids Ideal gas Van der Waals gas Newtonian fluid Bose -- Einstein condensate Scientists Felix Bloch Niels Bohr Satyendra Nath Bose John Dalton Peter Debye Paul Dirac Paul Drude Albert Einstein Walter Gordon Michał Gryziński Irving Langmuir Gilbert N. Lewis Hantaro Nagaoka Isaac Newton Ernest Rutherford Erwin Schrödinger Arnold Sommerfeld J.J. Thomson Johannes Diderik van der Waals Book : Atomic models Category : Atoms Portal : Physics / Chemistry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_theory&oldid=839671757 '' Categories : Atomic physics Statistical mechanics Chemistry theories Foundational quantum physics Amount of substance Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar മലയാളം 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 22 : 54 . 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6349964016747628781	Category:Retail markets in Delhi	Category : retail markets in Delhi - wikipedia Help Category : retail markets in Delhi Jump to : navigation , search Pages in category `` retail markets in Delhi '' The following 17 pages are in this category , out of 17 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . Bengali Market Chandni Chowk Chawri Bazar Chhatta Chowk Dariba Kalan Gandhi Nagar , Delhi INA Market Jwala Heri Khan Market Khari Baoli Kirti Nagar Kotla Mubarakpur Complex Palika Bazaar Rajouri Garden Shahdara Shopping in Delhi U Urdu Bazaar ( Delhi ) Media in category `` retail markets in Delhi '' This category contains only the following file . Karol bagh night. JPG 720 × 540 ; 77 KB Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Retail_markets_in_Delhi&oldid=730181639 '' Categories : Retail markets in India by city Buildings and structures in Delhi Retail markets in India Retailing in Delhi Tourist attractions in Delhi Talk Help About Wikipedia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2016 , at 08 : 33 . About Wikipedia	which of the following is not a market in delhi	[]	[]
4191304566246446431	Upland and lowland	Upland and lowland - wikipedia Upland and lowland Jump to : navigation , search `` Lowland '' redirects here . For other uses , see Lowland ( disambiguation ) . This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cascadilla Creek , near Ithaca , New York in the United States , an example of an upland river habitat . Upland and lowland are conditional descriptions of a plain based on elevation above sea level . In studies of the ecology of freshwater rivers , habitats are classified as upland and lowland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 Upland 3 Lowland 4 Lowland alluvial plains 5 See also Definitions ( edit ) Upland and lowland are portions of plain that are conditionally categorized by their elevation above the sea level . Lowlands are usually no higher than 200 m ( 660 ft ) , while uplands are somewhere around 200 m ( 660 ft ) to 500 m ( 1,600 ft ) . On rare occasions , certain lowlands such as Caspian Depression lie below sea level . Upland habitats are cold , clear and rocky whose rivers are fast - flowing in mountainous areas ; lowland habitats are warm with slow - flowing rivers found in relatively flat lowland areas , with water that is frequently coloured by sediment and organic matter . These classifications overlap with the geological definitions of `` upland '' and `` lowland '' . In geology an `` upland '' is generally considered to be land that is at a higher elevation than the alluvial plain or stream terrace , which are considered to be `` lowlands '' . The term `` bottomland '' refers to low - lying alluvial land near a river . Many freshwater fish and invertebrate communities around the world show a pattern of specialisation into upland or lowland river habitats . Classifying rivers and streams as upland or lowland is important in freshwater ecology as the two types of river habitat are very different , and usually support very different populations of fish and invertebrate species . Upland ( edit ) In freshwater ecology , upland rivers and streams are the fast - flowing rivers and streams that drain elevated or mountainous country , often onto broad alluvial plains ( where they become lowland rivers ) . However , altitude is not the sole determinant of whether a river is upland or lowland . Arguably the most important determinants are that of stream power and stream gradient . Rivers with a course that drops in altitude rapidly will have faster water flow and higher stream power or `` force of water '' . This in turn produces the other characteristics of an upland river - an incised course , a river bed dominated by bedrock and coarse sediments , a riffle and pool structure and cooler water temperatures . Rivers with a course that drops in altitude very slowly will have slower water flow and lower force . This in turn produces the other characteristics of a lowland river - a meandering course lacking rapids , a river bed dominated by fine sediments and higher water temperatures . Lowland rivers tend to carry more suspended sediment and organic matter as well , but some lowland rivers have periods of high water clarity in seasonal low - flow periods . The generally clear , cool , fast - flowing waters and bedrock and coarse sediment beds of upland rivers encourage fish species with limited temperature tolerances , high oxygen needs , strong swimming ability and specialised reproductive strategies to prevent eggs or larvae being swept away . These characteristics also encourage invertebrate species with limited temperature tolerances , high oxygen needs and ecologies revolving around coarse sediments and interstices or `` gaps '' between those coarse sediments . Lowland ( edit ) Amazon River near Manaus , Brazil , an example of a lowland river habitat . The generally more turbid , warm , slow - flowing waters and fine sediment beds of lowland rivers encourage fish species with broad temperature tolerances and greater tolerances to low oxygen levels , and life history and breeding strategies adapted to these and other traits of lowland rivers . These characteristics also encourage invertebrate species with broad temperature tolerances and greater tolerances to low oxygen levels and ecologies revolving around fine sediments or alternative habitats such as submerged woody debris ( `` snags '' ) or submergent macrophytes ( `` water weed '' ) . Lowland alluvial plains ( edit ) American Bottom - flood plain of the Mississippi River in Southern Illinois . Bois Brule Bottom Bottomland hardwood forest - deciduous hardwood forest found in broad lowland floodplains of the United States . See also ( edit ) Freshwater biology River reclamation Riparian zone Mountain river Aquatic ecosystem topics ( hide ) Aquatic ecosystems -- general and freshwater components General Acoustic ecology Adaptation Agent - based models Algal bloom Anoxic waters Aquatic animals ( Insects Mammals ) Aquatic plants Aquatic science Benthos Biodiversity research Bioluminescence Biomass Biomonitoring Cascade effect Colored dissolved organic matter Camouflage and mimicry Dead zone Ecohydrology Ecosystems Eutrophication Fisheries science Food chain Food web GIS and aquatic science Hydrobiology Hypoxia Isotope analysis Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Nekton Neuston Particle Pelagic zone Photic zone Phytoplankton Plankton Pleuston Predation Productivity Ramsar Convention Respiration Schooling Sediment trap Siltation Spawning Substrate Thermal pollution Toxicology Trophic level Water column Zooplankton More ... Freshwater Biology Biomes Ecosystems freshwater lake river Fish Hyporheic zone Limnology Lake stratification Macrophyte Pond Fish pond Rheotaxis Stream bed Stream pool Trophic state index Upland and lowland Water garden Wetland brackish marsh freshwater marsh swamp bog fen Environmental quality More ... Ecoregions Freshwater ( List ) Marine ( List ) The Everglades Maharashtra The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre The San Francisco Estuary Aquatic ecosystems -- marine components Marine Marine biology Marine chemistry Deep scattering layer Diel vertical migration Ecosystems large marine marine ) f - ratio Iron fertilization Marine snow Ocean nourishment Oceanic physical - biological process Ocean turbidity Photophore Thorson 's rule Upwelling Whale fall More ... Marine life Bacteriophages Census Fish coastal coral reef deep sea demersal pelagic Deep sea communities Deep sea creature Deep - water coral Invertebrates Larvae Mammals Marine life Microorganisms Paradox of the plankton Reptiles Seabirds Seashore wildlife Vertebrates Wild fisheries Marine habitats Bay mud Coastal biogeomorphology Cold seeps Coral reefs Davidson Seamount Estuaries Intertidal ecology Intertidal wetlands Kelp forests Hydrothermal vents Lagoons Mangroves Marine biomes Marine habitats Mudflats Rocky shores Salt marshes Salt pannes and pools Seagrass meadows Sponge grounds Sponge reefs Tide pools Issues Ecological values of mangroves Fisheries and climate change HERMIONE Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Marine pollution Marine Protected Area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upland_and_lowland&oldid=832959547 '' Categories : Freshwater ecology Water and the environment Riparian zone Rivers Highlands Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2007 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 22 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	common method and tillage for lowland and upland	[]	[]
-517706052951397287	No Exit (The Vampire Diaries)	No Exit ( the Vampire Diaries ) - wikipedia No Exit ( the Vampire Diaries ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about an episode of TV series The Vampire Diaries . For other uses , see No Exit . `` No Exit '' The Vampire Diaries episode Episode no . Season 5 Episode 14 Directed by Michael Allowitz Written by Brian Young Production code 2J7514 Original air date February 27 , 2014 Guest appearance ( s ) Olga Fonda ( Nadia ) Michael Malarkey ( Enzo ) Rick Cosnett ( Wes Maxfield ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Next → `` Gone Girl '' The Vampire Diaries ( season 5 ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes `` No Exit '' is the 14th episode of the fifth season of the American series The Vampire Diaries and the series ' 103rd episode overall . `` No Exit '' was originally aired on February 27 , 2014 , on The CW . The episode was written by Brian Young and directed by Michael Allowitz . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Feature music 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Enzo ( Michael Malarkey ) and Damon ( Ian Somerhalder ) turn people on vampires so that Damon can feed on since now , after Wes ' ( Rick Cosnett ) injection , he craves on vampire blood and not human . The two of them try to leave the last victim 's house when Wes appears with travelers who spell the house so vampires will not be able to get out . Wes informs them that he wants to make one last test ; how long can Damon last before he attacks his friend to feed on . Katherine ( Nina Dobrev ) , still pretending to be Elena , tries to get closer to Stefan ( Paul Wesley ) so they can be back together . When Caroline ( Candice Accola ) arrives and tells them about Damon , Stefan wants to find him and Katherine offers to go with him . Caroline warns him that it is weird for him to be so close to `` Elena '' after everything that happened but he reassures her that they are just friends . Before Stefan and Katherine go , Caroline gets a phone call from Tyler ( Michael Trevino ) who tells her that he worries about Matt ( Zach Roerig ) , who is vanished for two days , and that Nadia ( Olga Fonda ) was compelling him . Katherine hears Caroline 's conversation with Tyler and she calls Nadia to ask if everything is fine . When Nadia tells her that Matt found out that she is not Elena , Katherine asks her to kill him . Caroline leaves to go to Tyler 's while Katherine and Stefan leave to find Damon . Caroline gets to Tyler 's and they try to find out why Nadia would compel Matt and what does she want from him . The two of them feel awkward because of what happened between Caroline and Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ) . At the same time , Matt tries to convince Nadia that she does not have to kill him and all he has to do is to convince his friends that he is fine . Matt returns home with Nadia and acts like everything is fine . He tells Tyler and Caroline that Nadia is not compelling him and that they just have fun together but Caroline is not really supportive of that . They both depart , leaving Matt and Nadia alone . Katherine and Stefan are on the road in search of Damon and Katherine tries to seduce Stefan . She breaks the car so they can stay at a hotel she had seen till the car is ready . While being there , Enzo calls Stefan to inform him about the situation he and Damon are but Katherine answers who asks him to text her the address . Stefan goes to get the car and Katherine calls Nadia to tell her that she plans to lead Stefan on killing Damon to save her . Stefan gets back and before they leave the hotel , Katherine gets closer to him and kisses him . He kisses her back but he stops because `` Elena '' has just broken up with Damon and it is not right . Enzo chains Damon on a chair in an attempt to prevent him of attacking him . Wes shoots Enzo to make him bleed , so Damon will not be able to resist . Damon breaks the chains and attacks Enzo who tries to tell him to stop . Damon chokes at Enzo 's blood and Wes appears to tell him that it is because he had travelers to spell on it . He offers Enzo to go with him so he will not be killed by Damon since the spell will not last forever . Enzo does not want to go but Damon convinces him to do it because if he stays he will kill him . Enzo leaves with Wes and Damon stays alone , trapped in the house . Nadia checks that finally vervain is out of Matt 's system so she can compel him again but before she makes him forget , Matt tries to warn Caroline about Katherine taking over Elena 's body . He kisses Nadia who kisses him back and while they are kissing , he tries to text Caroline . He manages to write `` Help K '' and send it to Caroline before Nadia sees him and stops him . She is hurt by his behavior and trying to fool her , so she compels him and starts to exit the house . Caroline , who got the text , meets Nadia at the door and asks her what is she planning and they start fighting . Tyler gets there in time to stop Nadia from killing Caroline and he fights Nadia who runs away . Katherine and Stefan arrive at the house where Damon is but Damon warns them to not get into the house because they will not be able to get out and he will attack them . They tell him that they do not afraid of him and they both enter the house . Katherine , to help Damon fight his urge , cuts her hand with a class and provokes him with her blood telling him that he can fight it . Damon starts feeding on her , Stefan tells him to stop and Katherine kicks a stake towards Stefan telling him that Damon is going to kill her . Stefan , instead of taking the stake , he takes a piece of class and cuts himself to distract Damon . Damon leaves Katherine and Stefan snaps his head . Katherine and Stefan bring Damon back to Mystic Falls and Katherine arranges immediately to meet Nadia . Katherine is happy because , despite that her plan to kill Damon did not work , she had a moment with Stefan . She stops smiling when Nadia tells her that she was bitten by Tyler Lockwood . Damon wakes up chained on the Salvatore house 's basement . Stefan is there and Damon tries to warn him that because of his cravings , one day he will kill him but Stefan tells him that they will find a solution . Damon points to Stefan that `` Elena '' provoked him to feed on her and then she kicked a stake towards him so he will kill him . Stefan does not believe that Elena would want that , he locks Damon up and gets upstairs where Caroline is . The two of them discuss what happened between Stefan and `` Elena '' and Caroline also tells him about Nadia and Matt and the text he sent to her . From Matt 's text , who used `` K '' and not `` E '' , they put the pieces together and they realize that Katherine is in Elena 's body . Feature Music ( edit ) In the `` No Exit '' episode we can hear the songs : `` Radioactive '' by Imagine Dragons `` You Belong Here '' by Leagues `` Fleur Blanche '' by Örsten `` Poisonous Spider '' by Company Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In its original American broadcast , `` No Exit '' was watched by 2.03 million ; down by 0.13 from the previous episode . Reviews ( edit ) `` No Exit '' received mixed to negative reviews with many hoping that now that Katherine 's secret was revealed , the show will `` kick in '' . Carrie Raisler from The A.V. Club gave a B rate to the episode saying that it was a filler episode : `` this path to realization ( finding out that Katherine is in Elena 's body ) basically creates a filler episode , a way to move the story to the place it needs to be for the inevitable big confrontation in the future ( ... ) Katherine taking over Elena 's life was an incredibly inspired storyline , and watching it unfold has been delightful , but sooner or later , someone had to figure out what was going on . To spend an episode almost solely focused on making that happen is a good thing . '' Alyse Wax of Fearnet writes : `` I miss the bad - assery this show used to have . Julie Plec took it all with her and stuffed it into The Originals . ( ... ) All of the awesome , violent , supernatural drama has been replaced with standard who 's - sleeping - with - who nonsense , ever since the original vampires got their own show . I guess Klaus really took the bad - assery with him . Well , now everyone knows that `` Elena '' is really Katherine , so hopefully the crazy shit will kick in . '' Caroline Preece from Den of Geek gave a negative review saying that season five of the show has been the worst by far . `` ( The show ) stopped being a fast - paced , well - written vampire show and became a long - running soap that happened to have mythical creatures in it . That 's not what any of us signed up for but , with the Katherine storyline presumably on its way out now that Stefan and Caroline have figured out the deceit and Nadia has a dreaded werewolf bite to contend with , maybe the next half - arsed arc will be better ? Let 's hope so because , since we all know how fantastically entertaining this show can be at its best , there is always a glimmer of hope that it can return to form . '' Stephanie Hall from K Site TV said that overall the episode left her a feeling that this was an off week of the show . `` '' No Exit '' was an uncharacteristically odd episode of The Vampire Diaries that primarily served to stall the impending solutions of this run of episodes ' two most pressing issues : Katherine and Damon . While it did bring our heroes a step closer to solving both of these problems , the ways in which it did so were not delivered with as much metaphoric bang as could be hoped . '' Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic rated the episode with only 1.3 / 5 saying that it was one boring hour of television and that the writers recycles scenes and stories from previous episodes / seasons . `` We knew from the moment Katherine inhabited Elena 's body that she would eventually be found out . What other alternative possibly existed ? So we 've been waiting and waiting and waiting for that moment for weeks and that 's exactly what tonight 's episode felt like . '' Notes ( edit ) The episode was dedicated to Sarah Jones , who lost her life on February 20 , 2014 on a train accident while being on set . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries Music : Songs From Season 5 , Episode 14 -- `` No Exit '' `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raisler , Carrie ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : `` No Exit '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wax , Alyse ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` TV Recap : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Episode 514 - ' No Exit ' '' . Fearnet . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Preece , Caroline ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries season 5 episode 14 review : No Exit '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hall , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries # 5.14 `` No Exit '' Recap & Review `` . K Site TV . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries Review : Starving for Suspense '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Somerhalder , Ian ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Tonights episode of the Vampire Diaries is dedicated in loving memory of our Cosmic Sister Sarah Jones whom we lost last week - pls watch2nite '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Crew Member , Sarah Jones , Dies In ' Midnight Rider ' Train Accident '' . IBTimes . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes on IMDb Afterbuzz 's discussion about `` No Exit '' on YouTube ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_Exit_(The_Vampire_Diaries)&oldid=804222095 '' Categories : 2014 American television episodes The Vampire Diaries ( season 5 ) episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 15 : 35 . About Wikipedia	when do they realize katherine is in elena	[]	[]
7419369537216096126	United States presidential line of succession	United States Presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States Presidential line of succession Jump to : navigation , search The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent President becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) . The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices . The succession follows the order of Vice President , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States . The Cabinet currently has fifteen members , beginning with the Secretary of State , and followed by the rest in the order of their positions ' creation . Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as President are also ineligible to succeed the President by succession , for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen . Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency , and in 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission raised a number of other issues with the current line of succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current order 2 Eligibility 2.1 Eligibility requirements 2.2 Acting officers 3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 4 Constitutional provisions 5 Acting President and President 6 History of succession law set by Congress 6.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792 6.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886 6.3 Presidential Succession Act 1947 6.4 Postmaster General removed 1971 6.5 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 7 Successions beyond Vice President 8 Constitutional concerns 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Current order ( edit ) The current presidential order of succession is as follows : Key Eligible Democrat ( D ) Eligible Republican ( R ) Eligible Independent ( I ) Eligible unknown Not eligible No . Office Current officer Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Secretary of State Rex Tillerson ( R ) 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin ( R ) 6 Secretary of Defense James Mattis ( I ) 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions ( R ) 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke ( R ) 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue ( R ) 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross ( R ) 11 Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta ( R ) 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Eric Hargan ( R ) Acting 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson ( R ) -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao ( R ) 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry ( R ) 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos ( R ) 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin ( I ) 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Elaine Duke ( I ) Acting ^ Jump up to : This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession . See Acting officers below . Jump up ^ Not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department 's creation or the department of which their department is the successor ( the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War , and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ) . Eligibility ( edit ) Eligibility requirements ( edit ) To be eligible to serve as President , a person must be a natural - born U.S. citizen , at least 35 years of age , and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years . These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution , Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 , and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ( e ) ) . Acting officers ( edit ) Acting officers may be eligible . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission , a private non-partisan think tank , reported , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 ( edit ) Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the President would not be able to appoint his successor to the Presidency . The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the President , while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials . The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives , and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker , though this is not technically a requirement ; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position . The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line , ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established . In his speech supporting the changes , Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the President and Vice President than the Senate . The succession of a Republican to a Democratic Presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation . However , when the changes to the succession were signed into law , they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the Vice President . Some of Truman 's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then - current holder of the latter rank , Senator Kenneth McKellar . Further motivation may have been provided by Truman 's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession , rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius , Jr . Constitutional provisions ( edit ) The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the Vice President first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the President nor Vice President can serve . The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the President - elect dies before his term begins , the Vice President - elect becomes President on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the President - elect was elected . The section also provides that if , on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the President - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the Vice President - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the President - elect qualifies . Finally , Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a President - elect nor a Vice President - elect is eligible or available to serve . The 25th Amendment , ratified in 1967 , clarified Article II , Section 1 : that the Vice President is the direct successor of the President . He or she becomes President if the President dies , resigns or is removed from office . The amendment also provides for the situation where the President is temporarily disabled , such as if the President has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . The amendment also provides for Vice Presidential succession , by requiring Vice Presidential vacancies to be filled by the President and confirmed by both houses of the Congress . Previously , whenever a Vice President had succeeded to the Presidency or had otherwise left the office empty ( through death , resignation , or removal from office ) , the Vice Presidency remained vacant until the next Presidential and Vice Presidential terms began . Acting President and President ( edit ) Main article : Acting President of the United States New President Lyndon Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One , following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 . Article II , Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that : In case of the removal of the President from office , or of his death , resignation , or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office , the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed , or a President elected . This originally left open the question whether `` the same '' refers to `` the said office '' or only `` the powers and duties of the said office . '' Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the Vice President would remain Vice President while executing the powers and duties of the Presidency ; however , there is also much evidence to the contrary , the most compelling of which is Article I , section 3 , of the Constitution itself , the relevant text of which reads : The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no vote , unless they be equally divided . The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States . This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the Presidency devolved upon the Vice President on his succession . Thus , the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent , apart from adding new protocols for Presidential disability . Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested , and it was left to Vice President John Tyler , the first presidential successor in U.S. history , to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment . In 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency . Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation , Tyler took the position that he was the President and not merely acting President upon taking the presidential oath of office . However , some contempories -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress Whig party leaders and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as President and did not have the office itself . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' and this precedent was followed thereafter . The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment , which specifies that `` In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation , the Vice President shall become President . '' The Amendment does not specify whether officers other than the Vice President can become President rather than Acting President in the same set of circumstances . The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as President rather than becoming President . History of succession law set by Congress ( edit ) Presidential succession Act 1792 ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1792 The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress . The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the Democratic - Republicans , to follow the Vice President in the succession . There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line . The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the Vice President , followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . In either case , these officers were to `` act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected . '' The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The people elected President and Vice President in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year , but no such election ever took place . Presidential succession Act 1886 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1886 In 1881 , after the death of President Garfield , and in 1885 , after the death of Vice President Hendricks , there had been no President pro tempore in office , and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene , no Speaker either , leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president . When Congress convened in December 1885 , President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act , which was passed in 1886 . Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the President 's Cabinet with the Secretary of State first in line . In the first 100 years of the United States , six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected President , while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office . As a result , changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable . Presidential succession Act 1947 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1947 The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , signed into law by President Harry S. Truman , added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line , but switched the two from the 1792 order . It remains the sequence used today . Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department ( which governed the Army ) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense , the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War . The office of Secretary of the Navy , which had existed as a Cabinet - level position since 1798 , had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization , and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act . Postmaster General removed 1971 ( edit ) Until 1971 , the Postmaster General , the head of the Post Office Department , was a member of the Cabinet , initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added . Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service , a special agency independent of the executive branch , the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession . Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 ( edit ) The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 . On March 9 , 2006 , pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub. L. 109 -- 177 , the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession . The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established . Despite custom , many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list -- below the Attorney General , above the Secretary of the Interior , and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense -- because the Secretary , already in charge of disaster relief and security , would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries . Despite this , the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' follows the `` Secretary of Veterans Affairs '' in the succession , effectively at the end of the list . Successions beyond Vice President ( edit ) David Rice Atchison 's tombstone ( Plattsburg , Missouri ) , including the claim `` President of the United States for One Day '' While nine Vice Presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the President , and two Vice Presidents have temporarily served as acting President , no other officer has ever been called upon to act as President . On March 4 , 1849 , President Zachary Taylor 's term began , but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday , citing religious beliefs , and the Vice President was not sworn either . As the last President pro tempore of the Senate , David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the Vice President , and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day . However , Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either , and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired . In 1865 , when Andrew Johnson assumed the Presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln , the office of Vice President became vacant . At that time , the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency . In 1868 , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to trial in the Senate , and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become acting President . This posed a conflict of interest , as Wade 's `` guilty '' vote could have been decisive in removing Johnson from office and giving himself presidential powers and duties . ( Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . ) In his book The Shadow Presidents , which he published in 1979 , Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election , when the First World War was raging in Europe . In view of the contemporary international turmoil , President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away , instead of waiting through the lame duck period , which at that time had a duration of almost four months . President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the Presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear . The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State . Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign , and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession , Hughes would become President immediately . As it happened , President Wilson won re-election , so the plan was never put into action . New President Gerald Ford is sworn in following the resignation of Richard Nixon on August 9 , 1974 . Since the 25th Amendment 's ratification , its Second Section , which addresses Vice Presidential succession as noted above , has been invoked twice . During the 1973 Vice Presidential vacancy , House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line . As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon 's removal or resignation possible , Albert would have become Acting President and -- under Title 3 , Section 19 ( c ) of the U.S. Code -- would have been able to `` act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term '' on January 20 , 1977 . Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him , a Democrat , to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the Presidency to be held by a Republican . Albert announced that should he need to assume the Presidential powers and duties , he would do so only as a caretaker . However , with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the Vice Presidency , which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked , these series of events were never tested . Albert again became first - in - line during the first four months of Ford 's Presidency , before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller , which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked . In 1981 , when President Ronald Reagan was shot , Vice President George H.W. Bush was traveling in Texas . Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter 's question regarding who was running the government by stating : Constitutionally , gentlemen , you have the President , the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order , and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President , he will do so . He has not done that . As of now , I am in control here , in the White House , pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him . If something came up , I would check with him , of course . A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig 's remarks . Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary Presidential authority , due to his implied reference to the Constitution . Haig and his supporters , noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon 's resignation , said he only meant that he was the highest - ranking officer of the Executive branch on - site , managing things temporarily until the Vice President returned to Washington . Constitutional concerns ( edit ) Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency . James Madison , one of the authors of the Constitution , raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton . Two of these issues can be summarized : The term `` Officer '' in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an `` Officer of the United States '' , who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch . The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense . Under the principle of separation of powers , the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch . For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become Acting President , they must resign their position , at which point they are no longer in the line of succession . This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox . However , the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes President `` upon his resignation as Speaker '' and as a member of Congress , allowing for a seamless transition . In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt ( such as those expressed above by James Madison ) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as President . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the President , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as President , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a President is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the President and killed the Vice President ) . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Presidential order of succession '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency , '' Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 , p. 34 . ( Archived by WebCite at ( 1 ) Accessed : 2012 - 05 - 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency . June 19 , 1945 '' by President Harry S. Truman ; from the American Presidency Project archives ^ Jump up to : Wildavsky , Aaron B. ( 2003 ) . Horowitz , Irving , ed . The revolt against the masses and other essays on politics and public policy ( Google Books ) . Transaction Publishers . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0960 - 5 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading - '' . kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . JSTOR 2125607 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . JSTOR 27552721 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postmasters General '' . postalmuseum.si.edu . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US Congress ( 2005 ) . USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act OF 2005 . 109th Congress Public Law 177 . Retrieved on October 29 , 2015 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ177/html/PLAW-109publ177.htm . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : President for a Day -- March 4 , 1849 '' . May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` President for a Day '' . snopes . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Shadow Presidents : The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides . New York , U.S.A. : Times Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0816 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Haig '' , Time , April 2 , 1984 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 : James Madison to Edmund Pendleton '' . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Presidential Succession Act 1947 Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Further reading ( edit ) Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University 3 U.S.C. § 19 -- `` Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' Presidential Succession Act of 1792 , 1 Stat. 239 ( from the American Memory website of the Library of Congress `` Presidential Line of Succession Examined '' , a September 20 , 2003 article from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel `` WI Presidential Succession Act of 1947 held unconstitutional '' , David Tenner , Usenet group : soc. history. what - if , January 14 , 2003 . Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website Testimony of M. Miller Baker from the U.S. Senate website External links ( edit ) The Presidency : Preserving Our Institutions Second report of the Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 ( includes the text of the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 , 1886 and 1947 ) Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( James Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Eric Hargan ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Elaine Duke ) Jump up ^ Never confirmed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and thus ineligible for the presidential line of succession . Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . 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Congo Dominican Republic France Finland Germany Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy South Korea Mexico Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Sri Lanka Taiwan United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_line_of_succession&oldid=808069295 '' Categories : United States presidential succession Continuity of government in the United States Vice Presidency of the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 18 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who becomes president after the vice president dies	[]	[]
651294105754681460	Sykes (dog)	Sykes ( dog ) - wikipedia Sykes ( dog ) Sykes Sykes , appearing at Discover Dogs in 2010 Species Dog Breed Terrier Sex Male Nation from United Kingdom Occupation Dog actor Years active 2004 - 15 Owner Gill Raddings Sykes is a dog actor from Clifton , Oxfordshire , England . He is best known in the UK for his appearance as Harvey in Thinkbox 's television commercial and , under his real name , in Midsomer Murders ( Series fourteen to eighteen , inclusive ) . He has also appeared in several Hollywood blockbusters . Originally found as a stray in 2004 , his owner is animal trainer and stunt dog specialist Gill Raddings . Since January 2016 Sykes has been in semi-retirement with him no longer being displayed as available for hire on Gill Raddings ' agency website ; however , if a producer from a previous role of his needs Sykes they are able to use him . Contents 1 History 2 Career 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Sykes was found roaming as a stray in 2004 , at an estimated age of seven months . He was rehomed with Gill Raddings , a stunt dog specialist in Clifton , Oxfordshire , after some friends of hers found the dog while out walking dogs of their own . The police were going to place him in kennels , so Raddings took in the stray . Raddings runs a company called Action Stunt Dogs and Animals , and other dogs living at her home with Sykes include Kyte , the Belgian Shepherd who portrayed Wellard in EastEnders . Although a cross-breed , his owner believes that there may be some Parson Russell Terrier stock in him due to his long legs . Career ( edit ) They say you should never work with animals or children but , as far as I 'm concerned , it 's rubbish because Sykes -- as I 've come to know him -- was the consummate professional . It was a joy to work with him . Peter Kay . Following his appearance in Thinkbox 's award winning advert `` Every Home Needs a Harvey '' , he has become better known to the public as his character in the advert , `` Harvey '' . In the advert he gets up to several different antics in order to impress prospective adoptors in an animal shelter including ironing , cooking and driving children to school . By the end of 2010 , the advert had been viewed on YouTube more than a million times , and had over 11,600 followers on Facebook . The advert was named `` Advert of the Year '' by ITV for 2010 . In September 2010 , the John Smith 's Brewery advert `` Dog Show '' began to broadcast , starring Peter Kay and co-starring Sykes as the Jack Russell Terrier `` Tonto '' . Films that Sykes has appeared in include Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street , The Other Boleyn Girl , Young Victoria , The Dutchess , Alexander , Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time , Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , The Wolfman and Clash of Titans . Sykes ' first TV series was a brief disobedient role in Return to Cranford ( 2009 ) . He was then cast in Midsomer Murders after attracting the attention of series producer , Brian True - May , and appeared in the show regularly from March 2011 until 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mouland , Bill ( 17 January 2010 ) . `` A dog with the bow wow factor : We collar Harvey - the star of TV 's funniest commercial '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sloan , Liam ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` How Sykes the Oxfordshire terrier became a TV star '' . The Oxford Times . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter 's ' Kay - nine ' capers are best in John Smith 's show '' . John Smith 's Brewery . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Mike ( 9 September 2010 ) . `` Dog has its day in Thinkbox campaign for power of TV advertising '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ad of the Year 2010 : the countdown '' . Thinkbox . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Littlejohn , Georgina ( 13 March 2011 ) . `` Sykes the Jack Russell to become the first four - legged member of Midsomer Murders cast '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . External links ( edit ) Gill Radding 's Stunt Dogs and Animals Official Harvey Facebook Page Sykes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sykes_(dog)&oldid=833004381 '' Categories : Dog actors Individual dogs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2014 Use British English from September 2014 Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 04 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the dog called in midsomer murders	[ "Sykes is a dog actor from Clifton, Oxfordshire, England. He is best known in the UK for his appearance as Harvey in Thinkbox's television commercial and, under his real name, in Midsomer Murders (Series fourteen to eighteen, inclusive). He has also appeared in several Hollywood blockbusters. Originally found as a stray in 2004, his owner is animal trainer and stunt dog specialist Gill Raddings. Since January 2016 Sykes has been in semi-retirement with him no longer being displayed as available for hire on Gill Raddings' agency website; however, if a producer from a previous role of his needs Sykes they are able to use him. \n" ]	[ "Sykes" ]
8197890308303379334	Trance	Trance - wikipedia Trance Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Trance ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Oracle at Delphi was famous for her divinatory trances throughout the ancient Mediterranean world . Dissociative Trance Classification and external resources Specialty Psychiatry ICD - 10 F44. 89 ICD - 9 - CM 300.15 ( edit on Wikidata ) Trance denotes any state of awareness or consciousness other than normal waking consciousness . Trance states may occur involuntarily and unbidden . The term trance may be associated with hypnosis , meditation , magic , flow , and prayer . It may also be related to the earlier generic term , altered states of consciousness , which is no longer used in `` consciousness studies '' discourse . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Working models 3 Working definitions 4 Origins and history 4.1 Temple of Epidaurus : healing sleep 4.2 Oral lore and storytelling 4.3 Military 4.4 Mystics 4.5 Christian mystics 4.6 Mesmer and the origin of hypnotherapy 4.7 Trance in American Christianity 4.8 Trance and Anglo - American Protestants 5 Trance induction and sensory modality 5.1 Auditory driving and auditory art 5.2 Visual driving and visual art 5.3 Kinesthetic driving and somatic art 6 Types and varieties 7 Divination 7.1 Nechung Oracle 8 Scientific disciplines 9 Brainwaves and brain rhythms 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) Trance in its modern meaning comes from an earlier meaning of `` a dazed , half - conscious or insensible condition or state of fear '' , via the Old French transe `` fear of evil '' , from the Latin transīre `` to cross '' , `` pass over '' . This definition is now obsolete . Working models ( edit ) Wier , in his 1995 book , Trance : from magic to technology , defines a simple trance ( p. 58 ) as a state of mind being caused by cognitive loops where a cognitive object ( thoughts , images , sounds , intentional actions ) repeats long enough to result in various sets of disabled cognitive functions . Wier represents all trances ( which include sleep and watching television ) as taking place on a dissociated trance plane where at least some cognitive functions such as volition are disabled ; as is seen in what is typically termed a ' hypnotic trance ' . With this definition , meditation , hypnosis , addictions and charisma are seen as being trance states . In Wier 's 2007 book , The Way of Trance , he elaborates on these forms , adds ecstasy as an additional form and discusses the ethical implications of his model , including magic and government use which he terms `` trance abuse '' . John Horgan in Rational Mysticism ( 2003 ) explores the neurological mechanisms and psychological implications of trances and other mystical manifestations . Horgan incorporates literature and case - studies from a number of disciplines in this work : chemistry , physics , psychology , radiology and theology . Working definitions ( edit ) The following are some examples of trance states : Enchantment : a psychological state induced by ( or as if induced by ) a magical incantation A state of mind in which consciousness is fragile and voluntary action is poor or missing A state resembling deep sleep Capture : attract ; cause to be enamored ; `` She / he captured all the men 's hearts '' ; in the sense of entranced A condition of apparent sleep or unconsciousness , with marked physiological characteristics , in which the body of the subject is thought by certain people to be liable to possession An out - of - body experience in which one feels they have passed out of the body into another state of being , a rapture , an ecstasy . In a general way , the entranced conditions thus defined are divided into varying degrees of a negative , unconscious state , and into progressive gradations of a positive , conscious , illumining condition . A state of hyper or enhanced suggestibility . An induced or spontaneous sleep - like condition of an altered state of consciousness , which is thought by certain people to permit the subject 's physical body to be utilized by disembodied spirits or entities as a means of expression An altered state of awareness induced via hypnosis in which unconscious or dissociated responses to suggestion are enhanced in quality and increased in degree A state induced by the use of hypnosis ; the person accepts the suggestions of the hypnotist A state of consciousness characterized by extreme dissociation often to the point of appearing unconscious . Trance conditions include all the different states of mind , emotions , moods and daydreams that human beings experience . All activities which engage a human involve the filtering of information coming into sense modalities , and this influences brain functioning and consciousness . Therefore , trance may be understood as a way for the mind to change the way it filters information in order to provide more efficient use of the mind 's resources . Trance states may also be accessed or induced by various modalities and is a way of accessing the unconscious mind for the purposes of relaxation , healing , intuition and inspiration . There is an extensive documented history of trance as evidenced by the case - studies of anthropologists and ethnologists and associated and derivative disciplines . Hence trance may be perceived as endemic to the human condition and a Human Universal . Principles of trance are being explored and documented as are methods of trance induction . Benefits of trance states are being explored by medical and scientific inquiry . Many traditions and rituals employ trance . Trance also has a function in religion and mystical experience . Castillo ( 1995 ) states that : `` Trance phenomena result from the behavior of intense focusing of attention , which is the key psychological mechanism of trance induction . Adaptive responses , including institutionalized forms of trance , are ' tuned ' into neural networks in the brain and depend to a large extent on the characteristics of culture . Culture - specific organizations exist in the structure of individual neurons and in the organizational formation of neural networks . '' Hoffman ( 1998 : p. 9 ) states that : `` Trance is still conventionally defined as a state of reduced consciousness , or a somnolent state . However , the more recent anthropological definition , linking it to ' altered states of consciousness ' ( Charles Tart ) , is becoming increasingly accepted . '' Hoffman ( 1998 , p. 9 ) asserts that : `` ... the trance state should be discussed in the plural , because there is more than one altered state of consciousness significantly different from everyday consciousness . '' Origins and history ( edit ) Temple of Epidaurus : healing sleep ( edit ) According to Hoffman ( 1998 : p. 10 ) , pilgrims visited the Temple of Epidaurus , an asclepeion , in Greece for healing sleep . Seekers of healing would make pilgrimage and be received by a priest who would welcome and bless them . This temple housed an ancient religious ritual promoting dreams in the seeker that endeavored to promote healing and the solutions to problems , as did the oracles . This temple was built in honor of Asclepios , the Greek god of medicine . The Greek treatment was referred to as incubation , and focused on prayers to Asclepios for healing . The asclepion at Epidaurus is both extensive and well - preserved , and is traditionally regarded as the birthplace of Asclepius . ( For a comparable modern tool see Dreamwork . ) The Oracle at Delphi was also famous for trances in the ancient Greek world ; priestesses there would make predictions about the future in exchange for gold . Oral lore and storytelling ( edit ) Stories of the saints in the Middle Ages , myths , parables , fairy tales , oral lore and storytelling from different cultures are themselves potentially inducers of trance . Often literary devices such as repetition are employed which is evident in many forms of trance induction . Milton Erickson used stories to induce trance as do many NLP practitioners . Military ( edit ) From at least the 16th century it was held that march music may induce soldiers marching in unison into trance states where according to apologists , they bond together as a unit engendered by the rigors of training , the ties of comradeship and the chain of command . This had the effect of making the soldiers become automated , an effect which was widely evident in the 16th , 17th and 18th century due to the increasing prevalence of firearms employed in warcraft . Military instruments , especially the snare drum and other drums were used to entone a monotonous ostinato at the pace of march and heartbeat . High - pitched fifes , flutes and bagpipes were used for their `` piercing '' effect to play the melody . This would assist the morale and solidarity of soldiers as they marched to battle . Joseph Jordania recently proposed a term battle trance for this mental state , when combatants do not feel fear and pain , and when they lose their individual identity and acquire a collective identity . The Norse Berserkers induced a trance - like state before battle , called Berserkergang . It is said to have given the warriors superhuman strength and made them impervious to pain during battle . This form of trance could have been induced partly due to ingestion of hallucinogenic mushrooms . Mystics ( edit ) As the mystical experience of mystics generally entails direct connection , communication and communion with Deity , Godhead and / or god ; trance and cognate experience are endemic . ( see Yoga , Sufism , Shaman , Umbanda , Crazy Horse , etc . ) As shown by Jonathan Garb , trance techniques also played a role in Lurianic Kabbalah , the mystical life of the circle of Moshe Hayyim Luzzatto and Hasidism . Christian mystics ( edit ) Many Christian mystics are documented as having experiences that may be considered as cognate with trance , such as : Hildegard of Bingen , John of the Cross , Meister Eckhart , Saint Theresa ( as seen in the Bernini sculpture ) and Francis of Assisi . Mesmer and the origin of hypnotherapy ( edit ) Mesmer , an influential but discredited promoter of trance states and their curative powers . Milton Erickson , the founder of hypnotherapy who died in 1980 , introduced trance and hypnosis to orthodox medicine and psychotherapy -- hypnosis here is something different from traditional clinical hypnosis . Trance in American Christianity ( edit ) Taves ( 1999 ) charts the synonymic language of trance in the American Christian traditions : power or presence or indwelling of God , or Christ , or the Spirit , or spirits . Typical expressions include `` the indwelling of the Spirit '' ( Jonathan Edwards ) , `` the witness of the Spirit '' ( John Wesley ) , `` the power of God '' ( early American Methodists ) , being `` filled with the Spirit of the Lord '' ( early Adventists ; see charismatic Adventism ) , `` communing with spirits '' ( Spiritualists ) , `` the Christ within '' ( New Thought ) , `` streams of holy fire and power '' ( Methodist holiness ) , `` a religion of the Spirit and Power '' ( the Emmanuel Movement ) , and `` the baptism of the Holy Spirit '' ( early Pentecostals ) . ( Taves , 1999 : 3 ) Trance and Anglo - American Protestants ( edit ) Taves ( 1999 ) well - referenced book on trance charts the experience of Anglo - American Protestants and those who left the Protestant movement beginning with the transatlantic awakening in the early 18th century and ending with the rise of the psychology of religion and the birth of Pentecostalism in the early 20th century . This book focuses on a class of seemingly involuntary acts alternately explained in religious and secular terminology . These involuntary experiences include uncontrolled bodily movements ( fits , bodily exercises , falling as dead , catalepsy , convulsions ) ; spontaneous vocalizations ( crying out , shouting , speaking in tongues ) ; unusual sensory experiences ( trances , visions , voices , clairvoyance , out - of - body experiences ) ; and alterations of consciousness and / or memory ( dreams , somnium , somnambulism , mesmeric trance , mediumistic trance , hypnosis , possession , alternating personality ) ( Taves , 1999 : 3 ) . Trance induction and sensory modality ( edit ) Trance - like states are often interpreted as religious ecstasy or visions and can be deliberately induced using a variety of techniques , including prayer , religious rituals , meditation , pranayama ( breathwork or breathing exercises ) , physical exercise , coitus ( and / or sex ) , music , dancing , sweating ( e.g. sweat lodge ) , fasting , thirsting , and the consumption of psychotropic drugs such as cannabis . Sensory modality is the channel or conduit for the induction of the trance . Sometimes an ecstatic experience takes place in occasion of contact with something or somebody perceived as extremely beautiful or holy . It may also happen without any known reason . The particular technique that an individual uses to induce ecstasy is usually one that is associated with that individual 's particular religious and cultural traditions . As a result , an ecstatic experience is usually interpreted within the context of a particular individual 's religious and cultural traditions . These interpretations often include statements about contact with supernatural or spiritual beings , about receiving new information as a revelation , also religion - related explanations of subsequent change of values , attitudes and behavior ( e.g. in case of religious conversion ) . Benevolent , neutral and malevolent trances may be induced ( intentionally , spontaneously and / or accidentally ) by different methods : Auditory : driving through the sense of hearing by chanting , auditory story telling , mantra , overtone singing , drumming , music , etc. ; , Kinesthetic : driving through the sense of feeling and movement through the kinesphere by dance , story telling by movement , mudra , embodying rituals , yoga , breathwork , oxygen deprivation , sexual stimulation etc. ; Visual : driving through the sense of sight by yantra , visual story telling , mandala , cinema , theater , art , architecture , beauty , strobe lights , form constants , symmetry ; Olfactory : driving via scent through the sense of smell by perfume , pheromones , incense , flowers , pollen , indeed any scent for which we have an association or memory , etc. ; Gustatory : driving through the sense of taste and indigestion ; including : starvation , herbs , hallucinogens and drugs . As the intake of food and beverage entails intra-bodily chemical reactions through digestion , some infer that all food may be considered medicine or drugs and therefore contribute to the induction of discernible psycho - physical states ( see Ancient Medicine ) . Trance states can be attained through the ingestion of psychoactive drugs , particularly psychedelics , such as marijuana , LSD , Peyote , psilocybin mushrooms , DMT , and MDMA . Disciplines : Yoga , Sufism , Surat Shabd Yoga ; meditation ; Miscellaneously : traumatic accident , sleep deprivation , nitrogen narcosis ( deep diving ) , fever , by the use of a sensory deprivation tank or mind - control techniques , hypnosis , meditation , prayer ; Naturally occurring : dreams , lucid dreams , euphoria , ecstasy , psychosis as well as purported premonitions , out - of - body experiences , and channeling . Auditory driving and auditory art ( edit ) Charles Tart provides a useful working definition of auditory driving . It is the induction of trance through the sense of hearing . Auditory driving works through a process known as entrainment . The usage of repetitive rhythms to induce trance states is an ancient phenomenon . Throughout the world , shamanistic practitioners have been employing this method for millennia . Anthropologists and other researchers have documented the similarity of shamanistic auditory driving rituals among different cultures . Said simply , entrainment is the synchronization of different rhythmic cycles . Breathing and heart rate have been shown to be affected by auditory stimulus , along with brainwave activity . The ability of rhythmic sound to affect human brainwave activity , especially theta brainwaves , is the essence of auditory driving , and is the cause of the altered states of consciousness that it can induce . Visual driving and visual art ( edit ) Nowack and Feltman have recently published an article entitled `` Eliciting the Photic Driving Response '' which states that the EEG photic driving response is a sensitive neurophysiological measure which has been employed to assess chemical and drug effects , forms of epilepsy , neurological status of Alzheimer 's patients , and physiological arousal . Photic driving also impacts upon the psychological climate of a person by producing increased visual imagery and decreased physiological and subjective arousal . In this research by Nowack and Feltman , all participants reported increased visual imagery during photic driving , as measured by their responses to an imagery questionnaire . Dennis Wier ( http://www.trance.edu/papers/theory.htm Accessed : 6 December 2006 ) states that over two millennia ago Ptolemy and Apuleius found that differing rates of flickering lights affected states of awareness and sometimes induced epilepsy . Wier also asserts that it was discovered in the late 1920s that when light was shined on closed eyelids it resulted in an echoing production of brainwave frequencies . Wier also opined that in 1965 Grey employed a stroboscope to project rhythmic light flashes into the eyes at a rate of 10 -- 25 Hz ( cycles per second ) . Grey discovered that this stimulated similar brainwave activity . Research by Thomas Budzynski , Oestrander et al. , in the use of brain machines suggest that photic driving via the suprachiasmatic nucleus and direct electrical stimulation and driving via other mechanisms and modalities , may entrain processes of the brain facilitating rapid and enhanced learning , produce deep relaxation , euphoria , an increase in creativity , problem solving propensity and may be associated with enhanced concentration and accelerated learning . The theta range and the border area between alpha and theta has generated considerable research interest . Kinesthetic driving and somatic art ( edit ) Charles Tart provides a useful working definition of kinesthetic driving . It is the induction of trance through the sense of touch , feeling or emotions . Kinesthetic driving works through a process known as entrainment . The rituals practiced by some athletes in preparing for contests are dismissed as superstition , but this is a device of sport psychologists to help them to attain an ecstasy - like state . Interestingly , Joseph Campbell had a peak experience whilst running . Roger Bannister on breaking the four - minute mile ( Cameron , 1993 : 185 ) : `` No longer conscious of my movement , I discovered a new unity with nature . I had found a new source of power and beauty , a source I never dreamt existed . '' Roger Bannister later became a distinguished neurologist . Mechanisms and disciplines that include kinesthetic driving may include : dancing , walking meditation , yoga and asana , mudra , juggling , poi ( juggling ) , etc . Sufism ( the mystical branch of Islam ) has theoretical and metaphoric texts regarding ecstasy as a state of connection with Allah . Sufi practice rituals ( dhikr , sema ) use body movement and music to achieve the state . Types and varieties ( edit ) Maenads and Bacchae : in Greek mythology , Maenads were female worshippers of Dionysus , the Greek god of mystery , wine and intoxication , and the Roman god Bacchus . The word literally translates as `` raving ones '' . They were known as wild , insane women who could not be reasoned with . The mysteries of Dionysus inspired the women to ecstatic frenzy ; they indulged in copious amounts of violence , bloodletting , sexual activity , self - intoxication , and mutilation . They were usually pictured as crowned with vine leaves , clothed in fawnskins and carrying the thyrsus , and dancing with wild abandon . They were also characterized as entranced women , wandering through the forests and hills . The Maenads were also known as Bassarids ( or Bacchae or Bacchantes ) in Roman mythology , after the penchant of the equivalent Roman god , Bacchus , to wear a fox - skin , a bassaris . Norse berserkers were said to have often entered battle entrenched in a state of primal rage , biting their shields and howling like wolves . This fanaticism was so powerful that they were known to continue fighting even after having lost limbs or being otherwise deeply wounded . Samādhi : yoga provides techniques to attain a state of ecstasy called samādhi . According to practitioners , there are various stages of ecstasy , the highest of which is called Nirvikalpa samādhi . Different traditions have different understanding of Samādhi . Bhakti : ( Devanāgarī : भक्ति ) is a word of Sanskrit origin meaning `` devotion '' and also `` the path of devotion '' itself , as in Bhakti - yoga . Within Hinduism the word is used exclusively to denote devotion to a particular deity or form of God . Within Vaishnavism bhakti is only used in conjunction with Vishnu or one of his associated incarnations , it is likewise used towards Shiva by followers of Shaivism . Saints in these traditions exhibit different trance states or ecstasy . Agape or `` Divine Love '' : the term agape appears in the Odyssey twice , where the word describes something that creates contentedness within the speaker . Communion : In the monotheistic tradition , religious ecstasy is usually associated with communion and oneness with God . Indeed , ecstasy is the primary vehicle for the type of prophetic visions and revelations found in the Bible . However , such experiences can also be personal mystical experiences with no significance to anyone but the person experiencing them . Rapture or religious ecstasy : is an altered state of consciousness characterized by greatly reduced external awareness and expanded interior mental and spiritual awareness which is frequently accompanied by visions and emotional / intuitive ( and sometimes physical ) euphoria . Although the experience is usually brief in physical time , there are records of such experiences lasting several days or even more , and of recurring experiences of ecstasy during one 's lifetime . Subjective perception of time , space and / or self may strongly change or disappear during ecstasy . Peak experiences : is a term developed by Abraham Maslow and used to describe certain extra-personal and ecstatic states , particularly ones tinged with themes of unification , harmonization and interconnectedness . Participants characterize these experiences , and the revelations imparted therein , as possessing an ineffably mystical ( or overtly religious ) quality or essence . In Christianity , the ecstatic experiences of the Apostles Peter and Paul are recorded in Acts 10 : 10 , 11 : 5 and 22 : 17 . Some charismatic Christians practice ecstatic states ( called , e.g. , `` being slain in the Spirit '' ) and interpret these as given by the Holy Spirit . In hagiography ( writings on the subject of Christian saints ) many instances are recorded in which saints are granted ecstasies . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , religious ecstasy ( called supernatural ecstasy ) includes two elements : one , interior and invisible , in which the mind rivets its attention on a religious subject , and another , corporeal and visible , in which the activity of the senses is suspended , reducing the effect of external sensations upon the subject and rendering him or her resistant to awakening . Trance states have also long been used by shamans , mystics , and fakirs in healing rituals , being particularly cultivated in some religions , such as Tibetan Buddhism . Australian shamanism has been observed Divination ( edit ) Divination is a cultural universal which anthropologists have observed as being present in many religions and cultures in all ages up to the present day ( see sibyl ) . Divination may be defined as a mechanism for fortune - telling by ascertaining information by interpretation of omens or an alleged supernatural agency . Divination often entails ritual , and is often facilitated by trance . Nechung oracle ( edit ) In Tibet , oracles have played , and continue to play , an important part in religion and government . The word oracle is used by Tibetans to refer to the spirit , deity or entity that enters those men and women who act as media between the natural and the spiritual realms . The media are , therefore , known as kuten , which literally means , `` the physical basis '' . The Dalai Lama , who lives in exile in northern India , still consults an oracle known as the Nechung Oracle , which is considered the official state oracle of the government of Tibet . He gives a complete description of the process of trance and possession in his book Freedom in Exile . Scientific disciplines ( edit ) Convergent disciplines of neuroanthropology , ethnomusicology , electroencephalography ( EEG ) , neurotheology and cognitive neuroscience , amongst others , are conducting research into the trance induction of altered states of consciousness resulting from neuron entrainment with the driving of sensory modalities , for example polyharmonics , multiphonics , and percussive polyrhythms through the channel of the auditory and kinesthetic modality . Neuroanthropology and cognitive neuroscience are conducting research into the trance induction of altered states of consciousness ( possibly engendering higher consciousness ) resulting from neuron firing entrainment with these polyharmonics and multiphonics . Related research has been conducted into neural entraining with percussive polyrhythms . The timbre of traditional singing bowls and their polyrhythms and multiphonics are considered meditative and calming , and the harmony inducing effects of this tool to potentially alter consciousness are being explored by scientists , medical professionals and therapists . Brainwaves and brain rhythms ( edit ) See also : Neural oscillation Scientific advancement and new technologies such as computerized EEG , positron emission tomography , regional cerebral blood flow , and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging , are providing measurable tools to assist in understanding trance phenomena . Though a source of contention , there appear to be three current streams of inquiry : neurophysiology , social psychology and cognitive behaviorism . The neurophysiological approach is awaiting the development of a mechanism to map physiological measurements to human thought . The social - psychological approach currently measures gross subjective and social effects of thoughts and some critique it for lack of precision . Cognitive behaviorialists employ systems theory concepts and analytical techniques . There are four principal brainwave states that range from high - amplitude , low - frequency delta to low - amplitude , high - frequency beta . These states range from deep dreamless sleep to a state of high arousal . These four brainwave states are common throughout humans . All levels of brainwaves exist in everyone at all times , even though one is foregrounded depending on the activity level . When a person is in an aroused state and exhibiting a beta brainwave pattern , their brain also exhibits a component of alpha , theta and delta , even though only a trace may be present . The University of Philadelphia study on some Christians at the Freedom Valley Worship Center in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , revealed that glossolalia - speaking ( vocalizing or praying in unrecognizable form of language which is seen in members of certain Christian sects ) activates areas of the brain out of voluntary control . In addition , the frontal lobe of the brain , which monitors speech , significantly diminished in activity as the study participants spoke glossolalia . Dr. Andrew B. Newberg , in analysis of his earlier studies as opposed to the MRI scans of the test subjects , stated that Buddhist monks in meditation and Franciscan nuns in prayer exhibited increased activity in the frontal lobe , and subsequently their behaviors , very much under voluntary control . The investigation found this particular beyond - body - control characteristic only in tongue - speakers ( also see xenoglossia ) . See also ( edit ) Autohypnosis Candomblé Contemplative education Ecstasy ( emotion ) Ecstasy ( philosophy ) Edgar Cayce Entheogen Etat second Gavari Hallucinations in the sane Henri Bergson Hesychasm Highway hypnosis Huston Smith Hypnagogia Hypnosis Immanence Jesus Prayer Mysticism Nirvana Ramakrishna Religious experience Rigpa Satchitananda Shamanism Temporal lobe epilepsy Transcendence ( philosophy ) Transcendence ( religion ) Transpersonal psychology Unio Mystica Wajad Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.trance.edu/drupal/node/26 Jump up ^ Joseph Jordania , Why do People Sing ? Music in Human Evolution . Logos , 2011 Jump up ^ ( Shamanic Trance in Modern Kabbalah , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Wiles , David ( 2000 ) . Greek Theatre Performance : An Introduction . Cambridge University Press . Source : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Ecstasy '' . newadvent.org . Jump up ^ Lawlor ( 1991 : p. 374 ) states that : `` The supernormal , super sensory powers of Aboriginal wise woman and men of high degree , by their own accounts , comes directly from initiations administered by the ancestral sky heroes themselves and by the totemic spirits . Those who have gone through these initiations alone , in a deep trance that makes them lose their personal identities and confront manifestations of the ancestral powers , are held in the highest regard . '' Jump up ^ Lawlor ( 1991 : p. 303 ) states that : `` One such animal dance ceremony was observed and photographed by Gillen and Spencer . More than 30 naked men gathered in a large circle . One by one , each man performed the dance of the animal to be hunted while the others sang and slapped their buttocks to create a percussive beat for the dancer . The slapping sound was so loud that it could be heard for miles across the surrounding desert . The dance continued for hours , with each man dancing frenetically until he dropped from exhaustion . The eyes of the onlookers soon became glazed with entrancement ; their penises were erect in a state of ecstatic arousal . Finally , after the last man had performed the animal dance and collapsed in exhaustion , the entire group leaped on him , emitting a loud abandoned cry . The next day the hunt began . '' Jump up ^ http://www.tibet.com/Buddhism/nechung_hh.html References ( edit ) Cameron , Julia ( 1993 ) . The Artist 's Way . Oxford , London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 34358 - 0 Horgan , John ( 2003 ) . Rational Mysticism : Dispatches from the Border Between Science and Spirituality . New York : Houghton Mifflin . James , William The varieties of religious experience ( 1902 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 039034 - 0 Tart , Charles T. , editor . Altered States of Consciousness ( 1969 ) ISBN 0 - 471 - 84560 - 4 Tart , Charles T. States of Consciousness ( 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 595 - 15196 - 5 Inglis , Brian ( 1990 ) . Trance : A Natural History Of Altered States Of Mind . London , Paladin . ISBN 0 - 586 - 08933 - 0 Wier , Dennis R. Trance : from magic to technology ( 1995 ) ISBN 1 - 888428 - 38 - 4 Wier , Dennis R . The Way of Trance . New York , New York : Strategic Books . ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 60860 - 663 - 4 Hoffman , Kay ( 1998 ) . The Trance Workbook : understanding & using the power of altered states . Translated by Elfie Homann , Clive Williams , and Dr Christliebe El Mogharbel . Translation edited by Laurel Ornitz . ISBN 0 - 8069 - 1765 - 2 Piers Vitebsky , The Shaman : Voyages of the Soul -- Trance , Ecstasy and Healing from Siberia to the Amazon , Duncan Baird , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 903296 - 18 - 8 Nowack , William J & Feltman , Mary L. ( date ? ) `` Eliciting the Photic Driving Response '' . American Journal of Electroneurodiagnostic Technology . Vol. 38 , No. 1 , pp. 43 -- 45 . Von Gizycki , H. , Jean - Louis , G. , Snyder , M. , Zizi , F. , Green , H. , Giuliano , V. , Spielman , A. , Taub , H. ( 1998 ) . `` The effects of photic driving on mood states '' in Journal of psychosomatic research . Vol. 44 , N. 5 , pp. 599 -- 604 . New York , NY : Elsevier . ISSN 0022 - 3999 McDaniel , June ( 1989 ) . The Madness of the Saints : Ecstatic Religion in Bengal . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 55723 - 5 ( Paper ) ; 0 - 226 - 55722 - 7 ( Cloth ) & ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 55723 - 6 ( Paper ) ; 978 - 0 - 226 - 55722 - 9 ( Cloth ) . Michaelson , Jay ( 1997 ) . `` Paths to the Divine : Ecstatics and Theology in R. Dov Baer of Lubavitch '' ( 6 December 2006 ) Neophytou , Charles ( 1996 ) . The Encyclopedia of Mind Body and Spirit . Millennium Edition . Yanchep , Western Australia : Lindlahr Book Publishing . ISBN 0 - 646 - 26789 - 2 Lewis , I.M. ( 2003 ) . Trance , Possession , Shamanism and Sex . In Anthropology of Consciousness . Volume 14 , Number 1 , March -- June 2003 , pp. 20 -- 39 . Hubbard , Timothy L. ( 2003 ) . Some Correspondences and Similarities of Shamanism and Cognitive Science : Interconnectedness , Extension of Meaning , and Attribution of Mental States . In Anthropology of Consciousness . Volume 14 , Number 1 , March -- June 2003 , pp. 26 -- 45 Vyner , Henry M. ( 2002 ) . The Descriptive Mind Science of Tibetan Buddhist Psychology and the Nature of the Healthy Human Mind . In Anthropology of Consciousness . Volume 13 , Number 2 , September -- December 2002 , pp. 1 -- 25 . Rich , Grant Jewell ( 2001 ) . Domestic Paths to Altered States and Transformations of Consciousness . Volume 12 , Number 2 ( September -- December 2001 ) . Wallis , Robert ( 1999 ) . Altered States , Conflicting Cultures : Shamans , Neo-Shamans and Academics . In Anthropology of Consciousness . Volume 10 , Numbers 2 -- 3 ( June -- September 1999 ) . Warren , Jeff ( 2007 ) . `` The Trance '' . The Head Trip : Adventures on the Wheel of Consciousness . Toronto : Random House Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 31408 - 0 . Goodman , Felicitas D. ( 1999 ) . Ritual Body Postures , Channeling , and the Ecstatic Body Trance . In Anthropology of Consciousness . Volume 10 , Number 1 ( March 1999 ) . Castillo , Richard J. ( 1995 ) . Culture , Trance , and the Mind - Brain . In Anthropology of Consciousness . Volume 6 , Number 1 , March 1995 , pp. 17 -- 34 . Heinze , Ruth - Inge ( 1994 ) . Applications of Altered States of Consciousness in Daily Life . In Anthropology of Consciousness . Volume 5 , Number 3 , September 1994 , pp. 8 -- 12 . `` Speaking in Tongues Medical Study proves Holy Spirit praying . '' Narr . Maybrey , Vicki . Nightline . ABC . Gettysburg , Philadelphia , 17 July . 2008 . Taves , Ann ( 1999 ) . Fits , Trances , & Visions : Experiencing Religion and Explaining Experience from Wesley to James . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . Smith , Huston ( 2000 ) . Cleansing the Doors of Perception : The Religious Significance of Entheogenic Plants and Chemicals . Tarcher / Putnam , ISBN 1 - 58542 - 034 - 4 , Council on Spiritual Practices , ISBN 1 - 889725 - 03 - X Lawlor , Robert ( 1991 ) . Voices Of The First Day : Awakening in the Aboriginal dreamtime . Rochester , Vermont : Inner Traditions International , Ltd . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 355 - 5 Wier , Dennis R. ( 2007 ) . The Way of Trance Laytonville , California : Trance Research Foundation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 888428 - 10 - 0 . Wilde , Stuart . ( 1996 ) . The Art of Meditation . Carlsbad : Hay House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56170 - 530 - 6 External links ( edit ) Look up trance in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . HypnosisAndSuggestion.org Exploring the science behind hypnosis and suggestion InduceTrance.com Induce Hypnotic Trance Naturally `` Trance State Meditation '' Khris Krepcik , The Hooded Sage The Emergence of Novel Information during Trance Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trance&oldid=803734973 '' Categories : Consciousness studies Hypnosis Meditation Mind -- body interventions Self Shabda Spirituality Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from February 2009 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2011 Religion articles needing expert attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Frysk Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 08 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	during a trance state the first phase is characterized by visions of	[]	[]
3516379175198730524	Karen Gillan	Karen Gillan - wikipedia Karen Gillan Not to be confused with Karen Gillon . Karen Gillan Gillan in 2017 ( 1987 - 11 - 28 ) 28 November 1987 ( age 30 ) Inverness , Scotland Residence New York City , US Nationality Scottish Alma mater Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts Occupation Actress , director , screenwriter , model Years active 2000 -- present Relatives Caitlin Blackwood ( cousin ) Karen Gillan ( born 28 November 1987 ) is a Scottish actress , director , screenwriter and model . She played the role of Amy Pond , companion to the Eleventh Doctor , in the BBC One science fiction series Doctor Who ( 2010 -- 2013 ) . She has received wide recognition for portraying Nebula in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , and its untitled sequel ( 2019 ) , and also played Ruby Roundhouse in the box - office hit Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) . In 2018 , she released her first feature film as writer and director , titled The Party 's Just Beginning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Television 2.2 Film 2.3 Theatre 2.4 Selected other work 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Feature films 4.2 Short films 4.3 Television 4.4 Video games 5 Stage 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Gillan was born and raised in Inverness in the Scottish Highlands , the only child of Marie ( née Paterson ) and Raymond Gillan , a singer and recording artist . When she turned 16 , Gillan moved to Edinburgh and completed an HNC Acting and Performance course at Telford College . She moved to London at age 18 to study at the drama school , Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts . While studying at Italia Conti , Gillan was scouted by a modelling agency . Gillan has said she would not give up her acting career to return to modelling , stating that she enjoyed modelling but acting was always her main interest and goal . Career ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Gillan with Matt Smith , filming her first Doctor Who episode as Amy Pond . Gillan 's early television acting career included guest appearances on several drama series , with her first role being in an episode of Rebus , a role she obtained while still at Italia Conti . Gillan then undertook a two - year stint as a member of the ensemble cast of the sketch comedy series The Kevin Bishop Show , in which she played multiple characters including celebrities such as Katy Perry and Angelina Jolie . Gillan also appeared on TV in a leading role in a horror project entitled The Well , which was broadcast as a series of episodic short films on BBC Two and later as a web series on BBC.co.uk . Part of the BBC 's multimedia `` switch '' programming , the short episodes interconnect with online games that further explore the environments presented in the series . She was cast for the role of the Eleventh Doctor 's first companion , Amy Pond , on the British sci - fi series Doctor Who in May 2009 . She made her first on - screen appearance as Amy Pond in `` The Eleventh Hour '' with her cousin Caitlin Blackwood portraying a young Amelia ( Amy ) Pond . In 2010 , she won in the Entertainment category at Young Scot Awards , which she accepted via video link as she was filming abroad and unable to attend the ceremony . She appeared in the following sixth series in 2011 and the first five episodes of the seventh series in 2012 . She reprised the role in a cameo appearance in the 2013 Christmas special `` The Time of the Doctor '' . Gillan had appeared in Doctor Who once before in the series four episode `` The Fires of Pompeii '' in the role of a Soothsayer . During an interview at the 2011 San Diego Comic - Con , Gillan revealed that she would be returning to Doctor Who for its seventh series . On 15 December 2011 , it was announced Gillan and Arthur Darvill ( Rory Williams ) would be leaving Doctor Who during the seventh series in 2012 . She was cast in comedian Charlie Brooker 's TV series A Touch of Cloth , portraying Kerry Newblood . Gillan joined the regular cast of Adult Swim 's NTSF : SD : SUV : : for the show 's third season in 2013 . In February 2014 , Gillan was cast as the lead in Selfie , an American single - camera sitcom for ABC , which is produced by Warner Bros. Television and was greenlit for the 2014 -- 15 US television season . Gillan played a social media - obsessed socialite named Eliza Dooley , a modern - day take on the main character from My Fair Lady , Eliza Doolittle . This was Gillan 's first time starring in the lead role of an American television series . The series was cancelled by ABC on 7 November 2014 after seven episodes ; the remaining six episodes were made available on Hulu starting 25 November 2014 . Film ( edit ) Gillan at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con She appeared in the Channel 4 film Stacked , playing the role of Ginny . In August 2011 , it was announced that Gillan would star in an indie Scottish romantic comedy called Not Another Happy Ending alongside Emun Elliott . She was selected by director John McKay because he came to know her during the production of We 'll Take Manhattan , which he also directed , as `` a very bubbly , vibrant , energetic , funny , slightly clumsy person '' who was a perfect fit for the character . Filming took place in July 2012 , though Elliott was replaced by Stanley Weber . Gillan told journalists that she was happy to be involved in a Scottish production that `` is n't about drug use or fighting the English '' . The film premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival in June 2013 . In 2012 , Gillan appeared in the television film We 'll Take Manhattan playing the part of supermodel Jean Shrimpton , which told the story of Shrimpton 's relationship with the photographer David Bailey . Gillan starred in the lead role in the supernatural horror movie Oculus , which was filmed in Alabama and released in April 2014 . In May 2013 , Gillan was cast as Nebula in the Marvel superhero science fiction film Guardians of the Galaxy , which was released in August 2014 . Gillan had her head shaved bald for the role . In May 2014 , Gillan was cast in the Ti West - directed Western film In a Valley of Violence opposite John Travolta , Ethan Hawke and Taissa Farmiga . Gillan portrayed Ellen , the older sister to Farmiga 's character . In 2015 , Gillan appeared in the Adam McKay - directed drama film The Big Short alongside Brad Pitt , Christian Bale , Ryan Gosling , Steve Carell and Melissa Leo . In 2017 , Gillan reprised her role as Nebula in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , this time becoming a member of the film 's eponymous team , and co-starred in The Circle , alongside Emma Watson , Tom Hanks , and John Boyega . The latter film , released in April , was directed and written by James Ponsoldt , and was based on the novel by Dave Eggers . Also that year , Gillan played the lead female role in Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , a sequel to 1995 film Jumanji , starring alongside Dwayne Johnson , Kevin Hart , Jack Black and Nick Jonas . Gillan reprised her Nebula character in Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled , upcoming , sequel , which were filmed back - to - back . Principal photography began in January 2017 , at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia . Theatre ( edit ) In 2011 , Gillan made her first theatre appearance playing the role of Shirley in John Osborne 's play Inadmissible Evidence along with Douglas Hodge . The play debuted at the Donmar Warehouse on 16 October 2011 . In November 2013 , Gillan appeared on Broadway in a play called Time to Act , one of the plays included in `` The 24 Hour Plays on Broadway '' to benefit the non-profit Urban Arts Partnership . Selected other work ( edit ) Gillan has also voiced advertisements for eHarmony and The Royal Bank of Scotland . Gillan also appeared in TV on the Radio 's `` Happy Idiot '' music video , released on 3 October 2014 . Gillan wrote and directed her first short film , Coward , which screened at the 2015 Edinburgh Film Festival , and nominated for several awards . Later in the year she wrote , directed , and starred in another short film called Conventional . On 2 November 2016 , it was announced that Gillan will write , direct and star in her feature directorial debut with Burbank - based development and production company Mt . Hollywood Films ' indie drama project titled Tupperware Party . Set in her home city of Inverness in the Scottish Highlands , filming began in January 2017 and wrapped in the next month . The title of the film was later changed to The Party 's Just Beginning . Personal life ( edit ) In 2011 , Gillan helped promote Fashion Targets Breast Cancer ( FTBC ) and the opening of Squirrel Ward in Great Ormond Street Hospital in London . During a 2012 interview on The Late Late Show , she stated that she had relocated to the US to star in the film Oculus . She has stated that , although her family is Catholic , she has not been christened and is not religious , instead agreeing with the statement that , `` we 're just minuscule dots in the vast cosmic emptiness of the universe '' . Filmography ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Outcast Ally 2013 Not Another Happy Ending Jane Lockhart Oculus Kaylie Russell 2014 Guardians of the Galaxy Nebula First live action appearance of the character 2015 The Big Short Evie 2016 In a Valley of Violence Ellen 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Nebula The Circle Annie Allerton Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle Ruby Roundhouse ( Martha Kaply ) 2018 The Party 's Just Beginning Liusaidh Also director and screenwriter Avengers : Infinity War Nebula Alex & the List Lily Filmed in 2013 All Creatures Here Below Post-production 2019 Untitled Avengers film Nebula Post-production Short films ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2014 Bound for Greatness Maeve MacDonough 2015 Warning Labels Mindy Coward N / A Director , screenwriter and executive producer Conventional Rachel Milligan Also director and screenwriter Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 Rebus Teri Cotter Episode : `` A Question of Blood '' 2008 Stacked Ginny Turner Television film Doctor Who Soothsayer Episode : `` The Fires of Pompeii '' Harley Street Holly Episode 1 2008 -- 2009 The Kevin Bishop Show Various characters Main role 2008 Coming Up Anna Episode : `` Thinspiration '' 2009 The Well Coll 4 episodes 2010 -- 2013 Doctor Who Amy Pond Series 5 -- 7 , 2013 specials 2010 -- 2011 Doctor Who Confidential Herself Recurring role 2012 We 'll Take Manhattan Jean Shrimpton Television film In Love With ... Laura Episode : `` In Love with Coward '' Performed the character from Noël Coward 's play , Still Life 2013 NTSF : SD : SUV : : Daisy Main role 2014 A Touch of Cloth Kerry Newblood 2 episodes Selfie Eliza Dooley Main role 2015 The Devil You Know Jane Porter HBO pilot episode Not picked up Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Herself Episode : `` Karen Gillan Wears A Black and White Striped Pullover and Coral Skirt '' 7 Days in Hell Lily Allsworth Television film Robot Chicken Anastasia Steele Voice Episode : `` Zero Vegetables '' 2016 Emo Dad Jessica ( voice ) 5 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role Doctor Who : The Adventure Games : City of the Daleks Amy Pond Doctor Who : The Adventure Games : Blood of the Cybermen Doctor Who : The Adventure Games : TARDIS Doctor Who : Evacuation Earth Doctor Who : Return to Earth Doctor Who : The Adventure Games : Shadows of the Vashta Nerada 2011 Doctor Who : The Adventure Games : The Gunpowder Plot Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Venue 2011 Inadmissible Evidence Shirley Donmar Warehouse 2013 Time to Act Karen Broadway Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Work Result Ref . TV Quick Awards Best Actress Doctor Who Nominated Cosmopolitan `` Woman of the Year '' Awards Best Actress Won 5th Young Scot Awards Entertainment Won 2011 SFX Awards Best Actress Won TV Choice Awards Best Actress Won Scream Awards Best Sci - Fi Actress Nominated 2012 National Television Awards Best Drama Performance : Female Won SFX Awards Best Actress Nominated Nickelodeon UK Kids ' Choice Awards Favourite UK Actress N / A Nominated Scottish Fashion Awards Scotland 's Fashion Icon N / A Won 2013 National Television Awards Best Drama Performance -- Female Doctor Who Nominated 2014 Fright Meter Awards Best Actress Oculus Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Guardians of the Galaxy Won Nevada Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Cast Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Cast Nominated 2015 Central Ohio Film Critics Association Best Ensemble Nominated Empire Awards Best Female Newcomer Guardians of the Galaxy and Oculus Won Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Actress ( long - list ) Oculus Nominated Hang Onto Your Shorts Film Festival Best Actress in a Short Film ( Long ) Bound for Greatness Nominated IFS Film Festival Best Actress in a Short Film Won Best Independent Short Coward Won Edinburgh International Film Festival Best Short Film Nominated Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards Best Short Film Conventional Nominated 2016 London IFF Film Festival Best Lead Actress in a Short Film Bound for Greatness Won FirstGlance Film Festival Best Actress in a Short Film Won 2017 Maui Film Festival Rising Star N / A Won 2018 Glasgow Film Festival Audience Award The Party 's Just Beginning Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best On - Screen Team ( with Dwayne Johnson , Kevin Hart , Jack Black and Nick Jonas ) Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Comedy Movie Actress Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday , ' Doctor Who ' Companion Karen Gillan ! - Geek.com '' . 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan updates on directing debut , Lee Pace joins cast '' . ScreenDaily. 18 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dad of former Doctor Who star Karen Gillan aims to follow his daughter into the movie business with film about football star Len Shackleton '' . Daily Record . Scotland . 19 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview Karen Gillan '' . The Scotsman. 3 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Macleod , Calum ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` Who 's that girl ? '' . Inverness Courier . Scottish Provincial Press . Archived from the original on 10 November 2013 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Mark ( 22 March 2010 ) . `` Karen Gillan on being the new doctor who companion '' . The Herald . Newsquest . Archived from the original on 3 December 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Farhoud , Nada ( 20 June 2010 ) . `` Karen Gillan on her role as doctor who 's new sexy sidekick '' . People.co.uk . Archived from the original on 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Gerard ( 6 May 2011 ) . `` Karen Gillan : Obsessive fans , short skirts and life with Doctor Who '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bhattacharya , Sanjiv ( 30 September 2014 ) . `` Karen Gillan : ' The American dating scene terrified me ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 23 August 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Switch presents `` The Well '' `` . Archived from the original on 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan bags relative role '' . STV. 31 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Stuart ( 22 July 2010 ) . `` Gillan never watched Dr Who until landing leading role '' . The Scotsman . Jump up ^ Morgan , Susan ( 24 April 2011 ) . `` Interview : Karen Gillan , Doctor Who actor '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on 5 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Young Scot Awards 2010 : Night of tears and joy as inspiring youngsters celebrate '' . Daily Record . Archived from the original on 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Doctor Who ' star Karen Gillan set for Season 7 : ' I am going to come back ! ' '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on 30 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Daniel ( 15 December 2011 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' : Karen Gillan , Arthur Darvill to leave next series '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan To Star in Sky1 's A Touch of Cloth '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on 17 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Wicks , Kevin ( 21 March 2013 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Alum Karen Gillan Joins Adult Swim 's ' NTSF : SD : SUV : : ' '' . BBC America . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 21 March 2013 ) . `` Doctor Who 's Karen Gillan Joins NTSF : SD : SUV '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Wicks , Kevin ( 18 February 2014 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Star Karen Gillan Scores Lead in ABC Sitcom Pilot , ' Selfie ' '' . BBC America . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Thursday , May 8 - ABC Continues Series Orders with Quartet '' . The Futon Critic. 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Suzanna ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Karen Gillan 's US comedy Selfie gets a full series '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` ' Selfie ' Cancelled By ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( 24 November 2014 ) . `` Unaired Selfie Episodes Head to Hulu '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on 28 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Rick ( 26 August 2008 ) . `` Well Stacked : Raunchy New TV Drama Feature Sexy Antics at Scottish Lads ' Mag '' . Daily Record -- via thefreelibrary.com . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Sarah ( 1 August 2011 ) . `` Not another happy ending '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Beaton , Connor ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` John McKay Talks ' Not Another Happy Ending ' '' . zConnection . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Beaton , Connor ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` '' Not Another Happy Ending '' Casts Stanley Weber `` . zConnection . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Beaton , Connor ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Karen Gillan And Arthur Darvill : What 's Next ? '' . zConnection . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Beaton , Connor ( 24 April 2013 ) . `` Karen Gillan Rom - Com Will Close Edinburgh Film Festival '' . zConnection . Archived from the original on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 30 March 2011 ) . `` Doctor Who 's Karen Gillan to play Jean Shrimpton in BBC4 drama '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Karen Gillan to star in Romeo & Brittney '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We 'll Take Manhattan '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 26 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Casting : Karen Gillan to star in `` Oculus '' `` . It 's on the grid . Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Report : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' villains revealed '' . Hit Fix . Archived from the original on 18 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` ' Doctor Who 's Karen Gillan Joins Ti West 's ' In A Valley Of Violence ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan Joins Brad Pitt 's ' The Big Short ' '' . The Hollywood News . 9 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( 17 July 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 : Zoe Saldana On Gamora , Nebula And Thanos '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 17 July 2016 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 1 September 2015 ) . `` Karen Gillan Joins Tom Hanks , Emma Watson , John Boyega in ' The Circle ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 2 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 30 August 2016 ) . `` Karen Gillan Game For Big Role In ' Jumanji ' Alongside Dwayne Johnson & Kevin Hart '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who star Karen Gillan to make theatre debut '' . BBC News . BBC . 22 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 24 Hour Plays on Broadway Benefit 2013 '' . Urban Arts Partnership . Archived from the original on 22 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Minsker , Evan . `` TV on the Radio 's `` Happy Idiot '' Video Stars Paul Reubens ( aka Pee - wee Herman ) and Karen Gillan `` . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on 11 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFS 2015 Awards '' . The IFS . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Filmmaking Strikes a Note at EIFF 2015 '' . Edinburgh Film Festival . 19 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conventional '' . Fun Sized Horror. 19 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan on Tupperware Party , Inverness and Avengers '' . BBC . 17 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan on Instagram '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on 22 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . That 's a wrap on Tupperware Party ! I am so amazed by every single one of our cast and crew . We had a bloody good laugh and made something really special . Thanks to everyone involved . # tupperwarepartymovie # filmmaking @ malielfman @ clairey1111 Jump up ^ `` Fashion Targets Breast Cancer Launches New Campaign for 2011 '' . The Trend Boutique.co.uk. 13 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Squirrel Ward opens with a visit from Karen Gillan '' . Great Ormond Street Hospital . 3 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who actress Karen Gillan travels back in time as she moves into family home '' . Daily Record . 24 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Teddy ( 15 June 2013 ) . `` Karen Gillan on life , love and Doctor Who '' . The Herald . Archived from the original on 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Alex & The List ' Trailer : Jennifer Morrison Creates Rules for the Perfect Boyfriend '' . Jump up ^ Archangel ( 17 March 2012 ) . `` In Love with Coward - Karen Gillan '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 13 March 2015 ) . `` HBO Pilot ' The Devil You Know ' : Ever Carradine & Damien Molony Among Additions '' . 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Detroit Film Critics Society . 15 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Awards for Achievement in Film '' . Nevada Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Award Nominations '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Central Ohio Film Critics Association Awards for 2015 '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on 28 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` ' Interstellar ' wins Film , Director at Empire Awards '' . Variety.com . Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Female Newcomer '' . Empireonline.com . Bauer Consumer Media . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Gingold ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` The 2015 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Winners and Full Results ! FANGORIA ® '' . Fangoria.com . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners and Nominees '' . hangontoyourshortsfilmfestival.com . Archived from the original on 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFS 2015 AWARD WINNERS '' . IFS . Archived from the original on 2 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Official Awards nominees '' . Edinburgh International Film Festival . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winners announced in the ( Gasp ! ) 14th Annual Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards -- The Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards '' . rondoaward.com . Jump up ^ IFF ( @ FilmFestInt ) ( 26 February 2016 ) . `` Best Lead Actress in a Short Film - Bound for Greatness @ karengillan @ jimmygadd # LondonIFF2016Winners '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ FirstGlance Films ( @ firstglancefilm ) ( 20 April 2016 ) . `` Winner - Best Actress ( Short Film ) awarded to @ karengillan # BoundforGreatness by @ jimmygadd # indiefilm # filmmaking '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( 5 June 2017 ) . `` Maui Film Festival Announces Karen Gillan as Rising Star Award Recipient '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Audience Award - Glasgow Film Festival '' . Glasgow Film Festival . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` MTV Movie & TV Awards : ' Black Panther , ' ' Stranger Things ' Top Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : Avengers : Infinity War , Black Panther and Riverdale Among Top Nominees '' . E News . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karen Gillan . Karen Gillan on IMDb Awards for Karen Gillan Empire Award for Best Female Newcomer Felicity Jones ( 2012 ) Samantha Barks ( 2013 ) Margot Robbie ( 2014 ) Karen Gillan ( 2015 ) Daisy Ridley ( 2016 ) Anya Taylor - Joy ( 2017 ) Dafne Keen ( 2018 ) NTA Outstanding Drama Performance David Tennant ( 2008 ) David Tennant ( 2010 ) David Jason ( 2011 ) Matt Smith / Karen Gillan ( 2012 ) Colin Morgan / Miranda Hart ( 2013 ) Matt Smith ( 2014 ) Sheridan Smith ( 2015 ) Suranne Jones ( 2016 ) Sarah Lancashire ( 2017 ) Suranne Jones ( 2018 ) BNE : XX5523217 ISNI : 0000 0001 0750 3039 LCCN : no2010182102 SUDOC : 170541908 VIAF : 160099895 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karen_Gillan&oldid=850271690 '' Categories : 1987 births 21st - century British actresses Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts Living people People from Inverness British expatriates in the United States Scottish expatriates in the United States British female models Scottish film actresses Scottish television actresses British video game actresses Scottish women film directors British women screenwriters Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2018 Use dmy dates from February 2018 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 20 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does karen gillian play in the avengers	[ "Karen Gillan (born 28 November 1987[1]) is a Scottish actress, director, screenwriter and model. She played the role of Amy Pond, companion to the Eleventh Doctor, in the BBC One science fiction series Doctor Who (2010–2013). She has received wide recognition for portraying Nebula in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and its untitled sequel (2019), and also played Ruby Roundhouse in the box-office hit Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017).\n" ]	[ "Nebula" ]
-4187246662852655717	Kyle Korver	Kyle Korver - wikipedia Kyle Korver Kyle Korver Korver warming up with Cleveland in 2018 No. 26 -- Cleveland Cavaliers Position Shooting guard / Small forward League NBA ( 1981 - 03 - 17 ) March 17 , 1981 ( age 37 ) Paramount , California Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Listed weight 212 lb ( 96 kg ) Career information High school Pella ( Pella , Iowa ) College Creighton ( 1999 -- 2003 ) NBA draft 2003 / Round : 2 / Pick : 51st overall Selected by the New Jersey Nets Playing career 2003 -- present Career history 2003 -- 2007 Philadelphia 76ers 2007 -- 2010 Utah Jazz 2010 -- 2012 Chicago Bulls 2012 -- 2017 Atlanta Hawks 2017 -- present Cleveland Cavaliers Career highlights and awards NBA All - Star ( 2015 ) NBA Sportsmanship Award ( 2015 ) Consensus second - team All - American ( 2003 ) 2 × MVC Player of the Year ( 2002 , 2003 ) 2 × First - team All - MVC ( 2002 , 2003 ) Second - team All - MVC ( 2001 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Kyle Elliot Korver ( born March 17 , 1981 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Creighton Bluejays and was drafted in the second round of the 2003 NBA draft by the New Jersey Nets . Korver was named an NBA All - Star while with the Atlanta Hawks in 2015 . He set an NBA record in the 2009 -- 10 season when he made 53.6 % of his three - point field goal attempts . Contents 1 Early life 2 College career 3 Professional career 3.1 Philadelphia 76ers ( 2003 -- 2007 ) 3.2 Utah Jazz ( 2007 -- 2010 ) 3.3 Chicago Bulls ( 2010 -- 2012 ) 3.4 Atlanta Hawks ( 2012 -- 2017 ) 3.4. 1 2012 -- 13 season 3.4. 2 2013 -- 14 season 3.4. 3 2014 -- 15 season 3.4. 4 2015 -- 16 season 3.4. 5 2016 -- 17 season 3.5 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- present ) 4 Career statistics 4.1 NBA 4.1. 1 Regular season 4.1. 2 Playoffs 4.2 College 5 Awards , honors , and records 5.1 NBA 5.2 NCAA 6 Personal life 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Korver was born in Paramount , California , and is the oldest of four children of Kevin Korver , a pastor for the Third Reformed Church in Pella , Iowa , and Laine Korver , both of whom played basketball at Central College in Pella . His grandfather , Harold Korver , is also a pastor at the Immanuel Reformed Church in Paramount , California . He grew up in the Los Angeles area and was a Los Angeles Lakers fan as a child . Watching Magic Johnson , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , and the Showtime Lakers instilled a love of basketball in Korver that made him want to pursue it himself . He moved to Iowa in 1993 when his father accepted his current pastoral position and graduated from Pella High School . In 2018 , he and his three brothers were still in the top 10 in both career scoring and rebounding at Pella High . College career ( edit ) As a freshman at Creighton , Korver was named to the MVC All - Bench , All - Freshman and All - Newcomer teams after he averaged 8.8 points per game while hitting 43.4 percent from three - point range and 89.5 percent at the free - throw line . As a sophomore , Korver earned All - MVC second team honors while leading the conference tournament champion Bluejays with 14.6 points per game . He was also named to the MVC All - Tournament team . As a junior , Korver led the Bluejays to both the Missouri Valley Conference regular season and conference tournament championships . He was then named MVC Player of the Year and an honorable mention All - American . As a senior , Korver again earned MVC Player of the Year and first team All - MVC honors . He was also a consensus second - team All - American and a finalist for the Wooden , Naismith , and Oscar Robertson awards . Korver finished his career at Creighton fourth all - time in scoring ( 1,801 ) and first in three - pointers made ( 371 ) , three - point percentage ( 45.3 ) , and free - throw percentage ( 89.1 ) . His 371 career made three - pointers is an MVC record and tied for sixth most in NCAA history . Korver also holds Creighton single - season records for three - pointers made ( 129 ) , three - point percentage (. 480 ) , and free - throw percentage (. 908 ) . Korver graduated with a bachelor 's degree in visual communications . Professional career ( edit ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Korver ( left ) with the 76ers in January 2007 Korver was selected with the 51st overall pick in the 2003 NBA draft by the New Jersey Nets . His draft rights were traded later that night to the Philadelphia 76ers for $125,000 . On August 8 , 2003 , he signed a two - year deal with the 76ers . Korver finished his rookie season averaging 4.1 points in 11.9 minutes per game . Korver finished the 2004 -- 05 season tied for the NBA league leader in three - pointers made with 226 , which also marked a 76ers franchise record . On August 2 , 2005 , Korver re-signed with the 76ers to a six - year , $25 million contract . Korver scored a career - high 31 points against the Milwaukee Bucks on February 24 , 2006 , and duplicated that performance on February 21 , 2007 against the New York Knicks . He averaged a career - high 14.4 points per game during the 2006 -- 07 season , and led the NBA in free - throw percentage with 91.4 percent . Utah Jazz ( 2007 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) On December 29 , 2007 , Korver was traded to the Utah Jazz in exchange for Gordan Giriček and a future first - round draft pick . Korver spent two and a half seasons in Utah , mostly coming off the bench as the team 's sixth man . Korver finished the 2009 -- 10 season hitting 53.6 percent of his three - point shots to secure the NBA 's single - season accuracy record . He drilled 59 - of - 110 three - pointers , edging the record percentage of . 524 that Steve Kerr set in 1994 -- 95 . Korver played in just 52 games for the Jazz in 2009 -- 10 , but his spot - on shooting surged after he finally returned fully healthy after the All - Star break , having struggled with wrist and knee issues following surgeries to both in 2009 . Chicago Bulls ( 2010 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Korver warms up before a 2011 playoff game . On July 13 , 2010 , Korver signed with the Chicago Bulls . In 2010 -- 11 , Korver , for the third time in his career , appeared in 82 games ( all coming off the bench ) , and averaged 8.3 points , 1.8 rebounds and 1.5 assists in 20.1 minutes (. 434 FG % , . 415 3FG % , . 885 FT % ) . The Bulls finished first in the Eastern Conference in 2011 , and advanced to the Conference Finals where they were defeated by the Miami Heat 4 -- 1 . On March 10 , 2012 , Korver arguably had his best game as a Bull , recording 26 points , 7 rebounds and 6 assists in a 111 -- 97 win over his former team , the Utah Jazz . Atlanta Hawks ( 2012 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) 2012 -- 13 season ( edit ) On July 16 , 2012 , Korver was traded to the Atlanta Hawks in exchange for cash considerations . In 2012 -- 13 , he averaged 10.9 points in 30.5 minutes per game , while recording percentages of . 461 FG % , . 457 3FG % , and . 859 FT % . He finished second in the NBA in three - point percentage and fourth in three - point field goals made with 189 . He made at least one three - pointer in his final 73 games of the season , the longest active streak in the NBA at the time , a career - best and the fourth longest streak in league history ( Dana Barros 89 , Michael Adams 79 , Dennis Scott 78 ) . In addition , his 189 made threes was the fourth - best single season total in franchise history . 2013 -- 14 season ( edit ) On July 12 , 2013 , Korver re-signed with the Hawks to a four - year , $24 million contract . On December 6 , 2013 , Korver passed the NBA record for most consecutive games with a made three - pointer ( 90 ) originally set by Dana Barros ( 89 ) . The streak eventually ended at 127 games on March 5 , 2014 . Korver finished the 2013 -- 14 season with a 47.2 percent three - point shooting percentage which led the NBA . 2014 -- 15 season ( edit ) On December 15 , 2014 , Korver passed Jason Richardson for 15th all - time in three - pointers made . Five days later , in the Hawks ' 104 -- 97 win over the Houston Rockets , Korver scored a game - high 22 points and made all four of his free - throw attempts . This gave him 49 consecutive made free - throws on the season to set a new Hawks franchise record . The streak ended at 50 in the Hawks ' next game against the Dallas Mavericks . On February 10 , 2015 , Korver received his first NBA All - Star selection as a reserve for the Eastern Conference in the 2015 NBA All - Star Game , replacing the injured Dwyane Wade . At 33 years and 11 months old , he became the fourth - oldest first - time All - Star . On March 11 , in a loss to the Denver Nuggets , Korver passed Kobe Bryant for 12th on the all - time three - pointers made list . Four days later , in a win over the Los Angeles Lakers , Korver left the game with a broken nose after taking an offensive foul from Ed Davis with 8 : 59 left in the first half . The injury ended a streak of 51 consecutive games with a three - pointer by Korver , who missed both of his shots from behind the arc . After missing three games with the injury , he returned to action on March 22 against the San Antonio Spurs with protective gear on his face to cover the nose . Despite having the mask , on March 31 , 2015 against the Milwaukee Bucks , Korver made four straight long - range shots , including three 3 - pointers , in a 65 - second span . On April 29 , 2015 , Korver was named the recipient of the Joe Dumars Trophy for winning the 2014 -- 15 NBA Sportsmanship Award . During the 2015 playoffs , Korver suffered a right ankle sprain playing against the Cleveland Cavaliers on May 22 in the Eastern Conference Finals . The following day , he was ruled out for the rest of the playoffs . 2015 -- 16 season ( edit ) On November 6 , 2015 , Korver scored 22 points , hitting all eight of his shots , including four from three - point range , as the Hawks won their sixth straight with a 121 -- 115 victory over the New Orleans Pelicans . On December 26 , in a win over the New York Knicks , Korver hit one three - pointer and passed Rashard Lewis for ninth place on the all - time list for three - pointers made . However , his late December shooting slump marked one of the worst shooting stretches of his career . In four games between December 23 -- 29 , Korver shot 5 - of - 33 from the field and a woeful 2 - of - 27 from three - point range . Korver continued to struggle with his shot in January , missing all six of his shots on January 31 against the Miami Heat , marking just the third time in his career that he went 0 - of - 6 or worse as a starter . Over 47 games to begin the season , his 42 % field goal shooting was the worst it had been since the 2004 -- 05 season , and his 37 % three - point shooting was a career - low success rate . 2016 -- 17 season ( edit ) On December 16 , 2016 , Korver scored a season - high 19 points and hit a season - high six three - pointers in a 125 -- 121 win over the Toronto Raptors . The win gave the Hawks a 13 -- 13 record after 26 games ; they began the season 9 -- 2 . He set a new season high on December 30 , scoring 22 points in 29 minutes off the bench in a 105 -- 98 win over the Detroit Pistons . Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) Korver as a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers in February 2017 On January 7 , 2017 , Korver was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Mike Dunleavy , Mo Williams , cash considerations and a protected future first round draft pick . He made his debut for the Cavaliers three days later , recording two points and three rebounds in 17 minutes off the bench in a 100 -- 92 loss to the Utah Jazz . Korver went 2 - of - 10 over his first two games for the Cavaliers , with both games resulting in losses . On January 13 , he scored 18 points off the bench to help the Cavaliers defeat the Sacramento Kings 120 -- 108 . On February 1 , he had his best game as a Cavalier , scoring 20 points off the bench on 8 - of - 11 from the field with four three - pointers in a 125 -- 97 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves . On February 8 , Korver scored a season - high 29 points on 10 - of - 12 from the field and 8 - of - 9 from the three - point line in a 132 -- 117 win over the Indiana Pacers . He subsequently passed Jason Kidd ( 1,988 ) for seventh on the all - time three - pointers made list . A week later , on February 15 , also against the Pacers , Korver became the seventh player in NBA history to make 2,000 career three - pointers , joining Ray Allen , Reggie Miller , Jason Terry , Paul Pierce , Vince Carter , and Jamal Crawford . On April 4 , 2017 , he returned after missing 11 games with a sore left foot and scored 11 points in 12 minutes in a 122 -- 102 win over the Orlando Magic . Korver helped the Cavaliers go 12 -- 1 over the first three rounds of the playoffs to reach the 2017 NBA Finals . There they faced the Golden State Warriors and were defeated in five games . On July 12 , 2017 , Korver re-signed with the Cavaliers . On November 13 , 2017 , he scored 19 of his 21 points in the fourth quarter to spark a huge comeback for the Cavaliers , lifting them to a 104 -- 101 win over the New York Knicks after they outscored New York 43 -- 25 in the fourth . On January 6 , 2018 , in a 131 -- 127 win over the Orlando Magic , Korver tied Paul Pierce for fourth place on the career 3 - pointers list with 2,143 . Two days later , he hit four 3 - pointers and had 19 points off the bench in a 127 -- 99 loss to the Minnesota Timberwolves , passing Pierce for fourth place on the NBA 's all - time list in 3 - pointers made with 2,147 . On February 9 , 2018 , he scored a season - high 30 points in a 123 -- 107 win over the Atlanta Hawks . He made 7 of 13 from 3 - point range and finished two points from matching his career high of 32 . It was his first 30 - point game since February 21 , 2007 . Korver went 794 games between 30 - point games , marking the longest stretch between 30 - point games in NBA history . The Cavaliers returned to the NBA Finals in 2018 , where they lost 4 -- 0 to the Warriors . Career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high * Led the league NBA record NBA ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2003 -- 04 Philadelphia 74 0 11.9 . 352 . 391 . 792 1.5 . 5 . 3 . 1 4.5 2004 -- 05 Philadelphia 82 57 32.5 . 418 . 405 . 854 4.6 2.2 1.3 . 4 11.5 2005 -- 06 Philadelphia 82 43 31.3 . 430 . 420 . 849 3.3 2.0 . 8 . 3 11.5 2006 -- 07 Philadelphia 74 30.9 . 440 . 430 . 914 * 3.5 1.4 . 8 . 3 14.4 2007 -- 08 Philadelphia 25 0 26.3 . 396 . 352 . 912 2.9 1.3 . 8 . 2 10.0 2007 -- 08 Utah 50 0 21.5 . 474 . 388 . 917 2.0 1.4 . 4 . 5 9.8 2008 -- 09 Utah 78 24.0 . 438 . 386 . 882 3.3 1.8 . 6 . 4 9.0 2009 -- 10 Utah 52 0 18.3 . 493 . 536 . 796 2.1 1.7 . 5 . 2 7.2 2010 -- 11 Chicago 82 0 20.1 . 434 . 415 . 885 1.8 1.5 . 4 . 2 8.3 2011 -- 12 Chicago 65 7 22.6 . 432 . 435 . 833 2.4 1.7 . 6 . 2 8.1 2012 -- 13 Atlanta 74 60 30.5 . 461 . 457 . 859 4.0 2.0 . 9 . 5 10.9 2013 -- 14 Atlanta 71 71 33.9 . 475 . 472 * . 926 4.0 2.9 1.0 . 3 12.0 2014 -- 15 Atlanta 75 75 32.2 . 487 . 492 * . 898 4.1 2.6 . 7 . 6 12.1 2015 -- 16 Atlanta 80 80 30.0 . 434 . 398 . 833 3.3 2.1 . 8 . 4 9.2 2016 -- 17 Atlanta 32 21 27.9 . 441 . 409 . 889 2.8 2.3 . 7 . 4 9.5 2016 -- 17 Cleveland 35 24.5 . 487 . 485 * . 933 2.7 1.0 . 3 . 2 10.7 2017 -- 18 Cleveland 73 21.6 . 459 . 436 . 889 2.3 1.2 . 4 . 4 9.2 Career 1,104 422 26.2 . 444 . 431 . 881 3.0 1.8 . 7 . 3 9.9 All - Star 0 15.6 . 538 . 583 . 000 1.0 2.0 . 0 . 0 21.0 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2005 Philadelphia 5 5 29.4 . 286 . 292 1.000 2.6 1.6 . 8 . 2 5.0 2008 Utah 12 0 21.6 . 411 . 289 . 920 2.2 . 6 . 3 . 7 7.8 2009 Utah 5 27.2 . 391 . 462 . 714 2.2 2.6 . 6 . 2 10.6 Utah 10 0 21.0 . 525 . 478 . 889 1.1 1.3 . 5 . 0 8.3 2011 Chicago 16 0 17.4 . 388 . 423 1.000 1.2 1.1 . 5 . 2 6.6 2012 Chicago 6 0 15.7 . 409 . 308 . 500 1.7 1.5 . 5 . 5 3.8 2013 Atlanta 6 29.5 . 388 . 353 . 917 3.3 . 7 . 3 . 7 10.2 2014 Atlanta 7 7 35.1 . 455 . 426 . 917 5.3 . 7 . 6 . 3 13.4 2015 Atlanta 14 14 37.6 . 391 . 355 . 813 5.0 2.4 1.4 1.1 11.1 2016 Atlanta 10 8 31.6 . 467 . 444 1.000 4.8 1.0 . 9 . 4 10.3 2017 Cleveland 18 0 18.1 . 425 . 391 1.000 1.7 . 7 . 4 . 3 5.8 2018 Cleveland 22 11 23.0 . 418 . 413 . 864 2.4 . 9 . 4 . 4 8.3 Career 131 49 24.6 . 417 . 391 . 895 2.6 1.2 . 6 . 4 8.3 College ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1999 -- 00 Creighton 33 18.2 . 475 . 434 . 895 3.1 1.0 . 6 . 2 8.8 2000 -- 01 Creighton 32 32 29.4 . 470 . 452 . 867 5.8 2.0 1.8 . 4 14.6 2001 -- 02 Creighton 29 28 31.6 . 478 . 429 . 890 5.5 3.3 1.6 . 6 15.1 2002 -- 03 Creighton 34 34 31.8 . 468 . 480 . 908 6.4 3.1 1.5 . 7 17.8 Career 128 95 27.7 . 472 . 453 . 891 5.2 2.3 1.3 . 5 14.1 Awards , honors , and records ( edit ) Korver at the 2014 World Basketball Festival NBA ( edit ) NBA All - Star ( 2015 ) NBA Sportsmanship Award ( 2015 ) 4 × NBA three - point field goal percentage leader ( 2010 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) NBA free throw percentage leader ( 2007 ) NBA three - point field goals made leader ( 2005 ) NBA record for highest three - point shooting percentage in a regular season ( 53.6 % ) Philadelphia 76ers record for three - point field goals made in a season ( 226 ) NCAA ( edit ) Missouri Valley Conference career made three - pointers record ( 371 ) Missouri Valley Conference single season made three - pointers record ( 123 ) : 2003 Consensus Second Team All - American : 2003 Honorable Mention All - American by Associated Press : 2002 Missouri Valley Conference Player of the Year : 2002 , 2003 First Team All - Missouri Valley Conference : 2002 , 2003 Second Team All - Missouri Valley Conference : 2001 Missouri Valley Conference Tournament MVP : 2002 , 2003 Missouri Valley Conference All - Tournament Team : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 Missouri Valley Conference All - Freshman Team : 2000 Missouri Valley Conference All - Bench Team : 2000 Guardians Classic Omaha Regional MVP : 2003 Guardians Classic Tournament MVP : 2003 Guardians Classic All - Tournament Team : 2003 CollegeInsider.com Mid-Major Player of the Year : 2003 CollegeInsider.com Mid-Major All - America Team : 2002 , 2003 Personal life ( edit ) Korver has three brothers , Klayton , Kaleb and Kirk ( 1990 -- 2018 ) , all of whom have played Division I basketball . Klayton was a guard / forward for the Drake Bulldogs ; Kaleb was a guard for the Creighton Bluejays ; and Kirk played forward for the UMKC Kangaroos . His mother Laine played high - school basketball and once scored 74 points in a game . Korver 's father , Kevin , is a pastor in Pella , Iowa . Korver 's uncle , Kris Korver , is the head basketball coach at Northwestern College in Orange City , Iowa . His cousin Kari Korver is a former UCLA women 's basketball player . Korver married Juliet Richardson on August 10 , 2011 . Their daughter , Kyra Elyse , was born on December 5 , 2012 . His wife delivered their first boy , Knox Elliot , on October 4 , 2014 . Their second son , Koen , was born on November 7 , 2016 . Korver has his own charitable foundation , called the `` Kyle Korver Foundation '' , which contributes to many philanthropic causes . He held a coat drive while with the 76ers , where he collected and donated coats to kids in need . Korver added a new line of clothing called `` Seer Outfitters '' that is connected with his foundation KKF to help the underprivileged children . In 2013 , he started an annual sock drive in October called the `` Socktober Drive '' in which he collects socks to donate to homeless people in Atlanta . Korver has also participated in the NBA 's Basketball Without Borders outreach program in Africa , China , Brazil , and India . In March 2018 , Korver took a leave of absence from the Cavaliers when his brother , Kirk , died at age 27 of an illness . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3 - point scoring leaders References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Prospect Profile : Kyle Korver '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Korver Official Website '' . KyleKorver.com . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Harris , Gerald ( 15 April 2015 ) . `` KYLE KORVER : TRUST GOD 'S PLAN '' . Christian Index . ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Korver succeeds in season of sorrow '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vivlamore , Chris ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Kyle Korver : The making of a sharp - shooter '' . AJC.com . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` # 25 Kyle Korver '' . GoCreighton.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyle Korver Stats , Video , Bio , Profile '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Moore , Meg ( July 16 , 2011 ) . `` Service projects net result of Kyle Korver T - shirt sales '' . SunTimes.com . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Nets Sold Kyle Korver 's Draft Rights to Buy a Copy Machine in 2003 '' . BlackSportsOnline.com . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sixers Trade Korver to Jazz for Giricek , Future First - Rounder '' . NBA.com . December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Chad ( July 24 , 2005 ) . `` Agent says Sixers to sign Dalembert to six - year deal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Korver 's 31 Points Lifts 76ers Over Bucks '' . NBA.com . February 24 , 2006 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelston , Dan ( February 21 , 2007 ) . `` Korver Lights Up to Propel Sixers Past Knicks '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Shalin , Mike ( December 30 , 2007 ) . `` Sixers send Korver to Utah in Giricek swap '' . Reuters.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Genessy , Jody ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Utah Jazz : Kyle Korver sets NBA record for 3 - point accuracy '' . DeseretNews.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls sign guard Kyle Korver '' . NBA.com . July 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Short - handed Bulls bounce back against Jazz '' . ESPN.com . March 10 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HAWKS ACQUIRE KYLE KORVER FROM THE BULLS '' . NBA.com . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ATLANTA HAWKS SIGN KYLE KORVER TO NEW CONTRACT '' . NBA.com . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Winkeljohn , Matt ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Notebook : Hawks 108 , Cavaliers 89 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Korver sets 3 - point mark , Hawks beat Cavs 108 - 89 '' . ESPN.com . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Joe ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Trail Blazers 102 , Atlanta Hawks 78 : Beyond the box score '' . OregonLive.com . The Oregonian . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newberry , Paul ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Horford scores 21 , leads Hawks past Bulls 93 - 86 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rieken , Kristie ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Korver leads Hawks over Houston 104 - 97 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks ' Korver to replace Heat 's Wade in All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danilo Gallinari 's 23 key Nuggets to 8th straight home win over Hawks '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Resnick , Joe ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Hawks hold off Lakers 91 - 86 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Korver back wearing facial gear '' . ESPN.com . March 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Korver scores 11 points in 65 seconds as Hawks bring down Bucks '' . sports.yahoo.com . March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Korver Wins 2014 - 15 NBA Sportsmanship Award '' . NBA.com. April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnovitz , Kevin ( May 23 , 2015 ) . `` Kyle Korver to miss rest of postseason '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martel , Brett ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Korver helps Hawks win 6th straight , 121 - 115 over Pelicans '' . NBA.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry , George ( December 26 , 2015 ) . `` Millsap , Horford lead Hawks in big surge past Knicks '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Godwin , Jordan ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Horford leads Hawks to 121 - 115 win over the Rockets '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim ( January 31 , 2016 ) . `` Heat win season - best 4th straight , top Hawks 105 - 87 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Howard scores 27 as Hawks end Raptors ' 4 - game win streak '' . ESPN.com . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korver , Howard lead Hawks past Pistons , 105 - 98 '' . ESPN.com . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIAL : Cavaliers Acquire Kyle Korver From Hawks '' . NBA.com . January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hayward helps Jazz hold off LeBron , beat Cavs 100 - 92 '' . ESPN.com . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irving , Korver lead Cavaliers past Kings 120 - 108 '' . ESPN.com . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James , Irving pace Cavaliers in 125 - 97 win over Timberwolves '' . ESPN.com . February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Korver 's 3s , James ' energy boost lead Cavs past Pacers '' . ESPN.com . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron scores 31 , Irving 26 as Cavs beat Pacers 113 - 104 '' . ESPN.com . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron , Love lift Cavaliers past Magic , 122 - 102 '' . ESPN.com. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Re-Sign Guard Kyle Korver '' . NBA.com . July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James , Korver lead Cavs ' charge in 4th to top Knicks 104 - 101 '' . ESPN.com . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James assist short of triple - double in Cavs ' win '' . ESPN.com . January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wiggins , Butler lead 127 - 99 Wolves romp past James , Cavs '' . ESPN.com . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Korver has 30 , James posts triple - double as Cavs top Hawks '' . ESPN.com . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ESPNStatsInfo ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kyle Korver had his first 30 - point game since ... '' Twitter . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Free - Throw Shooting Statistics - 2006 - 07 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player 3 - Point Shooting Statistics - 2004 - 05 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Individual Regular Season Records for 3 - Point Field Goal Percentage '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pella 's Kirk Korver , brother of Cleveland Cavaliers ' Kyle Korver , dies at 27 Jump up ^ `` UCLA 's Kari Korver To Miss Basketball Season '' . CBSLocal.com . September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Korver and Juliet Richardson - WeddingChannel Profile '' . WeddingChannel.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Hawks ' Kyle Korver Welcomes Baby Girl '' . AtlantaDailyWorld.com . Atlanta Daily World . December 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Korver Welcomes Birth of Baby Boy '' . Soaring Down South . 2014 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rowland , Brad ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Kyle Korver to miss Cleveland game after birth of child '' . Peachtree Hoops . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lucier , Maddy . `` Kyle Korver 's Clothing Line Benefits Underprivileged Children and Families '' . STACK . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 76ers Drive For Kids '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Korver : Leaving a Legacy On & Off the Court - b '' , consciousmagazine.co , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 Jump up ^ `` The very good reason why athletes are drawing red Xs on their hands '' . For The Win. 2014 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Why Kyle Korver had red X on his hand during Cavaliers game Thursday night '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 's Kyle Korver takes leave after death of brother , 27 '' . Fox News . 21 March 2018 . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kyle Korver . Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Kyle Korver at sports-reference.com Kyle Korver 's 90 - Game 3 - Point Streak on YouTube Cleveland Cavaliers current roster 0 Love 1 Hood 2 Sexton 3 Hill 5 Smith 8 Clarkson 9 White 10 Holland ( TW ) 13 Thompson 16 Osman 20 Preston ( TW ) 22 Nance 26 Korver 41 Žižić -- Dekker -- Frye Head coach : Lue Assistant coaches : Drew Geriot Jones Longabardi Posey Links to related articles NBA Sportsmanship Award 1996 : Dumars 1997 : Brandon 1998 : Johnson 1999 : Hawkins 2000 : Snow 2001 : Robinson 2002 : Smith 2003 : Allen 2004 : Brown 2005 : Hill 2006 : Brand 2007 : Deng 2008 : Hill 2009 : Billups 2010 : Hill 2011 : Curry 2012 : Kidd 2013 : Kidd 2014 : Conley 2015 : Korver 2016 : Conley 2017 : Walker 2018 : Walker 2003 NBA draft First round LeBron James Darko Miličić Carmelo Anthony Chris Bosh Dwyane Wade Chris Kaman Kirk Hinrich T.J. Ford Michael Sweetney Jarvis Hayes Mickaël Piétrus Nick Collison Marcus Banks Luke Ridnour Reece Gaines Troy Bell Žarko Čabarkapa David West Sasha Pavlović Dahntay Jones Boris Diaw Zoran Planinić Travis Outlaw Brian Cook Carlos Delfino Ndudi Ebi Kendrick Perkins Leandro Barbosa Josh Howard Second round Maciej Lampe Jason Kapono Luke Walton Jerome Beasley Sofoklis Schortsanitis Szymon Szewczyk Mario Austin Travis Hansen Steve Blake Slavko Vraneš Derrick Zimmerman Willie Green Zaza Pachulia Keith Bogans Malick Badiane Matt Bonner Sani Bečirovič Mo Williams James Lang James Jones Paccelis Morlende Kyle Korver Remon van de Hare Tommy Smith Nedžad Sinanović Rick Rickert Brandon Hunter Xue Yuyang Andreas Glyniadakis 2003 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Nick Collison T.J. Ford Josh Howard Dwyane Wade David West Second Team Carmelo Anthony Troy Bell Jason Gardner Kyle Korver Hollis Price Missouri Valley Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1969 : B. Smith 1970 : Ard 1971 : Halliburton 1972 : Finch 1973 : Kenon 1974 : Bridgeman 1975 : Bridgeman 1976 : Glenn 1977 : Phegley 1978 : Bird 1979 : Bird 1980 : Lloyd 1981 : Lloyd 1982 : Pressey 1983 : A. Carr 1984 : McDaniel 1985 : McDaniel 1986 : Les 1987 : Hawkins 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Manuel 1990 : Harstad 1991 : Gallagher 1992 : Amaya 1993 : C. Smith 1994 : Collier 1995 : C. Carr 1996 : Parker 1997 : Daisy 1998 : Hill 1999 : Wilson 2000 : Green 2001 : Bryson 2002 : Korver 2003 : Korver 2004 : Brooks 2005 : Brooks 2006 : Miller 2007 : Tatum 2008 : Emmenecker 2009 : Woodfox 2010 : Koch 2011 : Weems 2012 : McDermott 2013 : McDermott 2014 : VanVleet 2015 : Tuttle 2016 : VanVleet 2017 : Lee 2018 : Custer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyle_Korver&oldid=854689334 '' Categories : 1981 births Living people All - American college men 's basketball players Atlanta Hawks players Basketball players from California Basketball players from Iowa Chicago Bulls players Cleveland Cavaliers players Creighton Bluejays men 's basketball players National Basketball Association All - Stars New Jersey Nets draft picks People from Paramount , California People from Pella , Iowa Philadelphia 76ers players Shooting guards Small forwards Utah Jazz players American Christians Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from October 2011 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Malagasy Монгол 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Volapük 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 03 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who did the cavs trade for kyle korver	[ "On January 7, 2017, Korver was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Mike Dunleavy, Mo Williams, cash considerations and a protected future first round draft pick.[38] He made his debut for the Cavaliers three days later, recording two points and three rebounds in 17 minutes off the bench in a 100–92 loss to the Utah Jazz.[39] Korver went 2-of-10 over his first two games for the Cavaliers, with both games resulting in losses. On January 13, he scored 18 points off the bench to help the Cavaliers defeat the Sacramento Kings 120–108.[40] On February 1, he had his best game as a Cavalier, scoring 20 points off the bench on 8-of-11 from the field with four three-pointers in a 125–97 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves.[41] On February 8, Korver scored a season-high 29 points on 10-of-12 from the field and 8-of-9 from the three-point line in a 132–117 win over the Indiana Pacers. He subsequently passed Jason Kidd (1,988) for seventh on the all-time three-pointers made list.[42] A week later, on February 15, also against the Pacers, Korver became the seventh player in NBA history to make 2,000 career three-pointers, joining Ray Allen, Reggie Miller, Jason Terry, Paul Pierce, Vince Carter, and Jamal Crawford.[43] On April 4, 2017, he returned after missing 11 games with a sore left foot and scored 11 points in 12 minutes in a 122–102 win over the Orlando Magic.[44] Korver helped the Cavaliers go 12–1 over the first three rounds of the playoffs to reach the 2017 NBA Finals. There they faced the Golden State Warriors and were defeated in five games.\n", "On January 7, 2017, Korver was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Mike Dunleavy, Mo Williams, cash considerations and a protected future first round draft pick.[38] He made his debut for the Cavaliers three days later, recording two points and three rebounds in 17 minutes off the bench in a 100–92 loss to the Utah Jazz.[39] Korver went 2-of-10 over his first two games for the Cavaliers, with both games resulting in losses. On January 13, he scored 18 points off the bench to help the Cavaliers defeat the Sacramento Kings 120–108.[40] On February 1, he had his best game as a Cavalier, scoring 20 points off the bench on 8-of-11 from the field with four three-pointers in a 125–97 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves.[41] On February 8, Korver scored a season-high 29 points on 10-of-12 from the field and 8-of-9 from the three-point line in a 132–117 win over the Indiana Pacers. He subsequently passed Jason Kidd (1,988) for seventh on the all-time three-pointers made list.[42] A week later, on February 15, also against the Pacers, Korver became the seventh player in NBA history to make 2,000 career three-pointers, joining Ray Allen, Reggie Miller, Jason Terry, Paul Pierce, Vince Carter, and Jamal Crawford.[43] On April 4, 2017, he returned after missing 11 games with a sore left foot and scored 11 points in 12 minutes in a 122–102 win over the Orlando Magic.[44] Korver helped the Cavaliers go 12–1 over the first three rounds of the playoffs to reach the 2017 NBA Finals. There they faced the Golden State Warriors and were defeated in five games.\n" ]	[ "Mike Dunleavy", "Mo Williams" ]
3101002778556219914	List of black Primetime Emmy Award winners and nominees	List of black Primetime Emmy award Winners and Nominees - wikipedia List of black Primetime Emmy award Winners and Nominees Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of black Primetime Emmy winners and nominees . Contents ( hide ) 1 Facts and figures 1.1 Most nominations 1.2 Most wins 2 Lead Actor 2.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series 2.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series 2.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie 3 Lead Actress 3.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series 3.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series 3.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role 3.4 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie 4 Guest Actor 4.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series 4.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series 5 Guest Actress 5.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series 5.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series 6 Supporting Actor 6.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series 6.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series 6.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie 7 Supporting Actress 7.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series 7.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series 7.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie 8 Short Form Acting 8.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actor in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series 8.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actress in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series 9 Hosting 9.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program 10 Narrator and Voice - Over 10.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance 10.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator 10.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance 11 Performance and Special Class Awards 11.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program 11.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement - Special Class 12 Casting 12.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special 13 Choreography 13.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography 14 Costume Design 14.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Variety , Nonfiction or Reality Program 15 Directing 15.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series 15.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series 15.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries or a Movie 15.4 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Nonfiction Program 15.5 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series 15.6 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Special 16 Hairstyling 16.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie 16.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling for a Multi-Camera Series or Special 17 Music 17.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music 17.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series 17.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction 17.4 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics 18 Producer 18.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Exceptional Merit in Documentary Filmmaking 18.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Programming ( One Hour or Less ) 18.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children 's Program 18.4 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series 18.5 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special 18.6 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series 18.7 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Informational Series or Special 18.8 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series 18.9 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Made for Television Movie 18.10 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series 18.11 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality - Competition Program 18.12 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Comedy or Drama Series 18.13 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Variety Series 18.14 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short - Format Live - Action Entertainment Program 18.15 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program 18.16 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Structured Reality Program 18.17 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program 18.18 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series 18.19 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Sketch Series 18.20 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special 19 Sound Editing 19.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special 19.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series 20 Sound Mixing 20.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One - Hour ) 20.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or Movie 21 Writing 21.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series 21.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series 21.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special 21.4 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Nonfiction Program 21.5 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series 21.6 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special Facts and figures ( edit ) As of the 69th Primetime Emmys in 2017 , at least one African - American has won in every acting category except Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . Diahann Carroll became the first ever nominee ( male or female ) in 1963 . Bill Cosby became the first ever winner ( male or female ) in 1966 . Most nominations ( edit ) Debbie Allen - 19 Chris Rock - 19 Alfre Woodard - 17 Jacqueline Glover - 13 Cicely Tyson - 13 Andre Braugher - 10 Keegan - Michael Key - 10 Laurence Fishburne - 9 Whoopi Goldberg - 9 Samuel D. Pollard - 9 Paris Barclay - 8 Don Cheadle - 8 Bill Cosby - 8 James Earl Jones - 8 Jordan Peele - 8 Wanda Sykes - 8 Louis Gossett , Jr. - 7 Isabel Sanford - 7 Hayma `` Screech '' Washington - 7 Flip Wilson - 7 Thomas Carter - 6 Suzanne de Passe - 6 Ruby Dee - 6 Robert Guillaume - 6 Oprah Winfrey - 6 Most wins ( edit ) Hayma `` Screech '' Washington - 7 Jacqueline Glover - 5 Bill Cosby - 4 Chris Rock - 4 Alfre Woodard - 4 Debbie Allen - 3 Keith David - 3 Stanley Nelson - 3 Samuel D. Pollard - 3 Cicely Tyson - 3 Uzo Aduba - 2 Paris Barclay - 2 Andre Braugher - 2 Sterling K. Brown - 2 Suzanne de Passe - 2 Ja'Net DuBois - 2 Ava DuVernay - 2 Donald Glover - 2 Robert Guillaume - 2 James Earl Jones - 2 Regina King - 2 RuPaul - 2 Flip Wilson - 2 Lead actor ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Lead actor in a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1970 Bill Cosby The Bill Cosby Show Nominated First black actor to be nominated in this category . Lloyd Haynes Room 222 Nominated First black actor to be nominated in this category . 1972 Redd Foxx Sanford and Son Nominated 1973 Nominated Nominated 1980 Robert Guillaume Benson Nominated 1982 Nominated Nominated 1984 Nominated Sherman Hemsley The Jeffersons Nominated 1985 Robert Guillaume Benson Won First black actor to win in this category . 1988 Tim Reid Frank 's Place Nominated 2002 Bernie Mac The Bernie Mac Show Nominated 2003 Nominated 2012 Don Cheadle House of Lies Nominated 2013 Nominated 2014 Nominated 2015 Nominated Anthony Anderson black - ish Nominated 2016 Nominated 2017 Nominated Donald Glover Atlanta Won Second black actor to win in this category . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Lead actor in a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1966 Bill Cosby I Spy Won First African - American ( male or female ) to win a Primetime Emmy . First African - American actor to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy . First African - American actor to win a Primetime Emmy . First black actor to be nominated in this category . First actor to win in this category . 1967 Won 1968 Won 1981 Louis Gossett Jr . Palmerstown , U.S.A. Nominated 1991 James Earl Jones Gabriel 's Fire Won Second black actor to win in this category . 1992 Harrison Page Quantum Leap Nominated Andre Braugher Homicide : Life on the Street Nominated 1998 Won Third black actor to win in this category . 2001 Gideon 's Crossing Nominated 2017 Sterling K. Brown This Is Us Won Fourth black actor to win in this category . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Lead actor in a Miniseries or a Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 1967 Ivan Dixon The Final War of Olly Winter ( CBS Playhouse ) Nominated First black actor to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Best Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role . 1969 Ossie Davis Teacher , Teacher ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) Nominated Category was known as Best Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role . 1970 Al Freeman Jr . My Sweet Charlie Nominated Category was known as Best Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role . 1972 Billy Dee Williams Brian 's Song Nominated Category was known as Best Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role . 1977 Louis Gossett Jr . Roots Won First black actor to win in this category . Category was known as Best Actor in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . Levar Burton Nominated Category was known as Best Actor in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . Ben Vereen Nominated Category was known as Best Actor in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . John Amos Nominated Category was known as Best Actor in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . 1978 Paul Winfield King Nominated Category was known as Best Actor in a Limited Series . 1979 Louis Gossett Jr . Backstairs at the White House Nominated 1984 Sadat Nominated A Gathering of Old Men Nominated 1988 Danny Glover Mandela Nominated 1991 Sidney Poitier Separate but Equal Nominated 1995 Charles S. Dutton The Piano Lesson ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) Nominated Laurence Fishburne The Tuskegee Airmen Nominated 1997 Miss Evers ' Boys Nominated Sidney Poitier Mandela and de Klerk Nominated 1998 Ving Rhames Don King : Only in America Nominated 1999 Don Cheadle A Lesson Before Dying Nominated 2001 Gregory Hines Bojangles Nominated Mos Def Something the Lord Made Nominated 2006 Andre Braugher Thief Won Second black actor to win in this category . 2011 Idris Elba Luther Nominated Laurence Fishburne Thurgood Nominated 2012 Idris Elba Luther Nominated 2014 Chiwetel Ejiofor Dancing on the Edge Nominated Idris Elba Luther Nominated 2015 David Oyelowo Nightingale Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie . 2016 Idris Elba Luther Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Cuba Gooding Jr . The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Courtney B. Vance Won Third black actor to win in this category . Category was known as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Lead actress ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Lead actress in a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1969 Diahann Carroll Julia Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category . 1979 Isabel Sanford The Jeffersons Nominated 1980 Nominated 1981 Won First black actress to win in this category . 1982 Nominated Nell Carter Gimme a Break ! Nominated Nominated Isabel Sanford The Jeffersons Nominated 1984 Nominated 1985 Nominated Phylicia Rashad The Cosby Show Nominated 1986 Nominated 2016 Tracee Ellis Ross black - ish Nominated 2017 Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Lead actress in a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1982 Debbie Allen Fame Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category . Nominated 1984 Nominated 1985 Nominated 1986 Alfre Woodard St. Elsewhere Nominated 1992 Regina Taylor I 'll Fly Away Nominated 1993 Nominated 1995 Cicely Tyson Sweet Justice Nominated 2013 Kerry Washington Scandal Nominated 2014 Nominated 2015 Viola Davis How to Get Away with Murder Won First time two black actresses simultaneously nominated in this category . First black actress to win in this category . Taraji P. Henson Empire Nominated First time two black actresses simultaneously nominated in this category . 2016 Viola Davis How to Get Away with Murder Nominated Taraji P. Henson Empire Nominated 2017 Viola Davis How to Get Away with Murder Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Single Performance by an actress in a Lead Role ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 1963 Diahann Carroll `` A Horse Has a Big Head , Let Him Worry '' episode of Naked City Nominated First African - American ( male or female ) to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy . First black actress to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy . First black actress to be nominated in this category . Guest performances in regular television series were included in the category at this time . 1964 Ruby Dee `` Express Stop from Lenox Avenue '' episode of The Nurses Nominated Guest performances in regular television series were included in the category at this time . 1966 Eartha Kitt `` The Loser '' episode of I Spy Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Lead actress in a Miniseries or a Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone Cicely Tyson The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman Won First black actress to be nominated in this category . First black actress to win in this category . First black actress to win a Primetime Emmy . Category was known as Best Lead Actress in a Drama . 1977 Leslie Uggams Roots Nominated Category was known as Best Actress in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . Madge Sinclair Nominated Category was known as Best Actress in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . 1978 Cicely Tyson King Nominated Category was known as Best Actress in a Limited Series . 1979 Olivia Cole Backstairs at the White House Nominated 1982 Cicely Tyson The Marva Collins Story ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) Nominated Alfre Woodard Unnatural Causes Nominated 1990 A Mother 's Courage : The Mary Thomas Story ( The Magical World of Disney ) Nominated 1991 Lynn Whitfield The Josephine Baker Story Won Second black actress to win in this category . 1995 Alfre Woodard The Piano Lesson ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) Nominated 1997 Miss Evers ' Boys Won Third black actress to win in this category . 2000 Halle Berry Introducing Dorothy Dandridge Won Fourth black actress to win in this category . 2002 Angela Bassett The Rosa Parks Story Nominated 2005 S. Epatha Merkerson Lackawanna Blues Won Fifth black actress to win in this category . Halle Berry Their Eyes Were Watching God Nominated 2007 Queen Latifah Life Support Nominated 2008 Phylicia Rashad A Raisin in the Sun Nominated 2009 Chandra Wilson Accidental Friendship Nominated 2011 Taraji P. Henson Taken from Me : The Tiffany Rubin Story Nominated 2014 Cicely Tyson The Trip to Bountiful Nominated 2015 Queen Latifah Bessie Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie . 2016 Audra McDonald Lady Day at Emerson 's Bar and Grill Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie . Kerry Washington Confirmation Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie . Guest actor ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Guest actor in a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1976 Roscoe Lee Browne Barney Miller Nominated First black actor to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Best Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in Comedy or Drama Series . 1986 The Cosby Show Won First black actor to win in this category . Category was known as Guest Performer in a Comedy Series . Earle Hyman Nominated Category was known as Guest Performer in a Comedy Series . Stevie Wonder Nominated Category was known as Guest Performer in a Comedy Series . 1989 Sammy Davis Jr . Nominated Cleavon Little Dear John Won Second black actor to win in this category . 1997 James Earl Jones Frasier Nominated 2011 Idris Elba The Big C Nominated 2016 Tracy Morgan Saturday Night Live Nominated 2017 Dave Chappelle Won Third black actor to win in this category . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Guest actor in a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1993 Laurence Fishburne Tribeca Won First black actor to be nominated in this category . First black actor to win in this category . 1994 James Earl Jones Picket Fences Nominated 1995 Paul Winfield Won Second black actor to win in this category . Vondie Curtis - Hall ER Nominated Danny Glover Fallen Angels Nominated Richard Pryor Chicago Hope Nominated 1997 Louis Gossett Jr . Touched by an Angel Nominated 1999 Charles Dutton Oz Nominated 2002 The Practice Won Third black actor to win in this category . Don Cheadle ER Nominated 2003 Charles Dutton Without a Trace Won James Earl Jones Everwood Nominated 2005 Ossie Davis The L Word Nominated 2007 Forest Whitaker ER Nominated 2008 Glynn Turman In Treatment Won Fourth black actor to win in this category . 2014 Joe Morton Scandal Won Fifth black actor to win in this category . Reg E. Cathey House of Cards Nominated 2015 Won Sixth black actor to win in this category . 2016 Nominated Mahershala Ali Nominated 2017 Brian Tyree Henry This Is Us Nominated Guest actress ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Guest actress in a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1986 Clarice Taylor The Cosby Show Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Guest Performer in a Comedy Series . 1988 Beah Richards Frank 's Place Won First black actress to win in this category . Category was known as Guest Performer in a Comedy Series . 1989 Diahann Carroll A Different World Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category ( separate categories for actors and actresses ) . 1991 Whoopi Goldberg Nominated 1993 Ruby Dee Evening Shade Nominated 2012 Maya Rudolph Saturday Night Live Nominated 2014 Uzo Aduba Orange Is the New Black Won Laverne Cox Nominated First openly transgender person to be nominated for an acting Emmy 2017 Angela Bassett Master of None Nominated Wanda Sykes Black - ish Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Guest actress in a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1986 Whoopi Goldberg Moonlighting Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Guest Performer in a Drama Series . Alfre Woodard L.A. Law Won First black actress to win in this category . Category was known as Guest Performer in a Drama Series . 1988 St. Elsewhere Nominated Category was known as Guest Performer in a Drama Series . 1990 Ruby Dee China Beach Nominated 1993 Rosanna Carter I 'll Fly Away Nominated 1995 CCH Pounder The X-Files Nominated 1998 Alfre Woodard Homicide : Life on the Street Nominated 2000 Beah Richards The Practice Won Second black actress to win in this category . 2003 Alfre Woodard Won Third black actress to win in this category . 2008 Diahann Carroll Grey 's Anatomy Nominated 2009 CCH Pounder The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency Nominated 2011 Alfre Woodard True Blood Nominated Loretta Devine Grey 's Anatomy Won Fourth black actress to win in this category . 2012 Nominated 2015 Khandi Alexander Scandal Nominated Cicely Tyson How to Get Away with Murder Nominated 2017 Nominated Laverne Cox Orange Is the New Black Nominated Supporting actor ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Supporting actor in a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1979 Robert Guillaume Soap Won First black actor to be nominated in this category . First to win in this category . Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Comedy - Variety or Music Series . 1982 Ron Glass Barney Miller Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Variety or Music Series . Eddie Murphy Saturday Night Live Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy , Variety or Music Series . 1986 Malcolm - Jamal Warner The Cosby Show Nominated 1989 Meshach Taylor Designing Women Nominated 2009 Tracy Morgan 30 Rock Nominated 2014 Andre Braugher Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated 2015 Nominated Tituss Burgess Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Keegan - Michael Key Key & Peele Nominated 2016 Andre Braugher Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Tituss Burgess Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Keegan - Michael Key Key & Peele Nominated 2017 Tituss Burgess Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Supporting actor in a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1969 Greg Morris Mission : Impossible Nominated First black actor to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Best Continued Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series . 1970 Nominated Category was known as Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in Drama . 1972 Nominated Category was known as Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in Drama . 1982 Taurean Blacque Hill Street Blues Nominated 1995 James Earl Jones Under One Roof Nominated Eriq La Salle ER Nominated James McDaniel NYPD Blue Nominated 1997 Eriq La Salle ER Nominated 1998 Nominated 1999 Steve Harris The Practice Nominated 2000 Nominated 2002 Dulé Hill The West Wing Nominated Andre Braugher Men of a Certain Age Nominated 2011 Nominated 2012 Giancarlo Esposito Breaking Bad Nominated 2017 Ron Cephas Jones This Is Us Nominated Jeffrey Wright Westworld Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Supporting actor in a Miniseries or a Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 1977 Yaphet Kotto Raid on Entebbe ( The Big Event ) Nominated First black actor to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Special . Moses Gunn Roots Nominated First black actor to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Best Supporting Actor in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . 1978 Ossie Davis King Nominated Category was known as Best Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . 1979 Al Freeman Roots : The Next Generations Nominated Paul Winfield Nominated 1989 Danny Glover Lonesome Dove Nominated 1990 James Earl Jones By Dawn 's Early Light Nominated 1991 Heat Wave Won First African - American to win in this category . 1992 Ben Vereen Intruders Nominated Andre Braugher The Tuskegee Airmen Nominated 1997 Obba Babatundé Miss Evers ' Boys Nominated Ossie Davis Nominated 1999 Don Cheadle The Rat Pack Nominated 2000 Danny Glover Freedom Song Nominated 2002 Don Cheadle Things Behind the Sun Nominated Jeffrey Wright Angels in America Won Second African - American to win in this category . 2015 Michael Kenneth Williams Bessie Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie . 2016 Sterling K. Brown The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story Won Third African - American to win in this category . Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Bokeem Woodbine Fargo Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . 2017 Michael Kenneth Williams The Night Of Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Supporting actress ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Supporting actress in a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1981 Marla Gibbs The Jeffersons Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy or Variety or Music Series . 1982 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy or Variety or Music Series . Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy , Variety or Music Series . 1984 Nominated Paula Kelly Night Court Nominated 1985 Marla Gibbs The Jeffersons Nominated 1986 Lisa Bonet The Cosby Show Nominated Keshia Knight Pulliam Nominated Jackee Harry 227 Won First black actress to win in this category . 1988 Nominated 2006 Alfre Woodard Desperate Housewives Nominated 2007 Vanessa Williams Ugly Betty Nominated 2008 Nominated 2009 Nominated 2015 Niecy Nash Getting On Nominated 2016 Nominated 2017 Leslie Jones Saturday Night Live Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Supporting actress in a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1970 Gail Fisher Mannix Won First black actress to be nominated in this category . First black actress to win in this category . 1971 Nominated 1972 Nominated 1973 Nominated Madge Sinclair Trapper John , M.D. Nominated 1984 Nominated Alfre Woodard Hill Street Blues Won Second black actress to win in this category . 1985 Madge Sinclair Trapper John , M.D. Nominated 1991 Gabriel 's Fire Won Third black actress to win in this category . 1992 Mary Alice I 'll Fly Away Nominated 1993 Won Fourth black actress to win in this category . 1997 CCH Pounder ER Nominated Della Reese Touched by an Angel Nominated Gloria Reuben ER Nominated 1998 Della Reese Touched by an Angel Nominated Gloria Reuben ER Nominated 2005 CCH Pounder The Shield Nominated 2006 Chandra Wilson Grey 's Anatomy Nominated 2007 Nominated 2008 Nominated 2009 Nominated 2015 Uzo Aduba Orange Is the New Black Won Fifth black actress to win in this category . With this win , she becomes first actress to win for same role in both Comedy and Drama categories . 2017 Nominated Thandie Newton Westworld Nominated Samira Wiley The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Supporting actress in a Miniseries or a Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 1977 Olivia Cole Roots Won First black actress to be nominated in this category . First black actress to win in this category . Category was known as Best Supporting Actress in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . Cicely Tyson Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Best Supporting Actress in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . 1979 Ruby Dee Roots : The Next Generations Nominated 1979 Esther Rolle Summer of My German Soldier Won Second black actress to win in this category . 1985 Alfre Woodard Words by Heart ( Wonderworks ) Nominated 1988 Ruby Dee Gore Vidal 's Lincoln Nominated 1989 Paula Kelly The Women of Brewster Place Nominated 1991 Ruby Dee Decoration Day Won Third black actress to win in this category . 1994 Cicely Tyson Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All Won Fourth black actress to win in this category . Alfre Woodard Gulliver 's Travels Nominated 1999 Cicely Tyson A Lesson Before Dying Nominated 2001 Audra McDonald Wit Nominated 2006 Alfre Woodard The Water Is Wide ( Hallmark Hall of Fame Presentation ) Nominated 2008 Audra McDonald A Raisin in the Sun Nominated Alfre Woodard Pictures of Hollis Woods ( Hallmark Hall of Fame Presentation ) Nominated 2009 Cicely Tyson Relative Stranger Nominated 2013 Alfre Woodard Steel Magnolias Nominated 2014 Angela Bassett American Horror Story : Coven Nominated 2015 American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie . Regina King American Crime Won Fifth black actress to win in this category . Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie . Mo'Nique Bessie Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie . 2016 Regina King American Crime Won Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie . 2017 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie . Short Form acting ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding actor in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actor in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 2017 Kim Estes Dicks Won First black actor to be nominated in this category . First black actor to win in this category . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding actress in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actress in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 2016 Tracie Thoms Send Me : an original web series Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category . 2017 Kelsey Scott Fear the Walking Dead : Passage Nominated Hosting ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding host for a reality or reality - competition Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2016 Steve Harvey Little Big Shots Nominated First African - American to be nominated in this category . RuPaul RuPaul 's Drag Race Won First African - American to be nominated in this category . First African - American to win in this category . 2017 Won Snoop Dogg Martha & Snoop 's Potluck Dinner Party Nominated W. Kamau Bell United Shades of America Nominated Narrator and voice - over ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding character voice - over Performance ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Year Name Show Status Milestone 2016 Keegan - Michael Key SuperMansion Nominated First African - American to be nominated in this category . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding narrator ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator Year Name Show Status Milestone 2014 Whoopi Goldberg Whoopi Goldberg Presents Moms Mabley Nominated First African - American to be nominated in this category . First year of category . 2015 Neil deGrasse Tyson Hubble 's Cosmic Journey Nominated 2016 Keith David Jackie Robinson Won First African - American to win in this category . Laurence Fishburne Roots Nominated 2017 Year Million Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding voice - over Performance ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Year Name Show Status Milestone 1999 Ja'net Dubois The PJs Won First African - American to be nominated in this category . First African - American to win in this category . 2001 Won 2005 Keith David Unforgivable Blackness : The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson Won Second African - American to win in this category . 2008 The War Won Performance and Special class awards ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 1960 Harry Belafonte Tonight with Belafonte ( The Revlon Revue ) Won First African - American to be nominated in this category . First African - American to win in this category . Category was known as Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Musical Program . 1961 Belafonte New York Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Musical Program or Series . 1977 Ben Vereen The Bell Telephone Jubilee Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Continuing or Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in Variety or Music . 1978 Louis Gossett Jr . The Sentry Collection Presents Ben Vereen - His Roots Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Continuing or Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in Variety or Music . Leontyne Price Leontyne Price , Zubin Mehta and the New York Philharmonic ( Live from Lincoln Center ) Won Second African - American to win in this category . Michael Jackson Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Nominated Richard Pryor Nominated 1984 Debbie Allen Live ... And in Person Nominated Eddie Murphy Saturday Night Live Nominated 1985 Gregory Hines Motown Returns to the Apollo Nominated Patti LaBelle Nominated 1986 Sylvia Fine Kaye 's Musical Comedy Tonight III ( Great Performances ) Nominated Whitney Houston The 28th Annual Grammy Awards Won Third African - American to win in this category . Sarah Vaughan Nominated Debbie Allen An All Star Celebration Honoring Martin Luther King , Jr . Nominated Stevie Wonder Nominated 1988 Ray Charles Irving Berlin 's 100th Birthday Celebration Nominated 1991 Damon Wayans In Living Color Nominated Keenen Ivory Wayans Nominated 1992 Natalie Cole Unforgettable , with Love : Natalie Cole Sings the Songs of Nat King Cole ( Great Performances ) Nominated 1994 Whoopi Goldberg The 66th Annual Academy Awards Nominated The 68th Annual Academy Awards Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Performance for a Variety or Music Program . Comic Relief VII Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Performance for a Variety or Music Program . 1999 Chris Rock The Chris Rock Show Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Music Program . 2000 Chris Rock : Bigger and Blacker Nominated 2001 Wayne Brady Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Nominated 2002 Nominated 2003 Won Fourth African - American to win in this category . 2005 Whoopi Goldberg Whoopi Back to Broadway - The 20th Anniversary Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement - Special Class ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement - Special Class Year Name Show Status Milestone 1981 Sarah Vaughan Rhapsody and Song - A Tribute to George Gershwin Won 1982 Andre De Shields Ai n't Misbehavin ' Won Nell Carter Won Gregory Hines I Love Liberty Nominated Casting ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding casting for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special Year Name Show Status Milestone Robi Reed The Tuskegee Airmen Won First African American to win in this category . 1998 Robi Reed Don King : Only in America Nominated 1999 Robi Reed A Lesson Before Dying Nominated Choreography ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Choreography ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography Year Name Show Status Milestone 1976 Lester Wilson Lola ! Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Achievement in Choreography . 1977 Donald McKayle Minstrel Man Nominated 1980 Lester Wilson Uptown - A Musical Comedy History of Harlem 's Apollo Nominated 1981 Sixty Years of Seduction Nominated 1982 Debbie Allen Fame Won Won Lester Wilson Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Nominated 1984 Debbie Allen Fame Takes a Look at Music ' 83 Nominated 1985 Fame Nominated 1989 The Debbie Allen Special Nominated 1990 Polly ( The Magical World of Disney ) Nominated 1991 Motown 30 : What 's Goin ' On ! Won George Faison The Josephine Baker Story Nominated Lester Wilson America 's Dance Honors Nominated 1992 Comic Relief V Nominated Debbie Allen The 64th Annual Academy Awards Nominated 1993 The 65th Annual Academy Awards Nominated 1995 The 67th Annual Academy Awards Nominated Travis Payne , LaVelle Smith 1995 MTV Video Music Awards Nominated 1999 Judith Jamison Dance in America : A Hymn for Alvin Ailey ( Great Performances ) Won Debbie Allen The 71st Annual Academy Awards Nominated 2008 Shane Sparks So You Think You Can Dance Nominated Costume Design ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Variety , Nonfiction or Reality Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Variety , Nonfiction , or Reality Programming Year Name Show Status Milestone 2016 Paul Tazewell The Wiz Live ! Won Directing ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1993 Eric Laneuville Dream On Nominated 2009 Millicent Shelton 30 Rock Nominated Paris Barclay Glee Nominated 2013 Nominated 2014 Nominated 2017 Donald Glover Atlanta Won First Black director to win in this category . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1984 Thomas Carter Hill Street Blues Nominated 1985 Nominated 1989 Midnight Caller Nominated Eric Laneuville L.A. Law Nominated 1990 Thomas Carter Equal Justice Won 1991 Won 1992 Eric Laneuville I 'll Fly Away Won 1993 Nominated 1998 Paris Barclay NYPD Blue Won 1999 Won 2002 The West Wing Nominated 2014 Carl Franklin House of Cards Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries or a Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries or a Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 1995 Lloyd Richards The Piano Lesson ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Individual Achievement in Directing for a Miniseries or a Special . 2000 Charles S. Dutton The Corner Won Category was known as Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special . 2005 George C. Wolfe Lackawanna Blues Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Dramatic Special . 2015 Dee Rees Bessie Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Directing for Limited Series , Movie or a Dramatic Special . 2016 Anthony Hemingway The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( Manna From Heaven ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special . John Singleton The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( The Race Card ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Nonfiction Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Nonfiction Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2017 Ava DuVernay 13th Nominated Ezra Edelman O.J. : Made In America Won Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1971 Mark Warren Rowan and Martin 's Laugh - In Won Category was known as Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 1989 Debbie Allen The Debbie Allen Special Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Directing for a Variety or Music Program . 2016 Chris Rock Amy Schumer : Live at the Apollo Nominated Beyoncé Knowles Carter Lemonade Nominated Hairstyling ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 2015 Lawrence Davis Bessie Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling for a Multi-Camera Series or Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling for a Multi-Camera Series or Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 2017 Lawrence Davis Hairspray Live ! Won Music ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding main title theme Music ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music Year Name Show Status Milestone 1999 George Clinton , Quincy Jones , La Rita Norman , Marie Norman The PJs Nominated First African - Americans to be nominated in this category . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Music composition for a Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1970 Quincy Jones The Bill Cosby Show Nominated First African - American to be nominated in this category . 1977 Roots Won First African - American to win in this category . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Music direction ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction Year Name Show Status Milestone 2005 Rickey Minor Genius : A Night For Ray Charles Nominated First African - American to be nominated in this category . 2008 50th Annual Grammy Awards Nominated 2009 The 51st Annual Grammy Awards Nominated 2011 An Evening Of Stars : Tribute To Chaka Khan Nominated 2016 Smithsonian Salutes Ray Charles : In Performance At The White House Nominated 2017 Stayin ' Alive : A Grammy Salute To The Music Of The Bee Gees Nominated Taking The Stage : African American Music And Stories That Changed America Won First African - American to win in this category . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics Year Name Show Song Status Milestone 1985 Debbie Allen Motown Returns to the Apollo Nominated 1990 Michael Jackson ( composer and lyricist ) Sammy Davis , Jr. 's 60th Anniversary Celebration `` You Were There '' Nominated 1997 Kenneth `` Babyface '' Edmonds ( composer ) Centennial Olympic Games : Opening Ceremonies `` The Power of the Dream '' Nominated 2008 Jordan Peele MADtv `` Sad Fitty Cent '' Nominated 2017 Common , Robert Glasper , Karriem Riggins 13th `` Letter To The Free '' Won Chancellor Johnathan Bennett , Kenan Thompson Saturday Night Live `` Last Christmas '' Nominated Producer ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Exceptional Merit in Documentary Filmmaking ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Exceptional Merit in Documentary Filmmaking Year Name Show Status Milestone 2007 Jacqueline Glover , Spike Lee , Samuel D. Pollard When The Levees Broke : A Requiem In Four Acts Won Stanley Nelson Jonestown : The Life and Death of Peoples Temple ( American Experience ) Nominated 2009 Jacqueline Glover Section 60 : Arlington National Cemetery Nominated Forest Whitaker Brick City Nominated 2011 Stanley Nelson , Laurens Grant Freedom Riders Won 2015 Rashida Jones Hot Girls Wanted Nominated 2016 Stanley Nelson , Laurens Grant The Black Panthers : Vanguard of the Revolution ( Independent Lens ) Nominated Jacqueline Glover Jim : The James Foley Story Won 2017 Ezra Edelman O.J. : Made In America Nominated T.J. Martin LA 92 Won Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Programming ( One Hour or Less ) ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Programming ( One Hour or Less ) Year Name Show Status Milestone 1999 Larry Wilmore The PJs Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children 's Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children 's Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2000 Kevin Hooks The Color of Friendship Won 2005 Michael Carrington That 's So Raven Nominated 2007 Nominated 2011 Jacqueline Glover A Child 's Garden of Poetry Won 2013 A YoungArts Masterclass Nominated 2014 Wynton Marsalis - A YoungArts Masterclass Nominated 2015 Alan Alda And The Actor Within You : A YoungArts Masterclass Won Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1970 Bill Cosby The Bill Cosby Show Nominated Winifred Hervey The Golden Girls Won 1988 Nominated 2016 Kenya Barris , Anthony Anderson , E. Brian Dobbins , Laurence Fishburne , Helen Sugland , Courtney Lilly , Peter Saji , Jennifer Rice - Genzuk Henry black - ish Nominated 2017 Kenya Barris , Anthony Anderson , Laurence Fishburne , Helen Sugland , E. Brian Dobbins , Courtney Lilly , Jennifer Rice - Genzuk Henry , Kenny Smith , Peter Saji Nominated Donald Glover Atlanta Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding documentary or Nonfiction Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 1998 Jacqueline Glover , Spike Lee , Samuel D. Pollard , Daphne McWilliams 4 Little Girls Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Non-Fiction Special . 2000 Jacqueline Glover American Hollow Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Non-Fiction Special . 2003 Jacqueline Glover , Donna Brown Guillaume Unchained Memories : Readings from the Slave Narratives Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Non-Fiction Special ( Traditional ) . Jacqueline Glover Teddy : In His Own Words Won 2012 Gloria : In Her Own Words Nominated 2014 Whoopi Goldberg Whoopi Goldberg Presents Moms Mabley Nominated Oprah Winfrey Running from Crazy Nominated 2015 Samuel D. Pollard Sinatra : All or Nothing at All Nominated 2017 Ava DuVernay 13th Won John Singleton L.A. Burning : The Riots 25 Years Later Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1998 Paris Barclay NYPD Blue Nominated 1999 Nominated 2006 Shonda Rhimes Grey 's Anatomy Nominated 2007 Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Informational Series or Special ( edit ) The award was established in 2013 as the awards restructured previous categories for Outstanding Nonfiction Series and Outstanding Nonfiction Special . Outstanding Informational Series was also awarded prior to 1998 , but from 1998 - 2012 was called Outstanding Nonfiction Series . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Informational Series or Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 1993 Oprah Winfrey ( executive producer ) Michael Jackson Talks to ... Oprah Live Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Informational Special . 1995 Debra Martin Chase ( executive producer ) , Denzel Washington ( executive producer ) Hank Aaron : Chasing the Dream Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Informational Special . Quincy Jones ( executive producer ) The History of Rock ' n ' Roll Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Informational Series . 2001 St. Clair Bourne ( executive producer ) , Cecil Cox ( executive producer ) , Jacqueline Glover ( supervising producer ) , Craig Laurence Rice ( executive producer ) , Denzel Washington ( producer ) Half Past Autumn : The Life and Works of Gordon Parks Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Informational Special . 2013 Oprah Winfrey ( executive producer ) Oprah 's Master Class Nominated 2015 Neil deGrasse Tyson ( executive producer / host ) StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson Nominated 2016 Nominated Morgan Freeman ( executive producer / host ) The Story of God with Morgan Freeman Nominated 2017 Neil deGrasse Tyson ( executive producer / host ) StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1989 Suzanne de Passe Lonesome Dove Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Miniseries Oprah Winfrey The Women of Brewster Place Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Miniseries 1993 Suzanne de Passe , Jermaine Jackson The Jacksons : An American Dream Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Miniseries 1995 Suzanne de Passe Buffalo Girls Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Miniseries 1999 The Temptations Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Miniseries 2000 David Mills The Corner Won Category was known as Outstanding Miniseries 2015 John Ridley American Crime Nominated 2016 Nominated Anthony Hemingway The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story Won LeVar Burton Roots Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Made for Television Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Made for Television Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 1995 August Wilson The Piano Lesson ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) Nominated 1997 Laurence Fishburne Miss Evers ' Boys Won 1998 Thomas Carter Don King : Only in America Won 2000 Halle Berry Introducing Dorothy Dandridge Nominated Oprah Winfrey Tuesdays with Morrie Won 2003 Forest Whitaker Door to Door Won 2005 Halle Berry , Ruben Santiago - Hudson Lackawanna Blues Nominated 2008 Susan Batson , Sean Combs A Raisin in the Sun Nominated 2014 Cicely Tyson The Trip to Bountiful Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Television Movie . 2015 Queen Latifah , Shakim Compere Bessie Won Category was known as Outstanding Television Movie . David Oyelowo Nightingale Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Television Movie . 2016 Kerry Washington Confirmation Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Television Movie . 2017 Oprah Winfrey The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Television Movie . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1970 Bill Cosby The Bill Cosby Show Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding reality - competition Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2003 Hayma `` Screech '' Washington , co-executive producer The Amazing Race Won First African - American to be nominated and win in this category . Won 2005 Hayma `` Screech '' Washington , executive producer Won 2006 Won 2007 Won 2008 Won 2009 Won 2017 RuPaul RuPaul 's Drag Race Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Comedy or Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Comedy or Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 2017 ( 69th ) Sam Bailey Brown Girls Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Variety Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Variety Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 2017 Trevor Noah The Daily Show - Between The Scenes Won Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Short - format live - action entertainment Program ( edit ) The award was retired in 2016 and divided to recognize Outstanding Short Form Comedy or Drama Series and Outstanding Short Form Variety Series . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short - Format Live - Action Entertainment Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2013 Beyoncé Knowles Carter Super Bowl XLVII Halftime Show Starring Beyoncé Nominated 2015 Keegan - Michael Key , Jordan Peele Key & Peele Presents Van And Mike : The Ascension Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2009 Whoopi Goldberg The 62nd Annual Tony Awards Nominated 2012 LL Cool J The 54th Annual Grammy Awards Nominated 2015 Beyoncé Knowles Carter , Shawn `` Jay Z '' Carter Beyoncé And JAY Z On The Run Nominated Audra McDonald Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber Of Fleet Street ( Live From Lincoln Center ) Won 2016 Chris Rock The Oscars Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Structured Reality Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Structured Reality Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2016 LL Cool J Lip Sync Battle Nominated 2017 Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2016 W. Kamau Bell United Shades of America Nominated 2017 Won RuPaul RuPaul 's Drag Race : Untucked Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Variety Series ( edit ) This category was retired in 2015 and was separated into two categories -- Outstanding Variety Sketch Series and Outstanding Variety Talk Series . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1971 Flip Wilson The Flip Wilson Show Won Category was known as Outstanding Variety Series -- Musical . 1972 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety Series -- Musical . 1973 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety Musical Series . 2000 Chris Rock The Chris Rock Show Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Series . 2001 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Series . Dave Chappelle Chappelle 's Show Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Series . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Sketch Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Sketch Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 2015 Keegan - Michael Key , Jordan Peele Key & Peele Nominated 2016 Won Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Variety Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 1969 Bill Cosby The Bill Cosby Special Won Category was known as Outstanding Variety or Musical Program . 1970 The Second Bill Cosby Special Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety or Musical Program - Variety and Popular Music . 1971 Harry Belafonte , Lena Horne Harry and Lena Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Single Program - Variety or Musical - Variety and Popular Music . 1972 Flip Wilson The Flip Wilson Show ( Sammy Davis , Jr. , Lily Tomlin and Ed McMahon ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Single Program - Variety or Musical - Variety and Popular Music . Suzanne de Passe Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Won Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Program . 1985 Motown Returns to the Apollo Won Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Program . Lena Horne Lena Horne : The Lady and her Music ( Great Performances ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Program . Quincy Jones The 68th Annual Academy Awards Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 1997 Chris Rock Chris Rock : Bring the Pain Won Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 1998 Debra Martin Chase , Whitney Houston Rodgers & Hammerstein 's Cinderella ( The Wonderful World of Disney ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 2000 Chris Rock Chris Rock : Bigger and Blacker Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . Chris Rock : Never Scared Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 2005 Dave Chappelle Dave Chappelle : For What It 's Worth Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 2007 Wanda Sykes Wanda Sykes : Sick And Tired Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 2009 Chris Rock Chris Rock : Kill the Messenger Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . Wanda Sykes Wanda Sykes : I'ma Be Me Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 2016 Beyoncé Knowles Carter Lemonade Nominated Sound Editing ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 1991 Joe Earle Separate But Equal Nominated 1992 Joe Earle Cast a Deadly Spell Nominated 1992 Joe Earle Deadlock Nominated 1992 Joe Earle I 'll Fly Away Nominated 1998 Joe Earle From the Earth to the Moon Nominated 1999 Joe Earle Storm of the Century Won Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1998 Joe Earle Soldier of Fortune , Inc . Nominated Sound Mixing ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One - Hour ) ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One - Hour ) Year Name Show Status Milestone 2008 Joe Earle Dexter Nominated 2009 Joe Earle Glee Won Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 2001 Joe Earle Rodgers & Hammerstein 's South Pacific Nominated 2012 Joe Earle American Horror Story Nominated 2013 Joe Earle American Horror Story : Asylum Nominated 2014 Joe Earle American Horror Story : Coven Nominated 2015 Joe Earle American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated 2016 Joe Earle The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story Won Writing ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 2002 Larry Wilmore The Bernie Mac Show Won 2017 Donald Glover Atlanta Nominated Stephen Glover Nominated Lena Waithe Master of None Won First African - American woman to win in this category . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1957 Louis S. Peterson Goodyear Television Playhouse Nominated Category known as Best Teleplay Writing - One Hour or More . Peterson was first African American writer nominated for an Emmy David Mills NYPD Blue Nominated 1997 Nominated 2006 Shonda Rhimes Grey 's Anatomy Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 1995 August Wilson The Piano Lesson ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing in a Miniseries or a Special . 2000 David Mills The Corner Won Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries or a Movie . 2015 Dee Rees Bessie Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series , Movie or a Dramatic Special . John Ridley American Crime ( Episode One ) Nominated 2016 Joe Robert Cole The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( The Race Card ) Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Nonfiction Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Nonfiction Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2017 Ava DuVernay 13th Won Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1971 Flip Wilson The Flip Wilson Show Won Category was known as Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety or Music . 1972 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety or Music . 1973 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety or Music . 1992 Larry Wilmore In Living Color Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program . 1997 Chris Rock Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program . 1998 Chris Rock , Wanda Sykes The Chris Rock Show Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program . 1999 Won Category was known as Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program . 2000 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program . 2001 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program . Dave Chappelle Chappelle 's Show Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program . 2009 Wyatt Cenac The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Won Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Series . Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Series . 2011 Won Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Series . 2012 Won 2013 Travon Free Nominated 2014 Nominated Keegan - Michael Key , Jordan Peele Key & Peele Nominated 2015 Travon Free The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Won Keegan - Michael Key , Jordan Peele Key & Peele Nominated 2016 Nominated Michael Che Saturday Night Live Nominated Ashley Nicole Black , Mathan Erhardt Full Frontal with Samantha Bee Nominated 2017 Ashley Nicole Black , Mathan Erhardt , Travon Free Nominated Amber Ruffin Late Night with Seth Meyers Nominated Michael Che Saturday Night Live Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 1977 Ntozake Shange An Evening with Diana Ross ( The Big Event ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing in a Comedy - Variety or Music Special . 1997 Chris Rock Chris Rock : Bring the Pain Won Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety or Music Program . 2000 Chris Rock : Bigger and Blacker Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program . Chris Rock : Never Scared Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program . 2009 Chris Rock : Kill the Messenger Won Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Special . Wanda Sykes Wanda Sykes : I'ma Be Me Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 2015 Keegan - Michael Key , Jordan Peele Key & Peele Super Bowl Special Nominated 2017 Ashley Nicole Black , Mathan Erhardt , Travon Free Full Frontal with Samantha Bee Presents Not the White House Correspondents ' Dinner Won Jump up ^ `` Mark Warren '' . Emmys . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners Television Academy '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_black_Primetime_Emmy_Award_winners_and_nominees&oldid=805002959 '' Categories : Primetime Emmy Awards Lists of black people Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 13 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	first african-american female actress who won the emmy awards	[ "\n\nPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series\n\n\nYear\nName\nShow\nStatus\nMilestone\n\n\n1970\nGail Fisher\nMannix\nWon\nFirst black actress to be nominated in this category.\nFirst black actress to win in this category.\n\n\n1971\nNominated\n\n\n\n1972\nNominated\n\n\n\n1973\nNominated\n\n\n\n1983\nMadge Sinclair\nTrapper John, M.D.\nNominated\n\n\n\n1984\nNominated\n\n\n\nAlfre Woodard\nHill Street Blues\nWon\nSecond black actress to win in this category.\n\n\n1985\nMadge Sinclair\nTrapper John, M.D.\nNominated\n\n\n\n1991\nGabriel's Fire\nWon\nThird black actress to win in this category.\n\n\n1992\nMary Alice\nI'll Fly Away\nNominated\n\n\n\n1993\nWon\nFourth black actress to win in this category.\n\n\n1997\nCCH Pounder\nER\nNominated\n\n\n\nDella Reese\nTouched by an Angel\nNominated\n\n\n\nGloria Reuben\nER\nNominated\n\n\n\n1998\nDella Reese\nTouched by an Angel\nNominated\n\n\n\nGloria Reuben\nER\nNominated\n\n\n\n2005\nCCH Pounder\nThe Shield\nNominated\n\n\n\n2006\nChandra Wilson\nGrey's Anatomy\nNominated\n\n\n\n2007\nNominated\n\n\n\n2008\nNominated\n\n\n\n2009\nNominated\n\n\n\n2015\nUzo Aduba\nOrange Is the New Black\nWon\nFifth black actress to win in this category.\nWith this win, she becomes first actress to win for same role in both Comedy and Drama categories.\n\n\n2017\nNominated\n\n\n\nThandie Newton\nWestworld\nNominated\n\n\n\nSamira Wiley\nThe Handmaid's Tale\nNominated\n\n\n" ]	[ "Gail Fisher" ]
-3269728766320096123	Gallipoli Campaign	Gallipoli campaign - wikipedia Gallipoli campaign Jump to : navigation , search `` Battle of Gallipoli '' redirects here . For other uses , see Battle of Gallipoli ( disambiguation ) . `` Dardanelles Campaign '' redirects here . For other uses , see Battle of the Dardanelles . Gallipoli Campaign Part of the Middle Eastern theatre of the First World War A collection of photographs from the campaign . From top and left to right : Ottoman commanders including Mustafa Kemal ( fourth from left ) ; Allied warships ; the view down to Anzac Cove ; Ottoman soldiers in a trench ; and Allied positions . Date 25 April 1915 -- 9 January 1916 ( 8 months , 2 weeks and 1 day ) Location Gallipoli Peninsula , Sanjak of Gelibolu , Adrianople Vilayet , Ottoman Empire Result Ottoman victory Belligerents British Empire Australia India Newfoundland New Zealand United Kingdom France Russian Empire Ottoman Empire Supported by : German Empire Austria - Hungary Commanders and leaders Ian Hamilton Herbert Kitchener John de Robeck William Birdwood Winston Churchill Henri Gouraud Maurice Bailloud Otto von Sanders Enver Pasha Esat Bülkat Cevat Çobanlı Mustafa Kemal Wehib Pasha Fevzi Çakmak Yakup Şevki Subaşı Kazım Karabekir Units involved Mediterranean Expeditionary Force Egyptian Labour Corps Maltese Labour Corps Oriental Expeditionary Corps 5th Army Strength 5 divisions ( initial ) 15 divisions ( final ) Total : 489,000 345,000 British ( including Indians , Irish and Newfoundlanders ) 79,000 French c . 50,000 Australians c . 15,000 New Zealanders Supported by c. 2,000 civilian labourers 6 divisions ( initial ) 16 divisions ( final ) Total : 315,500 Casualties and losses British Empire : 160,790 battle casualties 3,778 + died of disease 90,000 evacuated sick French Empire : 27,169 battle casualties deaths from disease : unknown 20,000 evacuated sick Total : 302,000 casualties Ottoman Empire : 56,643 killed 97,007 wounded or injured 11,178 missing or PoW 64,440 evacuated sick 21,000 died of disease Total : 250,000 casualties Gallipoli Campaign Naval operations Landing at Cape Helles 1st Krithia 2nd Krithia 3rd Krithia Gully Ravine Krithia Vineyard Landing at Anzac Cove Kumkale * 1st Anzac Cove 2nd Anzac Cove 3rd Anzac Cove No. 3 Post Baby 700 Landing at Suvla Bay Sari Bair The Nek Lone Pine Chunuk Bair Scimitar Hill Hill 60 Theatres of World War I European Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Balkans Middle Eastern Caucasus Persia Gallipoli Mesopotamia Sinai and Palestine Arab Revolt South Arabia African South - West Africa Togoland Cameroon East Africa North Africa Asian and Pacific theatre Naval theaters U-boat Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean The Gallipoli Campaign , also known as the Dardanelles Campaign , the Battle of Gallipoli , or the Battle of Çanakkale ( Turkish : Çanakkale Savaşı ) , was a campaign of the First World War that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula ( Gelibolu in modern Turkey ) in the Ottoman Empire between 25 April 1915 and 9 January 1916 . The peninsula forms the northern bank of the Dardanelles , a strait that provided a sea route to the Russian Empire , one of the Allied powers during the war . Intending to secure it , Russia 's allies , Britain and France , launched a naval attack followed by an amphibious landing on the peninsula , with the aim of capturing the Ottoman capital of Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ) . The naval attack was repelled and after eight months ' fighting , with many casualties on both sides , the land campaign was abandoned and the invasion force was withdrawn to Egypt . The campaign was the only major Ottoman victory of the war . In Turkey , it is regarded as a defining moment in the nation 's history , a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the Ottoman Empire crumbled . The struggle formed the basis for the Turkish War of Independence and the declaration of the Republic of Turkey eight years later , with Mustafa Kemal ( Kemal Atatürk ) as President , who rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli . The campaign is often considered to be the beginning of Australian and New Zealand national consciousness ; 25 April , the anniversary of the landings , is known as `` Anzac Day '' , the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in the two countries , surpassing Remembrance Day ( Armistice Day ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Ottoman entry into the war 1.2 Allied strategy and the Dardanelles 2 Naval campaign 2.1 Attempt to force the Straits 2.2 18 March 1915 3 Preparations for invasion 3.1 Allied landing preparations 3.2 Ottoman defensive preparations 4 Landings 4.1 Anzac Cove 4.2 Cape Helles 5 Land campaign 5.1 Early battles 5.2 Operations : May 1915 5.3 Ottoman counter-offensive : 19 May 5.4 Operations : June -- July 1915 5.5 August offensive 5.6 Evacuation 6 Aftermath 6.1 Military repercussions 6.2 Political effects 6.3 Casualties 6.3. 1 Sickness 6.3. 2 Graves and memorials 6.4 Subsequent operations 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Ottoman entry into the War ( edit ) Main articles : Middle Eastern theatre of World War I and Ottoman entry into World War I At the beginning of the 20th century , the Ottoman Empire had the reputation of being the `` sick man of Europe '' , weakened by political instability , military defeat and civil strife following a century of slow decline . Also , it had uprisings from minority nationalism . In 1908 , a group of young officers , known as the Young Turks , seized power in Constantinople , while Mehmed V was later installed as a figurehead Sultan in 1909 . The new régime implemented a program of reform to modernise the outdated political and economic system and to redefine the racial make - up of the empire . An enthusiastic supporter , Germany provided significant investment . German diplomats subsequently found increasing influence , despite Britain previously being the predominant power in the region , while German officers assisted in training and re-equipping the army . Despite this support , the economic resources of the Ottoman Empire were depleted by the cost of the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 and the French , British and Germans had offered financial aid . A pro-German faction influenced by Enver Pasha , the former Ottoman military attaché in Berlin , opposed the pro-British majority in the Ottoman cabinet and tried to secure closer relations with Germany . In December 1913 , the Germans sent a military mission to Constantinople , headed by General Otto Liman von Sanders . The geographical position of the Ottoman Empire meant that Russia and her allies France and Britain had a significant interest in Turkish neutrality in the event of war in Europe . During the Sarajevo Crisis in 1914 , German diplomats offered Turkey an anti-Russian alliance and territorial gains in Caucasia , north - west Iran and Trans - Caspia . The pro-British faction in the cabinet was isolated due to the British ambassador taking leave until 18 August . As the crisis deepened in Europe , Ottoman policy was to obtain a guarantee of territorial integrity and potential advantages , unaware that the British might enter a European war . On 30 July 1914 , two days after the outbreak of the war in Europe , the Ottoman leaders agreed to form a secret Ottoman - German Alliance against Russia , although it did not require them to undertake military action . On 2 August , the British requisitioned two modern battleships -- Sultân Osmân - ı Evvel and Reşadiye which British shipyards had started building for the Ottoman Navy -- for their own use , alienating pro-British elements in Constantinople , despite the offer of compensation if they remained neutral . This action strained diplomatic relations between the two empires and the German government offered SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau to the Ottoman Navy as replacements , in an attempt to gain influence . The Allies tried to intercept the ships , which escaped when the Ottoman government opened the Dardanelles to allow them passage to Constantinople , despite being required under international law , as a neutral party , to block military shipping . By allowing the German ships to enter the Dardanelles , the Ottomans confirmed their links to Germany . In September , the British naval mission to the Ottomans , which had been established in 1912 under Admiral Arthur Limpus , was recalled due to increasing concern that Turkey would soon enter the war . Rear Admiral Wilhelm Souchon of the Imperial German Navy took over command of the Ottoman navy . Acting without orders from the Ottoman government , on 27 September the German commander of the Dardanelles fortifications ordered the passage closed , adding to the impression that the Ottomans were `` in the German camp '' . The German naval presence and the success of German armies on all fronts , gave the pro-German faction in the Ottoman government enough influence to declare war on Russia . On 27 October , Goeben and Breslau , having been renamed Yavûz Sultân Selîm and Midilli , sortied into the Black Sea , bombarded the Russian port of Odessa and sank several Russian ships . The Ottomans refused an Allied demand that they expel the German missions and on 31 October 1914 , officially entered the war on the side of the Central Powers . Russia declared war on Turkey on 2 November . The next day , the British ambassador left Constantinople and a British naval squadron off the Dardanelles bombarded the outer defensive forts at Kum Kale on the northern Asian coast and Seddülbahir on the southern tip of the Gallipoli Peninsula . A shell hit a magazine , knocked the guns off their mounts and killed 86 soldiers . Britain and France declared war on Turkey on 5 November and the Ottomans declared a jihad ( holy war ) later that month , launching an offensive in the Caucasus against the Russians to regain former Turkish provinces there . Fighting also began in Mesopotamia , following a British landing to occupy the oil facilities in the Persian Gulf . The Ottomans prepared to attack Egypt in early 1915 , aiming to occupy the Suez Canal and cut the Mediterranean route to India and the Far East . The historian Hew Strachan wrote that in hindsight Ottoman belligerence was inevitable , once Goeben and Breslau were allowed into the Dardanelles and that delays after that were caused by Ottoman unreadiness for war and Bulgarian neutrality , rather than uncertainty about policy . Allied strategy and the Dardanelles ( edit ) Sea access to Russia through the Dardanelles ( in yellow ) Before the Dardanelles operation was conceived , the British had planned to conduct an amphibious invasion near Alexandretta on the Mediterranean Sea , an idea originally presented by Boghos Nubar in 1914 . This plan was developed by the Secretary of State for War , Field Marshal Earl Kitchener to sever the capital from Syria , Palestine and Egypt . Alexandretta was an area with a Christian population and was the strategic centre of the Empire 's railway network -- its capture would have cut the empire in two . Vice Admiral Sir Richard Peirse , East Indies Station , ordered Captain Frank Larkin of HMS Doris to Alexandretta on 13 December 1914 . At the same time , in the same area , the Russian cruiser Askold and the French cruiser Requin were performing similar operations . Kitchener was working on the plan as late as March 1915 . This plan was also the beginning of Britain 's successful effort to start an Arab Revolt . The Alexandretta landing was abandoned because militarily it would have required more resources than France could allocate and politically France did not want the British operating in their sphere of influence , a position to which Britain had agreed in 1912 . By late 1914 the war on the Western Front had become a stalemate ; the Franco - British counter-offensive of the First Battle of the Marne had ended and the British had suffered many casualties in the First Battle of Ypres in Flanders . Lines of trenches had been dug by both sides , running from the Swiss border to the English Channel as the war of manoeuvre ended and trench warfare began . The German Empire and Austria - Hungary closed the overland trade routes between Britain and France in the west and Russia in the east . The White Sea in the arctic north and the Sea of Okhotsk in the Far East were icebound in winter and distant from the Eastern Front , the Baltic Sea was blockaded by the Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial German Navy ) and the entrance to the Black Sea through the Dardanelles was controlled by the Ottoman Empire . While the empire remained neutral supplies could still be sent to Russia through the Dardanelles but prior to the Ottoman entry into the war the straits had been closed and in November they began to mine the waterway . French Minister of Justice Aristide Briand 's proposal in November to attack the Ottoman Empire was rejected and an attempt by the British to pay the Ottomans to join the Allied side also failed . Later that month , Winston Churchill , First Lord of the Admiralty , proposed a naval attack on the Dardanelles , based in part on erroneous reports of Ottoman troop strength . Churchill wanted to use a large number of obsolete battleships , which could not operate against the German High Seas Fleet , in a Dardanelles operation , with a small occupation force provided by the army . It was hoped that an attack on the Ottomans would also draw Bulgaria and Greece ( both formerly ruled by the Ottomans ) into the war on the Allied side . On 2 January 1915 , Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia appealed to Britain for assistance against the Ottomans , who were conducting an offensive in the Caucasus . Planning began for a naval demonstration in the Dardanelles to divert troops from the Caucasian theatre of operations . Naval campaign ( edit ) Main article : Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign Attempt to force the straits ( edit ) Graphic map of the Dardanelles On 17 February 1915 , a British seaplane from HMS Ark Royal flew a reconnaissance sortie over the Straits . Two days later , the first attack on the Dardanelles began when a strong Anglo - French task force , including the British battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth , began a long - range bombardment of Ottoman coastal artillery batteries . The British had intended to use eight aircraft from Ark Royal to spot for the bombardment but harsh conditions rendered all but one of these , a Short Type 136 , unserviceable . A period of bad weather slowed the initial phase but by 25 February the outer forts had been reduced and the entrance cleared of mines . After this , Royal Marines were landed to destroy guns at Kum Kale and Seddülbahir , while the naval bombardment shifted to batteries between Kum Kale and Kephez . Frustrated by the mobility of the Ottoman batteries , which evaded the Allied bombardments and threatened the minesweepers sent to clear the Straits , Churchill began pressuring the naval commander , Admiral Sackville Carden , to increase the fleet 's efforts . Carden drew up fresh plans and on 4 March sent a cable to Churchill , stating that the fleet could expect to arrive in Constantinople within 14 days . A sense of impending victory was heightened by the interception of a German wireless message that revealed the Ottoman Dardanelles forts were running out of ammunition . When the message was relayed to Carden , it was agreed a main attack would be launched on or around 17 March . It transpired that Carden , suffering from stress , was placed on the sick list by the medical officer and command was taken over by Admiral John de Robeck . 18 March 1915 ( edit ) Panoramic view of the Allied fleet in the Dardanelles On 18 March 1915 , the main attack was launched by the Allied fleet , comprising 18 battleships with a supporting array of cruisers and destroyers , against the narrowest point of the Dardanelles , where the straits are 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) wide . Despite some damage to the Allied ships engaging the forts caused by Ottoman fire , minesweepers were ordered to proceed along the straits . According to an account by the Ottoman General Staff , by 2 : 00 p.m. `` all telephone wires were cut , all communications with the forts were interrupted , some of the guns had been knocked out ... in consequence the artillery fire of the defence had slackened considerably '' . The French battleship Bouvet was sunk by a mine , causing it to capsize with her crew of over 600 still aboard . Minesweepers manned by civilians , retreated under the constant fire of Ottoman guns , leaving the minefields largely intact . HMS Irresistible and HMS Inflexible were critically damaged by mines and sunk , although there was confusion during the battle about the cause of the damage -- some blamed torpedoes . HMS Ocean , sent to rescue the Irresistible , was also damaged by an explosion and eventually sank . The French battleships Suffren and Gaulois were also damaged ; the ships had sailed through a new line of mines placed secretly by the Ottoman minelayer Nusret ten days before . The losses forced de Robeck to sound the `` general recall '' to protect what remained of his force . During the planning of the campaign , naval losses had been anticipated and so it was mainly obsolete battleships , which were unfit to face the German fleet , that had been sent . Some of the senior naval officers , such as the commander of Queen Elizabeth , Commodore Roger Keyes , felt that they had come close to victory , believing that the Ottoman guns had almost run out of ammunition but the views of de Robeck , the First Sea Lord Jackie Fisher and others prevailed . This ended Allied attempts to force the straits using naval power , due to unacceptable losses and bad weather . Planning to capture the Turkish defences by land began and two Allied submarines tried to traverse the Dardanelles but were lost to mines and the strong currents . Preparations for invasion ( edit ) Allied landing preparations ( edit ) Main article : Order of battle for the Gallipoli Campaign French troops land at Lemnos , 1915 . After the failure of the naval attacks , troops were assembled to eliminate the Ottoman mobile artillery , which was preventing the Allied minesweepers from clearing the way for the larger vessels . Kitchener appointed General Sir Ian Hamilton to command the 78,000 men of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force ( MEF ) . Soldiers from the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) and New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) were encamped in Egypt , undergoing training prior to being sent to France . The Australian and New Zealand troops were formed into the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC Corps , Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood ) , comprising the volunteer 1st Australian Division and the New Zealand and Australian Division . The ANZAC troops were joined by the regular 29th Division and the Royal Naval Division . The French Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient ( Orient Expeditionary Corps ) , consisting of metropolitan and colonial troops , was subsequently placed under Hamilton 's command . Over the following month , Hamilton prepared his plan and the British and French divisions joined the Australians in Egypt . Hamilton chose to concentrate on the southern part of the Gallipoli peninsula at Cape Helles and Seddülbahir , where an unopposed landing was expected . The Allies initially discounted the fighting ability of the Ottoman soldiers . The naïveté of the Allied planners was illustrated by a leaflet that was issued to the British and Australians while they were still in Egypt , Turkish soldiers as a rule manifest their desire to surrender by holding their rifle butt upward and by waving clothes or rags of any colour . An actual white flag should be regarded with the utmost suspicion as a Turkish soldier is unlikely to possess anything of that colour . The underestimation of Ottoman military potential stemmed from a `` sense of superiority '' among the Allies , because of the decline of the Ottoman Empire and its poor performance in Libya in 1911 and the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 . Allied intelligence failed to adequately prepare for the campaign , in some cases relying on information gained from Egyptian travel guides . The troops for the assault were loaded on transports in the order they were to disembark , causing a long delay which meant that many troops , including the French at Mudros , were forced to detour to Alexandria to embark on the ships that would take them into battle . A five - week delay until the end of April ensued , when the Ottomans strengthen their defences on the peninsula , although bad weather during March and April might have delayed the landings anyway ; preventing supply and reinforcement . Following preparations in Egypt , Hamilton and his headquarters staff arrived at Mudros on 10 April . The ANZAC Corps departed Egypt in early April and assembled on the island of Lemnos in Greece on 12 April , where a small garrison had been established in early March and practice landings were undertaken . The British 29th Division departed for Mudros on 7 April and the Royal Naval Division rehearsed on the island of Skyros , after arriving there on 17 April . That day , the British submarine HMS E15 ( Captain T.S. Brodie ) , tried to run the straits but hit a submarine net , ran aground and was shelled by a Turkish fort , killing Brodie and six of the crew ; the survivors were forced to surrender . The Allied fleet and British and French troops assembled at Mudros , ready for the landings but poor weather from 19 March grounded Allied aircraft for nine days and on 24 days only a partial programme of reconnaissance flights were possible . Ottoman defensive preparations ( edit ) Dispositions of the Ottoman 5th Army The Ottoman force prepared to repel a landing on either side of the Straits was the 5th Army . This force , which initially consisted of five divisions with another en route , was a conscript force , commanded by von Sanders . Many of the senior officers in the 5th Army were also German . Ottoman commanders and senior German officers debated the best means of defending the peninsula . All agreed that the best defence was to hold the high ground on the ridges of the peninsula . There was disagreement as to where the enemy would land and hence where to concentrate forces . Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal was familiar with the Gallipoli peninsula from his operations against Bulgaria in the Balkan Wars and forecast that Cape Helles ( the southern tip of the peninsula ) and Gaba Tepe were the likely areas for landing . Kemal believed that the British would use their naval power to command the land from every side at the tip of the peninsula ; at Gaba Tepe , the short distance to the eastern coast meant that the Allies could easily reach the Narrows ( the right - angled bend in the middle of the Dardanelles ) . Sanders considered Besika Bay on the Asiatic coast to be the most vulnerable to invasion , since the terrain was easier to cross and was convenient to attack the most important Ottoman batteries guarding the straits and a third of the 5th Army was assembled there . Two divisions were concentrated at Bulair at the north end of the Gallipoli peninsula , to protect supply and communication lines to the defences further down the peninsula . The 19th Division ( Kemal ) and the 9th Division were placed along the Aegean coast and at Cape Helles on the tip of the peninsula . Sanders kept the bulk of the Ottoman forces inland in reserve , leaving a minimum of troops guarding the coast . The 3rd Division and a cavalry brigade arrived from Constantinople in early April , bringing the front line strength of the Ottomans up to 60,000 -- 62,077 men , which Sanders concentrated in three groups . A maximum effort to improve land and sea communications was ordered to move reinforcements swiftly to danger points and troops moved at night to avoid Allied air reconnaissance . Sanders ' strategy was opposed by Ottoman commanders , including Kemal , who believed that the defenders were too widely dispersed to defeat the invasion on the beaches . Sanders was certain that a rigid system of defence would fail and that the only hope of success lay in the mobility of the three groups , particularly the 19th Division near Boghali , in general reserve , ready to move to Bulair , Gaba Tepe or the Asiatic shore . Heavy artillery from the German armoured cruiser Roon , 1915 The time needed by the British to organise the landings meant that Sanders , Colonel Hans Kannengiesser and other German officers , supported by III Corps commander Esat Pasha , had more time to prepare their defences . Sanders later noted , `` the British allowed us four good weeks of respite for all this work before their great disembarkation ... This respite just sufficed for the most indispensable measures to be taken . '' Roads were constructed , small boats built to carry troops and equipment across the Narrows , beaches were wired and improvised mines were constructed from torpedo warheads . Trenches and gun emplacements were dug along the beaches and troops went on route marches to avoid lethargy . Kemal , whose 19th Division was vital to the defensive scheme , observed the beaches and awaited signs of an invasion from his post at Boghali , near Maidos . The Ottomans created a small air force with German assistance and had four aircraft operating around Çanakkale in February , conducting reconnaissance and army co-operation sorties , From 11 April , an Ottoman aircraft made frequent flights over Mudros , keeping watch on the assembly of the British naval force and an airfield was established near Gallipoli . Landings ( edit ) Main articles : Landing at Anzac Cove and Landing at Cape Helles Landing at Gallipoli , April 1915 The Allies planned to land and secure the northern shore , to capture the Ottoman forts and artillery batteries there so that a naval force could advance through the Narrows and the Sea of Marmara towards Constantinople . Scheduled for 23 April but postponed until 25 April due to bad weather , landings were to be made at six beaches on the peninsula . The 29th Division was to land at Helles on the tip of the peninsula and then advance upon the forts at Kilitbahir . The Anzacs , with the 3rd Infantry Brigade spearheading the assault , were to land north of Gaba Tepe on the Aegean coast , from where they could advance across the peninsula , cutting off the Ottoman troops in Kilitbahir . The small cove in and around which they landed became known as `` Anzac Cove '' . This sector of the Gallipoli Peninsula became known as Anzac ; the area held by the British and French became known as the Helles sector or Helles . The French made a diversionary landing at Kum Kale on the Asian shore before re-embarking , to hold the eastern area of the Helles sector . The Royal Naval Division simulated landing preparations at Bulair as a diversion and a New Zealand officer , Bernard Freyberg , swam ashore under fire to light flares , to distract the defenders from the real landings ; Freyberg was later awarded the Distinguished Service Order . Arrangements for naval gunfire support to the landings , had originally included bombarding the beaches and approaches but was changed to engagement of the ridges during the landings , with the beaches only to be shelled prior to the landings . No decision was ultimately made on the issue of close - support , and it was left up to the initiative of individual ships ' captains . A reluctance to approach the shore later impacted on landings at ' V ' and ' W ' beach where some of the heaviest losses among the infantry occurred , while naval gunfire was of some assistance at ' S ' , ' X ' and Anzac . Even then its effectiveness was limited by the initial confusion ashore , the broken terrain , thick vegetation , and the lack of observation . Kitchener had ruled that air requirements must be met by the Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) and the Allies employed a small force of seaplanes and other aircraft from 3 Squadron , RNAS ( Commander Charles Samson ) which arrived at Tenedos at the end of March . The aircraft were unopposed by the small Ottoman air force at first and during the planning , the force had been used to provide aerial reconnaissance , although this ultimately proved inadequate to meet the Allies ' intelligence needs and make up for the lack of adequate maps . After the landings , Allied aircraft conducted photographic reconnaissance , observed naval gunfire , reported on Ottoman troop movements and conducted a small number of bombing raids . Anzac Cove ( edit ) Allocated the northern landing , Birdwood 's force included the 1st Australian Division ( Major General William Bridges ) and the New Zealand and Australian Division ( Major General Sir Alexander Godley ) , a force of about 25,000 men . The force was to land and advance inland to cut the lines of communication to the Ottoman forces in the south . The 1st Australian Division would land first , with the 3rd Infantry Brigade first as a covering force moving inland to establish positions on Gun Ridge . The 2nd Infantry Brigade was to follow and to capture the higher ground on Sari Bair . The 1st Infantry Brigade would land last as the divisional reserve . The New Zealand and Australian Division was to come ashore and form up to advance across the peninsula . The force was to assemble at night and land at dawn to surprise the defenders and on the evening of 24 April , the covering force embarked on battleships and destroyers , with the follow on forces in on transports . The troops would disembark from the transports into ships ' boats and be towed close to the shore by steamboats and then row ashore . Landing of the covering force from battleships ( red ) and destroyers ( orange ) at Anzac Cove , 25 April 1915 At 04 : 00 on the morning of 25 April the first wave of troops from the 3rd Brigade began moving towards the shore on lighters and the ships ' boats . The covering force landed approximately 1.2 miles ( 2 km ) too far north , in a bay just south of Ari Burnu , due to undetected currents or a navigational error . The landing was more difficult , over ground which rose steeply from the beaches , unlike the objective to the south , which was more open . The landing site was garrisoned by only two Ottoman companies but from positions on commanding ground the Ottomans inflict numerous casualties on the Australians before being overcome . The broken terrain prevented a coordinated drive inland , with the Australians on unfamiliar ground and with inaccurate maps . In the maze of steep ravines , spurs and dense scrub , Australian parties that got forward quickly lost contact and were broken up into small groups . Some Australian troops reached the second ridge but fewer still reached their objectives and having become dispersed , the covering force could provide little support to the follow - up force . The 1st and 2nd Brigades , then the New Zealand and Australian Division , landed on the beaches around Ari Burnu but became entangled , which took time to reorganise . About four hours after the landings began , the bulk of the 1st Australian Division was ashore safely and its leading elements were pushing inland . By mid-morning Kemal had reorganised the defenders for a counter-attack on the commanding heights of Chunuk Bair and Sari Bair . The right flank of the small lodgement taken by the Australians was driven in at 10 : 30 a.m. , with most of 400 Plateau being lost . During the afternoon and evening the left flank was pushed back from Baby 700 and the Nek . By evening , Bridges and Godley recommended re-embarkation ; Birdwood agreed but after advice from the navy that re-embarkation was impossible , Hamilton ordered the troops dig - in instead . The Ottoman counter-attack was eventually repulsed and the Australians established a perimeter roughly from Walker 's Ridge in the north to Shell Green in the south . Anzac casualties on the first day numbered around 2,000 men killed or wounded . The failure to secure the high ground led to a tactical stalemate , with the landings contained by the defenders in a perimeter less than 1.2 mi ( 2 km ) long . The Australian submarine HMAS AE2 ( Lieutenant Commander Henry Stoker ) penetrated the Straits on the night of 24 / 25 April . As landings began at Cape Helles and Anzac Cove at dawn on 25 April , AE2 reached Chanak by 06 : 00 and torpedoed a Turkish gunboat believed to be a Peyk - i Şevket - class cruiser and evaded a destroyer . The submarine ran aground beneath a Turkish fort but the Ottoman gunners could not bring their guns to bear and AE2 was manoeuvred free . Shortly after refloating , the periscope was sighted by a Turkish battleship firing over the peninsula at Allied landing sites and the ship ceased fire and withdrew . AE2 advanced toward the Sea of Marmara and at 08 : 30 Stoker decided to rest the boat on the seabed until nightfall . At around 21 : 00 , AE2 surfaced to recharge batteries and sent a wireless report to the fleet . The landing at Cape Helles was going well but the landing at Anzac Cove was not as successful and the Anzac commander , Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood , contemplated the re-embarkation of his troops . The success of AE2 was a consideration in Birdwood deciding to persist and reports about AE2 were relayed to the soldiers ashore to improve morale . Stoker was ordered to `` generally run amok '' and with no enemies in sight , he sailed into the Sea of Marmara , where AE2 cruised for five days to give the impression of greater numbers and made several attacks against Ottoman ships , which failed because of mechanical problems with the torpedoes . Cape Helles ( edit ) The Helles landing was made by the 29th Division ( Major General Aylmer Hunter - Weston ) . The division landed on five beaches in an arc about the tip of the peninsula , named ' S ' , ' V ' , ' W ' , ' X ' and ' Y ' Beaches from east to west . On 1 May , the 29th Indian Brigade ( including the 1 / 6th Gurkha Rifles ) landed , took and secured Sari Bair above the landing beaches and was joined by the 1st / 5th and the 2nd / 10th Gurkha battalions ; the Zion Mule Corps landed at Helles on 27 April . At ' Y ' Beach , during the first engagement , the First Battle of Krithia , the Allies landed unopposed and advanced inland . There were only a small number of defenders in the village but lacking orders to exploit the position , the ' Y ' Beach commander withdrew his force to the beach . It was as close as the Allies ever came to capturing the village as the Ottomans brought up a battalion of the 25th Regiment , checking any further movement . Cape Helles landing beaches The main landings were made at ' V ' Beach , beneath the old Seddülbahir fortress and at ' W ' Beach , a short distance to the west on the other side of the Helles headland . The covering force of Royal Munster Fusiliers and Hampshires landed from a converted collier , SS River Clyde , which was run aground beneath the fortress so that the troops could disembark along ramps . The Royal Dublin Fusiliers landed at ' V ' Beach and the Lancashire Fusiliers at ' W ' Beach in open boats , on a shore overlooked by dunes and obstructed with barbed wire . On both beaches the Ottoman defenders occupied good defensive positions and inflicted many casualties on the British infantry as they landed . Troops emerging one by one from sally ports on River Clyde were shot by machine - gunners at the Seddülbahir fort and of the first 200 soldiers to disembark , 21 men reached the beach . The Ottoman defenders were too few to defeat the landing but inflicted many casualties and contained the attack close to the shore . By the morning of 25 April , out of ammunition and with nothing but bayonets to meet the attackers on the slopes leading up from the beach to the heights of Chunuk Bair , the 57th Infantry Regiment received orders from Kemal `` I do not order you to fight , I order you to die . In the time which passes until we die , other troops and commanders can come forward and take our places . '' and every man of the regiment was either killed or wounded . At ' W ' Beach , thereafter known as Lancashire Landing , the Lancashires were able to overwhelm the defenders despite the loss of 600 casualties from 1,000 men , about 70 percent casualties . Six awards of the Victoria Cross were made among the Lancashires at ' W ' Beach . A further six Victoria Crosses were awarded among the infantry and sailors at the ' V ' Beach landing and three more were awarded the following day as they fought their way inland . Five squads of Ottoman infantry led by Sergeant Yahya distinguished themselves by repulsing several attacks on their hilltop position , the defenders eventually disengaging under cover of darkness . After the landings , so few men remained from the Dublin and Munster Fusiliers that they were amalgamated into The Dubsters . Only one Dubliner officer survived the landing , while of the 1,012 Dubliners who landed , just 11 survived the Gallipoli campaign unscathed . After the landings , little was done by the Allies to exploit the situation , apart from a few limited advances inland by small groups of men . The Allied attack lost momentum and the Ottomans had time to bring up reinforcements and rally the small number of defending troops . Land campaign ( edit ) Early Battles ( edit ) Anzac , the landing 1915 by George Lambert , 1922 shows the landing at Anzac Cove , 25 April 1915 On the afternoon of 27 April , the 19th Division , reinforced by six battalions from the 5th Division , counter-attacked the six Allied brigades at Anzac . With the support of naval gunfire , the Allies held back the Ottomans throughout the night . The following day the British were joined by French troops transferred from Kum Kale on the Asiatic shore to the right of the line near ' S ' Beach at Morto Bay . On 28 April , the Allies fought the First Battle of Krithia to capture the village . Hunter - Weston made a plan which proved overly complex and was poorly communicated to the commanders in the field . The troops of the 29th Division were still exhausted and unnerved by the battles for the beaches and for Seddülbahir village , which was captured after much fighting on 26 April . The Ottoman defenders stopped the Allied advance halfway between the Helles headland and Krithia around 6 : 00 p.m. , having inflicted 3,000 casualties . As Ottoman reinforcements arrived , the possibility of a swift Allied victory on the peninsula disappeared and the fighting at Helles and Anzac became a battle of attrition . On 30 April , the Royal Naval Division ( Major General Archibald Paris ) landed . The same day , Kemal , believing that the Allies were on the verge of defeat , began moving troops forward through Wire Gulley , near the 400 Plateau and Lone Pine . Eight battalions of reinforcements were dispatched from Constantinople a day later and that afternoon , Ottoman troops counter-attacked at Helles and Anzac . The Ottomans briefly broke through in the French sector but the attacks were repulsed by massed Allied machine - gun fire , which inflicted many casualties on the attackers . The following night , Birdwood ordered the New Zealand and Australian Division to attack from Russell 's Top and Quinn 's Post towards Baby 700 . The Australian 4th Infantry Brigade ( Colonel John Monash ) , the New Zealand Infantry Brigade and Royal Marines from the Chatham Battalion took part in the attack . Covered by a naval and artillery barrage , the troops advanced a short distance during the night but got separated in the dark . The attackers came under massed small - arms fire from their exposed left flank and were repulsed , having suffered about 1,000 casualties . HMAS AE2 On 30 April , the submarine AE2 began to rise uncontrollably and surfaced near the Ottoman torpedo boat Sultanhisar , then dropped precipitously below the safe diving depth , then broke the surface again at the stern . Sultanhisar immediately fired on the submarine , puncturing the pressure hull . Stoker ordered the company to abandon ship , scuttled the submarine and the crew was taken prisoner . AE2 's achievements showed that it was possible to force the Straits and soon Ottoman communications were badly disrupted by British and French submarine operations . On 27 April , HMS E14 ( Lieutenant Commander Edward Boyle ) , entered the Sea of Marmara on a three - week patrol , which became one of the most successful Allied naval actions of the campaign , in which four ships were sunk , including the transport Gul Djemal which was carrying 6,000 troops and a field battery to Gallipoli . While the quantity and value of the shipping sunk was minor , the effect on Ottoman communications and morale was significant ; Boyle was awarded the Victoria Cross . Following the success of AE2 and E14 , the French submarine Joule attempted the passage on 1 May but struck a mine and was lost with all hands . ( Several weeks earlier another French boat , Saphir , had been lost after running aground near Nagara Point . ) Operations : May 1915 ( edit ) On 5 May , the 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Division was dispatched from Egypt . Believing Anzac to be secure , Hamilton moved the Australian 2nd Infantry Brigade and the New Zealand Infantry Brigade , along with 20 Australian field guns , to the Helles front as reserves for the Second Battle of Krithia . Involving a force of 20,000 men , it was the first general attack at Helles and was planned for daylight . French troops were to capture Kereves Dere and the British , Australians and New Zealanders were assigned Krithia and Achi Baba . After 30 minutes of artillery preparation , the assault began at mid-morning on 6 May . The British and French advanced along the Gully , Fir Tree , Krithia and Kereves spurs which were separated by deep gullies , fortified by the Ottomans . As the attackers advanced , they became separated when trying to outflank Ottoman strongpoints and found themselves in unfamiliar terrain . Under artillery and then machine - gun fire from Ottoman outposts that had not been spotted by British aerial reconnaissance , the attack was stopped ; next day , reinforcements resumed the advance . Ottoman machine - gun teams equipped with MG 08s The attack continued on 7 May and four battalions of New Zealanders attacked up Krithia Spur on 8 May ; with the 29th Division the attackers managed to reach a position just south of the village . Late in the afternoon , the Australian 2nd Brigade advanced quickly over open ground to the British front line . Amidst small arms and artillery - fire , the brigade charged towards Krithia and gained 600 metres ( 660 yd ) , about 400 metres ( 440 yd ) short of the objective , with 1,000 casualties . Near Fir Tree Spur , the New Zealanders managed to get forward and link up with the Australians , although the British were held up and the French were exhausted , despite having occupied a point overlooking their objective . The attack was suspended and the Allies dug in , having failed to take Krithia or Achi Baba . A brief period of consolidation followed ; the Allies had almost run out of ammunition , particularly for the artillery and both sides consolidated their defences . The Ottomans relieved troops opposite the Australian line , which was reinforced by the Australian Light Horse operating as infantry . Sporadic fighting continued , with sniping , grenade attacks and raids , the opposing trenches separated in places by only a few metres . The Australians lost a number of officers to sniping , including the commander of the 1st Division , Major General William Bridges , who was wounded while inspecting a 1st Light Horse Regiment position near `` Steele 's Post '' and died of his injuries on the hospital ship HMHS Gascon on 18 May . Ottoman counter-offensive : 19 May ( edit ) Main article : Third attack on Anzac Cove On 19 May , 42,000 Ottoman troops launched an attack at Anzac to push the 17,000 Australians and New Zealanders back into the sea . Short of artillery and ammunition , the Ottomans intended to rely on surprise and weight of numbers but on 18 May , the crews of a flight of British aircraft spotted the Ottoman preparations . The Ottomans suffered c. 13,000 casualties in the attack , of which 3,000 men were killed ; Australian and New Zealand casualties were 160 killed and 468 wounded . The dead included a stretcher bearer , John Simpson Kirkpatrick , whose efforts to evacuate wounded men on a donkey while under fire became famous amongst the Australians at Anzac ; afterwards , his story becoming part of the Australian narrative of the campaign . Ottoman losses were so severe that a truce was organised by Aubrey Herbert and others on 24 May , to bury the dead lying in no man 's land , which led to a camaraderie between the armies , much like the Christmas truce of 1914 on the Western Front . The truce was not repeated formally . Esat Pasha delivering orders to the batteries at Anzac Cove The British advantage in naval artillery diminished after the battleship HMS Goliath was torpedoed on 13 May by Ottoman destroyer Muâvenet - i Millîye . A German submarine , U-21 , sank HMS Triumph on 25 May and HMS Majestic on 27 May . More British reconnaissance patrols were flown around Gallipoli and U-21 was forced to leave the area but ignorant of this , the Allies withdrew most of their warships to Imbros , where they were `` protectively tethered '' between sorties , which greatly reduced Allied naval firepower , particularly in the Helles sector . The submarine HMS E11 ( Lieutenant Commander Martin Nasmith , later awarded a Victoria Cross ) passed through the Dardanelles on 18 May and sank or disabled eleven ships , including three on 23 May , before entering Constantinople harbour , firing on a transport alongside the arsenal , sinking a gunboat and damaging the wharf . The Ottoman forces lacked artillery ammunition and field batteries were only able to fire c. 18,000 shells between early May and the first week of June . After the defeat of the counter-attack at Anzac in mid-May , the Ottoman forces ceased frontal assaults . Late in the month , the Ottomans began tunnelling around `` Quinn 's Post '' in the Anzac sector and early in the morning of 29 May , despite Australian counter-mining , detonated a mine and attacked with a battalion from the 14th Regiment . The Australian 15th Battalion was forced back but counter-attacked and recaptured the ground later in the day , before being relieved by New Zealand troops . Operations at Anzac in early June returned to consolidation , minor engagements and skirmishing with grenades and sniper - fire . Operations : June -- July 1915 ( edit ) A French colonial gunners in action with a 75 mm gun , near Seddülbahir during the Third Battle of Krithia , 4 June 1915 In the Helles sector , which had been extensively entrenched by both sides , the Allies attacked Krithia and Achi Baba again , in the Third Battle of Krithia on 4 June , with the 29th Division , Royal Naval Division , 42nd Division and two French divisions . The attack was repulsed and with it , the possibility of a decisive breakthrough ended ; trench warfare resumed , with objectives being measured in hundreds of yards . Casualties were approximately 25 percent on both sides ; the British lost 4,500 from 20,000 men and the French 2,000 casualties from 10,000 troops . Ottoman losses were 9,000 casualties according to the Turkish Official History and 10,000 according to another account . In June , a seaplane carrier HMS Ben - my - Chree arrived and the Allied air effort increased from a squadron to No. 3 Wing RNAS . The 52nd ( Lowland ) Division also landed at Helles in preparation for the Battle of Gully Ravine , which began on 28 June and achieved a local success , which advanced the British line along the left ( Aegean ) flank of the battlefield . Sanders credited the defence to two Ottoman officers , Faik Pasa and Albay Refet . On 30 June , the French commander , Henri Gouraud who had earlier replaced Albert d'Amade , was wounded and replaced by his divisional commander , Maurice Bailloud . Between 1 and 5 July , the Ottomans counter-attacked the new British line several times but failed to regain the lost ground . Ottoman casualties for the period were estimated at 14,000 men . On 12 July , two fresh brigades from the 52nd Division attacked at the centre of the line along Achi Baba Nullah ( Bloody Valley ) , gained very little ground and lost 2,500 casualties out of 7,500 men ; the Royal Naval Division had 600 casualties and French losses were 800 men . Ottoman losses were about 9,000 casualties and 600 prisoners . At sea , the submarine E14 made two voyages into the Marmara . The third tour began on 21 July , when E14 passed through the straits despite a new anti-submarine net placed near the Narrows . The next attempt was made by Mariotte on 27 July , which was caught in the net , forced to the surface and bombarded by shore batteries ; Mariotte was scuttled . On 8 August , E11 torpedoed the battleship Barbaros Hayreddin with the loss of 253 men and sank a gunboat , seven transports and 23 sailing vessels . August offensive ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Sari Bair , Battle of Krithia Vineyard , Battle of Lone Pine , Battle of Chunuk Bair , Battle of the Nek , Battle of Scimitar Hill , and Battle of Hill 60 ( Gallipoli ) Australian light horseman using a periscope rifle The failure of the Allies to capture Krithia or make any progress on the Helles front , led Hamilton to form a new plan to secure the Sari Bair Range of hills at the Battle of Sari Bair and capture high ground on Hill 971 in the Battle of Chunuk Bair . Both sides had been reinforced , the original five Allied divisions having been increased to fifteen and first six Ottoman divisions to sixteen . The Allies planned to land two fresh infantry divisions from IX Corps at Suvla , 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) north of Anzac , followed by an advance on Sari Bair from the north - west . At Anzac , an offensive would be made against the Sari Bair range by advancing through rough and thinly defended terrain , north of the Anzac perimeter . This would be achieved by an attack on Baby 700 from the Nek by dismounted Australian light horsemen from the 3rd Light Horse Brigade , in concert with an attack on Chunuk Bair summit by New Zealanders from the New Zealand Infantry Brigade , who would traverse Rhododendron Ridge , the Apex and the Farm . Hill 971 would be attacked by Gurkhas of the 29th Indian Brigade and the Australians of the 4th Infantry Brigade . The Allies had 40 aircraft , mainly from 3 Wing RNAS at Imbros , which had replaced its Voisins with Farmans and Nieuport Xs ; Escadrille MF98T had also been established at Tenedos . The Ottomans had 20 aircraft , of which eight were stationed at Çanakkale . Allied aircraft made reconnaissance flights , spotted for naval guns and conducted low - level bombing of Ottoman reserves as they were brought up to the battlefield . Allied aircraft also undertook anti-shipping operations in the Gulf of Saros , where a seaplane from HMS Ben - my - Chree sank an Ottoman tug with an air - launched torpedo . Captain Leslie Morshead in a trench at Lone Pine after the battle , looking at Australian and Ottoman dead on the parapet The landing at Suvla Bay took place on the night of 6 August against light opposition ; the British commander , Lieutenant General Frederick Stopford , had limited his early objectives and then failed to forcefully push his demands for an advance inland and little more than the beach was seized . The Ottomans were able to occupy the Anafarta Hills , preventing the British from penetrating inland , which contained the landings and reduced the Suvla front to static trench warfare . The offensive was preceded on the evening of 6 August by diversions , at Helles , where the Battle of Krithia Vineyard became another costly stalemate . At Anzac , the diversionary Battle of Lone Pine , led by the Australian 1st Infantry Brigade , captured the main Ottoman trench line , to divert Ottoman forces but the attacks at Chunuk Bair and Hill 971 failed . The New Zealand Infantry Brigade came within 500 metres ( 550 yd ) of the near peak of Chunuk Bair by dawn on 7 August but was not able to seize the summit until the following morning . On the morning of 7 August , the Australian 3rd Light Horse Brigade attacked on a narrow front at the Nek , to coincide with the New Zealand attack from Chunuk Bair against the rear of the Ottoman defences . The opening artillery barrage lifted seven minutes too soon , which alerted the Ottomans and the attack was a costly failure . An attack on Hill 971 never took place after the Australian 4th Infantry Brigade and an Indian brigade lost direction during the night . Attempts to resume the attack were easily repulsed by the Ottoman defenders , at great cost to the Allies . The New Zealanders held out on Chunuk Bair for two days before being relieved by two New Army battalions from the Wiltshire and Loyal North Lancashire Regiments but an Ottoman counterattack on 10 August , led by Mustafa Kemal , swept them from the heights . Of 760 men in the New Zealand Wellington Battalion who reached the summit , 711 became casualties . With the Ottoman recapture of the ground , the Allies ' best chance of victory was lost . The Suvla landing was reinforced by the arrival of the 10th ( Irish ) Division on 7 August , the 53rd ( Welsh ) Division , which began landing on 8 August , the 54th ( East Anglian ) Division arriving late on 10 August and the dismounted yeomanry of the 2nd Mounted Division on 18 August . On 12 August the 54th Division attacked Kavak Tepe and Tekke Tepe , crossing the Anafarta Plain . The attack failed and Hamilton briefly considered the evacuation of Suvla and Anzac . Australian troops charging an Ottoman trench , just before the evacuation at Anzac Elements of the new Australian 2nd Division began arriving at Anzac from Egypt with the 5th Infantry Brigade landing from 19 -- 20 August and the 6th Brigade and 7th Brigade arriving in early September . The 29th Division was also shifted from Helles to Suvla . The final British attempt to resuscitate the offensive came on 21 August , in the Battle of Scimitar Hill and the Battle of Hill 60 . Control of the hills would have united the Anzac and Suvla fronts but the attacks failed . On 17 August , Hamilton had requested another 95,000 troops but a day earlier , the French had announced plans to Kitchener for an autumn offensive in France . A meeting of the Dardanelles Committee on 20 August determined that the French offensive would be supported by a maximum effort , which left only about 25,000 reinforcements for the Dardanelles . On 23 August , after news of the failure at Scimitar Hill , Hamilton went onto the defensive as Bulgarian entry into the war , which would allow the Germans to rearm the Turkish army , was imminent and left little opportunity for the resumption of offensive operations . On 20 September 1915 , the Newfoundland Regiment was deployed at Suvla Bay with the 29th Division . On 25 September , Kitchener detached two British and one French division for service in Salonika in Greece , which was the beginning of the end of the Allied campaign at Gallipoli . Alan Moorehead wrote that during the stalemate , an old Ottoman batman was regularly permitted to hang his platoon 's washing on the barbed wire undisturbed and that there was a `` constant traffic '' of gifts being thrown across no - man 's land , dates and sweets from the Ottoman side and cans of beef and packs of cigarettes from the Allied side . Conditions at Gallipoli grew worse for everyone as summer heat and poor sanitation resulted in an explosion in the fly population . Eating became extremely difficult as unburied corpses became bloated and putrid . The precarious Allied lodgements were poorly situated , which caused supply and shelter problems . A dysentery epidemic spread through the Allied trenches at Anzac and Helles , while the Ottomans also suffered heavily from disease which resulted in many deaths . Evacuation ( edit ) The Serbian defeat in the Serbian Campaign in autumn 1915 , prompted France and Britain to transfer troops from the Gallipoli Campaign to Greek Macedonia . The Macedonian Front was established to support the remnants of the Serbian army to conquer Vardar Macedonia . After the failure of the August Offensive , the Gallipoli campaign drifted . Ottoman success began to affect public opinion in Britain , with criticism of Hamilton 's performance being smuggled out by Keith Murdoch , Ellis Ashmead - Bartlett and other reporters . Stopford and other dissident officers also contributed to the air of gloom and the possibility of evacuation was raised on 11 October 1915 . Hamilton resisted the suggestion , fearing the damage to British prestige but was sacked shortly afterwards and replaced by Lieutenant General Sir Charles Monro . Autumn and winter brought relief from the heat but also led to gales , blizzards and flooding , resulting in men drowning and freezing to death , while thousands suffered frostbite . Troops from the Royal Irish Fusiliers serving in Gallipoli in Autumn 1915 On 4 September , the submarine E7 was caught in the Ottoman anti-submarine net as it began another tour . Despite such reverses , by mid-September , Allied nets and mines had closed the eastern entrance to the Dardanelles to German U-boats and U-21 was thwarted when it tried to pass the straits to Constantinople on 13 September . The first French submarine to enter the Sea of Marmara was Turquoise but it was forced to turn back ; on 30 October , when returning through the straits , it ran aground beneath a fort and was captured intact . The crew of 25 were taken prisoner and documents detailing planned Allied operations were discovered , including a scheduled rendezvous with HMS E20 on 6 November . The rendezvous was kept by the German U-boat U-14 instead , which torpedoed and sank E20 , killing all but nine of the crew . The situation at Gallipoli was complicated by Bulgaria joining the Central Powers . In early October 1915 , the British and French opened a second Mediterranean front at Salonika , by moving three divisions from Gallipoli and reducing the flow of reinforcements . A land route between Germany and the Ottoman Empire through Bulgaria was opened and the Germans rearmed the Ottomans with heavy artillery capable of devastating Allied trenches , especially on the confined front at Anzac , modern aircraft and experienced crews . In late November , an Ottoman crew in a German Albatros C.I shot down a French aircraft over Gaba Tepe and the Austro - Hungarian 36 . Haubitzbatterie and 9 . Motormörserbatterie artillery units arrived , providing a substantial reinforcement of the Ottoman artillery . Monro recommended evacuation to Kitchener , who in early November visited the eastern Mediterranean . After consulting with the commanders of VIII Corps at Helles , IX Corps at Suvla and Anzac , Kitchener agreed with Monro and passed his recommendation to the British Cabinet , who confirmed the decision to evacuate in early December . Due to the narrowness no man 's land and the harsh winter weather , many casualties were anticipated during the embarkation . The untenable nature of the Allied position was made apparent by a heavy rainstorm on 26 November 1915 . The downpour at Suvla lasted for three days and there was a blizzard in early December . Rain flooded trenches , drowned soldiers and washed unburied corpses into the lines ; the following snow killed still more men from exposure . Suvla and Anzac were to be evacuated in late December , the last troops leaving before dawn on 20 December . Troop numbers had been slowly reduced since 7 December and ruses , such as William Scurry 's self - firing rifle , which had been rigged to fire by water dripped into a pan attached to the trigger , were used to disguise the Allied departure . At Anzac Cove , troops maintained silence for an hour or more , until curious Ottoman troops ventured to inspect the trenches , whereupon the Anzacs opened fire . A mine was detonated at the Nek which killed 70 Ottoman soldiers . The Allied force was embarked , with the Australians suffering no casualties on the final night but large quantities of supplies and stores fell into Ottoman hands . W Beach , Helles , on 7 January 1916 just prior to the final evacuation Helles was retained for a period but a decision to evacuate the garrison was made on 28 December . Unlike the evacuation from Anzac Cove , Ottoman forces were looking for signs of withdrawal . Having used the interval to bring up reinforcements and supplies , Sanders mounted an attack on the British at Gully Spur on 7 January 1916 with infantry and artillery but the attack was a costly failure . Mines were laid with time fuzes and that night and on the night of 7 / 8 January , under the cover of a naval bombardment , the British troops began to fall back 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) from their lines to the beaches , where makeshift piers were used to board boats . The last British troops departed from Lancashire Landing around 04 : 00 on 8 January 1916 . The Newfoundland Regiment was part of the rearguard and withdrew on 9 January 1916 . Among the first to land , remnants of The Plymouth Battalion , Royal Marine Light Infantry were the last to leave the Peninsula . Despite predictions of up to 30,000 casualties , 35,268 troops , 3,689 horses and mules , 127 guns , 328 vehicles and 1,600 long tons ( 1,600 t ) of equipment were removed . 508 mules which could not be embarked were killed so as not to fall into Ottoman hands and 1,590 vehicles were left behind with smashed wheels . As at Anzac , large amounts of supplies ( including 15 British and six French unserviceable artillery pieces which were destroyed ) , gun carriages and ammunition were left behind ; hundreds of horses were slaughtered to deny them to the Ottomans . A sailor was killed by débris from a magazine that exploded prematurely and a lighter and a picket boat were lost . Shortly after dawn , the Ottomans retook Helles . In the final days of the campaign , Ottoman air defences had been increased by a German -- Ottoman fighter squadron , which began operations over the peninsula and inflicted the first British flying losses a couple of days after the evacuation of Helles , when three Fokker Eindeckers shot down two RNAS aircraft . Aftermath ( edit ) Military repercussions ( edit ) See also : Operation Hush Respect to Mehmetçik Monument ( Anzac soldier injured in the arms of Turkish troops ) Historians are divided about how they summarise the campaign 's result . Broadbent describes the campaign as `` a close - fought affair '' that was a defeat for the Allies , while Carlyon views the overall result as a stalemate . Peter Hart disagrees , arguing that the Ottoman forces `` held the Allies back from their real objectives with relative ease '' , while Haythornthwaite calls it a `` disaster for the Allies '' . The campaign did cause `` enormous damage to ... ( Ottoman ) national resources '' , and at that stage of the war the Allies were in a better position to replace their losses than the Ottomans , but ultimately the Allied attempt at securing a passage through the Dardanelles proved unsuccessful . While it diverted Ottoman forces away from other areas of conflict in the Middle East the campaign also consumed resources the Allies could have employed on the Western Front , and also resulted in heavy losses on the Allied side . The Allied campaign was plagued by ill - defined goals , poor planning , insufficient artillery , inexperienced troops , inaccurate maps and intelligence , overconfidence , inadequate equipment and logistics and tactical deficiencies at all levels . Geography also proved a significant factor . While the Allied forces possessed inaccurate maps and intelligence and proved unable to exploit the terrain to their advantage , the Ottoman commanders were able to utilise the high ground around the Allied landing beaches to position well - sited defences that limited the Allied forces ' ability to penetrate inland , confining them to narrow beaches . The campaign 's necessity remains the subject of debate , and the recriminations that followed were significant , highlighting the schism that had developed between military strategists who felt the Allies should focus on fighting on the Western Front and those that favoured trying to end the war by attacking Germany 's `` soft underbelly '' , its allies in the east . British and French submarine operations in the Sea of Marmara were the one significant area of success of the Gallipoli Campaign , forcing the Ottomans to abandon the sea as a transport route . Between April and December 1915 , nine British and four French submarines carried out 15 patrols , sinking one battleship , one destroyer , five gunboats , 11 troop transports , 44 supply ships and 148 sailing vessels at a cost of eight Allied submarines sunk in the strait or in the Sea of Marmara . During the campaign there was always one British submarine in the Sea of Marmara , sometimes two ; in October 1915 , there were four Allied submarines in the region . E2 left the Sea of Marmara on 2 January 1916 , the last British submarine in the region . Four E-class and five B - class submarines remained in the Mediterranean Sea following the evacuation of Helles . By this time the Ottoman navy had been all but forced to cease operations in the area , while merchant shipping had also been significantly curtailed . The official German naval historian , Admiral Eberhard von Mantey , later concluded that had the sea - lanes of communication been completely severed the Ottoman 5th Army would likely have faced catastrophe . As it was these operations were a source of significant anxiety , posing a constant threat to shipping and causing heavy losses , effectively dislocating Ottoman attempts to reinforce their forces at Gallipoli and shelling troop concentrations and railways . Gallipoli marked the end for Hamilton and Stopford but Hunter - Weston went on to lead VIII Corps on the first day of the Battle of the Somme . The competence of Australian brigade commanders , John Monash ( 4th Infantry Brigade ) and Harry Chauvel ( 1st Light Horse Brigade , New Zealand and Australian Division ) , was recognised by promotion to divisional and corps command . The influence of Kitchener waned after the coalition government was formed in May 1915 , partly because of the growing sense of failure in the Dardanelles and culminated in Kitchener being over-ruled on support for the French at Salonika in early December 1915 , when his influence on the Cabinet was at its lowest . The campaign gave confidence to the Ottomans in their ability to defeat the Allies . In Mesopotamia , the Turks surrounded a British expedition at Kut Al Amara , forcing their surrender in April 1916 . Ottoman forces in southern Palestine were poised to launch an attack against the Suez Canal and Egypt . Defeat at the Battle of Romani and lack of materials to complete the military railway , necessary for such an operation , marked the end of that ambition . The optimism which came from the victory at Gallipoli was replaced by a gathering sense of despair and the British remained on the offensive in the Middle East for the rest of the war . The Sphinx , one of the battlefield 's most distinctive physical landmarks The lessons of the campaign were studied by military planners prior to amphibious operations such as the Normandy Landings in 1944 and during the Falklands War in 1982 . The lessons of the campaign influenced US Marine Corps amphibious operations during the Pacific War and continues to influence US amphibious doctrine . In 1996 , Theodore Gatchel wrote that between the wars , the campaign `` became a focal point for the study of amphibious warfare '' in Britain and United States . In 2008 , Glenn Wahlert wrote that Gallipoli involved `` all four types of amphibious operations : the raid , demonstration , assault and withdrawal '' . Russell Weigley wrote that analysis of the campaign before the Second World War led to `` a belief among most of the armed forces of the world '' that amphibious assaults could not succeed against modern defences and that despite landings in Italy , Tarawa and the Gilberts , arguably this perception continued until Normandy in June 1944 . Hart wrote that despite the pessimistic analyses after 1918 , the situation after 1940 meant that landings from the sea were unavoidable and it was only after Normandy that the belief that opposed landings were futile , was overcome. The memory of Gallipoli weighed heavily upon the Australians during the planning of the Huon Peninsula campaign in late 1943 . In September , the Australians made their first opposed amphibious landing since Gallipoli at the Battle of Finschhafen in New Guinea . The landing was hampered by navigational errors and troops came ashore on the wrong beaches but they had been trained according to the lessons of Gallipoli and quickly reorganised to push inland . Political effects ( edit ) Political repercussions in Britain had begun during the battle , Fisher resigned in May after bitter conflict with Churchill . The crisis that followed after the Conservatives learned that Churchill would be staying , forced the Prime Minister H.H. Asquith to end his Liberal Government and form a Coalition Government with the Conservative Party . The Asquith government responded to the disappointment and outrage over Gallipoli and Kut by establishing commissions of inquiry into both episodes , which had done much to `` destroy its faltering reputation for competence '' . The Dardanelles Commission was set up to investigate the failure of the expedition , the first report being issued in 1917 , with the final report published in 1919 . Following the failure of the Dardanelles expedition , Sir Ian Hamilton , commander of the MEF , was recalled to London in October 1915 , ending his military career . Churchill was demoted from First Lord of the Admiralty as a condition of Conservative entry to the coalition but remained in the Cabinet in the sinecure of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . Churchill resigned in November 1915 and left London for the Western Front , where he commanded an infantry battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers early in 1916 . Asquith was partly blamed for Gallipoli and other disasters and was overthrown in December 1916 , when David Lloyd George proposed a war council under his authority , with the Conservatives in the coalition threatening to resign unless the plan was implemented . After failure to reach agreement , Lloyd George and then Asquith resigned , followed by Lloyd George becoming Prime Minister . Lloyd George formed a new government , from which Churchill , active again in the House of Commons from June 1916 , was excluded because of Conservative opposition . In the summer of 1917 , Churchill was eventually appointed to the cabinet - level post of Minister of Munitions but not to the War Cabinet . The final report of the Commission was issued in 1919 , concluding that with the forces available , success was dependent on the government giving priority to the expedition and leaving the British Expeditionary Force in France to make do . The Commissioners found that Hamilton had been over-optimistic from the beginning and had added to Stopford 's difficulties on 8 August 1915 . Hamilton emerged from the investigation more favourably than perhaps was justified , partly because he made devious attempts to gain collusion from witnesses and obtain leaks from the deliberations of the Commission ; Hamilton was never given another army appointment . Casualties ( edit ) See also : List of war cemeteries and memorials on the Gallipoli Peninsula Gallipoli casualties ( not including illness ) Dead Wounded Missing or POW Total Ottoman Empire 56,643 97,007 11,178 164,828 United Kingdom 34,072 78,520 7,654 120,246 France 9,798 17,371 -- 27,169 Australia 8,709 19,441 -- 28,150 New Zealand 2,721 4,752 -- 7,473 British India 1,358 3,421 -- 4,779 Newfoundland 49 93 -- 142 Total Allies 56,707 123,598 7,654 187,959 Casualty figures for the campaign vary between sources but in 2001 , Erickson wrote that that in the Gallipoli Campaign over 100,000 men were killed , including 56,000 -- 68,000 Ottoman and around 53,000 British and French soldiers . Using the Ottoman Archives , Erickson estimated that Ottoman casualties in the Gallipoli Campaign were 56,643 men died from all causes , 97,007 troops were wounded or injured and 11,178 men went missing or were captured . In 2000 , McGibbon wrote that 2,721 New Zealanders had been killed , about a quarter of those who had initially landed on the peninsula . In 2001 , Carlyon gave figures of 43,000 British killed or missing , including 8,709 Australians . There were nearly 500,000 casualties during the campaign , with the British Official History listing losses including sick as 205,000 British , 47,000 French and 251,000 Ottoman troops ( with some Turkish ( sic ) sources referring to 350,000 casualties . ) Ottoman casualties have been disputed and in 2001 , Travers gave casualty figures of 2,160 officers and 287,000 other ranks ( battle and non-battle ) ; included among this may be 87,000 killed . The New Zealand official history contained an estimate of 251,000 Ottoman battle casualties including 86,692 dead . Sanders estimated that the Ottomans had 218,000 casualties , including 66,000 dead and that 42,000 wounded returned to duty . Sickness ( edit ) Many soldiers became sick due to insanitary conditions , especially from typhoid , dysentery and diarrhoea . The British Official History estimated that 90,000 British Empire soldiers and 20,000 French were evacuated for sickness during the campaign . A total of 145,154 British troops fell sick during the campaign , not counting troops from the Dominions or India ; of these , 3,778 died , exclusive of those evacuated . The sick were transported from Gallipoli to hospitals in Egypt and Malta as quickly as possible as bases in the area of operations were insufficient . Approximately 2.84 percent of men removed as non-battle casualties died , against 0.91 percent in France and Flanders . The proportion of disease casualties to battle casualties was considerably higher in the Gallipoli Campaign than it was on the campaigns of the Western Front . The number of Ottoman troops evacuated sick is given in the British Official History as 64,440 . The largest cause of non-battle admissions to hospital for British troops was dysentery , with 29,728 men infected and another 10,383 men having diarrhoea . Other notable conditions were frostbite with 6,602 hospitalisations , gonorrhea 1,774 cases and rheumatic fever 6,556 cases . Allegations were made that Allied forces had attacked or bombarded Ottoman hospitals and hospital ships on several occasions between the start of the campaign and September 1915 . By July 1915 , 25 Ottoman hospitals had been build with 10,700 beds and three hospital ships were in the area . The French Government disputed these complaints through the Red Cross and the British response was that if it happened then it was accidental . Russia in turn claimed that the Ottomans had attacked two of their hospital ships , the Portugal and the Vperiod but the Ottoman Government responded that the vessels had been the victims of mines . No chemical weapons were used at Gallipoli , although the Allies debated their use throughout the campaign and transported quantities of gas to the theatre , which was used against Ottoman troops in the Middle Eastern theatre two years later , during the Second and Third battles of Gaza in 1917 . Graves and memorials ( edit ) Greek children standing by the bones of soldiers who died during the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign they have collected on Hill 60 , Anzac Cove in 1919 . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) is responsible for permanent cemeteries for all Commonwealth of Nations forces . There are 31 CWGC cemeteries on the Gallipoli peninsula : six at Helles ( plus the only solitary grave , that of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Doughty - Wylie VC , Royal Welch Fusiliers ) , four at Suvla and 21 at Anzac . For many of those killed or died on hospital ships and were buried at sea , there is no known grave ; their names are recorded on one of five `` memorials to the missing '' . The Lone Pine Memorial commemorates Australians killed in the Anzac sector , as well as New Zealanders with no known grave or who were buried at sea , while the Lone Pine , Hill 60 and Chunuk Bair memorials commemorate New Zealanders killed at Anzac . The Twelve Tree Copse Memorial commemorates the New Zealanders killed in the Helles sector , while British , Indian and Australian troops who died there are commemorated on the Helles Memorial at Cape Helles . British naval casualties who were lost or buried at sea are listed on memorials in the United Kingdom . There are two more CWGC cemeteries on the Greek island of Limnos , the first in the town of Moudros and the second in the village of Portianou . Limnos was the hospital base for the Allied forces and most of the buried were among the men who died of their wounds . There is a French cemetery on the Gallipoli Peninsula , located at Seddülbahir . There are no large Ottoman / Turkish military cemeteries on the peninsula but there are numerous memorials , the main ones being the Çanakkale Martyrs ' Memorial at Morto Bay , Cape Helles ( near ' S ' Beach ) , the Turkish Soldier 's Memorial on Chunuk Bair and the memorial and open - air mosque for the 57th Regiment near Quinn 's Post ( Bomba Sirt ) . There are a number of memorials and cemeteries on the Asian shore of the Dardanelles , demonstrating the greater emphasis that Turkish historians place on the victory of 18 March over the subsequent fighting on the peninsula . Subsequent operations ( edit ) Gallipoli campaign epitaph at Lone Pine Cemetery Allied troops were withdrawn to Lemnos and then to Egypt . French forces ( renamed the `` Corps Expeditionnaire des Dardanelles '' in late October ) were subsumed into the Army of the Orient and later employed at Salonika . In Egypt , the British Imperial and Dominion troops from the Dardanelles along with fresh divisions from the United Kingdom and those at Salonika , became the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force ( MEF ) , commanded by Lieutenant General Sir Archibald Murray . They joined the Force in Egypt to become the strategic reserve for the British Empire , consisting of 13 infantry and mounted divisions with 400,000 men . In March 1916 , Murray took command of both these forces , forming them into the new Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) and reorganising the units for service in Europe , Egypt and elsewhere in the Middle East . While the ANZAC was disbanded , the AIF was expanded with three new Australian divisions being raised and a New Zealand Division was also formed . These units moved to the Western Front in mid-1916 . The British yeomanry units that had fought dismounted at Gallipoli were reinforced and reorganised , forming the 74th ( Yeomanry ) Division and a portion of the 75th Division . Along with the Australian Light Horsemen and New Zealand Mounted Rifles remounted and reorganised into the Anzac Mounted Division , infantry from the 52nd ( Lowland ) Division , 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Division , 53rd ( Welsh ) Division and 54th ( East Anglian ) Division , later joined by additional remounted Australian Light Horsemen and British yeomanry from the Australian Mounted Division , participated in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign . The Egyptian Sinai was reoccupied in 1916 , while Palestine and the northern Levant were captured from the Ottoman Empire during 1917 and 1918 , before the Armistice of Mudros ended hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre on 31 October . The Allies subsequently occupied Gallipoli and Constantinople and partitioned the Ottoman Empire . The occupation ended in 1923 . Legacy ( edit ) The memorial at Anzac Cove , commemorating the loss of Ottoman and Anzac soldiers on the Gallipoli Peninsula The significance of the Gallipoli Campaign is felt strongly in both New Zealand and Australia , despite their being a small minority of the Allied forces ; the campaign is regarded in both nations as a `` baptism of fire '' and had been linked to their emergence as independent states . Approximately 50,000 Australians served at Gallipoli and from 14,000 to 17,000 New Zealanders . It has been argued that the campaign proved significant in the emergence of a unique Australian identity following the war , which has been closely linked to popular conceptualisations of the qualities of the soldiers that fought during the campaign , which became embodied in the notion of an `` Anzac spirit '' . The landing on 25 April is commemorated every year in both countries as `` Anzac Day '' . The first iteration was celebrated unofficially in 1916 , at churches in Melbourne , Brisbane and London , before being officially recognised as a public holiday in all Australian states in 1923 . The day also became a national holiday in New Zealand in the 1920s . Organised marches by veterans began in 1925 , in the same year a service was held on the beach at Gallipoli ; two years later the first official dawn service took place at the Sydney Cenotaph . During the 1980s , it became popular for Australian and New Zealand tourists to visit Gallipoli to attend the dawn service there and since then thousands have attended . Over 10,000 people attended the 75th anniversary along with political leaders from Turkey , New Zealand , Britain and Australia . Dawn services are also held in Australia ; in New Zealand , dawn services are the most popular form of observance of this day . Anzac Day remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in Australia and New Zealand , surpassing Remembrance Day ( Armistice Day ) . The Çanakkale Martyrs ' Memorial Along with memorials and monuments established in towns and cities , many streets , public places and buildings were named after aspects of the campaign , especially in Australia and New Zealand . Some examples include Gallipoli Barracks at Enoggera in Queensland , and the Armed Forces Armoury in Corner Brook , Newfoundland which is named the Gallipoli Armouries . Gallipoli also had a significant impact on popular culture , including in film , television and song . In 1971 , Scottish - born Australian folk singer - songwriter Eric Bogle wrote a song called And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda which consisted of an account from a young Australian soldier who was maimed during the Gallipoli Campaign . The song has been praised for its imagery , evoking the devastation at the Gallipoli landings . It remains widely popular and is considered by some to be the iconic anti-war song . In Turkey the battle is thought of as a significant event in the state 's emergence , although it is primarily remembered for the fighting that took place around the port of Çanakkale , where the Royal Navy was repulsed in March 1915 . For the Turks , 18 March has a similar significance as 25 April to Australians and New Zealanders , it is not a public holiday but is commemorated with special ceremonies . The campaign 's main significance to the Turkish people lies in the role it played in the emergence of Mustafa Kemal , who became the first president of the Republic of Turkey after the war . `` Çanakkale geçilmez '' ( Çanakkale is impassable ) became a common phrase to express the state 's pride at repulsing the attack and the song `` Çanakkale içinde '' ( A Ballad for Chanakkale ) commemorates the Turkish youth who fell during the battle . See also ( edit ) Çanakkale 1915 , a Turkish film based on some of the major political events of the Gallipoli Campaign . Timeline of the Gallipoli Campaign Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The operation would be complicated by having only five divisions , the rugged terrain of the peninsula , the small number of landing beaches and great difficulty in providing supplies . Later on , the MEF was supported by about 2,000 civilian labourers from the Egyptian and Maltese Labour Corps . Jump up ^ The 57th Regiment was not rebuilt and was not recreated in the Turkish Army . Jump up ^ The events of the day later gained significance , due to the loss of a company of the Norfolk Regiment . Having been recruited from men who worked on King George V 's Sandringham estate they were dubbed the Sandringham Company . After being isolated and destroyed during the 12 August attack it was rumoured that they had advanced into a mist and `` simply disappeared '' . This gave rise to legends that they had been executed or that they had been taken by some supernatural force but some members were later found to have been taken prisoner . Jump up ^ The enormous casualties at Gallipoli among Irish soldiers who had volunteered to fight in the British Army was a causal factor in the Irish War of Independence ; as balladeers sang , `` Twas better to die ' neath an Irish sky than in Suvla or Sedd el Bahr '' . Jump up ^ In November 1918 , the Canterbury Mounted Rifles and the 7th Light Horse from the Anzac Mounted Division , were sent to Gallipoli to `` monitor Turkish compliance with the terms of the Armistice '' . The 900 troopers camped at Camburnu near Kilid Bahr for three winter months and reconnoitred the Peninsula , identifying graves and inspecting Ottoman positions . The troopers returned to Egypt on 19 January 1919 , less 11 who had died and 110 who were sick in hospital . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Travers 2001 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Jung 2003 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Kurtuluş Savaşı Komutanları . ^ Jump up to : Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , p. 395 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , pp. 94 -- 95 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 32 , 38 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Balderstone & Bowan 2006 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : McGibbon 2000 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Howard 2002 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Howard 2002 , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 1 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , pp. 37 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Howard 2002 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 9 , 18 . ^ Jump up to : Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Howard 2002 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Holmes 2001 , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Strachan 2001 , pp. 678 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2013 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Tauber 1993 , pp. 22 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Corbett 2009 , pp. 158 , 166 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Strachan 2001 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 2013 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013a , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013a , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013a , pp. 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Fromkin 1989 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin 1962 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ James 1995 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013a , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Fromkin 1989 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 33 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Stevens 2001 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Doyle & Bennett 1999 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes 2001 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 2000 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Reagan 1992 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001b , p. 983 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle & Bennett 1999 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013b , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013b , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Butler 2011 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Kinross 1995 , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941a , p. 179 . Jump up ^ James 1995 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ James 1995 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ James 1995 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 154 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : James 1995 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 2013 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson 2007 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Life 1942 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 2000 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , pp. 50 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert 2013 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Coulthard - Clark 2001 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 227 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 228 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens 2001 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Jose 1941 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Frame 2004 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens 2001 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 315 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , pp. 232 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , p. xv . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001a , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1929 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Thys - Şenocak & Aslan 2008 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Perrett 2004 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 122 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 124 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 126 , 129 , 134 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Pitt & Young 1970 , pp. 918 -- 19 . Jump up ^ McCartney 2008 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Usborne 1933 , p. 327 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell 2010 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 131 , 136 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , pp. 137 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Grey 2008 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941b , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 149 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Burt 1988 , pp. 158 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Burt 1988 , pp. 131 , 276 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Brenchley & Brenchley 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Pitt & Young 1970 , p. 918 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001a , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 169 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , pp. 46 , 53 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert 2013 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Snelling 1995 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2009 , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Halpern 1995 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Hore 2006 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , pp. 271 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Ekins 2009 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : McGibbon 2000 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Coulthard - Clark 2001 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Coulthard - Clark 2001 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 442 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , pp. 248 , 286 , 312 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 2007 , pp. 155 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , pp. 363 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Moorehead 1997 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Hall 2010 , pp. 48 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Wahlert 2008 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 244 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 515 . Jump up ^ Pitt & Young 1970 , p. 919 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , pp. 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Baldwin 1962 , pp. 61 , 66 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 249 , 252 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert 2013 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Ben - Gavriel 1999 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 188 , 191 , 254 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 255 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Grey 2008 , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Hart 2007 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001a , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 526 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 2005 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 2007 , p. 480 . Jump up ^ Lockhart 1950 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Corbett 2009 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 268 , 269 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 518 . ^ Jump up to : Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Doyle & Bennett 1999 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Hart 2007 , pp. 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Hart 2007 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , pp. 76 -- 78 . Jump up ^ O'Connell 2010 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Brenchley & Brenchley 2001 , pp. 113 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , pp. 233 , 270 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2004 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , pp. 100 , 107 . Jump up ^ Haythornthwaite 2004 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Cassar 2004 , pp. 202 -- 03 , 259 , 263 . Jump up ^ Baldwin 1962 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Pick 1990 , pp. 181 , 209 . Jump up ^ Pick 1990 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001a , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Wahlert 2008 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Gatchel 1996 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Weigley 2005 , pp. 393 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Hart 2013b , pp. 460 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Coates 1999 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Dexter 1961 , p. 454 . Jump up ^ Cassar 2004 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2005 , pp. 121 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 270 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes 2001 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2004 , p. 384 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1965 , pp. 103 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , pp. 297 -- 98 . Jump up ^ West 2016 , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : NZ History 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aspinall - Oglander 1992 , p. 484 . Jump up ^ Department of Veterans Affairs , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Lepetit , Tournyol du Clos & Rinieri 1923 , p. 549 . Jump up ^ Carlyon 2001 , p. 531 . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Harrison 2010 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Mitchell & Smith 1931 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Taskiran 2005 . Jump up ^ Sheffy 2005 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Falls & MacMunn 1996 , pp. 336 -- 37 , 341 , 349 . Jump up ^ Kinloch 2007 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ 2nd Light Horse Brigade 1918 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Powles & Wilkie 1922 , pp. 263 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Wahlert 2008 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Cape Helles Memorial . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Mudros Moslem Cemetery . Jump up ^ Portianos Military Cemetery . Jump up ^ Travers 2001 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941b , p. 905 . Jump up ^ Dutton 1998 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2005 , pp. 64 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Keogh & Graham 1955 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Wavell 1968 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Gullett 1941 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Perry 1988 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Griffith 1998 , pp. 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Keogh & Graham 1955 , pp. 122 , 124 . Jump up ^ Becke 1937 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Falls & MacMunn 1996 , pp. 160 -- 271 . Jump up ^ Grey 2008 , pp. 99 -- 100 , 117 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 405 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Falls 1930 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Holmes 2001 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Simkins , Jukes & Hickey 2003 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Williams 1999 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Coulthard - Clark 2001 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Green 2013 . Jump up ^ Ministry for Culture and Heritage 2016 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 37 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Anzac Day Today . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Wilson . Jump up ^ Jobson 2009 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ CBC News 2012 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , pp. 203 -- 07 , 424 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Dennis et al. 2008 , p. 426 . Jump up ^ Keane 2015 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Eren 2003 , p. 5 . References ( edit ) Books Aspinall - Oglander , Cecil Faber ( 1929 ) . Military Operations Gallipoli : Inception of the Campaign to May 1915 . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . I. London : Heinemann . OCLC 464479053 . Aspinall - Oglander , Cecil Faber ( 1992 ) ( 1932 ) . Military Operations Gallipoli : May 1915 to the Evacuation . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. II ( Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed . ) . London : Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89839 - 175 - 6 . Baldwin , Hanson ( 1962 ) . World War I : An Outline History . London : Hutchinson . OCLC 793915761 . Bean , Charles ( 1941a ) ( 1921 ) . The Story of ANZAC from the Outbreak of War to the End of the First Phase of the Gallipoli Campaign , May 4 , 1915 . Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 -- 1918 . I ( 11th ed . ) . Sydney : Angus and Robertson . OCLC 220878987 . Bean , Charles ( 1941b ) ( 1921 ) . The Story of Anzac from 4 May 1915 , to the Evacuation of the Gallipoli Peninsula . Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 -- 1918 . II ( 11th ed . ) . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 39157087 . Becke , Major Archibald Frank ( 1937 ) . Order of Battle of Divisions : The 2nd - Line Territorial Force Divisions ( 57th -- 69th ) with The Home - Service Divisions ( 71st -- 73rd ) and 74th and 75th Divisions . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . 2b . London : HMSO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 871167 - 00 - 9 . Ben - Gavriel , Moshe Ya'aqov ( 1999 ) . Wallas , Armin A. , ed . 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Sydney : Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7329 - 1089 - 1 . Cassar , George H. ( 2004 ) . Kitchener 's War : British Strategy from 1914 to 1916 . Lincoln , NE : Potomac Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 709 - 9 . Coates , John ( 1999 ) . Bravery Above Blunder : The 9th Australian Division at Finschhafen , Sattelberg and Sio . South Melbourne , VIC : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 550837 - 6 . Corbett , J.S. ( 2009 ) ( 1920 ) . Naval Operations ( PDF ) . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . I ( repr . Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed . ) . London : Longmans . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84342 - 489 - 5 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Corbett , J.S. ( 2009 ) ( 1923 ) . Naval Operations ( PDF ) . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence . III ( Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed . ) . 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A Military History of Australia ( 3rd ed . ) . Port Melbourne : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69791 - 0 . Griffith , Paddy ( 1998 ) . British Fighting Methods in the Great War . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 3495 - 1 . Gullett , Henry Somer ( 1941 ) ( 1923 ) . The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine , 1914 -- 1918 . Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 -- 1918 . VII ( 10th ed . ) . Sydney , NSW : Angus and Robertson . OCLC 220901683 . Hall , Richard ( 2010 ) . Balkan Breakthrough : The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35452 - 5 . Halpern , Paul G. ( 1995 ) . A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 352 - 7 . Harrison , Mark ( 2010 ) . The Medical War : British Military Medicine in the First World War . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19957 - 582 - 4 . Hart , Peter ( 2013b ) ( 2011 ) . Gallipoli . 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The Royal Australian Navy , 1914 -- 1918 . Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 -- 1918 . IX ( 9th ed . ) . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 271462423 . Jung , Peter ( 2003 ) . Austro - Hungarian Forces in World War I. Part 1 . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 594 - 5 . Keegan , John ( 1998 ) . The First World War . London : Pimlico . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 6645 - 9 . Keogh , Eustace ; Graham , Joan ( 1955 ) . Suez to Aleppo . Melbourne : Directorate of Military Training ( Wilkie ) . OCLC 220029983 . Kinloch , Terry ( 2007 ) . Devils on Horses : In the Words of the Anzacs in the Middle East 1916 -- 19 . Auckland , NZ : Exisle . OCLC 191258258 . Kinross , Patrick ( 1995 ) ( 1964 ) . Ataturk : The Rebirth of a Nation . London : Phoenix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 81376 - 7 . Lepetit , Vincent ; Tournyol du Clos , Alain ; Rinieri , Ilario ( 1923 ) . Ministere de la Guerre , Etat - Major de l'Armee , Service Historique , Les Armées Françaises dans la Grande Guerre ( Ministry of War , Staff of the Army , Historical Service , French Armies in the Great War ) ( in French ) . Tome VIII Premier Volume . Paris : Imprimerie Nationale . OCLC 491775878 . Lewis , Wendy ; Balderstone , Simon ; Bowan , John ( 2006 ) . Events That Shaped Australia . Frenchs Forest , NSW : New Holland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74110 - 492 - 9 . Lockhart , Sir Robert Hamilton Bruce ( 1950 ) . The Marines Were There : The Story of the Royal Marines in the Second World War . London : Putnam . OCLC 1999087 . McCartney , Innes ( 2008 ) . British Submarines of World War I. Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 334 - 6 . McGibbon , Ian , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History . Auckland , NZ : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 558376 - 2 . Mitchell , Thomas John ; Smith , G.M. ( 1931 ) . Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War . History of the Great War . Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence . London : HMSO . OCLC 14739880 . Moorehead , Alan ( 1997 ) ( 1956 ) . Gallipoli . Ware : Wordsworth . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85326 - 675 - 1 . Neillands , Robin ( 2004 ) ( 1998 ) . The Great War Generals on the Western Front 1914 -- 1918 . London Books : Magpie . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84119 - 863 - 7 . Nicholson , Gerald W.L. ( 2007 ) . The Fighting Newfoundlander . Carleton Library Series . 209 . McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3206 - 9 . O'Connell , John ( 2010 ) . Submarine Operational Effectiveness in the 20th Century ( 1900 -- 1939 ) . Part One . New York : Universe . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4502 - 3689 - 8 . Parker , John ( 2005 ) . The Gurkhas : The inside Story of the World 's Most Feared Soldiers . London : Headline Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1415 - 7 . Perrett , Bryan ( 2004 ) . For Valour : Victoria Cross and Medal of Honor Battles . London : Cassel Military Paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 36698 - 9 . Perry , Frederick ( 1988 ) . The Commonwealth Armies : Manpower and Organisation in Two World Wars . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 2595 - 2 . Pick , Walter Pinhas ( 1990 ) . `` Meissner Pasha and the Construction of Railways in Palestine and Neighbouring Countries '' . In Gilbar , Gad . Ottoman Palestine , 1800 -- 1914 : Studies in Economic and Social History . Leiden : Brill Archive . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 07785 - 0 . Pitt , Barrie ; Young , Peter ( 1970 ) . History of the First World War . III . London : B.P.C. OCLC 669723700 . Powles , C. Guy ; Wilkie , A. ( 1922 ) . The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine . Official History New Zealand 's Effort in the Great War . III . Auckland , NZ : Whitcombe & Tombs . OCLC 2959465 . Thys - Şenocak , Lucienne ; Aslan , Carolyn ( 2008 ) . Rakoczy , Lila , ed . The Archaeology of Destruction . Newcastle : Cambridge Scholars . pp. 29 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84718 - 624 - 9 . Reagan , Geoffrey ( 1992 ) . The Guinness Book of Military Anecdotes . Enfield : Guinness . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 519 - 0 . Simkins , Peter ; Jukes , Geoffrey ; Hickey , Michael ( 2003 ) . The First World War : The War to End All Wars . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 738 - 3 . Snelling , Stephen ( 1995 ) . VCs of the First World War : Gallipoli . Thrupp , Stroud : Gloucestershire Sutton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 905778 - 33 - 4 . Strachan , Hew ( 2003 ) ( 2001 ) . The First World War : To Arms . I. Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 926191 - 8 . Stevens , David ( 2001 ) . The Royal Australian Navy . The Australian Centenary History of Defence . III . South Melbourne , Victoria : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 555542 - 4 . Stevenson , David ( 2005 ) . 1914 -- 1918 : The History of the First World War . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 026817 - 1 . Taylor , Alan John Percivale ( 1965 ) . English History 1914 -- 1945 ( Pelican 1982 ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 821715 - 2 . Tauber , Eliezer ( 1993 ) . The Arab Movements in World War I. London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 4083 - 9 . Travers , Tim ( 2001 ) . Gallipoli 1915 . Stroud : Tempus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2551 - 1 . Usborne , Cecil ( 1933 ) . Smoke on the Horizon : Mediterranean Fighting , 1914 -- 1918 . London : Hodder and Stoughton . OCLC 221672642 . Wahlert , Glenn ( 2008 ) . Exploring Gallipoli : An Australian Army Battlefield Guide . Australian Army Campaign Series . 4 . Canberra : Army History Unit . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9804753 - 5 - 7 . Wavell , Field Marshal Earl ( 1968 ) ( 1933 ) . `` The Palestine Campaigns '' . In Sheppard , Eric William . A Short History of the British Army ( 4th ed . ) . London : Constable . OCLC 35621223 . Weigley , Russell F. ( 2005 ) . `` Normandy to Falaise : A Critique of Allied Operational Planning in 1944 '' . In Krause , Michael D. ; Phillips , R. Cody . Historical Perspectives of the Operational Art . Washington , D.C. : Center of Military History , United States Army . pp. 393 -- 414 . OCLC 71603395 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . West , Brad ( 2016 ) . War Memory and Commemoration . Memory Studies : Global Constellations . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 47245 - 511 - 6 . Williams , John ( 1999 ) . The ANZACS , the Media and the Great War . Sydney : UNSW Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86840 - 569 - 8 . Willmott , Hedley Paul ( 2009 ) . The Last Century of Sea Power : From Port Arthur to Chanak , 1894 -- 1922 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 00356 - 0 . Journals Doyle , Peter ; Bennett , Matthew ( 1999 ) . `` Military Geography : The Influence of Terrain in the Outcome of the Gallipoli Campaign , 1915 '' . The Geographical Journal . London : Royal Geographical Society . 165 ( 1 ( March ) ) : 12 -- 36 . ISSN 0016 - 7398 . doi : 10.2307 / 3060508 . Ekins , Ashley ( 2009 ) . `` Bloody Ridge : The Assault of Lone Pine '' . Wartime . Canberra : Australian War Memorial ( 47 ) : 12 -- 14 , 16 -- 18 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Erickson , Edward ( 2001b ) . `` Strength Against Weakness : Ottoman Military Effectiveness at Gallipoli , 1915 '' . The Journal of Military History . 65 ( 4 ) : 981 -- 1012 . ISSN 1543 - 7795 . JSTOR 2677626 . doi : 10.2307 / 2677626 . Gilbert , Greg ( 2013 ) . `` Air War Over the Dardanelles '' . Wartime . Canberra : Australian War Memorial ( 61 ) : 42 -- 47 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Hart , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` War is Helles : The Real Fight for Gallipoli '' . Wartime . Canberra : Australian War Memorial ( 38 ) : 10 -- 12 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Hart , Peter ( 2013a ) . `` The Day It All Went Wrong : The Naval Assault Before the Gallipoli Landings '' . Wartime . Canberra : Australian War Memorial ( 62 ) : 8 -- 13 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Hughes , Matthew ( 2005 ) . `` The French Army at Gallipoli '' . The RUSI Journal . 153 ( 3 ) : 64 -- 67 . ISSN 0307 - 1847 . Sheffy , Yigal ( 2005 ) . `` The Chemical Dimension of the Gallipoli Campaign : Introducing Chemical Warfare to the Middle East '' . War in History . Sage Publications . 12 ( 3 ) : 278 -- 317 . ISSN 1477 - 0385 . doi : 10.1191 / 0968344505wh317oa . Stevenson , Robert ( 2007 ) . `` The Forgotten First : The 1st Australian Division in the Great War and its Legacy '' ( PDF ) . Australian Army Journal . IV ( 1 ) : 185 -- 99 . OCLC 30798241 . Websites `` ANZAC Day 2010 -- The Gallipoli Campaign '' ( PDF ) . Australian Department of Veterans ' Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . `` Anzac Day Today '' . rsa.org.nz. 4 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2012 . `` AWM 4 - 10 - 2 - 47 2nd Light Horse Brigade War Diary November 1918 Appendix 3 '' ( pdf ) . Headquarters 2nd Light Horse Brigade . Retrieved 27 April 2013 . `` Cape Helles Memorial to the Missing '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Archived from the original on 12 July 2007 . Retrieved 3 December 2006 . `` Enumerating New Zealand Expeditionary Force Service on Gallipoli '' ( PDF ) . Manatū Taonga , the Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Ministry for Culture and Heritage ( MCH ) and the New Zealand Defence Force ( NZDF ) . 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . `` Gallipoli Casualties by Country '' . NZ History . New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Green , David ( 28 August 2013 ) . `` How Many New Zealanders Served on Gallipoli ? '' . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Keane , Daniel ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Eric Bogle : Australia 's anti-war balladeer reflects on his Anzac anthem and his upcoming trip to Gallipoli '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . `` Kurtuluş Savaşı Komutanları '' . canakkalesehitlik.net. 5 May 2015 . `` Lead Contamination Closes Corner Brook Armoury '' . CBC News . 12 January 2012 . `` Nazi Shell in Egypt Wounds One of British Empire 's Most Fabulous Soldiers '' . Life . 17 August 1942 . p. 28 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . `` Portianos Military Cemetery '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Taskiran , Cemalettin ( 18 March 2005 ) . `` Allied Attacks on Turkish Patients & Wounded '' . The Journal of the Turkish Weekly . Archived from the original on 15 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` West Mudros Moslem Cemetery '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Wilson , Ross . `` Street Names : The Local , National and International Memory of the First World War '' . World War I Centenary : Continuations and Beginnings . University of Oxford . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Basarin , Vecihi ; Basarin , Hatice Hurmuz ( 2008 ) . Beneath the Dardanelles : The Australian Submarine at Gallipoli . Crows Nest , NSW : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74175 - 595 - 4 . Baly , Lindsay ( 2003 ) . Horseman , Pass By : The Australian Light Horse in World War I. East Roseville , NSW : Simon & Schuster . OCLC 223425266 . Carlyon , Les ( 11 November 2004 ) . `` Australian War Memorial Anniversary Oration : Gallipoli in a Nation 's Remembrance '' . soundtrack and text . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Erickson , Edward J. ( 2007 ) . Gooch , John ; Reid , Brian Holden , eds . Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I : A Comparative Study . Military History and Policy . Abingdon , Oxon : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 96456 - 9 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2004 ) . The First World War : A Complete History . New York : Henry Holt and Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7617 - 2 . Hart , Peter ( 2011 ) . Gallipoli . London : Profile Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84668 - 159 - 2 . Kraaijestein , Martin ; Schulten , Paul ( 2009 ) . Het Epos van Gallipoli . Feiten , verhalen en mythen over de geallieerde aanval op Turkije tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog ( The Epic of Gallipoli . Facts , Stories and Myths about the Allied Attack on Turkey during World War I ) ( in Dutch ) . Soesterberg : Uitgeverij Aspekt . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5911 - 758 - 7 . Kyle , Roy ( 2003 ) . An Anzac 's Story . Camberwell : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 300187 - 4 . Laffin , John ( 1980 ) . Damn the Dardanelles ! : The Story of Gallipoli . London : Osprey . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 350 - X . OCLC 7770209 . Özdemir , H. ( 2008 ) ( 2005 ) . The Ottoman Army : Disease and Death on the Battlefield 1914 -- 1918 . Salt Lake City , UT : University of Utah Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60781 - 964 - 6 . Plowman , Peter ( 2013 ) . Voyage to Gallipoli . Kenthurst , NSW : Rosenberg . ISBN 978 - 1 - 922013 - 53 - 8 . Orr , Philip ( 2006 ) . Field of Bones : An Irish Division at Gallipoli . Dublin , Ireland : Lilliput Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84351 - 065 - 9 . Tyquin , Michael ( 1993 ) . Gallipoli : The Medical War . Sydney , NSW : University of New South Wales Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86840 - 189 - 8 . Uyar , Mesut ( 2015 ) . The Ottoman Defence Against The Anzac Landing . Australian Army Campaigns. 16 . Newport , NSW : Big Sky . ISBN 978 - 1 - 925275 - 01 - 8 . Waite , Fred ( 1919 ) . The New Zealanders at Gallipoli . Official History New Zealand 's Effort in the Great War . I. Auckland , NZ : Whitcombe and Tombs . OCLC 8003944 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about the Gallipoli Campaign Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gallipoli Campaign . Media related to Allied evacuation of Gallipoli at Wikimedia Commons `` Learning resources from the Imperial War Museum '' . `` Original reports from The Times '' . `` Map of Europe during the Gallipoli Campaign '' . Omniatlas.com . `` Despatches '' . The campaign at the Dardanelles ( Gallipoli ) . The Long Long Trail . `` Gallipoli Centenary Research Project '' . Macquarie University . Archived from the original on 8 June 2013 . `` Winston Churchill 's World War Disaster '' . `` Gallipoli casualties by country '' . NZ History . Gallipoli Diary public domain audiobook at LibriVox Battle of Gallipoli Timeline History of Gallipoli Campaign Background Order of battle for the Gallipoli Campaign Fighting countries Central Powers Ottoman Empire German Empire Austria - Hungary Allies of World War I British Empire Australia India Newfoundland New Zealand United Kingdom France Russian Empire Battlegrounds First Battle of Anafartalar The Second Battle of Anafartalar Battle of Chunuk Bair Bloody Struggle First Celecial Combat Second Celecial Combat Battle of the Nek Battle of Krithia Vineyard First Battle of Krithia Second Battle of Krithia Third Battle of Krithia Kocaçimen Peak Battle Battle of Kumkale Battle of Sari Bair Battle of Scimitar Hill Battle of Gully Ravine Extract to the Stamp Landing at Cape Helles 1st Krithia 2nd Krithia 3rd Krithia Gully Ravine Krithia Vineyard Landing at Anzac Cove Kumkale 1st Anzac Cove 2nd Anzac Cove 3rd Anzac Cove No. 3 Post Baby 700 Landing at Suvla Bay Sari Bair The Nek Lone Pine Chunuk Bair Scimitar Hill Hill 60 World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South - West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 23 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal UNESCO Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey Aegean Region Aizanoi antique city Birgi Mausolem and Sacred area of Hecatomnus Archaeological site of Laodikeia Medieval City of Beçin Ancient City of Sardis and the Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe Ancient City of Stratonikeia Black Sea Region Mount Harşena and the Rock - tombs of the Pontic Kings Mahmut Bey Mosque Sümela Monastery ( The Monastery of Virgin Mary ) Central Anatolia Archaeological site of Kültepe - Kaneş Eflatun Pınar Eşrefoğlu Mosque Gordion Haji Bektash Veli Complex Ankara Hacı Bayram Mosque Ince Minaret Medrese Historical Monuments of Niğde Konya - A capital of Seljuk Civilization Lake Tuz SEPA Mountainous Phrygia Odunpazarı historical urban site Tomb of Ahi Evren East Anatolia Akdamar Island Archaeological Site of Arslantepe Eshab - ı Kehf Kulliye Ishak Pasha Palace The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel Marmara Çanakkale ( Dardanelles ) and Gelibolu ( Gallipoli ) Battles Zones in the First World War İznik Historic Guild Town of Mudurnu The Bridge of Uzunköprü Yıldız Palace Complex Mediterranean Region Alahan Monastery Alanya Ancient city of Anazarbus Ancient Cities of Lycian Civilization Ancient City of Kaunos Ancient City of Korykos Archaeological Site of Perge Güllük Dagi - Termessos National Park Mamure Castle Karain Cave Kekova Archaeological Site of Sagalassos St. Paul Church , St. Paul 's Well and surrounding historic quarters ( in Tarsus , Mersin ) St. Pierre Church in Hatay St. Nicholas Church in Demre The Theatre and Aqueducts of the Ancient City of Aspendos Vespasianus Titus Tunnel Southeastern Anatolia Archeological Site of Zeugma Archaeological Site of Göbeklitepe Harran and Şanlıurfa İsmail Fakirullah Tomb Mardin Cultural Landscape Yesemek Quarry and Sculpture Workshop Zeynel Abidin Mosque Complex and Mor Yakup ( Saint Jacob ) Church All over Turkey Anatolian Seljuks Madrasahs Seljuk Caravanserais on the route from Denizli to Dogubeyazit Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes Coordinates : 40 ° 22 ′ 2 '' N 26 ° 27 ′ 18 '' E / 40.36722 ° N 26.45500 ° E / 40.36722 ; 26.45500 History portal World War I portal 1920s portal Ottoman Empire portal GND : 4344302 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli_Campaign&oldid=803015667 '' Categories : Gallipoli Campaign 1915 in the Ottoman Empire Adrianople Vilayet Australia -- Turkey relations Battles of World War I involving Australia Battles of World War I involving Austria - Hungary Battles of World War I involving British India Battles of World War I involving France Battles of World War I involving Germany Battles of World War I involving Newfoundland Battles of World War I involving New Zealand Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom Battles of World War I involving Russia Campaigns and theatres of World War I Conflicts in 1915 History of Australia ( 1901 -- 45 ) History of the Royal Marines Military history of New Zealand Middle Eastern theatre of World War I New Zealand -- Turkey relations Ottoman Empire in World War I Winston Churchill WPTR / current / Top / inprocess ANZAC World Heritage Site Tentative list Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles containing Turkish - 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